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Mahali people

2026-05-16T08:40:48Z

MavisHelena6948: new...

{{Short description|Scheduled Tribes of India and Bangladesh}}
{{for|the Mars rover camera|Mars Hand Lens Imager}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Mahali
| population = 155,023 in India (2011 census)
| total_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=3 November 2017}}</ref>
| popplace = India, Bangladesh
| region1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| pop1 = 152,663
| region2 = [[West Bengal]]
| pop2 = 2,360
| region3 = [[Assam]]
| pop3 = 13,452 (1951 {{estimated}})
| ref3 = <ref name=1951Estimate>{{cite web |title=Estimated Population by Castes, 5. Assam – Census 1951 |year=1954 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30196/download/33377/44094_1951_POP.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308003624/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30196/download/33377/44094_1951_POP.pdf |archive-date=8 March 2024 |url-status=live |publisher=Office of the Registrar General, India |access-date=7 August 2024 }}</ref>
| region4 = Bangladesh
| pop4 = 30,000 (as of 2009)
| langs = '''[[First language]]''' [[Mahali language|Mahali]] '''[[Second language]]''' [[Santali language|Santali]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi]]
| religions = [[Hinduism]]<ref>"Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India". www.censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 2 November 2017.</ref>
| related = [[Santal people|Santal]]{{•}}[[Oraon people|Oraon]]{{•}}Kumarbhag Paharia{{*}}[[Mal Paharia people|Mal Paharia]]
}}

The '''Mahali''' ([[colloquial]]ly '''Mahli''') are a small [[ethnic group]] living in the Indian states of [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://lawmin.nic.in/legislative/election/volume%201/rules%20&%20order%20under%20Constitution/THE%20CONSTITUTION%20(SCHEDULED%20TRIBES)%20ORDER,%201950.pdf | title = The Constitution (Scheduled tribes) Order, 1950 | pages = 173, 182 | publisher = Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India | access-date = 11 March 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180127114304/http://lawmin.nic.in/legislative/election/volume%201/rules%20%26%20order%20under%20Constitution/THE%20CONSTITUTION%20%28SCHEDULED%20TRIBES%29%20ORDER%2C%201950.pdf | archive-date = 27 January 2018 | url-status = dead }}</ref> [[Basketry]] is their main occupation.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3gzryWrMuQC&q=mahli+tribe&pg=PA53|title=Tanks in Eastern India: A Study in Exploration|isbn=9789290907312|last1=Pant|first1=Niranjan|last2=Verma|first2=R. K.|year=2010}}</ref>
and in the northern districts of [[Rajshahi District|Rajshahi]], [[Joypurhat District|Joypurhat]], [[Dinajpur District (Bangladesh)|Dinajpur]], [[Rangpur District|Rangpur]] and [[Sylhet District|Sylhet]] of [[Bangladesh]]. They speak the [[Mahali language]], which belongs to the [[Munda languages|Munda group]], and many of them also know [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], and [[Hindi language|Hindi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ota |first=A.B. |url=https://tribal.nic.in/repository/ViewDoc.aspx?RepositoryNo=TRI28-08-2017121935&file=Docs/TRI28-08-2017121935.pdf |title=Mahali |website=tribal.nic.in |year=2014}}</ref> In India they are included in the list of [[Scheduled Tribe]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mjx|title=Mahali|website=ethnologue}}</ref>

The Mahali of Bangladesh ir forefathers migrated from the [[Buru Disham]] hills of Jharkhand over a century ago.<ref>Zakarias Dumri, BA (Hons), MA in History from [[Rajshahi University]] & Director-MAASAUS, a centre working for development of the Mahles located at Village-Damkura, PS-Poba, District-Rajshahi</ref> They speak either Mahali or Santali, though today's educated generation speak Bengali and English as well. There are 3 tribes among them: Nagpuriya, Sikroya and Rajmahle. A total of 9 [[family name]]s can be found among the Mahles – Dumri, Bare, Karkusho, Kauria, Khanger, Mandri, Hansda, Baske & Besra, of which the first 4 family names are almost extinct today.<ref>'The Mahali Community of Damkura', Sheikh Mehedi Hasan, The Daily [[Prothom Alo]], 24 August 2009.</ref>

==Origin==
They are caste who works as palanquin bearers and bamboo workers. They are divided into five endogamous subdivision: the bansphor Mahli, pahar mahli, Sulunkhi, Tanti and Mahli Munda. Their some septs are Barwar (banayan), Bhuktuar, dumriar (wild fig), gundli (a kind of grain), Induar (eel), Kantiar, Kasriar, Kathargachh (jackfruit tree), Kendriar, Kerketta (a bird), mahukal (a bird), Tirki, Tunduar, Turu, Lang Chenre, Sanga. Their four septs Hansda, Hemron, Murmu, Saren also found in Santal tribe.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/tribescastesofce02russ_0|year=1916|publisher=Macmillan and Co|location=London|title=The tribes and castes of the Central Provinces of India}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AyxuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA126|title=Bihar District Gazetteers, Volume 12; Volume 16|year=1970|author=Pranab Chandra Roy Choudhury|publisher=Superintendent, Secretariat Press, Bihar|page=128}}</ref>

==Culture==
Their traditional occupation was making households items of bamboo.

They were also making musical instruments such as Mandar, Dhol, Nagara etc.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BrumDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT144|title=Environment, Knowledge and Gender: Local Development in India's Jharkhand|isbn=978-1351729895|access-date=4 April 2022|last1=Jewitt|first1=Sarah|date=31 July 2019|publisher=Routledge }}</ref>

Their deity is Surjahi (Solar deity). Other deity are Bar Pahari (mountain deity) and [[Mansa Devi]]. Their festival are Bangri, Hariyari and [[Nawakhani]] etc.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFmxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99|title=Jharkhand Samanya Gyanand|website=books.google|isbn=9789351867982|last1=Ranjan|first1=Manish|date=19 August 2002|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan }}</ref>

==Official classification==
They are listed as a [[Scheduled Tribe]] by the Jharkhand government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/46519807.pdf|title=An Anthropological Study of Rural Jharkhand, India|first=Alpa|last=Shah|page=53|date=2003|access-date=8 November 2022|quote=Jharkhand categorises the Mahelis along with the Oraon, Munda and Badaiks, as a Scheduled Tribe}}</ref>

==Traditions in Bangladesh==
The Mahali people cannot marry within close relatives or within their own tribe. There are two ways of effecting the marriage – Angir Bapla & Sunum Bapla. The society is patriarchal, and in marriages the family of the bridegroom pays dowry to the family of the bride. Children bear the family name inherited from the father. The primary profession of the community is manufacturing useful household articles using bamboo, e.g., dali (bin), kula (an indigenous multipurpose article used in processing rice/paddy), tungki (a bamboo-made pot to keep salt), hand propelled fan, etc., and selling these in the local markets. They earn very little each day, but live on whatever their traditional trade fetches them. Intra-community harmony is excellent. Their food habits are just like those of other Bangladeshi residents of the region, although they do not eat crab, oyster or pork. Their attire is a mixture of Bangladeshi Muslim and Hindu culture, though many Mahalis wear modern dresses like shirt-trousers and salwar-kameez.

Mahali children are not proficient at Bengali Medium [[Primary education|primary schools]] because there is hardly any scope of learning Bengali in their environment. The native tongue of the Mahle community has no written form. Mr. Zakarias Dumri, Director-MAASAUS and a Mahali by himself, has invented a Romanized Mahle alphabet for their language, which is being used experimentally in 3 primary schools of Damkurahat, Paba, Rajshahi. The schools are Sursunipara, Sinjaghutu and Pipra Multi Linguistic Education (MLE) schools. This new alphabet allows Mahali children to study in Bengali as well as their native language, and, as a result, literacy has increased in that area. Children are also showing better results in the schools. Teachers of the school and NGOs named SIL-Bangladesh and Manusher Jonno (for the mankind) are helping the children in this endeavour.<ref>'Short Introduction to the culture and lifestyle of the Mahali Community', Edited by Zakarias Dumri, Published by MAASAUS, Damkura, Rajshahi, February 2009.</ref>

There are three major festivals of the Mahalis – Jitiya Parbon, Syurjahi Puja and Goal Puja, falling in the months of Bhadra (Mid-August to Mid September) and Falgun (Mid February to Mid March) of the Bengali calendar. Singing and dancing are integral parts of their festivals and celebrations. Jhumer is a prominent form of dance among this community, and almost every Mahle is adept at this dance (However, many Mahalis of the current generation do not know this dance well). They use traditional [[musical instrument]]s in their music and dance. They refrain from all household activities on the festival days in the belief that acting otherwise might bring bad luck to their family. They cremate their dead as the Hindus do. Kula (Hatak in their language) is very important in their day-to-day life, as well as in religious practices. They use the kula to harvest rice and value the Kula as a religious symbol.

==See also==
*[[Ghasi Ram Mahli]], poet
*[[Surya Singh Besra]], politician

==Further reading==
*{{Cite book| first=A. B. |last=Ota | title=Mahali |year=2014 |url=https://tribal.nic.in/repository/ViewDoc.aspx?RepositoryNo=TRI28-08-2017121935&file=Docs/TRI28-08-2017121935.pdf |website=tribal.nic.in}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Tribes of Jharkhand}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India]]
[[Category:Social groups of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Social groups of Odisha]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Odisha]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Adivasi]]

Uttar Pradesh State Board of High School and Intermediate Education

2026-05-07T01:51:46Z

MavisHelena6948: Put Up Article

{{Short description|State secondary education board in India}}
{{One source|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox organization
| image = [[File:UPMSP Logo.png|150px]]
| image_size = 380
| image_alt = UPMSP
| nickname = Uttar Pradesh Board
| caption = State Education Board of [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| type = [[Governmental Organization|State Government Board of Education]]
| status = Active
| headquarters = [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| name = Uttar Pradesh State Board of High School and Intermediate Education
| map2 =
| abbreviation = UPMSP
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1921}}
| region_served = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| language = *Hindi
*English
| leader_title = Minister of Secondary Education
| leader_name = [[Gulabo Devi]]
| leader_title2 = Chief Secretary
| leader_name2 = Deepak Kumar, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| leader_title3 = Secretary
| leader_name3 = Mr. Bhagwati Singh
| parent_organisation = [[File:Seal of Uttar Pradesh.svg|33px]] Department of Secondary Education, [[Uttar Pradesh Government]]
| num_staff = 1,480+ (2025)
| num_students = Approx 60 Lakhs
| website = https://upmsp.edu.in
}}

The '''Uttar Pradesh State Board of High School and Intermediate Education''' (UPMSP) is the [[Uttar Pradesh]] autonomous examining authority<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/up-board-result-2026-upmsp-extends-class-10-12-evaluation-deadline-will-results-be-delayed/articleshow/129943426.cms|title=UP Board result 2026: UPMSP extends Class 10, 12 evaluation deadline; will results be delayed?|date=1 April 2026|publisher=Times of India}}</ref> for the Standard 10th and 12th examination. It is headquartered in [[Prayagraj]]. The examinations for the 10th and 12th standards are called the High School and Intermediate examinations, respectively. These examinations are conducted annually and simultaneously all over the state of Uttar Pradesh. The Board conducts the examinations and prepares the results for nearly 64,00,000 students. More than 29,208 secondary schools are recognized by the U.P. Board of High School and Intermediate Education.

==History==
The Board was set up in 1921 at Prayagraj by an act of the United Provinces Legislative Council. It conducted its first examination in 1923. This Board initially adopted the 10+2 system of examination. The first public examination after 10 years education is High School Examination and after the 10+2 stage, is the Intermediate Examination. Prior to 1923, University of Prayagraj was the examining body.

Four Regional Offices were established at Meerut (1973), Varanasi (1978), Bareilly (1981) and Prayagraj (1987) under the control of Regional Secretaries. A Regional Office at Ramnagar (Nainital) was separated from U. P. Board due to the creation of Uttaranchal as a new state w.e.f. 08-11-2000.

==Functions==
*Grant recognition to aspiring schools
*Prescribe courses and text books for High school and Intermediate level
*Conduct High school and Intermediate examinations
*Provide equivalence to the examinations conducted by other Boards

==Structure==
The Director of Education of the State is Ex-Officio Chairman of the Board. The Secretary of the Board is appointed by the State Government. Eight people are Ex-officio members. Primary sub-committees (45 total):

*Curriculum committee
*Examination Committee
*Result Committee
*Recognition Committee
*Finance Committee

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://upmsp.edu.in/ Official website]

{{School education in India}}

[[Category:School qualifications of India]]
[[Category:School examinations in India]]
[[Category:State secondary education boards of India|Uttar]]
[[Category:Education in Uttar Pradesh|Education in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1921 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1921]]
[[Category:State agencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Intermediate colleges in Uttar Pradesh]]

Chandrabhan Singh Aakya

2026-05-06T16:28:13Z

MavisHelena6948: added a biography w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1976)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2013}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chandrabhan Singh Aakya
| image = Chandrabhan Singh Aakya.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1976|9|5}}
| birth_place = [[Chittorgarh]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| other_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (till 23 October 2023)
| spouse =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| occupation = Politician
| education = [[M.A.]] M.P.Ed. (Physical Education)
| alma_mater = [[Mohanlal Sukhadia University]]
| term_start = 2013
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Chittorgarh Assembly constituency|Chittorgarh]]
| successor =
| predecessor = [[Surendra Singh Jadawat]]
| parents =
}}

'''Chandrabhan Singh Chouhan Aakya''' (born 5 September 1976) is an Indian politician currently serving as a member of the [[16th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Chittorgarh Assembly constituency]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Chittorgarh, Rajasthan Assembly Election Result 2023: चित्तौड़गढ़ से चंद्रभान सिंह आक्या जीते, बीजेपी के नरपत सिंह राजवी की जमानत जब्त |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/rajasthan/state/chittaurgarh/chittorgarh-rajasthan-vidhan-sabha-chunav-assembly-election-result-2023-chandrabhan-singh-aakya-won-from-chittorgarh/rj20231203191236338338002 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref> He previously served as a member of the [[14th Rajasthan Assembly|14th]] and [[15th Rajasthan Assembly|15th]]<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2018-12-11 |title=Rajasthan Election Result 2018: चित्तौड़गढ़ सीट से बीजेपी के चंद्रभान सिंह जीते |url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/rajasthan/story/rajasthan-assembly-election-chittorgarh-seat-results-2018-575947-2018-12-11 |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref> [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] as a [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate but currently holds office as an independent candidate. He won the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023 Rajasthan Assembly election]] as an independent candidate.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Arnimesh |first=Shanker |date=2023-11-14 |title=Amit Shah's calls didn't work. 25+ rebels queer the pitch for BJP in Rajasthan |url=https://theprint.in/politics/amit-shahs-calls-didnt-work-25-rebels-queer-the-pitch-for-bjp-in-rajasthan/1843907/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=BJP rebel Chandrabhan Aakya wins Chittorgarh |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/rajasthan/bjp-rebel-chandrabhan-aakya-wins-chittorgarh-2794869 |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Education ==
He completed his M.A. in 2000 and earned a postgraduate diploma in [[Physical Education]] (M. P.Ed.) in 2001 from [[Mohanlal Sukhadia University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrabhan Singh Akya(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- CHITTORGARH(CHITTORGARGH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/rajasthan2013/candidate.php?candidate_id=595 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Political career ==
He previously served as an MLA from 2013 to 2018 and again from 2018 to 2023 representing the [[Chittorgarh Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-02 |title=Chittorgarh Assembly Election 2023: Can Congress Surprise Rival BJP In Their Stronghold? |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-election/chittorgarh-rajasthan-assembly-election-2023-result-mp-chunav-chittorgarh-mla-vidhan-sabha-election-winner-list-bjp-congress-candidates-list-chittorgarh-election-result-10111464 |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrabhan Singh Aakya-चंद्रभान सिंह आक्या Bjp Candidate Chittorgarh Election Result 2018 |url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/rajasthan/candidates/chandrabhan-singh-aakya-bjp-2018-chittorgarh-169 |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

Following the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]], he was re-elected as an MLA from the [[Chittorgarh Assembly constituency]], defeating [[Surendra Singh Jadawat]], the candidate from the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), by a margin of 6823 votes.<ref name=":0" /> and Narpat Singh Rajvi, the candidate from Bharatiya Janta Party (BJP, Narendra Modi) secured only 19913 votes. BJP candidate was lost by margin of 78533 from Winning Candidate and 71710 from Indian National Congress candidate.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Political statistics
!Period
!Position Held
|-
|2023
|Member of the [[16th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|2018 – 2023
|Member of the [[15th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|2016 – 2018
|Chairman, Committee on Local Bodies and Panchayati Raj Institutions{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}
|-
|2013 – 2018
|Member of the [[14th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|2009 - 2014
|''Chairman, Chittorgarh Kendriya Sahkari Bank Ltd.''{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}
|-
|1997
|College President in [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]]
|}

== Controversies ==

=== 2026 RTO Confrontation and Viral Audio ===
In March 2026, a purported audio recording surfaced on social media capturing a heated exchange between Shree. Aakya and RTO Inspector Sushil Upadhyay regarding a traffic challan issued to a heavy machinery vehicle (Poclain machine). In the recording, the MLA allegedly used abusive language and threatened the officer with administrative consequences.<ref>{{cite news |last1=News18 |title=MLA Chandrabhan Singh Aakya Threatens RTO Inspector: "I Will Treat You Properly" |url=https://news18.com |access-date=May 6, 2026 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

Shree. Aakya dismissed the audio as a "politically motivated fabrication" and claimed it had been deliberately edited by his detractors to malign his reputation.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dainik Bhaskar |title=Chittorgarh MLA denies authenticity of viral audio recording |url=https://bhaskar.com |access-date=May 6, 2026 |language=Hindi}}</ref> Despite the controversy, no official order was issued to cancel the fine, and the incident drew criticism from opposition leaders for the alleged misuse of political influence.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Punjab Kesari |title=Opposition leaders condemn Aakya over viral audio incident |url=https://punjabkesari.com |access-date=May 6, 2026 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

== Resignation from BJP ==
He was denied BJP ticket from [[Chittorgarh]]. His candidacy was given to [[Narpat Singh Rajvi]], former MLA from [[Vidhyadhar Nagar Assembly constituency|Vidhyadhar Nagar]], who had previously served as an MLA from Chittorgarh twice, in 1993 and 2003.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-22 |title=Now BJP faces protests in Chittorgarh against Rajvi |work=The Economic Times |url=https://timesofindia-indiatimes-com.translate.goog/city/jaipur/now-bjp-faces-protests-in-chittorgarh-against-rajvi/articleshow/104618512.cms?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=hi&_x_tr_hl=hi&_x_tr_pto=tc |access-date=2023-11-15 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=Fight for Chittorgarh's pride: Sitting MLA fumes as BJP fields Narpat Singh Rajvi as its candidate |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/rajasthan/fight-for-chittorgarhs-pride-sitting-mla-fumes-as-bjp-fields-narpat-singh-rajvi-as-its-candidate-2749924 |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=राजस्थान BJP में बगावत, टिकट कटने से नाराज विधायक चंद्रभान आक्या; निर्दलीय लड़ेंगे चुनाव |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/rajasthan/story-rajasthan-election-rebellion-in-bjp-chandrabhan-singh-akya-will-contest-elections-as-independents-candidate-8883842.html |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref>

He resigned from the party and contested as an independent candidate in the 2023 Assembly election.<ref name=":5" />

== Personal life ==
He married Sushila Kanwar. His wife is a homemaker.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Chandrabhan Singh Akya(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- CHITTORGARH(CHITTORGARGH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www-myneta-info.translate.goog/rajasthan2013/candidate.php?candidate_id=595&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=hi&_x_tr_hl=hi&_x_tr_pto=tc |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=www-myneta-info.translate.goog}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aakya, Chandrabhan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:People from Chittorgarh district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]

Rajendra Najardhane

2026-05-06T05:41:22Z

MavisHelena6948: Added

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Umarkhed (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Umarkhed]]
| predecessor = Vijayrao Khadse
| successor = [[Namdev Sasane]]
| term_start = 2014
| term_end = 2019
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1976|05|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mahagaon, Yavatmal|Mahagaon]], [[Yavatmal District]], [[Maharashtra]]
| spouse =
| party = [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]]
| other_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Rajendra Wamanrao Najardhane''' alias '''Rajubhau''' is a member of the 13th [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]. He represents the [[Umarkhed (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Umarkhed]] Assembly Constituency. He belongs to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref name="IT-20141103">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2015/story/maharashtra-assembly-poll-results-bjp-shiv-sena-ncp-congress-223847-2014-10-19|title=Results of Maharashtra Assembly polls 2014 |work=India Today|access-date=2015-07-07}}</ref> He had unsuccessfully contested the 2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly elections on the BJP ticket but lost to [[Vijay Khadse]] of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="TOI-20091023">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Cong-NCP-sweeps-Yavatmal-district/articleshow/5151110.cms|title=Cong-NCP sweeps Yavatmal district|last=Abraham|first=T. O.|date=2009-10-23|work=Times of India|accessdate=12 July 2015}}</ref> In the 2014 election, his victory was amongst the five seats won by the BJP, that resulted in the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) not being able to win a single seat in [[Yavatmal district]].<ref name="TOI-20141019">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Congress-routed-in-Yavatmal-dist/articleshow/44878259.cms|title=Congress routed in Yavatmal dist|first=T. O.|last=Abraham|date=2014-10-19|work=Times of India|accessdate=11 July 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Najardhane, Rajendra Waman}}
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Yavatmal district]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:1976 births]]

Citizen Mani

2026-05-04T22:46:29Z

MavisHelena6948: added first page basic info

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Citizen Mani
|birth_name= Mani
|occupation = {{hlist|Comedian|director}}
|years_active = 1994{{ndash}}present
}}
'''Citizen Mani''' is an Indian actor who works in Tamil-language films. He has acted in 200 films and television serials.<ref name="A"/> He directed and acted in a film, ''Perunali'', in 2019.<ref name="A">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/sep/17/my-friends-helped-me-realise-my-directorial-dream-citizen-mani-2034818.html|title=My friends helped me realise my directorial dream: 'Citizen' Mani|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=17 September 2019|first=K|last=Sudha|accessdate=26 July 2020}}</ref>

== Career ==
Mani left his village for Chennai to pursue a career in acting. He played a role as a tea master in ''[[Citizen (2001 film)|Citizen]]'' (2001). After the film's success, Mani added the moniker 'Citizen' to his stage name. ''Citizen'' enabled him to get comedic roles in several films including ''[[Anniyan]]'' (2005) and ''[[Aaru (film)|Aaru]]'' (2005). He made his directorial debut with ''Perunali'' (2019).<ref name="A"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/67461|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430101546/http://m.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/67461|url-status=usurped|archive-date=30 April 2021|title=Dinamalar Nellai Mobile|website=Dinamalar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2019/03/19150615/Comedy-actor-Citizen-Mani-director.vpf|title=பெருநாளியில்தாய்மாமனின் பாசப்போராட்டம்|date=19 March 2019|website=Daily Thanthi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=9243&id1=40&issue=20190308|title=அக்கா மகள்களுக்காக வாழ்வை தியாகம் செய்யும் தாய்மாமன்! - Kungumam Tamil Weekly Magazine|website=Kungumam}}</ref>

== Partial filmography ==
{{Colbegin}}
*''[[Mahanadhi (1994 film)|Mahanadhi]]'' (1994) (uncredited)
*''[[Aranmanai Kaavalan]]'' (1994) (uncredited)
*''[[Citizen (2001 film)|Citizen]]'' (2001) (uncredited)
*''[[12B]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Thavasi]]'' (2001)
*''[[Devan (film)|Devan]]'' (2002)
*''[[Shree (2002 film)|Shree]]'' (2002)
*''[[Bagavathi]]'' (2002)
*''[[Villain (2002 film)|Villain]]'' (2002)
*''[[Bheeshmar]]'' (2003)
*''[[Ji (film)|Ji]]'' (2005)
*''[[Anniyan]]'' (2005) (uncredited)
*''[[Daas (2005 film)|Daas]]'' (2005)
*''[[ABCD (film)|ABCD]]'' (2005) (uncredited)
*''[[Aaru (film)|Aaru]]'' (2005)
*''[[Kurukshetram (2006 film)|Kurukshetram]]'' (2006)
*''[[Sengathu]]'' (2006)
*''[[Maranthen Meimaranthen]]'' (2006)
*''[[Thaamirabharani]]'' (2007)
*''[[Muni (film)|Muni]]'' (2007)
*''[[Ellam Avan Seyal]]'' (2008)
*''[[Durai (film)|Durai]]'' (2008)
*''[[Kanthaswamy]]'' (2009)
*''[[Thunichal]]'' (2010)
*''[[Maanja Velu]]'' (2010)
*''[[Vallakottai (film)|Vallakottai]]'' (2010)
*''[[Singam II]]'' (2013)
* ''Sevili'' (2017)
*''[[Hara Hara Mahadevaki]]'' (2017)
*''[[Aadai]]'' (2019)
*''Perunali'' (2019; also director)
*''[[Paramapadham Vilayattu]]'' (2021)
{{Colend}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|9388642}}
*[https://www.moviebuff.com/citizen-mani Citizen Mani] on [https://www.moviebuff.com/coming-soon Movie Buff]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mani, Citizen}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Purulia–Villupuram Superfast Express

2026-05-03T15:26:12Z

MavisHelena6948: Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Purulia–Tirunelveli Junction Superfast Express
| image = 23758 Itarsi based WAG5 locomotive at Visakhapatnam.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| caption = Itarsi-based WAG-5 locomotive brings in Purulia to Viluppuram train into Visakhapatnam
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2012|04|23}}
| last =
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Purulia Junction}} (PRR)
| stops = 35
| end = {{stnlnk|Tirunelveli Junction}} (TEN)
| distance = {{convert|2536|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 34h 45m
| frequency = Weekly {{efn|Runs two days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering E-catering
| observation = [[ICF coach|ICF]] Utkrisht rakes
| entertainment = No
| baggage = No
| other facilities = Below the seats
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 22605/22606
| speed = {{convert|57|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map = [[File:(Villupuram - Purulia) Express Route map.jpg|300px]]
| map_state =
}}

The '''Purulia–Tirunelveli Junction Superfast Express''' (previously '''Purulia-Villupuram Superfast Express''') is an [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] train belonging to [[Southern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Purulia Junction}} and [[Tirunelveli Junction railway station|Tirunelveli Junction]] in India. It is currently being operating with 22605/22606 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref>[http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,423&dcd=1765&did=1498817568919688E8E059A52D108052957491E948D8F.web91 SER TRAIN SERVICES DISRUPTED DUE TO RAIL ROKO]</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/change-in-platform-numbers-of-some-trains-from-tomorrow/article9243161.ece?ref=tpnews Change in platform numbers in Visakhapatnam Junction of some trains from tomorrow to Facilitate the construction of washable apron]</ref><ref>[http://english.sakshi.com/andhrapradesh/2016/09/23/trains-not-allowed-at-vijayawada-station-till-further-notice Trains Not Allowed At Vijayawada Station Till Further Notice]</ref>

== Service==

The 22605/Purulia–Viluppuram Weekly Superfast Express has an average speed of 57 km/h and covers 1992 km in 34h 15m. The 22606/Viluppuram–Purulia Weekly Superfast Express has an average speed of 56 km/h and covers 1992 km in 35h 30m .

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* [[Purulia Junction railway station|Purulia]]
* {{stnlnk|Adra Junction}}
* [[Bankura Junction railway station|Bankura Junction]]
* {{stnlnk|Cuttack Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhubaneswar}}
* {{stnlnk|Khurda Road Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Brahmapur}}
* {{stnlnk|Vizianagaram Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Visakhapatnam Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Eluru}}
* {{stnlnk|Vijayawada Junction}}
*
*
* {{stnlnk|Katpadi Junction}}
* [[Tiruvannamalai]]
* {{stnlnk|Viluppuram Junction}}

==Coach composition==

The train has standard ICF rakes with a maximum speed of 110 km/h. The train consists of 18 coaches:

* 1 AC II Tier
* 2 AC III Tier
* 7 Sleeper coaches
* 6 General Unreserved
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by an [[Electric Loco Shed, Erode|Erode Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from Purulia to Tirunelveli and vice versa.

==Rake sharing==

The train shares its rake with 22603/22604 [[Kharagpur–Villupuram Superfast Express]].

==Direction reversal==

The train reverses its direction 1 times:

* {{stnlnk|Visakhapatnam Junction}}

== See also ==

* [[Purulia Junction railway station]]
* [[Viluppuram Junction railway station]]
* [[Kharagpur–Villupuram Superfast Express]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/17337 22605/Purulia–Villupuram Weekly Superfast Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/17345 22606/Villupuram–Purulia Weekly Superfast Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Purulia-Villupuram Superfast Express}}
[[Category:Superfast Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2012]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Greater Noida railway station

2026-05-01T19:19:04Z

MavisHelena6948: added basic post w/ refs...

{{Short description|Railway station in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Greater Noida railway station
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| symbol_location =
| symbol =
| type =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| address =
| borough =
| country =
| coordinates = {{coord|28.5076|77.5638|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| owned =
| operator =
| line =
| distance =
| platforms =
| tracks =
| train_operators =
| connections =
| structure =
| parking =
| bicycle =
| accessible =
| code =
| zone =
| website =
| opened = 
| closed = 
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| services =
| other_services =
}}

'''Greater Noida railway station''' (code: '''BRKY'''), formerly known as '''Boraki railway station''' or '''Bodaki railway station''', is a railway station in [[Greater Noida]] in [[National Capital Region (India)|Delhi NCR]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state of India. It lies on [[Industrial_corridor#India|Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOI&Type=text/html&Path=CAP/2011/01/28&ID=Ar06400 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114159/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOI&Type=text/html&Path=CAP/2011/01/28&ID=Ar06400 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | title=Boraki: Gateway to Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/emerging-businesses/regional-hubs/north/noida-gears-up-for-industrial-revival/articleshow/42268571.cms|title = Noida gears up for industrial revival|newspaper = The Economic Times|last1 = Manohar|first1 = Asit}}</ref> [[Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor]], and the under-construction [[Haryana_Orbital_Rail_Corridor#Extension|Eastern Orbital Rail Corridor]]-[[Haryana Orbital Rail Corridor]] (EORC-HORC) ring railway around Delhi.

==History==
{{see also | Howrah–New Delhi main line#History | l1= History of Howrah–New Delhi main line| Kanpur–Delhi_section#History | l2= History of Kanpur-Delhi section of Howrah–New Delhi main line}}

During 1863–64, this station and rail line were constructed by the [[East Indian Railway Company]] when the [[Howrah–New Delhi main line]] was extended westward and the [[Kanpur–Delhi section]] was completed in 1864.<ref name=irfcai>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html |title = IR History: Early History (1832–1869) | publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 23 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,396,403,500 |title=Allahabad Division: A Historical Perspective |publisher=North Central Railway |access-date=24 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601154617/http://www.ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1%2C396%2C403%2C500 |archive-date= 1 June 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Railways-enters-159th-year-of-its-journey/articleshow/12629710.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120822142843/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-12/patna/31330356_1_indian-railways-danapur-division-railway-board | url-status = live | archive-date = 22 August 2012 |title = Railways enter 159th year of its journey|date=23 June 2013| work = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 24 May 2013}}</ref>

==Train services==

As of 2025, it is a small station with 3 platforms and 3 tracks (a triple electric-line) on the Kanpur–Delhi section of Howrah-New Delhi main line.

==Future development==

The government plans to upgrade the Greater Noida junction in to Delhi NCR's world-class largest train hub and create a multi modal transport hub (MMTH) over an area of 400 acres at the cost of ₹1,625 cr excluding the cost of land provided free by [[Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority|GNIDA]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110519/delhi.htm#13|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Delhi and neighbourhood}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Cabinet-gives-nod-to-devprojects-in-Noida-Gr-Noida/articleshow/29519323.cms|title=Cabinet gives nod to devprojects in Noida, Gr Noida | Lucknow News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> including train, metro and buses in the following two zones:<ref name=grow1>[https://www.msn.com/hi-in/news/uttar-pradesh/%E0%A4%AC-%E0%A5%9C-%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%A6-%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2-ncr-%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%9C-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%B9-%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AB-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8/ar-AA1KLrLW?ocid=msedgntp&pc=U531&cvid=f707152d246743edc49133d70d1b387d&ei=51 बोड़ाकी को दिल्ली-NCR का सबसे बड़ा रेलवे स्टेशन बनाने की तैयारी, कितने होंगे प्लैटफॉर्म और लाइन], MSN, 19 Aug 2025.</ref><ref name=bork2>[https://www.msn.com/hi-in/autos/news/%E0%A4%AC-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC-%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97-%E0%A4%A6-%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2-ncr-%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AC-%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97-%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5-%E0%A4%A7-%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%82/ar-AA1KP0G0?ocid=msedgntp&pc=U531&cvid=43ea7fef3a5b4429b36b4fd293a77d08&ei=8 बोड़ाकी बनेगा दिल्ली- NCR का सबसे बड़ा रेल हब, मिलेंगी एयरपोर्ट जैसी सुविधाएं], 19 Aug 2025.</ref>

* Zone-1 Multi-model Transport and Commercial Hub: which will have 12.5 acre [[Inter-State Bus Terminals|Inter-State Bus Terminal]] (ISBT) and Local Bus Terminal (LBT), 5.5 acre metro transit hub, and 65 acre commercial and retail hub.<ref name=grow1/><ref name=bork2/>

** Boraki-IGI Metro route: It will connect the Greater Noida railway station to [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|IGI Airport]], via Pari Chowk, [[Badarpur, Delhi]], Tughlakabad, [[Khanpur, Delhi|Khanpur]] and [[Mehrauli]] before terminating at the IGI airport, through high-speed metro rail (max speed 160 km/h) which will cover the distance in about 40 minutes.<ref>[http://www.dailypioneer.com/city/gr-noida-igi-high-speed-metro-soon.html Gr Noida-IGI high-speed metro soon]. ''dailypioneer.com''. Retrieced 2025-08-18</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/noida-11671164.html|title = अब हाईस्पीड कनेक्टिविटी मेट्रो की बारी}}</ref> [[Noida Metro]]'s [[Aqua Line (Noida Metro)|Aqua Line]] will be extended from the existing [[Depot Station metro station (Noida)]] to the future Greater Noida railway metro station. Then passengers from Greater Noida railway station can interchange from Noida's Aqua Line to [[Delhi Metro]]'s [[Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)|Magenta Line]] at [[Botanical Garden metro station]] till [[Kalindi Kunj metro station]] where they will interchange again with the under-construction Delhi's [[Golden Line (Delhi Metro)|Golden Line]] which goes to the Delhi IGI Airport's [[Delhi Aerocity metro station]].

* Zone-2 Railway, Retail and Hotel hub with multi-level parking and overbridge: railway hub over 137 acres with 13 platforms and 98 track lines including 63 yard lines for the train maintenance. To reduce the congestion at [[Anand Vihar Terminal railway station]], over 70 eastward trains to Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and West Bengal will be relocated here.<ref name=grow1/><ref name=bork2/>

==Present status==

* '''2025 Aug''': Survey negotiations with farmers for the land acquisition was underway.<ref name=grow1/>

==See also==

* [[National_Capital_Region_(India)#Transport|Transport in Delhi NCR]]
** [[Transport in Delhi]]
** [[Transport in Haryana]]
** [[Transport in Uttar Pradesh]]

* [[Noida_International_Airport#Airports|Major airports in Delhi NCR]]
** [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] (IGI Airport), 65 km west of Greater Noida railway station
** [[Noida Airport]] (Jewar Airport), is 50 km south of Greater Noida railway station
** [[Hindon Airport]] (civil enclave at Air Force Station), 40 km northwest of Greater Noida railway station
** [[Hisar Airport]], 250 km northwest

* [[Bijwasan railway station]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|28.5076|77.5638|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Railway junction stations in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Gautam Buddha Nagar district]]
[[Category:Transport in Noida]]
[[Category:Prayagraj railway division]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-railstation-stub}}

Bikash Sarkar

2026-04-30T00:41:22Z

MavisHelena6948: added first post initial version...

{{short description|Bengali writer}}
{{no footnotes|BLP=yes|date=June 2015}}

'''Bikash Sarkar''' (Bengali: বিকাশ সরকার; born 27 May 1965 in Gairkata গয়েরকাটা) is a Bengali poet, writer, journalist and editor. He is a recipient of the prestigious Jugasankha Award 2010.

== Biography ==
Born in [[Gairkata]], a suburb in [[Dooars]] region of [[West Bengal]] in the year 1965, Bikash Sarkar started writing poetry at a very early age. Later on, he also successfully tried his hand in writing stories and novels. Recently three of his books, ‘Bishaadbaalok’, ‘Anantachhutor’ and ‘Aaanandadotara’ have been published by [[ABP Group|Ananda Publishers]]. His first book of poem ‘Kanisker Matha’ (The Head of Kaniska) was published in 1983, when he was just 17 years old and now he has 23 books to his credit – 13 of poems, two collection of short stories, four of translations and four of novels. His poems have been translated into English, Assamese, Nepali and [[Hindi]] and published in several journals and anthologies. Bikash Sarkar was the editor of Masik Jugasankha, a Bengali monthly magazine. Now he is Assistant Editor of Dainik Jugasankha. Earlier he edited two little magazines named ‘Thaba’ and ‘Lekhakarmee’. He married Krishna Dey and his daughter is Bipasha, who is a teacher.

=== Awards and honours ===
*Sundarimohan Das Award 2000
*Srijon Somman 2006
*Jugasankha Award 2010
*[[Assam]] Bhasa Gourav Somman, Govt. of Assam, 2021
*Srot Somman 2022

==== List of publications ====
*KANISKER MATHA (কনিষ্কের মাথা) Poems 1983
*PREMIK PREMIKADER JONYO (প্রেমিক-প্রেমিকাদের জন্য) Poems 1985
*PHnASIGAACHH (ফাঁসিগাছ) Poems 1987
*LENDU ROYER JIJEEBISHA (লেন্দু রায়ের জিজীবিষা) Novel 1995
*JAAKE DEKHAMATRO GULI KORA HOBE (যাকে দেখামাত্র গুলি করা হবে) Short Stories 1996
*KANISKER MATHA O ONYANYO KOBITA (কনিষ্কের মাথা ও অন্যান্য কবিতা) Poems 1999
*JAADUR GAHANA AAKHAA (জাদুর গহন আখা) Poems 2000
*AAGUNER SnEK (আগুনের সেঁক) Novel 2007
*GAIRKATASAMAGRA (গয়েরকাটাসমগ্র) Poems 2007
*BISHAADBALOK (বিষাদবালক) Poems 2008 {{ISBN|978-81-7756-719-9}}
*NIRBACHITO KOBITA (নির্বাচিত কবিতা) Poems 2009 {{ISBN|81-89742-78-7}}
*ANANTACHHUTOR (অনন্তছুতোর) Poems 2010 {{ISBN|978-81-7756-895-0}}
*AANANDADOTAARAA (আনন্দদোতারা) Poems 2012 {{ISBN|978-93-5040-134-7}}
*NEELONTHEE BROJO (নীলকণ্ঠী ব্রজ) Translation 2013 {{ISBN|978-93-82250-91-3}}
*APARUP KATHA 1, 2, 3 (অপরূপ কথা ১, ২, ৩) Translation of Fairy Tales, 3 Volume) 2014
*MANASAMANGAL (মনসামঙ্গল) Short Stories 2015
*ASTRO (অস্ত্র) {{ISBN|978-93-84186-05-0}}Novel 2015
*SHRESTHO KOBITA (শ্রেষ্ঠ কবিতা){{ISBN|978-93-80904-85-6}} Collection of Best Poems, 2017
*BIKASHJEEVON (বিকাশজীবন) {{ISBN|978-93-87715-03-5}} A Collection of writings about Bikash Sarkar, Edited by Gobinda Dhar 2018
*LENDU ROYER JIJIBEESHA (লেন্দু রায়ের জিজীবিষা) {{ISBN|978-93-87715-57-8}} A collection of two Novels, 2020
*HALLUCINATION SERIES (হ্যালুসিনেশন সিরিজ) {{ISBN|978-93-87715-72-1}} Poems 2020
*GOLPOSOMOGRO 1 (গল্পসমগ্র ১) {{ISBN|978-81-947871-5-0}} Collection of Short Stories 2021
*MUKHOMUKHI BIKASH SARKAR (মুখোমুখি বিকাশ সরকার) {{ISBN|978-81-947871-9-8}} Collection of Interviews 2021
*DHnADHAADHONDO (ধাঁধাধন্দ) {{ISBN|978-93-93731-29-6}} Crime Thriller 2021
*AATMOJEEVONEER PORABASTOB (আত্মজীবনীর পরাবাস্তব) {{ISBN|978-93-93293-17-6}} Poems 2021
*100 PREMER KOBITA (১০০ প্রেমের কবিতা) {{ISBN|978-93-94716-04-9}} One Hundred Love Poems 2022
*UPONYAS SANGRAHA (উপন্যাস সংগ্ৰহ) {{ISBN|978-93-94716-025}} Collection of Novels 2022

==External links==
*https://web.archive.org/web/20120609233731/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=mar2510%2Fcity07
*https://bookwiseindia.blogspot.in/2010/03/jugasankha-literary-award-to-bikash.html
*https://hungryalistwriting.blogspot.in/2015/04/bikash-sarkars-poem-head-of-kanishka.html
*https://hungryalistwriting.blogspot.in/2015/04/bikash-sarkars-poem-call-translation-of.html
*http://aamaaderbanglakabita.blogspot.in/search/label/Bikash%20Sarkar
*https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mO4avFoaoVQ
*https://books.google.com/books?id=7lRWDwAAQBAJ&dq=bikash+sarkar+poet&pg=PA66
*https://www.teestajournal.com/p/there-is-gairkatainside-kolkata-too.html
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarkar, Bikash}}
[[Category:Bengali male poets]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Poets from West Bengal]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Bengali-language novelists]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:People from Jalpaiguri district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:Indian magazine editors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Indian newspaper journalists]]
[[Category:Writers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male journalists]]

Red FM (India)

2026-04-26T11:44:28Z

MavisHelena6948: Added

{{short description|Indian FM radio network}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=March 2022}}
{{One source|date=March 2022}}
{{Primary sources|date=March 2022}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=March 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox radio station
| logo = Red fm.jpg
| format = [[Contemporary hit radio|Contemporary (Hindi, Regional)]], [[Top 40|Countdown]]
| owner = [[Sun Group]]
| name = Red FM
| country = IN
| airdate =
| frequency = 93.5 (in most cities)
| erp =
| callsign_meaning =
| website = {{URL|www.redfmindia.in}}
| coordinates =
}}
'''Red FM''' (Often stylized as ''Superhits 93.5 RED FM'') is an Indian [[Frequency Modulation|FM]] radio network headquartered in Chennai<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/company/red-fm/about|title=LinkedIn Login, Sign in {{!}} LinkedIn|via=LinkedIn|access-date=2020-01-02}}</ref> and owned by Chennai-based [[SUN Group|Sun Group]]. The network broadcasts content in various [[Languages of India|Indian languages]] including Hindi, [[Urdu]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]] and [[Malayalam]]. On 14 August 2009, [[Suryan FM 93.5]] was rebranded to RED FM in 64 cities across India. Thus, Sun Group's FM service came to be known with brand name RED FM across India except Tamil Nadu.

== Radio jockeys and their shows and achievements ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Location
!Show
!Achievement
|-
|RJ Rishi
|rowspan="2"|Hyderabad
|Nescafe morning's & Everything special
|2023 IRA Popular Rj
|-
|RJ Chaitanya (Chaitu)
|Midnight Masti (Biryani)
|2018 Best RJ
|-
|[[RJ Disha Oberoi|RJ Disha]]
|rowspan="3"|Morning No.1
|2023 IRA Popular Rj Runner Up
|-
|RJ Julius
|Vibe Wala Show
|
|-
|RJ Prithvi
|KA 935
|
|-
|RJ Rubina
|Thoda Personal
|
|-
|RJ Akriti
|rowspan="2"|Mumbai
|Channel No.935
|
|-
|[[RJ Malishka]]
|Morning No 1
|-
|RJ Rocky
|Vellapaanti
|Unmusiced 50
|-
|RJ Deepak
|rowspan="5"|[[Mysore|Mysuru]]
|Namaskara Mysuru
|
|-
|RJ Rashmi
|Music Adda
|
|-
|RJ Madhuri
|Red Junction
|
|-
|RJ Manish
|Red Rewind
|
|-
|RJ Vivek
|Bindaas Bajaisi
|
|-
|RJ Deepak
|rowspan="2"|[[Mangalore|Mangaluru]]
|Namaskara Mangaluru
|
|-
|RJ Rashmi
|Bindaas Bajaisi
|
|-
|RJ Megha
|rowspan="3"|[[Hubli–Dharwad|Hubballi-Dharwada]]
|Namaskara Hubballi Dharwada
|
|-
|RJ Madhuri
|Bindaas Bajaisi
|
|-
|RJ Vivek
|Music Adda
|
|-
|RJ Vani
|[[Kalaburagi]]
|Namaskara Kalaburagi
|
|-
|RJ Sameen
|rowspan="3"|[[Srinagar]]
|Morning No.1
|
|-
|[[RJ Rafiq]]
|Vellapanti
|
|-
|RJ Rayees
|JK93.5
|
|-
|[[RJ Praveen]]
|Kolkata
|Morning No.1
|
|-
|RJ Ishaan
|[[Bhubaneswar]]
|U Turn
|
|-
|RJ Renu
|[[Indore]]
|Morning No.1
|
|-
|RJ Devaki
|Ahmedabad
|Morning No.1
|
|-
|RJ Ishita
|[[Rajkot]]
|Morning No.1
|
|-
|RJ Soumya
|Kochi
|Morning No.1
|
|-
|RJ Hemanth
|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|Bindass Bollywood
|
|-
|RJ Pahi
|[[Guwahati]]
|Love Story
|
|-
|}

== Locations served ==

- It serves as [[Suryan FM]] in 10 Cities across [[Tamilnadu]].
 
- It serves as Red FM in more than 57 cities across the country listed below.
 
- Parallelly it also serves as [[Magic FM (India)|Magic FM]] in Hyderabad and Mumbai (sister channels to Red FM) .

==Red FM==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Frequency
!City
|-
|91.9 MHz
|[[Jammu|Jammu JK]]
|-
|95.0 MHz
|[[Agartala|Agartala TR]], [[Surat|Surat GJ]], [[Thrissur|Thrissur KL]]
|-
|106.4 MHz
|[[Jhansi|Jhansi UP]]
|-
|93.5 MHz
|
[[Ahmedabad|Ahmedabad GJ]], [[Rajkot|Rajkot GJ]], [[Vadodara|Vadodara GJ]], [[Aizawl|Aizawl MZ]], [[Aurangabad|Aurangabad MH]], [[Dhule|Dhule MH]], [[Nagpur|Nagpur MH]], [[Nanded|Nanded MH]], [[Nashik|Nashik MH]], [[Pune|Pune MH]], [[Mumbai|Mumbai MH]], [[Amritsar|Amritsar PB]], [[Asansol|Asansol WB]], [[Kolkata|Kolkata WB]], [[Siliguri|Siliguri WB]], [[Varanasi|Varanasi UP]], [[Prayagraj|Prayagraj UP]], [[Lucknow|Lucknow UP]], [[Kanpur|Kanpur UP]], [[Jamshedpur|Jamshedpur JH]], [[Bengaluru|Bengaluru KA]], [[Gulbarga|Gulbarga KA]], [[Mangalore|Mangalore KA]], [[Mysore|Mysuru KA]], [[Hubli-Dharwad|Hubli-Dharwad KA]], [[Bhopal|Bhopal MP]], [[Indore|Indore MP]], [[Jabalpur|Jabalpur MP]],
[[Bhubaneswar|Bhubaneswar OD]],
[[Chandigarh]], [[Delhi NCR]],
[[Dehradun|Dehradun UK]],
[[Shillong|Shillong ML]],
[[Gangtok|Gangtok SK]],
[[Guwahati|Guwahati AS]],
[[Jaipur|Jaipur RJ]], [[Jodhpur|Jodhpur RJ]], [[Udaipur|Udaipur RJ]],
[[Kannur|Kannur KL]], [[Kochi|Kochi KL]], [[Kozhikode|Kozhikode KL]], [[Thiruvananthapuram|Thiruvananthapuram KL]],
[[Leh|Leh LA]],
[[Patna|Patna BR]], [[Muzaffarpur|Muzaffarpur BR]],
[[Srinagar|Srinagar JK]],
[[Tirupati|Tirupati AP]], [[Vijayawada|Vijayawada AP]], [[Visakhapatnam|Visakhapatnam AP]], [[Rajahmundry|Rajahmundry AP]], [[Nellore|Nellore AP]],
[[Warangal|Warangal TS]], [[Hyderabad|Hyderabad TS]]
|}

==Magic FM==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Frequency
!City
|-
|106.4 MHz
|[[Hyderabad|Hyderabad TS]], [[Mumbai|Mumbai MH]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.redfmindia.in/delhi Red FM Delhi]
* [https://www.redfmindia.in/mumbai Red FM Mumbai]
* [https://www.redfmindia.in/bengaluru Red FM Bengaluru]
* [[Suryan FM 93.5]]

{{Sun TV Network}}
{{coord missing|Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Red Fm 93.5}}
[[Category:Radio stations in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Radio stations in Kerala]]
[[Category:Telugu-language radio stations]]
[[Category:Radio stations in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Radio stations in Indore]]
[[Category:Radio stations in Bhopal]]
[[Category:Radio stations in Ujjain]]
[[Category:Radio stations established in 2002]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Sun Group]]
[[Category:Mass media in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Radio stations in Patna]]
[[Category:Radio stations in Muzaffarpur]]
[[Category:Mass media in Assam]]
[[Category:Radio stations in India]]
[[Category:Radio stations in Vijayawada]]

Arava Sreedhar

2026-04-24T23:00:09Z

MavisHelena6948: Added basic post v1

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1997)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Arava Sreedhar
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[Koramutla Srinivasulu]]
| constituency = [[Kodur Assembly constituency|Kodur]]
| party = [[Janasena Party]]
| birth_date =
}}
'''Arava Sreedhar''' (born 1997)<ref name=":1" /> is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is an MLA from [[Kodur Assembly constituency]] in [[Annamayya district]]. He represents [[Jana Sena Party]]. He won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] where JSP was part of an alliance with [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kodur Assembly Election Results 2024: Kodur Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/kodur-constituency-result-1127 |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kodur (SC) Constituency Election Results 2024: Kodur (SC) Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/kodur |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sreedhar is from [[Kodur Assembly constituency|Kodur]], in the present Annamayya district. His father Arava Venkataiah is a farmer. He completed his B.Tech. at Rajiv Gandhi Memorial College of Engineering, Nandyal.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Arava Sreedhar(Janasena Party):Constituency- KODUR (SC)(KADAPA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/AndhraPradesh2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=1358 |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Sreedhar won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Kodur Assembly constituency]] representing [[Jana Sena Party]]. He polled 78,594 votes and defeated three time MLA [[Koramutla Sreenivasulu|Koramutla Srinivasulu]] of [[YSR Congress Party]] by a margin of 11,101.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arava Sreedhar, JSP Candidate from Kodur Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/arava-sreedhar-assembly-candidate-s01aed2008a127e2024c012/ |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref> He joined Jana Sena Party only a few days before his nomination was announced by party chief [[Pawan Kalyan]] on 4 April 2024 but he kept the confidence of his leader and won the seat<ref>{{Cite web |title=Janasena: అభ్యర్థిని మార్చిన పవన్ కళ్యాణ్.. 3 రోజుల కింద చేరిన నేతకు టికెట్ |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/andhra-pradesh/news/pawan-kalyan-confirms-arava-sridhar-as-railway-kodur-janasena-candidate-in-place-of-yanamala-bhaskar-rao/articleshow/109041367.cms |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavendra |first=V. |date=2024-04-04 |title=A.P. Elections: Mandali Buddha Prasad is Jana Sena Party candidate for Avanigadda |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ap-elections-mandali-buddha-prasad-is-jana-sena-party-candidate-for-avanigadda/article68028273.ece |access-date=2024-06-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and later on 12 November 2024 was appointed whip.<ref name="AP CM Naidu Appoints Chief Whips, Whips">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=13 November 2024 |title=AP CM Naidu Appoints Chief Whips, Whips |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/andhra-pradesh/ap-cm-naidu-appoints-chief-whips-whips-1837719 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113173223/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/andhra-pradesh/ap-cm-naidu-appoints-chief-whips-whips-1837719 |archivedate=13 November 2024 |accessdate=13 November 2024 |work= |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Andhra Pradesh govt names whips for assembly, council">{{cite news |date=12 November 2024 |title=Andhra Pradesh govt names whips for assembly, council |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/andhra-pradesh-government-appoints-new-whips-for-assembly-and-council/articleshow/115227312.cms |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113173158/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/andhra-pradesh-government-appoints-new-whips-for-assembly-and-council/articleshow/115227312.cms |archivedate=13 November 2024 |accessdate=13 November 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sreedhar, Arava}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Jana Sena Party politicians]]
[[Category:People from Kadapa district]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]

Seethepalli Shrinivas

2026-04-24T10:24:31Z

MavisHelena6948: Put Up A Entry

{{Short description|Indian Air Force air marshal}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]]
| name = Seethepalli Shrinivas
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=IND|size=90%|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = File:Air Marshal S Shrinivas AVSM, VSM.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[Training Command (India)|Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Training Command]]
| term_start = 1 January 2026
| term_end =
| 1blankname = [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of Air Staff]]
| 1namedata = [[Amar Preet Singh]]
| predecessor = [[Tejinder Singh (air marshal)|Tejinder Singh]]
| successor =
| birth_date = 
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| birth_place =
| allegiance = {{Country|India}}
| branch = {{Air force|India}}
| service_years = 13 June 1987 – Present
| rank = [[File:Indian IAF OF-8.svg|24px]] [[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]]
| military_blank1 = [[Service number]]
| military_data1 = 18787
| unit =
| commands = {{plainlist|
* [[File:Training Command, IAF.png|18px]] [[Training Command (India)|Training Command]]
* [[File:Air Force Academy, IAF.png|20px]] [[Air Force Academy (India)|Air Force Academy]]
* 5 Forward Base Support Unit
* [[Tambaram Air Force Station|AFS Tambaram]]
* Institute of Aerospace Safety
* [[File:Flying Instructors School, IAF.png|17px]] [[Flying Instructors School (India)|Flying Instructors School]]
}}
| battles =
| battles_label =
| military_blank2 = Awards
| military_data2 = {{plainlist|
* [[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
* [[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
* [[File:Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
}}
| spouse =
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
| website =
| other_name =
| memorials =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| module =
| alma_mater =
}}

[[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] '''Seethepalli Shrinivas,''' [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]] is a serving officer of the [[Indian Air Force]]. He is currently serving as the [[Training Command (India)|Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Training Command]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=1 January 2026 |title=AIR MARSHAL SEETHEPALLI SHRINIVAS TAKES OVER AS AIR OFFICER COMMANDING- IN-CHIEF TRAINING COMMAND, INDIAN AIR FORCE |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2210485&reg=3&lang=2 |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=PIB}}</ref> He was previously serving as the Senior Air Staff Officer, [[South Western Air Command]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Senior Air Staff Officer Appointments at South Western Air Command |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/units/SWAC |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref> prior to that he was the [[Commandant of the Air Force Academy (India)|Commandant]], [[Air Force Academy (India)|Air Force Academy]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-09-01 |title=Air Marshal S Shrinivas takes over as AFA Commandant |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/air-marshal-s-shrinivas-takes-over-as-afa-commandant/article67260790.ece |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
The [[Air officer]] is an alumnus of the [[National Defence Academy]], Khadakwasla and the [[Air Force Academy (India)|Air Force Academy]], Dundigal. He is also an alumnus of the [[Defence Services Staff College]], Wellington, the [[College of Defence Management]], Secunderabad and the [[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College]], New Delhi. He holds a degree in Master of Philosophy in Defence and Strategic Studies, Master of Management Studies and Master of Science in Defence and Strategic Studies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agency |first=India Strategic Staff/ |date=2026-01-01 |title=Air Marshal Seethepalli Shrinivas takes over as Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Training Command, Indian Air Force |url=https://www.indiastrategic.in/air-marshal-seethepalli-shrinivas-takes-over-as-air-officer-commanding-in-chief-training-command-indian-air-force/ |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=India Strategic |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Military career ==
He was commissioned into the fighter stream of the [[Indian Air Force]] on 13 June 1987 from the [[Air Force Academy (India)|Air Force Academy]]. In a career spanning over 38 years, he has more than 4200 hours of flying experience across various fighter jets and has held numerous staff & instructional appointments. He is a highly experienced fighter pilot, qualified flying instructor and a fighter combat leader who has flown extensively on the MiG-21, Iskra, Kiran, PC-7 Mk Il, HPT-32, Microlite and also qualified as a 2nd pilot on the Chetak / Cheetah helicopter besides being a categorised Operations Officer on the Pechora missile system.<ref name=":0" /> He is a Category A qualified flying instructor, his instructional appointments include being the Directing Staff at [[College of Air Warfare]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Directing Staff Appointments at College of Air Warfare |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/units/CAW |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref> Chief Instructor Flying at [[Air Force Academy (India)|Air Force Academy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chief Instructor (Flying) Appointments at Air Force Academy |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/units/AFA |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref> He served as the Commanding Officer of [[Basic Flying Training School (India)|Basic Flying Training School]] as a [[Wing commander|Wing Commander]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commanding Officers Basic Flying Training School, Indian Air Force |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/units/BFTS |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref> and later as the Commanding Officer of the [[Flying Instructors School (India)|Flying Instructors School]] as a [[Group captain (India)|Group Captain]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commanding Officers Flying Instructors School, Indian Air Force |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/units/FIS |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref>

As an [[Air commodore (India)|Air Commodore]], he served as the Commandant of Institute of Aerospace Safety,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commanding Officers Institute of Aerospace Safety, Indian Air Force |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/units/IAS |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref> as the [[Air officer commanding|Air Officer Commanding]], [[Tambaram Air Force Station|AFS Tambaram]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Officer Commanding, AFS Tambaram |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/units/413%20AFS%20Tambaram |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref> and later as the [[Air officer commanding|Air Officer Commanding]], 5 Forward Base Support Unit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Officer Commanding, 5 Forward Base Support Unit |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/units/5%20FBSU |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref>

As an [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]], he served as the [[Air officer commanding|Air Officer Commanding]], Advance HQ [[Western Air Command (India)|Western Air Command]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=AOC Advance HQ, Western Air Command (Raj), Indian Air Force |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/units/AdvWAC2 |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref> and as the Assistant Chief of Air Staff, Personnel Officers at the Air Headquarters, [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dte:Personnel Officers, Air HQ, Indian Air Force - Database |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/units/DPO%20AHQ |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref>

After being promoted to the rank of [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]], on 1 September 2023 he took over as the Commandant of [[Air Force Academy (India)|Air Force Academy]], Dundigal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Phaniharan |date=2023-09-01 |title=Air Marshal S Shrinivas takes over as the new commandant of Air Force Academy |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/air-marshal-s-shrinivas-takes-over-as-the-new-commandant-of-air-force-academy-819649 |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> Later on 1 June 2025 he assumed the appointment of Senior Air Staff Officer, [[South Western Air Command]].<ref name=":1" /> On 1 January 2026, [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] Seethepalli Shrinivas took over as the [[Training Command (India)|Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Training Command]] succeeding [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] [[Tejinder Singh (air marshal)|Tejinder Singh]] who moved to [[South Western Air Command]] as Air Commander.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2026-01-01 |title=Air Marshal Seethepalli Shrinivas assumes charge as AOC-in-C of IAF Training Command |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/air-marshal-seethepalli-shrinivas-assumes-charge-as-aoc-in-c-of-iaf-training-command/article70460453.ece |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-01 |title=Air Marshal Seethepalli Shrinivas takes charge as AOC-in-C, Training Command |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/air-marshal-seethepalli-shrinivas-takes-charge-as-aoc-in-c-training-command/articleshow/126288841.cms |access-date=2026-01-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Awards and decorations ==
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="4" |[[File:Param_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|frameless|105x105px]] {{Ribbon devices|ribbon=Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|ribbon=Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|[[File:IND_Samanya_Seva_medal.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_Sainya_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:75yearmedal.svg|105x105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND_50th_Anniversary_Independence_medal.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_30_Years_Long_Service_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105x105px]]
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="2" |[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
| colspan="2" |[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Samanya Seva Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Sainya Seva Medal]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[75th Independence Anniversary Medal (India)|75th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |[[50th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|}

== Date of ranks ==
{| class="wikitable" style="background:white"
!Insignia
!Rank
!Component
!Date of rank
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-1a.svg|64x64px]]
|[[Pilot Officer]]
|Indian Air Force
|13 June 1987<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Air Marshal Seethepalli Shrinivas, 18787 F(P) Service Record |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/18787 |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-1b.svg|64x64px]]
|[[Flying officer|Flying Officer]]
|Indian Air Force
|13 June 1988<ref name=":2" />
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-2.svg|64x64px]]
|[[Flight Lieutenant]]
|Indian Air Force
|13 June 1992<ref name=":2" />
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-3.svg|64x64px]]
|[[Squadron Leader]]
|Indian Air Force
|13 June 1998<ref name=":2" />
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-4.svg|64x64px]]
|[[Wing commander (rank)|Wing Commander]]
|Indian Air Force
|11 May 2004<ref name=":2" />
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-5.svg|64x64px]]
|[[Group Captain]]
|Indian Air Force
|1 September 2009<ref name=":2" />
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-6.svg|65x65px]]
|[[Air commodore (India)|Air Commodore]]
|Indian Air Force
|1 July 2014<ref name=":2" />
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-7.svg|65x65px]]
|[[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]]
|Indian Air Force
|1 October 2020'''<ref name=":2" />'''
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-8.svg|65x65px]]
|[[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]]
|Indian Air Force
|1 September 2023 (AOC-in-C from 1 January 2026)<ref name=":2" />
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Training Command (India)|Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Training Command]]
| years = 1 January 2026 – Present
| before = [[Tejinder Singh (air marshal)|Tejinder Singh]]
| after = ''Incumbent''
}}
{{Succession box
| title = Senior Air Staff Officer [[South Western Air Command (India)|South Western Air Command]]
| years = 1 June 2025 – 31 December 2025
| before = [[Manish Khanna (air marshal)|Manish Khanna]]
| after = Mehtab Singh Deshwal
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Commandant of the Air Force Academy|Commandant]] – [[Air Force Academy (India)|Air Force Academy]]
| years = 1 September 2023 – 31 May 2025
| before = [[B Chandra Sekhar]]
| after = [[Praveen Keshav Vohra]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shrinivas, Seethepalli}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force air marshals]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Vajrang Shetty

2026-04-23T16:53:06Z

MavisHelena6948: Put Up A Data

{{Short description|Indian Kannada actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vajrang Shetty
| image = File:Vajrang Shetty in Salaar- Part 1 – Ceasefire.jpg
| caption = Vajrang Shetty in Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire
| birth_name = Mani Shetty
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1990|7|31}}
| birth_place = [[Kundapur|Thekkatte]], [[Karnataka]], India
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2015–present
}}
'''Vajrang Shetty''' (born 31 July 1990), also known by his birth name '''Mani Shetty''', is an Indian film actor who works primarily in [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada cinema]]. Vajrang starred as the lead actor in the horror film ''[[Mantram (film)|Mantram]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chitratara.com/show-content.php?id=7221&ptype=News&title=%60MANTRAM%60+JEWEL+OF+NEW+TEAM|title=Kannada Movie/Cinema News - `MANTRAM` JEWEL OF NEW TEAM - Chitratara.com|website=www.chitratara.com}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Vajrang hails from a middle-class [[Bunt (community)|Bunt]] Family. His father is a farmer. He did his primary and high-school education in Government School of Thekkatte, [[Kundapur]], [[Karnataka]]. He completed his Pre-University education at Viveka Junior College, Kota, Udupi District, and obtained his Bachelor's Degree from Tunga Mahavidyalaya [[Thirthahalli]]. He was also titled as Coondapur.com's Mr. Kundapura in the year 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Grand fenale of Mr-Mrs kundapur which mesmerized the rural people|url=https://www.kannadigaworld.com/news/karavali/100552.html|website=kannadigaworld.com|accessdate=30 January 2018}}</ref>

Vajrang started his career from ''[[Siddhartha (2015 film)|Siddhartha]]'', as the villain, and also played the villain in ''[[Bablusha]]''. Regarding his performance in the latter film, a critic noted that "Mani Shetty, the antagonist, is particularly impressive, with his physique, acting skills and emotions and shows promise".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/bablusha/movie-review/53993319.cms|title=Bablusha Movie Review|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;" | {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
! class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan=2|2015
| ''[[Siddhartha (2015 film)|Siddhartha]]''
| Jani
|
|
|-
| ''[[Namak Haraam (2015 film)|Namak Haraam]]''
| Venu
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|2016
| ''[[Bablusha]]''
| Bablusha
|
|
|-
| ''[[Madha Mathu Manasi]]''
| Deepak
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|2017
| ''[[Uppu Huli Khara]]''
| Bukki
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mantram (film)|Mantram]]''
| Sanju
|
| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cinecircle.in/cinema_news/MANTRAM_film.html|title=MANTRAM INCHES CLOSE TO COMPLETION|accessdate=30 January 2018|publisher=Cinecircle.in|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401142704/http://www.cinecircle.in/cinema_news/MANTRAM_film.html|archive-date=1 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|2018
| ''Kiss''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Kinare''
| Robert
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|2019
| ''[[Yajamana (2019 film)|Yajamana]]''
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[99 (2019 film)|99]]''
|
|
|
|-
| 2021
|''[[Roberrt]]''
|
|
|
|-
|2022
|''[[James (2022 film)|James]]''
|Prathap Aras's son
|
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]''
|Vishnu
|Telugu debut
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ilO_dIBRGy4|title=Salaar Villain Vajrang Shetty: ಸಲಾರ್ ಪಾರ್ಟ್-2 ಹಿಂಟ್ಬಿ ಟ್ಟುಕೊಟ್ಟ ನಟ ವಜ್ರಂಗ್ಶೆ ಟ್ಟಿ! {{!}} #TV9D|trans-title=Salaar Villain Vajrang Shetty: Salar Part-2 Hint left by actor Vajrang Shetty! {{!}} #TV9D|work=[[TV9 Kannada]]|date=1 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
| ''[[Marigold (2024 film)|Marigold]]''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lCaD8FICrkI|title=Vajrang Shetty: ಮಾರಿಗೋಲ್ಡ್ ಚಿತ್ರದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ನಟ ವಜ್ರಾಂಗ್ ಶೆಟ್ಟಿ ಏನಂದ್ರು ನೋಡಿ {{!}} #TV9D|trans-title=Vajrang Shetty: See what actor Vajrang Shetty has to say about Marigold {{!}} #TV9D|work=[[TV9 Kannada]]|date=6 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[Martin (2024 film)|''Martin'']]
|Munna
|
|
|-
|TBA
|style="background:#FFFFCC;" | ''Burma'' {{Dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
|
|
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|9401414}}
* {{Facebook|shamanthshettyofficial}}
* [https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/shamanth-shetty/30556 Vajrang Shetty on BookMyShow]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shetty, Vajrang}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]

Tarulata Kutum

2026-04-23T10:34:45Z

MavisHelena6948: Put Up New Article

{{Short description|Indian singer and actress from Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Tarulata Kutum
| image = Tarulata Kutum.jpg
| caption = Kutum in 2020
| birth_place = Assam, India
| origin = [[Mising people|Mising community]], Assam, India
| occupation = Singer, composer, performer, actress
| genre = Assamese folk, [[Assamese music]]
| label = TK productions
|spouse = Benil Bori
}}
'''Tarulata Kutum''' is an Indian singer, composer, lyricist, and actress from the [[Mising people|Mising community]]. She is known for her recordings and performances in the Mising language and for popularising ''[[Oi Nitom]]'', a traditional Mising song form. Her work combines elements of [[Assamese language|Assamese]] popular music with indigenous folk melodies, and she has appeared in regional concerts and music festivals across Northeast India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2012 |title=Musical journey to promote harmony – Singers from different communities to perform at four concerts across Assam |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/musical-journey-to-promote-harmony-singers-from-different-communities-to-perform-at-four-concerts-across-assam/cid/365040 |website=The Telegraph Online}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last1=India |first1=Press Trust of |title=Good films transcend language, boundary: Assamese actress |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/good-films-transcend-language-boundary-assamese-actress-113112500326_1.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Assam takes creative, traditional route to celebrate its culture |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/assam-takes-creative-traditional-route-to-celebrate-its-culture_70888 |website=India Forums |access-date=2025-10-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Curtain comes down on Khelo India games |url=https://assamtribune.com/curtain-comes-down-on-khelo-india-games |website=The Assam Tribune |date=15 September 2010 |access-date=2025-10-12}}</ref> She has also appeared in films such as [[Ko Yad|Ko:Yad]], which became the first mising-language film to win a national award.<ref name="Koyad">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_o1g5 |title=Bengaluru International Film Festival 6th Biffes |date=2013 |others=Servants of Knowledge}}</ref>

==Career==
Kutum believes that good films can be appreciated beyond language barriers. Speaking about [[Ko Yad]], she said that audiences, including foreigners at the [[International Film Festival of India]], could understand and enjoy its story. She described the film as one of her most difficult roles and mentioned that she had once thought of leaving the project. Directed by [[Manju Borah]], Ko: Yad became the first Mising-language film to win a National Film Award. Kutum is also known as a [[playback singer]] in Assam and has performed with artists such as [[Zubeen Garg]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Brave take on Assam |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/brave-take-assam-2284113 |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

[[File:Tarulata Kutum live performance in 2021.jpg|thumb|Tarulata Kutum performing live in 2021]]

In addition to studio work, Kutum performs in live concerts and cultural events that promote indigenous traditions of Assam. In 2012, she appeared in Samanway, a cross-community concert in Guwahati that featured artists representing different ethnic groups of the Northeast. She has also been featured at festivals celebrating Mising heritage and Assamese folk festivals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/games-dances-songs-amp-theatre-mark-bihu-celebrations/cid/1529809|title=Games, dances, songs & theatre mark Bihu celebrations}}</ref> Her performances combine indigenous Mising melodies with Assamese folk elements, showcasing the cultural diversity of Assam. Speaking at the 2015 [[Rongali]] festival in [[Guwahati]], she highlighted the challenges faced by regional artistes in exploring opportunities outside the state due to a lack of financial support. She also expressed optimism that government initiatives and cultural festivals could help promote local talent and preserve traditional art forms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assam takes creative, traditional route to celebrate its culture |url=https://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/assam-takes-creative-traditional-route-to-celebrate-its-culture |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=www.easternmirrornagaland.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=REPORTER |first=STAFF |date=2010-09-15 |title=Rongali festival begins with fanfare |url=https://assamtribune.com/rongali-festival-begins-with-fanfare |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en |archive-date=2022-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523031319/https://assamtribune.com/rongali-festival-begins-with-fanfare |url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2023, Kutum performed at the Raas Mahotsav organised by the Nalduar Yuvak Kristi Sangha in Namoni Majuli. The festival, one of the major cultural events of the island, featured performances across more than fifty stages and twelve satras (Vaishnavite monasteries). Kutum appeared on both days of the two-day celebration, which forms a central part of Majuli's [[Sattriya]] cultural tradition.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2023-11-25 |title=কাইলৈ ৰাস পূৰ্ণিমা; সাজু নামনি মাজুলীৰ নলদোৱাৰ যুৱক কৃষ্টি সংঘ |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/assamese/assam/videos/other-videos/last-preparation-for-majuli-ras-leela-festival/assam20231125101856062062596 |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=as}}</ref>

Kutum has also produced and acted in many mising films.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-03-22 |title=ধেমাজিত মিচিং ছবি 'মুৰকঙ'ৰ শুভ মহুৰত সম্পন্ন – New missing film |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/as/!videos/shooting-of-missing-film-murkong-begins-in-dhemaji-ass24032205536 |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=as}}</ref>

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Language !! Notes !! Ref(s)
|-
|2010
|Xorubhoni
|Assamese
|Self produced under TK productions
|
|-
| 2012 || ''Ko:Yad'' || Mising || Directed by [[Manju Borah]] ||<ref name=Koyad />
|-
| 2013 || ''Adhyay'' || Assamese || Feature film directed by Arup Manna||<ref name="Adhyay">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-04 |title=ASSAMESE FEATURE FILM ADHYAY SCREENED AT JYOTI CHITRABAN |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/entertainment/story/assamese-feature-film-adhyay-screened-jyoti-chitraban-396641-2018-04-04 |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || ''Ater Kapyok Ai'na'' || Mising || Self produced under TK productions||
|}

==Discography==
=== Singles and EPs ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Collaborators
|-
| 2020 || Ginmur Po Lo || Single
|-
| 2020 || 7th Mising Youth Festival 2020 Theme Song || Festival track
|-
| 2021 || Misingoi Rengama || Single
|-
| 2021 || Kangkan || Simanta Shekar
|-
| 2021 || Kerela Tita Tita || [[Zubeen Garg]]
|-
| 2021 || Tractor Gari ||
|-
| 2021 || Jaan Oi || Zubeen Garg
|-
| 2021 || Ronga Nilake || Featured duet
|-
| 2022 || Fifty Fifty || Rakesh Riyan
|-
| 2022 || Ahotor Tolote || Collaboration
|-
| 2023 || Nok Amik Berra Kanamdem || Official video single
|-
| 2024 || Party Koru Chal || Mousam Gogoi
|-
| 2024 || Oiya Midange || Justan Doley
|-
| 2024 || Badulide Tuladkang || Single
|-
| 2025 || America London || Single
|-
| 2025 || Lena Apong || Toto Mili
|-
| 2025 || Nagalandor Nagini || Krishnamoni Chutia
|}

=== Music videos ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Cast !! Director !! Producer(s) !! Label / Studio
|-
| 2023 || Nok Amik Berra Kanamdem || Tarulata Kutum, Devaram Doley || Binod Pegu, Tarulata Kutum, Benil Bori, Tapi Panyang || Bhaskar Jyoti Doley || — || TK productions
|-
| 2024 || Diginiso Sikiriso || Tarulata Kutum, Pankaj Joan Taye || Tarulata Kutum, Tezu Megu ||Aja Tarak
| Dilip Pegu || TK productions
|-
| 2024 || iPhone Lage Maa || Tarulata Kutum || Tarulata Kutum, Anu Bosomotary, Bulu Morang || — || — || TK Production
|-
| 2024 || Badulide Tuladkang || Tarulata Kutum, Sisu Narah || — || — || — ||TK productions
|}

== See also ==
* [[Oi Nitom]]
* [[Mising people]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm15552248/?ref_=tt_ov_3_2 IMDb]
* {{YouTube|channel=UCmPaNoCOUezQUKbVPAZuvRQ|Tarulata Kutum}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Assam]]
[[Category:Mising people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

P. V. Varghese Vaidyar

2026-04-20T06:58:45Z

MavisHelena6948: Added

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Indian patronymic|Varghese Vaidyar|Panackal Varkey}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = P. V. Varghese Vaidyar
| image =
| office1 = Member of Kerala Legislative Assembly (MLA)
| term_start1 = 1996
| term_end1 = 2001
| predecessor1 = [[K. C. Rosakutty]]
| successor1 = [[N. D. Appachan]]
| constituency1 = [[Sulthan Bathery]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| spouse = Saramma Varghese
| children = 3
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1922|11|09}}
| birth_place = [[Travancore]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2012|9|16|1922|11|9}}
| death_place = [[Kalpetta]], Wayanad district, Kerala
}}
'''Panackal Varkey Varghese Vaidyar''' was a [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] politician from [[Kerala]], India. He represented [[Sulthan Bathery Assembly constituency]] in 10th [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]].

==Biography==
Varghese Vaidyar was born on 9 November 1922 in Kunnakkalkara village in the [[Muvattupuzha Taluk]] to Annamma and P. V. Varkey of the Panackal house.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members - Kerala Legislature |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m721.htm |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=www.niyamasabha.org}}</ref><ref name="Indian Express">{{cite news |title=Tributes paid to Varghese Vaidyar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2012/sep/17/tributes-paid-to-varghese-vaidyar-407066.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name="Kerala Legislature"/> Vaidyar's family migrated to [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]] in 1952.<ref name="Kerala Legislature">{{cite web |title=Members - Kerala Legislature |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m721.htm |website=www.niyamasabha.org}}</ref>

===Personal life and death===
Varghese Vaidyar and his wife Saramma Varghese of the Marottikal family in Muvattupuzha have three children.<ref name="Kerala Legislature"/> He died due to cardiac arrest, at a private hospital in [[Kalpetta]] on September 16, 2012.<ref name="Times of India">{{cite news |last1=Sep 17 |first1=TNN / |title=Varghese Vaidyar: P V Varghese Vaidyar dead {{!}} Kozhikode News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/p-v-varghese-vaidyar-dead/articleshow/16428833.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> His body was buried with state honors at the St. Peter's Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Cathedral at [[Meenangadi]].<ref name="Times of India"/>

==Political career==
Varghese Vaidyar, who was an active member of [[Indian independence movement]], participated in the [[Quit India Movement]] in 1942.<ref name="Kerala Legislature"/> He was a member of [[Indian National Congress]] party till 1949.<ref name="Kerala Legislature"/> He has been active in the field of public works since the formation of the Wayanad Taluk Revenue Land Owners' Association.<ref name="Indian Express"/> Vaidyar later joined the [[Communist Party of India]] and the ''Kerala Karshaka Sangam'' (Peasants' Union) at the behest of [[A. K. Gopalan]].<ref name="Indian Express"/> After the split of Communist Party of India in 1964, Vaidyar became member of Communist Party of India (Marxist).<ref name="Indian Express"/> He became prominent in the CPI (M) in the 1970s, leading a series of land struggles in the district, involving agricultural workers and small farmers.<ref name="Times of India"/> In 1970, Vaidyar was imprisoned along with A. K. Gopalan for participating in the Mudavanmukh agitation for the distribution of surplus land.<ref name="Indian Express"/>

Vaidyar contested the 1982 and 1991 Kerala assembly elections but lost.<ref name="Indian Express"/> He was elected to the 10th [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] in 1996.<ref name="Times of India"/> He represented [[Sulthan Bathery Assembly constituency]] as a [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]] candidate.<ref name="Kerala Legislature"/> He had also served as Meenangadi [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]] president for two terms (10 years).<ref name="Times of India"/> Vaidyar also held several other positions including director of Wayanad District Co-operative Bank, member of the State Housing Board and the North Wayanad Land Board, district secretary and district president of Kerala State Karshaka Thozhilali Union.<ref name="Kerala Legislature"/> He was also the founding chairman of the Brahmagiri Development Society.<ref>{{cite news |title=പി വി വര്‍ഗീസ് വൈദ്യര്‍ അനുസ്മരണം |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/news-wayanadkerala-22-09-2016/590635 |work=Deshabhimani |language=ml}}</ref>

==Legacy==
His biography ''Varghese Vaidyante Athmakatha'' ({{ISBN|9788126453337}}) was published in 2015 by [[DC Books]]. The first 4 chapters were written by Varghese himself but could not be completed because of his death, rest has been completed by his son Cherian Kalpakavadi.<ref>{{cite web |title=വർഗീസ് വൈദ്യന്റെ ആത്മകഥ {{!}} Varghese Vaidyante Atmakatha |url=https://www.goodreads.com/en/book/show/28696123-varghese-vaidyante-atmakatha |website=www.goodreads.com}}</ref> His life is depicted by [[Mohanlal]] in the Malayalam movie [[Lal Salam (1990 film)|Lal Salaam]](1990).

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varghese Vaidyar, P. V.}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian farmers' rights activists]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1996–2001]]

Disney Jr. (India)

2026-04-19T19:01:38Z

MavisHelena6948: added new details with sources

{{short description|Indian variant of Disney Jr.}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2014}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Disney Jr.
| logo = 2024 Disney Jr. Logo.svg
| logo_caption = Logo used since 12 July 2025
| launch_date = {{start date and age|2006}} (as [[Playhouse Disney]] block) {{start date and age|2011|7|4|df=y}} (block) {{start date and age|2012|10|15|df=y}} (channel)
| owner = [[JioStar]] (branding licensed from [[Disney India]])
| type = [[Television Channel]]
| country = India
| language = {{Plainlist|
* [[English language|English]]
* [[Hindi]]
* [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
* [[Tamil Language|Tamil]]
}}
| area = India [[Sri Lanka]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/article/sri-lanka-to-experience-the-magic-of-disney-junior-70047.html|title=Sri Lanka to experience the magic of Disney Junior|date=23 April 2015|publisher=Daily Mirror|access-date=15 January 2018|archive-date=20 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120142821/https://www.dailymirror.lk/article/sri-lanka-to-experience-the-magic-of-disney-junior-70047.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bangladesh]] (until February 2013) [[Nepal]] [[Bhutan]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.kuenselonline.com/bicma-approves-56-channels-for-uniformity/|title=BICMA approves 56 channels for uniformity|date=22 September 2017|publisher=Kuensel Online|access-date=14 January 2018|archive-date=20 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420031530/https://kuenselonline.com/bicma-approves-56-channels-for-uniformity/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Maldives]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://corporatemaldives.com/2017/12/25/dhiraagu-tv-launches-four-disney-channels-in-the-maldives/|title=Dhiraagu TV launches four Disney channels in the Maldives|date=29 December 2017|publisher=Corporate Maldives|access-date=11 January 2018|archive-date=11 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111105843/http://corporatemaldives.com/2017/12/25/dhiraagu-tv-launches-four-disney-channels-in-the-maldives/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| network = [[Jio Star]]
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]], India
| available =
| former_names = {{ubl|Playhouse Disney (2006–2011)|Disney Junior (2011-2025)}}
| replaced =
| sister_channels = [[Disney Star#Owned channels|Disney Star Channels]]
| parent =
| website = {{URL|http://disneyjunior.disney.in/}}
| picture_format = [[576i]] [[SDTV]]
| online_serv_1 = [[Airtel Digital TV]] India
| online_chan_1 = SD & HD
}}
'''Disney Jr.''' is an Indian [[pay television]] channel owned by [[Disney Star|Jio Star]], a joint venture between [[Viacom18]] and [[Disney India]]. The channel is dedicated towards pre-schoolers. It is also available as a programming block on [[Disney Channel (India)|Disney Channel]] that replaced '''Playhouse Disney'''. The channel is the Indian equivalent to the [[Disney Jr.|original American network]] and broadcasts in [[English language|English]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]].

== History ==
Before 2006, [[Playhouse Disney]] was launched in India as a block on Disney Channel. On 4 July 2011, it was replaced by Disney Junior.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/broadcasting/tv-channels/kids/disney-channel-to-make-entry-into-tamil-and-telugu-via-pre|title=Disney Channel to make entry into Tamil and Telugu via pre-school block|date=29 June 2011|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=30 September 2020|archive-date=18 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118231105/https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/broadcasting/tv-channels/kids/disney-channel-to-make-entry-into-tamil-and-telugu-via-pre|url-status=live}}</ref> On 15 October 2012, Disney Junior launched as a channel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/35989_Walt-Disney-launches-its-4th-offering-Disney-Junior|title=Walt Disney launches its 4th offering Disney Junior|website=www.afaqs.com|date=20 November 2012|language=en|access-date=2017-11-17|archive-date=30 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230033149/http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/35989_Walt-Disney-launches-its-4th-offering-Disney-Junior|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Logos ==
<gallery>
file:Disney Junior EMEA.svg|2019-2025
file:Disney Jr. 2024.svg|2025-present
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Disney Channel}}
{{Television in India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Disney Junior India}}
[[Category:Disney Jr.|India]]
[[Category:English-language television stations in India]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2012]]
[[Category:Children's television channels in India]]
[[Category:Disney India Media Networks]]
[[Category:Disney Star]]

{{India-tv-station-stub}}

Dargalim Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:40:25Z

MavisHelena6948: added new biography w/ infobox...

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Goa Legislative Assembly, in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Dargalim
|district = [[North Goa district|North Goa]]
|state = [[Goa]]
|electors =
| loksabha_cons = [[North Goa Lok Sabha constituency|North Goa]]
|reservation = None
|established = 1989
|abolished = 2008
|map4 =
|map_size =
|type= SLA
}}
'''Dargalim''' was one of the 40 [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of the state of [[Goa]] in southern [[India]]. Dargalim was also one of the 20 constituencies falling under [[North Goa Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://elections.traceall.in/vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/Poinguinim-in-Goa Previous Year's Election Results in Poinguinim, Goa]</ref><ref>[http://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/09_Delimitation%20act%2C%202002.pdf THE DELIMITATION ACT, 2002]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
| [[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || rowspan=2 | [[Deu Mandrekar]] || {{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan=3 | [[Manohar Ajgaonkar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2007]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2007===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Dargalim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_GOA_after_IC.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007042153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_GOA_after_IC.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Manohar Ajgaonkar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,049 |percentage=38.71% |change={{increase}}15.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Morajkar Vithu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,275 |percentage=32.77% |change={{decrease}}41.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parwar Kishor |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=3,465 |percentage=26.56% |change={{increase}}24.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Korgaonkar Sakharam Vishram |party=Republican Party of India (Athawale) |votes=233 |percentage=1.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=774 |percentage=5.93% |change= {{decrease}}44.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,044 |percentage=79.67% |change= {{increase}}6.83 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,345 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.29 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}35.32 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Dargalim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007072027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Manohar Ajgaonkar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,467 |percentage=74.03% |change={{increase}}41.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhargalkar Balkrishna Atmaram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,705 |percentage=23.65% |change={{decrease}}19.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amonkar Janardhan Arjun |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=258 |percentage=2.26% |change={{decrease}}16.92 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,762 |percentage=50.38% |change= {{increase}}39.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,437 |percentage=72.93% |change= {{increase}}4.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,672 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.06 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}31.12 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Dargalim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof%20Goa-99.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007115355/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof%20Goa-99.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Manohar Ajgaonkar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,328 |percentage=42.91% |change={{increase}}16.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhargalkar Balkrishna Atmaram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,232 |percentage=32.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harmalkar Ramesh Mukund |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=1,934 |percentage=19.18% |change={{decrease}}41.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Deu Mandrekar]] |party=Independent politician |votes=296 |percentage=2.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rao Narayan Bhikaji |party=Janata Dal |votes=161 |percentage=1.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parshekar Resha Rajanikant |party=Goa Vikas Party |votes=133 |percentage=1.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,096 |percentage=10.87% |change= {{decrease}}23.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,086 |percentage=68.24% |change= {{decrease}}1.59 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,777 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.45 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{decrease}}18.09 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1994===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Dargalim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StaticialReportGOA94.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006094522/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StaticialReportGOA94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Deu Mandrekar]] |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=5,915 |percentage=61.00% |change={{decrease}}11.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bandekar Shambhu Bhau |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,569 |percentage=26.50% |change={{increase}}14.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harijan Manohar Mahadeo |party=Independent politician |votes=406 |percentage=4.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gaonkar Pradeep Shankar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=365 |percentage=3.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shirodkar Shamsunder Narayan |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=222 |percentage=2.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,346 |percentage=34.51% |change= {{decrease}}25.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,696 |percentage=68.59% |change= {{decrease}}2.46 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,882 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.79 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{decrease}}11.23 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Dargalim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006124346/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Deu Mandrekar]] |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=6,544 |percentage=72.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bandekar Shambhu Bhau |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,119 |percentage=12.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arlekar Anil Ramchandra |party=Independent politician |votes=808 |percentage=8.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nipanikar Balram Vishnu |party=Independent politician |votes=156 |percentage=1.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arlekar Vishwanath Narasobha |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=84 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Halarnakar Subhash Ramnath |party=Independent politician |votes=59 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,425 |percentage=59.88% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,060 |percentage=70.08% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,530 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Pernem (Goa Assembly constituency)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Goa}}
{{coords|15.68|73.84|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Goa]]
[[Category:North Goa district]]
[[Category:Politics of Goa]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1989]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in Goa]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

{{Goa-geo-stub}}

Aldona Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:29:20Z

MavisHelena6948: Added new stub first draft

{{Short description|Constituency of the Goa legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Aldona
| state = [[Goa]]
| district = [[North Goa district|North Goa]]
| loksabha_cons = [[North Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|North Goa]]
| established = 1963
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Carlos Alvares Ferreira]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| electors = {{formatnum:28994}}<ref name=results2022/>{{update after|2027|05}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no =10
| map_image = File:Aldona constitution.svg
}}
'''Aldona''' is one of the 40 [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of the state of [[Goa]] in southern [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |pp=110–114 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> Aldona is also one of the 20 constituencies falling under [[North Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|North Goa Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1963 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1963]]<ref name=result1963>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceogoa.nic.in/pdf/PER/Assembly%20Election%20-%201963.pdf |title=Assembly Election - 1963 |publisher=Chief Election Commissioner of Goa |access-date=27 December 2021 |archive-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830123222/https://www.ceogoa.nic.in/pdf/PER/Assembly%20Election%20-%201963.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|rowspan=2|Lobo Sequeira Orlando
|{{Full party name with color|United Goans Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1967 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<ref name=results1967>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3842-goa-1967/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 1967 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[1972 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|José Silveiro Sousa<ref name=results1972>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3843-goa-1972/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 1972 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|Ratnakar Chopdekar<ref name=results1989>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3849-goa-1989/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 1989 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}
|-
|[[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| Fatima D'Sa<ref name=results1994>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3850-goa-1994/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 1994 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| [[Ulhas Asnodkar]]<ref name=results1999>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3852-goa-1999/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 1999 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2002]]<ref name=results2002>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3853-goa-2002/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2002 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|rowspan=2| [[Dayanand Narvekar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<ref name=results2007>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3855-goa-2007/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2007 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<ref name=results2012>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3856-goa-2012/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2012 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|rowspan=2| [[Glenn Ticlo]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3862-goa-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2017 |access-date= 7 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Carlos Alvares Ferreira]]<ref name=results2022/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2022===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Aldona<ref name=results2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14168-goa-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 17 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceogoa.nic.in/pdf/ELECTION/Voter%20Turnout%20GE-2022.pdf |title=General Elections 2022 to Goa Legislatie Assembly - AC wise Voter Turnout |access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Carlos Alvares Ferreira]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,320 |percentage=41.43% |change={{increase}}18.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Glenn Ticlo]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,497 |percentage=33.33% |change={{decrease}}10.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kiran Kandolkar]] |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=3,647 |percentage=16.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahesh Satelkar |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=1,306 |percentage=5.81% |change={{decrease}}9.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Govind Govenkar |party=Shiv Sena |votes=350 |percentage=1.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=260 |percentage=1.16% |change={{increase}}0.25 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,823 |percentage=8.10% |change= {{decrease}}12.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,496 |percentage=77.60% |change= {{decrease}}1.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,991 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.66 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}2.10 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2017===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Aldona<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Successful Candidates|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/Goa/01ListOfSuccessfulCandidates.xlsx|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|format=Xlsx|accessdate=22 April 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Glenn Ticlo]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,405 |percentage=43.53% |change={{decrease}}12.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amarnath Panjikar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,949 |percentage=22.91% |change={{decrease}}15.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rosy Ursula D`Souza |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=3,272 |percentage=15.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahesh Vithu Satelkar |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=3,000 |percentage=13.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anandrao Narayanrao Nagvenkar |party=Independent politician |votes=643 |percentage=2.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=196 |percentage=0.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Osbert D`Cunha |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=141 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,456 |percentage=20.62% |change= {{increase}}3.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,606 |percentage=78.74% |change= {{decrease}}2.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,439 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.27 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}12.17 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2012===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Aldona<ref>{{cite report|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012, to the Legislative Assembly of Goa|publisher=Election Commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3856-goa-2012/}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Glenn Ticlo]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,315 |percentage=55.70% |change={{increase}}27.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dayanand Narvekar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,839 |percentage=38.59% |change={{decrease}}3.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Wilfred de Souza|Wilfred D'Souza]] |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=643 |percentage=3.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravindra Vasudev Panjikar |party=Independent politician |votes=256 |percentage=1.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Julius Pereira |party=Goa Su-Raj Party |votes=236 |percentage=1.16% |change={{decrease}}0.83 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,476 |percentage=17.11% |change= {{increase}}3.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,314 |percentage=80.79% |change= {{increase}}12.02 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,112 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}20.51 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}13.18 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2007===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Aldona<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_GOA_after_IC.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007042153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_GOA_after_IC.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dayanand Narvekar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,251 |percentage=42.52% |change={{decrease}}8.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kunda Chodankar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,217 |percentage=28.57% |change={{decrease}}11.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fermeena Khaunte |party=Independent politician |votes=5,298 |percentage=24.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Floriano Conceicao Lobo |party=Goa Su-Raj Party |votes=433 |percentage=1.99% |change={{increase}}0.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Salgaonkar Narcinva |party=Independent politician |votes=154 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nagvenkar Anandrao Narayanrao |party=Independent politician |votes=144 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,034 |percentage=13.94% |change= {{increase}}3.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,757 |percentage=68.86% |change= {{increase}}3.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,592 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.62 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}8.13 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Aldona<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007072027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dayanand Narvekar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,957 |percentage=50.65% |change={{increase}}35.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ulhas Asnodkar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,944 |percentage=40.41% |change={{increase}}3.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fernandes Joao Rosario Joaquim |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,116 |percentage=5.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fernandes Gerald John |party=Goa Su-Raj Party |votes=368 |percentage=1.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chodankar Harihar Vithal |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=241 |percentage=1.23% |change={{decrease}}11.44 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,013 |percentage=10.24% |change= {{decrease}}11.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,657 |percentage=65.61% |change= {{increase}}4.38 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,912 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.17 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}13.98 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Aldona<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof%20Goa-99.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007115355/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof%20Goa-99.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ulhas Asnodkar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,587 |percentage=36.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Halankar Vishwanath Rohidas |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,738 |percentage=15.25% |change={{decrease}}30.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D Sa Fatima Joseph Philip |party=Goa Rajiv Congress Party |votes=2,542 |percentage=14.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Prabhakar Khushali |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=2,274 |percentage=12.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lobo Agnelo Alexinho |party=Independent politician |votes=2,109 |percentage=11.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Franco Santan Braz |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=1,358 |percentage=7.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=De'Souza Juino L. |party=Independent politician |votes=216 |percentage=1.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,849 |percentage=21.43% |change= {{increase}}18.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,959 |percentage=61.33% |change= {{decrease}}8.41 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,278 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.13 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.32 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1994===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Aldona<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StaticialReportGOA94.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006094522/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StaticialReportGOA94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Fatima D'Sa |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,303 |percentage=46.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ulhas Asnodkar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,792 |percentage=43.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chopdekar Ratnaker Maddu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,368 |percentage=7.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Austin Rodrigues |party=Independent politician |votes=113 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=511 |percentage=2.83% |change= {{increase}}0.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,051 |percentage=68.78% |change= {{decrease}}2.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,880 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.21 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{decrease}}3.43 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Aldona<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006124346/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ratnakar Chopdekar |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=8,208 |percentage=49.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dayanand Narvekar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,875 |percentage=47.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=333 |percentage=2.01% |change= {{decrease}}39.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,605 |percentage=70.65% |change= {{increase}}12.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,860 |ref = |change= {{increase}}48.51 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Aldona<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_GOA_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114075126/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_GOA_72.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=José Silveiro Sousa |party=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |votes=5,733 |percentage=62.26% |change={{increase}}5.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Silver Anacleto Mariand |party=Independent politician |votes=1,953 |percentage=21.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mendes Isidoro Jose |party=Independent politician |votes=1,264 |percentage=13.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,780 |percentage=41.05% |change= {{increase}}21.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,208 |percentage=58.14% |change= {{decrease}}15.40 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,393 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.46 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |loser=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Aldona<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statisticall%20Report%20Goa%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085800/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statisticall%20Report%20Goa%201967.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Lobo Sequeira Orlando |party=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |votes=6,084 |percentage=56.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. N. Pandharinath |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=3,969 |percentage=36.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. D. C. Nicolav |party=Independent politician |votes=177 |percentage=1.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. J. Joao |party=Independent politician |votes=168 |percentage=1.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. M. Dsilva |party=Independent politician |votes=94 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,115 |percentage=19.63% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,774 |percentage=73.49% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,324 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Goa Legislative Assembly]]
* [[North Goa district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Goa Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/71-goa/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Goa}}

{{coord|15.59|73.87|display=title}}

[[Category:North Goa district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Goa]]
[[Category:Politics of Goa]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1963]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Goa, Daman and Diu]]

Mohit Beniwal

2026-04-11T09:17:20Z

MavisHelena6948: New

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mohit Beniwal
| office = [[Legislative council|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| constituency = ''elected by legislative assembly members''
| term_start = 6 May 2024
| term_end =
| office1 = State [[Vice president|Vice President]] of BJP Unit in [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start1 = March 2023
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater = [[IIT Delhi]] (B.Tech.)<ref name="B.Tech"/>
| profession = [[Politician]]
}}

'''Mohit Beniwal''' is an Indian politician currently serving as the [[Legislative council|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]] since 2024 and affiliated with [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/up-mlc-election-2024-who-is-mohit-beniwal-whom-bjp-declared-as-mlc-candidate-ann-2634880|title=जानिए कौन हैं युवा जाट चेहरा मोहित बेनीवाल, जिन्हें बीजेपी ने बनाया विधान परिषद का प्रत्याशी?|first=सनुज शर्मा|last=मेरठ|date=9 March 2024|website=www.abplive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/lucknow/legislative-council-elections-mohit-beniwal-richest-candidate-of-bjp-vijay-bahadur-wealth-reduced-by-5-crore-2024-03-12|title=UP: सबसे अमीर हैं सपा के ये उम्मीदवार, BJP के मोहित बेनीवाल 27 करोड़ से अधिक के मालिक; इनके पास तो घर भी नहीं|website=Amar Ujala}}</ref><ref name="B.Tech">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-up-mlc-election-mohit-beniwal-b-tech-pass-from-iit-delhi-is-fond-of-weapons-bjp-has-made-him-a-candidate-23672661.html|title=UP MLC Election: असलहे के शौकीन हैं आईआईटी दिल्ली से बीटेक पास मोहित बेनीवाल, भाजपा ने बनाया है प्रत्याशी - UP MLC Election Mohit Beniwal B Tech pass from IIT Delhi is fond of weapons BJP has made him a candidate|website=Jagran}}</ref>

Beniwal is State [[Vice president|Vice President]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], prior to which he was President, BJP West U.P. Zone.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/up-bjp-rejigs-its-team-several-obc-dalit-leaders-given-posts-101679768482175.html|title=U.P. BJP rejigs its team; several OBC, Dalit leaders given posts|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bjp-overhauls-its-uttar-pradesh-unit/article66664913.ece|title=80% of BJP's new U.P. team from core social base
|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 March 2023
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/reshuffle-in-uttar-pradesh-bjp-team-expected-soon/articleshow/96413434.cms|title=Reshuffle in Uttar Pradesh BJP team expected soon.|newspaper=[[The Times of India|Times of India]]|date=22 December 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/bijnor/story-bjp-state-vice-president-mohit-beniwal-welcomed-8698447.html|title=भाजपा के प्रदेश उपाध्यक्ष मोहित बेनीवाल का हुआ स्वागत|website=Hindustan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/bareilly/news/bjp-state-vice-president-mohit-beniwal-reached-bareilly-132513510.html|title=भाजपा प्रदेश उपाध्यक्ष मोहित बेनीवाल पहुंचे बरेली: भाजपा ने शुरू किया गांव व बूथ चलो अभियान, हर घर तक पहुंचेंगे कार्यकर्ता - Bareilly News|date=29 January 2024|website=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref>

==Education==
Beniwal completed his B.Tech degree from [[IIT Delhi]].<ref name="B.Tech"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/meerut-city-mohit-beniwal-done-btech-from-iit-delhi-and-came-to-politics-after-leaving-job-in-america-20683478.html|title=भाजपा के क्षेत्रीय अध्यक्ष : आइआइटी दिल्ली से बीटेक, अमेरिका में जॉब छोड़कर राजनीति में आए थे मोहित बेनीवाल - Mohit Beniwal Done BTech from IIT Delhi and came to politics after leaving job in America|website=Jagran}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Beniwal, Mohit}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Make in Odisha

2026-04-07T03:57:13Z

MavisHelena6948: Data!

{{Short description|Initiative by the Government of Odisha, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox project
| logo = Make_in_odisha.jpg
| logo_alt = Make in Odisha
| caption = ''Make in Odisha''
| country = India
| current_status = Active
| website = {{URL|https://mio.investodisha.gov.in/}}
}}

'''Make in Odisha''' is an initiative launched by the [[Government of Odisha]] for industrial growth in the State.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://investodisha.org|title=Invest Odisha|first=|last=text|publisher=}}</ref> The major investors in the state are [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]], [[Mahanadi Coalfields|MCL]], [[Steel Authority of India|SAIL]], [[Tata Steel]], [[Tata Consultancy Services|TCS]], [[Adani Group|Adani]], JSPL, PPL, [[Indian Oil Corporation|IOCL]] and many more.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/make-in-odisha-receives-rs-2-lakh-crore-investment-intent-3137020.html|title=Make in Odisha receives Rs 2 lakh crore investment intent - Firstpost|date=2 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref> Over 80 companies investing and The state has received investment worth Rs 2,03,270 crore (30 B USD). Major investment sector are IT, fertiliser, petro chemicals, food processing, health, infrastructure, ESDM, metal and minerals, manufacturing, textiles and tourism. The Make in Odisha conclave happens bi-annually. There are two Make in Odisha conclaves completed with crores of investment proposals and the third edition will be held between 30 November to 4 December 2020.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/make-in-odisha-rs-4-1-lakh-crore-investment-proposals-received/66614646|title=Make in Odisha: Rs 4.1 lakh crore investment proposals received - ET EnergyWorld|last=www.ETEnergyworld.com|website=ETEnergyworld.com|language=en|access-date=2018-11-19}}</ref>

== Events ==
=== Make in Odisha conclave 2016 ===
The first Make in Odisha conclave<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2016/dec/02/maiden-make-in-odisha-conclave-attracts-investment-of-rs-203-lakh-crore-1544955.html|title=Maiden Make-In-Odisha conclave attracts investment of Rs 2.03 lakh crore|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2018-11-11}}</ref> was organised by Government of Odisha, Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion (DIPP) and Government of India and Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) between 30 November 2016 to 2 December 2016 in [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]] . The key objective of the conclave is to showcase the manufacturing prowess of the state and the investment opportunities across the focus sectors. Which are:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.makeinindia.com/article/-/v/make-in-odisha-conclave|title=Make in Odisha Conclave - Make In India|website=www.makeinindia.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-11|archive-date=3 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203130534/http://www.makeinindia.com/article/-/v/make-in-odisha-conclave|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://drive.google.com/uc?export=download&id=0B-Tv7_upCKANeHdYM3pwOXVPYWM|title=Make In Odisha Conclave Brochure|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref>

* Chemicals, Petrochemicals and Plastics
* Ancillary and Downstream in Metal sector
* Textiles and Apparel
* Food Processing including Seafood
* Electronics Manufacturing and IT and
* Tourism

In the conclave the Odisha Governments has received 28 proposals of 18,434 crores investment with a capacity of 27,565 jobs generation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/odisha-receives-28-project-proposals-after-make-in-odisha-conclave-117022301216_1.html|title=Odisha receives 28 project proposals after Make in Odisha conclave|last=IANS|date=2017-02-23|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-11-11}}</ref> The first edition got 124 investment intents or proposals worth more than Rs 2 lakh crore, and employment opportunities for over one lakh people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/business/make-in-odisha-conclave-2018-ambani-tata-birla-others-commit-investments-over-rs-1-38-lakh-cr-on-first-day-5541291.html|title=Make in Odisha Conclave 2018: Ambani, Tata, Birla, others commit investments over Rs 1.38 lakh cr on first day - Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com|access-date=2018-11-19}}</ref>

=== Make in Odisha conclave 2018 ===
The second edition of Make in Odisha was held from 11 November 2018 to 15 November 2018 in Bhubaneswar, Odisha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mio.investodisha.gov.in/WebsiteLanding/Schedule|title=Make In Odisha Conclave 2018|website=mio.investodisha.gov.in|access-date=2018-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111133923/https://mio.investodisha.gov.in/WebsiteLanding/Schedule|archive-date=11 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Six countries, Japan, China, Italy, Germany, Saudi Arabia and South Korea along with industrialist from India had attended this conclave.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/nov/08/six-countries-to-attend-make-in-odisha-2018-mukesh-ambani-to-be-star-speaker-1895527.html|title=Six countries to attend Make in Odisha 2018, Mukesh Ambani to be star speaker|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2018-11-11}}</ref>

The top two investment proposals were received from [[Haldia Petrochemicals]] (Rs 70,000 crore), in the fertilizer, refinery, petrochemical, chemical and plastics department and with potential employment of 31,000.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://krishijagran.com/news/make-in-odisha-2018-rs-41-lakh-crore-investment-goals-achieved/|title=Make in Odisha 2018: Rs 4.1 lakh crore investment goals achieved|access-date=2018-11-19|language=en}}</ref>

[[Jindal Steel and Power]] are going to take their 6 million tonne steel plant to a 20 million tonne steel plant and their investment from Rs 45,000 crores to Rs 100,000 crores, from employing 50,000 people to employing 100,000 people,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bhubaneswar/slew-of-investment-pledges-mark-first-day-of-make-in-odisha-2018-cm-naveen-patnaik-5442628/|title=Make in Odisha: Tata, Jindal Steel commit nearly Rs 1 lakh crore each; RIL to pump in additional Rs 3,000 crore|date=2018-11-13|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-11-19|language=en-US}}</ref>

In the conclave, [[Mukesh Ambani]] has announced that, [[Reliance Industries]] will invest 3000 crores ($410 million approx..) in Odisha over the next three years.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/telecom-news/ril-commits-rs-3000-crore-of-fresh-investments-at-make-in-odisha-conclave/articleshow/66587790.cms|title=RIL commits Rs 3,000 crore of fresh investments at 'Make in Odisha' conclave|date=2018-11-12|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-11-13}}</ref> [[Tata Group|Tata Sons Group]] chairman, [[Natarajan Chandrasekaran]] also assured Rs 25,000 ($3.45 billion approx.) crore investment. [[Aditya Birla Group|Birla Group]] chairman [[Kumar Mangalam Birla]], announced an investment of 2 billion dollars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishatv.in/odisha/make-in-odisha-ambani-assures-rs-3000-cr-investment-tata-sons-rs-25000-cr-332693|title=Make In Odisha: Ambani assures Rs 3000 Cr investment; Tata Sons Rs 25000 Cr {{!}} OTV|website=odishatv.in|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-14|archive-date=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114141410/https://odishatv.in/odisha/make-in-odisha-ambani-assures-rs-3000-cr-investment-tata-sons-rs-25000-cr-332693|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishasuntimes.com/make-in-odisha-hindalco-to-invest-rs-6000-cr-to-set-up-downstream-facilities/|title=Make in Odisha: Hindalco to invest Rs 6,000 cr to set up downstream facilities {{!}} OdishaSunTimes.com|last=Bureau|first=Odisha Sun Times|website=odishasuntimes.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-14}}</ref>

This conclave has now witnessed investment proposals worth Rs 4.19 lakh crore for projects across 15 sectors that can create around 5.91 lakh potential jobs.<ref name=":1" />

=== Make in Odisha Conclave 2022 ===
The third edition of the Conclave, will be held between 30 November and 4 December 2022.

==See also==
*[[Make in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://mio.investodisha.gov.in/ Official Website]

[[Category:Government schemes in Odisha]]

Govind Narayan Shukla

2026-04-05T00:06:59Z

MavisHelena6948: added new stub and citations...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Govind Narayan Shukla
| office = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| term_start = 31 Jan 2021
| term_end =
| constituency = ''elected by Legislative Assembly members''
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = Politician
| image =
| office1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Uttar Pradesh|State General Secretary Bharatiya Janata Party]] Uttar Pradesh
| term_start1 = 2018
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| nickname = '''Raja Babu'''
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1968}}
| birth_place = [[Amethi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
}}

'''Govind Narayan Shukla alias Raja Babu''' is a [[Uttar Pradesh legislative council|Member of Uttar Pradesh legislative council]] and State General Secretary of [[Bharatiya Janata Party Uttar Pradesh]].

== Political career ==
Shukla belongs to [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and he started working for BJP at an early age. He is currently General Secretary of BJP Uttar Pradesh. BJP made him candidate for MLC election in 2021 and he won unopposed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Govind Narayan Shukla wons unopposed|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/up-former-bureaucrat-among-10-bjp-candidates-for-mlc-polls-7151998/|website=Indian Express|date=19 January 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Govind Narayan Shukla addressing workers after being elected MLC|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/amethi-workers-are-the-capital-of-bjp-govind-narayan-21325051.html|website=Jagran}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=BJP announces Govind Narayan Shukla as State General Secretary of Uttar Pradesh|url=https://www.thenewsagency.in/uttar-pradesh/bjp-rejigs-uttar-pradesh-unit-names-new-office-bearers|website=The News Agency}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Govind Narayan Shukla files nomination in rajya sabha by-election as BJP candidate |url=https://www.amarujala.com/lucknow/govind-narayan-shukla-of-bjp-also-filled-the-form-for-rajya-sabha |website=Amarujala}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shukla, Govind Narayan}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
{{improve categories|date=July 2024}}

Lok Bhavan, Guwahati

2026-04-01T16:24:43Z

MavisHelena6948: Adding

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}{{Short description|Residence of the Governor of Assam}}
{{Refimprove|date=May 2012}}
{{Infobox building
|name = Lok Bhavan, Guwahati
|image = Jitendra Singh meeting the Governor of Assam, Shri Banwarilal Purohit, at the Raj Bhawan in Guwahati.jpg
|caption = [[Jitendra Singh Rana|Jitendra Singh]] meeting the Governor of Assam, Shri [[Banwarilal Purohit]], at the Raj Bhawan in Guwahati
|pushpin_map =
|map_caption = Location in Guwahati##Location in Assam
|coordinates = {{coord|26.197731|N|91.765708|E|display=inline,title}}
|construction_start_date =
|completion_date =
|number_of_rooms =
|elevator_count =
|cost =
|floor_area =
|architect =
|engineer =
|main_contractor =
|developer =
|owner = [[Government of Assam]]
|current_tenants = [[Lakshman Acharya]]
|references =
}}
'''Lok Bhavan''' formerly ([[translation]]: ''Government House'') is the [[official residence]] of the Current [[Governor of Assam]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://online.assam.gov.in/web/guest/rajbhawan-history |title=History of the Raj Bhavan |access-date=24 January 2017 |archive-date=5 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205103556/http://online.assam.gov.in/web/guest/rajbhawan-history |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is located in the capital city of [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]].

==See also==
* [[Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth#British Indian Empire| Government Houses of the British Indian Empire]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raj Bhavan}}

[[Category:Governors' houses in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Guwahati]]
[[Category:Government of Assam]]
[[Category:Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth]]

{{India-struct-stub}}
{{India-gov-stub}}

Kasthuri Maan

2026-03-10T16:19:52Z

MavisHelena6948:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kasthuri Maan
| image = Kasthuri Maan.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[A. K. Lohithadas]]
| producer = Sindhu Lohithadas
| writer = A. K. Lohithadas [[Jeyamohan]] (dialogues)
| starring = [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]] [[Meera Jasmine]] [[Shammi Thilakan]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = Kichas [[Vaidy S]]
| editing = [[Raja Mohammad]] Sundar
| studio = Sumangala Arts
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| runtime = 140 minutes
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2005|10|28}}
}}

'''''Kasthuri Maan''''' ({{translation|[[Musk deer]]}}) is a 2005 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by [[A. K. Lohithadas]]. The film, a remake of the director's Malayalam film of the [[Kasthooriman|same name]], and his only Tamil project, stars [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]] and [[Meera Jasmine]], who reprised her role from the original.<ref>{{cite web |date=2005-03-18 |title="Kasturi Maan" frisks in from Kerala |url=http://thehindujobs.com/thehindu/fr/2005/03/18/stories/2005031800210200.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209035442/http://thehindujobs.com/thehindu/fr/2005/03/18/stories/2005031800210200.htm |archive-date=9 December 2007 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2005-10-28 |title=Lohitadas: My conscience is clear |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/oct/28lohit.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907174948/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/oct/28lohit.htm |archive-date=7 September 2015 |access-date=29 May 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> It also features [[Shammi Thilakan]], [[Sarath Babu]], [[V. M. C. Haneefa]], [[Bharathi Kannan]], [[Pawan (actor)|Pawan]], [[Vinodini]] and [[Suja Varunee|Suja]]. Shammi and Haneefa also reprised their respective roles from the original. ''Kasthuri Maan'''s story revolves around a young college girl who helps her lover realize his dream of becoming an IAS officer amidst her own problems.<ref>{{cite web |date=2005-02-24 |title=Remake season down south! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/feb/24ss.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529174023/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/feb/24ss.htm |archive-date=29 May 2015 |access-date=29 May 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The film released during Diwali 2005<ref>{{cite web |date=27 October 2005 |title=Tamil releases this Diwali/ Eid |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/oct/27south4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529174344/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/oct/27south4.htm |archive-date=29 May 2015 |access-date=29 May 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> and had a generally positive reception.

==Plot==
The movie starts with a mature Arunachalam ([[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]]), now a district collector. The story is narrated in a flashback where his father Palaniappan ([[Sarath Babu]]) wants him to get married. Palaniappan used to be a rich film producer and had borrowed money from a rich person, but is unable to repay his debt. The rich man wants his daughter to marry Arun, but Arun does not want to marry.

Umashankari ([[Meera Jasmine]]) and Arun study in the same college. Uma is a lively, mischievous girl on campus, but at home, faces acute poverty and takes up various odd jobs to take care of her house and to stay away from her sister's husband, who makes advances towards her. In the meantime, Palaniappan attempts suicide because he is deeply in debt. Uma steps in and helps Arun, who is preparing for I.A.S. exams. She does everything to ensure that he becomes an I.A.S. officer. He in turn, promises to marry her and rescue her from her situation. However, Uma, after an unfortunate encounter with her brother-in–law, lands in prison, and the couple is reunited in the climax.{{Vague|date=February 2020}}

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]] as Arunachalam Palaniappan IAS, District Collector
* [[Meera Jasmine]] as Umashankari Vetrivel
* [[Shammi Thilakan]] as S. K. Nagarajan
* [[Sarath Babu]] as Palaniappan
* [[V. M. C. Haneefa]]
* [[Bharathi Kannan]]
* [[Pawan (actor)|Pawan]] as Kasi
* [[Vinodini]] as Prema, Umashankari's sister
* [[Suja Varunee]] as Sunitha
* [[T. K. Kala]]
* Anjali Devi as Vadivammal
* Geetha Ravishankar as Arun's mother
* [[Kulappulli Leela]] as Muniyamma
* Devi Chandana as Arunachalam's sister
;Uncredited
* [[Sai Pallavi]] as College student
* Kadhal Saravanan as Supervisor
}}

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kasthuri Maan |url=https://gaana.com/album/kasthuri-maan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613224555/https://gaana.com/album/kasthuri-maan |archive-date=13 June 2023 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |publisher=}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| "Oru Porkaalam" || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Manjari (Indian singer)|Manjari]] || [[Palani Bharathi]]
|-
| "Ketkalyo" || Tippu, Manjari, Chorus || [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]]
|-
| "Nethu Varaikkum" || [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]] || [[Na. Muthukumar]]
|-
| "Ennai Ketkum" || Tippu || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
|-
| "Vaanin Kadhal" || Manjari, Tippu, [[Ganga Sitharasu|Ganga]] || [[Mu. Metha]]
|}

== Critical reception ==
[[The Hindu]] wrote, "Sumangala Arts and maker A.K.Lohithadas...deserve to be lauded for not succumbing to the lure of the commercial format and dwelling on a moving storyline that has comedy, sentiment, romance and passion in right proportions. And all these blend with the story to form a cohesive whole".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-10-28 |title=Wholesome treat for the festive occasion |url=http://thehindujobs.com/thehindu/fr/2005/10/28/stories/2005102802900200.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205113139/http://thehindujobs.com/thehindu/fr/2005/10/28/stories/2005102802900200.htm |archive-date=5 February 2010 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Lajjavathi of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the acting of Prasanna, Meera Jasmine and other actors, realistic fights, Jayamohan's dialogues and Ilaiyaraaja's music.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=லஜ்ஜாவதி |date=6 November 2005 |title=கஸ்தூரிமான் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2005-11-06/page/n1/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240427144550/https://archive.org/details/kalki2005-11-06/page/n1/mode/2up |archive-date=27 April 2024 |access-date=27 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=1 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
Meera Jasmine won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize]] for Best Actress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Nadu State Film Awards 2005 |url=https://www.webindia123.com/movie/awards/state/tamil/2005/index.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813114658/https://www.webindia123.com/movie/awards/state/tamil/2005/index.htm |archive-date=13 August 2024 |access-date=10 October 2024 |website=Webindia123}}</ref> The film won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film Portraying Woman in Good Light]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Nadu State Film Awards 2006 |url=https://www.webindia123.com/movie/awards/state/tamil/2006/index.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091413/https://www.webindia123.com/movie/awards/state/tamil/2006/index.htm |archive-date=7 October 2024 |access-date=17 October 2024 |website=Webindia123}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Naresh |title=Rajnikant, Kamal Haasan adjudged Best Actors |url=http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=17257 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208040445/http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=17257 |archive-date=8 December 2008 |access-date=17 October 2024 |website=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{A. K. Lohithadas}}

[[Category:2005 Indian films]]
[[Category:2005 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. K. Lohithadas]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by A. K. Lohithadas]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

List of governors of Uttar Pradesh

2026-03-09T14:21:07Z

MavisHelena6948:

{{Short description|Governors of U. P. State}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}

{{Infobox official post
| post = Governor
| insignia = Seal of Uttar Pradesh.svg
| insigniasize =
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of Uttar Pradesh]]
| image = Anandiben Patel in 2022 (cropped).jpg
| imagesize = 200
| incumbent = [[Anandiben Patel]]
| incumbentsince = 29 July 2019
| style = [[Excellency|Her Excellency]]
| residence = [[Raj Bhavan (Uttar Pradesh)|Lok Bhavan]]; [[Lucknow]]
| termlength = [[At His Majesty's pleasure#Derivatives|At the pleasure of the president]]
| appointer = [[President of India]]
| formation = {{start date and years ago|df=yes|1950|01|26}}
| inaugural = [[Hormasji Peroshaw Mody]]
| website = [https://upgovernor.gov.in/ Governor of Uttar Pradesh]
| body = Uttar Pradesh
| native_name = ''Uttara Pradēśa kē Rājyapāla''
| salary = {{INRConvert|470000}} per month<ref>{{cite web|title=India Code: Section Details|url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_5_40_00008_198243_1517807326622&sectionId=6710&sectionno=3&orderno=3|date=1 January 2016}}</ref>
| type = [[Governor (India)|Governor]]
}}

The '''governor of Uttar Pradesh''' ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]: ''Uttara Pradēśa kē Rājyapāla'') is the constitutional head of the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The governor is appointed by the [[president of India]]. The post is preceded by the governor of [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]] of [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|pre-independent]] India as well as [[Indian independence movement|independent]] India from 15 August 1947 to 25 January 1950. The province was renamed as Uttar Pradesh on 24 January 1950.

==Powers and functions==

{{See also|Governors of India#Powers and functions|l1=Powers and functions of the Governor}}

The governor has:

*'''Executive powers''' related to administration, appointments and removals,
*'''Legislative powers''' related to lawmaking and the state legislature, that is Vidhan Sabha or Vidhan Parishad, and
*'''Discretionary powers''' to be carried out according to the discretion of the Governor.

In his ex-officio capacity, the governor of Uttar Pradesh is chancellor of the universities of Uttar Pradesh as per the Acts of the Universities.

== List ==

;Legend
*{{note label|†|†|†}} Died in office
*{{note label|§|§|§}} Transferred
*{{note label|‡|‡|‡}} Resigned/removed

;Color key
*{{legend2|wheat}} indicates acting/additional charge

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; border:1px #aaf solid;"
! rowspan="2"| #
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable"| Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:14em" | Name (born{{spaced ndash}}died)
! rowspan="2" style="width:7em" | Home state
! colspan="3"| Tenure in office
! rowspan="2" style="width:7em" | Appointer (President)
|-
! style="width:7em"| From
! style="width:7em"| To
! style="width:5em"| Time in office
|-
! 1
| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| '''[[Homi Mody|Hormasji Pherozeshah Mody]]''' {{small|(1881{{ndash}}1969)}}
| [[Bombay State|Bombay]]
| {{small|26 January}} 1950
| {{small|1 June}} 1952
| '''{{ayd|26 Jan 1950|1 Jun 1952}}'''
| rowspan="5"| [[Rajendra Prasad]]
|-
! 2
| [[File:K M Munshi.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi]]''' {{small|(1887{{ndash}}1971)}}
| [[Bombay State|Bombay]]
| {{small|2 June}} 1952
| {{small|9 June}} 1957
| '''{{ayd|2 Jun 1952|9 Jun 1957}}'''
|-
! 3
| [[File:President V. V. Giri.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[V. V. Giri]]''' {{small|(1894{{ndash}}1980)}}
| [[Madras State|Madras]]
| {{small|10 June}} 1957
| {{small|30 June}} 1960{{ref label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|Transferred as the [[Governor of Kerala]]}}
| '''{{ayd|10 Jun 1957|30 Jun 1960}}'''
|-
! 4
| [[File:Burgula Ramakrishna Rao, 1952 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Burgula Ramakrishna Rao]]''' {{small|(1899{{ndash}}1967)}}
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| {{small|1 July}} 1960
| {{small|15 April}} 1962
| '''{{ayd|1 Jul 1960|15 Apr 1962}}'''
|-
! 5
| [[File:Biswanath-Das.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Bishwanath Das]]''' {{small|(1889{{ndash}}1984)}}
| [[Orissa]]
| {{small|16 April}} 1962
| {{small|30 April}} 1967
| '''{{ayd|16 Apr 1962|30 Apr 1967}}'''
|-
! 6
| [[File:Bezawada Gopala Reddy.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Bezawada Gopala Reddy]]''' {{small|(1907{{ndash}}1997)}}
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| {{small|1 May}} 1967
| {{small|30 June}} 1972
| '''{{ayd|1 May 1967|30 Jun 1972}}'''
| [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]
|-
! {{ndash}}
| bgcolor="wheat"| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| bgcolor="wheat"| {{small|Justice}} '''Shashi Kanta Verma''' {{small|Chief Justice, Allahabad High Court}} (Acting)
| bgcolor="wheat"| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| bgcolor="wheat"| {{small|1 July}} 1972
| bgcolor="wheat"| {{small|13 November}} 1972
| bgcolor="wheat"| '''{{ayd|1 Jul 1972|13 Nov 1972}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[V. V. Giri]]
|-
! 7
| [[File:Photo Akbar Ali Khan.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Akbar Ali Khan (politician)|Akbar Ali Khan]]''' {{small|(1899{{ndash}}1994)}}
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| {{small|14 November}} 1972
| {{small|24 October}} 1974{{ref label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|name=OR|Transferred as the [[Governor of Orissa]]}}
| '''{{ayd|14 Nov 1972|24 Oct 1974}}'''
|-
! 8
| [[File:DrMChannaReddy (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Marri Chenna Reddy]]''' {{small|(1919{{ndash}}1996)}}
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| {{small|25 October}} 1974
| {{small|1 October}} 1977{{ref label|‡|‡|‡}}
| '''{{ayd|25 Oct 1974|1 Oct 1977}}'''
| [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]]
|-
! 9
| [[File:Ganpatrao Devji Tapase portrait.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ganpatrao Devji Tapase]]''' {{small|(1909{{ndash}}1992)}}
| [[Maharashtra]]
| {{small|2 October}} 1977
| {{small|27 February}} 1980{{ref label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|Transferred as the [[Governor of Haryana]]}}
| '''{{ayd|2 Oct 1977|27 Feb 1980}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]
|-
! 10
| [[File:Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh.png|70px]]
| '''[[Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh]]''' {{small|(1901{{ndash}}1994)}}
| [[Bihar]]
| {{small|28 February}} 1980
| {{small|31 March}} 1985
| '''{{ayd|28 Feb 1980|31 Mar 1985}}'''
|-
! 11
| [[File:Mohammad Usman Arif.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Mohammed Usman Arif]]''' {{small|(1923{{ndash}}1995)}}
| [[Rajasthan]]
| {{small|31 March}} 1985
| {{small|11 February}} 1990
| '''{{ayd|31 Mar 1985|11 Feb 1990}}'''
| [[Zail Singh]]
|-
! 12
| [[File:B. Satya Narayan Reddy portrait.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[B. Satya Narayan Reddy]]''' {{small|(1927{{ndash}}2012)}}
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| {{small|12 February}} 1990
| {{small|25 May}} 1993{{ref label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|name=OR}}
| '''{{ayd|12 Feb 1990|25 May 1993}}'''
| [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]]
|-
! 13
| [[File:Motilal Vora.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Motilal Vora]]''' {{small|(1928{{ndash}}2020)}}
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| {{small|26 May}} 1993
| {{small|3 May}} 1996{{ref label|‡|‡|‡}}
| '''{{ayd|26 May 1993|3 May 1996}}'''
| rowspan="3"| [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]
|- bgcolor="wheat"
! {{ndash}}
| [[File:Mohammad Shafi Qureshi, Governor of Madhya Pradesh (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Mohammad Shafi Qureshi]]''' {{small|(1928{{ndash}}2016) Governor of Madhya Pradesh}} (Additional Charge)
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| {{small|3 May}} 1996
| {{small|19 July}} 1996
| '''{{ayd|3 May 1996|19 Jul 1996}}'''
|-
! 14
| [[File:Romesh Bhandari.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Romesh Bhandari]]''' {{small|[[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]] (Retd) (1928{{ndash}}2013)}}
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| {{small|19 July}} 1996
| {{small|17 March}} 1998{{ref label|‡|‡|‡}}
| '''{{ayd|19 Jul 1996|17 Mar 1998}}'''
|-
! {{ndash}}
| bgcolor="wheat"| [[File:Mohammad Shafi Qureshi, Governor of Madhya Pradesh (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="wheat"| '''[[Mohammad Shafi Qureshi]]''' {{small|(1928{{ndash}}2016) Governor of Madhya Pradesh}} (Additional Charge)
| bgcolor="wheat"| [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| bgcolor="wheat"| {{small|17 March}} 1998
| bgcolor="wheat"| {{small|19 April}} 1998
| bgcolor="wheat"| '''{{ayd|17 Mar 1998|19 Apr 1998}}'''
| rowspan="3"| [[K. R. Narayanan]]
|-
! 15
| [[File:Suraj Bhan in 2004.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Suraj Bhan]]''' {{small|(1928{{ndash}}2006)}}
| [[Haryana]]
| {{small|20 April}} 1998
| {{small|23 November}} 2000{{ref label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|Transferred as the [[Governor of Himachal Pradesh]]}}
| '''{{ayd|20 Apr 1998|23 Nov 2000}}'''
|-
! 16
| [[File:Vishnu Kant Shastri (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Vishnu Kant Shastri]]''' {{small|(1929{{ndash}}2005)}}
| [[West Bengal]]
| {{small|24 November}} 2000
| {{small|2 July}} 2004{{ref label|‡|‡|‡}}
| '''{{ayd|24 Nov 2000|2 Jul 2004}}'''
|-
! {{ndash}}
| bgcolor="wheat"| [[File:Sudarshan Agarwal (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="wheat"| '''[[Sudarshan Agarwal]]''' {{small|(1931–2019) Governor of Uttaranchal}} (Additional Charge)
| bgcolor="wheat"| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| bgcolor="wheat"| {{small|3 July}} 2004
| bgcolor="wheat"| {{small|7 July}} 2004
| bgcolor="wheat"| '''{{ayd|3 Jul 2004|7 Jul 2004}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
|-
! 17
| [[File:T. V. Rajeswar (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[T. V. Rajeswar]]''' {{small|[[Indian Police Service|IPS]] (Retd) (1926{{ndash}}2018)}}
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| {{small|8 July}} 2004
| {{small|27 July}} 2009
| '''{{ayd|8 Jul 2004|27 Jul 2009}}'''
|-
! 18
| [[File:Banwari Lal Joshi.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Banwari Lal Joshi]]''' {{small|[[Indian Police Service|IPS]] (Retd) (1936{{ndash}}2017)}}
| [[Rajasthan]]
| {{small|28 July}} 2009
| {{small|17 June}} 2014{{ref label|‡|‡|‡}}
| '''{{ayd|28 Jul 2009|17 Jun 2014}}'''
| [[Pratibha Patil]]
|-
! {{ndash}}
| bgcolor="wheat"| [[File:Aziz Qureshi at valedictory function of the 89th Foundation Course for All India Services, at Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="wheat"| '''[[Aziz Qureshi]]''' {{small|(1941{{ndash}}2024) Governor of Uttarakhand}} (Additional Charge)
| bgcolor="wheat"| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| bgcolor="wheat"| {{small|17 June}} 2014
| bgcolor="wheat"| {{small|22 July}} 2014
| bgcolor="wheat"| '''{{ayd|17 Jun 2014|22 Jul 2014}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
|-
! 19
| [[File:Governor Ram Naik.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ram Naik]]''' {{small|(born 1934)}}
| [[Maharashtra]]
| {{small|22 July}} 2014
| {{small|28 July}} 2019
| '''{{ayd|22 Jul 2014|28 Jul 2019}}'''
|-
! 20
| [[File:Anandiben Patel in 2022 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Anandiben Patel]]''' {{small|(born 1941)}}
| [[Gujarat]]
| {{small|29 July}} 2019
| Incumbent
| '''{{ayd|29 Jul 2019}}'''
| [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
|-
|}

{{reflist|group=lower-greek}}

==Timeline==
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| Timeline of Uttar Pradesh governors
|-
|
{{#tag:timeline|
ImageSize = width:1000 height:auto barincrement:13
PlotArea = top:10 bottom:70 right:130 left:20
AlignBars = late

Colors =
id:ind value:rgb(0.8,0.8,0.8) legend:Independent

id:gray1 value:gray(0.7)
id:gray2 value:gray(0.9)

Define $today = {{#time:d/m/Y}}

DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy
Period = from:26/01/1950 till:$today
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMajor = gridcolor:gray1 unit:year increment:10 start:1960
ScaleMinor = gridcolor:gray2 unit:year increment:2 start:1952

BarData =
bar:Mody
bar:Munshi
bar:Giri
bar:Rao
bar:Das
bar:BGReddy
bar:Verma
bar:Khan
bar:MCReddy
bar:Tapase
bar:Singh
bar:Arif
bar:BSNReddy
bar:Vora
bar:MSQureshi
bar:Bhandari
bar:Bhan
bar:Shastri
bar:Agarwal
bar:Rajeswar
bar:Joshi
bar:AQureshi
bar:Naik
bar:Patel

PlotData=
width:5 align:left fontsize:8 shift:(5,-4) anchor:till

bar:Mody
from: 26/01/1950 till: 01/06/1952 color:ind text:"[[Homi Mody]]"
bar:Munshi
from: 02/06/1952 till: 09/06/1957 color:ind text:"[[Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi]]"
bar:Giri
from: 10/06/1957 till: 30/06/1960 color:ind text:"[[V. V. Giri]]"
bar:Rao
from: 01/07/1960 till: 15/04/1962 color:ind text:"[[Burgula Ramakrishna Rao]]"
bar:Das
from: 16/04/1962 till: 30/04/1967 color:ind text:"[[Bishwanath Das]]"
bar:BGReddy
from: 01/05/1967 till: 30/06/1972 color:ind text:"[[Bezawada Gopala Reddy]]"
bar:Verma
from: 01/07/1972 till: 13/11/1972 color:ind text:"[[Shashi Kanta Verma]]"
bar:Khan
from: 14/11/1972 till: 24/10/1974 color:ind text:"[[Akbar Ali Khan (politician)|Akbar Ali Khan]]"
bar:MCReddy
from: 25/10/1974 till: 01/10/1977 color:ind text:"[[Marri Chenna Reddy]]"
bar:Tapase
from: 02/10/1977 till: 27/02/1980 color:ind text:"[[Ganpatrao Devji Tapase]]"
bar:Singh
from: 28/02/1980 till: 31/03/1985 color:ind text:"[[Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh]]"
bar:Arif
from: 31/03/1985 till: 11/02/1990 color:ind text:"[[Mohammed Usman Arif]]"
bar:BSNReddy
from: 12/02/1990 till: 25/05/1993 color:ind text:"[[B. Satya Narayan Reddy]]"
bar:Vora
from: 26/05/1993 till: 03/05/1996 color:ind text:"[[Motilal Vora]]"
bar:MSQureshi
from: 03/05/1996 till: 19/07/1996 color:ind
from: 17/03/1998 till: 19/04/1998 color:ind text:"[[Mohammad Shafi Qureshi]]"
bar:Bhandari
from: 19/07/1996 till: 17/03/1998 color:ind text:"[[Romesh Bhandari]]"
bar:Bhan
from: 20/04/1998 till: 23/11/2000 color:ind text:"[[Suraj Bhan]]"
bar:Shastri
from: 24/11/2000 till: 02/07/2004 color:ind text:"[[Vishnu Kant Shastri]]"
bar:Agarwal
from: 03/07/2004 till: 07/07/2004 color:ind text:"[[Sudarshan Agarwal]]"
bar:Rajeswar
from: 08/07/2004 till: 27/07/2009 color:ind text:"[[T. V. Rajeswar]]"
bar:Joshi
from: 28/07/2009 till: 17/06/2014 color:ind text:"[[Banwari Lal Joshi]]"
bar:AQureshi
from: 17/06/2014 till: 22/07/2014 color:ind text:"[[Aziz Qureshi]]"
bar:Naik
from: 22/07/2014 till: 28/07/2019 color:ind text:"[[Ram Naik]]"
bar:Patel
from: 29/07/2019 till: $today color:ind text:"[[Anandiben Patel]]"
}}
|}

== Oath ==
“I, A. B., do swear in the name of God/solemly affirm that I will faithfully
execute the office of Governor (or discharge the functions
of the Governor) of .............(name of the State) and will to
the best of my ability preserve, protect and defend the
Constitution and the law and that I will devote myself to
the service and well-being of the people of ..………(name
of the State).”
==See also==
* [[Uttar Pradesh]]
* (1732–1857) – [[List of Nawabs of Awadh|Nawabs of Awadh]]
* (1834–1836) – [[List of Governors of Agra|Governors of Agra]]
* (1836–1877) – [[List of Lieutenant Governors of the North-Western Provinces|Lieutenant Governors of the North-Western Provinces]]
* (1856–1877) – [[List of Chief Commissioners of Oudh|Chief Commissioners of Oudh]]
* (1877–1902) – [[List of Lieutenant Governors of the North-Western Provinces and Chief Commissioners of Oudh|Lieutenant Governors of the North-Western Provinces and Chief Commissioners of Oudh]]
* (1902–1921) – [[List of Lieutenant Governors of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Lieutenant Governors of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]]
* (1921–1937) – [[List of Governors of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Governors of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]]
* (1937–1950) – [[List of Governors of the United Provinces|Governors of the United Provinces]]
* [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Governors of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_BrProvinces.htm Provinces of British India]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=3VQTAAAAYAAJ The India List and India Office List By India Office, Great Britain]
* http://upgovernor.gov.in/
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070205042656/http://upgovernor.gov.in/english.htm Governors of the United Provinces]

{{Current Indian governors}}
{{Governors of Uttar Pradesh}}

{{Uttar Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List of Governors of Uttar Pradesh}}
[[Category:Governors of Uttar Pradesh| ]]
[[Category:Lists of governors of Indian states|Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh politics-related lists|Governors]]

Indian Agricultural Research Institute

2026-03-06T11:31:53Z

MavisHelena6948:

{{Short description|Agricultural institute in Delhi, India}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Indian Agricultural Research Institute
| former name =
| image = Indian Agricultural Research Institute Logo.png
| image_border =
| size = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| map =
| msize = 
| malt = 
| mcaption =
| map2 =
| abbreviation = IARI
| motto =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| formation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1905|04|01}}
| extinction = 
| merger =
| merged =
| type = 
| status = 
| purpose = Agricultural research and education
| headquarters =
| location = Pusa, [[Delhi]]
| coords = {{coord| 28.080|N|77.120|E|display=inline}}
| region_served =
| membership =
| general = 
| leader_title = Director
| leader_name = Cherukumalli Srinivasa Rao<ref>{{cite web | title = Administration | url = https://www.iari.res.in/en/management-and-administration.php | access-date = 2 January 2025 }}</ref>
| key_people =
| main_organ = 
| parent_organisation = [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|ICAR]]
| affiliations =
| budget =
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| website = {{URL|http://www.iari.res.in/}}
| remarks =
}}
The '''Indian Agricultural Research Institute''' ('''IARI'''), commonly known as the '''Pusa Institute''',<ref name=abt/> is India's national institute for agricultural research, education and [[Agricultural extension|extension]]. The name Pusa Institute is derived from the fact that the institute was originally located in [[Samastipur#Pusa|Pusa]], [[Bihar]] as the '''Imperial Institute of Agricultural Research''' in 1911. It was then renamed as the '''Imperial Agricultural Research Institute''' in 1919 and following a major earthquake in Pusa in 1934, it was relocated to [[Delhi]] in 1936. The current institute in Delhi is financed and administered by the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research| Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)]]. The IARI was responsible for the research leading to the "[[Green Revolution in India]]" of the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Research in Indian Agriculture |publisher=Indian Agricultural Research Institute |url=http://www.iari.res.in/centenary/slide3.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824112707/http://www.iari.res.in/centenary/slide3.html |archive-date=24 August 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = 'Pusa Institute' is still the best| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Pusa-Institute-is-still-the-best/articleshow/302490760.cms? |date=30 September 2001| access-date = 13 September 2013| work = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[IARI]] ranked First among Agriculture and Allied Universities in the National Institutional Ranking Framework [[NIRF]] (India Rankings 2024).<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF Ranking 2024 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:IARILogo.jpg|thumb|left|140px|Logo of the Imperial Agricultural Research Institute]]
[[Image:IARI Pusa Bihar.jpg|thumb|200px|Imperial Agricultural Research Institute, at its original location Pusa, Bihar, circa 1927]]
The institute was established in 1905 at [[Samastipur#Pusa|Pusa]], [[Bihar]], with financial assistance of [[Henry Phipps, Jr.]], an American philanthropist. Phipps was a family friend of [[Mary Curzon, Baroness Curzon of Kedleston|Lady Curzon]], who was a daughter of an American millionaire, and the wife of [[Lord Curzon]], the [[Viceroy of India]]. Phipps stayed as a guest of the Curzons during his visit to India and left behind a donation of £30,000, which was used to establish the institute. He laid the foundation stone of the Agricultural Research Institute and college on 1 April 1905.<ref name=rjn/> The institute was originally called the Agricultural Research Institute (ARI). Its name was changed to the Imperial Institute of Agricultural Research in 1911, and to the Imperial Agricultural Research Institute in 1919.<ref name=abt/> The choice of establishing it in Pusa in northern Bihar was the proximity to the indigo plantations which were in need of revival following the German synthesis of aniline in 1899. One of the first scientists to be deputed to the institute was the English chemist [[John Walter Leather]] who had worked from 1892 with the agricultural department in India. He moved to the institute in 1906.<ref>{{cite journal| title= History of agricultural research in India|author1=Borthakur, Anwesha| author2=Singh, Pardeep| journal=Current Science|volume=105| issue=5| year=2013| pages=587–593}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Indian Journal of History of Science| volume=27| issue=4| year=1992| title=Progress of Indian agriculture: 1900-1980| author=Mukherjee, S.K.| pages=445–452}}</ref>

However, the institute was damaged during the devastating [[1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake|Bihar earthquake]] of 15 January 1934. The Secretary of State approved the transfer in July, 1934.<ref>{{cite web | title = Pusa Agricultural Research Institute|publisher=The Indian Express, Madras| url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ogBFAAAAIBAJ&sjid=XLcMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2532,1724532&dq=pusa+institute&hl=en|page=1|date=4 July 1934| access-date = 13 September 2013}}</ref> The Standing Finance Committee of the Union Assembly finally announced on 25 August 1934 in [[Shimla]], the decision to shift the institute to New Delhi at the approximate cost of {{INRConvert|3.8|m}}.<ref>{{cite web | title = Pusa Institute To Be Removed To Delhi|publisher= The Indian Express, Madras| url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zqo-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=EkwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5208,4384934&dq=pusa+institute&hl=en|page=1|date= 27 August 1934| access-date = 13 September 2013}}</ref> to a place that is now called Pusa in [[New Delhi]]. The director [[B. Viswanath]], a soil scientist was to be the first Indian to head the institute. The new campus at New Delhi was inaugurated on 29 July 1936,<ref name=abt/> while the new building of the Imperial Institute of Agricultural Research was inaugurated by the then Viceroy of India, [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|Lord Linlithgow]] on 7 November 1936.<ref>{{cite web| title =Agricultural Research Institute Building Opened |work=Indian Express|page=2|date= 9 November 1936| url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JME-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=bkwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6218,6477316&dq=pusa+institute&hl=en| access-date = 13 September 2013 }}</ref>

===Post-independence: 1947–present===
{{aligned table|class=infobox|leftright=y|nowrap2=y
|title = Directors

|[[Bernard Coventry]] |1904–1916
|[[James MacKenna]]|1916-1920
|[[Edwin John Butler|E.J. Butler]] |1920{{0|–1920}}
|[[William McRae (botanist)|William McRae]]|1929{{0|–1929}}
|W.H. Harrison|1929–1930
|[[Bernard Keen]]|1930–1931
|[[William McRae (botanist)|William McRae]]|1931–1934
|[[Frederick John Freshwater Shaw|F.J.F. Shaw]]|1934–1935
|B. Viswanath |1935–1944
|[[Hem Singh Pruthi|H.S. Pruthi]]|1944–1945
|[[Jnanendra Nath Mukherjee|J.N. Mukherjee]] |1945–1950
|[[Benjamin Peary Pal|B.P. Pal]]|1950–1965
|[[Atmaram Bhairav Joshi|A.B. Joshi]] |1965–1966
|[[M. S. Swaminathan|M.S. Swaminathan]]|1966–1972
|[[Atmaram Bhairav Joshi|A.B. Joshi]] |1972–1977
|[[Hari Krishan Jain|H.K. Jain]] |1977–1984
|A.M. Michael |1986–1990
|S.K. Sinha |1991–1994
|[[Ram Badan Singh|R.B. Singh]]|1995–1999
|[[Panjab Singh]] |2000–2002
|[[Subrahmaniam Nagarajan|S. Nagarajan]]|2002-2005
|[[S. A. Patil]]|2006-2009
|[[Hari Shanker Gupta|H. S. Gupta]]|2009-2014
|[[Trilochan Mohapatra]]|2015-2016
|Ashok Kumar Singh|2020-2025
|Cherukumalli Srinivasa Rao|2025-}}

[[Independence of India|Post-independence]], the institute was renamed the Indian Agricultural Research Institute,<ref name=abt/> and in 1950 the Shimla sub-station of institute developed [[Rust (fungus)|Rust-resistant]] varieties of wheat, including Pusa 718, 737, 745, and 760.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Rust-resistant Wheat Varieties .Work At Pusa Institute|work=The Indian Express| url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Jcc-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=lUwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3228,3861741&dq=pusa+institute&hl=en|date=7 February 1950| access-date = 13 September 2013}}</ref> In 1958, it was recognized as a "[[deemed university]]" under the [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] act of 1956<ref>{{cite web|title=UGC Act-1956|url=http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_document/ugc_act.pdf|website=mhrd.gov.in/|publisher=Secretary, University Grants Commission|access-date=1 February 2016}}</ref> of Parliament and since then it has awarded MSc and PhD degrees. IARI has also started its undergraduate programme from 2022 to 2023.<ref name=abt>{{cite web| title = About IARI | url = http://www.iari.res.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=161&Itemid=1730| access-date = 13 September 2013}}</ref>

What remained of the institute at the original location was downgraded to an agricultural research station until 1970, when the [[Government of Bihar]] established the [[Rajendra Agricultural University]] at the location.<ref name=rjn>{{cite web| title = About Pusa| publisher = Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa Samastipur, Bihar| url = http://www.pusavarsity.org.in/about_pusa.php| access-date = 13 September 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130729134132/http://www.pusavarsity.org.in/about_pusa.php| archive-date = 29 July 2013| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Campus==

The campus is spread over {{convert|500|ha|km2}}, 8 km west of [[New Delhi Railway Station]]. This was initially outside Delhi, but over the decades the city has grown much beyond the campus.<ref>{{cite web | title = Our Campus | url = http://www.iari.res.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=208&Itemid=506| access-date = 13 September 2013}}</ref> [[Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute]] is affiliated with and is located in the campus of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute.<ref>
{{cite web| title = Origin & Growth |publisher=Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute| url =http://www.iasri.res.in/iasriwebsite/new_page_5.htm | access-date = 13 September 2013 }}</ref>

==Schools at IARI==
* School of Crop Improvement<ref>{{cite web | title = Schools of IARI | url = http://www.iari.res.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=129&Itemid=614| access-date = 13 September 2013 }}</ref>
* School of Plant Protection
* School of Basic Sciences
* School of Natural Resource Management
* School of Social Sciences
* School of Horticultural Science

== Notable alumni ==
[[M. H. Ahmad]]

[[Rajendra Singh Paroda|Rajendra Sing Paroda]]

==See also==

* [[Pusa 1121 rice]]
* [[Van Vigyan Kendra]] Forest Science Centres

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iari.res.in/ IARI website]
{{Universities in the Delhi}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Research institutes in Delhi]]
[[Category:Agricultural universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Delhi]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1905]]
[[Category:Agricultural research institutes in India]]
[[Category:Indian Council of Agricultural Research]]
[[Category:Deemed universities in India]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Delhi]]
[[Category:1905 establishments in India]]

Seena

2026-03-03T21:47:25Z

MavisHelena6948: Put Up New Page

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Short description|2009 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Seena (ಸೀನ)
| image = Seena 2009.jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = Basavaraj Bellary
| producer = S Murali
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Tarun Chandra]]
*[[Karunya Ram|Priyanka]]
*Anthara Reddy
}}
| narrator =
| music = A T Raveesh
| cinematography = Jagadish Vali
| editing = S K Nagendra Urs
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|05|08}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Seena''''' ({{langx|kn|ಸೀನ}}) is a 2009 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film directed by Basavaraj Bellary starring [[Tarun Chandra]], [[Karunya Ram|Priyanka]] and Anthara Reddy in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/manis-the-problem/articleshow/22254852.cms|title=Mani's the problem|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=6 January 2009}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Tarun Chandra]] as Seena
* [[Karunya Ram|Priyanka]] as Hrudaya
* Anthara Reddy
* [[Ramesh Bhat]]
* Rekha Kumar
* Ninasam Ashwath
* Petrol Prasanna
* [[Sathyajith (Kannada actor)|Sathyajith]]
* [[Sadhu Kokila]]
}}

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Seena
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = A T Raveesh
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2009
| recorded = 2009
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 30:15
| language = Kannada
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Nannedeya Haadu]]
| prev_year = 2009
| year = 2009
| next_title = [[Preethiyinda Ramesh]]
| next_year = 2010
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube| YACKXbLjxG0| Seena- Full Album}}
}}
}}
The film has music composed by A T Raveesh.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seena (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by A. T. Raveesh on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/seena-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1031525211 |website=[[Apple Music]] |access-date=16 October 2024 |date=8 March 2009}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 30:15
| title1 = Chanchala Notada
| extra1 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]]
| length1 = 5:10
| title2 = Kannale Kadodu
| extra2 = Harshini
| length2 = 5:21
| title3 = Jeeva Midiyuthide
| extra3 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| length3 = 4:53
| title4 = Yaaridu
| extra4 = [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
| length4 = 5:07
| title5 = Gudu Gudu
| extra5 = [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| length5 = 5:29
| title6 = Minchu Balli
| extra6 = [[Chaitra H. G.]]
| length6 = 4:55
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

R G Vijayasarathy of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' scored the film at 1 out of 5 stars and wrote "Performance-wise, young Tarun comes a cropper in his first action role. But he is good in the song and dance sequences. Priyanka is much better, while the other heroine Anthara Reddy is okay. Ramesh Bhat and Neenasam Aswath just fill the bill. Simran Khan appears in an item number. Technically, the film is sound. Jagadish Waali has done a superb work behind the camera".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/stay-away-from-seena/20090511.htm|title=Stay away from Seena|work= [[Rediff.com]]|date=11 May 2009}}</ref> A critic from [[The New Indian Express]] wrote "Veteran artists Ramesh Bhat and Sathyajith perform their roles with ease. Camera work and Music composition are better in the film. "Seena", however, drags on and on, and its unbelievable storyline does it in".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/may/10/seena---violence-violence-and-more-violence-48051.html|title='Seena' - violence, violence and more violence|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=15 May 2012}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "Tharun dances well, fights well. His biggest drawback is his voice which sounds just like that of a teenager subjected to a fresh attack of hormones. Priyanka is yet to master her expressions. Petrol Prasanna is simply disgusting while Ninasam Ashwath is wasted".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/1479/seena.html|title=Seena|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=8 May 2009}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote "Basavaraj Bellary churns out one impossible scenario after another. The second half is slightly better where Priyanka does a decent job with her role. But enduring the first half is a challenge. Avoidable".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/seena-how-to-steal-a-nap/articleshow/22151155.cms|title=Seena: How to steal a nap|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=7 May 2009}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2009 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]

Tellakula Jalayya

2026-03-03T20:01:56Z

MavisHelena6948: small expanded information to improve readability additionally and added references to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
'''Tellakula Jalayya''' was a Member of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly from 1955 to 1962 from Guntur I Constituency,<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4042-andhra-pradesh-1955/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 1955 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref> and he served as the first Chairman of [[Guntur Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tjpscollege.ac.in/ |title=Home |website=tjpscollege.ac.in}}</ref>
Tellakula Jalayya and [[Nadimpalli Narasimha Rao]] during their respective terms of office as Municipal Corporation Chairman made the construction of the [[Jinnah Tower]] — as a symbol of peace and harmony which still was a landmark of Guntur City.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/jinnah-tower-in-a-state-of-neglect/article1552693.ece|title=Jinnah Tower in a state of neglect|author=Staff Reporter|work=The Hindu|date=19 March 2011}}</ref>
He established Tellakula Jalayya and Polisetty Somasundaram college in 1971 with the sons of Polisetty Somasundaram.

== References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Politicians from Guntur district]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1955–1962]]

{{AndhraPradesh-politician-stub}}

Road (2002 film)

2026-03-03T11:50:02Z

MavisHelena6948: Stub

{{short description|2002 Indian film by Ram Gopal Varma}}
{{For|other films|Road (disambiguation)#Film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Road
| image = Road poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = Rajat Mukherjee
| producer = [[Ram Gopal Varma]]
| writer = Rajnish Thakur
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = [[Vivek Oberoi]] [[Antara Mali]] [[Manoj Bajpayee]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Sandesh Shandilya]] Nitin Raikwar '''Score:''' [[Amar Mohile]]
| cinematography = [[Sudeep Chatterjee]]
| editing = [[Chandan Arora]]
| studio = Varma Corporation
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2002|09|27|df=yes}}
| runtime = 134 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}
'''''Road''''' is a 2002 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[road movie|road]] [[comedy thriller]] film directed by Rajat Mukherjee and produced by [[Ram Gopal Varma]]. The film stars [[Vivek Oberoi]], [[Antara Mali]], and [[Manoj Bajpayee]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/sep/27road.htm|title=rediff.com: Movies: The Rediff Review: Road|work=rediff.com}}</ref> An eloped couple Arvind (Vivek Oberoi) and Lakshmi (Antara Mali), en-route to [[Jodhpur]] from [[Delhi]] on a deserted highway, encounter a mad wayfarer ([[Vijay Raaz]]), a [[hitchhiker]] Babu (Manoj Bajpayee) who turns out to be a serial psychopathic killer, Inderpal ([[Makrand Deshpande]]), a happy-go-lucky, intelligent, and responsible truck driver, and an irresponsible, eccentric cop ([[Sayaji Shinde]]).

==Plot==
Arvind and Lakshmi are in love and want to get married. However, Lakshmi's dad, a cop, is against their affair. Hence the two decide to elope from Delhi and travel to get married at Arvind's ancestral [[haveli]] in [[Rajgarh, Alwar]], [[Rajasthan]], by road, passing by a desert, in a [[Tata Safari]].

After an escape from an aggravated assault by a mad wayfarer, they bump into a smooth-talking [[hitchhiker]] Babu, who is stranded in the middle of nowhere. Babu convinces the young couple to give him a lift. Travelling with Babu proves a nightmare for Arvind and Lakshmi as Babu turns out to be a psychopath. Soon, Lakshmi finds herself a hostage of an armed Babu. Thanks to the timely intervention of a truck driver Inderpal and the highway petrol bunk owner, an aspiring actor Bhanwar Singh, Arvind rescues Lakshmi from Babu.

After a while, Babu again finds a way, after attacking Inderpal, and again attacks the couple by haunting them on the road via Inderpal's truck. But, this time, Babu fails to get hold of the couple. After lodging an FIR, at the nearest police station, the couple finds a motel and they recuperate. The next day, Babu again attacks the couple and elopes with Lakshmi.

When the car breaks down on the way, Babu kills another victim, a traveller attracted to Lakshmi, and elopes in the traveller's vehicle. As the cops are on their way to catch hold of him, he manages to evade them.

On the other hand, the cops suspect Arvind as the serial killer, as he first eloped with Lakshmi, who is D.C.P's daughter. This irresponsible intervention of the cop, who fails to trust Arvind, makes it impossible to chase Lakshmi. Finally, a frustrated Arvind, manages to escape with the cops' jeep. The full focus of the police is now on Arvind as they believe him to have committed a murder and dumped the body in a car and that the story of Babu and Lakshmi is a fabrication. Arvind manages to flee to a small bar where he reunites with Inderpal. He and Inderpal now try to track Babu down with the help of Inderpal's truck but are spotted by the police who give a chase. Inderpal is injured in the gunfight and Arvind drives him to a hospital.

Meanwhile, Babu forces his way into a bungalow by attacking its caretaker while the owner was away. There, Lakshmi begins to show signs that she is on Babu's side. The caretaker of the house is tied up but manages to call the police on Babu. At the same time, the police also find Arvind's vehicle and in it, a photograph of himself and Lakshmi, indicating that Arvind is innocent and was telling the truth. At the hospital, Arvind has an encounter with the police and overcomes a cop and is about to tie him up when that cop gets informed through the radio that Arvind is innocent.

The police reach the bungalow the following morning where Babu kills two policemen before escaping. Arvind, finally having his name cleared, joins the police in chasing down Babu. He takes control of a police bike after its rider was shot down by Babu. Arvind chases Babu into the desert where the vehicle breaks down again. Babu and Lakshmi get out of the car and Arvind too gets off his bike and starts coming for Babu. Babu tells Lakshmi that there is only one bullet left in the gun and that will kill Arvind. However, just as he is about to shoot, Lakshmi attacks Babu, causing the last bullet to miss. Arvind takes advantage of the distraction and attacks Babu. Arvind badly beats Babu and the couple, reunited, leave Babu to die in the desert and continue on their journey on the police bike.

==Cast==
*[[Vivek Oberoi]] as Arvind Chauhan
*[[Antara Mali]] as Lakshmi
*[[Manoj Bajpayee]] as Babu
*[[Sayaji Shinde]] as [[Inspector]] Singh
*[[Makrand Deshpande]] as Inderpal
*[[Rajpal Yadav]] as Bhanwar Singh
*[[Vijay Raaz]] as Mad Villager on the road
*Ganesh Yadav as Bungalow watchman
*[[Raj Zutshi]] as Kishan Bhai
*[[Snehal Dabi]] as Traveler on the road
*[[Koena Mitra]] in a special appearance in the [[item number]] "Khullam Khulla"

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Sandesh Shandilya]] and Nitin Raikwar.
{| class="wikitable"
!Title
!Singer(s)
!Lyricist
!Music
|-
|"Makhmali Yeh Bandan"
|[[Sonu Nigam]], [[Sanjeevani (singer)|Sanjeevani]]
|Khilesh Sharma
|[[Sandesh Shandilya]]
|-
|"Toofan Sa Zor Hai Hum Mein"
|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[KK (singer)|KK]]
|Nitin Raikwar
|Nitin Raikwar
|-
|"Khullam Khulla Pyar Karen"
|Sonu Nigam, [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|Khilesh Sharma
|Sandesh Shandilya
|-
|"Raste Raste"
|[[Vinod Rathod]], Sunidhi Chauhan
|[[Jaideep Sahni]]
|Sandesh Shandilya
|-
|"Pehli Nazar Mein"
|[[Mohit Chauhan]], Sunidhi Chauhan
|[[Makarand Deshpande]]
|Sandesh Shandilya
|-
|"Road Ke Har Mod Pe"
|[[Gary Lawyer]], Tannishtha Chatterjee
|Taabish Romani
|Sandesh Shandilya
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0315632}}

{{Ram Gopal Varma}}

[[Category:2002 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian road movies]]
[[Category:Films set in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2000s road movies]]
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sandeep Chowta]]
[[Category:Indian neo-noir films]]
[[Category:Indian drama road movies]]
[[Category:2002 thriller films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language thriller films]]

Cnemaspis assamensis

2026-03-02T08:24:41Z

MavisHelena6948: added the entry basic info...

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{Speciesbox
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |last1=Murthy |first1=B.H.C. |last2=Mohapatra |first2=P. |last3=Srinivasulu |first3=C. |year=2021 |title=''Cnemaspis assamensis'' |volume=2021 |article-number=e.T202867A2757458 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T202867A2757458.en |access-date=2 March 2026}}</ref>
| taxon = Cnemaspis assamensis
| authority = Das & Sengupta, 2000
}}

'''''Cnemaspis assamensis''''', also known as the '''Assam day gecko''', is a species of [[gecko]] found in [[Assam]], [[India]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Das, I. & S. Sengupta 2000 A new species of ''Cnemaspis'' (Sauria: Gekkonidae) from Assam, northeastern India. J. South Asian Nat. Hist, 5(1): 17–23.

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2980821}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cnemaspis Assamensis}}
[[Category:Cnemaspis|A]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Fauna of Assam]]
[[Category:Lizards of Asia]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2000]]

{{Cnemaspis-stub}}

Namakkal

2026-02-21T06:02:26Z

MavisHelena6948: content update

{{Short description|City in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{About|the [[municipality]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]|its eponymous district|Namakkal district}}
{{Other places}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Namakkal
| other_name = Namagiri
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1b = Namakkal Fort 1.jpg
|photo1a = நாமக்கலில் உள்ள நரசிம்மர் ஆலயம்.jpg
|photo2a = SRI KANDASWAMY TEMPLE, KALIPATTI, ( distance from Salem 20kms ) - panoramio (66).jpg
|photo2b = Cloud slides in peaks in kolli hills.jpg
|photo3a = Nainamalai adivaram - panoramio (1).jpg
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nicknames = Egg City, Poultry Town, Transport Town
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = Bottom
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|11|13|N|78|10|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|Region]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Cities of India|City]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[File:TamilNadu Logo.svg|22px]] [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_name2 = Namakkal
| subdivision_name4 = Namakkal
| established_title = Established
| founder =
| named_for = Namakkal Rock in the middle of the town
| population_demonym =
| government_type = [[Mayor–council government]]
| governing_body = Namakkal City Municipal Corporation<ref>{{cite news |last1=Service |first1=Express News |title=CM Stalin announces creation of 4 new corporations in TN, total goes up to 25 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Mar/16/cm-stalin-announces-creation-of-4-new-corporations-in-tn-total-goes-up-to-25 |access-date=29 April 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |date=16 March 2024 |location=Chennai |language=en}}</ref>
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name =
| leader_title2 = [[Commissioner of Police, NMKL (Namakkal City)|Police Commissioner]]
| leader_name2 =
| blank2_name = {{nowrap|[[Official language]]}}
| blank2_info = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_total_sq_mi =
| area_rank = 78(2001), 93(2011) In state
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 218
| population_total = 119491
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name=2011census/>
| population_density_km2 = 2316 per km2
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 6370-01, (02, 03 ... 6370-12)
| area_code = 91 - 04286
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = TN-28(North), TN-88(South)
| website = {{URL|https://namakkal.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], English
| official_name =
}}

'''Namakkal''' ({{IPA|ta|nɑːməkkəl|lang}}) is a city and the headquarters of [[Namakkal district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is the first ISO 14001-2004 certified municipality in Asia for environmental management, specifically the provision and maintenance of water supply, solid waste and sewage management, town planning, lighting and other social services.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Saravanan|first=S. p|date=2016-07-01|title=Namakkal municipality to implement Rs. 190.40 crore water scheme|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Namakkal-municipality-to-implement-Rs.-190.40-crore-water-scheme/article14464086.ece|access-date=2021-11-24|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Namakkal is known as the Egg City due to its large egg production and Transport city.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/may/07/tamil-nadus-namakkal-mired-in-slump-due-to-year-round-water-shortage-1601989.html|title=Tamil Nadu's Namakkal mired in slump due to year-round water shortage|newspaper=New Indian Express|author=M Sabari|date=7 May 2017|access-date=21 July 2020}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:"Stone Mandapam of Sri Narasimha Swamy Temple 2".JPG|thumb|left|250px|View of a Mandapam in the [[Narasimhaswamy Temple, Namakkal|Narasimhaswamy temple]]]]

[[File:Ranganathaswamy temple, Namakkal (3).jpg|thumb|left|250px|View of the Ranganatha temple in the Mountain]]

'''Namakkal''' is a historic city with references back to at least the 6th century.<ref name="jstor.org">{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757426 | jstor=29757426 | title=Nr̥siṁha Cave Temple at Nāmakkal: Its Iconographical Significance | last1=Rajan | first1=V. G. | journal=East and West | date=19 February 1999 | volume=49 | issue=1/4 | pages=189–194 }}</ref> The name Namakkal derives from '''''Namagiri''''', which is the name of the single rock formation at the center of the town dedicated to [[Lord Vishnu]]. The rock is 65 meters high and over a kilometre in circumference.

There are two cave temples namely [[Narasimhaswamy Temple, Namakkal|Sri Namagiri Thayar sametha Sri Narasimhaswamy Perumal Temple]] and [[Sri Ranganatha Perumal temple, Namakkal|Sri Ranganatha Perumal Temple]] which are excavated in this Namagiri hill and is believed to be built during the 6th century CE by the [[Satyaputra|Satyaputra Kings]] and [[Pandya]] kings with the help of [[rock-cut architecture|rock-cut architecture style]] and various inscriptions.<ref name=oct>{{cite book|title=Southern India: A Guide to Monuments Sites & Museums|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdBbBAAAQBAJ&dq=namakkal+temple&pg=PT398|publisher=Roli Books Private Limited|pages=398–99|year=2013|isbn=9788174369031|last=Michell|first=George}}</ref> Historian Soundara Rajan places the date to a pre-Varagunan I (800–830 CE) era on the 8th century.<ref>{{cite book|title=Rock-cut temple styles: early Pandyan art and the Ellora shrines|last=K.V.|first=Soundara Rajan|publisher=Somaiya Publications|year=1998|isbn=9788170392187|page=59}}</ref> Based on the paleography and rock-cut architecture, [[P. R. Srinivasan]] has placed it at 6th century.<ref name="jstor.org"/> Most of the historians have compared the temples with similar architectural elements found in [[Badami Caves]] (6th century) and a possible influence. There are few inscriptions in the temple, especially an undated inscription in [[Grantha script|Grantha Characters]] at the Ranganatha temple which are similar to the inscriptions in the [[Ganesha Ratha]] in [[Mahabalipuram]], which is in another cave in the upper part of the hill. Another inscription mentions it as '''Adiyendra Vishnu Grham''' which evidently shows that the cave was excavated by the [[Satyaputra]] Kings, the recently discovered inscription not only confirms this but also mentions the king's name as ''Gunasila'' (Dated 500 CE). Historians believe it is possible that both the temples were built during the same period.<ref name=jstor1>{{cite journal|title=Sculptures in the Two Rock-Cut Vaiṣṇava Cave Temples of Nāmakkal|jstor=3249275|pages=107–116|last=P.R.|first=Srinivasan|journal=Artibus Asiae|volume=24|issue=2|date=1961|publisher=Artibus Asiae Publishers|doi=10.2307/3249275}}</ref>

Over this massive rock, is a fort, [[Namakkal Fort]]. [[Kongu nadu]] a small kingdom who ruled Namakkal during the 16th century. During Sangam age, Namakkal region formed a part of the historical Kongu Nadu region ruled by Cheras It is believed that Tippu Sultan hid himself in this fort for some time to escape the British. The fort was not built by Tippu Sultan but he occupied it for a brief period of time. Later the fort was captured by British. The front side of the hill is called Thiru. Vi. Ka. Paarai and today is used by taxis as their stand. {{citation needed|date=May 2019}}
Namakkal is a part of [[Kongu Nadu]] which was hotly contested and coveted by both the ancient [[Pallavas]] and the [[Pandyas]]. Namakkal was in the hands of Atiakula King called Gunasila who had an alliance with Pallava King through marriage. Later the taluk was overrun by the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] in the Mandalam. After the struggle between the [[Chera Dynasty|Cheras]], [[Cholas]] and [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandiyan]], [[Hoysala Empire|the Hoysalas]] rose to power and had control till the 14th century followed by the Vijayanagara Kings until 1565 AD. Then the Telugu [[Madurai Nayaks]] came to power in 1623 AD. Two of the polygons of Thirumalai Nayak, namely, Ramachandra Nayaka and Gatti Mudaliars, ruled the Salem area. The [[Namakkal Fort]] is reported to have been built by Ramachandra Nayakas. After about 1625 AD, the area successively came successively under the rule of [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Muslim Sultans of Bijapur]] and [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Golkonda]], [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore kings]] and then the [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Marathas]].

Hyder Ali came to power in about the year 1750 AD. During this period, it was a history of power struggle between Hyder Ali and later Tippu, with the British. Namakkal was held by Killdhar (Caption) of Hyder Ali until it was captured by British in 1768. For a brief period during late 18th and early 19th century Namakkal was under [[Tiruchirappalli]] district of British Rule. Later, Namakkal was transferred back to [[Salem District]]. Then at 01-01-1997 finally announced as a separate district from [[Salem District]].

[[Mahatma Gandhi]] held a public meeting in 1933 in Namakkal under the slope of the Namakkal rock.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}

==Demographics==
{{bar box|title=Religious census|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=right|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|Orange|88.98}}{{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|9.29}}{{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|purple|1.48}}{{bar percent|[[Sikhism|Sikh]]|yellow|0.01}}{{bar percent|[[Buddhism|Buddhist]]|Gold|0.0}}{{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jain]]|Blue|0.01}}{{bar percent|Other|grey|0.23}}{{bar percent|[[Irreligion|No religion]]|violet|0.01}}}}

According to [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Namakkal had a population of 55,145 with a sex-ratio of 1,015 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> A total of 5,002 were under the age of six, constituting 2,609 males and 2,393 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 13.7% and .5% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 82.52%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="dashboard" /> The town had a total of 15008 households. There were a total of 21,572 workers, comprising 133 cultivators, 264 main agricultural labourers, 562 in house hold industries, 19,646 other workers, 967 marginal workers, 22 marginal cultivators, 24 marginal agricultural labourers, 151 marginal workers in household industries and 770 other marginal workers.<ref name="2011census">{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals - Namakkal|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=680783|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924144136/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=680783|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> As per the religious census of 2011, Namakkal had 88.98% [[Hindus]], 9.29% [[Muslims]], 1.48% [[Christians]], 0.01% [[Sikhs]], 0.0% [[Buddhists]], 0.01% [[Jainism|Jains]], 0.23% following other religions and 0.01% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.<ref name="religion2011">{{cite web|title=Population By Religious Community - Tamil Nadu|year=2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|format=XLS|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=13 September 2015}}</ref>

== Tourism ==
===Namakkal Anjaneyar temple===
[[File:Anjaneyar Temple, Namakkal.jpg|thumb|[[Namakkal Anjaneyar Temple]]]][[Namakkal Anjaneyar Temple|Namakkal Anjaneyar temple]] is located in Namakkal, and is dedicated to the Hindu god [[Hanuman]]. It is constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]]. The image of Anjaneyar is {{convert|18|ft|m|abbr=on}} tall, making it one of the tallest images of Hanuman in ancient temples of India. The image of Anjaneyar is carved out of a single stone and is existing from the 5th century. There is no roof over the sanctum and Anjaneyar has a unique iconography sporting a sword in his waist and holding a garland made of saligrama.<ref>{{cite book|title=Monkeys, Motorcycles, and Misadventures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EaTrCgAAQBAJ&q=namakkal+temple&pg=PT65|page=65|publisher=Leadstart Publishing PvtLtd|year=2015|isbn=9789352013777}}</ref> The temple is considered one of the prominent temples in the Tamil Nadu state and the country.<ref>{{cite book|title=Hindu Gods and Goddesses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xhrnkdByWDIC&q=namakkal+temple&pg=PA49|last=Bansal|first=Sunita Pant|year=2005|publisher=Smriti Books|isbn=9788187967729}}</ref> The Agamam is followed by "Sri Vaikhanasam".

===Namagiri Lakshmi Narasimar swami temple===
[[File:Namakkal Fort.jpg|thumb|200px|Namakkal Fort]]
[[Narasimhaswamy Temple, Namakkal|Namagiri Lakshmi Narasimhaswami Temple]] of Lord Vishnu has the form of [[Narasimha|Sri Narasimha Swami]]. The temple is believed to be built during the 8th century by the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya kings]] in Rock-cut architecture. The temple does not find a mention in [[Naalayira Divya Prabhandham|Naalayira Divya Prabhandams]], and thus is not listed in Divya desam series of 108 temples.

Annual car festival for the Lord Narasimmaswamy temple is celebrated in March and April every year (Tamil Month "Panguni") as per "Sri Vaikhanasa Ahamam".

===Namakkal Fort===
[[Namakkal Fort]] is a historic fort present in Namakkal in [[Namakkal district]] in the [[South India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The rock fort is on the summit of the rock, and the remnants in brick and stone still bear the brunt of the skirmishes to lay [[siege]] to the fort by the [[Cholas]] in the 9th century.<ref name="NamakkalDist">{{cite web|url=http://www.namakkal.tn.nic.in/nkl.htm|title=Namakkal District, Govt of Tamil Nadu|work=TN.nic.in|access-date=19 April 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928180302/http://www.namakkal.tn.nic.in/nkl.htm|archive-date=28 September 2011}}</ref> The fort was reinforced during the reign of [[kongu Vellalars]] in the 17th century.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|title= Tamil Nadu Government Portal
|url= http://www.tn.gov.in/district_details/584|publisher=Namakkal District Administration|date=2016-05-09}}</ref> The fort is located on the top of a hillock made of a single rock, {{convert|75|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall. There is a temple and a mosque that are located within the fort, both of which are tourist attractions of the town. In modern times, the fort is under the control of the Archaeological Department of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

The Ranganathaswamy temple is another rock-cut temple alongside the fort. [[Ranganatha]]swamy cave temple is believed to have been built by the Pallavas.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.tamilnadutourism.org/places/CitiesTowns/Namakkal.aspx |title = :::TTDC - Places}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.namakkalanjaneyartemple.tnhrce.in |title = Domain Default page}}</ref>

==Transport==
===Road===
Buses ply to cities in Tamil Nadu like [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Erode]], [[Trichy]], [[Karur]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Chennai]], [[Madurai]] and [[Dindigul]]. Namakkal is connected to the rest of India through [[National Highway 44 (India)|National Highway 44]]<ref name="reljoinshnds">{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/reliance-energy-nhai-join-hands-to-pave-way-for-highway-development/115199/0|title=Reliance Energy, NHAI join hands to pave way for highway development|date=2006-01-31|publisher=The Financial Express|access-date=14 April 2012|location=New Delhi}}</ref> Buses from Trichy or Madurai will pass through Namakkal to reach Salem or Bangalore.

===Railway===
A new broad-gauge railway line from [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] to [[Karur]] via Namakkal started its service on 25 May 2013.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/new-passenger-train-chugs-into-grand-reception-at-karur-junction/article4752719.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=L. | last=Renganathan | title=New passenger train chugs into grand reception at Karur junction | date=26 May 2013}}</ref> There are trains daily from/to Salem, Karur, [[Chennai Central railway station|Chennai Central]], Bangalore, Dindigul, [[Palani railway station|Palani]], Madurai, [[Tirunelveli Junction railway station|Tirunelveli]], [[Nagercoil Junction railway station|Nagercoil]], [[Pollachi Junction railway station|Pollachi]] and [[Palakkad Junction railway station|Palakkad]].

[[Salem Junction railway station|Salem Jn]] to [[Karur Junction railway station|Karur Jn]]

*[[Rasipuram railway station]]
*[[Puduchatram railway station]]
*[[Kalangani railway station]]
*[[Namakkal railway station]]
*[[Laddivadi railway station]]
*[[Mohanur railway station]]

[[Salem Junction railway station|Salem Jn]] to [[Erode Junction railway station|Erode Jn]]

*[[Anangur railway station]]
*[[Cauvery railway station]]

===Airports===
The nearest airports are [[Salem Airport (India)|Salem Airport]] (52 km), [[Coimbatore International Airport]] (153 km), and [[Trichy International airport]] (85 km). Salem Airport started from 15 November 2009.

==Geography==
Namakkal is located at {{Coord|11.23|N|78.17|E|}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|218|m|feet|0|disp=or}}. It is close to [[Kolli Hills]] – which are part of the [[Eastern Ghats]]. The closest significant river is the [[Kaveri]] and it is located {{convert|360|km|mi|0|disp=or}} southwest of [[Chennai]] and {{convert|250|km|mi|0|disp=or}} south of [[Bangalore]].Namakkal's Twin Town [[Karur]] is located {{convert|34|km|mi|0|disp=or}} South across the Kaveri.

Tourism in the district of Namakkal is based on the temples namely Namakkal anjaneyar temple<ref>{{Cite web|title=Namakkal Anjaneyar Temple {{!}} Namakkal District, Government of Tamilnadu {{!}} Land of Poultry, Transport {{!}} India|url=https://namakkal.nic.in/tourist-place/namakkalanjaneyartemple/|access-date=2021-11-24|language=en-US}}</ref> and Namagiri amman temple<ref>{{Cite web|title=Namagiri Amman Temple {{!}} Namakkal District, Government of Tamilnadu {{!}} Land of Poultry, Transport {{!}} India|url=https://namakkal.nic.in/tourist-place/namagiri-amman-temple/|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-17}}</ref> of the area. The Kolli Hills, an outlier of the Eastern Ghats, constitute a prominent mountain range {{convert|45|km|mi|0}} away from Namakkal. It is eighteen miles or twenty eight kilometers long (from north to south), twelve miles or nineteen kilometers wide (from east to west) and the Koll block is spread over an area of 441.4 square kilometers. When viewed from the plains of the Namakkal district, the mountain looks like a flat-topped mass. The mountain has been inhabited from prehistoric times. It is much celebrated in the Tamil Literature of the Sangam Age and at least eleven poets describe about it in their poems. A Shiva Temple, known as the Arappalleeswarar Temple, dates back to twelfth century and is located at Periakoviloor near the waterfalls called Akasa Gangai. An ancient and powerful deity called Kolli Paavai of Ettukkai Amman is also at the Kolli Hills. It attracts large pilgrims and was originally a [[Jainism|Jain]] retreat.

===Climate===
Namakkal has a [[tropical savanna climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Aw'') with a wet season from May to October, a relatively mild "cool" season from November to February, and a sweltering "hot" season in March and April.
{{Weather box
|location = NMKL (Namakkal City)
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan record high C = 32.8
|Feb record high C = 35.9
|Mar record high C = 37.3
|Apr record high C = 39.2
|May record high C = 48.9
|Jun record high C = 48.1
|Jul record high C = 38.3
|Aug record high C = 36.3
|Sep record high C = 30.3
|Oct record high C = 28.4
|Nov record high C = 27.7
|Dec record high C = 27.1
|Jan high C = 27.9
|Feb high C = 30.7
|Mar high C = 33.1
|Apr high C = 34.0
|May high C = 33.3
|Jun high C = 29.6
|Jul high C = 28.3
|Aug high C = 27.8
|Sep high C = 28.6
|Oct high C = 28.2
|Nov high C = 27.2
|Dec high C = 26.5
|year high C = 29.6
|Jan low C = 15.8
|Feb low C = 17.5
|Mar low C = 20.0
|Apr low C = 22.0
|May low C = 21.7
|Jun low C = 20.4
|Jul low C = 19.9
|Aug low C = 19.8
|Sep low C = 19.8
|Oct low C = 19.6
|Nov low C = 18.0
|Dec low C = 16.2
|year low C = 19.2
|Jan record low C = 7.8
|Feb record low C = 9.4
|Mar record low C = 11.1
|Apr record low C = 14.4
|May record low C = 16.7
|Jun record low C = 16.7
|Jul record low C = 16.1
|Aug record low C = 14.4
|Sep record low C = 15.0
|Oct record low C = 13.2
|Nov record low C = 9.6
|Dec record low C = 8.9
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 1.9
|Feb rain mm = 5.4
|Mar rain mm = 18.5
|Apr rain mm = 41.5
|May rain mm = 107.4
|Jun rain mm = 106.5
|Jul rain mm = 112.9
|Aug rain mm = 147.0
|Sep rain mm = 212.8
|Oct rain mm = 168.3
|Nov rain mm = 48.9
|Dec rain mm = 15.7
|Jan rain days = 0.2
|Feb rain days = 0.4
|Mar rain days = 1.1
|Apr rain days = 3.1
|May rain days = 6.7
|Jun rain days = 6.2
|Jul rain days = 7.2
|Aug rain days = 9.9
|Sep rain days = 9.8
|Oct rain days = 8.3
|Nov rain days = 3.8
|Dec rain days = 1.4
|Jan sun = 262.3
|Feb sun = 247.6
|Mar sun = 271.4
|Apr sun = 257.0
|May sun = 241.1
|Jun sun = 136.8
|Jul sun = 111.8
|Aug sun = 114.3
|Sep sun = 143.6
|Oct sun = 173.1
|Nov sun = 190.2
|Dec sun = 211.7
|Jan humidity = 60
|Feb humidity = 52
|Mar humidity = 30
|Apr humidity = 43
|May humidity = 60
|Jun humidity = 72
|Jul humidity = 76
|Aug humidity = 79
|Sep humidity = 76
|Oct humidity = 73
|Nov humidity = 70
|Dec humidity = 68
|source 1 = Indian Meteorological Department<ref name= IMD>{{cite web
| title = Namakkal Climatological Table 1981–2010
| publisher = Indian Meteorological Department
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=Extremes of India
|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department
}}</ref>
|source 2 = NOAA (humidity and sun: 1971–1990)<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web
| title = Namakkal Climate Normals 1971–1990
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
}}</ref>

|date = August 2010

}}

==Platinum==
Platinum deposit found in Sithampoondi village near Namakkal. Total deposit 0.7 ton.

==Politics==
Namakkal assembly constituency is part of [[Namakkal (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. V. S. Matheswaran serves as M.P. for Namakkal Constituency.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampdetail.php?mpcode=4540
| title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
| access-date = 9 October 2008
| work = Tamil Nadu
| publisher = Election Commission of India }}</ref>
P.Ramalingam serves as M.L.A. for Namakkal.

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:N-TN-C93 Narasimha Swamy Namakkal 2.jpg|Entrance of The Narasimhaswamy Temple
File:City street scene in Namakkal, Tamil Nadu.jpg|City street scene in Namakkal, Tamil Nadu
File:Rekla Racer in Namakkal, Tamil Nadu.jpg|Rekla Racer in Namakkal, Tamil Nadu
File:Man Riding an Elephant in a Pongal Festival Parade in Namakkal, Tamil Nadu.jpg|Man Riding an Elephant in a Pongal Festival Parade in Namakkal, Tamil Nadu Here, a man named Tharanitharan is engaged in the egg business.
File:Namakkal Fort 1.jpg
File:Namakkal Fort 2.jpg
File:Namakkal Fort 3.jpg
File:Namakkal fort 3 inscriptions.JPG
File:Namakkal Fort (6).jpg
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Kalangani]]
*[[Sendamangalam]]
*[[Vettambadi]]
*[[Jedarpalayam]]
*[[Kolli Hills]]
*[[Vagurampatty]]
*[[Mohanur]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Namakkal}}

{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

==External links==
*[https://namakkal.nic.in/ Namakkal district]

[[Category:Namakkal| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Namakkal district]]

Arjun (tank)

2026-02-20T11:47:53Z

MavisHelena6948: updated page

{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2021}}

{{Infobox weapon
| name = Arjun
| image = Arjun MK1A field trials.jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption = New Arjun MK1A variant during field trials.
| type = [[Main battle tank]]
| is_vehicle = yes
| origin = [[India]]


| designer = [[Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment]] 
| design_date = 1983–1996
| manufacturer = [[Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited]] (at [[Heavy Vehicles Factory]])
| developed_into = [[Future Main Battle Tank]]
| unit_cost =
| production_date = 2004–''present''
| number = 141 (as of 2021){{refn|15 pre-production prototypes (PPS-1 to PPS-15), 124 Arjun MK1, 2 MK1A prototypes.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Mann|first=Maj Gen Rambir|date=2021-04-14|title=Why MBT Arjun Tank should be embraced by the army?|url=https://finsindia.org/a-tankful-of-promise-why-mbt-arjun-should-be-embraced-whole-heartedly-by-the-army/|access-date=2021-06-22|website=Forum For Integrated National Security (FINS) India|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://www.mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/MoDAR2018.pdf|title=Annual Report 2018-19|publisher=MoD|page=103|quote=MBT Arjun Mk-II has been designed and developed incorporating 84 improvements (73 tank fittable) over and above MBT Arjun Mk-I. During the year, two MBT Arjun Mk-1A prototypes were positioned at PFFR}}</ref>||group=N}}
| variants = See ''[[#Variants|Variants]]''
| crew = 4 (commander, gunner, loader and driver)
| length = '''MK1''': {{convert|10.19|m|ftin}} '''MK1A''': {{convert|10.64|m|ftin}}
| width = '''MK1''': {{convert|3.85|m|ftin}} '''MK1A''': {{convert|3.95|m|ftin}}
| height = '''MK1''': {{convert|2.32|m|ftin}} '''MK1A''': ~{{convert|2.8|m|ftin}}
| weight = '''MK1''': {{convert|58.5|t|abbr=off}} '''MK1A''': {{convert|68|t|abbr=off}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/defence/army-set-to-place-order-for-118-arjun-mark-1-as-the-most-potent-tank-in-its-inventory/380869/ |title=Army set to place order for 118 Arjun Mark 1-As, the most potent tank in its inventory |date=16 March 2020 |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |access-date=3 June 2021}}</ref>
| clearance = {{convert|0.45|m|ftin}}
| armour = [[Explosive reactive armour|ERA–NERA]], [[Kanchan armour]]
| primary_armament = 1× 120 mm rifled tank gun able to fire [[LAHAT]], [[SAMHO (missile)|SAMHO]],<ref>{{cite news |title=DRDO successfully test fires laser-guided anti-tank missile |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/drdo-successfully-test-fires-laser-guided-anti-tank-guided-missile/articleshow/78429444.cms |access-date=1 October 2020 |agency=PTI |work=The Times of India |date=1 October 2020}}</ref> [[High-explosive anti-tank|HEAT]], [[Armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot|APFSDS]], [[High-explosive squash head|HESH]], PCB, [[Thermobaric weapon|Thermobaric]] rounds<ref>{{cite web |title=120 mm Penetration Cum Blast (PCB) and Thermobaric (TB) Ammunition For MBT Arjun |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/120-mm-penetration-cum-blast-pcb-and-thermobaric-tb-ammunition-mbt-arjun |website=DRDO |publisher=Ministry of Defence |access-date=26 July 2021}}</ref> (Rate of fire: 6–8 rounds/minute, total: 42 containerized rounds)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arjun Main Battle Tank specifications|url=https://ofb.gov.in/product/products/product-details/arjun---main-battle-tank|access-date=5 August 2021|website=OFB}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Economic Times |title=Fire-power of DRDO's Arjun Tank takes quantum jump with new ammunition: MoD |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/fire-power-of-drdos-arjun-tank-takes-quantum-jump-with-new-ammunition-mod/articleshow/50514955.cms |access-date=8 December 2019 |agency=Press Trust of India |work=The Economic Times|date=14 July 2018}}</ref>
| secondary_armament = 1 × [[NSV machine gun|NSV]] [[12.7×108mm|12.7mm]] AA [[machine gun|MG]] on [[Bharat Electronics|BEL]] [[RCWS]] 1 × MAG 7.62 mm Tk715 coaxial MG 12 × 81mm AT-AL smoke grenades. ('''MK1''') 16 × 81mm AT-AL smoke grenades. ('''MK1A''')<ref>{{cite web |title=Battlefield Protection System |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/sites/default/files/technology-focus-documrnt/TF_Aug_2016_WEB.pdf |website=Defence Research and Development Organisation |publisher=Defence Scientific Information & Documentation Centre |access-date=10 July 2024}}</ref>
| engine = '''MK1''': [[MTU Friedrichshafen|MTU]] MB 838 Ka-501 [[V10 engine|V10]]; 1,400 [[Horsepower|hp]] (1,030 kW) liquid-cooled turbocharged [[diesel engine]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Land Defense brochure |url=https://www.mtu-solutions.com/content/dam/mtu/download/applications/defense/16120014_LandDefense_brochure.pdf/_jcr_content/renditions/original./16120014_LandDefense_brochure.pdf |website=MTU |publisher=Rolls-Royce Group |access-date=9 July 2024}}</ref> '''MK1A''': [[BEML#DATRAN 1500|DATRAN]]; 1,500 [[Horsepower|hp]] (1,118 kW) [[V12 engine]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=2024-02-14 |title=India to develop engine for new Arjun tanks |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-likely-to-use-indigenous-engines-in-arjun-tanks-as-german-engines-getting-delayed-by-four-years/articleshow/107667794.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-14 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Indigenously developed 1500 HP prototype engine for future main battle tanks test fired |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/indigenously-developed-1500-hp-prototype-engine-for-future-main-battle-tanks-test-fired/article67971759.ece |access-date=20 March 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=20 March 2024}}</ref>
| fuel_capacity = {{convert|1610|L}}
| transmission = [[Renk]] [[Epicyclic gearbox|epicyclic train gearbox]], 4 forward + 2 reverse gears. [[CVRDE]] [[automatic transmission]] in development
| suspension = [[Hydropneumatic suspension|Hydropneumatic]]
| speed = '''MK1''': ~{{convert|70|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} {{convert|40|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} cross country<ref name=":3">{{citation |url=http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/tf_june2011.pdf |title=Technology focus |journal=Technology Focus: Bulletin of Defence Research & Development Organisation |volume=19 |number=3 |date=June 2011 |publisher=DRDO |access-date=10 June 2011 |issn=0971-4413 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809042539/http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/tf_june2011.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| pw_ratio = '''MK1''': 24 hp/ton<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/mbt-arjun-tank |title=MBT Arjun Tank |publisher=DRDO |access-date=2021-07-18}}</ref>
| vehicle_range = '''MK1''': {{convert|450|km|mi}}<ref name="ambt">{{Cite web |last1=Genys |first1=Andrius |title=Arjun - Main battle tank |url=http://www.military-today.com/tanks/arjun.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912035745if_/http://www.military-today.com/tanks/arjun.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=12 September 2007 |access-date=10 December 2019}}</ref>
| is_UK = yes
}}

The '''Arjun''' ({{IPA|sa|ɐɽˈdʑʊn|pron}}) is a [[List of main battle tanks by generation#Third|third generation]] [[main battle tank]] developed by the [[Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment]] (CVRDE) of the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO), for the [[Indian Army]].<ref>{{cite news|last=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=6 March 2013|title=A Look at Indian Army's Main Battle Tanks|publisher=India TV|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/a-look-at-indian-army-s-main-battle-tanks-20569.html?page=2|url-status=live|access-date=4 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103045117/http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/a-look-at-indian-army-s-main-battle-tanks-20569.html?page=2|archive-date=3 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Press Trust of India|date=2015-06-30|title=Chinese military research academy praises India's Arjun tank|work=[[Business Standard]] India|agency=Press Trust of India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/chinese-military-research-academy-praises-india-s-arjun-tank-115062900763_1.html|access-date=2021-06-20}}</ref> The tank is named after [[Arjuna]], the archer prince who is the main protagonist of the [[Indian epic poetry|Indian epic]] poem ''[[Mahabharata]]''. Design work began in 1986 and was finished in 1996. The Arjun main battle tank entered service with the Indian Army in 2004.<ref name="43AR">{{cite web |url=http://www.stratpost.com/army-gets-first-arjun-regiment |title=Army gets first Arjun regiment |author=Joshi, Saurabh |date=25 May 2009 |work=StratPost – South Asian Defense and Strategic Affairs |access-date=2 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529183402/http://www.stratpost.com/army-gets-first-arjun-regiment |archive-date=29 May 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[43rd Armoured Regiment (India)|43rd Armoured Regiment]], formed in 2009, was the first regiment to receive the Arjun.<ref name="43AR"/><ref name="75AR">{{cite news|last=Press Trust of India|date=12 March 2011|title=Arjun Tank inducted into 75 armoured regiment|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Arjun-Tank-inducted-into-75-armoured-regiment/articleshow/7686973.cms|url-status=live|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103202549/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-12/india/28683734_1_arjun-tank-armoured-regiment-southern-command|archive-date=3 November 2013}}</ref>

The Arjun features a 120 mm rifled main gun with indigenously developed [[armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding-sabot]] ammunition, one [[PK machine gun|PKT]] 7.62 mm coaxial machine gun and a [[NSV machine gun|NSVT]] 12.7 mm machine gun. Powered by a single [[MTU Friedrichshafen|MTU]] multi-fuel diesel engine rated at 1,400 hp, it can achieve a maximum speed of {{convert|70|km/h|abbr=on|mi/h}} and a cross-country speed of {{convert|40|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":12"/> It has a four-man crew: commander, gunner, loader and driver.

In 2010 and 2013, the Indian Army carried out comparative trials in the [[Thar Desert]] of Rajasthan, pitting the newly inducted Arjun MK1 against the Indian Army's frontline Russian-designed [[T-90]] tanks, during which the Arjun reportedly exhibited better accuracy and mobility.<ref>{{cite news|last=Vikas|first=|date=29 January 2018|title=MBT Arjun is a formidable tank, but can it replace Russian made T-90?|publisher=One India|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/mbt-arjun-is-formidable-tank-but-can-it-replace-russian-made-t-90-2629467.html|access-date=2 October 2020}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite news|last=Shukla|first=Ajai|date=2010-03-25|title=Arjun tank outruns, outguns Russian T-90|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/arjun-tank-outruns-outguns-russian-t-90-110032500022_1.html|access-date=2021-06-20}}</ref>

The [[fire-control system]] (FCS) originally developed for the Arjun main battle tank has been integrated into the T-90 tanks built in India under a [[Technology transfer|transfer of technology]] (ToT) agreement by the [[Heavy Vehicles Factory]] (HVF) at [[Avadi]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=Jha|first=Saurav|date=8 February 2015|title=A look at the Indian Army's Main Battle Tank programs|url=https://www.news18.com/blogs/india/saurav-jha/a-look-at-the-indian-armys-main-battle-tank-programs-10879-748711.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816082248/https://www.news18.com/blogs/india/saurav-jha/a-look-at-the-indian-armys-main-battle-tank-programs-10879-748711.html|archive-date=16 August 2021|access-date=20 June 2021|website=[[News18 India|News18]]}}</ref>

== History ==
After the 1971 [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], the Government of India decided to develop a new main battle tank.<ref name=":27">{{Cite journal|last=Chattopadhyay|first=Sankalan|date=7 April 2021|title='A' is for Aatmanirbhar|url=https://www.vayuaerospace.in/article/634/-a-is-for-aatmanirbhar|journal=Vayu Aerospace and Defence Review|oclc=62787146|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014150537/https://www.vayuaerospace.in/article/634/-a-is-for-aatmanirbhar|archive-date=14 October 2021|access-date=14 October 2021}}</ref> The Indian Army issued a general staff qualitative requirement (GSQR) for a new battle tank, called for a 50 tonne main battle tank equipped with a 120 mm rifled gun, computerised FCS and powered by a 1,400 hp diesel engine.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal|last=Geibel|first=Adam|url=https://www.benning.army.mil/armor/eARMOR/content/issues/1998/MAY_JUN/ArmorMayJune1998web.pdf|title=Arjun, India's Mythical Warrior, Is Nearing Reality|journal=Armor|publisher=The U.S. Army Armor Center|date=May–June 1998|volume= eVIl No.3|location=Kentucky|pages=33–34|issn=0004-2420}}</ref><ref name="globsec-arjun">[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/arjun.htm Arjun] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022161931/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/arjun.htm |date=22 October 2008}} globalsecurity.com</ref> The programme to develop an indigenous tank was authorised in 1974 and funds were released for its development. In 1976, the [[Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment ]] (CVRDE) was established under the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) to undertake the development of the Arjun main battle tank and to carry out research and development (R&D) on future combat vehicles for the Indian Army.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 February 2012|title=DRDO|url=http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/labs/CVRDE/English/index.jsp?pg=HistoricalBG.jsp|access-date=22 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210025121/http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/labs/CVRDE/English/index.jsp?pg=HistoricalBG.jsp|archive-date=10 February 2012}}</ref>

In 1983, the project began following a consultancy agreement with [[Krauss-Maffei Wegmann|Krauss-Maffei]], who had previously developed the [[Leopard 2]], to oversee design, development and evaluation, while Indian state owned [[Bharat Electronics]] Limited (BEL) and HVF were joined with the CVRDE in the development of the Arjun.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Mann|first=Maj Gen Rambir|date=2021-04-14|title=Why MBT Arjun Tank should be embraced by the army?|url=https://finsindia.org/a-tankful-of-promise-why-mbt-arjun-should-be-embraced-whole-heartedly-by-the-army/|access-date=2021-06-22|website=Forum For Integrated National Security (FINS) India|language=en-GB}}</ref> The original plan envisaged the development and rollout of the first tank prototype by 1980, which was later revised to 1987. The first prototype was delivered in 1989. The prototype tank resembled the Leo2A4 main battle tank of Germany.<ref name=":1"/>

From 1993 to 1996, the Indian Army carried out an extensive series of trials, which revealed some major defects in the tank, including the engine overheating and suboptimal performance of the weapons system.{{refn|The initial prototypes of the Arjun were equipped with FCS developed for the Vijayanta Mark 1B main battle tanks.<ref name=":1"/>|group=N}} By the end of 1996, 14 pre-production series (PPS) tanks (PPS-1 to PPS-14) were built and delivered to the Indian Army to conduct trials. Based on these trials, the Army identified 10 shortcomings that needed to be addressed before inaugurating the tank into the service.<ref name=":2"/> During this period, the cost of the Arjun programme increased significantly from the 1974 estimate of {{INRConvert|15.50|c|lk=|year=1974|1}} to a developmental cost of {{INRConvert|307.48|c|lk=|year=1995|1}} in 1995.<ref name="Smith">{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Chris|title=India's Ad hoc Arsenal: Direction or Drift in Defence Policy?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wirzhu5EaqAC&q=India+MBT+production|access-date=23 April 2008 |publisher= Sipri |isbn= 978-0-19-829168-8 |pages=148–151|year=1994}}</ref><ref name="May2008PIB">{{cite web|date=26 March 1974|title=Government of India, Press Information Bureau (PIB), Arjun Battle Tank Lok Sabha release|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=38445&kwd=|access-date=10 June 2011|publisher=PIB}}</ref>

The initial delays and cost escalations were attributed to the sequential revisions done to the original General Staff Qualitative Requirement (GSQR) issued in 1974 to accommodate new features.<ref name=":2"/> In 1996, the development of the PPS-15 tank prototype was initiated to address the shortcomings listed by the Army. In 1997, a 'joint action plan' was formulated to address the identified flaws and to make the tank ready for induction.<ref name=":2"/> By 1999, both the Army and [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] (CCS) gave clearance for a limited production run of the Arjun main battle tank based on the PPS-15 prototype. In 2000, the Indian Army placed an order for the procurement of 124 Arjun MK1 tanks.{{refn|First variant of Arjun MBT is designated as Arjun MK1 or Mark 1.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Mann|first=Maj Gen Rambir|date=2021-04-14|title=Why MBT Arjun Tank should be embraced by the army?|url=https://finsindia.org/a-tankful-of-promise-why-mbt-arjun-should-be-embraced-whole-heartedly-by-the-army/|access-date=2021-06-22|website=Forum For Integrated National Security (FINS) India|language=en-GB}}</ref>|group=N}}<ref name=":2"/>

=== Production and deployment ===
[[File:Arjun MK1 tank.jpg|thumb|An early Arjun production model]]
One Arjun tank (PPS-15) operated by the [[43rd Armoured Regiment (India)|43rd Armoured Regiment]] made a public appearance in the 1997 and 2001 [[Delhi Republic Day parade|Republic Day Parade]]s.<ref name=":1"/><ref name="RDPArade2001">{{cite web |url=http://mod.nic.in/samachar/16feb01/html/mart.htm |title=Arms and the Men on Rajpath |author=Chandra Mohan, A. |date=16 February 2001 |work=Sainik Samachar |publisher=Ministry of Defence, India |access-date=2 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726220901/http://mod.nic.in/samachar/16feb01/html/mart.htm |archive-date=26 July 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The serial production of the Arjun main battle tank began in 2003 at [[Heavy Vehicles Factory|HVF Avadi]]. The first tank equipped with the BEL developed Integrated Fire Control System (IFCS), ballistic computer and gunner's main sight, was rolled out in 2004 and delivered in the first batch of five Arjun tanks on 7 August 2004.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/MOD-English2004.pdf|title=Annual report 2003-04|publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (India)]]|year=2003|page=121}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{cite book|url=https://www.mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/MOD-English2005_0.pdf|title=Annual report 2004-05|publisher=MoD|year=2004|pages=80–107}}</ref> The first tranche of production version Arjun tanks was delivered to the [[43rd Armoured Regiment (India)|43rd Armoured Regiment]] in 2004. By 2009, two armoured regiments had been equipped with the vehicle. The two regiments with Arjun MBT were 43rd and [[75th Armoured Regiment (India)|75th Armoured Regiment]].<ref name="43AR"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/blog/why-the-armys-arjun-tank-may-be-its-best-bet-yet-1797209|author=Som, Vishnu |title=Blog: Why The Army's Arjun Tank May Be Its Best Bet Yet|website=[[NDTV.com]]|access-date=10 March 2020}}</ref> The first test firing of the [[LAHAT]]-launched (Laser Homing Attack or Laser Homing Anti-Tank gun) anti-tank guided missile was carried out in 2004.<ref name=":7"/>

By 2006, unit maintenance and unit repair vehicles developed for the Arjun-equipped regiments had been cleared for induction.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/MOD-English2007_0.pdf|title=Annual report 2006-07|publisher=MoD|page=79}}</ref> In 2008, a multi-purpose mobile camouflage system (MCS), developed as part of the Defensive Aid System (DAS) project, had been completed successfully. Field evaluation trials were conducted on the Arjun MK1 main battle tank in 2009.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/AR-eng-2009_0.pdf|title=Annual report 2008-09|publisher=MoD|year=2008|page=90}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite book|url=https://www.mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/AR910.pdf|title=Annual Report 2009-10|publisher=MoD|pages=84–94}}</ref> In 2009, an advanced laser warning countermeasure system (ALWCS) and a [[Fibre-optic gyroscope|fibre-optic gyro]]-based sensor package unit was developed and integrated on the Arjun MK1 main battle tank after field trials were carried out in two phases from May to August 2009.<ref name=":8"/> The first batch of the [[Armament Research & Development Establishment]] (ARDE) developed [[Recoil#Mounted guns|recoil system]] for the Arjun was delivered to the HVF Avadi after successful completion of field trials in 2009; the total order was for 124 systems.<ref name=":8"/>

In 2010, combat simulators (turret and driver simulators) developed for the Arjun had been inducted into the Army, its development was authorised in 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2010-07-31|title=Simulator Training Centre for Arjun tank inaugurated|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Simulator-Training-Centre-for-Arjun-tank-inaugurated/article16217181.ece|access-date=2021-06-29|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":8"/> By June 2011, more than 100 tanks had been delivered to the Indian Army.<ref name=":3">{{citation |url=http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/tf_june2011.pdf |title=Technology focus |journal=Technology Focus: Bulletin of Defence Research & Development Organisation |volume=19 |number=3 |date=June 2011 |publisher=DRDO |access-date=10 June 2011 |issn=0971-4413 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809042539/http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/tf_june2011.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The delivery of all 124 tanks was completed by mid-2012.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book|url=https://www.mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/AR1112.pdf|title=Annual Report 2011-12|publisher=MoD|page=104}}</ref> From 2013 to 2015, 75% of the Arjun tanks had to be grounded because of a lack of spare parts. By 2016, this problem had been rectified, and the tanks returned to active service.<ref name=":2"/>

=== Upgrades ===
In 2010, the DRDO proposed an improved variant of the Arjun designated as the Arjun MK2 as a next step in the programme.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|url=https://www.mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/AR1011.pdf|title=Annual Report 2010-11|publisher=MoD|pages=24–91}}</ref> The configuration of the new variant was finalised in mid-2010 after consultations with the army. The new tank was redesigned to have 89 major and minor improvements intended to enhance the firepower and survivability of the tank. Of these, 73 improvements could be fitted easily on the existing MK1 variant tanks. In the same year, the Indian Army placed an order for the procurement of 124 Arjun MK2 tanks, which was later approved by the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC).<ref name=":9"/> In 2011, the first MK2 prototype was built. This incorporated some 20 improvements, including a new commander's independent panoramic sight system. The tank was handed over to the army to carry out validation trial phase one.<ref name=":9"/><ref name=":10"/> By 2012, the first complete prototype incorporating all the listed improvements was rolled out for system validation trial phase two.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Philip|first=Snehesh Alex|date=5 October 2020|title=Not just Arjun, DRDO looking to get indigenous anti-tank missile on Russian T-90 tanks too|work=The Print|url=https://theprint.in/defence/not-just-arjun-drdo-looking-to-get-indigenous-anti-tank-missile-on-russian-t-90-tanks-too/516663/|access-date=30 June 2021}}</ref>

As part of the developmental trials, the first phase of the LAHAT gun-launched anti-tank guided missile firing trials were carried out by 2013.<ref name=":26">{{Cite book|url=https://www.mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/AR1314.pdf|title=Annual Report 2013-14|publisher=MoD|pages=91–98}}</ref><ref name=":11"/> In 2015, DRDO developed an Integrated Automotive Vetronics System (IAVS) that was integrated into the Arjun MK2 prototype tank. Field trials were carried out over {{convert|430|km}} under harsh environmental conditions.<ref name=":20">{{Cite book|url=https://www.mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/AR1516.pdf|title=Annual Report 2015-16|publisher=MoD|page=84}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite web|title=Integrated Automotive Vetronics System for AFVs (IAVS)|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/integrated-automotive-vetronics-system-afvs-iavs|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807170240/https://www.drdo.gov.in/integrated-automotive-vetronics-system-afvs-iavs|archive-date=7 August 2021|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref> In 2014 and 2016, two new rounds, Penetration-Cum-Blast and Thermobaric, were developed for the Arjun tank and successfully tested. Impact assessments were also carried out with instruments to measure shock and blast pressure.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/AR1617.pdf|title=Annual Report 2016-17|publisher=MoD|page=82}}</ref>

In the meantime, the Arjun MK2 variant was redesignated as the Arjun Mk1A. By 2018, two Arjun Mk1A prototypes had been built and completed user trials by the end of the year.<ref name=":13"/> In May 2023, it's reported that the Mk1A will have 72 new features.<Ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/parting-shot-arjun-mk-1a-main-battle-tank|title=Parting shot: Arjun Mk 1A main battle tank|date=2023-05-13|publisher=Janes|author=Kapil Kajal|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622102452/https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/parting-shot-arjun-mk-1a-main-battle-tank|archivedate=2024-06-22|accessdate=2024-06-22}}</ref>

In February 2024, DRDO reported that deliveries of the Mk1A are facing delays because of shortages of tank engines.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/industry-headlines/latest/indias-arjun-mk-1a-programme-faces-delay | title=India's Arjun Mk 1A programme faces delay | date=21 February 2024 }}</ref>

In June 2025, [[BEML]] entered into an agreement with DRDO's [[VRDE]] to manufacture Unit Repair Vehicle (URV), Unit Maintenance Vehicle (UMV) and Full Trailer for 70T Tank Transporter equipped with an Advanced Hydraulic Suspension System for Arjun MBT.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-09 |title=BEML signs agreement with DRDO to manufacture combat support vehicle |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/beml-signs-agreement-with-drdo-to-manufacture-combat-support-vehicle-125060901295_1.html |access-date=2025-06-09 |work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Navdeep |date=2025-06-10 |title=BEML shares in focus after licensing deal With DRDO to manufacture advanced combat support vehicles for Army |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/beml-shares-in-focus-after-licensing-deal-with-drdo-to-manufacture-advanced-combat-support-vehicles-for-army/articleshow/121742359.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-11 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-08 |title=DRDO transfers technologies of nine systems to 10 industries |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2134995 |access-date=2025-06-09 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>

==Design==
[[File:Arjun Tank.jpg|thumb|Arjun MK1]]

=== Armament ===

====Primary====
The Arjun main battle tank has a 120 mm rifled gun fitted with an ARDE-developed ([[Armament Research and Development Establishment]]) [[Recoil#Mounted guns|recoil system]], muzzle reference system and [[fume extractor]], which can fire a variety of guided or unguided anti-armour munitions.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web|title=Arjun|url=https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/arjun.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816081603/https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/arjun.htm|archive-date=16 August 2021|access-date=2021-07-02}}</ref> The main gun is made from high strength [[electro-slag remelting]] (ESR) steel which is insulated with a [[thermal sleeve]] and [[autofrettage]]d to withstand higher pressure.<ref name=":3"/><ref name=":27"/> The newer Arjun Mk1A variant retains the 120 mm rifled gun with improved barrel,<ref name=":27"/> although India has developed a 125 mm [[Smoothbore|smoothbore gun]] for the T-90 tank, which is under license for production.<ref name=":4"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-18|title=Explained: What is special about the Arjun Main Battle Tank MK-1A?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-the-arjun-main-battle-tank-mk-1a-7188226/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816082527/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-the-arjun-main-battle-tank-mk-1a-7188226/|archive-date=2021-08-16|access-date=2021-06-23|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name="ET14Jul2018">{{cite news|date=14 July 2018|title=Necessary changes made to main battle tank Arjun Mark II: DRDO|newspaper=Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/necessary-changes-made-to-main-battle-tank-arjun-mark-ii-drdo/articleshow/61177561.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605130816if_/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/necessary-changes-made-to-main-battle-tank-arjun-mark-ii-drdo/articleshow/61177561.cms|archive-date=5 June 2021}}</ref>
[[File:Arjuntankammo.png|thumb|Arjun Tank ammunition, from left to right: APFSDS—designated locally as ''FSAPDS'', HESH, TB, and PCB rounds]]
The Arjun MK1 can fire several types of munitions, including indigenously developed [[armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot]] (APFSDS) and dual purpose [[high-explosive squash head]] (HESH) rounds. The Arjun MK1 can carry a mix of 42 APFSDS and HESH rounds in blast-proof canisters with blow out panels.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arjun Main Battle Tank specifications|url=https://ofb.gov.in/product/products/product-details/arjun---main-battle-tank|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805102938/https://ofb.gov.in/product/products/product-details/arjun---main-battle-tank|archive-date=5 August 2021|access-date=5 August 2021|website=OFB}}</ref><ref name=":3"/> In 2017, the Mark 2 variant of the APFSDS with a long rod tungsten alloy penetrator was developed and successfully tested by ARDE for the new Alpha variant of the Arjun (Mk1A).<ref name=":25">{{Cite book|title=Arjun MBT: An Indian Success Story|publisher=Desidoc|year=2017|isbn=9788186514962|location=Delhi|page=175}}</ref> The new APFSDS Mark 2 round reportedly has improved penetration compared to the extant Mark 1 round.<ref>{{cite web|title=User trials of 120 mm FSAPDS MK – II ammunition completed successfully|url=https://tdf.drdo.gov.in/technology_updates/index/7|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223061703/https://tdf.drdo.gov.in/technology_updates/index/7|archive-date=23 February 2021|access-date=18 July 2021|website=tdf.drdo.gov.in|publisher=DRDO}}</ref><ref name=":25"/> In addition to the existing rounds, the ARDE also developed and successfully tested two high explosive 120 mm rounds for the Arjun: Penetration Cum Blast (PCB) and [[Thermobaric weapon|Thermobaric]] (TB) Ammunition for urban warfare, which can be fired from existing MK1 and newer Mk1A tanks.<ref name="DRDO_PCB&TB">{{cite web|date=14 September 2019|title=120 mm Penetration Cum Blast (PCB) AND Thermobaric (TB) Ammunition For MBT Arjun|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/120-mm-penetration-cum-blast-pcb-and-thermobaric-tb-ammunition-mbt-arjun|url-status=live|publisher=DRDO, India|access-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526092959/https://www.drdo.gov.in/120-mm-penetration-cum-blast-pcb-and-thermobaric-tb-ammunition-mbt-arjun|archive-date=26 May 2021}}</ref><ref name="ET14July2018">{{cite news|date=14 July 2018|title=Fire-power of DRDO's Arjun Tank takes quantum jump with new ammunition: MoD|website=Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/fire-power-of-drdos-arjun-tank-takes-quantum-jump-with-new-ammunition-mod/articleshow/50514955.cms|access-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816084046/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/fire-power-of-drdos-arjun-tank-takes-quantum-jump-with-new-ammunition-mod/articleshow/50514955.cms|archive-date=16 August 2021}}</ref>

=====SAMHO=====
{{Main|SAMHO (missile)}}
To enhance the firepower of the Arjun, DRDO earlier considered equipping the tank with a [[LAHAT]] gun-launched anti-tank guided missile, but in 2014, it was announced the plan had been dropped. In the same year, DRDO announced the development of an Indian-made, gun-launched guided missile under Cannon Launched Guided Missile Programme (CLMDP), the [[SAMHO (missile)|SAMHO]].<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Rahul|date=2014-09-21|title=India drops Israeli missile for Arjun Tank|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/india-drops-israeli-missile-for-arjun-tank/story-OswmqbSCKEEHEqcbnqmDxM.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816084450/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/india-drops-israeli-missile-for-arjun-tank/story-OswmqbSCKEEHEqcbnqmDxM.html|archive-date=16 August 2021|access-date=2021-06-24|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> In 2020, DRDO successfully test fired SAMHO from an Arjun main battle tank.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=2020-09-23|title=DRDO test fires laser guided anti-tank missile|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/drdo-successfully-test-fires-laser-guided-anti-tank-guided-missile/article32676820.ece|access-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816084640/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/drdo-successfully-test-fires-laser-guided-anti-tank-guided-missile/article32676820.ece|archive-date=16 August 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

ARDE developed the SAMHO missile in association with the [[High Energy Materials Research Laboratory]] (HEMRL) and the [[Instruments Research and Development Establishment]] (IRDE).<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=2020-10-01|title=DRDO successfully test fires laser-guided anti-tank guided missile from Arjun Tank|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/world/drdo-successfully-test-fires-laser-guided-anti-tank-guided-missile-from-arjun-tank-6663728/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816084918/https://indianexpress.com/article/world/drdo-successfully-test-fires-laser-guided-anti-tank-guided-missile-from-arjun-tank-6663728/|archive-date=16 August 2021|access-date=2021-06-24|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The SAMHO guided missile has two [[high-explosive anti-tank]] (HEAT) [[tandem-charge]] warheads designed to defeat [[Reactive armour#Explosive reactive armour|explosive reactive armour]] (ERA) protection.<ref name=":5"/> The SAMHO is a dual purpose guided missile which can engage and neutralise [[armoured fighting vehicle]]s, tanks, and low flying targets such as [[attack helicopter]]s at a minimum range of {{convert|1.5|km}} and maximum range of up to {{convert|5|km}}.<ref name=":6"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cannon Launched Missile Development Programme (CLMDP)|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/cannon-launched-missile-development-programmeclmdp|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816085145/https://www.drdo.gov.in/cannon-launched-missile-development-programmeclmdp|archive-date=16 August 2021|access-date=2020-09-23|website=Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Government of India}}</ref>

====Secondary====
[[File:Arjun Mk IIRCWS.png|thumb|[[Remote controlled weapon station]] on Arjun Mk1A]]
In addition to the main gun, the Arjun has two [[machine gun]]s:
# A 12.7 mm [[NSV machine gun|NSV heavy machine gun]] mounted in front of the gunner's hatch for engaging armoured vehicles, low flying aircraft and attack helicopters. In the Arjun MK1 it is operated manually while in Mk1A it has been replaced with a remotely operated gun turret which can be operated from inside the tank without exposing personnel to the hostile battlefield.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-07-14 |title=BEL unveils new weapon system for Arjun battle tank |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/bel-unveils-new-weapon-system-for-arjun-battle-tank/articleshow/57146386.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-07-10 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The MKII variant has a RCWS made by Bharat Electronics Ltd (BEL).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.electronicsforyou.biz/industry-buzz/bel-launches-remote-controlled-weapon-station-mbt-arjun-mk-ii/|title=BEL launches remote controlled weapon station for MBT Arjun Mk II|author=Baishakhi Dutta|date=2017-02-15}}</ref>
# A [[7.62×51mm NATO|7.62 mm]] machine gun in a [[Weapon mount#Coaxial|coaxial weapon mount.]]<ref name=":12"/>

=== Fire control and sights ===
The Arjun tanks are equipped with an indigenous fire control system developed by BEL, the Integrated Fire Control System (IFCS).<ref name=":7"/> The IFCS consists of a digital ballistic computer which cues information from microprocessor-based sensors for wind-speed, tilt angle, target range, vehicle speed etc., to provide an accurate firing solution.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|date=9 August 2011|title=Indigenous Armoured Tracked Vehicles|url=http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/tf_june2011.pdf|journal=Technology Focus|publisher=[[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]|volume=19|issn=0971-4413|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809042539/http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/tf_june2011.pdf|archive-date=9 August 2011}}</ref> The Arjun's IFCS is designed for quick target acquisition with "first round-first hit probability" during day and night and in all weather conditions. The Arjun has a gun control system integrated into its 120 mm rifled gun which electro-hydraulically stabilises the gun to retain aim accuracy irrespective of the terrain disturbances (while moving).<ref name=":12"/> The two axis-stabilised gun control system interfaced with the IFCS offers high accuracy and slewing speed for engaging moving targets while on the move.<ref name=":12"/> The fire control system originally developed for the Arjun tank has been integrated into the Indian Army's T-90 tanks.<ref name=":4"/>

The Arjun gunner's main sight has an integrated [[laser range finder]], day sight and thermal sight for day and night target recognition and engagement, and dual magnification and fibre-optic gyro based two-axis stabilisation.<ref name=":12"/> The sight is integrated with an automatic target tracking system developed by DRDO.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|last=Chaitanya|first=SV Krishna|date=2019-12-09|title=Indigenously designed, Tanker Arjun reports for duty|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/dec/09/indigenously-designed-tanker-arjun-reports-for-duty-2073063.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816134534/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/dec/09/indigenously-designed-tanker-arjun-reports-for-duty-2073063.html|archive-date=16 August 2021|access-date=2021-07-02|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref name=":27"/>

The commander's panoramic sight operates independently of the turret. It is stabilised with a fibre-optic gyro, and has an integrated laser rangefinder, day sight with dual magnification and a thermal imaging camera for day and night all-weather 360-degree surveillance.<ref name=":10"/> The sight is also interfaced with the ballistic computer, which enables the commander to override the gunner to select and engage targets independently.<ref name=":10"/><ref name=":0"/> In addition to the laser rangefinder, the Arjun Mk1A variant has an integrated laser target designator linked to the SAMHO gun-launched guided missile.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=2020-12-26|title=Army to move Defence Ministry for 118 Arjun Mk-1A tanks|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/army-to-move-defence-ministry-for-118-arjun-mk-1a-tanks/article33425919.ece|access-date=2021-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816134831/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/army-to-move-defence-ministry-for-118-arjun-mk-1a-tanks/article33425919.ece|archive-date=16 August 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===Protection===

==== Armour ====
[[File:Arjun Mk II turrent front(1).jpg|thumb|Close up view of [[Reactive armour#Explosive reactive armor|ERA]] protection on hull glacis and turret of Arjun MK-1A tank]]
The Arjun MK1 tanks are protected by an indigenously developed armour called [[Kanchan armour]], named after the city of Kanchanbagh, where the [[Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory]] (DMRL) which designed and developed the armour is located.<ref name="Kanchan">{{cite web|last=Joseph|first=P. Chacko|date=24 September 2007|title=The Kanchan armour|url=http://frontierindia.net/the-kanchan-armor/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725073043/http://frontierindia.net/the-kanchan-armor/|archive-date=25 July 2011|access-date=10 June 2011|publisher=Frontierindia.net}}</ref> Kanchan is a composite armour that consists of ceramic tiles and composite panels sandwiched between [[rolled homogeneous armour]] (RHA) plates. Its exact composition, the material used and the manufacturing processes are kept highly secret.<ref name="Kanchan"/> The armour was fielded on the Arjun after extensive evaluation trials carried out against a variety of modern anti-tank munitions, including APFSDS.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Armour Materials & Modules: MBTs and Other Combat Vehicles|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/armour-materials-modules-mbts-and-other-combat-vehicles|access-date=2021-07-02|website=Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref><ref name="Kanchan"/>

The Arjun tanks are also protected with ultra-high strength low alloy DMR-1700 steel armour plates developed by the DMRL, which offer enhanced protection against [[kinetic energy penetrator]] projectiles such as APFSDS (125 mm) rounds, over the existing RHA plates by a margin of 20 per cent and 25 per cent against 7.62 mm and 12.7 mm [[Armor-piercing bullet|armour-piercing projectiles]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kutumbarao|first=V. V.|date=2020-10-13|title=DMR 1700 Low Cost High Performance Steel for Defence Applications|url=https://publications.drdo.gov.in/ojs/index.php/dsj/article/view/16403|journal=Defence Science Journal|language=en|volume=70|issue=6|pages=701–702|issn=0976-464X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=B Bhav|last2=G|first2=Sukumar|last3=Senthil|first3=P. Ponguru|last4=Jena|first4=P.K.|last5=Reddy|first5=P.R.S|last6=Kumar|first6=K. Siva|last7=Madhu|first7=V|last8=Reddy|first8=GM|date=June 2017|title=Future Armour Materials and Technologies for Combat Platforms|url=|journal=Defence Science Journal|publisher=Defence Scientific Information & Documentation Centre|volume=67| issue=4|pages=412–419|doi=10.14429/dsj.67.11468|issn=0011-748X |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The latest variant Arjun, the Mk1A, has a completely redesigned turret protected with improved Kanchan armour with enhanced protection against large calibre [[Kinetic energy penetrator|kinetic energy projectile]]s,<ref name=":26"/> [[Reactive armour#Explosive reactive armour|explosive reactive armour]] (ERA) panels (ERA MK-II) on the turret, hull [[glacis]] and the side skirt. The Mk1A also has [[non-explosive reactive armor|non-explosive reactive armour]] (NERA) protection.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":14"/> The turret is redesigned to reduce its silhouette, thereby delaying detection at ranges using modern electro-optical sights.<ref name=":24">{{Cite web|last=Bedi|first=Rahul|date=2021-04-25|title=Why the Arjun MK-1A Main Battle Tank May Prove to Be a Costly Mistake for the Army|url=https://thewire.in/government/defence-arjun-mk-1a-main-battle-tanks-indian-army|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911053210/https://thewire.in/government/defence-arjun-mk-1a-main-battle-tanks-indian-army|archive-date=11 September 2021|access-date=2021-07-02|website=The Wire}}</ref>

The tank has [[CBRN defense|NBC protection]] and an [[Automatic fire suppression|automatic fire detection and suppression]] system for enhanced crew protection and survival.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|last=Jain|first=Ayush|date=2021-04-26|title=Indian Army's Arjun Mk-1 Alpha Tanks 'Desert-Storms' India-Pakistan Border; Tests Firing Capability|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/watch-indian-armys-home-grown-arjun-mk-1a-tank-showcases-its-fire-power/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911053705/https://eurasiantimes.com/watch-indian-armys-home-grown-arjun-mk-1a-tank-showcases-its-fire-power/|archive-date=11 September 2021|access-date=2021-06-20|website=The Eurasian Times|language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Defensive aid system ====
Passive protection is provided by a multi-purpose mobile camouflage system (MCS) developed by DRDO; it is integrated on Arjun tanks and evaluations were carried out in 2009.<ref name=":8"/> The Arjun also has anti-infrared/anti-thermal paints to reduce its IR signature.<ref name=":15"/>
[[File:Arjun Mk II side(cropped1).jpg|thumb|One of the four all-bearing [[laser warning receiver]]s combined with [[Infrared countermeasure|IR jammer]] (top) and 360 degree independently rotating smoke grenade launcher (bottom). Both are part of the ALWCS, and operate autonomously]]
Active protection is provided by the Advanced Laser Warning Countermeasure System (ALWCS), and consists of four laser warning receivers mounted on the top of the turret to provide 360-degree protection cover. The ALWCS alerts the crew and indicates the direction of a threat when a laser rangefinder/designator, IR illuminator is pointed at the tank.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-02-20|title=Israeli Hand in India's New Tank|url=https://www.israeldefense.co.il/en/content/israeli-hand-indias-new-tank|access-date=2021-07-02|website=Israel Defense|publisher=Arrowmedia Israel Ltd|language=en}}</ref> The ALWCS has integrated IR jammers and aerosol based smoke grenades to confuse the anti-tank guided munitions.

The ALWCS is interfaced with the FCS of the Arjun tank, which autonomously rotates the grenade launcher in the direction of and perceived threat and fires aerosol smoke grenades.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|title=Technologies and Products|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/technology-cluster-links/labs-products-detail/2819/175|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816135702/https://www.drdo.gov.in/technology-cluster-links/labs-products-detail/2819/175|archive-date=16 August 2021|access-date=2021-07-02|website=Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref><ref name=":8"/> It has auto and manual modes of operation.<ref name=":16"/>

==== Crew safety and protection ====
The Arjun has a crew of four—commander, gunner, loader and driver. The Arjun's crew compartment is ergonomically designed for crew safety and comfort and is protected with armour and ERA.<ref name=":15"/> In Arjun Mk1A, the driver's safety and comfort is enhanced with roof mounted seat to protect him from [[Shock wave]]s.<ref name=":27"/><ref name=":0"/> The Arjun's crew and engine compartments are equipped with an automatic fire detection and suppression system, which detects and suppresses fire within 200 milliseconds,<ref name=":21"/><ref name=":25">{{Cite book|title=Arjun MBT: An Indian Success Story|publisher=Desidoc|year=2017|isbn=9788186514962|location=Delhi|page=175}}</ref> while ammunition rounds are stored in a containerised ammunition bin with an individual shutter with blow off panels to mitigate the hazard caused by ammunition cook off.<ref name=":15"/><ref name=":27"/> The Arjun Mk1A variant tank has a track-width mine plough to reduce the risk of anti-tank mines;<ref name=":27"/> the tank also has [[CBRN defense|NBC]] protection.<ref name=":15"/>

===Mobility===
The Arjun is a heavy main battle tank that moves on seven roadwheels on each side, supported by an indigenously developed [[Hydropneumatic suspension|hydropneumatic]] suspension system. Powered by an [[MTU Friedrichshafen|MTU]] 838 Ka 501 turbo charged 10 cylinder liquid cooled diesel engine with a rated power output of 1400 hp at 2400 rpm, the tank has a {{convert|70|km|adj=on}} top speed and a {{convert|40|km/h|adj=on}} cross country speed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MBT Arjun Tank|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/mbt-arjun-tank|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911053952/https://www.drdo.gov.in/mbt-arjun-tank|archive-date=11 September 2021|access-date=2021-07-03|website=Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref> The Arjun tank has a maximum fuel capacity of {{convert|1,610|L}}<ref name=":1"/> and a range of {{convert|450|km}}.<ref name="ambt"/>

The Arjun has a ground of clearance {{convert|0.45|m|in}},<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":21" /> and can ford through {{convert|2.15|m|adj=on}} deep water without using a snorkel. During this operation, air for fuel combustion is drawn through the commander's and loader's hatches.<ref name=":12" />

The latest Arjun Mk1A variant retains the 1,400 hp diesel powerplant but with a redesigned hydropneumatic suspension system and new advanced running gear system for optimal performance and efficiency.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":27" /> Earlier Arjun tanks were equipped with tracks supplied by the German company, [[Diehl BGT Defence|Diehl]], but these were later replaced with tracks supplied by [[Larsen & Toubro]].<ref name=":24" />

The Mk1A variant has a new [[auxiliary power unit]] (APU) with double power generation capacity, which allows the tank to operate in silent watch mode while the main engine is off. The use of an APU reduces the IR/thermal and acoustic signature and enhances the tank's [[ambush]] attack capability.<ref name=":24" /> The Arjun Mk1A has an [https://bel-india.in/product/advanced-land-navigation-system-mk-ii/ Advanced Land Navigation System] (ALNS)<ref name=":27" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-29 |title=DAC clears capital acquisition proposals to enhance the capabilities of Indian Army & Indian Coast Guard |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2038476 |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref> in addition to the [[GPS]]/[[inertial navigation system]] it retains from its predecessor, for enhanced navigation in uncharted hostile enemy territory.<ref name=":15" />

In the Arjun Mk1A variant, the driver has an uncooled [[night-vision camera]] and an uncooled [[thermal imager]] with binocular vision enabling effortless driving at a reasonable speed on a pitch-black night.<ref name=":15" />

====DATRAN 1500====
{{Excerpt|BEML|DATRAN 1500|paragraphs=1, 3-4}}

==== Integrated Automotive Vetronics System ====
Developed by [[CVRDE]], the Integrated Automotive [[Vetronics]] System (IAVS) is a health monitoring system developed for tanks and [[armoured fighting vehicles]] operated by the Indian Army.<ref name=":19"/> The IAVS is a "[[system of systems]]" which integrates sensors and subsystems on board the Arjun to make the tank an efficient fighting machine. The IAVS monitors the data bus that interlaces the hull and turret subsystems, analyses automotive performance and alerts the crew when maintenance is due.<ref name=":19"/>

The system also integrates the driver's enhanced sight system and provides automated driving.<ref name=":19"/> The tank crew interacts with the system through an integrated touch screen display.<ref name=":19"/> Its trials were successfully completed in August 2015 during which the prototype covered {{convert|430|km}} under harsh weather conditions.<ref name=":20"/>

== Operational history ==
Since its induction into service, the Arjun has participated in a number of wargames carried out by the Indian Army. In 2010, the first two armoured regiments equipped with Arjun tanks participated in the Army's annual winter exercise. The same year, the Indian Army carried out a comparative trial pitting the newly inducted Arjun MK1 tanks against the imported T-90 tanks.<ref name=":9"/> The trial was carried out in four phases from 19 February 2010 to 12 March 2010, checking the subsystem performance, medium fording capability, automotive run and firing trials.<ref name=":9"/> In March 2010, it was reported that the Arjun had outperformed the T-90 in terms of both firepower and mobility.<ref name=":17"/>

During the comparative trials, the Arjun reportedly demonstrated its ability to target and engage moving targets while moving in the opposite direction. In addition, it demonstrated a zero water ingress medium fording capability, multiple target discrimination, and effortless automotive performance achieved even in the heavy [[Dune|dunal]] desert terrain.<ref name=":18">{{Cite book|url=https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2014/Union_Compliance_Defence_Army_Ordnance_Factories_35_2014_annexures.pdf|title=CAG Report No.35 (Defence Services)|publisher=[[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]]|year=2014|page=35|chapter=Annexure-XIX}}</ref>

In 2013, the Indian Army announced it would not purchase any additional vehicles above the 124 Arjuns that had already been ordered.<ref name=":17"/> In 2014, a report from the [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] noted that some parameters of the 2010 comparative trials had been relaxed for the T-90 tanks.<ref name=":18"/>

==Variants==
[[File:Arjun ARRV.jpg|thumb|Arjun ARRV]]
*'''Arjun MK1''': First production variant Arjun tank similar to the Leopard 2A4, entered service with the Indian Army in 2004.<ref name=":21"/> It is a 58.5 ton main battle tank equipped with Kanchan composite armour, a 120 mm rifled gun and an indigenous FCS with digital ballistic computer. It has a laser warning receiver based active protection system.<ref name=":12"/>
*'''[[Bhim SPH]]''': A 155 mm self-propelled howitzer variant of the Arjun has been prototyped by fitting the South African [[DENEL Corporation|Denel]] T6 turret, which comes with the [[G5 howitzer]] to the Arjun chassis. This project has been cancelled as Denel has become embroiled in a corruption scandal in India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-11-09|title=India's Self-Propelled Artillery Project Bhim To Get a New Lease of Life – Defence Now|url=http://www.defencenow.com/news/453/indias-self-propelled-artillery-project-bhim-to-get-a-new-lease-of-life.html|access-date=2021-07-15|website=DefenceNow|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109170407/http://www.defencenow.com/news/453/indias-self-propelled-artillery-project-bhim-to-get-a-new-lease-of-life.html|archive-date=9 November 2013}}</ref>
*'''Arjun Catapult System''': A 130 mm [[M-46 Catapult|Catapult]] howitzer system based on the Arjun chassis. The trials were concluded successfully, and the Indian Army is expected to place an order for 40 systems.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/AR1415_0.pdf|title=Annual report 2014-15|publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (India)]]|year=2014|page=82}}</ref>
[[File:BLT-ARJUN.jpg|thumb|Bridge Layer Tank (BLT) Arjun]]
*'''Bridge Layer Tank''' (BLT) based on the Arjun chassis developed by the CVRDE. It uses the "scissors type" of bridge laying method, which does not raise the bridge high up into the air, reducing its visibility to hostile forces.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bridge Layer Tank (BLT) Arjun|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/bridge-layer-tank-blt-arjun|access-date=2021-07-18|website=Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref>
*'''Arjun ARRV''': Armoured recovery and repair vehicle based on the Arjun chassis developed by CVRDE and BEML, for supporting Arjun tank regiments in battlefield.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Armored Recovery and Repair Vehicle (Arjun ARRV)|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/armored-recovery-and-repair-vehicle-arjun-arrv|access-date=2021-07-14|website=Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref>
* '''[[Tank EX]]''': A hybrid experimental tank prototype, coupling a T-72 chassis with an Arjun turret.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Venkatesh|first=Nitin|date=2012-03-04|title=Bharat Rakshak :: Land Forces Site – Tank-EX: DRDO's New Tank|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Equipment/Others/351-Tank-Ex.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-15|website=Bharat Rakshak|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304085514/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Equipment/Others/351-Tank-Ex.html|archive-date=4 March 2012}}</ref>
[[File:H2021021495939 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Arjun Mk1A]]
*'''Arjun Mk1A''': The Mk1A (previously designated as MK2) is a new variant of Arjun tank designed to enhance firepower, mobility and survivability. It has a completely redesigned turret protected with improved Kanchan armour and ERA. The Mk1A has 89 major and minor improvements, of these 73 could be easily incorporated into the MK1 variant. Other major improvements include the addition of NERA for protection, integration of the gun-launched SAMHO ATGM, integration of the gunner's main sight with the automatic target tracking system, integration of the commander's panoramic sight (CPS MK-II) with the laser rangefinder and dual magnification day sight, the addition of an uncooled thermal sight interfaced with the FCS for hunter-killer capability, the addition of an uncooled sight system with binocular vision for the driver, a [[remote controlled weapon station]], a [[Mine plough|track width mine plough]], a containerized ammunition bin with individual shutter (CABIS) for crew safety, an advanced land navigation system, a new auxiliary power unit with double power generation capacity, and a redesigned hydropneumatic suspension system with new advanced running gear system (ARGS) to enhance agility. The Arjun Mk1A has considerably more indigenous content than previous variant.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/defence/army-set-to-place-order-for-118-arjun-mark-1-as-the-most-potent-tank-in-its-inventory/380869/|title=Army set to place order for 118 Arjun Mark 1-As, the most potent tank in its inventory|last=Philip|first=Snehesh Alex|date=1 March 2020|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|access-date=22 March 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Chaitanya|first=SV Krishna|date=2019-12-08|title=India's indigenously designed Arjun Mk-1A clears trials, ready to go into production|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/dec/08/indias-indigenously-designed-arjun-mk-1a-clears-trials-ready-to-go-into-production-2073023.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224231323/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/dec/08/indias-indigenously-designed-arjun-mk-1a-clears-trials-ready-to-go-into-production-2073023.html|archive-date=24 February 2021|access-date=8 December 2019|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
* Unmanned ground vehicle variant planned for production.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/india-plans-to-develop-combat-ugv-based-on-arjun-tank/ |title=India plans to develop combat UGV based on Arjun tank |website=www.janes.com |access-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416124121/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/india-plans-to-develop-combat-ugv-based-on-arjun-tank/ |archive-date=16 April 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===FMBT===
{{Excerpt|Future Main Battle Tank}}

== Specifications ==
{|class=wikitable
|+ Arjun specifications
|-align=center
!width="12%"|
!width="44%"| Arjun MK1
!width="44%"| Arjun Mk1A
|-align=center
| Designer
|colspan=2| Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment (CVRDE)<ref name=":3">{{citation |url=http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/tf_june2011.pdf |title=Technology focus |journal=Technology Focus: Bulletin of Defence Research & Development Organisation |volume=19 |number=3 |date=June 2011 |publisher=DRDO |access-date=10 June 2011 |issn=0971-4413 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809042539/http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/tf_june2011.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-align=center
| Manufacturer
|colspan=2| Heavy Vehicles Factory (HVF)
|-align=center
| Produced
| 2004–2012
| 2021 –
|-align=center
| Operator
|colspan=2| [[Indian Army]]
|-align=center
!colspan=3 |Technical details
|-align=center
| Length
|colspan=2| {{cvt|10.6|m}} (with gun forward)<ref name=":3">{{citation |url=http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/tf_june2011.pdf |title=Technology focus |journal=Technology Focus: Bulletin of Defence Research & Development Organisation |volume=19 |number=3 |date=June 2011 |publisher=DRDO |access-date=10 June 2011 |issn=0971-4413 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809042539/http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/tf_june2011.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-align=center
|Width
|colspan=2| {{cvt|3.9|m}}<ref name=":3">{{citation |url=http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/tf_june2011.pdf |title=Technology focus |journal=Technology Focus: Bulletin of Defence Research & Development Organisation |volume=19 |number=3 |date=June 2011 |publisher=DRDO |access-date=10 June 2011 |issn=0971-4413 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809042539/http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/tf_june2011.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-align=center
| Height
|colspan=2| {{cvt|2.32|m}} (turret roof) {{cvt|3.03|m}} (with gun mount)<ref name=":3">{{citation |url=http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/tf_june2011.pdf |title=Technology focus |journal=Technology Focus: Bulletin of Defence Research & Development Organisation |volume=19 |number=3 |date=June 2011 |publisher=DRDO |access-date=10 June 2011 |issn=0971-4413 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809042539/http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/tf_june2011.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-align=center
| Weight
| {{cvt|58.5|t}}<ref name=":3">{{citation |url=http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/tf_june2011.pdf |title=Technology focus |journal=Technology Focus: Bulletin of Defence Research & Development Organisation |volume=19 |number=3 |date=June 2011 |publisher=DRDO |access-date=10 June 2011 |issn=0971-4413 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809042539/http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/tf_june2011.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| {{cvt|68|t}}<ref name=":0"/>
|-align=center
| Engine
| 1400 hp MTU 838 Ka 501 turbo charged diesel engine<ref name=":3">{{citation |url=http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/tf_june2011.pdf |title=Technology focus |journal=Technology Focus: Bulletin of Defence Research & Development Organisation |volume=19 |number=3 |date=June 2011 |publisher=DRDO |access-date=10 June 2011 |issn=0971-4413 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809042539/http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/tf_june2011.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 1500 hp [[BEML#DATRAN 1500|DATRAN]] V12 turbocharged diesel engine
|-align=center
|Power/weight
| 24:1 hp/ton<ref name=":3">{{citation |url=http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/tf_june2011.pdf |title=Technology focus |journal=Technology Focus: Bulletin of Defence Research & Development Organisation |volume=19 |number=3 |date=June 2011 |publisher=DRDO |access-date=10 June 2011 |issn=0971-4413 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809042539/http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/tf_june2011.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|
|-align=center
|Range
|{{cvt|450|km}}
|
|-align=center
|Max.speed
| {{cvt|70|km}} /h<ref name=":3">{{citation |url=http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/tf_june2011.pdf |title=Technology focus |journal=Technology Focus: Bulletin of Defence Research & Development Organisation |volume=19 |number=3 |date=June 2011 |publisher=DRDO |access-date=10 June 2011 |issn=0971-4413 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809042539/http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/tf_june2011.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| {{cvt|58|km}} /h<ref name=":0"/>
|-align=center
|Suspension
|colspan=2| Hydropneumatic suspension<ref name=":3">{{citation |url=http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/tf_june2011.pdf |title=Technology focus |journal=Technology Focus: Bulletin of Defence Research & Development Organisation |volume=19 |number=3 |date=June 2011 |publisher=DRDO |access-date=10 June 2011 |issn=0971-4413 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809042539/http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/tf_june2011.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-align=center
|Crew
|colspan=2|4 (commander, gunner, loader, driver)<ref name=":3">{{citation |url=http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/tf_june2011.pdf |title=Technology focus |journal=Technology Focus: Bulletin of Defence Research & Development Organisation |volume=19 |number=3 |date=June 2011 |publisher=DRDO |access-date=10 June 2011 |issn=0971-4413 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809042539/http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/tf_june2011.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-align=center
!colspan=3| Armament
|-align=center
|Primary
|colspan=2| 120 mm rifled gun with recoil system<ref name=":3">{{citation |url=http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/tf_june2011.pdf |title=Technology focus |journal=Technology Focus: Bulletin of Defence Research & Development Organisation |volume=19 |number=3 |date=June 2011 |publisher=DRDO |access-date=10 June 2011 |issn=0971-4413 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809042539/http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/tf_june2011.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-align=center
|Ammunition
|colspan=2| [[Armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot|APFSDS]] (MK-I & MK-II), [[High-explosive anti-tank|HEAT]], [[High-explosive squash head|HESH]], PCB, [[Thermobaric weapon|TB]], [[SAMHO (missile)|SAMHO]]<ref name=":3">{{citation |url=http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/tf_june2011.pdf |title=Technology focus |journal=Technology Focus: Bulletin of Defence Research & Development Organisation |volume=19 |number=3 |date=June 2011 |publisher=DRDO |access-date=10 June 2011 |issn=0971-4413 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809042539/http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/tf_june2011.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-align=center
|Secondary
|1 × 12.7 mm HCB<ref name=":3">{{citation |url=http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/tf_june2011.pdf |title=Technology focus |journal=Technology Focus: Bulletin of Defence Research & Development Organisation |volume=19 |number=3 |date=June 2011 |publisher=DRDO |access-date=10 June 2011 |issn=0971-4413 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809042539/http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/tf_june2011.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
1 × MAG 7.62 mm Tk 715 A
|1 × 12.7 mm remotely operated gun turret<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-15 |title=BEL launches new weapon control system for Arjun battle tank |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-bel-launches-new-weapon-control-system-for-arjun-battle-tank-551619/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>
1 × MAG 7.62 mm Tk 715 A
|-align=center
!colspan=3| Protection
|-align=center
|Armour
|[[Kanchan armour|Kanchan]] composite modular armour <ref name=":3">{{citation |url=http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/tf_june2011.pdf |title=Technology focus |journal=Technology Focus: Bulletin of Defence Research & Development Organisation |volume=19 |number=3 |date=June 2011 |publisher=DRDO |access-date=10 June 2011 |issn=0971-4413 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809042539/http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/tf_june2011.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|Improved Kanchan, [[Explosive reactive armor|ERA]], [[Non-explosive reactive armor|NERA]]<ref name=":0"/>
|-align=center
|Passive
|colspan=2|Multi-spectral mobile camouflage, anti-infrared/anti-thermal paint.<ref name=":152">{{Cite web|title=Indigenously designed, Tanker Arjun reports for duty|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/dec/09/indigenously-designed-tanker-arjun-reports-for-duty-2073063.html|access-date=2021-07-02|website=The New Indian Express|date=8 December 2019 }}</ref><ref name=":8"/>
|-align=center
|Active
|colspan=2| Advanced Laser Warning Countermeasure System (ALWCS) with [[Infrared|IR]] jammer.<ref name=":8"/>
|-align=center
|
|12 × 81 mm Anti-thermal Anti-laser Smoke Grenade<ref name=":3">{{citation |url=http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/tf_june2011.pdf |title=Technology focus |journal=Technology Focus: Bulletin of Defence Research & Development Organisation |volume=19 |number=3 |date=June 2011 |publisher=DRDO |access-date=10 June 2011 |issn=0971-4413 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809042539/http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/tf_june2011.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|16 × 81 mm Anti-thermal Anti-laser Smoke Grenade<ref name=":1"/>
|-align=center
|}

==Operators==


* {{flag|India}}
**[[Indian Army]]
***124 Arjun MK1 tanks in service.<ref>{{Cite web|title=118 Arjun Main Battle Tanks, MK-1A, with 71 upgrades will be made for Rs 8,500 crore – Huge orderbook for MBT MK-1A|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/118-arjun-main-battle-tanks-mk-1a-with-71-upgrades-will-be-made-for-rs-8500-crore/huge-orderbook-for-mbt-mk-1a/slideshow/80970921.cms|access-date=2 July 2021|website=The Economic Times}}</ref>
***2 Mk1A (prototypes) in service, with 118 Mk1A tanks on order.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1757320|title=MoD places supply order for 118 Main Battle Tanks Arjun Mk-1A for Indian Army|date=23 September 2021|publisher=Press Information Bureau}}</ref><ref name=":13"/><ref>{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|date=13 February 2021 |title=PM Modi will hand over Arjun Mark 1A to Indian Army|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-narendra-modi-will-hand-over-arjun-mark-1a-to-indian-army-know-its-features-11613217391683.html|access-date=14 February 2021|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> On 23 September 2021, the Indian Army signed a contract for 118 Arjun Mk.1As with the first five due to be delivered within 30 months.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-18 |title=Indian MoD concludes price negotiations for 118 Arjun Mk 1A MBTs |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/indian-mod-concludes-price-negotiations-for-118-arjun-mk-1a-mbts |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Janes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/defense_news_september_2021_global_security_army_industry/indian_mod_orders_118_indigenous_arjun_mk-1a_main_battle_tanks.html |title=Indian MoD orders 118 indigenous Arjun Mk-1A Main Battle Tanks |website=Army Recognition |date=24 September 2021 |access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref>
***40 130 mm M-46 Catapults based on Arjun chassis.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 August 2014|title=Breaking News: 40 Arjun Catapult systems for Indian Army|url=http://www.spslandforces.com/exclusive/?id=17&h=BREAKING-NEWS:-40-Arjun-Catapult-systems-for-Indian-Army#:~:text=The%20Indian%20Army%20has%20been,on%20targets%20upto%201.4%20km.|access-date=16 July 2021|website=www.spslandforces.com}}</ref>

===Failed contracts===
* {{flag|Bahrain}}: Bahrain was in talks with India for the procurement of Arjun Mk II, which was reported in March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bahrain has launched talks with India to procure Arjun Mk II main battle tanks|url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/defense_news_march_2022_global_security_army_industry/bahrain_has_launched_talks_with_india_to_procure_arjun_mk_ii_main_battle_tanks.html|access-date=16 March 2022|publisher=Army Recognition}}</ref>
* {{flag|Colombia}}: Colombia expressed interest to purchase the Arjun in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/a-first-foreign-interest-in-arjun-tank/story-stz3ErilImE0UUvTLpl2hM.html |title=A first: Foreign interest in Arjun tank |date=29 June 2009}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of main battle tanks by generation]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=N}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Commons category|Arjun tanks}}

{{Post–Cold War tanks|style=wide}}
{{Defence Research and Development Organisation}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arjun}}
[[Category:Main battle tanks of India]]
[[Category:Main battle tanks of the Cold War]]
[[Category:Main battle tanks of the post–Cold War period]]
[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
[[Category:Military vehicles introduced in the 2000s]]
[[Category:Tanks named after individuals]]
[[Category:AVANI vehicles]]

Arhaan Khan

2026-02-06T05:48:06Z

MavisHelena6948: Added the article more to come

{{Short description|Indian model}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Arhaan Khan
| image =
| image_upright =
| caption =
| birth_name = Mazhar Shaikh
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = 
| alma_mater =
| children =
| module =
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Model (person)|model]]|[[Actor]]}}
| years_active = 2016-2019
| known_for = [[Badho Bahu]] [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 13)|Bigg Boss 13]]
| awards =
}}
'''Mazhar Shaikh''' known professionally as '''Arhaan Khan''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] actor and model. He is known for his portrayal of Rana Singh Ahlawat in ''[[Badho Bahu]]'' on [[&TV]]. In 2019, he participated in ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 13)|Bigg Boss 13]]'' on [[Colors TV]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.in/television/arhaan-khan-to-make-tv-debut-with-badho-bahu--406017|title=Arhaan Khan to make TV debut with 'Badho Bahu'|work=[[ABP Live]]|date=28 August 2016|access-date=4 November 2019|archive-date=4 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104122821/https://www.abplive.in/television/arhaan-khan-to-make-tv-debut-with-badho-bahu--406017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Career==
He started his career as a [[model (person)|model]] and [[actor]] where he did many campaigns and appeared in many [[fashion shows]]. In 2016 he started his acting career when he made his television debut on [[&TV]] ''[[Badho Bahu]]'' as Rana Ahlawaat, a [[wrestler]] character.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/buckle-up-as-rana-and-lucky-take-on-each-other-in-badho-bahu/1132918|title=Buckle up as Rana and Lucky take on each other in Badho Bahu|newspaper=The Free Press Journal|date=7 September 2017|access-date=7 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/arhaan-khan-badho-bahu-has-made-me-a-prominent-face-on-tv/19035159|title=Arhaan Khan: Badho Bahu has made me a prominent face on TV|work=[[Mid-Day]]|date=7 February 2018}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news|url=http://aajtak.intoday.in/story/arhaan-khan-to-make-tv-debut-with-badho-bahu-1-884949.html|title='बढ़ो बहू' से टीवी पर डेब्यू करने जा रहे हैं अरहान खान|work=aajtak.intoday.in|access-date=2017-06-23|language=hi}}</ref>
In 2017, He made his film debut with [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]] feature film ''[[SriValli]]'' as Majnu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bombaytimes.com/tv/arhaan-khan-from-badho-bahu-fame-debuts-in-a-south-film/articleshow/57040902.cms|title=Arhaan Khan from Badho Bahu fame debuts in a South film|work=BombayTimes|access-date=2017-06-23}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/south-calling-for-arhaan-khan/1015195|title=South calling for Arhaan Khan {{!}} Free Press Journal|work=[[Free Press Journal]]|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-06-23}}</ref> In late 2019, he joined the reality show [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 13)|Bigg Boss 13]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/arhaan-khan-who-gets-married-on-national-television-thats-not-my-cup-of-tea/articleshow/71855029.cms|title=Arhaan Khan: Who gets married on national television? That's not my cup of tea|work=[[Times of India]]|date=2 November 2019}}</ref> He got evicted on 16 November 2019 after his very short two weeks stay in which he failed to get the public support.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-13-arhaan-khan-gets-evicted-unhappy-fans-trend-whyarhaankhan-on-twitter/articleshow/72099070.cms|title=Bigg Boss 13: Arhaan Khan gets evicted; unhappy fans trend #WhyArhaanKhan on Twitter|work=[[Times of India]]|date=17 November 2019}}</ref> In late November, it was announced that he will be returning to the show as a wild-card entry again.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-13-evicted-contestants-arhaan-khan-shefali-bagga-to-re-enter-as-wild-cards-with-madhurima-tuli-1116411|title=Bigg Boss 13: Evicted Contestants Arhaan Khan & Shefali Bagga To Re-Enter As Wild-Cards With Madhurima Tuli?|work=[[ABP Live]]|date=30 November 2019}}</ref> However, on 31 December, he was evicted again.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-13-arhaan-khan-gets-evicted-6191761/|title=Bigg Boss 13: Arhaan Khan gets evicted|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=31 December 2019}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2017
| ''[[SriValli]]''
| Majnu
| Telugu film
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2016-2018
| ''[[Badho Bahu]]''
| Rana Ahlawat
| Television debut
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 13)|Bigg Boss 13]]''
| Contestant
| 12th place
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://arhaankhan.in}}{{dead link|date=February 2021}}
* [https://www.facebook.com/BeingArhaanKhan Arhaan Khan] on [[Facebook]]
* {{IMDb name|9556523}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Arhaan}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male models]]
[[Category:Indian television personalities]]

Rajyotsava Awards (2007)

2026-01-30T12:46:16Z

MavisHelena6948: New

{{Short description|Awards given by the government of Karnataka, India}}
{{context|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox award
| name = 2007 Rajyotsava Awards
| date = 1 November 2007
| location = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
| country = India
| presenter = [[Government of Karnataka]]
| host =
| winner =
| website =
| previous = [[Rajyotsava Awards (2006)|2006]]
| main = [[Rajyotsava Prashasti]]
| next = [[Rajyotsava Awards (2008)|2008]]
}}
The list of Karnataka Rajyotsava Award recipients for the year 2007 is below.<ref>{{cite web|title=ರಾಜ್ಯೋತ್ಸವ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣ ಪಟ್ಟಿ 1966 ರಿಂದ - 2015 ರವರೆಗೆ|url=http://siri.kannadasiri.co.in/kannadasiri/downloads/Rajothsava_List.pdf|website=Kannada Siri|accessdate=25 June 2017|archive-date=22 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322084457/http://siri.kannadasiri.co.in/kannadasiri/downloads/Rajothsava_List.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:TJS_George.JPG|upright|thumbnail|T. J. S. George]]

[[File:Dr. Sharan Shivraj Patil.jpg|upright|thumbnail|Sharan Patil]]

[[File:Pankaj Advani PHC 2012-1.jpg|upright|thumbnail|Pankaj Advani]]

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:73%"
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Recipient
! scope="col" style="width:23%" | Field
|-
! scope="row" | Sumitra Gandhi Kulkarni
|Literature
|-
! scope="row" | C. N. Ramachandran
|Literature
|-
! scope="row" | Chi. Srinivasaraju
|Literature
|-
! scope="row" | Ma. Na. Javaraiah
|Literature
|-
! scope="row" | G. N. Chakravarthy
|Literature
|-
! scope="row" | Laadsaheb Amingadh
|Theatre
|-
! scope="row" | Sarojamma P. Dhuttaragi
|Theatre
|-
! scope="row" | Sheshappa Gabbur
|Music
|-
! scope="row" | Basappa H. Bhajantri
|Music
|-
! scope="row" | Gourang Kodikal
|Dance
|-
! scope="row" | Master Vittal Shetty
|Dance
|-
! scope="row" | Geetha Daathar
|Folklore
|-
! scope="row" | Savanthramma Sabanna Sunnagar
|Folklore
|-
! scope="row" | Honnamma
|Folklore
|-
! scope="row" | Syed Saab Ladkhan
|Folklore
|-
! scope="row" | Maachaar Gopal Naika
|Folklore
|-
! scope="row" | Seenappa Bhandari
|Yakshagana
|-
! scope="row" | M. R. Balekaayi
|Fine Arts
|-
! scope="row" | S. Shankaranarayanacharya
|Sculpture
|-
! scope="row" | [[Parvathamma Rajkumar]]
|Cinema
|-
! scope="row" | [[Anant Nag]]
|Cinema
|-
! scope="row" | [[Suresh Urs]]
|Cinema
|-
! scope="row" | [[T. J. S. George]]
|Journalism
|-
! scope="row" | Sarajoo Katkar
|Journalism
|-
! scope="row" | Ponnappa
|Journalism
|-
! scope="row" | Abdul Khalik
|Journalism
|-
! scope="row" | Ghaini Lalsingh Jaamkar
|Medicine
|-
! scope="row" | H. K. Nagaraj
|Medicine
|-
! scope="row" | Sharan Patil
|Medicine
|-
! scope="row" | K. V. Devadiga
|Medicine
|-
! scope="row" | Rajan Deshpande
|Medicine
|-
! scope="row" | Channabasappa Halahalli
|Education
|-
! scope="row" | B. N. Brahmacharya
|Education
|-
! scope="row" | K. Balaveera Reddy
|Education
|-
! scope="row" | Nagesh Hegde
|Environment
|-
! scope="row" | Bharamagowda
|Agriculture
|-
! scope="row" | G. T. Narayana Rao
|Science
|-
! scope="row" | P. K. Shetty
|Science
|-
! scope="row" | H. Y. Rajagopal
|Overseas Kannadiga
|-
! scope="row" | Shekhar Babu Shetty
|Overseas Kannadiga
|-
! scope="row" | [[Pankaj Arjan Advani|Pankaj Advani]]
|Sports
|-
! scope="row" | B. C. Suresh
|Sports
|-
! scope="row" | G. Shankar Family Trust
|Social Work
|-
! scope="row" | Y. M. S. Sharma
|Social Work
|-
! scope="row" | M. G. Bopaiah
|Social Work
|-
! scope="row" | T. V. Narayana Shastry
|Social Work
|-
! scope="row" | Moolchand Nahar
|Social Work
|-
! scope="row" | A. Sundar
|Research
|-
! scope="row" | D. N. Shankara Bhat
|Research
|-
! scope="row" | [[K. T. Pandurangi]]
|Research
|-
! scope="row" | Srinivas Ritthi
|Research
|-
|}

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Rajyotsava Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2007]]

Bhalgaon

2026-01-19T05:13:22Z

MavisHelena6948: Added basic entry needs work

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhalgaon
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = 
| image_caption = 
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{Coord|24.733220|71.087519|}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Barmer District]]
| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name3 = Sedwa Tehsil
| subdivision_type4 = Division
| subdivision_name4 = [[Jodhpur Division]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 
| founder = 
| named_for = 
| government_type = 
| governing_body = 
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 
| elevation_m = 218
| population_total = 
| population_as_of = 
| population_density_km2 = 
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| timezone1 = IST
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 344706
| area_code = 02989
| registration_plate = 
| website = 
| mapframe = yes
}}

'''Bhalgaon''' is a village situated in the [[Chohtan]] Tehsil of [[Barmer district|Barmer]] district in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]], within the [[Jodhpur division]]. It is approximately 60 kilometres to the south of the district headquarters, [[Barmer, Rajasthan|Barmer]], and has an elevation of 218 meters above sea level.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=english |title=BHALGAON Pin Code - 344706, Sedwa All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search BARMER Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/rajasthan/barmer/bhalgaon-pincode-344706.html |access-date=9 November 2023 |website=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhalgaon {{!}} Village {{!}} GeoIQ |url=https://geoiq.io/places/Bhalgaon/Village |access-date=9 November 2023 |website=geoiq.io }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

== Population ==
As of the [[2011 census of India|2011 India census]], the village has a total population of 3,119.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India - Census of India 2011 - Rajasthan - Series 09 - Part XII B - District Census Handbook, Barmer |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1077 |access-date=9 November 2023 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref> The village's PIN code is 344706, and its postal head office is located in [[Sedwa]].<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Barmer district}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhalgaon}}
[[Category:Villages in Barmer district]]

{{Jodhpurdivision-geo-stub}}

Junam Chunduru

2026-01-18T22:41:17Z

MavisHelena6948: starting new page - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}


{{Infobox settlement
| name = Zoonamchunduru
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Guntur district|Guntur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 22
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 522019
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = AP7
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Zoonamchunduru''' is a village in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref>

==Geography==
Zoonamchunduru is located at {{Coord|16.3008|N|80.4428|E|}}.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Guntur-geo-stub}}
[[Category:Villages in Guntur district]]

Trade route

2026-01-05T06:59:49Z

MavisHelena6948:

{{Short description|Path used to transport goods}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
[[File:Map of Central Asia with trade routes and movements, von Richthofen.png|thumb|350px|Map of Central Asia with its trade routes and movements between 128 [[Common Era|BCE]] to 150 [[Common Era|CE]]]]
{{Business logistics}}

A '''trade route''' is a [[Logistics|logistical network]] identified as a series of pathways and stoppages used for the commercial transport of cargo. The term can also be used to refer to trade over land or water.{{citation needed|reason=Where does this definition come from?|date=March 2025}} Allowing [[Good (economics and accounting)|goods]] to reach distant [[Market (economics)|markets]], a single trade route contains long-distance [[Arterial road|arteries]], which may further be connected to smaller networks of commercial and noncommercial transportation routes. Among notable trade routes was the [[Amber Road]], which served as a dependable network for long-distance trade.<ref name=Burns1/> [[Maritime trade]] along the [[Spice trade|Spice Route]] became prominent during the [[Middle Ages]], when nations resorted to military means for control of this influential route.<ref>Donkin 2003: 169.</ref> During the Middle Ages, organizations such as the [[Hanseatic League]], aimed at protecting interests of the merchants and trade became increasingly prominent.<ref name=Dollinger2/>

In [[modern history|modern times]], commercial activity shifted from the major trade routes of the [[Old World]] to newer routes between modern [[nation-states]]. This activity was sometimes carried out without traditional protection of trade and under international [[free trade|free-trade]] agreements, which allowed commercial goods to cross borders with relaxed restrictions.<ref name=Columbia2/> Innovative transportation of modern times includes [[pipeline transport]] and the relatively well-known trade involving [[railways|rail routes]], [[automobiles]], and [[cargo airline]]s.

==History==

===Development of early routes===

====Early development====
Long-distance trade routes were developed in the [[Chalcolithic]] period. The period from the middle of the 2nd millennium [[Common Era|BCE]] to the beginning of the [[Common Era]] saw societies in Southeast Asia, Western Asia, the Mediterranean, China, and the Indian subcontinent develop major transportation networks for trade.{{sfn|Bosworth|2000|p=274}}

One of the vital instruments which facilitated long-distance trade was [[portage]] and the domestication of [[Working animal|beasts of burden]].<ref name=Denemark7>Denemark 2000: 207</ref> Organized caravans, visible by the 2nd millennium BCE,<ref name=Denemark8>Denemark 2000: 208</ref> could carry goods across a large distance as fodder was mostly available along the way.<ref name=Denemark7/> The domestication of [[camel]]s allowed [[Arabian]] [[nomads]] to control the long-distance trade in [[spice]]s and [[silk]] from the [[Far East]] to the [[Arabian Peninsula]].<ref>Stearns 2001: 41.</ref> Caravans were useful in long-distance trade largely for carrying luxury goods, the transportation of cheaper goods across large distances was not profitable for caravan operators.<ref name=Denemark9>Denemark 2000: 213.</ref> With productive developments in iron and bronze technologies, newer trade routes – dispensing innovations of civilizations – began to rise.{{sfn|Modelski|2000|p=39}}

====Maritime trade====
{{Main|Maritime transport}}
{{See also|Maritime Jade Road|Maritime Silk Road}}

[[File:A Bantenese or Javanese jong in Gezicht op de stad Bantam, RP-P-1886-A-11180.jpg|thumb|A [[Javanese jong]], a large Javanese vessel from the 11th−17th century. Shown with the characteristic [[tanja sail]] of Southeast Asian [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesians]].]]
[[File:Dhow.jpg|right|thumb|Much of the [[Radhanite]]s' [[Indian Ocean]] trade would have depended on coastal cargo-ships such as this [[dhow]].]]

Navigation was known in [[Sumer]] between the 4th and the 3rd millennium BCE.<ref name=Denemark8/> The [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptians]] had trade routes through the [[Red Sea]], importing spices from the "[[Land of Punt]]" ([[East Africa]]) and from Arabia.<ref>Rawlinson 2001: 11–12.</ref>

In Asia, the earliest evidence of maritime trade was the [[Neolithic]] trade networks of the [[Austronesian peoples]] among which is the ''[[lingling-o]]'' [[jade]] industry of the [[Philippines]], [[Taiwan]], southern [[Vietnam]] and peninsular [[Thailand]]. It also included the long-distance routes of Austronesian traders from [[Indonesia]] and [[Malaysia]] connecting [[China]] with [[South Asia]] and the [[Middle East]] since approximately 500 BCE. It facilitated the spread of Southeast Asian spices and Chinese goods to the west, as well as the spread of [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]] to the east. This route would later become known as the [[Maritime Silk Road]], although that is a misnomer, since spices, rather than silk, were traded along this route. Many Austronesian technologies like the [[outrigger]] and [[catamaran]], as well as Austronesian ship terminologies, still persist in many of the coastal cultures in the [[Indian Ocean]].<ref name="Bellina">{{cite book |first1=Bérénice |last1=Bellina |editor1-first=John |editor1-last=Guy |title=Lost Kingdoms of Early Southeast Asia: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture 5th to 8th century |chapter=Southeast Asia and the Early Maritime Silk Road |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2014 |pages=22–25 |isbn=9781588395245 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263007720}}</ref><ref name="Doran1974">{{cite journal |last1=Doran |first1=Edwin Jr. |title=Outrigger Ages |journal=The Journal of the Polynesian Society |date=1974 |volume=83 |issue=2 |pages=130–140 |url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_83_1974/Volume_83%2C_No._2/Outrigger_ages%2C_by_Edwin_Doran_Jnr.%2C_p_130-140/p1 |access-date=20 June 2019 |archive-date=18 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118071139/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_83_1974/Volume_83,_No._2/Outrigger_ages,_by_Edwin_Doran_Jnr.,_p_130-140/p1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Mahdi1999">{{cite book|first1= Waruno|last1=Mahdi|editor1-last =Blench|editor1-first= Roger |editor2-last=Spriggs|editor2-first=Matthew|title =Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts|chapter =The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean|volume = 34|publisher =[[Routledge]]|series =One World Archaeology |year =1999|pages=144–179|isbn =978-0415100540}}</ref>

Maritime trade began with safer coastal trade and evolved with the manipulation of the monsoon winds, soon resulting in trade crossing boundaries such as the [[Arabian Sea]] and the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref name="Denemark3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aurlaea.com/article-177-ancient_trade_and_civilization.html|title = Ancient Trade and Civilization | World | Aurlaea}}</ref> [[South Asia]] had multiple maritime trade routes which connected it to [[Southeast Asia]], thereby making the control of one route resulting in maritime monopoly difficult.<ref name=Denemark3/> Indian connections to various Southeast Asian states buffered it from blockages on other routes.<ref name=Denemark3/> By making use of the maritime trade routes, [[Roman commerce#Commercial infrastructure|bulk commodity trade]] became possible for the [[Ancient Romans|Romans]] in the 2nd century BCE.<ref name=Toutain1>Toutain 1979: 243.</ref> A Roman trading vessel could span the Mediterranean in a month at [[Roman commerce#Sea routes|one-sixtieth the cost]] of [[Roman commerce#Land routes|over-land routes]].<ref>Scarre 1995.</ref>

====Visible trade routes====
[[File:Roadevol.svg|thumb|right|Evolution of Indian trade networks. The main map shows the routes since [[Mughal empire|Mughal times]], Inset A shows the major prehistorical cultural currents, B: pre-[[Maurya]]n routes, C: Mauryan routes, D: routes {{Circa|1st century CE}}, and E: the Z-shaped region of developed roads.]]
The peninsula of [[Anatolia]] lay on the commercial land routes to Europe from Asia as well as the sea route from the Mediterranean to the [[Black Sea]].<ref name=Streans1>Stearns 2001: 37.</ref> Records from the 19th century BCE attest to the existence of an [[Assyria]]n merchant colony at [[Kanesh]] in [[Cappadocia]] (now in modern [[Turkey]]).<ref name=Streans1/> Trading networks of the Old World included the [[Grand Trunk Road]] of India and the [[Incense Route|Incense Road]] of [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]].{{sfn|Bosworth|2000|p=274}} A transportation network consisting of hard-surfaced highways, using concrete made from volcanic ash and lime, was built by the Romans as early as 312 BCE, during the times of the [[Roman censor|Censor]] [[Appius Claudius Caecus]].<ref name=EBRome>Roman road system (''Encyclopædia Britannica'' 2002).</ref> Parts of the Mediterranean world, [[Roman Britain]], [[Tigris-Euphrates]] river system and North Africa fell under the reach of this network at some point of their history.<ref name=EBRome/>

According to Andrew Sherratt:

<blockquote>
"The spread of urban trading networks, and their extension along the [[Persian Gulf]] and eastern Mediterranean, created a complex molecular structure of regional foci so that as well as the zonation of core and periphery (originally created around [[Mesopotamia]]) there was a series of interacting civilizations: Mesopotamia, Egypt, the [[Indus Valley civilisation|Indus Valley]]; then also [[Syria]], central Anatolia ([[Hittites]]) and the [[Aegean civilization|Aegean]] ([[Minoans]] and [[Mycenaeans]]). Beyond this was a margin which included not only [[temperate]] areas such as Europe, but the dry [[steppe]] corridor of [[central Asia]]. This was truly a world system, even though it occupied only a restricted portion of the western Old World. Whilst each civilization emphasized its ideological autonomy, all were identifiably part of a common world of interacting components."{{sfn|Sherratt|2000|p=124}}
</blockquote>

These routes – spreading [[religion]], trade and technology – have historically been vital to the growth of urban civilization.{{sfn|Sherratt|2000|p=126}} The extent of development of cities, and the level of their integration into a larger world system, has often been attributed to their position in various active transport networks.{{sfn|Bosworth|2000|p=273}}

===Historic trade routes===

====Combined land and waterway routes====

=====Incense Route=====
{{main|Incense trade route}}
The Incense Route served as a channel for trading of Indian, Arabian and East Asian goods.<ref name=Yemen1>{{cite web| title = Traders of the Gold and Incense Road| publisher = Message of the Republic of Yemen, Berlin| url = http://www.botschaft-jemen.de/Geschichte.htm| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070908173824/http://www.botschaft-jemen.de/Geschichte.htm| archive-date = 8 September 2007}}</ref> The incense trade flourished from South Arabia to the Mediterranean between roughly the 3rd century BCE to the 2nd century CE.<ref name=UNESCO1>{{cite web| title = Incense Route – Desert Cities in the Negev| publisher = UNESCO| url = https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1107}}</ref> This trade was crucial to the economy of [[Yemen]] and the [[frankincense]] and [[myrrh]] trees were seen as a source of wealth by its rulers.<ref>Glasse 2001: 59.</ref>

[[Ptolemy II Philadelphus]], emperor of [[Ptolemaic Egypt]], may have forged an alliance with the [[Lihyan]]ites in order to secure the incense route at [[Al-'Ula|Dedan]], thereby rerouting the incense trade from Dedan to the coast along the Red Sea to Egypt.<ref>Kitchen 1994: 46.</ref> [[I. E. S. Edwards]] connects the [[Syro-Ephraimite War]] to the desire of the [[Israelites]] and the [[Aramaeans]] to control the northern end of the Incense route, which ran up from Southern Arabia and could be tapped by commanding [[Transjordan (region)|Transjordan]].<ref>Edwards 1969: 329.</ref>

[[Gerrha]] – inhabited by [[Chaldea]]n exiles from [[Babylon]] – controlled the Incense trade routes across Arabia to the Mediterranean and exercised control over the trading of [[aromatics]] to Babylon in the 1st century BCE.<ref>Larsen 1983: 56.</ref> The [[Nabateans]] exercised control over the routes along the Incense Route, and their hold was challenged – without success – by [[Antigonus Cyclops]], emperor of Syria.<ref name=Eckenstein1>Eckenstein 2005: 49.</ref> The Nabatean control over trade further increased and spread in many directions.<ref name=Eckenstein1/>

The replacement of Greece by the [[Roman empire]] as the administrator of the Mediterranean basin led to the resumption of direct trade with the East and the elimination of the taxes extracted previously by the middlemen of the south.<ref name=Lach1>Lach 1994: 13.</ref> According to Milo Kearney (2003) "The South Arabs in protest took to pirate attacks over the Roman ships in the [[Gulf of Aden]]. In response, the Romans destroyed Aden and favored the Western Abyssinian coast of the Red Sea."<ref>Kearney 2003: 42.</ref> Indian ships sailed to Egypt as the maritime routes of Southern Asia were not under the control of a single power.<ref name=Lach1/>

=====Pre-Columbian trade=====
{{Further|Inca road system}}

Some similarities between the [[Mesoamerica]]n and the [[Andean]] cultures suggest that the two regions became a part of a wider world system, as a result of trade, by the 1st millennium BCE.{{sfn|Hornborg|2000|p=252}} The current academic view is that the flow of goods across the Andean slopes was controlled by institutions distributing locations to local groups, who were then free to access them for trading. This trade across the Andean slopes – described sometimes as "vertical trade" – may have overshadowed the long-distance trade between the people of the Andes and the neighboring forests. The [[Callawaya]] herbalists traded in tropical plants between 6th and the 10th centuries, while copper was dealt by specialized merchants in the [[Peru]]vian valley of [[Chincha Alta|Chincha]]. Long-distance trade may have seen local elites resorting to struggle in order for manipulation and control.{{sfn|Hornborg|2000|p=239}}

Prior to the [[Inca]] dominance, specialized long-distance merchants provided the highlanders with goods such as gold nuggets, copper hatchets, cocoa, salt etc. for redistribution among the locals, and were key players in the politics of the region.<ref name=Denemark6>Denemark 2000: 241</ref> Hatchet shaped copper currency was produced by the [[Peruvian people]], in order to obtain valuables from [[pre Columbian]] [[Ecuador]].<ref name=Denemark6/> A maritime exchange system stretched from the west coast of Mexico to southernmost Peru, trading mostly in [[Spondylus]], which represented rain and fertility and was considered the principal food of the gods by the people of the [[Inca empire]].<ref name=Denemark6/> Spondylus was used in elite rituals, and the effective redistribution of it had political effect in the Andes during the pre-Hispanic times.<ref name=Denemark6/>

====Predominantly overland routes====

=====Silk Road=====
{{main|Silk Road}}
[[File:Transasia trade routes 1stC CE gr2.png|thumb|upright=1.45|right|Trading routes used around the 1st century CE centred on the [[Silk Road]] ]]
The Silk Road was one of the first trade routes to join the [[Eastern world|Eastern]] and the [[Western world]]s.<ref name=Elisseeff1>Elisseeff 2000: 326.</ref> According to Vadime Elisseeff (2000):<ref name=Elisseeff1/>

<blockquote>
"Along the Silk Roads, technology traveled, ideas were exchanged, and friendship and understanding between East and West were experienced for the first time on a large scale. Easterners were exposed to Western ideas and life-styles, and Westerners, too, learned about Eastern culture and its spirituality-oriented cosmology. [[Buddhism]] as an Eastern religion received international attention through the Silk Roads."
</blockquote>

Cultural interactions patronized often by powerful emperors, such as [[Kanishka]], led to development of art due to introduction of a rich variety of influences.<ref name=Elisseeff1/> [[Silk Road transmission of Buddhism|Buddhist missions]] thrived along the Silk Roads, partly due to the conducive intermixing of trade and cultural values, which created a series of safe stoppages for both the [[pilgrim]]s and the [[trading|traders]].<ref name=Elisseeff2>Elisseeff 2000: 5.</ref> The Silk Roads led to the creation of a merchant class urban centers and the growth of trade-based economies. Among the frequented routes of the Silk Route was the [[Myanmar|Burmese]] route extending from [[Bhamo]], which served as a path for [[Marco Polo]]'s visit to [[Yunnan]] and Indian Buddhist missions to [[Guangzhou|Canton]] in order to establish [[Buddhist monasteries]].<ref name=Elisseeff3>Elisseeff 2000: 14</ref> This route – often under the presence of hostile tribes – also finds mention in the works of [[Rashid-al-Din Hamadani]].<ref name=Elisseeff3/>

=====Grand Trunk Road=====
[[File:Busy Grand Trunk Road in India, section Ambala ←→ Delhi 1940s.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.15|For centuries, the Grand Trunk Road has served as the main artery for travel across Northern India. A scene from the [[Ambala]] [[cantonment]] during the days of the [[British Raj]].]]
{{main|Grand Trunk Road}}
The Grand Trunk Road – connecting [[Chittagong]] in Bangladesh to [[Peshawar]] in Pakistan – has existed for over two and a half [[millennia]].<ref name=Elisseeff4>Elisseeff 2000: 158.</ref> One of the important trade routes of the world, this road has been a strategic artery with [[fortress]]es, halting posts, [[Water well|wells]], [[post office]]s, [[milestone]]s and other facilities.<ref name=Elisseeff4/> Part of this road through Pakistan also coincided with the Silk Road.<ref name=Elisseeff4/>

This highway has been associated with emperors [[Chandragupta Maurya]] and [[Sher Shah Suri]], the latter became synonymous with this route due to his role in ensuring the safety of the travelers and the upkeep of the road.<ref name=Elisseeff5>Elisseeff 2000: 161.</ref> Emperor Sher Shah widened and realigned the road to other routes, and provided approximately 1700 roadside [[Public house#Inns|inns]] through his empire.<ref name=Elisseeff5/> These inns provided free food and lodgings to the travelers regardless of their status.<ref name=Elisseeff5/>

The British occupation of this road was of special significance for the [[British Raj]] in India.<ref name=Elisseeff6>Elisseeff 2000: 163</ref> Bridges, pathways and newer inns were constructed by the British for the first thirty-seven years of their reign since the occupation of [[Punjab region|Punjab]] in 1849.<ref name=Elisseeff6/> The British followed roughly the same alignment as the old routes, and at some places the newer routes ran parallel to the older routes.<ref name=Elisseeff6/>

Vadime Elisseeff (2000) comments on the Grand Trunk Road:<ref>Elisseeff 2000: 178.</ref>
<blockquote>
"Along this road marched not only the mighty armies of conquerors, but also the caravans of traders, scholars, artists, and common folk. Together with people, moved ideas, languages, customs, and cultures, not just in one, but in both directions. At different meeting places – permanent as well as temporary – people of different origins and from different cultural backgrounds, professing different faiths and creeds, eating different foods, wearing different clothes, and speaking different languages and dialects would meet one another peacefully. They would understand one another's food, dress, manner, and etiquette, and even borrow words, phrases, idioms and, at times, whole languages from others."
</blockquote>

=====Amber Road=====
{{main|Amber Road}}
The Amber Road was a European trade route associated with the trade and transport of [[amber]].<ref name=Burns1>Burns 2003: 213.</ref> Amber satisfied the criteria for long-distance trade as it was light in weight and was in high demand for ornamental purposes around the Mediterranean.<ref name=Burns1/> Before the establishment of Roman control over areas such as [[Pannonia]], the Amber Road was virtually the only route available for long-distance trade.<ref name=Burns1/>

Towns along the Amber Road began to rise steadily during the 1st century CE, despite the troop movements under [[Vespasian|Titus Flavius Vespasianus]] and his son [[Domitian|Titus Flavius Domitianus]].<ref>Burns 2003: 216.</ref>
Under the reign of [[Tiberius|Tiberius Caesar Augustus]], the Amber Road was straightened and paved according to the prevailing urban standards.<ref name=Burns2>Burns 2003: 211.</ref> Roman towns began to appear along the road, initially founded near the site of [[Celts|Celtic]] ''[[oppida]]''.<ref name=Burns2/>

The 3rd century saw the [[Danube]] river become the principal artery of trade, eclipsing the Amber Road and other commercial routes.<ref name=Burns1/> The redirection of investment to the Danubian forts saw the towns along the Amber Road growing slowly, though yet retaining their prosperity.<ref>Burns 2003: 229.</ref> The prolonged struggle between the Romans and the barbarians further left its mark on the towns along the Amber Road.<ref>Burns 2003: 231.</ref>

=====Via Maris=====
[[File:Ancient Levant routes.png|thumb|right|upright=1.15|The Via Maris (purple), [[King's Highway (ancient)|King's Highway]] (red), and other ancient Levantine trade routes, c. 1300 BCE]]
{{main|Via Maris}}
Via Maris, literally [[Latin]] for "the way of the sea",<ref>Orlinsky 1981: 1064.</ref> was an ancient highway used by the Romans and the [[Crusaders]].<ref name=Orlinsky1>Orlinsky 1981: 1065</ref> The states controlling the Via Maris were in a position to grant access for trade to their own citizens and collect tolls from the outsiders to maintain the trade route.<ref name=Silver1>Silver 1983: 49.</ref> The name ''Via Maris'' is a Latin translation of a [[Hebrew]] phrase related to [[Isaiah]].<ref name=Orlinsky1/> Due to the [[biblical]] significance of this ancient route, many attempts to find its present-day location have been made by [[Christians|Christian]] pilgrims.<ref name=Orlinsky1/> 13th-century traveler and pilgrim Burchard of [[Mount Zion]] refers to the Via Maris route as a way leading along the shore of the [[Sea of Galilee]].<ref name=Orlinsky1/>

=====Trans Saharan trade=====
{{main|Trans-Saharan trade}}
[[File:Niger saharan medieval trade routes.PNG|thumb|upright=1.15|left|Saharan trade routes circa 1400, with the modern territory of [[Niger]] highlighted; [[Tuareg people]], who exercised influence over the Trans Saharan Trade.<ref>{{cite web | title = Art of Being Tuareg: Sahara Nomads in a modern world.| publisher = Smithsonian National Museum of African art| url = http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/tuareg/who.html}}</ref>]]
Early Muslim writings confirm that the people of [[West Africa]] operated a sophisticated network of trade, usually under the authority of a monarch who levied taxes and provided bureaucratic and military support to his kingdom.<ref name=EB1>western Africa, history of (Encyclopædia Britannica 2002)</ref> Sophisticated mechanisms for the economic and political development of the involved African areas were in place before [[Islam]] further strengthened trade, towns and government in western Africa.<ref name=EB1/> The capital, court and trade of the region find mention in the works of scholar [[Abū 'Ubayd 'Abd Allāh al-Bakrī]]; the mainstay of the trans [[Sahara desert|Saharan]] trade was gold and salt.<ref name=EB1/>

The powerful Saharan tribes, [[Berber people|Berber]] in origin and later adapting to Muslim and Arab cultures, controlled the channels to western Africa by making efficient use of horse-drawn vehicles and pack animals.<ref name=EB1/> The [[Songhai people|Songhai]] engaged in a struggle against the Sa'di dynasty of [[Morocco]] over the control of the trans Saharan trade, resulting in damage on both sides and a weak Moroccan victory, further strengthening the uninvolved Saharan tribes.<ref name=EB1/> Struggles and disturbances continued till the 14th century, by which the [[Mandé peoples|Mandé]] merchants were trading with the [[Hausa people|Hausa]], between [[Lake Chad]] and the [[Niger]].<ref name=EB1/> Newer trade routes developed following extension of trade.<ref name=EB1/>

====Predominantly maritime routes====
=====Austronesian maritime trade network=====
{{See also|Lingling-o|Marshall Islands stick chart|Micronesian navigation|Polynesian navigation|Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere|Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network}}
[[File:Austronesian maritime trade network in the Indian Ocean.png|thumb|upright=1.15|[[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] [[Spice trade|proto-historic]] and [[Maritime Silk Road|historic]] maritime trade network in the [[Indian Ocean]]<ref name="Manguin2016">{{cite book|first1=Pierre-Yves |last1=Manguin|editor1-first=Gwyn |editor1-last=Campbell|title =Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World |chapter =Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships|publisher =Palgrave Macmillan|year =2016|pages=51–76|isbn =9783319338224|chapter-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=XsvDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA50}}</ref>]]
Long-distance maritime trade in the Indian Ocean were first established by the [[Austronesian peoples]] of [[Island Southeast Asia]].<ref name="Sen">{{cite journal |last1=Sen |first1=Tansen |title=Maritime Southeast Asia Between South Asia and China to the Sixteenth Century |journal=TRaNS: Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia |date=January 2014 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=31–59 |doi=10.1017/trn.2013.15}}</ref><ref name="Manguin2016"/> They established trade routes with [[Southern India]] and [[Sri Lanka]] as early as 1500 BCE, ushering an exchange of material culture (like [[catamaran]]s, [[outrigger boat]]s, sewn-plank boats, and [[paan]]) and [[cultigen]]s (like [[coconut]]s, [[sandalwood]], [[banana]]s, [[sugarcane]], [[cloves]], and [[nutmeg]]); as well as connecting the material cultures of India and China.<ref name="Olivera">{{cite journal |last1=Olivera |first1=Baldomero |last2=Hall |first2=Zach |last3=Granberg |first3=Bertrand |title=Reconstructing Philippine history before 1521: the Kalaga Putuan Crescent and the Austronesian maritime trade network |journal=SciEnggJ |date=31 March 2024 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=71–85 |doi=10.54645/2024171ZAK-61}}</ref><ref name="Zumbroich2007">{{cite journal |last1=Zumbroich |first1=Thomas J. |date=2007–2008 |title=The origin and diffusion of betel chewing: a synthesis of evidence from South Asia, Southeast Asia and beyond |url=https://ugp.rug.nl/eJIM/article/download/24712/22162 |url-status=live |journal=eJournal of Indian Medicine |volume=1 |pages=87–140 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323014003/https://ugp.rug.nl/eJIM/article/download/24712/22162 |archive-date=23 March 2019 }}</ref><ref name="danielsmenzies1996">{{cite book|editor1-first=Joseph|editor1-last=Needham|first1=Christian|last1=Daniels|first2=Nicholas K.|last2=Menzies|title=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 3, Agro-Industries and Forestry|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1996|pages=177–185|isbn=9780521419994|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DzqPvHlFkV4C&pg=PR8}}</ref><ref name="Mahdi1999"/> They constituted the majority of the Indian Ocean component of the [[spice trade]] network. [[Ethnic groups in Indonesia|Indonesians]], in particular were trading in spices (mainly [[cinnamon]] and [[Cassia bark|cassia]]) with [[East Africa]] using [[catamaran]] and outrigger boats and sailing with the help of the [[Westerlies]] in the Indian Ocean. This trade network expanded to reach as far as [[Africa]] and the [[Arabian Peninsula]], resulting in the Austronesian colonization of [[Madagascar]] by the first half of the first millennium [[Common Era|CE]].{{Disputed inline|talk=Talk:Trade route#Date of colonisation of Madagascar|date=February 2025}} It continued up to historic times, later becoming the [[Maritime Silk Road]].<ref name="Manguin2016"/><ref name="Doran1974"/><ref name="Mahdi1999"/><ref name="Doran1981">{{cite book |last1=Doran |first1=Edwin B. |title=Wangka: Austronesian Canoe Origins |date=1981 |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |isbn=9780890961070}}</ref><ref name="BlenchFruits">{{cite journal |last1=Blench |first1=Roger |title=Fruits and arboriculture in the Indo-Pacific region |journal=Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association |date=2004 |volume=24 |issue=The Taipei Papers (Volume 2) |pages=31–50 |url=https://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/BIPPA/article/viewFile/11869/10496}}</ref> This trade network also included smaller trade routes within [[Island Southeast Asia]], including the [[lingling-o]] jade network, and the [[trepanging]] network.

In eastern [[Austronesia]], various traditional maritime trade networks also existed. Among them was the ancient [[Lapita Culture|Lapita trade network]] of [[Island Melanesia]];<ref name="friedlaender"/> the [[Hiri trade cycle]], [[Sepik Coast exchange]], and the [[Kula ring]] of [[Papua New Guinea]];<ref name="friedlaender">{{cite book |last1=Friedlaender |first1=Jonathan S. |title=Genes, Language, & Culture History in the Southwest Pacific |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195300307 |page=28 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HH48DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28}}</ref> the ancient trading voyages in [[Micronesia]] between the [[Mariana Islands]] and the [[Caroline Islands]] (and possibly also [[New Guinea]] and the [[Philippines]]);<ref name="Cunningham">{{cite book |last1=Cunningham |first1=Lawrence J. |title=Ancient Chamorro Society |date=1992 |publisher=Bess Press |isbn=9781880188057 |pages=195 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9r0a2ww8KLcC&pg=PA195}}</ref> and the vast inter-island trade networks of [[Polynesia]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Borrell |first1=Brendan |title=Stone tool reveals lengthy Polynesian voyage |journal=Nature |date=27 September 2007 |pages=news070924–9 |doi=10.1038/news070924-9 |s2cid=161331467 |url=https://www.nature.com/news/2007/070924/full/070924-9.html|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=====Roman-India routes=====
{{main|Roman trade with India|Indo-Mediterranean}}
[[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|left|thumb|upright=1.15|Roman trade with India according to the ''Periplus Maris Erythraei,'' 1st century CE]]
The [[Ptolemaic dynasty]] (305 to 30 BCE) had initiated [[Greco-Roman]] maritime trade contact with India using the Red Sea ports.<ref name=Shaw1>Shaw 2003: 426.</ref> The Roman historian [[Strabo]] mentions a vast increase in trade following the Roman annexation of Egypt, indicating that monsoon was known and manipulated for trade in his time.<ref>Young 2001: 20.</ref> By the time of [[Augustus]] up to 120 ships were setting sail every year from [[Myos Hormos]] to India,<ref name=Strabo1>{{cite web| title = ''The Geography of Strabo'' |work = Vol. I of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1917|url = https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/2E1.html}}</ref> trading in a diverse variety of goods.<ref name=Periplus1/> [[Arsinoe (Gulf of Suez)|Arsinoe]],<ref name=Lindsay1>Lindsay 2006: 101</ref> [[Berenice Troglodytica]] and Myos Hormos were the principal Roman ports involved in this maritime trading network,<ref name=Freeman1>Freeman 2003: 72</ref> while the Indian ports included [[Barbarikon|Barbaricum]], [[Bharuch|Barygaza]], [[Muziris]] and [[Arikamedu]].<ref name=Periplus1>{{cite web| last = Halsall | first = Paul | title = Ancient History Sourcebook: The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century| publisher = Fordham University| url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/periplus.html}}</ref>

The Indians were present in [[Alexandria]]<ref name=Lach2>Lach 1994: 18.</ref> and the Christian and [[Jewish]] settlers from Rome continued to live in India long after the fall of the Roman empire,<ref name=Curtin1>Curtin 1984: 100.</ref> which resulted in Rome's loss of the [[Red Sea]] ports,<ref name=Holl1>Holl 2003: 9.</ref> previously used to secure trade with India by the Greco-Roman world since the time of the Ptolemaic dynasty.<ref name=Lindsay1/>

=====Hanseatic trade=====
{{main|Hanseatic League}}
[[File:Haupthandelsroute Hanse.png|thumb|upright=1.15|Main trading routes of the Hanseatic League]]
Shortly before the 12th century the [[Germans]] played a relatively modest role in the north European trade.<ref>Dollinger 1999: 9.</ref> However, this was to change with the development of Hanseatic trade, as a result of which German traders became prominent in the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]] and the [[North Sea]] regions.<ref>Dollinger 1999: 42.</ref> Following the death of [[Eric VI of Denmark]], German forces attacked and sacked Denmark, bringing with them artisans and merchants under the new administration which controlled the Hansa regions.<ref name=Dollinger1>Dollinger 1999: page 54</ref> During the third quarter of the 14th century the Hanseatic trade faced two major difficulties: economic conflict with the [[Flanders]] and hostilities with Denmark.<ref name=Dollinger2>Dollinger 1999: 62.</ref> These events led to the formation of an organized association of Hanseatic towns, which replaced the earlier union of German merchants.<ref name=Dollinger2/> This new Hansa of the towns, aimed at protecting interests of the merchants and trade, was prominent for the next hundred and fifty years.<ref name=Dollinger2/>

Philippe Dollinger associates the downfall of the Hansa to a new alliance between [[Lübeck]], [[Hamburg]] and [[Bremen]], which outshadowed the older institution.<ref name=Dollinger3>Dollinger 1999: page xix</ref> He further sets the date of dissolution of the Hansa at 1630<ref name=Dollinger3/> and concludes that the Hansa was almost entirely forgotten by the end of the 18th century.<ref name=Dollinger4>Dollinger 1999: xx.</ref> Scholar [[Georg Friedrich Sartorius]] published the first [[monograph]] regarding the community in the early years of the 19th century.<ref name=Dollinger4/>

=====From the Varangians to the Greek=====
{{main|Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks}}

The trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks ({{langx|ru|Путь "из варяг в греки"}}, ''Put' iz varyag v greki'', {{langx|sv|Vägen från varjagerna till grekerna}}, {{langx|el|Εμπορική Οδός Βαράγγων – Ελλήνων}}, ''Emporikḗ Odós Varángōn-Ellḗnōn'') was a trade route that connected Scandinavia, Kievan Rus' and the Byzantine Empire. The route allowed traders along the route to establish a direct prosperous trade with Byzantium, and prompted some of them to settle in the territories of present-day Belarus, Russia and Ukraine.

The route began in Scandinavian trading centres such as Birka, Hedeby, and Gotland, crossed the Baltic Sea entered the Gulf of Finland, followed the Neva River into the Lake Ladoga. Then it followed the Volkhov River, upstream past the towns of Staraya Ladoga and Velikiy Novgorod, crossed Lake Ilmen, and up the Lovat River. From there, ships had to be portaged to the Dnieper River near Gnezdovo. A second route from the Baltic to the Dnieper was along the Western Dvina (Daugava) between the Lovat and the Dnieper in the Smolensk region, and along the Kasplya River to Gnezdovo. Along the Dnieper, the route crossed several major [[Dnieper Rapids|rapids]] and passed through Kiev, and after entering the Black Sea followed its west coast to Constantinople.

=====Maritime republics' Mediterranean trade=====
{{Further|Maritime Republics}}
[[File:Republik Venedig Handelswege01.png|thumb|upright=1.15|[[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] (red) and [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] (green) maritime trade routes in the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]]]]

The economic growth of [[Europe]] around the year 1000, together with the lack of safety on the mainland trading routes, eased the development of major commercial routes along the coast of the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]]. The growing independence of some coastal cities gave them a leading role in this commerce: [[Maritime Republics]], Italian "''Repubbliche Marinare''" ([[Republic of Venice|Venice]], [[Republic of Genoa|Genoa]], [[Duchy of Amalfi|Amalfi]], [[Republic of Pisa|Pisa]], [[Duchy of Gaeta|Gaeta]], [[Republic of Ancona|Ancona]] and [[Republic of Ragusa|Ragusa]]<ref name =sea>G. Benvenuti - Le Repubbliche Marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova, Venezia - Newton & Compton editori, Roma 1989; Armando Lodolini, ''Le repubbliche del mare'', Biblioteca di storia patria, 1967, Roma.</ref>), developed their own "empires" in the [[Mediterranean]] shores.

From the 8th until the 15th century, Venetian and genoese merchants held the monopoly of European trade with the Middle East. The [[Silk Road|silk]] and [[spice trade]], involving [[spice]]s, [[incense]], [[herb]]s, [[drug]]s and [[opium]], made these Mediterranean city-states phenomenally rich. Spices were among the most expensive and demanded products of the Middle Ages. They were all imported from Asia and Africa. Muslim traders – mainly descendants of Arab sailors from [[Yemen]] and [[Oman]] – controlled maritime routes throughout the Indian Ocean, tapping source regions in the [[Far East]] and shipping for trading emporiums in India, westward to [[Ormus]] in [[Persian Gulf]] and [[Jeddah]] in the [[Red Sea]]. From there, overland routes led to the Mediterranean coasts. Venetian merchants distributed then the goods through Europe until the rise of the [[Ottoman Empire]], that eventually led to the [[fall of Constantinople]] in 1453, barring Europeans from important combined-land-sea routes.

=====Spice Route=====
{{main|Spice trade}}
[[File:16th century Portuguese Spanish trade routes.png|thumb|upright=1.15|[[Portuguese India Armadas]] and trade routes (blue) since [[Vasco da Gama]]'s 1498 journey and the Spanish [[Manila galleon|Manila-Acapulco galleons]] trade routes (white) established in 1568]]
As trade between India and the [[Greco-Roman world]] increased<ref>At any rate, when [[Cornelius Gallus|Gallus]] was prefect of Egypt, I accompanied him and ascended the [[Nile]] as far as [[Aswan|Syene]] and the frontiers of [[Kingdom of Aksum|Ethiopia]], and I learned that as many as one hundred and twenty vessels were sailing from Myos Hormos to India, whereas formerly, under the Ptolemies, only a very few ventured to undertake the voyage and to carry on traffic in Indian merchandise. – Strabo (II.5.12.); [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/2E1*.html Source].</ref> spices became the main import from India to the Western world,<ref>Ball 2000: 131</ref> bypassing silk and other commodities.<ref>Ball 2000: 137.</ref> The Indian commercial connection with South East Asia proved vital to the merchants of Arabia and Persia during the 7th and 8th centuries.<ref>Donkin 2003: 59.</ref>

The [[Abbasids]] used Alexandria, [[Damietta]], [[Aden]] and [[Siraf]] as entry ports to India and China.<ref name=Donkin3>Donkin 2003: 91–92.</ref> Merchants arriving from India in the port city of Aden paid tribute in form of [[musk]], [[camphor]], [[ambergris]] and sandalwood to [[Ibn Ziyad]], the [[sultan]] of Yemen.<ref name=Donkin3/> [[Molucca]]n products shipped across the ports of Arabia to the Near East passed through the ports of India and [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name=Donkin4>Donkin 2003: 92</ref> Indian exports of spices find mention in the works of Ibn Khurdadhbeh (850 CE), al-Ghafiqi (1150), Ishak bin Imaran (907) and Al Kalkashandi (14th century).<ref name=Donkin4/> After reaching either the Indian or the Sri Lankan ports, spices were sometimes shipped to East Africa, where they were used for many purposes, including burial rites.<ref name=Donkin4/>

On the orders of [[Manuel I of Portugal]], four vessels under the command of navigator Vasco da Gama rounded the [[Cape of Good Hope]], continuing to the eastern coast of Africa to [[Malindi]] to sail across the Indian Ocean to [[History of Kozhikode|Calicut]].<ref name=Columbia1>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/ga/Gama-Vas.html Gama, Vasco da] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214112314/http://www.bartleby.com/65/ga/Gama-Vas.html |date=14 February 2009 }}. ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'', Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press.</ref> The wealth of the [[Indies]] was now open for the Europeans to explore; the [[Portuguese Empire]] was one of the early European empires to grow from spice trade.<ref name=Columbia1/>

=====Maritime Jade Road=====
{{Main|Maritime Jade Road}}
[[File:Lingling-o-X3.jpg|thumb|[[Lingling-o]] designs from the Philippines]]
The [[Maritime Jade Road]] was an extensive trading network connecting multiple areas in Southeast and East Asia. Its primary products were made of jade mined from [[Taiwan]] by animist [[Taiwanese indigenous peoples]] and processed mostly in the [[Philippines]] by animist indigenous Filipinos, especially in [[Batanes]], [[Luzon]], and [[Palawan]]. Some were also processed in [[Vietnam]], while the peoples of [[Malaysia]], [[Brunei]], [[Singapore]], [[Thailand]], [[Indonesia]], and [[Cambodia]] also participated in the massive animist-led trading network. Participants in the network at the time had a majority animist population. The maritime road is one of the most extensive sea-based trade networks of a single geological material in the prehistoric world. It was in existence for at least 3,000 years, where its peak production was from 2000 BCE to 500 CE, older than the [[Silk Road]] in mainland Eurasia or the later [[Maritime Silk Road]]. A notable artifact that the trading network made, the [[Lingling-o]] artifacts, were made by artisans around 500 BCE. The network began to wane during its final centuries from 500 CE until 1000 CE. The entire period of the network was a golden age for the diverse animist societies of the region.<ref>Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000), "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan", Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 20: 153–158, doi:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751</ref><ref>Turton, M. (2021). Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south. Taiwan’s relations with the Philippines date back millenia, so it’s a mystery that it’s not the jewel in the crown of the New Southbound Policy. Taiwan Times.</ref><ref>Everington, K. (2017). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News.</ref><ref name=Bellwood-2011>{{cite book |last1=Bellwood |first1=Peter |last2=Hung |first2=Hsiao-chun |last3=Lizuka |first3=Yoshiyuki |date=2011 |title=Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction |publisher=ArtPostAsia |pages= |s2cid=110906594 |oclc=1291765540 }} in: {{cite book |last=Aragon |first=Lorraine V. |editor1-last=Benitez-Johannot |editor1-first=Purissima |date=2011 |title=Paths of origins : the Austronesian heritage in the collections of the National Museum of the Philippines, the Museum Nasional Indonesia and the Netherlands Rijksmuseum voor Völkunde |publisher=ArtPostAsia |location=Manila |isbn=9789719429203 |oclc=1499871777 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-2c2QwAACAAJ}}</ref>

=====Maritime Silk Road=====
{{Main|Maritime Silk Road}}
[[File:介绍板二、海陆开拓.JPG|thumb|Map of the [[Maritime Silk Road]] ]]
The Maritime Silk Road refers to the [[Maritime history|maritime]] section of historic [[Silk Road]] that connects [[China]], [[Southeast Asia]], the [[Indian subcontinent]], [[Arabian Peninsula]], [[Somalia]] and all the way to [[Egypt]] and finally [[Europe]]. It flourished between 2nd-century BCE and 15th-century CE.<ref>{{cite web| title = Maritime Silk Road| work = SEAArch| url = https://www.southeastasianarchaeology.com/tag/maritime-silk-route/| access-date = 20 June 2019| archive-date = 5 January 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140105043328/http://www.southeastasianarchaeology.com/tag/maritime-silk-route/| url-status = dead}}</ref> Despite its association with China in recent centuries, the Maritime Silk Road was primarily established and operated by [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] sailors in Southeast Asia, and by [[Persian people|Persian]] and [[Arab people|Arab]] traders in the [[Arabian Sea]].<ref name="Guan"/>

The Maritime Silk Road developed from the earlier [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] [[spice trade]] networks of [[Islander Southeast Asians]] with [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Southern India]] (established 1000 to 600 BCE), as well as the earlier [[Maritime Jade Road]], known for ''[[lingling-o]]'' artifacts, in Southeast Asia, based in [[Taiwan]] and the [[Philippines]].<ref name="Bellina"/><ref name="Mahdi1999"/> For most of its history, Austronesian [[thalassocracies]] controlled the flow of the Maritime Silk Road, especially the [[polities]] around the [[straits]] of [[Malacca Strait|Malacca]] and [[Bangka Strait|Bangka]], the [[Malay Peninsula]], and the [[Mekong Delta]]; although Chinese records misidentified these kingdoms as being "Indian" due to the [[Indianization of Southeast Asia|Indianization]] of these regions. Prior to the 10th century, the route was primarily used by Southeast Asian traders, although [[Tamil people|Tamil]] and [[Persian people|Persian]] traders also sailed them.<ref name="Guan">{{cite journal |last1=Guan |first1=Kwa Chong |title=The Maritime Silk Road: History of an Idea |journal=NSC Working Paper |date=2016 |issue=23 |pages=1–30 |url=https://www.iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/nscwps23.pdf |access-date=20 June 2019 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308032342/https://www.iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/nscwps23.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The route was influential in the early spread of [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]] to the east.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sen |first1=Tansen |title=Maritime Southeast Asia Between South Asia and China to the Sixteenth Century |journal=TRaNS: Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia |date=3 February 2014 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=31–59 |doi=10.1017/trn.2013.15|s2cid=140665305 }}</ref>

China later built its own fleets starting from the [[Song dynasty]] in the 10th century, participating directly in the trade route up until the end of the [[Colonial Era]] and the collapse of the [[Qing dynasty]].<ref name="Guan"/>

===Modern routes===
[[File:Map of the Arctic region showing the Northeast Passage, the Northern Sea Route and Northwest Passage, and bathymetry.png|thumb|240px|Map of the Arctic region showing the [[Northeast Passage]], the [[Northern Sea Route]] within it, and the [[Northwest Passage]] ]]
The modern times saw development of newer means of transport and often controversial free trade agreements, which altered the political and logistical approach prevalent during the Middle Ages. Newer means of transport led to the establishment of new routes, and countries opened up borders to allow trade in mutually agreed goods as per the prevailing free trade agreement. Some old trading route were reopened during the modern times, although in different political and logistical scenarios.<ref name=BBC1>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5150682.stm Historic India–China link opens (BBC)]</ref> The entry of harmful foreign pollutants by the way of trade routes has been a cause of alarm during the modern times.<ref name=Schulze1>Schulze & Ursprung 2003: 104</ref> A conservative estimate stresses that future damages from harmful animal and plant diseases may be as high as 134 billion US dollars in the absence of effective measures to prevent the introduction of unwanted pests through various trade routes.<ref name=Schulze1/>

====Wagonway routes====
{{main|Wagonway}}
Networks, like the [[Santa Fe Trail]] and the [[Oregon Trail]], became prominent in the United States with [[wagon train]]s gaining popularity as a mode of long-distance overland transportation for both people and goods.<ref name=EBWagon/> The [[Oregon]]–[[California]] routes were highly organized with planned rendezvous locations and essential supplies.<ref name=EBWagon/> The settlers in the United States used these wagon trains – sometimes made up of 100 of more [[Conestoga wagon]]s – for westward emigration during the 18th and the 19th centuries.<ref name=EBWagon/> Among the challenges faced by the wagon route operators were crossing rivers, mountains and hostile [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]].<ref name=EBWagon/> Preparations were also made according to the weather and protection of trade and travelers was ensured by a few guards on horseback.<ref name=EBWagon/>
Wagon freighting was also essential to American growth until it was replaced by the [[railroad]] and the [[truck]].<ref name=EBWagon>wagon train (Encyclopædia Britannica 2002)</ref>

====Railway routes====
{{main|Railway}}
[[File:Transcontinental railroad route.png|thumb|right|upright=1.15|Route of the first American transcontinental railroad from Sacramento, California, to Council Bluffs, Iowa]]
The 1844 Railway act of England compelled at least one [[train]] to a station every day with the third class fares priced at a [[penny]] a mile.<ref>Seaman 1973: 29–30.</ref> Trade benefited as the workers and the lower classes had the ability to travel to other towns frequently.<ref name=Seaman1>Seaman 1973: 30.</ref> Suburban communities began to develop and towns began to spread outwards.<ref name=Seaman1/> The British constructed a vast railway network in India, but it was considered to serve a strategic purpose in addition to the commercial purpose.<ref>Seaman 1973: 348</ref> The efficient use of rail routes helped in the unification of the [[United States|United States of America]],<ref name=Seaman2/> and the [[first transcontinental railroad]] was completed in 1869.

The modern times saw nations struggle for the control of rail routes: The [[Trans-Siberian Railway]] was intended to be used by the Russian government for control of [[Manchuria]] and later China; the German forces wanted to establish [[Berlin-Baghdad Railway]] in order to influence the Near East; and the Austrian government planned a route from [[Vienna]] to [[Salonika]] for control of the [[Balkans]].<ref name=Seaman2>Seaman 1973: 379.</ref>
According to the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' (2002):

<blockquote>
Railroads reached their maturity in the early 20th century, as trains carried the bulk of land freight and passenger traffic in the [[industrialized countries]] of the world. By the mid-20th century, however, they had lost their preeminent position. The private automobile had replaced the railroad for short passenger trips, while the airplane had usurped it for long-distance travel, especially in the United States. Railroads remained effective, however, for transporting people in high-volume situations, such as commuting between the centres of large cities and their suburbs, and medium-distance travel of less than about 300 miles between urban centres.

Although railroads have lost much of the general-freight-carrying business to semi-trailer trucks, they remain the best means of transporting large volumes of such bulk commodities as coal, grain, chemicals, and ore over long distances. The development of [[containerization]] has made the railroads more effective in handling finished merchandise at relatively high speeds. In addition, the introduction of piggyback flatcars, in which truck trailers are transported long distances on specially-designed cars, has allowed railroads to regain some of the business lost to trucking.
</blockquote>

====Modern road networks====
{{Main|Road}}
[[File:Los Angeles Freeway Interchange.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.15|High-capacity freeway [[Interchange (road)|interchange]] in [[Los Angeles, California]] ]]
The advent of [[motor vehicles]] created a demand for better use of highways.<ref name=automotive>automotive industry (Encyclopædia Britannica 2002)</ref> Roads evolved into two way roads, [[Limited-access road|expressways]], [[freeway]]s and [[tollway]]s during the modern times.<ref name=EBroads>roads and highways (Encyclopædia Britannica 2002).</ref> Existing roads were developed and highways were designed according to intended use.<ref name=automotive/>

[[Truck]]s came into widespread use in the Western World during World War I, and quickly gained reputation as a means of long-distance transportation of goods.<ref name=truck>truck (Encyclopædia Britannica 2002).</ref> Modern highways, such as the [[Trans-Canada Highway]], [[Highway 1 (Australia)]] and [[Pan-American Highway]] allowed transport of goods and services across great distances. Automobiles continue to play a crucial role in the economies of the Industrialized countries, resulting in rise of businesses such as motor freight operation and truck transportation.<ref name=automotive/>

The emission rate for cars using highways has been on a decline between 1975 and 1995 due to regulations and the introduction of [[unleaded petrol]].<ref name=Schwela>Schwela & Zali 2003: 156</ref> This trend is especially notable since there has been a growth in vehicles and vehicle miles traveled by automobiles using these highways.<ref name=Schwela/>

====Modern maritime routes====
{{Further|Ship transport|Shipping lane}}

[[File:Canals USA 1825.png|thumb|upright=1.15|Canals in the US circa 1825]]
A consistent shift from land based trade to sea-based trade has been recorded since the last three millennia.<ref name=Denemark282>Denemark 2000: 282</ref> The strategic advantages of port cities as trading centers are many: they are both less dependent on vital connections and less vulnerable to blockages.<ref name=Denemark283/> Oceanic ports can help forge trading relationships with other parts of the world easily.<ref name=Denemark283>Denemark 2000: 283.</ref>

Modern maritime trade routes – sometimes in the form of artificial [[canals]] like the [[Suez Canal]] – had visible impact on the economic and political standing of nations.<ref name=Carter1/> The opening of the Suez Canal altered British interactions with the colonies of the [[British Empire]] as the dynamics of transportation, trade and communication had now changed drastically.<ref name=Carter1>Carter 2004.</ref> Other [[waterways]], like the [[Panama Canal]] played an important role in the histories of many nations.<ref>Major 1993.</ref> Inland water transportation remained significantly important even as the advent of railroads and automobiles resulted in a steady decline of canals.<ref name=EBcanals/> Inland water transport is still used for the transportation of bulk commodities e.g. grains, coal, and ore.<ref name=EBcanal2>canals and inland waterways (Encyclopædia Britannica 2002).</ref>

Waterway commerce was historically important to Europe, particularly to Russia.<ref name=EBcanals/> According to the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (2002): "Russia has been a significant beneficiary. Not only have inland waterways opened vast areas of its interior to development, but Moscow – linked to the [[White Sea|White]], [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]], [[Black Sea|Black]], [[Caspian Sea|Caspian]], and [[Azov Sea|Azov]] seas by canals and rivers – has become a major inland port."<ref name=EBcanals>canal (''Encyclopædia Britannica'' 2002).</ref>

[[Oil spills]] are recorded both in case of maritime routes and pipeline routes to the main refineries.<ref name=Krech/> Oil spills, amounting to as much as 7.56 billion liters of oil entering the oceans every year, occur due to damaged equipment or human error.<ref name=Krech>Krech et al. 2003: 966</ref>
[[File:One-belt-one-road.svg|thumb|upright=1.15|21st Century [[Silk Road]]]]
The [[21st Century Maritime Silk Road]] is a current project of the Chinese government to expand and intensify trade on the maritime [[Silk Road]]. This is leading to major investments in ports, traffic routes and other infrastructure in Europe and Africa as well. The maritime silk road essentially runs from the Chinese coast to [[Singapore]] and [[Kuala Lumpur]], via the Sri Lankan Colombo towards the southern tip of India, to the East African [[Mombasa]], from there to [[Djibouti]], then via the [[Suez Canal]] to the Mediterranean, there via [[Haifa]], [[Istanbul]] and [[Athens]] to the Upper Adriatic region to the northern Italian hub of [[Trieste]] with its international free port and its rail connections to [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Eastern Europe]] and the North Sea.<ref>Guido Santevecchi: Di Maio e la Via della Seta: «Faremo i conti nel 2020», siglato accordo su Trieste in Corriere della Sera: 5. November 2019.</ref><ref>Wolf D. Hartmann, Wolfgang Maennig, Run Wang: Chinas neue Seidenstraße. Frankfurt am Main 2017, pp 59.</ref><ref>"Global shipping and logistic chain reshaped as China’s Belt and Road dreams take off" in Hellenic Shipping News, 4 December 2018.</ref><ref>Bernhard Simon: Can The New Silk Road Compete with the Maritime Silk Road? in The Maritime Executive, 1 January 2020.</ref><ref>Harry de Wilt: Is One Belt, One Road a China crisis for North Sea main ports? in World Cargo News, 17. December 2019.</ref><ref>Harry G. Broadman "Afrika´s Silk Road" (2007), pp 59.</ref>

====Free trade areas====
{{main|Free trade area}}
[[File:EFTA AELE countries and former members.svg|thumb|upright=1.15|
{{legend|#276d3a|European Free Trade Association member states.}}
{{legend|#b3d9b4|Former member states.}}]]

Historically, many governments followed a policy of protection of trade.<ref name=Columbia2>{{cite web |url=http://www.bartelby.org/65/fr/freetrad.html |title=free trade; The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070803050022/http://www.bartelby.org/65/fr/freetrad.html |archive-date=2007-08-03 |access-date=22 October 2013}}</ref> International [[free trade]] became visible in 1860 with the Anglo-French commercial treaty, and the trend gained further momentum{{why?|date=October 2011}} during the period after World War II.<ref name=Columbia2/>
According to [[The Columbia Encyclopedia]], Sixth Edition:<ref name=Columbia2/>

<blockquote>
"After World War II, strong sentiment developed throughout the world against protection and high tariffs and in favor of freer trade. The results were new organizations and agreements on international trade such as the [[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]] (1948), the [[Benelux Economic Union]] (1948), the [[European Economic Community]] (Common Market, 1957), the [[European Free Trade Association]] (1959), [[Mercosur]] (the Southern Cone Common Market, 1991), and the [[World Trade Organization]] (1995). In 1993, the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA) was approved by the governments of Canada, Mexico, and the United States. In the early 1990s, the nations of the [[European Union]] (the successor organization to the [[Common Market]]) undertook to remove all barriers to the free movement of trade and employment across their mutual borders."
</blockquote>

In May 2004 the United States of America signed the American Free trade Agreement with five Central American nations.<ref name=Columbia2/>

====Air routes====
{{main|Aviation}}
[[File:FedEx DC10.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|[[FedEx]] [[DC-10]] ]]
Air transport has become an indispensable part of modern society.<ref>Button 2004</ref> People have come to use air transport both for long and middle distances, with the average route length of long distances being 720 kilometers in Europe and 1220 kilometers in the US.<ref name=Button1>Button 2004: 9</ref> This industry annually carries 1.6 billion passengers worldwide, covers a 15 million kilometer network, and has an annual turnover of 260 billion dollars.<ref name=Button1/>

This mode of transportation links national, international and global economies, making it vital to many other industries.<ref name=Button1/> Newer trends of [[trade liberalization|liberalization of trade]] have fostered routes among nations bound by agreements.<ref name=Button1/> One such example, the American [[Open skies|Open Skies policy]], led to greater openness in many international markets, but some international restrictions have survived even during the present times.<ref name=Button1/>

Express delivery through international [[cargo airline]]s touched US$20 billion in 1998 and, according to the World Trade Organization, is expected to triple in 2015.<ref name=Hindley>Hindley 2004: 41.</ref> In 1998, 50 pure cargo-service companies operated internationally.<ref name=Hindley/>

Air transport particularly favors light, expensive and small products: electronic media rather than books, for example, and refined drugs rather than bulk food.

====Pipeline networks====
{{main|Pipeline transport}}
[[File:Btc pipeline route.png|right|upright=1.15|thumb|Route of the Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline]]
The economic importance of pipeline transport – responsible for a high percentage of oil and natural gas transportation – is often unrecognized by the general public due to the lack of visibility of this mode.<ref name=EBpipeline/> Generally held to be safer and more economical and reliable than the other modes of transport, this mode has many advantages over rival modes, such as trucks and railways.<ref name=EBpipeline>pipeline (Encyclopædia Britannica 2002)</ref> Examples of modern pipeline transport include [[Alashankou–Dushanzi Crude Oil Pipeline]] and [[Iran-Armenia Natural Gas Pipeline]]. International pipeline transport projects, like the [[Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline]], presently connect modern nation states – in this case, [[Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and Turkey – through pipeline networks.<ref name=bp1>[https://www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=9006669&contentId=7014358 BP Caspian: Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan Pipeline (Overview)].</ref>

In some select cases, pipelines can even transport solids, such as coal and other minerals, over long distances; short-distance transportation of goods such as grain, cement, concrete, solid wastes, pulp etc. is also feasible.<ref name=EBpipeline/>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

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* {{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica | year = 2002 | title = canals and inland waterways}}
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* Traderroute, Turkey (2023). The [https://traderroute.com Turkish import and exporter]. İstanbul [[Trader Faulkner]]

==External links==
{{Refbegin}}
* [http://www.archatlas.org/Trade/Trade.php Trade Routes: The Growth of Global Trade. ArchAtlas, Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford. ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422200348/http://www.archatlas.org/Trade/Trade.php |date=22 April 2008 }}
* [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/trade/hd_trade.htm Ancient Trade Routes between Europe and Asia. Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art ]
{{Commons}}
{{Refend}}
{{Trade route 2}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Trade Route}}
[[Category:Trade routes| ]]

Zainuddin Makhdoom II

2025-12-24T11:53:11Z

MavisHelena6948: rework details additionally and corrected details based on references

{{short description|Indian judge}}
{{Distinguish|Zainuddin Makhdoom I}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sheikh Ahmad Zainuddin Makhdoom
| father = Sheikh Muhammad Al Ghazzali bin Sheikh Zainuddin bin Sheikh Ali bin Sheikh Ahmad Ma'bari
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1531 (938 [[Hijri year|AH]])
| birth_place = Chombala (Azhiyoor, Calicut District, Kerala State), near [[Mahé, Puducherry|Mahé]], present day [[India]].
| death_date = 1583
| known_for = Islamic jurisprudent, author of [[Fat'h Ul Mueen]] and [[Tuhafat Ul Mujahideen]]
| occupation = Qadi and Writer
| title = Qadi of Chombal
| notable_works = [[Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen]]
| predecessor = Sheikh Muhammad Al Ghazzali
}}
{{Islam}}

'''Sheikh Ahmad Zainuddin bin Muhammad al-Ghazzali''' ([[Arabic]]: شيخ احمد زين الدين بن شيخ محمد غزالي; Ahmad Zayn al-Din ibn Muhammad al-Ghazāli al-Malibári), grandson of [[Zainuddin Makhdoom I|Sheikh Zainuddin Makhdoom I]], was the writer, orator, historian,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.arabnews.com/islam-perspective/makhdum-ii-%E2%80%93-great-islamic-scholar-lost-history|title=Makhdum II – a great Islamic scholar lost in history|publisher=Arabnews|date=7 December 2012|last=Akbar|first=Ali|access-date=30 June 2020}}</ref> jurisprudent and spiritual leader and widely known as Zainuddin Makhdoom Second<ref>{{cite book |author=Sebastian R. Prange |title=Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast |year=2018 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=110–113 |quote=He is often referred to locally as 'Makhdum II'. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OM5TDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA112 |isbn= 9781108424387 }}</ref> or Zaniudeen Makhdoom Al Sageer (زين الدين المخدوم الصغير) whose family originated from [[Tarim, Yemen|Tarim]] in [[Hadhramaut]] of [[Yemen]].<ref>Akbar, Ali (7 December 2012). "Makhdum II – a great Islamic scholar lost in history". Arabnews.</ref> He inherited the legacy of his grandfather and was installed as the Chief [[Qadi]] (judge) in the locality of [[Ponnani]], [[Kerala]], India, as well as appointed as the Chief [[Müderris]] (head teacher) in the historic Ponnani Dars at [[Ponnani Juma Masjid|Ponnani Jum'ah Masjid]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/160719/calicut-university-seminar-on-naval-strategy.html|title=Calicut University seminar on naval strategy|date=2019-07-16|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2020-01-17}}</ref> that built by Zainuddin Makhdoom I.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/photo-gallery/ponnani-juma-masjid/1728|title=Ponnani Juma Masjid|website=Kerala Tourism|language=en|access-date=2020-01-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.itisaras.org/projectdhaara/2018/07/14/cultural-dialogue-tracing-yemeni-ancestry-through-a-pazheri-identity/|title=Cultural dialogue: Tracing Yemeni Ancestry through a Pazheri Identity|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-17}}</ref>

==Early life==
He was born to the ''[[Makhdoom]]'' family in the early months of Hijra 938 (c. 1531 CE) at Chombala (Azhiyoor Panchayath, Calicut District, Kerala State, India) Near [[Mahé, Puducherry|Mahe]], and received religious instruction under the supervision of his grandfather. He completed his primary education under his father Muhammed Ghazzali and his uncle Abdul Azeez Bin Sheikh Makhdoom Al Awwal ( عبد العزيز بن شيخ مخدوم الآول) and left for [[Makah]] for further study. He performed the [[Haj]] and settled there for ten years imbibing Islamic knowledge from exponents of Islamic law and other branches of knowledge. He received the guidance of famous scholars such as [[Ibn Hajar al-Haytami|Al Hafiz Shihabuddeen bin Al Hajr Al Haithemi]] (الحافظ شهاب الدين بن الحجر الهيتمي), [[Grand Mufti]] of [[Haramain]] (chief jurisprudent of Makah and [[Madina]]) and commentator in [[Hadeeth]] and [[Fiqh]], Izzuddeen bin Abdul Azeez al Zamzami (عز الدين بن عبد العزيز الزمزمي), Shiekh Abdul Rahman bin Ziyad (شيخ عبد الرحمن بن زياد) and Sayyid Abdul Rahman Al Safwi (سيد عبد الرحمن الصفوي).
He gained the [[Tassawwuf]] (Sufi spiritual knowledge) from Kutub Zaban Zain Ul Arifeen Muhammed Bin Sheikh Ul Arif Abu Hasan Al Bakri (قطب الزمان زين العارفين محمد بن شيخ العارف ابو حسن البكري) and was honored with eleven [[Khirqa|Khirkath]] (خرقة), symbol of grade in [[Tareeqath]]. Within a short period he was hailed as the Sheikh of [[Qadiriyya|Qadriya]] Tareeqath.

==In the field of service==
After the decade-long stay in [[Mecca|Makkah]], he returned to [[Kerala]] and took charge as chief Mufti in the grand Masjid of [[Ponnani]], a position he occupied for thirty-six years. A historian recorded that his mentor [[Ibn Hajar al-Haytami|Ibn Hajar Hithami]] had come to Ponnani and stayed there for a short period. It is said that the famous lamp made of stone, presented by Ibn Hajar Hithami, is still kept in Ponnani Dars.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.arabnews.com/islam-perspective/makhdum-ii-%E2%80%93-great-islamic-scholar-lost-history|title=Makhdum II – a great Islamic scholar lost in history|last=Dr. Ali Akbar|date=2012-11-30|work=Arab News|access-date=2018-09-01|publisher=Arab News|location=Riyadh|language=en}}</ref>

===As the freedom fighter===
He did not limit himself to work as a cleric, but made many significant intervention in the political arena, keeping warm relations with the major political figures in that period. He lived during the regime of [[Akbar]] of the [[Mughal Empire]] and had a good relationship with Sultan [[Ali Adil Shah I]], Sultan of [[Bijapur]], as well as the [[Zamorin of Calicut]]. He was a strident advocate of freedom struggles against the imperialist power of Portugal, and motivated the youth to take part in the special army of Zamorin to defend against them. In his masterpiece ''Tufathul Mujahideen Fi Akhbar ul Burthugalin'', he narrated the brutality of the Portuguese on the [[Malabar region|Malabar]] soil with special reference to their anti-Muslim stance. He used to instil in Muslim youth the necessity of [[holy war]] and the inevitability of military action against the Portuguese. In the aforementioned text, he motivated them by exuding the endless promises of the Almighty for those who waged war against them, and boosted their morale by leading their mind to the sweet memories of the [[golden age of Islam]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2nljAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Makhdoom+II%22|title=Arabic in South India: Papers in Honour of Prof. S. E. A. Nadvi|last1=Nadvi|first1=Syed Ehtisham Ahmed Nadvi|last2=Kutty|first2=E. K. Ahmed|date=2003|publisher=Department of Arabic, University of Calicut|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://twocircles.net/2014jan18/roots_mappila_revolt.html|title=Roots of the Mappila Revolt – TwoCircles.net|last=TwoCircles.net|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-17}}</ref>

==Books by Makhdoom II==
He was known for his unique command in writing in variety of subjects which includes jurisprudence, history, spirituality as well as other subjects which were distinct from other writers. The following table gives an overview of his works.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Transliterated Title !! Original Title!!Translated Title!!Notes
|-
|''[[Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen|Tuḥfat al-mujāhidīn fī baʿḍ akhbār al-burtughāliyyīn]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/thuhfathul-mujahideen-united-people-of-malabar/article7475952.ece|title=Thuhfathul Mujahideen united people of Malabar|author=Staff Reporter|date=2015-07-29|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-01-17|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/176651|title=Sheikh zainudheen Makhdoom 2nd and thuhfatul Mujahideen الشيخ زين الدين المخدوم الثاني وكتاب تحفة المجاهدين|last=Kurup|first=K. K. N.|date=2015|website=find.uoc.ac.in|language=ml|access-date=2020-01-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/176412/UserComments|title=Thuhfatul mujahideen ( English, Malayalam& Hindi )|last=Makhdoom-II|first=Zainudhin|date=2014|website=find.uoc.ac.in|language=ml|access-date=2020-01-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Tohfut-ul-mujahideen: an historical work in the Arabic language|last1=Malībārī|first1=Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz|last2=Rowlandson|first2=Michael John|date=1833|publisher=Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland|location=London|language=en|oclc=6830733}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10218757|title=MDZ-Reader {{!}} Band {{!}} Tohfut-ul-mujahideen, an historical work in the Arabic language / Malībarī, Zain-ad-Dīn Ibn-ʿAbd-al-ʿAzīz al- {{!}} Tohfut-ul-mujahideen, an historical work in the Arabic language / Malībarī, Zain-ad-Dīn Ibn-ʿAbd-al-ʿAzīz al-|website=reader.digitale-sammlungen.de|access-date=2020-01-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://opac.ssus.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=58094 |title=Tuhfat ul Mujahideen: tribute to warriors |author=Sheikh Zainuddin Al- Makhdoom-II |editor1=Abdul Kader N A M |editor2=Ismail E |editor3=Imran Azami |date=2014|publisher=National Mission for manuscript|isbn=978-93-80829-02-9|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Tuḥfat-al-mujāhidīn: a historical epic of the sixteenth century|last1=Malībārī|first1=Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz|last2=Nainar|first2=S. Muhammad Husayn|date=2006|publisher=Islamic Book Trust; Other Books|isbn=978-983-9154-80-1|location=Kuala Lumpur; Calicut|language=en|oclc=181084620}}</ref>''|| {{Langx|ar|تحفة المجاهدين في بعض أخبار البرتغاليين}}
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://calil.jp/book/9380829310|title=「Tuhfat ul mujahideen = Tribute to warriors」を図書館から検索。|website=カーリル|language=ja|access-date=2020-01-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BB26318888|title=Tuhfat ul mujahideen = Tribute to warriors|last1=Malībārī|first1=Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz|last2=Kurup|first2=K. K. N.|last3=Ismail|first3=E.|last4=Abdul Kader|first4=N. A. M.|last5=Azami|first5=Imran|last6=Raṇṭattāṇi|first6=Husain|last7=Sunītā Bāya|first7=Ela|date=2014|publisher=National Mission for Manuscripts : co-published by Asila Offset Printers|language=ja}}</ref>
|''Gift of the Mujahidin: Some Accounts of the Portuguese<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/VZGRJZ246509027/EAPB?sid=galemarc|title=Tohfut ul-mujahideen|last1=مليباري، زين الدين بن عبد العزيز|last2=Rowlandson|first2=Michael John|last3=Oriental Translation Fund|date=1833|oclc=978443154}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://webcatplus.nii.ac.jp/webcatplus/details/book/ncid/BB26318888.html|title=Tuhfat ul mujahideen - Webcat Plus|website=webcatplus.nii.ac.jp|access-date=2020-01-17}}</ref>''|| History of Muslims in Kerala with special reference to the brutalities of the Portuguese invasion<ref>{{Cite book|title=تحفة المجاهدين في بعض أخبار البرتغاليين|last1=مليباري، زين الدين بن عبد العزيز|last2=طيبي، أمين توفيق|date=1987|publisher=Kullīyat al-Daʻwah al-Islāmīyah|location=Ṭarābulus [Libya|language=ar|oclc=23177298}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Tuhfat ul mujahideen = Tribute to warriors = Tuhafatula mujāhidīna = Tuhphattul mujāhidīn = Tuḥfat al-mujāhidīn|last1=مليباري، زين الدين بن عبد العزيز،|last2=Kurup|first2=K. K. N|last3=مليباري، زين الدين بن عبد العزيز|last4=Malībārī|first4=Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz|last5=Malībarī|first5=Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz|last6=Malībārī|first6=Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz|date=2014|isbn=978-93-80829-31-9|oclc=1014364599}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BB12325047|title=اردو ترجمہ تحفة المجاہدین فی بعض اخبار البرتکالیین [یعنی البرتگالیین]|last1=Malībārī|first1=Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz|last2=Qādrī|first2=Sayyid Shamsullāh|last3=K̲h̲ān|first3=Muḥamad Ḥabīburraḥmān|date=1942|publisher=شروانی پرنٹنگ پریس|language=ja}}</ref>
|-
|''Fatḥ al-muʿīn sharḥ qurrat al-ʿayn<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/NPMTKF571476791/EAPB?sid=galemarc|title=فتح المعين بشرح قرة العين.|last1=مليباري|first1=زين الدين بن عبد العزيز|last2=معبري المليباري، زين الدين بن علي|last3=علي بن أحمد بن سعيد با صبرين|date=1871|language=ar|oclc=987456379}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/FRCKXJ396258583/EAPB?sid=galemarc|title=فتح المعين.|last1=مليباري، زين الدين بن عبد العزيز|last2=شطا، أبو بكر بن محمد،|date=1883|language=ar|oclc=950747175}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=فتح المعين بشرح قرة العين بمهمات الدين|last1=مليباري، زين الدين ابن عبد العزيز|last2=جابي، بسام عبد الوهاب|date=2004|publisher=الجفان والجابي ؛ دار ابن حزم،|location=Limassol; بيروت|language=ar|oclc=57219377}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=كتاب فتح المعين بشرح قرة العين.|last=مليباري|first=زين الدين بن عبد العزيز|date=1983|publisher=عامر الاسلام|location=ترورنگاڈي, كيرله|language=ar|oclc=24709093}}</ref>''|| {{Langx|ar|فتح المعين شرح قرة العين}} ||''Opening of the Aide: A Commentary on Qurrat al-ʿAyn''|| Exemplary text on Jurisprudence based on the [[Shafi school]] of thought; annotation on his own text Kurratul Ain. Taught in some of the most renowned Islamic Universities such as [[Al Azhar]], [[Egypt]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Author Zainuddin Makhdoom I |url=https://keralabookstore.com/about-author/zainuddin-makhdoom-i/1671/ |access-date=2020-01-18 |website=keralabookstore.com |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| ''Qurrat al-ʿayn bi-muhimmāt al-dīn<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/FTARUL300065113/EAPB?sid=galemarc|title=قرة العين.|last1=مليباري، زين الدين بن عبد العزيز|last2=نووي بنتن،|date=1881|language=ar|oclc=987452200}}</ref>''|| {{Langx|ar|قرة العين بمهمات الدين}}|| ''Delight of the Eyes: On the Foundations of the Faith''||Precise text on jurisprudence based on the Shafi school of thought
|-
|''Irshād al-ʿibād ilā sabīl al-rashād<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0psVAAAAYAAJ|title=Irshād al-ʻibād ilá subul al-rashād|last=Malībārī|first=Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz|date=1879|publisher=al-Maṭbaʻah al-Wahbīyah|location=Cairo|language=ar|oclc=780175595}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001934402|title=Irshād al-ṭālib ilá ahamm al-maṭālib|last=Ibn Saḥmān|first=al-Shaykh Sulaymān|date=1921–1922|publisher=Maṭbaʻat al-Manār|location=Miṣr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=إرشاد العباد الى سبيل الرشاد|last=مليباري، زين الدين بن عبد العزيز|date=1939|publisher=دار ال عرفة للطباعة والنشر،|location=بيروت|language=ar|oclc=51759430}}</ref>''||{{Langx|ar|إرشاد العباد الى سبيل الرشاد}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA72719123|title=ارشاد العباد الى سبيل الرشاد ؛ وبهامشه مختصر جليل يتضمن أحاديث وأثارا ومواعظ تتعلق بالموت وما بعد|last=Malībārī|first=Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz|date=1939|publisher=شركة مكتبة ومطبعة مصطفى البابي الحلبي وأولاده بمصر|edition=الطبعة الأخيرة|language=ja}}</ref>
| ''Guiding God's Servants to the Best Course of Action'' ||Spiritual text explaining the way to the Almighty
|-
|''Iḥkām aḥkām al-nikāḥ''||{{Langx|ar|إحكام أحكام النكاح}}
|''A Consolidation of the Rulings on Marriage''||Precise explanation of the laws relating to marriage
|-
|''Sharḥ al-ṣudūr fī aḥwāl al-mawtā wa-l-qubūr''||{{Langx|ar|شرح الصدور في أحوال الموتى والقبور}}||''Widening the Chest: On the Conditions of the Dead and Graves''|| Spiritual text explaining the context of the afterworld; it was an annotation of the work done by [[Sooyoothi]] (السيوطي)
|-
|''al-Ajwibah al-ʿajībah ʿan al-asʾilah al-gharībah''|| {{Langx|ar|الأجوبة العجيبة عن الأسئلة الغريبة}}|| ''Wonderful Answers to Rare Questions''||Collection of decrees issued on various issues
|-
|''al-Fatāwā al-Hindiyyah''||{{Langx|ar|الفتاوى الهندية}}|| ''The Indian Fatwas''||Decree issued on the special context of southern Indian state of Kerala
|-
|''al-Jawāhir fī ʿuqūbat ahl al-kabāʾir<ref>{{Cite book|title=الجواهر في عقوبة اهل الكبائر|last=مليباري، زين الدين بن عبد العزيز|date=1978|publisher=Maktabat al-Qāhirah|location=al-Qāhirah|language=ar|oclc=10515830}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=al-Jawāhir fī ʻuqūbat ahl al-kabāʼir|last=Malībārī|first=Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz|date=1984|publisher=Dār al-Ruqīy|location=Lebanon|language=ar|oclc=61623595}}</ref>''||{{Langx|ar|الجواهر في عقوبة أهل الكبائر}}||''Gems: On the Punishments for Grave Sinners''|| Spiritual text explaining the consequences for criminals
|-
|''al-Manhaj al-wāḍiḥ''||{{Langx|ar|المنهج الواضح}}||''The Clear Program''|| Text explaining laws relating to marriage
|-
|''al-Istiʿdād li-l-mawt wa-suʾāl al-qabr<ref>{{Cite book|title=الاستعداد للموت وسؤال القبر|last1=مليباري، زين الدين بن عبد العزيز بن زين الدين المعبري،|last2=،مركز التراث|last3=Al Manhal FZLLC|date=2013|language=ar|oclc=882494364}}</ref>''
|{{Langx|ar|الاستعداد للموت وسؤال القبر}}
|''Preparing for Death and the Questions of the Grave''
|
|-
|}

==Demise ==
He died of natural causes in 1583 and was laid to rest in Kunjhippalli (Near Mahe, Azhiyoor Grama panchayath, Calicut District, Kerala, India). His Qabr ([[maqbara]]) lies under a tree in his native Chompala(Azhiyoor Panchayath).

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite book|url=https://www.academia.edu/31572505|title=Islamic Monetary System: In the view of Zainuddin Makhdoom|last=Athippatta|first=Fayaz K}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Makhdoom 02, Zainuddin}}
[[Category:1531 births]]
[[Category:1583 deaths]]
[[Category:Shafi'i fiqh scholars]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]

V. Perumal

2025-11-26T14:47:53Z

MavisHelena6948: Put Up New Info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
'''V. Perumal''' was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Saidapet (State Assembly Constituency)|Saidapet constituency]] in the [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2001 elections]]. He was a candidate of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) party.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Election Commission of India |page=6 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatisticalReport-TN01.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2001 |accessdate=2017-05-06 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatisticalReport-TN01.pdf |archivedate=7 October 2010 }}</ref> Later he was died in 2001.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

East Champaran district

2025-11-20T05:26:01Z

MavisHelena6948: small edit

{{Short description|District in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = East Champaran district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Bihar|District of Bihar]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name = 
| image_map = Bihar district location map East Champaran.svg
| map_caption = Location of East Champaran district in Bihar
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint = Motihari
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Bihar Government Banner.png}} [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of Bihar|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirhut division|Tirhut]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Motihari]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| area_total_km2 = 3968
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 5,099,371
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics_type2 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_info1 = 55.79 per cent
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 901
| leader_title = [[District Magistrate]] ([[District magistrate|DM]])
| leader_name = Saurabh Jorwal ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])<ref name="dm">{{cite web |title=Collector & District Magistrate - East Champaran |url=https://eastchamparan.nic.in/dm-profile-east-champaran/ |publisher=East Champaran District Administration |accessdate=18 September 2025}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[Superintendent of Police]] ([[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]])
| leader_name1 =Swarn Prabhat ([[Indian Police Service|IPS]])<ref name="sp">{{cite web |title=Superintendent of Police - East Champaran |url=https://eastchamparan.nic.in/sp-east-champaran/ |publisher=East Champaran District Administration |accessdate=18 September 2025}}</ref>
| leader_title2 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = [[Purvi Champaran Lok Sabha constituency|Purvi Champaran]], [[Paschim Champaran Lok Sabha constituency|Paschim Champaran]], [[Sheohar Lok Sabha constituency|Sheohar]]
| leader_title3 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name3 = [[Raxaul Assembly constituency|Raxaul]], [[Sugauli Assembly constituency|Sugauli]], [[Narkatiya Assembly constituency|Narkatiya]], [[Harsidhi Assembly constituency|Harsidhi]], [[Govindganj Assembly constituency|Govindganj]], [[Kesaria Assembly constituency|Kesaria]], [[Kalyanpur, Purvi Champaran Assembly constituency|Kalyanpur]], [[Pipra, Purvi Champaran Assembly constituency|Pipra]], [[Madhuban, Bihar Assembly constituency|Madhuban]], [[Motihari Assembly constituency|Motihari]], [[Chiraia Assembly constituency|Chiraia]], [[Dhaka Assembly constituency|Dhaka]]
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="CSDOffLang1950">{{cite web|url=http://csd.bih.nic.in/Act&rule/Act1english.pdf|title=The Bihar Official Language Act, 1950|date=1950|website=Cabinet Secretariat Department, Government of Bihar|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413072041/http://csd.bih.nic.in/Act%26rule/Act1english.pdf|archive-date=13 April 2015|access-date=9 April 2015}}</ref>
| demographics2_title2 = Additional official
| demographics2_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="Benedikter2009">{{cite book|last=Benedikter|first=Thomas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vpZv2GHM7VQC&pg=PA89|title=Language Policy and Linguistic Minorities in India: An Appraisal of the Linguistic Rights of Minorities in India|date=2009|publisher=[[LIT Verlag]]|isbn=978-3-643-10231-7|location=Münster|page=89|access-date=10 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019053006/https://books.google.com/books?id=vpZv2GHM7VQC&pg=PA89&lpg=PA89|archive-date=19 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
| demographics2_title3 = Regional
| demographics2_info3 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate = BR-05
| blank_name_sec1 = [[National Highway (India)|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = *{{jct|NH|527D|country=IND}}
* {{jct|NH|104|country=IND}}
| blank_name_sec2 = Average annual precipitation
| blank_info_sec2 = 1241 mm
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 845401 (East Champaran)<ref>[https://indiapincodes.net/Bihar/Purbi-champaran/ East Champaran]</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://eastchamparan.nic.in/}}
| official_name =
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Buddhist Stupa at Kesariya (wide angle view) at Champaran (east) district of Bihar, India 08.jpg
| photo2a = Motihari station, India, ca. 1906 (IMP-CSCNWW33-OS14-6).jpg| photo2b = Lauriya Araraj pillar of Ashoka, Champaran District.jpg| photo3a = Birth-Place-George-Orwell-Motihari.jpg
| size = 280
| spacing = 1
| position = centre
| border = 0
| color = white
}}
| image_caption = Clockwise from top: [[Kesaria stupa|Kesariya Stupa]], [[Lauriya Araraj]] pillar of [[Ashoka]], [[George Orwell]]'s birthplace, [[Bapudham Motihari railway station|Motihari station]] in 1906
| image_shield = Bihar Government Banner.png
| motto =
| image_seal =
}}

'''East Champaran district''' or '''Purvi Champaran district''' is an administrative district in the [[Tirhut division]] of the state of [[Bihar]] in India. The district headquarter is located at [[Motihari]]. Prior to 1971, there was a single [[Champaran District]]. On 1 December 1971, it was divided into East and [[West Champaran]] (Purvi and Paschimi Champaran). In early days the land of East Chamapran was ruled by different kingdoms as Videha, Sunga, Kanvas. It is also believed that Champaran used to be a major part of King Janak's empire. Mahatma Gandhi started his famous Satyagraha movement from here.

==About district==
East Champaran District is functioning from 2 November 1972. The headquarter of the district is at Motihari. It is situated at 26° 16′ to 27° 1′ North latitude and 84° 30′ to 85° 16′ East longitudes. [[Nepal]] makes its northern boundary, [[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]] and [[Sheohar district|Sheohar]] eastern while [[Mehsi]], Muzaffarpur South and with part of [[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj]] and [[West Champaran district|West Champaran]] bounds it in western side.

The district occupies an area of {{cvt|3969|km2}} and has a population of 5,099,371 ({{As of|2011|lc=on}}). East Champaran is a part of [[Tirhut Division]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tirhut-muzaffarpur.bih.nic.in|title=Tirhut Division|website=tirhut-muzaffarpur.bih.nic.in|access-date=11 April 2018}}</ref> It was earlier part of the [[Red Corridor]].

As of 2011, it is the second most populous district of Bihar (out of [[Districts of Bihar|38]]), after [[Patna district|Patna]].<ref name="districtcensus">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: East Champaran |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/300/download/850/DH_2011_1002_PART_A_DCHB_PURBA_CHAMPARAN.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

East Champaran is the second most crowded district of Bihar. The district gets its name from the union of two words, champa and aranya. Champa alludes to scented blossom trees and Aranya alludes to the home or an encased spot. The name began back in when the district was encircled by a backwoods of magnolia (champa) trees.

==Geography==
The East Champaran district occupies an area of {{convert|3968|km2|sqmi}},<ref name="Reference Annual">{{cite book |last1=Srivastava, Dayawanti et al. (ed.) |title=India 2010: A Reference Annual |publisher=Additional Director General, Publications Division, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]], [[Government of India]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-81-230-1617-7 |edition=54th |location=New Delhi, India |pages=1118–1119 |chapter=States and Union Territories: Bihar: Government}}</ref> comparatively equivalent to [[Vanuatu]]'s [[Espiritu Santo]].<ref name="Islands">{{cite web |date=18 February 1998 |title=Island Directory Tables: Islands by Land Area |url=http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103205322/http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm |archive-date=3 January 2021 |access-date=11 October 2011 |publisher=[[United Nations Environment Program]] |quote=Espiritu Santo 3,956km2}}</ref>
[[Gandak]], [[Burhi Gandak River|Burhi Gandak]] and [[Bagmati River|Baghmati]] are important rivers flowing through this region.

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=10,27,835|13=1911|14=10,95,530|15=1921|16=11,14,162|17=1931|18=12,31,756|19=1941|20=13,76,352|21=1951|22=14,43,961|23=1961|24=16,81,089|25=1971|26=19,56,084|27=1981|28=24,25,501|29=1991|30=30,43,061|31=2001|32=39,39,773|33=2011|34=50,99,371|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>{{cite web |title=Table A-02 Decadal Variation in Population Since 1901: Bihar |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43343/download/47022/10%20A-2%20Bihar.pdf |website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>|align=center}}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in East Champaran district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Bihar |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11366/download/14479/DDW10C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|80.14}}
{{bar percent|[[Bihari Muslims|Islam]]|green|19.42}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.44}}
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] East Champaran district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 5,099,371,<ref name="districtcensus"/> roughly equal to the [[United Arab Emirates]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 1 October 2011 | quote = United Arab Emirates 5,148,664
}}</ref> or the US state of [[Colorado]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|title=2010 Resident Population Data
|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau
|access-date=30 September 2011
|quote=Colorado 5,029,196
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|archive-date=19 October 2013
}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 21st in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert|1281|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 29.01%.<ref name=districtcensus/> East Champaran has a [[sex ratio]] of 901 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 55.79%. 7.87% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 12.74% and 0.24% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>

===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages in East Champaran district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bhojpuri Language|Bhojpuri]] |value1 = 82.67 |color1 = gold
|label2 = [[Urdu language|Urdu]] |value2 = 7.33 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 7.06 |color3 = orange
|label4 = 'Other' Hindi |value4 = 2.58 |color4 = hotpink
|label5 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value5 = 0.26 |color5 = orchid
|label6 = Others |value6 = 0.1 |color6 = grey
}}

According to the 2011 census, 82.67% of the population spoke [[Bhojpuri Language|Bhojpuri]], 7.33% [[Urdu language|Urdu]] and 7.06% [[Hindi]] as their first language. 2.58% of the population spoke 'Others' under Hindi. The eastern border of the district lies in a transition between Bhojpuri and [[Bajjika]].<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Bihar |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10196/download/13308/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1000.XLSX|website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Administrative divisions==
The East Champaran district is divided into 6 [[Tehsil]] (sub-division):
# [[Areraj]]
# [[Chakia, Bihar|Chakia]]
# [[Motihari]]
# [[Pakaridayal]]
# [[Raxaul]]
# Sikarahana

== Politics ==
{{transcluded section|source=18th Bihar Assembly}}
{{#section:18th Bihar Assembly|MLA Header}}
{{#section:18th Bihar Assembly|East Champaran district}}
|}

== Literature ==
Freedom fighter and author [[Ramesh Chandra Jha]] was the first person who penned down the literary history of Champaran. His notable works include ''Champaran Ki Sahitya Sadhana'' (चम्पारन की साहित्य साधना) (1958), ''Champaran:Literature & Literary Writers'' (चम्पारन: साहित्य और साहित्यकार) (1967) and ''Apne Aur Sapne:A Literary Journey Of Champaran'' (अपने और सपने: चम्पारन की साहित्य यात्रा) (1988).<ref>[https://archive.org/details/ApneAurSapneALitereryJourneyOfChamparanByRameshChandraJha/ Apne Aur Sapne : Online PDF book at Archive.org]</ref>

== Tourist places ==
=== Someshwar Nath Mandir, Areraj ===
Someshwar Nath Mahadev Mandir is a well established temple situated in Areraj. The significant divinity of the heavenly temple is of Lord Shiva. Explorers and pilgrims of Lord Shiva go to the holy place from India as well as from Nepal. The merriments on the event of an occasional reasonable known as Shrawani Mela, during July and August, are really pleasant. There are numerous different temples nearby around and thus just, Areraj is known as the holy place of East Champaran.

=== Ashokan Pillar ===
{{See also|Pillars of Ashoka}}
[[File:Side view of Lauriya Nandangarh Ashoka Pillar.jpg|thumb|Ashoka Pillar]]
Ashokan Pillar is situated in Lauria Nandangarh, or Lauriya Navandgarh which is a city or town around 14 km from Narkatiaganj and 28 km from Bettiah in West Champaran district of Bihar state in northern India. It is found near the banks of the Budhi Gandak River. Lauriya Nandangarh is a chronicled place which goes under West Champaran district of Bihar.

=== Kesariya ===
[[File:Kesariya Stupa -kesariya- east champaran- Bihar.jpg|thumb|Kesariya Baudha Stupa]]
Kesariya is arranged on the eastern banks of the [[River Gandak]] and views the enormous 104-feet-tall stupa, which is viewed as the tallest Buddhist stupa. In like manner, Kesariya orders conspicuous situations in East Champaran the travel industry just as history of Buddhism. The stupa was found in the year 1998.

=== Raxaul ===
Raxaul is one of the most significant towns of the East Champaran district. By excellence of its topographical area, it is known as the Gateway to Nepal.

=== Moti Jheel ===
Situated in the core of the Motihari city, Moti Jheel is the most excellent fascination of the city that isolates Motihari into two parts.

=== NREGA Park ===
A lovely and beguiling spot to appreciate with loved ones.

=== Champaran in Gallary ===
<gallery widths=180>
File:Motihari station, India, ca. 1906 (IMP-CSCNWW33-OS14-6).jpg|Motihari Railway Station, 1906
File:Henry Bazaar, Motihari, India, ca. 1906 (IMP-CSCNWW33-OS14-10).jpg|Henry Bazaar(1906), Motihari
File:Birth-Place-George-Orwell-Motihari.jpg|Birth palace of George Orwell, Motihari
File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi paying homage at the statue of Mahatma Gandhi, at Motihari, in Bihar (1).jpg|The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi paying homage at the statue of Mahatma Gandhi, at Motihari.
File:StonePillar GandhiMuseum.jpg|Stone Pillar Gandhi Museum
File:Lauriya Araraj pillar of Ashoka, Champaran District.jpg|Lauriya Ashoka Pillar, Areraj
</gallery>

=== Gandhi Memorial ===
Gandhi Memorial is situated in Chandrahiya town, On his visit to Champaran Gandhiji was stopped in this town. Chandrahiya is around 8 km away from district headquarter Motihari.

=== Champaran Satyagrah Park ===
The Champaran Satyagraha Shatabdi Park located at the district headquarter of East Champaran. The Park has been built by the Urban Development and Housing office. Neighborhood individuals appreciate the freshness of this park with family, relatives, friends on weekend and holidays.

=== George Orwell Monument ===
The origin of perhaps the most commended scholars of the 20th century and the writer of a few acclaimed books, George Orwell.

=== Sitakund ===
Found 16 Kms from Pipra Railway Station, Sitakund is acclaimed as where Goddess Sita took a heavenly plunge.[[File:StonePillar_GandhiMuseum.jpg|thumb|Stone pillar at the Gandhi Museum]]

==See also==
* [[Districts of Bihar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{EB1911 poster|Champaran}}
* [https://eastchamparan.bih.nic.in/ East Champaran district website]
* [http://tirhut-muzaffarpur.bih.nic.in Official Website of Tirhut Division]
* [https://www.apnamotihari.com/ Motihari (East Champaran)]
* [https://www.biharad.com/district/east-champaran East Champaran District Info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426161110/https://www.biharad.com/district/east-champaran |date=26 April 2021 }}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = East Champaran district
|North = {{NEP|Nepal}}
|Northeast =
|East = [[Sitamarhi district]]
|Southeast = [[Sheohar district]]
|South = [[Muzaffarpur district]]
|Southwest = [[Saran district]]
|West = [[Gopalganj District, India|Gopalganj district]]
|Northwest = [[West Champaran district]]
}}

{{Districts of Bihar}}
{{Tirhut Division}}
{{Tirhut Division topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|26.6500|N|84.9167|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:East Champaran district| ]]
[[Category:Tirhut division]]
[[Category:Districts of Bihar]]

Kannedhirey Thondrinal (TV series)

2025-11-11T13:52:03Z

MavisHelena6948: starting a data

{{Short description|Tamil language soap opera}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name =
| image =
| genre = [[Soap opera]] Family
| creator = Rambo Visual Works
| writer = V. Padmavathy
| screenplay =
| creative_director = M. B. Gowrish
| director = R. R. Karthikeyan Parameshwar
| starring = [[Malavika Avinash]] Swetha Khelge Jayshri Jue Jeevan G Ranjit Babu
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_episodes = 726<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malavika Avinash-Swetha Khelge starrer 'Kannedhirey Thondrinal' completes 600 episodes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/malavika-avinash-swetha-khelge-starrer-kannedhirey-thondrinal-completes-600-episodes/articleshow/110759610.cms|access-date=6 June 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
| producer = M. B. Gowrish
| company = Rambo Visual Works
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| music =
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20-22 mins per episode
| channel = [[Kalaignar TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|06|27|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2024|11|02|df=yes}}
}}

'''Kannedhirey Thondrinaal''' is a [[Tamil-language]] family [[Tamil television drama|television series]] created by M. B. Gowrish under the production company Rambo Visual Works and directed by R.R. Karthikeyan, followed by Parmeshwar. This is Rambo Visual Works' first production work. The story starred [[Malavika Avinash]], Swetha Khelge, Jayshri Jue and Jeevan G.

The series aired on [[Kalaignar TV]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.medianews4u.com/kalaignar-tv-bolsters-its-prime-time-line-up-with-two-new-fiction-shows-ponni-c-o-rani-and-kannethirey-thondrinal/|title=Kalaignar TV bolsters its Prime Time line up with two new fiction shows Ponni C/o Rani and Kannethirey Thondrinal|date=June 27, 2022 |publisher=www.medianews4u.com|access-date=|language=en}}</ref> from 27 June 2022 to 2 November 2024 and ended with 726 episodes.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cineulagam.com/article/kalaignar-tv-gonna-end-his-hit-serial-1728661738| title=திடீரென முடிவுக்கு வரும் ஹிட்டாக ஓடிக்கொண்டிருக்கும் ஒரு தொடர்... புதிய தகவல், எந்த டிவி தொடர் தெரியுமா? | website=cineulagam.com| date=|language=ta}}</ref>

==Cast==
=== Main ===
* Swetha Khelge as Sakthi Shiva
* [[Malavika Avinash]] as Rudhra Devi Bhoominathan
* Jayshri Jue / Ramya Balakrishna / Jayshri Jue as Anitha (Dead)
* Jeevan Vaa as Shiva Manivannan

=== Supporting ===
* Kavitha Solairaja as Indumathi Manivannan (Main Antagonist)
* Tejas Gowda / Mohan as Santosh Manivannan
* Vaishu Jayachandhiran / Kavya Amira / Dhanalakshmi / Vaishu Jayachandiran as Divya Arun
* Ranjit Babu as Arun Ratnakumar
* Som Soumyan / Ramachandran Mahalingam as Ratnakumar aka Ratnam (Antagonist)
* [[Kovai Babu]] / Arvind Venkat / Krishna Kumar as Manivannan
* Shwetha B as Seetha Ratnakumar (Dead)
* [[Mohan Vaidya (singer)|Mohan Vaidya]] / Sivakumar as Ganesan
* Padmini Chandrashekaran as Lakshmi Ganesan
* Aikkia Balakrishnan as Gayathri Ganesan (Dead)
* Preethi Bubramani as Kalyani Ganesan

=== Cameo appearances ===
* [[Vadivukkarasi]] as Abirami
* [[Ravikumar (actor)|Ravikumar]] as Seetha's father
* [[Raaghav]] as Surya
* [[Shanthi Arvind]] as Raja Rajeshwari<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-and-choreographer-shanthi-aravind-joins-the-cast-of-kannethiey-thonrinal/articleshow/102674742.cms| title=Actress and choreographer Shanthi Aravind joins the cast of 'Kannethiey Thonrinal'| website=[[The Times of India]]| date=12 August 2023|language=en}}</ref>
* Rekha Krishnappa as Aadhira
* [[Papri Ghosh]] as Dr. Aaradhana
* [[Sudha Chandran]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-sudha-chandran-joins-the-cast-of-kannedhirey-thondrinaal/articleshow/113568875.cms| title=Actress Sudha Chandran joins the cast of Kannedhirey Thondrinaal| website=[[The Times of India]]| date=22 September 2024|language=en}}</ref> as Sarada Devi
* [[Prajin]] as Vikram
* Rekha Krishnappa as Aadhira
* Arun Chandra Kumar as Selva
* Shyam Viswanathan as Kesavan
* Ashwini Radhakrishna as Lawyer Yazhini
* Bharath Kalyan as Adv. Tiger Varadhachari
* [[Srividya]] as Rudra's mother (Posthumous photographic appearance)

== Production ==
=== Development ===
Rambo Visual Works, a new production company headed by M.B. Gowrish began the production of its first serial ''Kannedhirey Thondrinal'' on [[Kalaignar TV]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=கலைஞர் தொலைக்காட்சியின் புத்தம் புதிய மெகாத்தொடர் "கண்ணெதிரே தோன்றினாள்"|url=https://chennaivision.com/kalaignar-tv-kannethirey-thondrinaal/|website=chennaivision.com|access-date=24 June 2022 |language=ta}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Actress [[Malavika Avinash]] was cast as Rudhra,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malavika Avinash-Swetha Khelge starrer 'Kannedhirey Thondrinal'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/malavika-avinash-swetha-khelge-starrer-kannedhirey-thondrinal-completes-250-episodes/articleshow/99657394.cms|access-date=21 April 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref> a woman from a wealthy family. Newcomer actor 'Jeevan G Vaa' was cast as the male lead Shiva. Actress Jayshri was cast Main Antagonist as Anitha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Television actress Jayshri Jue shares a BTS video of her recent shoot from KanedireThondrinaal's set|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/television-actress-jayshri-jue-shares-a-bts-video-of-her-recent-shoot-from-kanedirethondrinaals-set-watch/articleshow/102100318.cms|access-date=25 July 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kannethirey Thondrinal actress Jayashri Jue enjoys a vacation with her friends|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/kannethirey-thondrinal-actress-jayashri-jue-enjoys-a-vacation-with-her-friends/articleshow/103012770.cms|access-date=24 August 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref> On 10 March, [[Vadivukkarasi]] was cast as Abirami.

Actor Kovai Babu was cast as Manivannan,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actor Kovai Babu announces his exit from the TV show 'Kannedhirey Thondrinal'.|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actor-kovai-babu-announces-his-exit-from-the-tv-show-kannedhirey-thondrinal-arvind-venkat-to-play-the-new-manivannan/articleshow/100330302.cms|access-date=18 May 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref> but was replaced by Arvind Venkat in May 2023. Vaishu Jayachandhiran was selected to portray a supporting role as Dhivya but in October 2023 she quit the show.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actress Vaishu announces her exit from the TV show 'Kannedhirey Thondrinal'.|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-vaishu-announces-her-exit-from-the-tv-show-kannedhirey-thondrinal-kavya-to-replace-her-as-divya/articleshow/104576557.cms|access-date=20 October 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Actress Kavya Amira was replaced her role.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sandhiya Ragam actress Kavya Amira joins the cast of 'Kannedhirey Thondrinaal'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/sandhiya-ragam-actress-kavya-amira-joins-the-cast-of-kannedhirey-thondrinaal/articleshow/104578007.cms|access-date=20 October 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> In June 2023, actor [[Raaghav]] entered the show as Surya, Sakthi's new love interest.<ref>{{Cite web|title=சீரியலில் ரீ என்ட்ரி கொடுக்கும் நடிகர் ராகவ்...|url=https://ttncinema.com/television/actor-raghav-re-entering-in-kannethirey-thondrinal-serial/cid11451933.htm|access-date=29 June 2023 |website=ttncinema.com|date=29 June 2023 |language=ta}}</ref>

In September 2023, Actor [[Ravikumar (actor)|Ravikumar]] joined the cast to play a supporting role,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Television actor Ravikumar joins the cast of Kannedhirey Thondrinaal|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/television-actor-ravikumar-joins-the-cast-of-kannedhirey-thondrinaal/articleshow/103650566.cms|access-date=14 September 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref> will play the role of Sakthi's grandfather. On 25 November 2023, Actress [[Papri Ghosh]] joined the cast to play the Doctor for a new story track.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actress Papri Ghosh joins the cast of 'Kannedhirey Thondrinaal'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-papri-ghosh-joins-the-cast-of-kannedhirey-thondrinaal/articleshow/105496544.cms|access-date=25 November 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> In end of November, Kavya Amira was replaced by Dhanalakshmi as Dhivya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actress Dhanalakshmi Swaminathan joins the cast of 'Kannedhirey Thondrinaal'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-dhanalakshmi-swaminathan-joins-the-cast-of-kannedhirey-thondrinaal/articleshow/105557105.cms|access-date=28 September 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

On 24 December 2023, actress Jayshri Jue was replaced by Ramya Balakrishna as Anitha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actress Ramya Balakrishna joins the cast of 'Kannedhirey Thondrinaal'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-ramya-balakrishna-joins-the-cast-of-kannedhirey-thondrinaal/articleshow/106242424.cms|access-date=24 December 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Jayshri Jue returned as Anitha on 19 May 2024, replacing Ramya Balakrishna. In February 2024, singer and actor [[Mohan Vaidya (singer)|Mohan Vaidya]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/mohan-vaidya-joins-the-cast-of-kannedhirey-thondrinaal-bigg-boss-tamil-fame/articleshow/107933260.cms| title=Bigg Boss Tamil fame Mohan Vaidya joins the cast of Kannedhirey Thondrinaal| website=[[The Times of India]]| date=23 February 2024|language=en}}</ref> joined the cast to play a supporting role.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/pasanga-sivakumar-joins-the-cast-of-kannedhirey-thondrinaal/articleshow/111774958.cms| title=Pasanga Sivakumar joins the cast of Kannedhirey Thondrinaal| website=[[The Times of India]]| date=16 July 2024|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Kalaignar TV shows}}

[[Category:Kalaignar TV television series]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Sitarganj Central Jail

2025-09-22T08:33:47Z

MavisHelena6948:

{{Short description|Prison in Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Infobox prison
| name = Sitarganj Central Jail
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| pushpin_map = India Uttarakhand
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand
| location = [[Sitarganj]]
| coordinates = {{coord|29.032|79.676|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| status = Operational
| classification = minimum-maximum
| capacity = 552
| population =
| population_as_of =
| opened = {{Start date|1960}}
| closed =
| managed_by = Uttarakhand Department of Prison, [[Government of Uttarakhand]]
| warden =
| street-address = Lalarkhas
| city = [[Sitarganj]]
| state = [[Uttarakhand]]
| zip = 263151
| country = India
| website = {{URL|http://www.prison.uk.gov.in/}}
| prisoners =
}}

'''Sitarganj Central Jail''' is a [[Prison|correctional facility]] in [[Sitarganj]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]. The facility is located {{convert|14|km|mi}} away from [[Sitarganj]] town.

== History ==
The Sitarganj Central Jail was established in 1960. Currently it confines 854 prisoners.<ref>{{Cite web|title=6 out of 11 jails overcrowded in Uttarakhand|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/6-out-of-11-jails-overcrowded-in-uttarakhand/articleshow/68961031.cms|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=12 July 2024}}</ref> It is nearby the Sampurnanand Open Jail Camp, which is among the 28 [[Open prison|open jails]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uttarakhand: An open prison with fields and unfettered inmates vies for space and survival|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/uttarakhand-an-open-prison-with-fields-and-unfettered-inmates-vies-for-space-and-survival/story-vfWE0B45FPgv8sCECCAK1O_amp.html|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=12 July 2024}}</ref>

== Incidents ==
In 2019 Sitarganj Central Jail was in news for more than a hundred of inmates seeking [[mercy killing]] because of the [[Pendency of court cases in India|delay in their trail and sentencing]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Inmates Of Sitarganj Jail Seek Mercy Killing|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/inmates-of-sitarganj-jail-seek-mercy-killing/amp_articleshow/69488642.cms|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=12 July 2024}}</ref>

During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Uttarakhand]], 205 inmates in the jail were found infected with [[coronavirus]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=95 inmates test Covid-19 positive in Uttarakhand jail, 205 in one week|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/95-inmates-test-covid-19-positive-in-uttarakhand-jail-205-in-one-week/story-ck6hiWKfFTpIGMICXRXIPJ.html|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=12 July 2024}}</ref>

In a two-day long inspection drive in 2022, 66 mobile phones and chargers that were being used for gangster activities, were recovered from the jail.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uttarakhand: 66 Mobile Phones Recovered From Sitarganj Jail In US Nagar|url=https://www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/uttarakhand-66-mobile-phones-recovered-from-sitarganj-jail-in-us-nagar/amp_articleshow/94122804.cms|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=12 July 2024}}</ref>

13 accused in [[2024 Haldwani violence]] are currently lodged in Sitarganj Central Jail.<ref>{{Cite web|title=बनभूलपुरा हिंसा के 13 कैदियों को हल्द्वानी जेल से सितारगंज जेल किया शिफ्ट, जानें वजह|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/amp/hi/!bharat/several-prisoners-of-banbhoolpura-violence-shifted-from-haldwani-jail-to-sitarganj-jail-utn24062400668|language=hi|publisher=ETV Bharat|access-date=12 July 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Prisons in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:1960 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Prisons completed in the 1960s]]

Mambaram

2025-09-10T20:10:17Z

MavisHelena6948: Adding!

'''Mambaram''' may refer to:

* [[Mambaram, Malappuram]], India
* [[Mambaram, Kannur]], Thalassery India

{{disambiguation}}

Consulate General of Thailand, Chennai

2025-07-29T22:15:28Z

MavisHelena6948:

{{Short description|Diplomatic mission of Thailand in South India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox official post
|post = Royal Thai Consulate-General, Chennai
|body =
|native_name = {{lang|th|สถานกงสุลใหญ่ไทย ณ เมืองเจนไน}} {{lang|ta|தாய்லாந்துத் துணைதூதரகம், சென்னை}}
|insignia = Royal Thai Consulate-General Seal.svg
|insigniasize = 120px
|insigniacaption = [[Emblem of Thailand|Thai Garuda emblem]]
|department = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Thailand)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]
|image =
|alt =
|incumbent = Racha Aribarg
|incumbentsince = 2024
|style = Consul-General
|residence =
|nominator =
|nominatorpost =
|appointer =
|appointerpost =
|termlength =
|inaugural = Suphot Yanthukij
|formation = 2005
|last =
|abolished =
|succession =
|salary =
|website = {{Official|https://www.thaiconsulategeneralchennai.com/index.php}}
}}

The '''Consulate General of Thailand in Chennai''' is the [[Diplomatic mission|mission]] of [[Thailand]] in [[South India]] representing the interests of the Thai government in the region. The other missions in the country are the Royal Thai Embassy in [[New Delhi]] and the Royal Thai Consulates General in [[Kolkata]] and [[Mumbai]]. The Chennai Consulate covers the southern states of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Kerala]]. The current Consul General is Racha Aribarg. He succeeds Nitirooge Phoneprasert.

==Location==
The [[Chancery (diplomacy)|chancery]] premises of the Royal Thai Consulate-General in Chennai is located at No.116, Chamiers Road, [[Nandanam]], [[Chennai]]. with effect from 1 November 2018. Earlier, the chancery, along with the Thai Trade Office, was located at No.116, Chamiers Road, [[Nandanam]], [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web| title =Thai agencies in India| publisher =Thai-India Business Information Center| url =http://www.thaiindia.net/en/thai-agencies-in-india.html| access-date =16 Feb 2012| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120129053022/http://www.thaiindia.net/en/thai-agencies-in-india.html| archive-date =2012-01-29}}</ref>

==History==
Plans to establish a Royal Thai Consulate General in Chennai were implemented in 2003.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Thailand plans consulate in Chennai
| location = Chennai
| date = 18 May 2003
| url = http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2003/05/18/stories/2003051802300600.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20030903134824/http://hindu.com/thehindu/2003/05/18/stories/2003051802300600.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 3 September 2003
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 16 Feb 2012}}</ref> The consulate was completed in late 2005.<ref>{{cite web
| title = 60 Years of Friendship, Thailand–India
| url = http://www.diplomatist.com/pdf/thailand.pdf
| access-date = 14 Feb 2012
| archive-date = 16 February 2010
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100216023847/http://www.diplomatist.com/pdf/thailand.pdf
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

In November 2005, the Consulate General in Chennai opened the first Thailand Visa Application Centre in the city located at [[Anna Salai|Mount Road]], [[Teynampet]].<ref>{{cite web
| title = Thailand Visa Application Centre At Chennai
| publisher = Business Traveller
| date = December 2005
| url = http://www.businesstravellerindia.com/200512/newsstation06.shtml
| access-date = 14 Feb 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| title = Thailand visa application centre opened in Chennai
| location = Chennai
| date = 10 November 2005
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/10/stories/2005111015270700.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060526113110/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/10/stories/2005111015270700.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 26 May 2006
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 14 Feb 2012}}</ref> A new visa application center was inaugurated by Consul-General Krongkanit Rakcharoen at [[Egmore]] in 2018.<ref>{{cite news
| last = BW Online Bureau
| title = CKGS Opens Thai Visa Application Centre in Chennai
| newspaper = BWHotelier
| location = Chennai
| date = 17 May 2018
| url = http://bwhotelier.businessworld.in/article/CKGS-Opens-Thai-Visa-Application-Centre-in-Chennai/17-05-2018-149523/
| access-date = 21 November 2020}}</ref>

On 8 October 2006, the Consulate General founded the Thai Student Associations Bangalore (ThaiSAB), a non-profit voluntary union of Thai students pursuing academic and research disciplines around [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite web| title =About Us| publisher =ThaiSAB| url =http://www.thaisab.in/?page_id=7| access-date =14 Feb 2012| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120215005641/http://www.thaisab.in/?page_id=7| archive-date =2012-02-15}}</ref>

==List of consuls general==
* Mr. Suphot Yanthukij
* Mr. Chanchai Charanvatnakit
* Mr. Somsak Triamjangarun
* Mrs. Krongkanit Rakcharoen (–2019) (First female consul general)
* Mr. Nitirooge Phoneprasert (2019–2024)<ref>{{cite news
| title = Consul General calls for stronger ties between industries in Coimbatore and Thailand
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 31 January 2020
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/consul-general-calls-for-stronger-ties-between-industries-in-coimbatore-and-thailand/article30696271.ece
| access-date = 21 November 2020}}</ref>
* Mr. Racha Aribarg (August 2024–Present)

==Functions==
In 2009, the Chennai Consulate General issued nearly 300 visas a day, while the Embassy at New Delhi ranked top by processing 600 visas per day. The Chennai Consulate General contributed nearly 20 percent of the annual flow to Thailand.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Thai Tourism woos India
| newspaper = News Today
| date = 8 July 2009
| url = http://newstodaynet.com/newsindex.php?id=18032%20&%20section=9
| access-date = 29 Feb 2012
}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The Consulate General has under its control the visa application centres located at Chennai, [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]],<ref>{{cite news
| title = Visa centre for Thailand opens in Hyderabad
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Hyderabad
| date = 3 June 2011
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article2073377.ece
| access-date = 14 Feb 2012}}</ref> [[Bangalore]],<ref>{{cite news
| title = Getting Thai Visa in India becomes more convenient
| newspaper = Thaindian
| date = 19 November 2007
| url = http://www.thaindian.com/news-snippet/getting-thai-visa-in-india-becomes-more-convenient-4468.html
| access-date = 16 Feb 2012
| archive-date = 1 May 2008
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080501174530/http://www.thaindian.com/news-snippet/getting-thai-visa-in-india-becomes-more-convenient-4468.html
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> and [[Kochi]],<ref name="TimesTravelVisaCenters">{{cite news
| last = Sengar
| first = Resham
| title = Thai visa application centres in India are now 13 in number!
| newspaper = Times Travel
| location =
| date = 25 November 2017
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/thai-visa-application-centres-in-india-are-now-13-in-number/as61356432.cms
| access-date = 22 October 2021}}</ref> with the Chennai Consulate assessing all applications.<ref name="TimesTravelVisaCenters"/> As of 2011, the Chennai centre was receiving 400 to 600 visa applications per day.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Thailand outsources visa applications to VFS Global in Hyderabad
| newspaper = DNA India
| location = Hyderabad
| publisher = DNA India.com
| date = 2 June 2011
| url = http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_thailand-outsources-visa-applications-to-vfs-global-in-hyderabad_1550403
| access-date = 14 Feb 2012}}</ref> In October 2022, the Consulate renewed pan-India visa application processing mandate with VFS Global.<ref>{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = The Royal Thai Embassy and Consulates renew pan-India visa application processing mandate with VFS Global
| newspaper = Travel Trade Journal
| location =
| date = 4 October 2022
| url = https://traveltradejournal.com/the-royal-thai-embassy-and-consulates-renew-pan-india-visa-application-processing-mandate-with-vfs-global/
| access-date = 21 February 2023}}</ref>

==Social activities==
On 11 October 2010, the Consulate General donated a set of books on cultural history, people, political hierarchy, places and economic significance of Thailand to the [[Anna Centenary Library]] at [[Kotturpuram]].<ref>{{cite news
| title = Thai consulate donates books to Anna Centenary Library
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 12 October 2010
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article825493.ece
| access-date = 14 Feb 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Thailand|India}}
* [[Embassy of Thailand, New Delhi]]
* [[List of diplomatic missions in Chennai]]
* [[India-Thailand relations]]
* [[List of diplomatic missions of Thailand]]
* [[Foreign relations of India]]
* [[Foreign relations of Thailand]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.thaiembassy.org/chennai/en/ Official website of the Royal Thai Consulate-General in Chennai]
* [http://www.mfa.go.th/ Kingdom of Thailand Ministry of Foreign Affairs homepage]
* [http://www.thaiembassy.org/ List of Thai Embassies and Consulates]

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Diplomatic missions of Thailand}}
{{Diplomatic missions in India}}

[[Category:Diplomatic missions of Thailand|Chennai]]
[[Category:India–Thailand relations]]
[[Category:Diplomatic missions in Chennai|Thailand]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Chennai]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

D A V College, Siwan

2025-07-23T09:26:50Z

MavisHelena6948: redirect

#REDIRECT [[D.A.V. Post-Graduate College, Siwan]]
{{Redirect category shell|{{R from initialism}}}}

Lakshmi Viswanathan

2025-07-13T20:40:57Z

MavisHelena6948: Article!

{{Short description|Indian dancer (1944–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lakshmi Viswanathan
| birth_date = {{birth date|1944|1|12|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2023|1|20|1944|1|12|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = Bharatanatyam dancer, choreographer, teacher, writer
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2008)
[[Sangita Kalanidhi|Nritya Kalanidhi]] (2011)
}}

'''Lakshmi Viswanathan''' (12 January 1944 – 20 January 2023) was an Indian [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer, choreographer, teacher, and writer, widely regarded as a prominent figure in the field of Indian classical dance. Known for her nuanced performances and deep connection to music, she contributed significantly to the preservation and evolution of Bharatanatyam through her artistry and scholarship. She was a recipient of several prestigious awards, including the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] and the [[Sangita Kalanidhi|Nritya Kalanidhi]] title from the [[Madras Music Academy]].

==Early life and training==
Lakshmi Viswanathan was born on 12 January 1944 in [[Bangalore]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]], [[British India]], to Alamelu and K. Viswanathan.<ref name="MusicAcademy">{{cite web |url=https://www.musicacademymadras.in/nritya-kalanidhi-lakshmi-viswanathan-no-more/ |title=Nritya Kalanidhi Lakshmi Viswanathan no more |publisher=[[Madras Music Academy]] |access-date=6 April 2025 |archive-date=6 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406165719/https://www.musicacademymadras.in/nritya-kalanidhi-lakshmi-viswanathan-no-more/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Her family was well-known for its association with the classical arts, particularly the [[Thanjavur]] tradition.<ref name="MusicAcademy" /> She began her training in Bharatanatyam under Guru Kausalya of the Vazhuvoor Ramaiya Pillai school and later trained under Guru Kanchipuram Ellappa Pillai.<ref name="MusicAcademy" /><ref name="SNA">{{cite web |url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/Lakshmi_Vishwanathan.pdf |title=Lakshmi Vishwanathan - Sangeet Natak Akademi |publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] |access-date=6 April 2025}}</ref> She also received training from Courtalam Ganesa Pillai and Sankari Krishnan of the Thanjavur Kittappa Pillai school.<ref name="MusicAcademy" />
In addition to dance, Viswanathan trained in music under her mother and later under Tedyiyur Narayanaswami, Thiruvaiyyaru Krishnamurthy, and Sangita Kala Acharya T. Mukta.<ref name="MusicAcademy" /> Her early exposure to [[Carnatic music]] played a significant role in shaping her dance repertoire, which often reflected a seamless integration of rhythm and melody.<ref name="HinduMusic">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/lakshmi-viswanathans-dance-repertoire-was-insipired-by-music/article67744594.ece |title=Lakshmi Viswanathan's dance repertoire was inspired by music |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=20 January 2023 |access-date=6 April 2025 |archive-date=6 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406164215/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/lakshmi-viswanathans-dance-repertoire-was-insipired-by-music/article67744594.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Her dance arangetram (debut performance) took place in 1952, presided over by E. Krishna Iyer, the founder-secretary of the Music Academy, Madras.<ref name="MusicAcademy" />

==Career==
Lakshmi Viswanathan emerged as a leading exponent of Bharatanatyam, performing extensively in India and abroad. Her performances were noted for their elegance, expressive ''[[abhinaya]]'' (gesture-based storytelling), and innovative choreography.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/in-memoriam-lakshmi-viswanathan-bharatanatyam-exponent-and-keeper-of-timeless-artistry-leaves-a-luminous-legacy-12181062.html |title=In Memoriam: Lakshmi Viswanathan, Bharatanatyam exponent and keeper of timeless artistry, leaves a luminous legacy |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=23 January 2023 |access-date=6 April 2025 |archive-date=6 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406164249/https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/in-memoriam-lakshmi-viswanathan-bharatanatyam-exponent-and-keeper-of-timeless-artistry-leaves-a-luminous-legacy-12181062.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She was a regular performer at major cultural festivals, including the [[Khajuraho Dance Festival]], which she described as a "dream-come-true experience," and the Music Academy’s annual dance festival in Chennai.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/khajuraho-a-dream-come-true-experience/article22980142.ece |title=Khajuraho, a dream-come-true experience |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 February 2018 |access-date=6 April 2025 |archive-date=6 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406164215/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/khajuraho-a-dream-come-true-experience/article22980142.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/dance-festival-under-way/article22362631.ece |title=Dance festival under way |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 January 2018 |access-date=6 April 2025}}</ref>
In addition to her performances, Viswanathan was a respected guru who trained numerous students, emphasizing the importance of individuality and creativity within the traditional framework of Bharatanatyam.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2015/Feb/11/creative-proponent-of-expressions-716062.html |title=Creative proponent of expressions |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=11 February 2015 |access-date=6 April 2025}}</ref> She also authored books and articles on dance, including reflections on its historical and cultural significance.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/step-past-2266660 |title=Step Past |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=14 March 2021 |access-date=6 April 2025}}</ref> Her dance was known for its in-depth research, blending tradition with scholarly insight.<ref name="MusicAcademy" />
Contributions and style Viswanathan’s work was deeply influenced by the feminine aspects of Bharatanatyam, often exploring themes of grace, strength, and emotional depth.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2013/May/01/the-immutable-power-of-femininity-473202.html |title=The immutable power of femininity |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=1 May 2013 |access-date=6 April 2025}}</ref> Her choreography was praised for its musicality, drawing inspiration from Carnatic compositions and the works of figures like [[M.S. Subbulakshmi]], to whom she paid tribute through her art.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/an-ode-subbulakshmi-nightingale-2087303 |title=An ode to Subbulakshmi, the nightingale |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=11 September 2021 |access-date=6 April 2025 |archive-date=6 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406164248/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/an-ode-subbulakshmi-nightingale-2087303 |url-status=live }}</ref> Her multifaceted approach—combining performance, teaching, and writing—earned her recognition as a cultural ambassador of Indian dance.<ref name="HinduFacets">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/the-many-facets-of-lakshmi-viswanathans-art/article66435878.ece |title=The many facets of Lakshmi Viswanathan's art |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 January 2023 |access-date=6 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramani |first=V. V. |date=2025-03-18 |title=Keeping Lakshmi Viswanathan's artistic legacy alive |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/keeping-lakshmi-viswanathans-artistic-legacy-alive/article69345129.ece |access-date=2025-04-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2025-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250405165524/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/keeping-lakshmi-viswanathans-artistic-legacy-alive/article69345129.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
Lakshmi Viswanathan received numerous accolades during her career. In 2008, she was honored with the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for her contributions to Bharatanatyam.<ref name="SNA" /> In 2011, she was conferred the [[Sangita Kalanidhi|Nritya Kalanidhi]] title by the [[Madras Music Academy]], a prestigious recognition in the Indian classical dance community.<ref name="MusicAcademy" /> She expressed surprise and humility at receiving such honors, noting her focus remained on the art itself.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2011/Dec/18/awards-surprise-me-321562.html |title=Awards surprise me |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=18 December 2011 |access-date=6 April 2025 |archive-date=6 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406164248/https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2011/Dec/18/awards-surprise-me-321562.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life and legacy==
Viswanathan was known for her deep connection to Chennai, where she lived and worked for most of her life. She died on 20 January 2023, leaving behind a legacy celebrated by the dance community and beyond.<ref name="HinduObit">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/bharatanatyam-dancer-guru-lakshmi-vishwanathan-dies/article66409727.ece |title=Bharatanatyam dancer, guru Lakshmi Viswanathan dies |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=20 January 2023 |access-date=6 April 2025 |archive-date=6 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406164248/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/bharatanatyam-dancer-guru-lakshmi-vishwanathan-dies/article66409727.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="MusicAcademy" /> Her contributions were lauded for their timeless quality, with tributes highlighting her role as a keeper of Bharatanatyam’s traditions while adapting it to contemporary sensibilities.<ref name="HinduFacets" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/columnists/eunice-de-souza/women-of-pride/articleshow/15919700.cms |title=Women of Pride |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=17 March 2012 |access-date=6 April 2025}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:People from Chennai]]
[[Category:People from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Viswanathan, Lakshmi}}

Jagir

2025-06-27T17:59:42Z

MavisHelena6948: added info

{{Short description|Feudal land grant in South Asia started in 13th century}}
{{For|the 1984 film|Jagir (film)}}
{{Redirect|Jagirdar|the 1937 film|Jagirdar (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
[[File:Maratha darbar.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] [[Durbar (court)|Durbar]] showing the Chief ([[Raja]]) and the nobles ([[Sardar]]s, [[Jagirdar]]s, Istamuradars and [[Mankari]]s) of the [[Princely state|state]].]]
A '''jagir''' ({{langx|fa|{{script/Nastaliq|جاگیر}}|translit=Jāgir}}, [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]: जागीर/جاگیر, ''Jāgīr'', [[Marathi language|Marathi]]: जहागीर, ''Jahāgīrá'') also spelled as '''jageer''',<ref>{{cite book|first1=H. H. |last1=Davies |first2=W. |last2=Blyth|title=Report of the revised settlement of the pargunnahs of Umritsur, Sowrian & Turun Tarun of the Umritsur District |trans-title=Report of the revised settlement of the parganas of Amritsar, Sowrian & Turun Tarun of the Amritsar District|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gpkIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA29|year=1873|publisher=Lahore: Government Civil Secretariat Press|page=29}}</ref> was a type of [[feudal]] [[land grant]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]] at the foundation of its Jagirdar ([[Zamindar]]) system.<ref name="britjagir" /><ref name="Roy 2015">{{cite book|first=Kaushik |last=Roy |title=Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia |date=2015 |publisher= Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-32127-9 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ&pg=PT58 57–59], [https://books.google.com/books?id=q5JECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA62 pp. 61–62]}}</ref>{{rp|57–59}} It developed during the Islamic era of the [[Indian subcontinent]], starting in the early 13th century, wherein the powers to govern and collect tax from an estate was granted to an appointee of the state.<ref name="britjagir">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/jagirdar-system Jāgīrdār system: INDIAN TAX SYSTEM], Encyclopædia Britannica (2009)</ref> The tenants were considered to be in the servitude of the jagirdar.<ref name="Qadeer2006pix">{{cite book|first=Mohammad |last=Qadeer|title=Pakistan - Social and Cultural Transformations in a Muslim Nation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ll02P7G5XD8C |date=2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-18617-4|pages=ix, 44}}</ref> There were two forms of jagir, one conditional, the other unconditional. The conditional jagir required the governing family to maintain troops and provide their service to the state when asked.<ref name="britjagir" /><ref name="Roy 2015" />{{rp|61–62}} The land grant, called {{Transliteration|ar|[[iqta']]a}}, was usually for a holder's lifetime; the land reverted to the state upon the death of the jagirdar.<ref name="britjagir" /><ref>{{cite book|first=Claude |last=Markovits|title=A History of Modern India, 1480-1950|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=r2OKvG5wbaAC&pg=PA567| date=2004|publisher =Anthem Press|isbn =978-1-84331-152-2|page=567}}</ref>

The jagirdar system was introduced by the [[Delhi Sultanate]],<ref name="britjagir" /> and continued during the [[Mughal Empire]],<ref>{{cite book|first=Jamal |last=Malik|title=Islam in South Asia: A Short History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FduG_t2sxwMC&pg=491|year=2008|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-04-16859-6|page=491}}</ref> but with a difference. In the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] times, the jagirdar collected taxes which paid his salary and the rest to the Mughal treasury, while the administration and military authority was given to a separate Mughal appointee.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Catherine B. |last1=Asher |first2=Cynthia |last2=Talbot |title=India Before Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC |year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-80904-7|pages=125–127}}</ref> After the collapse and takeover of Mughals, the system of jagirs was retained by [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]], [[Charans]], [[Rajput]]s, [[Rajpurohit]]s, [[Jat]]s, and [[Jat Sikh|Sikh jat]] kingdoms, and later in a form by the [[British East India Company]].<ref name="britjagir" /><ref name="Roy 2015" />{{rp|61–62}}<ref>{{cite book|first=Madanjit |last=Kaur|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4clbRzW8nYkC&pg=PA31|year=2008|publisher=Unistar|isbn=978-81-89899-54-7|pages=31–40}}</ref>

== Definition ==
''Jagir'' ({{langx|fa|{{nq|جاگیر}}}}, [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]: जागीर/جاگیردار, [[Marathi language|Marathi]]: जहागीर, {{langx|bn|জায়গীর}}) is a Persian word meaning 'place holder'.<ref name=britjagir/>

In its 1955 {{notatypo|judgment}} of the case ''[[Thakur Amar Singhji v]]. State Of Rajasthan'', the [[Supreme Court of India]] used the following definition of ''jagir'' in interpreting the ''Rajasthan Land Reforms and Resumption of Jagirs Act (Rajasthan Act VI of 1952)'':<ref>{{cite court|litigants=Thakur Amar Singhji v. State Of Rajasthan|vol=2|reporter=SCR|opinion=303|pinpoint=305|court=Supreme Court of India|date=15 April 1955|quote=(iv){{nbsp}}...{{nbsp}}that is the sense in which the word jagir should be construed in Art. 31-A.{{pb}}"The object of Art. 31-A was to save legislation which was directed to the abolition of intermediaries so as to establish direct relationship between the State and the tillers of the soil. Construing the word in that sense which would achieve that object in full measure, it must be held that jagir was meant to cover all grants under which the grantees had only rights in respect of revenue and were not tillers of the soil. Maintenance grants in favour of persons who were not cultivators such as members of the ruling family would be jagirs for purposes of Art. 31-A.|postscript=none|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1750663/}}. [https://api.sci.gov.in/ 1955 825 SC] 1955 AIR SC 504</ref>
{{Blockquote|The word 'jagir' connoted originally grants made by [[Rajput]] Rulers to their clansmen for military services rendered or to be rendered. Later on grants made for religious and charitable purposes and even to non-Rajputs were called jagirs, and both in its popular sense and legislative practice, the word jagir came to be used as connoting all grants which conferred on the grantees rights in respect of land revenue, and that is the sense in which the word jagir should be construed{{nbsp}}...|source=''Singhji v. Rajasthan'', (15 April 1955; SCR 1955 2 303; AIR 1955 SC 504)}}

== Succession ==
A jagir was technically a feudal [[life estate]], as the grant reverted to the state upon the jagirdar's death. However, in practice, jagirs became a hereditary position.<ref>{{cite book|first=John F. |last=Richards |title=The Mughal Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA292|year=1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-56603-2|pages=292–293}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=((Pollen, J. (Assistant Commissioner in Sind Province) )) |author2=((Revenue Department of the Sind Commissioner's Office)) |publisher= Government of Bombay |title=History of Alienations in the Province of Sind |url=https://archive.org/details/historyalienati00unkngoog|date=1886 |location=Karachi |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyalienati00unkngoog/page/n211 143]}}</ref> The family was thus the ''de facto'' ruler of the territory, earned income from part of the tax revenues and delivered the rest to the treasury of the state during the Islamic rule period, and later in parts of India that came under Afghan, [[Sikhs|Sikh]] and Rajput rulers. The ''jagirdar'' did not act alone but appointed administrative layers for revenue collection. These positions, according to Shakti Kak, were called, among other titles, ''[[patwari]]'', [[Tehsildar|''tahsildar'']], [[Amils|''amil'']], ''[[Dahsala system#Fotedar|fotedar]]'', ''[[munsif]]'', [[Dahsala system#Qanungo|''qanungo'']], ''[[Chowdhury|chaudhri]]'', and ''[[dewan]]''.<ref name="Kak 2007">{{cite book|first=Shakti |last=Kak |editor1=Waltraud Ernst |editor2=Biswamoy Pati |title=India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism |chapter=The agrarian system of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir: A study of colonial settlement policies, 1860–1905 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9eKbW3ukh9oC&pg=PA68 |date=2007| publisher=Routledge| isbn=978-1-134-11988-2|pages=68–84 |postscript=none}}. See pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9eKbW3ukh9oC&pg=PA71 71–72]</ref>

== 13th-century origin and successors ==
This [[feudal]] system of land ownership is referred to as the ''jagirdar'' system. The system was introduced by the [[Sultans]] of [[Delhi]] from the 13th century onwards, was later adopted by the [[Mughal Empire]], the [[Maratha Empire]] and continued under the [[British East India Company]].<ref name=britjagir/>

Some Hindu jagirdars were converted into Muslim vassal states under [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] imperial sway, such as the [[nawab]]s of [[Kurnool]]. Most [[List of princely states of India|princely states of India]] during the colonial [[British Raj]] era were jagirdars such as Mohrampur Jagir. Shortly following independence from the [[British Crown]] in 1947, the ''jagirdar'' system was abolished by the [[Indian government]] in 1951.<ref>{{cite dictionary | page=834| access-date =9 January 2024 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=V2d12iZkgOwC&q=pg=PA834 | title=Jagirdar system|encyclopedia=Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Encyclopedia | publisher=Merriam-Webster | date=2000 | isbn=0-87779-017-5 |quote=After independence, measures were taken to abolish absentee landownership.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Kumar Suresh |last2=Lal |first2=Rajendra Behari | page=1350 | title=Gujarat, Part 3 | volume=22 | series=People of India, Kumar Suresh Singh Gujarat, Anthropological Survey of India | publisher=Popular Prakashan | date=2003 | isbn=81-7991-106-3 }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Indian honorifics]]
* [[Desmukh]]
* [[Indian feudalism]]
* [[Feudalism in Pakistan]]
* [[Kulkarni]]
* [[Lambardar]]
* [[Mankari]]
* [[Mansabdar]]
* [[Patil (title)|Patil]]
* [[Saranjamdar]]
* [[Sardar]]
* [[Zamindar]]
* [[Ghatwals and Mulraiyats]]
{{col div end}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Jagirs|*]]
[[Category:Feudalism in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Feudalism in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Indian feudalism]]
[[Category:Indian words and phrases]]
[[Category:Administrative divisions of India]]
[[Category:Types of administrative division]]

C. S. Rao (writer)

2025-05-26T06:14:30Z

MavisHelena6948: added basic biography initial version...

{{Short description|Indian writer (1935–2020)}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = C. S. Rao
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1935|12|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Draksharamam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2020|4|14|1935|12|20|df=y}}
| death_place =
| birth_name = Chintapenta Satyanarayana Rao
| parents =
| other_names =
| occupation =
| children =
| spouses =
| relatives =
| website =
}}

'''Chintapenta Satyanarayana Rao''' (20 December 1935 – 14 April 2020<ref>[https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/apr/14/veteran-writer-cs-rao-no-more-18022.html Veteran writer CS Rao no more]</ref>) was an Indian writer, actor, director and producer.

==Filmography==

===Feature films===
# ''Oorummadi Bathukulu''
# ''Kamalamma Kamatam''
# ''[[Pranam Khareedu]]''
# ''Kukka kaatuku Cheppu Debba''
# ''Taram Maarindi''
# ''Nayakudu Vinayakudu''
# ''Malle Moggalu''
# ''Yagnam''
# ''Deeksha''
# ''Sommokadidi Sokokadidi'' (acted)
# ''[[Sarada Ramudu]]'' (acted)
# ''Matti Manushulu'' (acted)

===Commissioned programmes===
# ''Ye Gooti Chilaka Aa Gooti Paluku'' (single episode commissioned program)
# ''Rajasekhara Charitra''
# ''Bhartruhari Janma Vriththantam''
# ''Raaji Bujji''
# ''Jaataka Kathalu''
# ''Vikramarka Vijayam'' (dialogues only)
# ''Kalapoornoday'' (Hindi Serial for National Network)
# ''Temples in AP'' (Hindi Serial for National Network)
# ''Karpoora Vasantha Raayalu''
# ''Music and Dance in AP'' (50 Years of Independence Series)
# ''Vishnu Sharma English Chaduvu'' (Hyderabad Doordarshan Production)

===Sponsored serials===
# ''Meeru Aalochinchandi''
# ''Sikhara Darsanam'' (single episode)
# ''Mitra Laabham''
# ''Varudu Kaavali'' (13 episodes)
# ''Damit Katha Addam Tirigindi''
# ''Dristi''
# ''Ganapathi''
# ''Vidya''
# ''Mallee Telavaarindi'' (given only screenplay)

===TV plays===
# ''Credit Card''
# ''Teerpu'' (a play on 20 point formula)
# ''Kamamma Mogudu''
# ''Oorummadi Bathukulu''
# ''Kallu Terandraa''
# ''Perfect Wife''
# ''Radha Maadhaveeyam''
# ''Cell Gola''
# ''Love Paathaalu''
# ''Koththa Dampathulu''
# ''Meerela Ante Alaage''
# ''Punya Bhumi'' (dialogues only)

===Stage plays===
# ''Malli Eppudostharu'' <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hyderabadbest.com/discoverhyd/artculture/nandinatakotsavam.asp |title=Discover Hyderabad-City Lifestyle |publisher=hyderabad-best.com |accessdate=23 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407125055/http://www.hyderabadbest.com/discoverhyd/artculture/nandinatakotsavam.asp |archive-date=7 April 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
# ''Vishnusharma English Chaduvu'' <ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://www.avkf.org/BookLink/display_author_books.php?author_id=2557&PHPSESSID=9773ef3682a774be066c137f8e85af86 |title=Display Books of this Author |publisher=Avkf.org |date= |accessdate=23 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hindu.com/2010/03/03/stories/2010030356150200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307223518/http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/03/stories/2010030356150200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 March 2010 |title=Andhra Pradesh / Hyderabad News : Golden Nandi to DD telefilm |date=3 March 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=23 November 2011}}</ref>
# ''Aadhunika Telugu Sahithyamlo Hasyam'' <ref name=autogenerated1 />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120407125055/http://www.hyderabadbest.com/discoverhyd/artculture/nandinatakotsavam.asp hyderabadbest.com]
* [http://www.avkf.org/BookLink/display_author_books.php?author_id=2557&PHPSESSID=9773ef3682a774be066c137f8e85af86 avkf.org]
* [http://www.thehansindia.info/News/Article.asp?category=1&subCategory=2&ContentId=88416 thehansindia.info]{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, C. S.}}

[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from East Godavari district]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]

2018 elections in India

2025-05-15T23:19:33Z

MavisHelena6948: updated details

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Elections in India
| country = India
| previous_election = 2017 elections in India
| previous_year = 2017
| election_date = 2018
| next_election = 2019 elections in India
| next_year = 2019
}}
'''Elections in the Republic of India''' in 2018 included by-elections to the [[Lok Sabha]], elections to the [[Rajya Sabha]], elections to of eight states and numerous other by-elections to state legislative assemblies, councils and local bodies.

The elections were widely considered crucial to the ruling [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] and the opposition [[United Progressive Alliance]] for the upcoming general elections in 2019. In seven of the eight states that went to polls this year, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] was in direct contest with the [[Indian National Congress]]. Further, the election results<ref>{{cite web|url=http://karnatakaelections2018.com/karnataka-election-results/|title=Karnataka Elections Results LIVE Coverage|website=Karnataka Elections 2018|language=en|access-date=2018-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612145205/https://karnatakaelections2018.com/karnataka-election-results/|archive-date=2018-06-12|url-status=live}}</ref> in the states of [[Karnataka]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Mizoram]] and [[Rajasthan]] are considered a barometer of the pulse of the public before the general elections. Elections to the upper house where the ruling National Democratic Alliance does not command a majority are expected to strengthen its position.

== Background ==

=== Political system ===
According to the [[Constitution of India]], elections should take place to the parliament and [[Vidhan Sabha|state legislative assemblies]] every five years, unless an emergency is under operation. Further, any vacancy caused by death or resignation must be filled through an election within six months of occurrence of such vacancy. The elections to the lower houses (in Parliament and in the states) use [[first past the post]] system - the candidate with a [[plurality voting system|plurality]] of the votes wins the election.

Elections to one-third of the seats of the upper house of the Parliament - the [[Rajya Sabha]] are conducted every two years. The members of the upper house are elected indirectly by the state legislative assemblies on the basis of proportional representation. Members to the state legislative councils (in states which have an upper house) are elected indirectly through local bodies.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.amarujala.com/election|title=2018 Legislative Assembly Election|work=amarujala.com|access-date=2018-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025074935/https://www.amarujala.com/election|archive-date=2018-10-25|url-status=live}}</ref>

All the elections at the central and state level are conducted by the [[Election Commission of India]] while local body elections are conducted by state election commissions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/the_function.aspx|title=Election Commission of India|website=eci.nic.in|access-date=2018-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211152557/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/the_function.aspx|archive-date=2018-02-11|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Parliamentary by-election ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.no
!Date
!Constituency
!State/UT
!MP before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|rowspan="3" | 29 January 2018
|[[Alwar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alwar]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Rajasthan]]
|Mahant Chandnath
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Karan Singh Yadav]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!2
|[[Ajmer (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ajmer]]
|Sanwar Lal Jat
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Raghu Sharma
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!3
|[[Uluberia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uluberia]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|[[Sultan Ahmed (Indian politician)|Sultan Ahmed]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|Sajda Ahmed
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
!4
|rowspan="3" | 11 March 2018
|[[Gorakhpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gorakhpur]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Yogi Adityanath]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Praveen Kumar Nishad]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!5
|[[Phulpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Phulpur]]
|[[Keshav Prasad Maurya]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Nagendra Pratap Singh Patel|Nagendra Singh Patel]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!6
|[[Araria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Araria]]
|[[Bihar]]
| [[Mohammed Taslimuddin]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| [[Sarfaraz Alam]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|-
!7
| rowspan="4" |28 May 2018
|[[Bhandara–Gondiya Lok Sabha constituency|Bhandara–Gondiya]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Maharashtra]]
|[[Nana Patole]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Madhukar Kukde]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!8
|[[Palghar Lok Sabha constituency|Palghar]]
|[[Chintaman Vanaga]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Rajendra Gavit]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!9
|[[Nagaland Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaland]]
|[[Nagaland]]
|[[Neiphiu Rio]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Naga People's Front}}" |
|[[Naga People's Front]]
|[[Tokheho Yepthomi]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]]
|-
!10
|[[Kairana Lok Sabha constituency|Kairana]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Hukum Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Begum Tabassum Hasan]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
|-
!11
| rowspan="3" |3 November 2018
|[[Bellary Lok Sabha constituency|Bellary]]
|rowspan="3" |[[Karnataka]]
|[[B. Sriramulu]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[V. S. Ugrappa]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!12
|[[Shimoga Lok Sabha constituency|Shimoga]]
|[[B. S. Yediyurappa]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[B. Y. Raghavendra]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!13
|[[Mandya Lok Sabha constituency|Mandya]]
|[[C. S. Puttaraju]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|[[L. R. Shivarame Gowda]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|}

* [[Alwar (Lok Sabha constituency)]]: Elections were held on 29 January to elect a new member of parliament after the death of the incumbent Mahant Chandnath of the Bharatiya Janata Party. Both the Bharatiya Janata Party and Indian National Congress fielded candidates from the [[yadav]] community. 61.77% of the total 18,27,936 voters participated in the election.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/ajmer-alwar-bypolls-to-be-first-lok-sabha-elections-to-feature-pictures-of-candidates-on-evms-4310365.html|title=Ajmer, Alwar bypolls to be first Lok Sabha elections to feature pictures of candidates on EVMs - Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com|date=19 January 2018 |access-date=2018-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213081539/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/ajmer-alwar-bypolls-to-be-first-lok-sabha-elections-to-feature-pictures-of-candidates-on-evms-4310365.html|archive-date=2018-02-13|url-status=live}}</ref> For the first time in the country, the election commission placed candidates' photos next to their name to help voters identify the candidates. In what was seen as a body blow to the state government, the INC wrested control of the seat from the BJP, with its candidate [[Karan Singh Yadav]] winning the seat by a margin of 1,96,496 votes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pinkcitypost.com/rajasthan-election-voting-live-updates-ajmer-alwar-mandalgarh/|title=Rajasthan by-election voting percentage: 62% turnout in Alwar, 65% in Ajmer, 77% in Mandalgarh|date=2018-01-29|work=The PinkCity Post|access-date=2018-02-13|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213135055/https://www.pinkcitypost.com/rajasthan-election-voting-live-updates-ajmer-alwar-mandalgarh/|archive-date=2018-02-13|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajasthan-bypoll-results-live-updates-counting-of-votes-for-alwar-ajmer-mandalgarh-seats-today/story-38NeQnIDLJc9HZY48HtY6I.html|title=Rajasthan bypoll results highlights: Blow for BJP as Congress wins Ajmer, Alwar and Mandalgarh bypolls|date=2018-02-01|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2018-02-12|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212095325/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajasthan-bypoll-results-live-updates-counting-of-votes-for-alwar-ajmer-mandalgarh-seats-today/story-38NeQnIDLJc9HZY48HtY6I.html|archive-date=2018-02-12|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Ajmer (Lok Sabha constituency)]]: Elections were held on 29 January to elect a new member of parliament after the death of the incumbent Sanwar Lal Jat of the Bharatiya Janata Party. 65% of the total 18.43 lakh voters participated in the election.<ref name=":0" /> For the first time in the country, the election commission placed candidates' photos next to their name to help voters identify the candidates. In what was seen as a body blow to the state government, the INC wrested control of the seat from the BJP, its candidate Raghu Sharma won by a margin of 84,238 votes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pinkcitypost.com/ajmer-election-results-2018-live-updates/|title=Ajmer by-election 2018 final result: Raghu Sharma wins|date=2018-02-01|work=The PinkCity Post|access-date=2018-02-13|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213135053/https://www.pinkcitypost.com/ajmer-election-results-2018-live-updates/|archive-date=2018-02-13|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Uluberia (Lok Sabha constituency)]]: Elections were held on 29 January to elect a new member of parliament after the death of [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting Club]]'s president and [[All India Trinamool Congress]] M.P [[Sultan Ahmed (Indian politician)|Sultan Ahmed]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/xFlpznTD7bLawhKKUggAsI/Bypolls-to-3-Lok-Sabha-seats-in-Rajasthan-West-Bengal-on-29.html |title=Bypolls to 3 Lok Sabha seats in Rajasthan, West Bengal on 29 January |date=2017-12-28 |work=livemint |access-date=2018-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305172111/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/xFlpznTD7bLawhKKUggAsI/Bypolls-to-3-Lok-Sabha-seats-in-Rajasthan-West-Bengal-on-29.html |archive-date=2018-03-05 |url-status=live }}</ref> Trinamool Congress candidate Sajda Ahmed won Uluberia Lok Sabha seat by defeating BJP candidate Anupam Mallick by 4,74,023 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.india.com/news/india/uluberia-lok-sabha-bye-election-2018-result-live-news-updates-counting-of-votes-for-west-bengal-bypolls-2872363/ |title=Uluberia Lok Sabha Bye-Election Result: TMC Candidate Sajda Wins Bypoll |date=2018-02-01 |work=india news |access-date=2018-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301104103/http://www.india.com/news/india/uluberia-lok-sabha-bye-election-2018-result-live-news-updates-counting-of-votes-for-west-bengal-bypolls-2872363/ |archive-date=2018-03-01 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== March ===

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!2018 winner
!2014 winner
!State
!Constituency
!Note
|-
|SP
|BJP
|Uttar Pradesh
|[[Gorakhpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gorakhpur]]
|Elections were held on March 11 to elect a new member of Parliament after the incumbent member [[Yogi Adityanath]] resigned from the post after he was appointed the [[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Indian Express">{{Cite news | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/gorakhpur-and-phulpur-lok-sabha-byelections-bjp-hopes-to-retain-seats-5064838 | title=Gorakhpur and Phulpur Lok Sabha byelections: BJP hopes to retain seats | date=2018-02-15 | work=Indian Express | access-date=2018-03-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301225008/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/gorakhpur-and-phulpur-lok-sabha-byelections-bjp-hopes-to-retain-seats-5064838/ | archive-date=2018-03-01 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/triple-bypoll-shock-for-bjp/article23247592.ece?homepage=true|title=Election Results|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=14 March 2018 }}</ref>
|-
|SP
|BJP
|Uttar Pradesh
|[[Phulpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Phulpur]]
|Elections were held on March 14 to elect a new member of Parliament after the incumbent member [[Keshav Prasad Maurya]] resigned from the post after he was appointed the Deputy Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="Indian Express"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/ByeElec2018/Results/51-Phulpur(PC)-UP.pdf|title=Election results - Phulpur|access-date=2018-03-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316023003/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/ByeElec2018/Results/51-Phulpur(PC)-UP.pdf|archive-date=2018-03-16|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|RJD
|RJD
|Bihar
|[[Araria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Araria]]
|The constituency fell vacant after the death of RJD MP [[Mohammed Taslimuddin]].<ref name="Indian Express"/>
|}

=== May ===

4 parliamentary seats were contested on 28 May 2018.<ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/stage-set-for-bypolls-to-4-parliamentary-10-assembly-seats/articleshow/64345711.cms|title=Stage set for bypolls to 4 parliamentary, 10 assembly seats|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619091236/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/stage-set-for-bypolls-to-4-parliamentary-10-assembly-seats/articleshow/64345711.cms|archive-date=2018-06-19|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/by-elections-2018-4-lok-sabha-10-assembly-seats-go-for-polls-today-all-you-need-to-know-about-parties-candidates-in-fray-4476515.html|title=By-elections 2018: 4 Lok Sabha, 10 Assembly seats go for polls today; all you need to know about parties, candidates in fray - Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com|date=27 May 2018 |access-date=2018-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528133934/https://www.firstpost.com/politics/by-elections-2018-4-lok-sabha-10-assembly-seats-go-for-polls-today-all-you-need-to-know-about-parties-candidates-in-fray-4476515.html|archive-date=2018-05-28|url-status=live}}</ref> The counting of votes took place on May 31.<ref name="The Times of India"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bypolls-in-10-states-tomorrow-crucial-test-for-bjp/story-rU7EEKr8rBoLTIG4hoSu4O.html|title=Bypolls to 4 Lok Sabha, 10 assembly seats begin as BJP faces united opposition test|date=2018-05-27|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2018-05-28|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527194717/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bypolls-in-10-states-tomorrow-crucial-test-for-bjp/story-rU7EEKr8rBoLTIG4hoSu4O.html|archive-date=2018-05-27|url-status=live}}</ref> This election saw the ruling BJP party lose their majority in the lower house of the Indian Parliament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/05/narendra-modi-bjp-party-suffers-setback-election-180531101148797.html|title=Narendra Modi's BJP party suffers setback in by-election - News - Al Jazeera|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=2018-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608012626/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/05/narendra-modi-bjp-party-suffers-setback-election-180531101148797.html|archive-date=2018-06-08|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!2018 winner
!2014 winner
!State
!Constituency
!Note
|-
|RLD
|BJP
|Uttar Pradesh
|[[Kairana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kairana]]
|The constituency fell vacant after the death of BJP MP Hukum Singh.
|-
|NCP
|BJP
|Maharashtra
|[[Bhandara-Gondiya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhandara-Gondiya]]
|Nana Patole quit as the BJP MP and resigned from the ruling party to return to the Congress earlier this year, necessitating the by-election.
|-
|BJP
|BJP
|Maharashtra
|[[Palghar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Palghar]]
|Palghar seat in north Konkan fell vacant after sitting BJP MP Chintaman Vanga died on 30 January following a heart attack.
|-
|NDPP
|NPF
|Nagaland
|[[Nagaland (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaland]]
|The by-election was necessitated after NDPP's Neiphiu Rio resigned to take on the role of Nagaland chief minister.
|}
'''November'''

Three parliamentary seats had been contested on 3 November 2018 in Karnataka. Results were declared on 6 November 2018.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!2018 winner
!2014 winner
!State
!Constituency
!Note
|-
|INC
|BJP
|Karnataka
|[[Bellary (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bellary]]
|Bellary Lok Sabha constituency was vacated due to Sriramulu being elected to the Karnataka Legislative Assembly in May 2018.
|-
|JDS
|JDS
|Karnataka
|[[Mandya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandya]]
|This seat was vacated after sitting MP had joined Karnataka Government as Minister for minor irrigation.
|-
|BJP
|BJP
|Karnataka
|[[Shimoga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shivamogga]]
|Shivamogga constituency was vacated; [[B. S. Yeddyurappa]] quit after being elected to the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] in [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|May 2018]].
|}

== Legislative assembly elections ==
[[File:2018 Indian States Legislative assembly elections.png|thumb|300px|2018 Indian election result map]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Date(s)
! State
! colspan="2" |Government before
! Chief Minister before
! colspan="2" |Government after
! Elected Chief Minister
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 18 February 2018
| [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|Tripura]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| [[Manik Sarkar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Biplab Kumar Deb]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="4" | 27 February 2018
| rowspan="4" | [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|Meghalaya]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="4" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Mukul Sangma]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}"|
|[[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Conrad Sangma]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| bgcolor="{{party color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}"|
| [[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
|[[People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya)|People's Democratic Front]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" | 27 February 2018
| rowspan="2" | [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|Nagaland]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Naga People's Front}}"|
| rowspan="2" | [[Naga People's Front]]
| rowspan="2" | [[T. R. Zeliang]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}"|
|[[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Neiphiu Rio]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" | 12 May 2018
| rowspan="2" | [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|Karnataka]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan="2"|
| rowspan="2" | [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Siddaramaiah]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2" | [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}"|
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 12 & 20 November 2018
| [[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Raman Singh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Bhupesh Baghel]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 28 November 2018
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Madhya Pradesh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Kamal Nath]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/news/kamalnath-might-become-chief-minister-of-madhya-pradesh-congress-top-leadership-to-announce-soon/articleshow/67061435.cms |title=MP chief minister: Kamalnath might become chief minister of madhya pradesh congress top leadership to announce soon - कमलनाथ होंगे मध्य प्रदेश के नए मुख्यमंत्री! 25 साल बाद होगा सपना पूरा | Navbharat Times |access-date=2018-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215225723/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/news/kamalnath-might-become-chief-minister-of-madhya-pradesh-congress-top-leadership-to-announce-soon/articleshow/67061435.cms |archive-date=2018-12-15 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 28 November 2018
| [[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|Mizoram]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Lal Thanhawla]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Mizo National Front}}"|
| [[Mizo National Front]]
| [[Zoramthanga]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 7 December 2018
| [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Vasundhra Raje]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Ashok Gehlot]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 7 December 2018
| [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}"|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
| [[K. Chandrasekhar Rao]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}"|
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
| [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
|}

=== Tripura ===
{{Main|2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election}}

Elections were held in Tripura on 18 February 2018 in 59 out of 60 constituencies of the [[Legislative Assembly of Tripura|Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tripura-assembly-election-2018-voting-to-begin-1814025|title=Tripura Assembly Election 2018 LIVE: 78.56% Turnout Till 9 PM, Left Front's 25-Year-Long Run Faces BJP Challenge|publisher=NDTV|access-date=18 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218043628/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tripura-assembly-election-2018-voting-to-begin-1814025|archive-date=18 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Left Front (Tripura)|Left Front]] led by [[Manik Sarkar]] sought re-election, having governed Tripura since the 1998 election. The region in general had been under the political control of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party]] for 25 years prior to the election, leading to the region being dubbed a "red holdout".<ref name="telegraphindia.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/conquest-of-tripura-213106|title=Conquest of Tripura|access-date=2018-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305063158/https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/conquest-of-tripura-213106|archive-date=2018-03-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> The incumbent [[Left Front (Tripura)|Left Front]] government was defeated after 25 years of office, with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and [[Indigenous People's Front of Tripura|Indigenous Peoples Front of Tripura]] winning a large majority of seats. The [[Indian National Congress]], which was the second largest party in the [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013 election]], lost all its seats and most of its vote share.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Parties and coalitions
! colspan="3" |Popular vote
! colspan="2" |Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|999,093
|43.0
|
|36
| {{Increase}}36
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPM)
|992,575
|42.7
|
|16
| {{Decrease}}33
|-
| style="background:green;"|
|[[Indigenous Peoples Front of Tripura]] (IPFT)
|173,603
|7.5
|
|8
| {{Increase}}8
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
|41,325
|1.8
|
|0
| {{Decrease}}10
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
| [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI)
|19,352
|0.8
|
|0
| {{decrease}}1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}" |
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]] (RSP)
|17,568
|0.8
|
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra}}" |
|[[Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra]] (INPT)
|16,255
|0.7
|
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}" |
|[[All India Forward Bloc]] (AIFB)
|13,115
|0.6
|
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]] (AITC)
|6,989
|0.3
|
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]] (IND)
|
|
|
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
| style="background:black;"|
|Other parties and coalitions
|
|
|
|0
|{{steady}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|None of the Above}}" |
|[[None of the Above in Indian Elections|None of the Above]] (NOTA)
|
|
|
| colspan="2" style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|-
| colspan="2" |[[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election#Charilam bypoll|Vacant seat]]
| colspan="3" style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|1
|{{Increase}}1
|-
| colspan="7" style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="2"| Total
|
| 100.00
| style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|60
| ±0
|}

=== Meghalaya ===
{{Main|2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election}}
Elections were held in Meghalaya on 27 February 2018 to elect 59 of 60 members to the [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]]. The incumbent [[Indian National Congress]] government controlled the state in a coalition with smaller parties prior to the election, and sought to retain office. The elections resulted in a [[hung assembly]] with no single party or alliance getting the requisite majority of 31 seats in the [[Vidhan Sabha]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/meghalaya/meghalaya-assembly-election-results-2018-live-5084085/|title=Meghalaya Election Results 2018 LIVE UPDATES: Congress to hold meeting to select legislature party leader|date=4 March 2018|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731155032/https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/meghalaya/meghalaya-assembly-election-results-2018-live-5084085/|archive-date=31 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Conrad Sangma, leader of the [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]], announced that he would form a government with the support of the [[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]] and other regional parties.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/meghalaya-election-2018-npp-to-form-government-with-help-of-others-says-conrad-sangma/1086158/|title=Meghalaya election result 2018: NPP to form government with help of others, says Conrad Sangma|date=3 March 2018|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162309/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/meghalaya-election-2018-npp-to-form-government-with-help-of-others-says-conrad-sangma/1086158/|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/meghalaya-2018/non-congress-parties-come-together-to-stake-a-claim-in-meghalaya/article22924097.ece|title=Non-Congress parties come together to stake claim in Meghalaya|first=Shiv Sahay|last=Singh|newspaper=The Hindu |date=4 March 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> He was sworn in as the Chief Minister, along with eleven other ministers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/meghalaya-2018/conrad-sangma-sworn-in-as-meghalaya-cm/article22940327.ece|title=Conrad Sangma sworn in as Meghalaya CM|first=Shiv Sahay|last=Singh|newspaper=The Hindu |date=6 March 2018|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306062000/http://www.thehindu.com/elections/meghalaya-2018/conrad-sangma-sworn-in-as-meghalaya-cm/article22940327.ece|archive-date=6 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Party
! colspan="3" |Popular vote
! colspan="3" |Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
|447,472
|28.5
|
|59
| 21
|{{decrease}}8
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}" |
|[[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]] (NPP)
|323,500
|20.6
|
|52
| 19
|{{increase}}17
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}" |
|[[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]] (UDP)
|182,491
|11.6
|
|27
| 6
|{{decrease}}2
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]] (IND)
|170,249
|10.8
|
|
|3
|{{decrease}}10
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|151,217
|9.6
|
|47
|2
|{{increase}}2
|-
| style="background:yellow;"|
|[[People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya)|People's Democratic Front]] (PDF)
|128,413
|8.2
|
|8
|4
|{{increase}}4
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}" |
|[[Hill State People's Democratic Party]] (HSPDP)
|84,011
|5.3
|
|15
| 2
|{{increase}}1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP)
|25,247
|1.6
|
|6
| 1
|{{decrease}}1
|-
| style="background:green;"|
|[[Garo National Council]] (GNC)
|21,679
|1.4
|
|7
|0
|{{decrease}}1
|-
| style="background:red;"|
|[[Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement]] (KHNAM)
|14,164
|0.9
|
|6
| 1
|{{increase}}1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]] (AITC)
|5,544
|0.4
|
|
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|
|[[None of the Above in Indian Elections|None of the Above]] (NOTA)
|14,631
|0.9
|
| colspan="3" style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|-
| colspan="2" |Vacant seat
| colspan="4" style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|1
|{{increase}}1
|-
| colspan="8" style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"| Total
| || 100.00 || style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
| 297 ||60|| ±0
|}

=== Nagaland ===
{{Main|2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election}}
Elections were held in Nagaland on 27 February 2018 in 59 out of 60 constituencies of the [[Legislative Assembly of Nagaland|Legislative Assembly]]. The scheduled election in [[Northern Angami-II (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Northern Angami II]] constituency did not take place as only incumbent MLA [[Neiphiu Rio]] was nominated and was therefore declared elected unopposed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/nagaland/nagaland-assembly-elections-2018-neiphiu-rio-elected-unopposed-before-polls-5061555/|title=Nagaland Assembly elections 2018: Neiphiu Rio elected unopposed before polls|date=13 February 2018|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712023230/https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/nagaland/nagaland-assembly-elections-2018-neiphiu-rio-elected-unopposed-before-polls-5061555/|archive-date=12 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/columnists/120218/northeast-polls-its-advantage-bjp.html|title=Northeast polls: It's advantage BJP|first=Sanjay|last=Kumar|date=12 February 2018|website=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=23 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309071004/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/columnists/120218/northeast-polls-its-advantage-bjp.html|archive-date=9 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The ruling [[Naga People's Front]] was challenged by the newly established [[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]] (NDPP), an ally of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. The NDPP and its allies won a majority, with former [[Chief Minister of Nagaland|Chief Minister]] Neiphiu Rio returning to government.

{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=8|[[File:India Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2018.svg]]
|- style="background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |Parties and coalitions
! colspan="3" |Popular vote
! colspan="3" |Seats
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
!Votes
!'''%'''
!'''±'''[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Candidates
! Won
! '''+/−'''
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Nagaland Peoples Front}}" |
|[[Nagaland People's Front]] (NPF)
|389,912
|38.8
|
|58
|26
|{{Decrease}}12
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]] (NDPP)
|253,090
|25.2
|
|40
|18
|{{Increase}}18
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|153,864
|15.3
|
|20
|12
|{{Increase}}11
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}" |
|[[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]] (NPP)
|69,506
|6.9
|
|25
|2
|{{Increase}}2
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)]] (JD(U))
|45,089
|4.5
|
|13
|1
|{{Steady}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]] (IND)
|43,008
|4.3
|
|11
|1
|{{Decrease}}7
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
|20,752
|2.1
|
|18
|0
|{{Decrease}}8
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP)
|10,693
|1.1
|
|6
|0
|{{Decrease}}4
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party]] (AAP)
|7,491
|0.7
|
|3
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}}" |
|[[Lok Janshakti Party]] (LJP)
|2,765
|0.3
|
|2
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|None of the Above}}" |
|[[None of the Above]] (NOTA)
|
|
|
| colspan="3" style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|-
| colspan="8" style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|Total
|
|100.00
| style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|196
|60
|±0
|}

=== Karnataka ===
{{Main|2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election}}

Elections were held in Karnataka on 12 May 2018 in 222 out of 224 constituencies of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]]. The incumbent [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) was seeking re-election, having governed the state since elections in 2013.<ref name=":02">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf|title=Election commission's statistical report on general elections, 2013 to the legislative assembly of Karnataka|access-date=2018-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008102903/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf|archive-date=2014-10-08|url-status=live}}</ref> The opposition [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] (JD(S)) sought to regain office. The election led to a hung assembly, with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] emerging as the single largest party, with 104 seats, but failing to win a majority of seats and popular votes. The [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) won the popular vote.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/who-should-get-first-call-to-form-govt-in-karnataka-jurys-out/articleshow/64182765.cms|title=Who should get first call to form govt in Karnataka? Jury's out|date=16 May 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=16 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516014929/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/who-should-get-first-call-to-form-govt-in-karnataka-jurys-out/articleshow/64182765.cms|archive-date=16 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the election, [[B. S. Yeddyurappa]] was appointed Chief Minister and tasked with forming a minority BJP government, but resigned two days later on being unable to prove majority in the assembly. Thereafter the INC and JD(S) which had entered into a post-poll agreement formed a majority coalition government. [[H.D. Kumaraswamy]] of Janata Dal (Secular) was subsequently appointed [[Chief Minister of Karnataka|Chief Minister]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Parties and coalitions
! colspan="3" |Popular vote
! colspan="2" |Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|1,31,85,384
|36.2
|{{Increase}}16.3
|104
|{{Increase}}64
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
|1,39,32,069
|38.0
|{{Increase}}1.4
|80
|{{Decrease}}44
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)]] (JDS)
|66,66,307
|18.3
|{{Decrease}}1.9
|37
|{{Decrease}}3
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]] (IND)
|14,37,045
|3.9
|{{Decrease}} 3.5
|1
|{{decrease}}8
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP)
|1,08,592
|0.3
|
|1
|{{increase}}1
|-
| style="background:#65cb9b;"|
|[[Karnataka Pragnyavantha Janatha Party]] (KPJP)
|74,229
|0.2
|
|1
|{{increase}}1
|-
| style="background:black;"|
|Other parties and candidates
|6,83,632
|2.2
|
|0
|{{decrease}}13
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|None of the Above}}" |
|[[None of the Above in Indian Elections|None of the Above]] (NOTA)
|3,22,841
|0.9
|
| colspan="2" style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|-
| colspan="7" style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|Total
|
|100.00
| style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|224
|±0
|}

===Madhya Pradesh===
{{Main|2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election}}
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=7|[[File:India Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly 2018.svg|300px]]
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Parties and coalitions
! colspan="3" |Popular vote
! colspan="2" |Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]] +
| 15,595,153
| 40.9%
|{{Increase}}4.59%
| '''114'''
|{{Increase}}56
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 15,642,980
| 41%
|{{Decrease}}3.88%
| '''109'''
|{{Decrease}}56
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|1,911,642
|5%
|{{Decrease}}1.29%
| 2
|{{Decrease}}2
|-
| bgcolor="red" |
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|496,025
|1.3%
|{{Increase}}0.1%
| 1
|{{Increase}}1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
|2,218,230
|5.8%
|{{Increase}}0.42%
| 4
|{{Increase}}1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|None of the Above}}" |
|[[None of the Above in Indian Elections|None of the Above]]
|542,295
|1.4%
|
| colspan="2" bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |
|-
| colspan="7" bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| align="left" colspan="2"| Total
|
| 100.00
| bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |
|230
| ±0
|-
|}

===Chhatishgarh===
{{Main|2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election}}
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Parties and coalitions
! colspan="3" |Popular vote
! colspan="2" |Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
|61,36,429
|43.0%
|{{increase}}2.71%
|68
| {{increase}}29
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|47,01,530
|33.0%
|{{decrease}}8.04%
|15
| {{decrease}}34
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janta Congress Chhattisgarh}}"|
|[[Janta Congress Chhattisgarh]] (JCC)
|10,81,760
|7.6%
|{{Increase}} 7.6%
|5
| {{Increase}} 5
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP)
|5,51,687
|3.9%
|{{decrease}}0.37%
|2
| {{increase}}1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|None of the Above}}" |
|[[None of the Above in Indian Elections|None of the Above]] (NOTA)
|2,82,588
|2.0%
|
| colspan="2" bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |
|-
| colspan="7" bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| align="left" colspan="2"| Total
|
|
| bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |
|90
| ±0
|-
|}

===Mizoram===
{{Main|2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan=7|[[File:India Mizoram Legislative Assembly 2018.svg]]
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Parties and coalitions
! colspan="3" |Popular vote
! colspan="2" |Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Mizo National Front}}"|
|[[Mizo National Front]]
|237,305
|37.6%
|{{increase}}8.9pp
|26
|{{increase}}21
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|190,412
|30.1%
|{{decrease}}14.5pp
|5
|{{decrease}}29
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|#FFF700}}"|
|[[Zoram People's Movement]]
|144,925
|22.9%
|{{decrease}}1.5pp
|8
|{{increase}}5
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|50,744
|8%
|{{increase}}7.6pp
|1
|{{increase}}1
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"|
|Others
|8,211
|1.3%
|{{decrease}}0.7pp
|0
|{{steady}}0
|-
| colspan="7" bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| align="left" colspan="2"| Total
| 631,597 || 100.00 || bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|
| 40 || ±0
|-
|}

===Rajasthan===
{{Main|2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election}}


The seat and vote share was as follows:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2018/rajasthan/ |title=News 18: Rajasthan Election Results |access-date=2019-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212051648/https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2018/rajasthan/ |archive-date=2019-02-12 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/candidates |title=Rajasthan Assembly Election Candidates list 2018 | Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2019-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406231138/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/candidates |archive-date=2019-04-06 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Parties and coalitions
! colspan="3" |Popular vote
! colspan="2" |Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,39,35,201
| 39.3%
|{{Increase}}6.23
| 100
| {{increase}}79
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,37,57,502
| 38.8%
|{{decrease}}6.37
| 73
| {{decrease}}92
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 14,10,995
| 4.0%
|{{increase}}0.63
| 6
|{{increase}}3
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
| 33,72,206
| 9.5%
|{{increase}}1.29
| 13
|{{increase}}6
|-
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |
|[[Rashtriya Loktantrik Party]]
| 8,56,038
| 2.4%
|New
| 3
|New
|-
| bgcolor="red"|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 4,34,210
| 1.2%
|{{increase}}0.33
| 2
|{{increase}}2
|-
| bgcolor="green"|
|[[Bharatiya Tribal Party]]
| 2,55,100
| 0.7%
|New
| 2
|New
|-
|bgcolor="darkgray"|
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
| 1,16,320
| 0.3%
|{{increase}}0.29
| 1
|{{increase}}1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
|Other parties and candidates (OTH)
| 8,87,317
| 2.5%
|{{increase}}0.00
| 0
|{{increase}}0
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|None of the Above}}" |
|[[None of the Above in Indian Elections|None of the Above]]
| 4,67,781
| 1.3%
|
| colspan="2" bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |
|-
| colspan="7" bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| align="left" colspan="2"| Total
| 3,54,92,670
| 100.00
| bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |
| 199
| ±0
|-
|}

=== Telangana ===
{{Main|2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size:95%;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" width="300" style="text-align:left;" |Parties and coalitions
! colspan="4" |2018 votes & seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!Won
!+/-
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}" |
| align="left" |[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] (TRS)
|9,700,749
|46.9%
|88
|{{Increase}}25
|-
| width="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| align="left" |[[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
|5,883,111
|28.4%
|19
|{{Decrease}}2
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}" |
| align="left" |[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] (AIMIM)
|561,089
|2.7%
|7
|{{Nochange}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
| align="left" |[[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP)
|725,845
|3.5%
|2
|{{Decrease}}13
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| align="left" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|1,450,456
|7.1%
|1
|{{Decrease}}4
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}" |
| align="left" |[[All India Forward Bloc]] (AIFB)
|159,141
|1.8%
|1
|{{increase}}1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
| align="left" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP)
|428,430
|2.1%
|0
|{{Decrease}}2
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| align="left" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPM)
|91,099
|0.4%
|0
|{{Decrease}}1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
| align="left" |[[Communist Party of India]] (CPI)
|83,215
|0.4%
|0
|{{Decrease}}1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
| align="left" |[[Independent (politician)|Independents]] (IND)
|673,694
|3.3%
|1
|{{Nochange}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
| align="left" |[[None of the above (India)]] (NOTA)
|224,709
|1.1%
|
|
|-
| colspan="7" bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| colspan="2" align="left" |Total
|
|
|119
|
|}

== Assembly by-elections ==
===[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Bihar]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.no
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|Rowspan=2|11 March 2018
|[[Bhabua (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhabua]]
|[[Anand Bhushan Pandey]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Rinki Rani Pandey
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!2
|[[Jehanabad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jehanabad]]
|[[Mudrika Singh Yadav]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}"|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|Suday Yadav
|bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}"|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|-
!3
|28 May 2018
|[[Jokihat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jokihat]]
|[[Sarfaraz Alam]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}"|
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|Shahnawaz Alam
|bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}"|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|}

=== [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.no
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|20 December 2018
|[[Jasdan Assembly constituency|Jasdan]]
|[[Kunwarjibhai Mohanbhai Bavaliya|Kunwarjibhai Bavaliya]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Kunwarjibhai Mohanbhai Bavaliya|Kunwarjibhai Bavaliya]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|}

===[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Jharkhand]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.no
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|Rowspan=2|28 May 2018
|[[Gomia Assembly constituency|Gomia]]
|Yogendra Prasad
|bgcolor="{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}"|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|Babita Devi
|bgcolor="{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}"|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|-
!2
|[[Silli Assembly constituency|Silli]]
|Amit Kumar
|bgcolor="{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}"|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|Seema Devi
|bgcolor="{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}"|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|-
!3
|20 December 2018
|[[Kolebira Assembly constituency|Kolebira]]
|[[Anosh Ekka]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Jharkhand Party}}"|
|[[Jharkhand Party]]
|Naman Bixal Kongari
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|}

=== [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.no
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|rowspan="2" | 6 November 2018
|[[Ramanagara (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Ramanagara]]
|[[H. D. Kumaraswamy]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|[[Anitha Kumaraswamy]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}"|
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|-
!2
|[[Jamkhandi (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Jamkhandi]]
|[[Siddu Nyamagouda]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Anand Nyamagouda]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|}

=== [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.no
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|28 May 2018
|[[Chengannur Assembly constituency|Chengannur]]
|[[K. K. Ramachandran Nair]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[Saji Cherian]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|}

=== [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Madhya Pradesh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.no
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|Rowspan=2|24 February 2018
|[[Kolaras (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kolaras]]
|[[Ram Singh Yadav (politician)|Ram Singh Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Mahendra Singh Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!2
|[[Mungaoli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mungaoli]]
|[[Mahendra Singh Kalukheda]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Brajendra Singh Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|}

=== [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.no
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|28 May 2018
|[[Palus-Kadegaon Assembly constituency|Palus-Kadegaon]]
|[[Patangrao Kadam]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Vishwajeet Kadam]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|}

=== [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Meghalaya]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.no
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
| rowspan="2" |23 August 2018
|[[South Tura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|South Tura]]
|[[Agatha Sangma]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}" |
|[[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]
|[[Conrad Sangma]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}" |
|[[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]
|-
!2
|[[Ranikor (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ranikor]]
|[[Martin Danggo]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Piyus Marwein
| bgcolor="{{party color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}" |
|[[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]]
|}

=== [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Odisha]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.no
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|24 February 2018
|[[Bijepur (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bijepur]]
|Subal Sahu
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Rita Sahu]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}"|
|[[Biju Janata Dal]]
|}

=== [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Punjab]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.no
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|28 May 2018
|[[Shahkot Assembly Constituency|Shahkot]]
|[[Ajit Singh Kohar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}" |
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|Hardev Singh Ladi
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]

|}

=== [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Rajasthan]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.no
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|29 January 2018
|[[Mandalgarh Assembly constituency|Mandalgarh]]
|[[Kirti Kumari]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Vivek Dhakar]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]

|}

=== [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.no
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|28 May 2018
|[[Noorpur Assembly constituency|Noorpur]]
|[[Lokendra Singh (politician)|Lokendra Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Naim Ul Hasan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}"|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|}

===[[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Uttarakhand]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.no
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|28 May 2018
|[[Tharali (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Tharali]]
|Maganlal Shah
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Munni Devi Shah
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]

|}

=== [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.no
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|29 January 2018
|[[Noapara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Noapara]]
|Madhusudan Ghose
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Sunil Singh (politician)|Sunil Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}"|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
!2
|28 May 2018
|[[Maheshtala (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Maheshtala]]
|Kasturi Das
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}"|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|Dulal Chandra Das
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}"|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|}

== Local body elections ==

=== Jammu and Kashmir ===
{{Main|Elections in Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]] elections and [[Municipal governance in India|municipal]] elections were held in Jammu and Kashmir in 2018 from October 8 till December 11.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/jammu-and-kashmir-panchayat-elections-to-be-held-in-nine-phases-from-17-november-to-11-december-5194061.html|title=Jammu and Kashmir panchayat elections to be held in nine phases from 17 November to 11 December - Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com|date=16 September 2018 |access-date=2018-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928200949/https://www.firstpost.com/india/jammu-and-kashmir-panchayat-elections-to-be-held-in-nine-phases-from-17-november-to-11-december-5194061.html|archive-date=2018-09-28|url-status=live}}</ref> The last time Panchayat elections were held in the state was in 2011 and the last time municipal elections were held was in 2005.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/questions-in-jammu-and-kashmir-local-polls-panchayat-elections-boycott-5383519/|title=Questions in Jammu and Kashmir local polls|date=2018-10-03|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-10-03|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004084402/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/questions-in-jammu-and-kashmir-local-polls-panchayat-elections-boycott-5383519/|archive-date=2018-10-04|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jk-municipal-election-farooq-abdullah-mehbooba-mufti-bjp-eci-5358491/|title=First municipal elections since 2005; despite boycott by NC, PDP, civic poll dates out|date=2018-09-16|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-10-03|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004030002/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jk-municipal-election-farooq-abdullah-mehbooba-mufti-bjp-eci-5358491/|archive-date=2018-10-04|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Uttarakhand ===
{{main|2018 Uttarakhand local body elections}}

On 18 November, elections to the local bodies were held in [[Uttarakhand]].

== Rural elections ==

=== Assam ===
* [[2018 Assam Panchayat Election]]<ref>[https://www.secassam.in/pdfnoti/Final-Result-21.pdf 2018 Assam State Panchayat election pdf Election Commission of Assam official website]</ref>

===West Bengal===
* [[2018 West Bengal local elections]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://wbsec.gov.in/results/panchayat_election_final_result?election_year=2018 | title=Panchayat Election 2018 Final Result - West Bengal State Election Commission }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[2017 elections in India]]
*[[2019 elections in India]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190526130630/https://www.loksabhaelections.in/ Lok Sabha elections website]
*[http://eci.nic.in Election Commission of India]

{{Indian elections}}
{{Legislatures of India}}

[[Category:2018 elections in India| ]]
[[Category:Elections in India by year]]

2014 Indian general election in Puducherry

2025-05-10T09:35:28Z

MavisHelena6948: Made redirect

#REDIRECT[[Puducherry Lok Sabha constituency#General election 2014]]

{{R to section}}

Gulam Kadir Navalar

2025-03-01T06:07:51Z

MavisHelena6948: added the post v1

{{Short description|Tamil poet }}
{{expert|Classical Tamil|reason=This article uses three different transliterations of the name without quoting its original form|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Fourth Nakkeerar
| name = Ghulam Kadiru Navalar
| title =
| birth_date = 1833
| birth_place = [[Nagore]], [[Tamilnadu]]
| death_date = 23 January 1908
| occupation = Poet
| spouse = Makdoom kani Ammal
| parents = * Ayurveda Bhaskara Panditha Vappu Rowther (father)
}}

'''Kulāmkātir̲u Nāvalar''' (1833–1908) was a Tamil poet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagore Gulam Kadhiru Navalar- A Monograph in Tamil {{!}} Exotic India Art |url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/nagore-gulam-kadhiru-navalar-monograph-in-tamil-mzh161/ |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=www.exoticindiaart.com}}</ref> He was proficient in Tamil, Arabic and English. He wrote a wide range of literature, including poems, prose literature, three literary translations, two grammar books, and two other texts. His books were nationalized by the [[Tamil Nadu]] government in 2007. He composed many types of literature including Kappiyams, Kalambakams, Koivas, Anthadis, Malas, and text books. He was the first to bring the history of Nagor Nayak into a book (''Kanjul Karamathu''). One of his best students was Thiramalai Adigalar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=நான்காவது நக்கீரர் குலாம் காதிர் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/literature/184725-.html |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |date=22 March 2014 |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=நாகூர் குலாம் காதிறு நாவலருக்கு மணிமண்டபம் அமைக்கப்படுமா? |url=https://www.dinamani.com/tamilnadu/2019/mar/11/நாகூர்-குலாம்-காதிறு-நாவலருக்கு-மணிமண்டபம்-அமைக்கப்படுமா-3111356.html |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=Dinamani |date=10 March 2019 |language=ta}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Ghulam Kathiru was born in 1833 to the affluent Tamil [[Rowther]] family in [[Nagore]]. His father was Ayurveda Bhaskara Panditha Vappu Rowther. His ancestors came from [[Ramanathapuram district]] and settled in Nagore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagore Gulam Kadhiru Navalar- A Monograph in Tamil {{!}} Exotic India Art |url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/nagore-gulam-kadhiru-navalar-monograph-in-tamil-mzh161/ |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=www.exoticindiaart.com}}</ref>

== Works ==

* ''Kansool Karamattu''
* ''Nagore Puranam''
* ''Maturaikkōvai''
* ''Maturait Tamil̲c Caṅkattup pulavarār̲r̲uppaṭai''
* ''Āripunāyaka vacan̲am''
* ''Pulavaraatrupadai''
* ''Arabic Tamil Dictionary''
* ''Mustafa maalai''
* ''Umar basha yuddha sarithiram, Reynolds tamilization''
* ''Porundhaa ilakkanam''

== Sources ==

* International Registration Number : 81-88023-10 .
== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* Tamilnadu. Books written by novelist Ghulam Khadiri on the web site 2012-07-05 at the Vandavali machine.
* Gulam Kadiu Navalar literature and poetry books Nāvalar, Kulāmkātir̲u 1833-1908<ref name=":0">[http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n98922482/ Gulam Kadir Nāvalar literature and poetic books], Nāvalar, Kulāmkātir̲u 1833-1908</ref>

[[Category:Poets from British India]]
[[Category:Tamil poets]]
[[Category:Tamil Muslims]]
[[Category:1833 births]]

[[Category:1908 deaths]]

Adhyatma Ramayanam Kilippattu

2025-02-06T05:46:07Z

MavisHelena6948: Added initial entry from scratch

{{Short description|Malayalam version of the Sanskrit epic Ramayana}}
{{Italic title}}[[File:Ramapanchayan, Raja Ravi Varma (Lithograph).jpg|thumb|[[Rama]] and [[Sita]], with [[Hanuman]], and Rama's three brothers [[Lakshmana]], [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]], and [[Shatrughna]].]]
'''''Adhyatma Ramayanam Kilippattu''''' is the most popular [[Malayalam]] version of the [[Sanskrit]] [[Mahakavya|Hindu epic]] ''[[Ramayana]]''. It is believed to have been written by [[Thunchaththu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan]] in the early 17th century,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&q=Adhyathmaramayanam+Kilippattu&pg=PA1251|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti|last=Datta|first=Amaresh|date=1988|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=9788126011940|pages=1251|language=en}}</ref> and is considered to be a classic of [[Malayalam literature]] and an important text in the history of Malayalam language. It is a retelling of the Sanskrit work ''[[Adhyatma Ramayana]]'' in [[Kilippattu]] (bird song) format.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&q=Adhyathmaramayanam+Kilippattu&pg=PA5|title=A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850|last=Mukherjee|first=Sujit|date=1998|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=9788125014539|pages=5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c-p9Iyk3lpkC&q=Adhyathmaramayanam+Kilippattu|title=Ramayana Stories in Modern South India: An Anthology|last=Richman|first=Paula|date=2008|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=9780253219534|pages=17|language=en}}</ref> Ezhuthachan used the [[Grantha alphabet|Grantha]]-based Malayalam script to write his ''Ramayana'', although the [[Vatteluttu]] writing system was the traditional writing system of [[Kerala]] then.<ref>{{cite book |title=William Logan's Malabar manual : new edition with commentaries |year=2000 |publisher=Kerala Gazetteers Dept |isbn=9788185499376 |pages=90–92}}</ref> Recitation of ''Adhyatma Ramayanam Kilippattu'' is very important in Hindu families in Kerala. The month of Karkitakam in the [[Malayalam calendar]] is celebrated as the Ramayana recitation month and Ramayana is recited in Hindu houses and temples across Kerala.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chandran|first=Mini|date=2013-10-01|title=The Fugitive Reader: Reading Adhyatmaramayanam through the Ages|journal=South Asian Review|volume=34|issue=2|pages=123–138|doi=10.1080/02759527.2013.11932933|s2cid=187073132|issn=0275-9527}}</ref>

==Date and authorship==
[[File:Ramayanam Kilippattu page.png|thumb|A page from a copy of the Adhyatma Ramayanam Kilippattu written in the 1870s.]]
Tradition ascribes the authorship of the Sanskrit ''[[Adhyatma Ramayana]]'' to [[Ramananda]] since it is said to be an integral part of the ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]''.{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}} However, some scholars attribute it to the period 14th - 15th century CE and the author as unknown. The ''Adhyatma Ramayana'' is the portrayal of a conversation between the god [[Shiva]] and his wife [[Parvati]], as reported by the god [[Brahma]] to the sage [[Narada]]. It is this work that provided [[Tulasidas]] with the inspiration to compose his immortal work, the ''[[Ramacharitamanasa]]''.<ref name=esamskriti>{{cite web|last1=T.N.Sethumadhavan|title=Adhyatma Ramayana, The Spiritual Version Of The Story Of Sri Rama|url=http://www.esamskriti.com/essay-chapters/Adhyatma-Ramayana,-The-Spiritual-Version-of-the-Story-of-Sri-Rama-2.aspx|website=esamskriti|publisher=esamskriti|access-date=23 October 2015}}</ref> This is the same work which was translated by Thunchathu Ezhuthachan into [[Malayalam]] in the form of ''Kilippattu,'' a South Indian genre in which a parrot recites the text to the poet.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c-p9Iyk3lpkC&q=Adhyathmaramayanam+Kilippattu|title=Ramayana Stories in Modern South India: An Anthology|last=Richman|first=Paula|date=2008|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=9780253219534|pages=17|language=en}}</ref>

==Deviation from Valmiki Ramayana==

# In Adhyatma Ramayana everyone praises and chants the hymn on Rama starting from [[Vamadeva]], [[Valmiki]], [[Bharadwaja]], [[Narada]], [[Viradha]], [[Sarabanga River]], Sutikshna, [[Agasthya]], [[Viswamitra]], [[Vasishta]], [[Jatayu]], [[Kabhanda]], [[Shabari]], Swayamprabha, [[Parasurama]], [[Vibhishana]], and [[Hanuman]]. This is absent in Valmiki's.<ref name="esamskriti" />

==See also==

* [[Kaikulangara Rama Variar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://ramayanam.guruvayoor.com Audio of the Adhyathma Ramayanam - Rendering by Dr. A. P. Sukumar]
* [http://sanskritdocuments.org/sanskrit/by-category/adhyatmaramayana.php Adhyatma Ramayana in Devanagari, Malayalam and other Indian Scripts as webpages and PDF]
* [https://archive.org/details/AdhyathmRaramayanam-Malayalam-TunchathuEzhuthachan Adhyatma Raramayanam - Malayalam - Tunchathu Ezhuthachan]

{{Ramayana}}

[[Category:Malayalam language]]
[[Category:Works based on the Ramayana]]