https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=MatthewEbnerBharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-07-28T02:14:48ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visa_policy_of_India&diff=544860Visa policy of India2026-05-08T01:26:21Z<p>MatthewEbner: </p>
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<div>{{short description|Policy on permits required to enter India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Politics of India}}<br />
[[File:Indian Tourist Visa 2016 stamped.jpg|thumb|218px|Indian tourist visa issued in Australia with Indian entry and exit stamps]]<br />
<br />
Visitors to [[India]] must obtain a [[visa (document)|visa]] unless they come from one of the visa-exempt countries. Nationals of certain countries may obtain a visa on arrival or an e-Visa online, while others must obtain a visa from an [[List of diplomatic missions of India|Indian diplomatic mission]].<br />
<br />
{{TOC limit|2}}<br />
<br />
==Visa policy map==<br />
[[File:Visa policy of India.svg|thumb|800px|none|Visa policy of India<br />
{{legend|#002377|India}}<br />
{{legend|#1191E5|Freedom of movement}}<br />
{{legend|#22B14C|Visa not required (90 days)}}<br />
{{legend|#FFD000|Visa on arrival (60 days)}}<br />
{{legend|#88DDB0|eVisa (all categories, 30 to 180 days)}}<br />
{{legend|#C8E8BD|eVisa (limited categories)}}<br />
{{legend|#C0C0C0|Visa required}}<br />
{{legend|#888888|Admission refused}}<br />
]]<br />
<br />
==Freedom of movement==<br />
{{further|1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship|Bhutan–India relations#1949 Treaty}}<br />
<br />
Nationals of the following two countries do not need visas or passports to enter India, and may live and work in India without any limit of stay. However, they must not arrive from, or transit through, [[mainland China]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Macau]], or [[Pakistan]] prior to seeking entry into India.<ref name="timatic">{{Timatic Visa Policy|country=IN|access-date=1 April 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
{|style=" border-radius:1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); background-color: white; border: 1px solid white; padding: 5px;"<br />
|- style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
|<br />
* {{flag|Bhutan}}<br />
* {{flag|Nepal}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Overseas citizens of India and persons of Indian origin===<br />
Foreign nationals possessing either a valid [[Overseas Citizen of India|Overseas Citizen of India card]] or a [[Persons of Indian Origin Card]] are exempt from visa requirements and may live and work in India without any limit of stay.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eoi.gov.in/eoisearch/MyPrint.php?2903?001/0011 | title=Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) card|website=eoi.gov.in | access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="timatic"/><br />
<br />
In addition, according to [[Timatic]], foreign nationals possessing an expired [[Persons of Indian Origin Card]] that expired after 9 January 2015 may also enter India without a visa.<ref name="timatic"/> This policy does not apply to nationals of [[Bangladesh]] and [[Pakistan]], as they are not entitled to hold an Overseas Citizenship of India.<br />
<br />
==Visa exemption==<br />
===Ordinary passports===<br />
{|<br />
|class=nowrap style="padding:0 2em 0 0"|<br />
* {{flag|Maldives}}<br />
| Since March 1979, nationals of the [[Maldives]] do not need a visa to enter India for a maximum stay of 90 days.<ref name="timatic"/><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Non-ordinary passports===<br />
[[File:Visa policy of India for holders of diplomatic and service category passports.png|800px|none|thumbnail|Visa policy for diplomatic, official or service passport holders<br />
{{legend|#118611|India}}<br />
{{legend|#09098D|Visa not required for diplomatic, official or service passport holders}}<br />
{{legend|#F69336|Visa not required for diplomatic passport holders}}<br />
{{legend|#ABABAB|Visa required for diplomatic or official passport holders}}]]<br />
<br />
Under reciprocal agreements, holders of diplomatic or various types of passports (consular, official, service and special) of the following countries and territories may enter and remain in India without a visa for the following period:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/bvwa-menu.htm |title=Visa Waiver Agreements |work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
{|style=" border-radius:1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); background-color: white; border: 1px solid white; padding: 5px;"<br />
|- style="vertical-align:top;"<br />
|<br />
'''Indefinite stay'''<br />
{|<br />
|valign="top"|<br />
*{{flag|Albania}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Belarus}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
|valign="top"|<br />
*{{flag|Bhutan}}<sup>D O S</sup><br />
*{{flag|Denmark}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
|valign="top"|<br />
*{{flag|Nepal}}<sup>D O S</sup><br />
*{{flag|Singapore}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''90 days'''<br />
{|<br />
|valign="top"|<br />
*{{flag|Algeria}}<sup>D O S</sup><br />
*{{flag|Andorra}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Angola}}<sup>D O S</sup><br />
*{{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Armenia}}<sup>D</sup><br />
*{{flag|Argentina}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Austria}}<sup>D</sup><br />
*{{flag|Azerbaijan}}<sup>D O S</sup><br />
*{{flag|Bahrain}}<sup>D O Sp</sup><br />
*{{flag|Bahamas}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Belize}}<sup>D O S</sup><br />
*{{flag|Benin}}<sup>D O S</sup><br />
*{{flag|Bolivia}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Botswana}}<sup>D</sup><br />
*{{flag|Brazil}}<sup>D O S</sup><br />
*{{flag|Bulgaria}}<sup>D O S</sup><br />
*{{flag|Chile}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Colombia}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Comoros}}<sup>D O S</sup><br />
*{{flag|Costa Rica}}<sup>D O S</sup><br />
*{{flag|Cuba}}<sup>D</sup><br />
*{{flag|Cyprus}}<sup>D O S</sup><br />
*{{flag|Czech Republic}}<sup>D</sup><br />
*{{flag|Djibouti}}<sup>D O S</sup><br />
*{{flag|Dominica}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Dominican Republic}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Egypt}}<sup>D O S Sp</sup><br />
*{{flag|El Salvador}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}<sup>D O S</sup><br />
|valign="top"|<br />
*{{flag|Estonia}}<sup>D</sup><br />
*{{flag|Eswatini}}<sup>D O S</sup><br />
*{{flag|Ethiopia}}<sup>D</sup><br />
*{{flag|Fiji}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Finland}}<sup>D</sup><br />
*{{flag|France}}<sup>D</sup><br />
*{{flag|Gambia}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Georgia}}<sup>D O S</sup><br />
*{{flag|Germany}}<sup>D</sup><br />
*{{flag|Ghana}}<sup>D O S</sup><br />
*{{flag|Greece}}<sup>D</sup><br />
*{{flag|Grenada}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Guatemala}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Guyana}}<sup>D O S</sup><br />
*{{flag|Honduras}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Hungary}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Iceland}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Israel}}<sup>D O S</sup><br />
*{{flag|Italy}}<sup>D</sup><br />
*{{flag|Japan}}<sup>D</sup><br />
*{{flag|Jordan}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Kenya}}<sup>D</sup><br />
*{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}<sup>D O S</sup><br />
*{{flag|Latvia}}<sup>D</sup><br />
*{{flag|Lesotho}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Lithuania}}<sup>D</sup><br />
*{{flag|Madagascar}}<sup>D O S</sup><br />
*{{flag|Malawi}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Malaysia}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
|valign="top"|<br />
*{{flag|Maldives}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Malta}}<sup>D</sup><br />
*{{flag|Marshall Islands}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Mauritania}}<sup>D O S</sup><br />
*{{flag|Mauritius}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Mexico}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Micronesia}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Moldova}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Monaco}}<sup>D</sup><br />
*{{flag|Mongolia}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Mozambique}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Myanmar}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Namibia}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Nauru}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Nicaragua}}<sup>D O S</sup><br />
*{{flag|North Macedonia}}<sup>D</sup><br />
*{{flag|Norway}}<sup>D</sup><br />
*{{flag|Oman}}<sup>D O S Sp</sup><br />
*{{flag|Palau}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Palestine}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Panama}}<sup>D O C</sup><br />
*{{flag|Paraguay}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Peru}}<sup>D O S</sup><br />
*{{flag|Poland}}<sup>D</sup><br />
*{{flag|Portugal}}<sup>D</sup><br />
*{{flag|Qatar}}<sup>D O Sp</sup><br />
*{{flag|Romania}}<sup>D</sup><br />
*{{flag|Russia}}<sup>D O S</sup><br />
*{{flag|Rwanda}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
|valign="top"|<br />
*{{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}<sup>D O S</sup><br />
*{{flag|Saint Lucia}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Senegal}}<sup>D O S</sup><br />
*{{flag|Serbia}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Seychelles}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Solomon Islands}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|South Africa}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|South Korea}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Spain}}<sup>D</sup><br />
*{{flag|Slovenia}}<sup>D</sup><br />
*{{flag|Sweden}}<sup>D</sup><br />
*{{flag|Switzerland}}<sup>D</sup><br />
*{{flag|Tanzania}}<sup>D O S</sup><br />
*{{flag|Thailand}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Timor-Leste}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Togo}}<sup>D O Sp</sup><br />
*{{flag|Tunisia}}<sup>D O Sp</sup><br />
*{{flag|Turkey}}<sup>D</sup><br />
*{{flag|Uganda}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}<sup>D O Sp</sup><br />
*{{flag|Ukraine}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Venezuela}}<sup>D O S</sup><br />
*{{flag|Vietnam}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Zambia}}<sup>D</sup><br />
*{{flag|Zimbabwe}}<sup>D</sup><br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''60 days'''<br />
{|<br />
|valign="top"|<br />
*{{flag|Cambodia}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
|valign="top"|<br />
*{{flag|Kuwait}}<sup>D O Sp</sup><br />
|valign="top"|<br />
*{{flag|Syria}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
|valign="top"|<br />
*{{flag|Uzbekistan}}<sup>D</sup><br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''45 days'''<br />
{|<br />
|valign="top"|<br />
*{{flag|Bangladesh}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''30 days'''<br />
{|<br />
|valign="top"|<br />
*{{flag|Afghanistan}}<sup>D</sup><br />
*{{flag|Côte d'Ivoire}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Croatia}}<sup>D O S</sup><br />
*{{flag|Ecuador}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
|valign="top"|<br />
*{{flag|Indonesia}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Iran}}<sup>D</sup><br />
*{{flag|Kazakhstan}}<sup>D O S</sup><br />
*{{flag|Laos}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
|valign="top"|<br />
*{{flag|Morocco}}<sup>D O S</sup><br />
*{{flag|Philippines}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Sri Lanka}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Suriname}}<sup>D O S</sup><br />
|valign="top"|<br />
*{{flag|Tajikistan}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
*{{flag|Turkmenistan}}<sup>D</sup><br />
*{{flag|Uruguay}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''14 days'''<br />
{|<br />
|valign="top"|<br />
*{{flag|Brunei}}<sup>D O</sup><br />
|}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<sub>C - Consular passports</sub><br /><br />
<sub>D - Diplomatic passports</sub><br /><br />
<sub>O - Official passports</sub><br /><br />
<sub>S - Service passports</sub><br /><br />
<sub>Sp - Special passports</sub><br />
<br />
===Future changes===<br />
India has signed visa exemption agreements with the following countries, but they have not yet entered into force:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Country<br />
! Passports<br />
! Agreement signed on<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://arab.news/zujh8 | title=Saudi Arabia, India agree on mutual short-stay visa exemptions to boost bilateral exchanges |publisher=Arab News |date=18 December 2025}}</ref><br />
| Diplomatic, official, special<br />
| 17 December 2025<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Visa on arrival==<br />
<imagemap><br />
Image:India VOA New.svg|thumb|right|300px|Clickable map of airports that issue visas on arrival.<br />
circle 165 165 10 [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi airport]]<br />
circle 362 278 9 [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata airport]]<br />
circle 81 344 9 [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai airport]]<br />
circle 186 384 9 [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad airport]]<br />
circle 163 463 9 [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru airport]]<br />
circle 216 468 9 [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai airport]]<br />
</imagemap><br />
<br />
Nationals of the following countries holding ordinary passports may apply for a visa on arrival (VOA) at certain airports:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/visa/visa-on-arrival.html |title=Visa on arrival |publisher=Government of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
{|style=" border-radius:1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); background-color: white; border: 1px solid white; padding: 5px; margin-bottom:10px;"<br />
|<br />
*{{flag|Japan}}<br />
|valign="top"|<br />
*{{flag|South Korea}}<br />
|valign="top"|<br />
*{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}{{efn|Only applicable to UAE nationals who had previously obtained an e-Visa or regular visa for India.}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|colspan=2|'''Airports'''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]]<br />
* [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]]<br />
* [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]]<br />
|valign="top"|<br />
* [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]]<br />
* [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]]<br />
* [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The visa on arrival is issued to visitors for business, tourism, medical or conference purposes, for a stay of up to 60 days, at a cost of [[Indian rupee|₹]]2,000.<br />
<br />
Visitors are not eligible for this facility if they or any of their parents or grandparents were born in or have permanently resided in Pakistan, in which case they may only apply for a visa at an [[List of diplomatic missions of India|Indian diplomatic post]].<br />
<br />
The VOA facility can be used up to 2 times in a calendar year.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://mha1.nic.in/pdfs/visaarrivaljapanesenationals_22012016.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306222312/http://mha1.nic.in/pdfs/visaarrivaljapanesenationals_22012016.pdf | url-status=dead|archive-date=6 March 2016 | title=Visa-on-arrival for Japanese citizens | publisher=National Informatics Centre, Ministry of Electronics & IT | access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="timatic"/><br />
<br />
Alternatively, foreign nationals eligible for a VOA can apply for an [[#e-Visa|e-Visa]] instead if they intend to enter the country through an entry point not covered by the VOA scheme.<br />
<br />
=={{anchor|e-Tourist Visa}}Electronic Visa (e-Visa)==<br />
[[File:Indian eVisa.jpg|thumb|200px|Sample of Indian eVisa]]<br />
Nationals of the following countries holding ordinary passports may apply for an [[electronic visa]] (e-Visa) online:<ref name="evisa">{{cite web | url=https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/evisa/tvoa.html | title=e-Visa |publisher=Government of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
{|style=" border-radius:1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); background-color: white; border: 1px solid white; padding: 5px;"<br />
|colspan=4|<br />
*{{flagicon|ASEAN}} All [[Member states of ASEAN|ASEAN member states]]<br />
*{{flagicon|European Union}} All [[Member state of the European Union|European Union member states]]{{efn|The Indian government also lists [[Aruba]] in addition to the [[Netherlands]], but they have the same [[Dutch nationality law|nationality]] and [[Dutch passport|passport]].}}<br />
|-<br />
|valign="top"|<br />
*{{flag|Albania}}<br />
*{{flag|Andorra}}<br />
*{{flag|Angola}}<br />
*{{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}<br />
*{{flag|Argentina}}<br />
*{{flag|Armenia}}<br />
*{{flag|Australia}}<br />
*{{flag|Azerbaijan}}<br />
*{{flag|Bahamas}}<br />
*{{flag|Bahrain}}<br />
*{{flag|Barbados}}<br />
*{{flag|Belarus}}<br />
*{{flag|Belize}}<br />
*{{flag|Benin}}<br />
*{{flag|Bolivia}}<br />
*{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}<br />
*{{flag|Botswana}}<br />
*{{flag|Brazil}}<br />
*{{flag|Burundi}}<br />
*{{flag|Cameroon}}<br />
*{{flag|Canada}}<br />
*{{flag|Cape Verde}}<br />
*{{flag|Chile}}<br />
*{{flag|China}}{{efn|Including [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]]. Only for production investment e-Visa.}}<br />
*{{flag|Colombia}}<br />
*{{flag|Comoros}}<br />
*{{flag|Costa Rica}}<br />
*{{flag|Cuba}}<br />
*{{flag|Djibouti}}<br />
*{{flag|Dominica}}<br />
*{{flag|Dominican Republic}}<br />
*{{flag|Ecuador}}<br />
|valign="top"|<br />
*{{flag|El Salvador}}<br />
*{{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}<br />
*{{flag|Eritrea}}<br />
*{{flag|Eswatini}}<br />
*{{flag|Fiji}}<br />
*{{flag|Gabon}}<br />
*{{flag|Gambia}}<br />
*{{flag|Georgia}}<br />
*{{flag|Ghana}}<br />
*{{flag|Grenada}}<br />
*{{flag|Guatemala}}<br />
*{{flag|Guinea}}<br />
*{{flag|Guyana}}<br />
*{{flag|Haiti}}<br />
*{{flag|Honduras}}<br />
*{{flag|Iceland}}<br />
*{{flag|Israel}}<br />
*{{flag|Ivory Coast}}<br />
*{{flag|Jamaica}}<br />
*{{flag|Japan}}<br />
*{{flag|Jordan}}<br />
*{{flag|Kazakhstan}}<br />
*{{flag|Kenya}}<br />
*{{flag|Kiribati}}<br />
*{{flag|Kuwait}}<br />
*{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}<br />
*{{flag|Lesotho}}<br />
*{{flag|Liberia}}<br />
*{{flag|Liechtenstein}}<br />
*{{flag|Madagascar}}<br />
*{{flag|Malawi}}<br />
*{{flag|Mali}}<br />
|valign="top"|<br />
*{{flag|Marshall Islands}}<br />
*{{flag|Mauritania}}<br />
*{{flag|Mauritius}}<br />
*{{flag|Mexico}}<br />
*{{flag|Micronesia}}<br />
*{{flag|Moldova}}<br />
*{{flag|Monaco}}<br />
*{{flag|Mongolia}}<br />
*{{flag|Montenegro}}<br />
*{{flag|Morocco}}<br />
*{{flag|Mozambique}}<br />
*{{flag|Namibia}}<br />
*{{flag|Nauru}}<br />
*{{flag|New Zealand}}{{efn|The Indian government also lists the [[Cook Islands]] and [[Niue]] in addition to New Zealand, but they have the same [[New Zealand nationality law|nationality]] and [[New Zealand passport|passport]].}}<br />
*{{flag|Nicaragua}}<br />
*{{flag|Niger}}<br />
*{{flag|North Macedonia}}<br />
*{{flag|Norway}}<br />
*{{flag|Oman}}<br />
*{{flag|Palau}}<br />
*{{flag|Palestine}}<br />
*{{flag|Panama}}<br />
*{{flag|Papua New Guinea}}<br />
*{{flag|Paraguay}}<br />
*{{flag|Peru}}<br />
*{{flag|Qatar}}<br />
*{{flag|Russia}}<br />
*{{flag|Rwanda}}<br />
*{{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}<br />
*{{flag|Saint Lucia}}<br />
*{{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}<br />
*{{flag|Samoa}}<br />
|valign="top"|<br />
*{{flag|San Marino}}<br />
*{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}<br />
*{{flag|Senegal}}<br />
*{{flag|Serbia}}<br />
*{{flag|Seychelles}}<br />
*{{flag|Sierra Leone}}<br />
*{{flag|Solomon Islands}}<br />
*{{flag|South Africa}}<br />
*{{flag|South Korea}}<br />
*{{flag|Sri Lanka}}<br />
*{{flag|Suriname}}<br />
*{{flag|Switzerland}}<br />
*{{flag|Taiwan}}<br />
*{{flag|Tajikistan}}<br />
*{{flag|Tanzania}}<br />
*{{flag|Togo}}<br />
*{{flag|Tonga}}<br />
*{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}<br />
*{{flag|Tuvalu}}<br />
*{{flag|Uganda}}<br />
*{{flag|Ukraine}}<br />
*{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}<br />
*{{flag|United Kingdom}}{{efn|The Indian government also lists the [[Crown Dependencies]] of [[Guernsey]], [[Isle of Man]] and [[Jersey]], and the [[British Overseas Territories]] of [[Anguilla]], [[Cayman Islands]], [[Gibraltar]], [[Montserrat]] and [[Turks and Caicos Islands]], all of which have an individual version of the [[British passport]] different from the United Kingdom. The British Overseas Territories also have a different class of [[British nationality law|British nationality]].}}<br />
*{{flag|United States}}<br />
*{{flag|Uruguay}}<br />
*{{flag|Uzbekistan}}<br />
*{{flag|Vanuatu}}<br />
*{{flag|Vatican City}}<br />
*{{flag|Venezuela}}<br />
*{{flag|Zambia}}<br />
*{{flag|Zimbabwe}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
E-Visas are issued for several categories, validity periods and fees, which also vary for some nationalities:<ref name=evisa/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/evisa/images/Etourist_fee_final.pdf | title=Country/Territory Wise e-Tourist Visa Fee (in USD)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/evisa/images/eTV_revised_fee_final.pdf | title=Country/Territory Wise e-Visa Fee (e-Business, e-Medical, e-Medical Attendant and e-Conference Visa)}}</ref><br />
<br />
{|class=wikitable<br />
! Category !! Validity !! Entries !! Maximum stay !! Fee ([[United States dollar|USD]]){{efn|In addition to the e-Visa fee, there is a fee of 3% if the payment is made by credit or debit card, or 4% if made by [[PayPal]].}} !! Application period<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=4| Tourist || rowspan=2| 30 days || rowspan=2| 2 || 30 days, from April to June || 10{{efn|name=free|Free of charge for nationals of Argentina, Cook Islands, Fiji, Indonesia, Jamaica, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Micronesia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Seychelles, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Uruguay and Vanuatu.}}{{efn|name=free2|Free of charge for nationals of Malaysia, Philippines, Russia, South Africa and Thailand.}} || rowspan=2| 4 to 30 days before arrival<br />
|-<br />
| 30 days, from July to March || 25{{efn|name=free}}{{efn|name=free2}}<br />
|-<br />
| 1 year || Multiple || 180 days per year || 40{{efn|name=free}}{{efn|25 USD for nationals of Japan, Singapore, South Africa and Sri Lanka.}} ||rowspan=5|4 to 120 days before arrival<br />
|- <br />
| 5 years || Multiple || 180 days per year || 200{{efn|name=free}}{{efn|Different fees (in USD) for nationals of Japan (25), Mozambique (220), Russia (120), South Africa (25), Sri Lanka (25), United Kingdom including Crown Dependencies and Gibraltar (484) and United States (160).}}<br />
|-<br />
| Business || 1 year || Multiple || 180 days per stay || 120{{efn|name=free}}{{efn|Free of charge for nationals of Angola, Benin, Burundi, Cambodia, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Gambia, Guinea, Haiti, Laos, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Timor-Leste, Togo, Uganda and Zambia. Different fees (in USD) for nationals of Australia (215), Czech Republic (190), Ecuador (240), France (165), Ireland (200), Japan (25), New Zealand (130), Philippines (220), Poland (145), Saudi Arabia (215), South Africa (25), Sri Lanka (80), Thailand (200), Ukraine (130), United Arab Emirates (415), United Kingdom including Crown Dependencies and Gibraltar (242) and United States (140).}}<br />
|-<br />
| Medical, [[Ministry of Ayush|Ayush]] or attendant || 60 days || 3 || 60 days || 80{{efn|name=free}}{{efn|Free of charge for nationals of South Africa. Different fees (in USD) for nationals of Japan (25), Russia (120), Sri Lanka (25), Ukraine (85), United Kingdom including Crown Dependencies and Gibraltar (129) and United States (100).}}<br />
|-<br />
| Conference || 30 days || 1 || 30 days || 80{{efn|name=free}}{{efn|Free of charge for nationals of South Africa. Different fees (in USD) for nationals of Crown Dependencies and Gibraltar (129), Japan (25), Mozambique (220), Russia (40), Sri Lanka (25), Ukraine (85) and United States (100).}}<br />
|-<br />
| Student or dependent || 1 year || 4 || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| Transit || 30 days || 2 || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| Mountaineering || 6 months || 1 || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| Film || 1 year || Multiple || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| Entry ([[Indian diaspora|PIO]] or spouse) || 3 months || Multiple || 3 months || ||<br />
|-<br />
| Production investment || 6 months || Multiple || || ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Visitors are not eligible for e-Visas if they or any of their parents or grandparents were born in or have permanently resided in Pakistan, in which case they may only apply for a visa at an [[List of diplomatic missions of India|Indian diplomatic post]].<ref name=evisa/><br />
<br />
<imagemap><br />
Image:India ETV New.svg|thumb|right|280px|Clickable map of entry points that allow entry with an e-Visa. {{legend|#D000F0|Airport}}{{legend|#0080F0|Seaport}}{{legend|#FF8000|Landport}}<br />
circle 129 107 6 [[Sri Guru Ram Das Ji International Airport|Amritsar airport]]<br />
circle 160 124 6 [[Chandigarh Airport|Chandigarh airport]]<br />
circle 165 168 6 [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi airport]]<br />
circle 356 202 6 [[Bagdogra Airport|Bagdogra airport]]<br />
circle 415 210 6 [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati airport]]<br />
circle 141 201 6 [[Jaipur International Airport|Jaipur airport]]<br />
circle 230 205 6 [[Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport|Lucknow airport]]<br />
circle 242 181 6 [[Rupaidiha|Rupaidiha landport]]<br />
circle 298 199 6 [[Raxaul|Raxaul landport]]<br />
circle 338 209 6 [[Jogbani|Jogbani landport]]<br />
circle 412 198 6 [[Darrangamela|Darranga landport]]<br />
circle 265 230 6 [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport|Varanasi airport]]<br />
circle 300 243 6 [[Gaya Airport|Gaya airport]]<br />
circle 21 271 6 [[Mandvi|Mandvi seaport]]<br />
circle 31 270 6 [[Mundra Port|Mundra seaport]]<br />
circle 42 269 6 [[Kandla Port|Kandla seaport]]<br />
circle 36 281 6 [[Bedi, Gujarat|Jamnagar–Bedi seaport]]<br />
circle 28 295 6 [[Porbandar|Porbandar seaport]]<br />
circle 63 310 6 [[Port Pipavav|Rajula–Pipavav seaport]]<br />
circle 72 303 6 [[Alang Ship Breaking Yard|Alang seaport]]<br />
circle 75 293 6 [[Bhavnagar|Bhavnagar seaport]]<br />
circle 82 271 6 [[Ahmedabad Airport|Ahmedabad airport]]<br />
circle 138 280 6 [[Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport|Indore airport]]<br />
circle 364 275 6 [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata airport]]<br />
circle 360 285 6 [[Port of Kolkata|Kolkata seaport]]<br />
circle 87 304 6 [[Surat Airport|Surat airport]]<br />
circle 81 312 6 [[Hazira Port|Surat–Hazira seaport]]<br />
circle 197 314 6 [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport|Nagpur airport]]<br />
circle 318 328 6 [[Biju Patnaik Airport|Bhubaneswar airport]]<br />
circle 332 327 6 [[Paradip Port|Paradeep seaport]]<br />
circle 337 317 6 [[Dhamra Port|Dhamra seaport]]<br />
circle 87 343 6 [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai airport]]<br />
circle 76 346 6 [[Mumbai Port|Mumbai seaport]]<br />
circle 84 353 6 [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port|Mumbai–Nhava Sheva seaport]]<br />
circle 102 361 6 [[Pune Airport|Pune airport]]<br />
circle 267 375 6 [[Visakhapatnam Airport|Visakhapatnam airport]]<br />
circle 277 378 6 [[Visakhapatnam Port|Visakhapatnam seaport]]<br />
circle 255 391 6 [[Kakinada Port|Kakinada seaport]]<br />
circle 184 384 6 [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad airport]]<br />
circle 227 398 6 [[Vijayawada Airport|Vijayawada airport]]<br />
circle 90 417 6 [[Mormugao Port|Goa seaport]]<br />
circle 99 411 6 [[Manohar International Airport|Goa–Mopa airport]]<br />
circle 99 421 6 [[Dabolim Airport|Goa–Dabolim airport]]<br />
circle 215 442 6 [[Krishnapatnam Port|Nellore–Krishnapatnam seaport]]<br />
circle 118 465 6 [[Mangalore International Airport|Mangaluru airport]]<br />
circle 108 468 6 [[New Mangalore Port|Mangaluru seaport]]<br />
circle 125 487 6 [[Kannur International Airport|Kannur airport]]<br />
circle 168 464 6 [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru airport]]<br />
circle 221 469 6 [[Chennai Port|Chennai seaport]]<br />
circle 213 464 6 [[Kamarajar Port|Chennai–Kamarajar seaport]]<br />
circle 221 458 6 [[Kattupalli Shipyard|Chennai–Kattupalli seaport]]<br />
circle 213 474 6 [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai airport]]<br />
circle 60 504 6 [[Agatti Island|Agatti seaport]]<br />
circle 137 504 6 [[Kozhikode International Airport|Kozhikode airport]]<br />
circle 126 503 6 [[Kerala Maritime Board|Kozhikode seaport]]<br />
circle 144 522 6 [[Cochin International Airport|Kochi airport]]<br />
circle 134 523 6 [[International Container Transshipment Terminal, Kochi|Kochi–Vallarpadam seaport]]<br />
circle 140 532 6 [[Cochin Port|Kochi seaport]]<br />
circle 142 546 6 [[Kollam Port|Kollam seaport]]<br />
circle 152 551 6 [[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport|Thiruvananthapuram airport]]<br />
circle 147 560 6 [[Vizhinjam Port|Thiruvananthapuram–Vizhinjam seaport]]<br />
circle 158 560 6 [[Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram|Thiruvananthapuram–International seaport]]<br />
circle 154 506 6 [[Coimbatore International Airport|Coimbatore airport]]<br />
circle 174 529 6 [[Madurai Airport|Madurai airport]]<br />
circle 187 511 6 [[Tiruchirappalli International Airport|Tiruchirappalli airport]]<br />
circle 207 495 6 [[Cuddalore|Cuddalore seaport]]<br />
circle 209 514 6 [[Nagapattinam Port|Nagapattinam seaport]]<br />
circle 175 551 6 [[V. O. Chidambaranar Port|Thoothukudi seaport]]<br />
circle 458 480 6 [[Port Blair Port|Port Blair seaport]]<br />
circle 456 491 6 [[Veer Savarkar International Airport|Port Blair airport]]<br />
</imagemap><br />
<br />
E-Visas may only be used for arrival at the following entry points:<ref name=evisa/><br />
<br />
{|<br />
|colspan=2|'''Airports''' ||colspan=2| '''Seaports''' || '''Landports'''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
*[[Ahmedabad Airport|Ahmedabad]]<br />
*[[Sri Guru Ram Das Ji International Airport|Amritsar]]<br />
*[[Bagdogra Airport|Bagdogra]]<br />
*[[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]]<br />
*[[Biju Patnaik Airport|Bhubaneswar]]<br />
*[[Chandigarh Airport|Chandigarh]]<br />
*[[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]]<br />
*[[Coimbatore International Airport|Coimbatore]]<br />
*[[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]]<br />
*[[Gaya Airport|Gaya]]<br />
*[[Dabolim Airport|Goa–Dabolim]]<br />
*[[Manohar International Airport|Goa–Mopa]]<br />
*[[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati]]<br />
*[[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]]<br />
*[[Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport|Indore]]<br />
*[[Jaipur International Airport|Jaipur]]<br />
*[[Kannur International Airport|Kannur]]<br />
|valign="top"|<br />
*[[Cochin International Airport|Kochi]]<br />
*[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]]<br />
*[[Kozhikode International Airport|Kozhikode]]<br />
*[[Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport|Lucknow]]<br />
*[[Madurai Airport|Madurai]]<br />
*[[Mangalore International Airport|Mangaluru]]<br />
*[[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]]<br />
*[[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport|Nagpur]]<br />
*[[Veer Savarkar International Airport|Port Blair]]<br />
*[[Pune Airport|Pune]]<br />
*[[Surat Airport|Surat]]<br />
*[[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br />
*[[Tiruchirappalli International Airport|Tiruchirappalli]]<br />
*[[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport|Varanasi]]<br />
*[[Vijayawada Airport|Vijayawada]]<br />
*[[Visakhapatnam Airport|Visakhapatnam]]<br />
|valign="top"|<br />
*[[Agatti Island|Agatti]]<br />
*[[Alang Ship Breaking Yard|Alang]]<br />
*[[Bhavnagar]]<br />
*[[Chennai Port|Chennai]]<br />
*[[Kamarajar Port|Chennai–Kamarajar]]<br />
*[[Kattupalli Shipyard|Chennai–Kattupalli]]<br />
*[[Cuddalore]]<br />
*[[Dhamra Port|Dhamra]]<br />
*[[Mormugao Port|Goa]]<br />
*[[Bedi, Gujarat|Jamnagar–Bedi]]<br />
*[[Kakinada Port|Kakinada]]<br />
*[[Kandla Port|Kandla]]<br />
*[[Cochin Port|Kochi]]<br />
*[[International Container Transshipment Terminal, Kochi|Kochi–Vallarpadam]]<br />
*[[Port of Kolkata|Kolkata]]<br />
*[[Kollam Port|Kollam]]<br />
*[[Kerala Maritime Board|Kozhikode]]<br />
|valign="top"|<br />
*[[Mandvi]]<br />
*[[New Mangalore Port|Mangaluru]]<br />
*[[Mumbai Port|Mumbai]]<br />
*[[Jawaharlal Nehru Port|Mumbai–Nhava Sheva]]<br />
*[[Mundra Port|Mundra]]<br />
*[[Nagapattinam Port|Nagapattinam]]<br />
*[[Krishnapatnam Port|Nellore–Krishnapatnam]]<br />
*[[Paradip Port|Paradeep]]<br />
*[[Porbandar]]<br />
*[[Port Blair Port|Port Blair]]<br />
*[[Port Pipavav|Rajula–Pipavav]]<br />
*[[Hazira Port|Surat–Hazira]]<br />
*[[Vizhinjam Port|Thiruvananthapuram–Vizhinjam]]<br />
*[[Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram|Thiruvananthapuram–International]]<br />
*[[V. O. Chidambaranar Port|Thoothukudi]]<br />
*[[Visakhapatnam Port|Visakhapatnam]]<br />
|valign="top"|<br />
*[[Darrangamela|Darranga]]<br />
*[[Jogbani]]<br />
*[[Raxaul]]<br />
*[[Rupaidiha]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Exit is possible via any authorized immigration check post. In case of e-Visas that allow multiple entries, there are reports that after the first entry at one of the allowed entry points, entry is possible at another time at any regular border entry point with that same e-Visa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-06 |title=Guide: Wagah Border Crossing Between India And Pakistan |url=https://www.lostwithpurpose.com/wagah-border-crossing/ |access-date=2024-12-18}}</ref><br />
<br />
In a separate module, nationals of [[Afghanistan]] may apply for six categories of electronic visas: business (including dependents), student, medical, attendant, entry (sponsored cultural events, children of medical visa holders, stepchildren of Indians, owners of property in India, dependents of international officials, parents of student visa holders, seamen, [[Indian diaspora|people of Indian origin]] and their spouses, religious minorities) and [[United Nations]] diplomat visas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/avisa/ |title=Visa for Afghanistan |publisher=Government of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: left; font-size: smaller; table-layout: fixed"<br />
!Date of e-Visa eligibility<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
*27 November 2014: Australia, Brazil, Cambodia, Djibouti, Fiji, Finland, Germany, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Laos, Luxembourg, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia, Myanmar, Nauru, New Zealand (including Cook Islands and Niue), Norway, Oman, Palau, Palestine, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Russia, Samoa, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Korea, Thailand, Tonga, Tuvalu, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United States, Vanuatu, Vietnam<ref>[http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=113349 ETA enabled Visa on Arrival Scheme], [[Press Information Bureau]], [[Government of India]], 15 December 2014.</ref><br />
*January 2015: Guyana<ref>[http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=117009 TVoAs in February 2015 show an increase of 1162% over the TVoAs of February 2014], [[Press Information Bureau]], [[Government of India]], 13 March 2015.</ref><br />
*14 April 2015: Sri Lanka<ref>[http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=116947 Prime Minister's media statement during visit to Sri Lanka], [[Press Information Bureau]], [[Government of India]], 13 March 2015.</ref><br />
*1 May 2015: Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Estonia, France, Georgia, Grenada, Haiti, Honduras, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Montenegro, Nicaragua, North Macedonia, Paraguay, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Vatican City, and British Overseas Territories citizens of Anguilla, Cayman Islands and Montserrat<ref>[http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=120017 Extension of e-Tourist Visa scheme to 31 more countries], [[Press Information Bureau]], [[Government of India]], 29 April 2015.</ref><br />
*30 July 2015: China (including Hong Kong and Macau)<ref>[http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=123908 Extension of e-Tourist Visa scheme to China, Hong Kong and Macau from tomorrow], [[Press Information Bureau]], [[Government of India]], 29 July 2015.</ref><br />
*15 August 2015: Andorra, Argentina, Armenia, Belgium, Bolivia, Colombia, Cuba, East Timor, Guatemala, Hungary, Ireland, Jamaica, Malaysia, Malta, Monaco, Mongolia, Mozambique, Netherlands (including Aruba), Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Seychelles, Slovenia, Spain, Suriname, Sweden, Taiwan, Tanzania, United Kingdom, Uruguay, Venezuela, and British Overseas Territories citizens of Turks and Caicos Islands<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=124631|title=Government extends e-Tourist Visa scheme to 36 more countries and 7 more airports from August 15, 2015|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref><br />
*26 February 2016: Albania, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brunei, Bulgaria, Cape Verde, Comoros, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Eritrea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Greece, Guinea, Iceland, Ivory Coast, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Moldova, Namibia, Romania, San Marino, Senegal, Serbia, Slovakia, South Africa, Swaziland, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Trinidad and Tobago, Zambia, Zimbabwe<ref>[http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=136761 Extension of e-Tourist Visa scheme to 37 more countries from tomorrow], [[Press Information Bureau]], [[Government of India]], 25 February 2016.</ref><br />
*1 April 2017: Angola, Azerbaijan, Burundi, Cameroon, Cyprus, Italy, Mali, Niger, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Uzbekistan<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170404130751/https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/evisa/tvoa.html Indian e-Visa], Government of India. Archived from [https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/evisa/tvoa.html the original] on 4 April 2017.</ref><br />
*July 2017: Uganda<ref>[http://hci.gov.in/kampala/?pdf6219?000 Press release], High Commission of India in Kampala, 11 July 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/now-e-visa-facility-for-uganda/article19274137.ece Now, e-visa facility for Uganda], [[The Hindu]], 14 July 2017.</ref><br />
*February–June 2018: Iran<ref>[https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/29495/IndiaIran_Joint_Statement_during_Visit_of_the_President_of_Iran_to_India_February_17_2018 India-Iran Joint Statement during Visit of the President of Iran to India], Ministry of External Affairs of India, 17 February 2018.</ref><ref name=ir>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180603083900/https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/evisa/tvoa.html Indian e-Visa], Government of India. Archived from [https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/evisa/tvoa.html the original] on 3 June 2018.</ref><br />
*February 2018: Kazakhstan<ref name=kz>[https://www.indembastana.gov.in/page/e-visa/ e-Visa], Embassy of India in Nur-Sultan.</ref><br />
*26 April 2018: Kyrgyzstan<ref name=kg>[https://akipress.com/news:605677 E-visa facility now available for Kyrgyz nationals for travel to India], AKIpress, 26 April 2018.</ref><br />
*23 August 2018: Qatar<ref name=qa>[https://www.gulf-times.com/story/603699/India-adds-Qatar-to-list-of-countries-eligible-for-e-visa India adds Qatar to list of countries eligible for e-visa], Gulf Times, 23 August 2018.</ref><br />
*17 June 2019: Saudi Arabia<ref name=sa>[https://www.eoiriyadh.gov.in/page/visa-services/ Visa Services], Embassy of India in Riyadh.</ref><br />
*October 2019: Belarus, Benin<ref name=bybj>[https://web.archive.org/web/20191206122448/https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/evisa/tvoa.html e-Visa], Government of India. Archived from [https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/evisa/tvoa.html the original] on 6 December 2019.</ref><br />
*February 2020: Equatorial Guinea<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200202090625/https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/evisa/tvoa.html e-Visa], Government of India. Archived from [https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/evisa/tvoa.html the original] on 2 February 2020.</ref><br />
*August 2020: Togo<ref name=tg>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200801000326/https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/evisa/tvoa.html e-Visa], Government of India. Archived from [https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/evisa/tvoa.html the original] on 1 August 2020.</ref><br />
*April 2021: removed Canada, China (including Hong Kong and Macau), Indonesia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, United Kingdom (except British Overseas Territories citizens), Uzbekistan<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210409225720/https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/evisa/tvoa.html e-Visa], Government of India. Archived from [https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/evisa/tvoa.html the original] on 9 April 2021.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=印度拒绝向中国公民发放电子旅游签证 |url=http://www.chindianet.com/show-8-1579-1.html}}</ref><br />
*August 2021: Afghanistan, only for emergency e-Visa<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210820093749/https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/evisa/tvoa.html e-Visa], Government of India. Archived from [https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/evisa/tvoa.html the original] on 20 August 2021.</ref><br />
*December 2022: resumed Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan<ref name=resumed2022>[https://web.archive.org/web/20221206053549/https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/evisa/tvoa.html e-Visa], Government of India. Archived from [https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/evisa/tvoa.html the original] on 6 December 2022.</ref><br />
*20 December 2022: resumed Canada<ref name=ca2022>[https://www.hciottawa.gov.in/marquee?id=46 Restoration of e-Visa services for Canadian Passport holders], High Commission of India in Ottawa, 20 December 2022.</ref><br />
*9 March 2023: resumed Saudi Arabia<ref name=sa2023>[https://www.livemint.com/news/india/india-restores-e-visa-services-for-saudi-nationals-with-immediate-effect-here-s-how-to-apply-11678492361340.html India restores e-Visa services for Saudi nationals with immediate effect; here's how to apply], Mint, 11 March 2023.</ref><br />
*21 September 2023: suspended Canada<ref name=ca2023>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-resumes-e-visa-services-to-canadian-nationals-report-101700639266241.html |title=India resumes e-visa services for Canadian nationals after 2-month pause |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=2023-11-22}}</ref><br />
*22 November 2023: resumed Canada<ref name=ca2023/><br />
*19 December 2023: British citizens of Guernsey, Isle of Man and Jersey, and British Overseas Territories citizens of Gibraltar<ref name=gb2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.hcilondon.gov.in/news_letter_detail/?id=75 |title=Press Release for e-Visa facility for UK nationals from Gibraltar, Guernsey, Jersey and Isle of Man |publisher=High Commission of India in London |date=19 December 2023}}</ref><br />
*January 2024: Morocco<ref name=ma>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240105200850/https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/evisa/tvoa.html e-Visa], Government of India. Archived from [https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/evisa/tvoa.html the original] on 5 January 2024.</ref><br />
*June 2024: Bangladesh, only for medical and attendant e-Visas<ref name=bd1>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240626210707/https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/evisa/tvoa.html e-Visa], Government of India. Archived from [https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/evisa/tvoa.html the original] on 26 June 2024.</ref><br />
*1 August 2024: resumed China (including Hong Kong and Macau), only for business e-Visa<ref name=cn2024>[https://www.fragomen.com/insights/india-chinese-nationals-eligible-for-e-business-visas.html India: Chinese Nationals Eligible for E-Business Visas], Fragomen, 1 August 2024.</ref><br />
*June–December 2024: removed Bangladesh<ref name=bd2>{{cite web |url=https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/evisa/Registration |title=e-Visa Application |publisher=Government of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214012710/https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/evisa/Registration |archive-date=14 December 2024}}</ref><br />
*16 February 2025: resumed Qatar<ref name=qa2025>[https://www.indianembassyqatar.gov.in/users/assets/pdf/whatsnew/Press_Release-eVisa_16_02_2025.pdf Starting of Indian e-Visa facilities for Qatar nationals], Embassy of India in Doha, 16 February 2025.</ref><br />
*29 April 2025: replaced emergency e-Visa with six categories of electronic visas for nationals of Afghanistan<ref name=af2025>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/new-visa-module-now-for-afghan-nationals-can-apply-for-indian-visas-in-6-categories-mea-3563285 |title=New visa module now for Afghan nationals, can apply for Indian visas in 6 categories: MEA |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=29 May 2025}}</ref><br />
*July 2025: Mauritania<ref name=mr>{{cite web |url=https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/evisa/tvoa.html |title=e-Visa |publisher=Government of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250707192123/https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/evisa/tvoa.html |archive-date=7 July 2025}}</ref><br />
*9 July 2025: Bahrain<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eoibahrain.gov.in/pdf/notice%20visa-10-07-2025.pdf |title=Notice |publisher=Embassy of India in Bahrain |date=9 July 2025}}</ref><br />
*13 July 2025: Kuwait<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indembkwt.gov.in/pdf/evisa-13-07-2025.pdf |title=Launch of Indian e-visa facility for Kuwaiti nationals |publisher=Embassy of India in Kuwait |date=13 July 2025}}</ref><br />
*December 2025: replaced business e-Visa with production investment for nationals of China (including Hong Kong and Macau)<ref name=cn2025>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2025/Dec/18/govt-eases-visa-rules-for-chinese-professionals-in-manufacturing |title=Govt eases visa rules for Chinese professionals in manufacturing |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=18 December 2025}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
===2013===<br />
In October 2013, India decided to initiate the process of extending visa-on-arrival access to 40 more nations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.in.msn.com/national/visa-on-arrival-for-40-more-nations|title=Visa on arrival for 40 more nations |website=MSN News |access-date=17 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203201/http://news.in.msn.com/national/visa-on-arrival-for-40-more-nations|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> In January 2014, plans were confirmed by [[Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs and Planning|Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs and Planning of India]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-01-08/news/45991577_1_arrival-facility-40-more-countries-tourism-ministry-data | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111210245/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-01-08/news/45991577_1_arrival-facility-40-more-countries-tourism-ministry-data | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 January 2014 | title=Visa on arrival for 40 more countries to be a reality soon | date=8 January 2014 |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=19 January 2016}}</ref> The sixteen different types of visa would also be reduced to three: work, business and tourism.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/business-24491344|title=Indian visa system overhauled|date=13 October 2013|work=BBC News |access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref> The proposal initially met resistance from intelligence agencies and the possible problem of queues emerged.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/visa-and-immigration/visa-on-arrival-facility-extended-to-tourists-from-180-countries/articleshow/29921043.cms?intenttarget=no|title=Visa-on-arrival facility extended to tourists from 180 countries|date=6 February 2014|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/waiting-time-in-immigration-queues-has-almost-doubled-at-mumbai-airport/story-HUqRoMyniM1P79fVRBE5eJ.html|title=Waiting time in immigration queues 'has almost doubled' at Mumbai airport|date=29 December 2015|newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
===2014===<br />
In February 2014 it was announced that Indian intelligence agencies had given their approval to visa-on-arrival for up to 180 countries, largely due to the new possibilities provided by the Immigration, Visa and Foreigners' Registration and Tracking (IVFRT) system. The system would not be a typical visa on arrival in order to avoid clutter at the airports, but a system based on a prior online application modelled after Australian [[Electronic Travel Authority (Australia)|Electronic Travel Authority]] system.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/intel-nod-for-visa-on-arrival/|title=Intel nod for visa-on-arrival|date=2 February 2014|newspaper=The Indian Express |access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/666617/india-set-to-ease-visa-restrictions-pakistani-citizens-not-included-in-the-changes/|title=India set to ease visa restrictions for 180 countries except Pakistan |newspaper=The Express Tribune|date=2 February 2014 |access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India visa-on-arrival scheme to be extended|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26062351|work=BBC News |access-date=7 June 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 5 February 2014 it was decided to introduce visa-on-arrival to tourists from 180 countries. Technical implementation, such as setting up the website for applications, was expected to take about 6 months and the authorities hoped to have it in place for the tourist season beginning in October 2014. Prospective visitors would have to pay a fee and the electronic version of the visa should be granted within three days. The program was expected to apply to all international airports. However, nationals of [[Afghanistan]], [[Iran]], [[Iraq]], [[Nigeria]], [[Pakistan]], [[Somalia]], [[Sudan]] were to be excluded from this program.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/india-to-extended-visa-on-arrival-to-tourists-from-180-countries_909348.html|title=India to extend visa-on-arrival to tourists from 180 countries|date=5 February 2014|publisher=Zee News |access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
In July 2014 it was announced that India hoped to implement the program for citizens of 40 countries in the first phase by December 2014 and later on for 109 additional countries if the first phase were implemented successfully.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.southasianobserver.com/topstories.php?cid=1205|work=South Asian Observer|title=India to Offer Electronic Visa for Canadians From December|access-date=17 September 2017|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714123603/http://www.southasianobserver.com/topstories.php?cid=1205|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
In August 2014 it was revealed that ministries of Tourism, Home Affairs and External Affairs could not agree on the list of countries for the ETA. The [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Ministry of Tourism]] proposed to allow the new system for the citizens of the 15 countries with the most visitors to India, the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] proposed to create a balanced list with some Asian and African countries, while the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] proposed to exclude all countries with high security concerns.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/E-visa-scheme-hits-inter-departmental-roadblock/articleshow/40445610.cms|title=E-visa scheme hits inter-departmental roadblock |newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
In September 2014 Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] announced that the [[United States]] would be added to the list of countries whose citizens may obtain a visa on arrival.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/modi-us-visit-visa-on-arrival-facility-on-anvil-for-us-tourists/|title=Modi US visit: Visa on Arrival facility on anvil for US tourists|date=21 September 2014|website=The Indian Express |access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref> However, in October 2014 the planned introduction of the new e-Visa system was pushed from 2 October 2014 to June 2015.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/e-visas-may-make-visa-arrival-redundant-says-tourism-minister-naik-1741615.html|title=E-visas may make visa-on-arrival redundant, says Tourism Minister Naik|date=3 October 2014|website=Firstpost |access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref> It was also revealed that the list of visa on arrival countries was unlikely to be expanded in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/visa-on-arrival-faces-project-infra-hurdle-114100400627_1.html|title=Visa on arrival faces project infra hurdle|first=Arijit|last=Paladhi|date=4 October 2014|newspaper=Business Standard |access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
In November 2014 it was announced that the e-visa system might be rolled out for about 25 countries including the 13 countries that were already eligible for visa on arrival.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/E-visa-system-likely-to-be-rolled-out-next-week/articleshow/44984345.cms|title=E-visa system likely to be rolled out next week |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref> Later that month it was announced that 28 countries would become eligible for an electronic visa on 27 November 2014 and that the list would include visa on arrival eligible countries as well as [[Brazil]], [[Germany]], [[Israel]], [[Jordan]], [[Mauritius]], [[Norway]], [[Palestine]], [[Russia]], [[Thailand]], [[Ukraine]], [[United Arab Emirates]], [[United States]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/visa-and-immigration/us-israel-to-be-given-e-visa-facility-from-november-27/articleshow/45149981.cms?intenttarget=no|title=US, Israel to be given e-visa facility from November 27|date=14 November 2014|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/world/us-israel-palestine-to-be-given-e-visa-facility-on-nov-27_1499158.html | title=US, Israel, Palestine to be given e-visa facility on Nov 27 | publisher=Zee News | date=14 November 2014 |access-date=19 January 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
In November 2014, the Indian Prime Minister announced visa on arrival facility for nationals of all Pacific countries and Australia.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/narendra-modi-fiji-suva-fiji-parliament-visa-on-arrival-227750-2014-11-19 | title=Modi announces visa on arrival for 14 Pacific Island countries | publisher=India Today | date=19 November 2014 |access-date=19 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/modi-assures-visa-on-arrival-for-australian-tourists/article6608146.ece | title=Modi assures visa on arrival for Australian tourists | date=17 November 2014 |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=19 January 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
===2015===<br />
The manual processing of the visa on arrival was discontinued in January 2015.<ref name="immigrationindia.nic.in"/> Until 26 January 2015, citizens of the following countries holding ordinary passports were granted visa on arrival without obtaining an ETA (unless they were of Pakistani origin), for a single stay up to 30 days in India when traveling as a tourist or for visiting family or friends:<ref name="timatic"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.immigrationindia.nic.in/visa_on_arrival2.htm|publisher=Bureau of Immigration (India)|title=Tourist Visa on Arrival|access-date=17 September 2017|archive-date=16 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816084147/http://www.immigrationindia.nic.in/visa_on_arrival2.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="immigrationindia.nic.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.immigrationindia.nic.in/content/discontinuation-manual-tvoa-12-nationals-namely-japan-singapore-philippines-finland|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106132647/http://www.immigrationindia.nic.in/content/discontinuation-manual-tvoa-12-nationals-namely-japan-singapore-philippines-finland|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 January 2015|title=Discontinuation of manual TVoA to 12 Nationals namely (Japan, Singapore, Philippines, Finland, Luxembourg, New Zealand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Myanmar, Indonesia and South Korea) w.e.f. 27.01.15|access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
{|style=" border-radius:1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); background-color: white; border: 1px solid white; padding: 5px;"<br />
|<br />
*{{flag|Cambodia}}<br />
*{{flag|Finland}}<br />
*{{flag|Indonesia}}<br />
|valign="top"|<br />
*{{flag|Japan}}<br />
*{{flag|Laos}}<br />
*{{flag|Luxembourg}}<br />
|valign="top"|<br />
*{{flag|Myanmar}}<br />
*{{flag|New Zealand}}<br />
*{{flag|Philippines}}<br />
|valign="top"|<br />
*{{flag|Singapore}}<br />
*{{flag|South Korea}}<br />
*{{flag|Vietnam}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In February 2015, the [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Ministry of Tourism]] proposed extending the facility to citizens of [[China]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Spain]], [[France]], [[Italy]] and [[Malaysia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/neGc9LguayHRFddD4Yx7yI/India-may-extend-evisa-facility-to-six-more-countries.html|title=India may extend e-visa facility to six more countries|first=Moulishree|last=Srivastava|date=20 February 2015|newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref> Subsequently, the [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]] announced that the facility would be extended, in stages, to citizens of 150 countries.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/visa-and-immigration/budget-2015-government-to-increase-visa-on-arrival-facilities-to-150-countries-says-fm-jaitley/articleshow/46407075.cms|title=Budget 2015: Government to increase visa on arrival facilities to 150 countries, says FM Jaitley|first1=Anirban|last1=Chowdhury|first2=Divya|last2=Sathyanarayanan|date=28 February 2015|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref> In March 2015 it was announced that 53 nations were shortlisted for the second round of expansion of the system based on the number of tourist arrivals in the previous years.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/53-nations-to-get-nod-for-e-visa-soon-115031000058_1.html|title=53 nations to get nod for e-visa soon|first=Arijit|last=Paladhi|date=10 March 2015|newspaper=Business Standard|access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
After the Government was criticised for naming the new policy "Visa on arrival" it decided to rename it to "e-Tourist Visa (eTV)" in April 2015.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/to-end-confusion-e-visa-scheme-renamed-visa-online-753577|title=It's Not Visa-on-Arrival, Cedes Government, Scheme to be Renamed|publisher=NDTV |access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/visa-and-immigration/govt-decides-to-rename-its-e-visa-scheme-to-visa-online/articleshow/46863822.cms|title=Govt decides to rename its e-visa scheme to 'Visa Online'|date=9 April 2015|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
The e-Tourist Visa facility was extended to 31 new countries on 1 May 2015.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/e-tourist-visa-scheme-extended-to-31-more-countries-115042901141_1.html|title=e-Tourist Visa scheme extended to 31 more countries|agency=Press Trust of India|date=29 April 2015|newspaper=Business Standard|access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
In May 2015, [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Indian Foreign Ministry]] announced that Chinese citizens would be able to apply for e-Tourist Visa facility in order to coordinate Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] visiting China between 14 and 16 May. Disputes about the [[Sino-Indian border dispute|Sino-Indian border]] and national security would be postponed.<ref>{{cite news |title=Govt may snub agencies, clear e-visa for Chinese|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Govt-may-snub-agencies-clear-e-visa-for-Chinese/articleshow/47195986.cms|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 29 July 2015, the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Indian Ministry of Home Affairs]] announced the extension of e-Tourist Visa facility to nationals of [[China]], including [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]], with effect from 30 July 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=123908|title=Extension of e-Tourist Visa scheme to China, Hong Kong and Macau from tomorrow|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
The list of eligible nationalities was extended with 36 new countries on 15 August 2015. On the same day the list of eTV airports was expanded with 7 new airports.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/visa/Press_Note_extension_to_36_countries.pdf|title=Indian Visa Application|website=indianvisaonline.gov.in|access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref> The extension to 150 nationalities was scheduled to be finished by 31 March 2016.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/visa-and-immigration/e-tourist-visa-to-be-extended-to-150-countries-by-march-31/articleshow/48487294.cms | title=E-tourist visa to be extended to 150 countries by March 31 | date=14 August 2015 |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=19 January 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
In September 2015 it was announced that the list would be expanded by another 37 countries.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/e-visa-facility-to-be-extended-to-37-more-countries/articleshow/48936601.cms|title=e-visa facility to be extended to 37 more countries |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref><br />
[[File:India e-Tourist Visa Entry Stamp.jpg|thumb|218px|Entry stamp for holder of an Indian e-Tourist Visa]]<br />
<br />
===2016===<br />
In January 2016 it was announced that the extension would take place by March 2016.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/visa-and-immigration/govt-on-track-to-extend-e-tourist-visa-facility-to-150-nations/articleshow/50458987.cms|title=Govt on track to extend e-tourist visa facility to 150 nations|date=17 September 2017|newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref> In November 2015 it was announced that the visa validity would be extended to 180 days.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businesstravelnewseurope.com/Air-Travel/India-extends-e-Visa-scheme|title=India extends e-Visa scheme|website=buyingbusinesstravel.com|date=4 November 2015 |access-date=25 April 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
In January 2016 it was announced that the multiple entries would become available and that e-Tourist Visa holders would receive a gift pack on arrival.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/govt-mulls-new-e-visa-rules-multiple-visits-180-day-validity-in-the-pipeline/|title=Govt mulls new e-visa rules: Multiple visits, 180-day validity in the pipeline|date=15 January 2016|newspaper=The Indian Express |access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
The eTV list was extended for tourists from 37 more countries on 26 February 2016.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/now-evisa-for-tourists-from-37-more-nations/article8282462.ece|title=Now, e-visa for tourists from 37 more nations|date=26 February 2016|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
In September 2016 it was announced that the electronic visa scheme would be reformed to include 27 visa codes denoting various visit purposes such as tourism, business or medical visits.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/e-tourist-visa-scheme-coding-purpose-of-visit-government-3008897/|title=Govt plans to modify e-tourist visa scheme, bring in coding|date=2 September 2016 |newspaper=The Indian Express |access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref> It was also announced that the list of visa on arrival eligible countries would be expanded.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Now-citizens-of-more-nations-set-to-get-visa-on-arrival/articleshow/53971734.cms|title=Now, citizens of more nations set to get visa on arrival |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 30 November 2016 the Government of India approved further liberalization, simplification and rationalization of visa regime in India. It also announced that more countries would be added to the e-visa list.<ref name=added2017>[http://tourismbreakingnews.com/e-visa-now-applicable-to-158-countries/ 8 countries added to e-visa list], Tourism Breaking News, 5 December 2016.</ref> The e-visa would have a validity of 60 days and could be applied for by foreign nationals up to four months ahead of the visit.<ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/55722289.cms Government approves new visa policy to attract foreigners, boost trade], The Economic Times, 1 December 2016.</ref> Five seaports – Mumbai, Kochi, Chennai, Goa and Mangaluru – would receive tourists coming with e-visa.<ref>[http://www.ptinews.com/news/8140411_Five-seaports-to-receive-tourists-with-e-Visa.html Five seaports to receive tourists with e-Visa], Press Trust of India, 1 December 2016.</ref><br />
<br />
===2017===<br />
From 1 April 2017 e-visas are granted under three categories of tourist, business and medical. The window for application under e-visa scheme was increased from 30 days to 120 days, and duration of stay on e-visa was increased from 30 days to 60 days, with double entry on e-tourist and e-business visa, and triple entry on e-medical visa.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/new-e-visa-regime-comes-into-effect-from-april-1-to-boost-inflow-of-tourists/articleshow/57947825.cms|title=New e-visa regime comes into effect from April 1, to boost inflow of tourists |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref> The list of eligible nationalities was also further expanded with 11 new countries,<ref name=added2017 /> and the list of arrival ports was increased from 16 to 24 airports and 3 seaports.<ref name=evisa /><br />
<br />
In July 2017 [[Uganda]] was added to the list of e-Visa eligible countries.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/now-e-visa-facility-for-uganda/article19274137.ece|title=Now, e-visa facility for Uganda|first1=Vijaita|last1=Singh|date=14 July 2017|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
===2018===<br />
During 2018, [[Iran]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]] and [[Qatar]] were added to the list of e-Visa eligible countries.<ref name=ir/><ref name=kz/><ref name=kg/><ref name=qa/><br />
<br />
===2019===<br />
In January 2019 the Indian government updated e-Visa rules for all eligible countries. The validity of Indian e-tourist and e-Business Visa was increased from 60 days with double entry to up-to 1 year with multiple entries. The validity count starts from the day of being granted the e-visa online and not from the day of physical entry as before.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian e-Visa |url=https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/evisa/tvoa.html |website=indianvisaonline.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
For e-tourist visa, continuous stay during each visit shall not exceed 180 days for nationals of Canada, Japan, United Kingdom and United States, or 90 days for nationals of other eligible countries. No [[Foreigner registration in India|FRRO]] (Foreigners Regional Registration Officer) registration is required.<br />
<br />
For e-business visa, continuous stay during each visit should not exceed 180 days for nationals of all eligible countries, and no [https://indianfrro.gov.in/eservices/home.jsp FRRO] (Foreigners Regional Registration Officer) registration is required if the stay is for less than 180 days.<br />
<br />
During 2019, [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Belarus]] and [[Benin]] were added to the list of e-Visa eligible countries.<ref name=sa/><ref name=bybj/><br />
<br />
In August 2019, Indian Government announced a 30 Day Visa during the peak season for 25 Dollars.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-to-offer-30-day-e-tourist-visa-for-25-during-peak-season-1582611-2019-08-20 |date=20 August 2019 |title=India to offer 30-day e-tourist visa for 25 USD during peak season |website=India Today}}</ref><br />
<br />
===2020===<br />
During 2020, Equatorial Guinea and Togo were added to the list of e-Visa eligible countries.<ref name=tg/><br />
<br />
===2021===<br />
In April 2021, Canada, the United Kingdom and 13 Asian countries and territories were removed from the e-Visa facility.<ref>[https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/visas-and-passports/india-reduces-e-visa-list-of-countries-from-170-to-156/82096712 India reduces e-visa list of countries from 170 to 156], Economic Times Travel World, 16 April 2021.</ref><br />
<br />
In August 2021, the category of emergency e-Visa was introduced for nationals of Afghanistan.<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-cancels-visas-issued-to-afghans-outside-country-asks-them-to-travel-only-on-e-visas-7470030/ India cancels visas issued to Afghans outside country, asks them to travel only on e-Visas], The Indian Express, 25 August 2021.</ref><br />
<br />
===2022===<br />
In 2022, the Indian government announced plans to introduce an [[Ministry of Ayush|Ayush]] visa for those coming to India for [[traditional medicine]].<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/gandhinagar/pm-modi-ayush-visa-foreigners-india-traditional-treatments-who-7878374/ |title=PM Modi: Ayush visa will be introduced for foreigners who want to come to India for traditional treatments |date=21 April 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
In December 2022, the e-Visa facility was resumed for nationals of Canada, the United Kingdom and seven Asian countries that had been removed in 2021.<ref name=resumed2022/><ref name=ca2022/><br />
<br />
===2023===<br />
In March 2023, the e-Visa facility was resumed for nationals of Saudi Arabia, which had been removed in 2021.<ref name=sa2023/><br />
<br />
The e-visa facility was suspended for nationals of Canada from 21 September to 22 November 2023.<ref name=ca2023/><br />
<br />
In December 2023, the e-Visa facility was extended to British nationals from Gibraltar, Guernsey, Isle of Man and Jersey.<ref name=gb2023/><br />
<br />
===2024===<br />
In January 2024, the e-Visa facility was extended to nationals of Morocco.<ref name=ma/><br />
<br />
In June 2024, medical and attendant e-Visas were extended to nationals of Bangladesh,<ref name=bd1/> but were removed later in the same year.<ref name=bd2/><br />
<br />
In August 2024, business e-Visa was resumed for nationals of China, including Hong Kong and Macau, which had been removed in 2021.<ref name=cn2024/><br />
<br />
===2025===<br />
In January 2025, e-Visa categories were added for students and their dependents.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/govt-announces-2-special-visa-options-for-international-students-how-to-apply-101736054820658.html |title=Govt announces 2 special visa options for international students: How to apply? |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=5 January 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
In February 2025, the e-Visa facility was resumed for nationals of Qatar, which had been removed in 2021.<ref name=qa2025/><br />
<br />
In April 2025, the emergency e-Visa was replaced by a separate module with six categories of electronic visas for nationals of Afghanistan.<ref name=af2025/><br />
<br />
In July 2025, the e-Visa facility was extended to nationals of Bahrain, Kuwait and Mauritania.<ref name=mr/><br />
<br />
In November 2025, e-Visa categories were added for transit, mountaineering, film, and entry ([[Indian diaspora|people of Indian origin]] and their spouses).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fragomen.com/insights/india-electronic-travel-visa-categories-expanded-to-transit-mountaineering-film-and-entry.html |title=India: Electronic Travel Visa Categories Expanded to Transit, Mountaineering, Film and Entry |publisher=Fragomen |date=21 November 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
In December 2025, [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Minister of Culture]] and [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Tourism]] [[Gajendra Singh Shekhawat]] announced plans to expand the visa-on-arrival facility to nationals of more countries based on [[reciprocity (international relations)|reciprocity]], and to simplify the e-Visa application.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://visasnews.com/en/india-plans-reciprocal-visa-on-arrival-system-and-streamlined-e-visa/ |title=India plans 'reciprocal' visa-on-arrival system and streamlined e-Visa |publisher=VisasNews |date=4 December 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
In December 2025, an e-Visa category was added for production investment.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fragomen.com/insights/india-new-e-production-investment-e-visa-introduced.html |title=India: New E-Production Investment E-Visa Introduced |publisher=Fragomen |date=8 December 2025}}</ref> This category also replaced the business e-Visa for nationals of China, including Hong Kong and Macau.<ref name=cn2025/><br />
<br />
==Costs of visa applications==<br />
Visa applications can be submitted in person or sent by post to an [[List of diplomatic missions of India|Indian consulate]]. It can also be submitted to designated visa service provider in certain countries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Embassy in US outsources Indian Visa Services to Cox & Kings|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/05/indian-embassy-in-us-outsources-indian-visa-services-to-cox-kings/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=8 May 2014}}</ref> Costs differ per consulate and region. Some visa-handling services charge a small fee in addition, to check that completed application form meets all requirements and submit the documents on the applicant's behalf.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}<br />
<br />
==Restricted and protected area permits==<br />
{{main|Protected and restricted areas of India}}<br />
<br />
A [[Protected Area Permit]] (PAP) is required to enter the states of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and [[Sikkim]] and some parts of the states of [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Uttarakhand]]. A [[Restricted Area Permit]] (RAP) is required to enter the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] and parts of [[Sikkim]]. Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year at a time. Permits are not required for nationals of [[Bhutan]] travelling by air to/from [[Thimphu]] via [[Bagdogra]] and for nationals of [[Nepal]] travelling by air to/from [[Kathmandu]] (if travelling by land a pass issued by either the Foreigners Regional Registration Office, Superintendent of police or the diplomatic representation of India in Bhutan or Nepal is required).<ref name="timatic" /> Special permits are needed to enter [[Lakshadweep]] Islands. [[Maldivian people|Maldivian citizens]] are allowed to visit [[Minicoy]] island for fifteen days if allowed by the High Commissioner of India to the [[Maldives]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cruisingmaldives.blog/2017/11/28/minicoy-an-indian-island-as-close-to-maldives-as-you-can-get/ |title=Minicoy, an Indian Island as Close to Maldives as You Can Get |date=2017-11-28 |website=Cruising Maldives|access-date=2019-09-02}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Pakistani passport holders and persons of Pakistani origin==<br />
Any person who has ever held Pakistani citizenship, or who has a parent or a spouse that has held Pakistani citizenship are ineligible for e-Visas, and therefore must apply to their local Indian mission for visas. Applicants who once held Pakistani citizenship require lengthy processing times, while foreign spouses and those of Pakistani origin who never held Pakistani citizenship typically experience shorter processing times.<ref name="india.org.pk"/> India also forbids Pakistani applicants with dual nationality from applying on their non-Pakistani passport. As of April 2025, India has cancelled visas allotted to Pakistani citizens with visa issuance suspended indefinitely.<ref name="india.org.pk"/><br />
<br />
===Visa on arrival for persons over 65 years of age===<br />
As of 31 March 2013, Pakistani citizens over the age of 65 with the sole objective of meeting friends or family are granted a 45-day visa upon arrival at the Attari-Wagah Checkpoint, so long as the applicant provides a sponsorship certificate from their contacts in India attesting that they will be responsible for the visit of their Pakistani friend or relative, and which must also be countersigned by a DM, SP, SDM, Tehsildar, BDO, SHO, Groups A officer of State and Central Government, or principal/headmaster of a government college or government school who attest that they personally know the sponsor.<ref name="india.org.pk">[http://www.india.org.pk/pages.php?id=133 Visa on Arrival] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319151555/http://www.india.org.pk/pages.php?id=133 |date=19 March 2023 }}, High Commission of India in Pakistan.</ref> This scheme does not apply to those who wish to visit [[Punjab]], [[Kerala]] and Restricted Areas, nor does it apply to those who have ever been denied an Indian visa before.<ref name="india.org.pk"/><br />
<br />
==Visa types==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Sl. No<br />
!Type of visa<br />
!Period for which granted<br />
!Entry<br />Single (S), Multiple (M), Double (D)<br />
!Documents required with application<br />
!Extendable in India<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|Tourist<br />
|up to 5 years<br />
|S/M<br />
| <br />
|No<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|Transit<br />
|15 days<br />
|S/D<br />
|Return/onward journey ticket<br />
|No<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|Business<br />
|5 years<br />
|M<br />
|Documents to prove bona fide purpose (company letter, etc.)<br />
|Yes<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|Employment<br />
|1 year / period of contract<br />
|M<br />
|Proof of employment (appointment document), terms and conditions<br />
|Yes<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|Student<br />
|Period of course / 5 years<br />
|M<br />
|Proof of admission in Indian institution<br />
|Yes<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|Foreigners of Indian origin<br />
|5 years<br />
|M<br />
|Proof of being of Indian origin<br />
|Yes<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|Intern<br />
|Duration of the internship or one year, whichever is less<br />
|S/D/M<br />
|Letter from the Indian company/educational institution/NGO concerned sponsoring the foreign national for internship programme clearly indicating the period of internship.<br />
|Non-extendable.(Registration required within 14 days of arrival with concerned FRO)<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|Film<br />
|Duration of the shooting of the film as per schedule submitted or one year, whichever is less<br />
|S/D/M<br />
|{{blist|Copy of detailed shooting script in case of feature film and detailed concept in case of TV show/serial|Details of visiting film crew and location of film shooting.|Letter of intent regarding the shooting of the film in India mentioning the production schedule, particulars of the cast and crew coming to India for the purpose of shoot, chosen location, list of film equipment and other relevant details.}}<br />
|Yes<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* If visa is for more than 180 days, registration is compulsory within 14 days of arrival in India.<br />
<br />
'''Requirement of Identification Papers to Establish Their Identity as Nepalese or Indian for Persons Entering India or Nepal from Either Country by Air'''<br />
<br />
Instructions have been issued whereby Nepalese and Indian citizens, while travelling by air, between the two countries must be in possession of any of the following documents to prove their nationality:<br />
<br />
* Valid national passport<br />
* Valid photo identity card issued by the Government of India / State Government or UT Administration / Election Commission of India<br />
* Emergency certificate issued by the Embassy of India, Kathmandu to Indians and by the Embassy of Nepal in Delhi in respect of Nepalese citizens<br />
<br />
==Visitor statistics==<br />
Most visitors arriving in India were from the following countries of nationality:<ref>{{cite web | url=http://tourism.gov.in/market-research-and-statistics | title=Market research and statistics}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{image frame<br />
|content={{#chart:Visitors to India by country.chart}} [[commons:Data:Visitors to India by country.tab|'''Raw data''']]<br />
|width = 300<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{|- class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed"<br />
! style="width:150px; style=" |Country<br />
!2022<br />
!2021<br />
!2020<br />
!2019<br />
! style="width:50px; style=" |2018<br />
! style="width:50px; style=" |2017<br />
|-<br />
|{{flagcountry|United States}}<br />
|1,403,399<br />
|429,860<br />
|394,092<br />
|1,512,032<br />
|1,456,678<br />
|1,376,919<br />
|-<br />
|{{flagcountry|Bangladesh}}<br />
|1,277,557<br />
|240,554<br />
|549,273<br />
|2,577,727<br />
|2,256,675<br />
|2,156,557<br />
|-<br />
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}<br />
|641,051<br />
|164,143<br />
|291,874<br />
|1,000,292<br />
|1,029,757<br />
|986,296<br />
|-<br />
|{{flagcountry|Australia}}<br />
|376,898<br />
|33,864<br />
|86,758<br />
|367,241<br />
|346,486<br />
|324,243<br />
|-<br />
|{{flagcountry|Canada}}<br />
|289,259<br />
|80,437<br />
|122,868<br />
|351,859<br />
|351,040<br />
|335,439<br />
|-<br />
|{{flagcountry|Sri Lanka}}<br />
|183,459<br />
|25,989<br />
|68,646<br />
|330,861<br />
|353,684<br />
|303,590<br />
|-<br />
|{{flagcountry|Germany}}<br />
|141,425<br />
|33,772<br />
|72,558<br />
|264,973<br />
|274,087<br />
|269,380<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Nepal}}<br />
|138,203<br />
|52,544<br />
|40,822<br />
|164,040<br />
|174,096<br />
|164,018<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Singapore}}<br />
|132,668<br />
|13,407<br />
|33,747<br />
|190,089<br />
|183,581<br />
|175,852<br />
|-<br />
|{{flagcountry|Malaysia}}<br />
|126,192<br />
|6,628<br />
|69,897<br />
|334,579<br />
|319,172<br />
|322,126<br />
|-<br />
|{{flagcountry|France}}<br />
|120,282<br />
|30,374<br />
|74,243<br />
|247,238<br />
|261,653<br />
|249,620<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Russia}}<br />
|97,911<br />
|17,567<br />
|102,166<br />
|251,319<br />
|262,309<br />
|278,904<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Maldives}}<br />
|71,707<br />
|26,571<br />
|14,536<br />
|78,587<br />
|62,337<br />
|66,150<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Portugal}}<br />
|69,522<br />
|32,064<br />
|31,005<br />
|74,743<br />
|74,492<br />
|66,378<br />
|-<br />
|{{flagcountry|Japan}}<br />
|64,196<br />
|15,358<br />
|48,191<br />
|238,903<br />
|236,236<br />
|222,527<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Italy}}<br />
|62,226<br />
|13,659<br />
|31,186<br />
|128,572<br />
|126,931<br />
|111,915<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Oman}}<br />
|56,474<br />
|10,174<br />
|15,430<br />
|74,564<br />
|95,160<br />
|107,216<br />
|-<br />
|{{flagcountry|Netherlands}}<br />
|55,019<br />
|15,631<br />
|26,258<br />
|80,313<br />
|81,615<br />
|76,652<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|New Zealand}}<br />
|54,974<br />
|4,497<br />
|16,653<br />
|65,551<br />
|60,664<br />
|56,597<br />
|-<br />
|{{flagcountry|Thailand}}<br />
|54,367<br />
|4,668<br />
|52,626<br />
|169,956<br />
|166,293<br />
|140,087<br />
|-<br />
|{{flagcountry|South Korea}}<br />
|49,423<br />
|13,330<br />
|32,302<br />
|149,445<br />
|150,536<br />
|142,383<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}<br />
|43,702<br />
|3,927<br />
|7,387<br />
|55,413<br />
|59,971<br />
|67,238<br />
|-<br />
|{{flagcountry|Spain}}<br />
|39,658<br />
|6,982<br />
|16,335<br />
|83,322<br />
|84,356<br />
|81,442<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Vietnam}}<br />
|37,232<br />
|1,104<br />
|8,828<br />
|33,636<br />
|31,427<br />
|23,771<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Israel}}<br />
|36,418<br />
|4,601<br />
|17,444<br />
|73,137<br />
|67,366<br />
|58,131<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Iraq}}<br />
|36,277<br />
|16,213<br />
|17,823<br />
|61,907<br />
|68,462<br />
|56,230<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Kenya}}<br />
|35,743<br />
|13,373<br />
|12,779<br />
|48,639<br />
|48,845<br />
|46,011<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Ireland}}<br />
|30,959<br />
|7,600<br />
|9,708<br />
|41,183<br />
|39,276<br />
|37,993<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Philippines}}<br />
|28,379<br />
|6,927<br />
|16,052<br />
|56,393<br />
|53,473<br />
|53,963<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|South Africa}}<br />
|25,860<br />
|3,820<br />
|12,561<br />
|57,274<br />
|58,613<br />
|57,060<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Switzerland}}<br />
|25,255<br />
|4,198<br />
|12,675<br />
|46,826<br />
|49,322<br />
|49,607<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Sudan}}<br />
|24,930<br />
|6,781<br />
|9,114<br />
|34,003<br />
|34,712<br />
|22,762<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Mauritius}}<br />
|24,743<br />
|2,118<br />
|11,410<br />
|46,814<br />
|42,096<br />
|37,706<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Belgium}}<br />
|24,172<br />
|7,382<br />
|11,022<br />
|39,263<br />
|44,086<br />
|41,092<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Sweden}}<br />
|22,372<br />
|5,579<br />
|11,992<br />
|42,318<br />
|46,743<br />
|45,851<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Bhutan}}<br />
|20,772<br />
|6,081<br />
|7,901<br />
|28,178<br />
|26,470<br />
|25,267<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Yemen}}<br />
|19,022<br />
|6,235<br />
|5,882<br />
|26,065<br />
|21,674<br />
|21,695<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Turkey}}<br />
|18,996<br />
|3,710<br />
|10,853<br />
|35,113<br />
|33,825<br />
|33,251<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Tanzania}}<br />
|18,581<br />
|6,480<br />
|6,501<br />
|23,774<br />
|23,443<br />
|22,261<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}<br />
|18,513<br />
|1,088<br />
|10,423<br />
|48,526<br />
|47,546<br />
|52,976<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Austria}}<br />
|18,375<br />
|4,411<br />
|9,182<br />
|32,332<br />
|33,200<br />
|31,842<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Poland}}<br />
|18,025<br />
|2,461<br />
|12,161<br />
|33,687<br />
|31,555<br />
|28,674<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Pakistan}}<br />
|16,637<br />
|8,163<br />
|14,232<br />
|39,018<br />
|41,659<br />
|44,266<br />
|-<br />
|{{flagcountry|Myanmar}}<br />
|15,963<br />
|3,013<br />
|35,291<br />
|86,842<br />
|75,773<br />
|56,952<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}<br />
|13,961<br />
|2,105<br />
|11,975<br />
|50,177<br />
|46,867<br />
|43,973<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Norway}}<br />
|13,449<br />
|2,790<br />
|6,224<br />
|21,898<br />
|22,631<br />
|20,882<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Iran}}<br />
|13,064<br />
|2,369<br />
|7,090<br />
|33,288<br />
|35,596<br />
|42,641<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Denmark}}<br />
|12,331<br />
|2,025<br />
|8,252<br />
|26,492<br />
|28,195<br />
|26,761<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Brazil}}<br />
|12,301<br />
|2,055<br />
|8,092<br />
|25,422<br />
|26,579<br />
|24,453<br />
|-<br />
|{{flagcountry|China}}<br />
|11,762<br />
|3,502<br />
|39,586<br />
|339,442<br />
|281,768<br />
|247,235<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Nigeria}}<br />
|10,072<br />
|5,516<br />
|3,819<br />
|14,033<br />
|12,067<br />
|12,651<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Bahrain}}<br />
|9,959<br />
|1,727<br />
|3,429<br />
|15,128<br />
|13,915<br />
|16,764<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Egypt}}<br />
|9,612<br />
|1,739<br />
|4,886<br />
|21,538<br />
|20,486<br />
|20,528<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Kazakhstan}}<br />
|9,546<br />
|2,378<br />
|5,918<br />
|15,709<br />
|13,314<br />
|15,421<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Mexico}}<br />
|8,915<br />
|859<br />
|4,580<br />
|20,766<br />
|19,909<br />
|18,114<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Finland}}<br />
|8,781<br />
|1,329<br />
|4,310<br />
|18,945<br />
|21,239<br />
|20,384<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Ukraine}}<br />
|7,304<br />
|5,197<br />
|10,619<br />
|29,468<br />
|26,260<br />
|25,988<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Czech Republic}}<br />
|6,287<br />
|983<br />
|3,607<br />
|13,290<br />
|13,413<br />
|11,852<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Hungary}}<br />
|4,298<br />
|653<br />
|2,964<br />
|9,788<br />
|9,201<br />
|9,241<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Greece}}<br />
|4,988<br />
|1,144<br />
|2,854<br />
|10,317<br />
|10,656<br />
|10,286<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Argentina}}<br />
|4,720<br />
|530<br />
|4,294<br />
|12,844<br />
|16,345<br />
|14,875<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Afghanistan}}<br />
|1,617<br />
|36,451<br />
|47,561<br />
|124,120<br />
|153,905<br />
|149,176<br />
|- class="sortbottom"<br />
|Total Foreigner<br />
|6,437,467<br />
|1,527,114<br />
|2,744,766<br />
|10,930,355<br />
|10,557,976<br />
|10,035,803<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In 2017 most e-Visas were issued to the following countries of nationality:<ref>{{cite web | url=http://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/Other/ITS_Glance_2018_Eng_Version_for_Mail.pdf | title=India tourism statistics at a glance, 2018 | publisher=Ministry of Tourism of India |access-date=15 February 2019 | archive-date=11 November 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111093327/http://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/Other/ITS_Glance_2018_Eng_Version_for_Mail.pdf | url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Nationality !! Issued e-Visas in 2017 !! Share<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|United Kingdom}} || 305,954 || 18%<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|United States}} || 202,508 || 11.9%<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|France}} || 93,964 || 5.5%<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|China}} || 91,509 || 5.4%<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Russia}} || 88,604 || 5.2%<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Germany}} || 76,295 || 4.5%<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Australia}} || 72,647 || 4.3%<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Canada}} || 64,289 || 3.8%<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|South Korea}} || 47,805 || 2.8%<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Spain}} || 40,896 || 2.4%<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Singapore}} || 34,690 || 2.0%<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|UAE}} || 34,134 || 2.0%<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Oman}} || 32,702 || 1.9%<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Thailand}} || 32,179 || 1.9%<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|South Africa}} || 30,201 || 1.8%<br />
|-<br />
| Others || 448,798 || 26.4%<br />
|-<br />
| Total || 1,697,175 || 100.0%<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|India}}<br />
{{Wikivoyage|Andaman and Nicobar Islands}}<br />
{{Wikivoyage|India}}<br />
* [[Visa requirements for Indian citizens]]<br />
* [[Tourism in India]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
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<br />
* [https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/ Indian Visa Online], Government of India<br />
* [https://boi.gov.in/ Bureau of Immigration]<br />
<br />
{{Visa policy by country}}<br />
{{Visa Requirements}}<br />
{{Policies of India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Foreign relations of India]]<br />
[[Category:Visa policy by country|India]]<br />
[[Category:Policies of India]]<br />
[[Category:Tourism in India]]<br />
[[Category:India tourism-related lists]]</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Persianization&diff=525247Persianization2026-05-03T22:21:53Z<p>MatthewEbner: Put up new stub!</p>
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<div>{{pp|small=yes}}<br />
{{Short description|Cultural assimilation of Persian traits}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{More citations needed|date=November 2008}}<br />
{{Original research|date=October 2009}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Persianization''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|ɜːr|ʒ|ə|ˌ|n|aɪ|ˈ|z|eɪ|ʃ|ə|n}}) or '''Persification''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|ɜːr|s|ᵻ|f|ᵻ|ˈ|k|eɪ|ʃ|ə|n}}; {{langx|fa|پارسیسازی، پارسِش}}), is a [[sociology|sociological]] process of cultural change in which a non-[[Persians|Persian]] society becomes "[[Persianate society|Persianate]]", meaning it either directly adopts or becomes strongly influenced by the [[Persian language]], [[Culture of Iran|culture]], [[Persian literature|literature]], [[Persian art|art]], [[Music of Iran|music]], and identity as well as other socio-cultural factors. It is a specific form of [[cultural assimilation]] that often includes a [[language shift]]. The term applies not only to cultures, but also to individuals, as they acclimate to Persian culture and become "Persianized" or "Persified".<br />
<br />
Historically, the term was commonly applied to refer to the cultural shift in non-[[Iranian peoples]] living within the [[Greater Iran|Persian cultural sphere]], particularly during the [[History of Islam|early and middle Islamic periods]], such as various [[Peoples of the Caucasus|Caucasian]] (such as [[Georgians|Georgian]], [[Armenians|Armenian]] and [[Dagestan]]i) and [[Turkic peoples]], including the [[Seljuk dynasty|Seljuks]], the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]], and the [[Ghaznavids]].<ref>Bhatia, Tej K., ''The handbook of bilingualism'', (2004), p.788-9</ref><ref>Ravandi, M., ''The Seljuq court at Konya and the Persianisation of Anatolian Cities'', in Mesogeios (Mediterranean Studies), vol. 25-6 (2005), pp157-69</ref> The term has also been applied to the adoption of aspects of Persian culture, including language, by non-Persian peoples living in the regions surrounding the [[Iranian plateau]] ([[Name of Iran|Persia]]), such as [[Anatolia]] and the [[Indian subcontinent]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
===Pre-Islamic period===<br />
Unlike the [[Ancient Greeks]] and the [[Roman Empire]], the ancient Persian [[Achaemenid Empire]] was not concerned with spreading its culture to the many peoples that it conquered. Arguably, the first recorded episode of persianization dates back to [[Alexander the Great]], who, after conquering the Persian Empire in the 4th century BCE, adopted Persian dress, customs and court mannerisms; married a Persian princess, [[Stateira II]] and made subjects cast themselves on their faces when approaching him, in Persian-style, known to Greeks as the custom of [[proskynesis]], a symbolic kissing of the hand that Persians paid to their social superiors. Persian dress and practices were also observed by [[Peucestas]], who was later made [[satrap]] of [[Persis]], where he conciliated the favour of the Persians to his rule in exchange for those of the Macedonians.<ref>Arrian, [http://websfor.org/alexander/arrian/book7a.asp vii. 23, 24, 26]; [[Photius I of Constantinople|Photius]], ''Bibliotheca'', [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/photius_03bibliotheca.htm cod. 82], [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/photius_03bibliotheca.htm cod. 92]; Diodorus, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Diod.+17.110.1 xvii. 110], xviii. 3, 39; [[Junianus Justinus|Justin]], ''Epitome of Pompeius Trogus'', {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20030902223449/http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/justin/english/trans13.html#4 xiii. 4]}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Early Islamic period to 15th century===<br />
<br />
After the fall of the [[Sasanian dynasty]] in 651, the [[Umayyad]] Arabs adopted many of the Persian customs, especially the administrative and the court mannerisms. Arab provincial governors were either persianized [[Arameans]] or ethnic Persians; certainly, [[Persian language|Persian]] remained the language of official business of the caliphate until the adoption of [[Arabic]] toward the end of the 7th century,<ref>Hawting G., ''The First Dynasty of Islam. The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661-750'', (London) 1986, pp. 63-64</ref> when, in 692, minting began at the caliphal capital, [[Damascus]]. The new Islamic coins evolved from imitations of Sasanian and [[Byzantine]] coins, and the [[Pahlavi scripts|Pahlavi script]] on the coinage was replaced with Arabic.<br />
<br />
The [[Abbasids]], after 750, established their capital in what is now [[Iraq]], eventually at [[Baghdad]]. A shift in orientation toward the east is discernible, which was encouraged by increased receptiveness to Persian cultural influence and the roots of the Abbasid revolution in [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], now in [[Afghanistan]]<ref>Kennedy H., ''The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates'', London, 1986, pp. 134-37</ref> A proverb complained about the Persianization of morals by Turks.<ref name="Weatherford2016">{{cite book|author=Jack Weatherford|title=Genghis Khan and the Quest for God: How the World's Greatest Conqueror Gave Us Religious Freedom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-tgiDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA367|date=25 October 2016|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-7352-2115-4|pages=367–}}</ref><br />
<br />
===16th to 18th centuries===<br />
Two major powers in [[West Asia]] rose, the Persian [[Safavids]] and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Turks. The Safavids reasserted Persian culture and hegemony over [[South Caucasus]], [[Eastern Anatolia]], [[Mesopotamia]] and other regions. Many khans, begs and other rulers adopted Persian customs and clothing and patronized Persian culture. They founded the city of [[Derbent]] in the [[North Caucasus]] (now in [[Dagestan]], [[Russia]]). Many ethnic peoples adopted many aspects of Persian culture and contributed to their persianization.<br />
<br />
===Modern era===<br />
<br />
In modern times, the term is often used in connection with non-Persian speakers like the [[Azeris]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Stavenhagen |first=Rodolfo |title=Ethnic Conflicts and the Nation State |year=2002 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=0-312-15971-4}}</ref> [[Lurs|Lors]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=تاریخچه عدم خودآگاهی قومی در بین لُر ها !! – ولات {{!}} سایت شخصی نورعلی مرادی بئوار الیما |url=http://volat.de/2019/10/13/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DA%86%D9%87-%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%85-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A2%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C-%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%84%D9%8F%D8%B1-%D9%87%D8%A7/ |access-date=2025-01-09 |language=fa-IR}}</ref> and the [[Kurds]].<ref>Margaret K., ''The official Persianization of Kurdish'', Paper presented at the Eighth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Leeds,<br />
England, (August 1975).</ref><br />
<br />
It has been argued that modern [[Iranian nationalism]] was established during the [[Pahlavi dynasty|Pahlavi]] era and was based on the aim of forming a modern [[nation-state]].<ref name="RecastingAtabaki"/> What is often neglected is that Iranian nationalism has its roots before the Pahlavi, in the early 20th century.<ref name="RecastingAtabaki"/> On the eve of [[World War I]], [[Pan-Turkist]] propaganda focused on the [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]-speaking lands of Iran, the Caucasus and [[Central Asia]].<ref name="RecastingAtabaki">Touraj Atabaki, "Recasting Oneself, Rejecting the Other: Pan-Turkism and Iranian Nationalism" in Van Schendel, Willem (Editor). ''Identity Politics in Central Asia and the Muslim World: Nationalism, Ethnicity and Labour in the Twentieth Century''. London, GBR: I. B. Tauris & Company, Limited, 2001:<br />
<br />
{{blockquote|As far as Iran is concerned, it is widely argued that Iranian nationalism was born as a state ideology in the [[Reza Shah]] era, based on philological nationalism and as a result of his innovative success in creating a modern nation-state in Iran. However, what is often neglected is that Iranian nationalism has its roots in the political upheavals of the nineteenth century and the disintegration immediately following the Constitutional revolution of 1905–9. It was during this period that Iranism gradually took shape as a defensive discourse for constructing a bounded territorial entity – the "pure Iran" standing against all others. Consequently, over time there emerged among the country's [[intelligentsia]] a political [[xenophobia]] which contributed to the formation of Iranian defensive nationalism. It is noteworthy that, contrary to what one might expect, many of the leading agents of the construction of an Iranian bounded territorial entity came from non Persian-speaking ethnic minorities, and the foremost were the Azerbaijanis, rather than the nation's titular ethnic group, the Persians.<br />
<br />
....<br />
<br />
In the middle of April 1918, the Ottoman army invaded Azerbaijan for the second time.<br />
<br />
...<br />
<br />
Contrary to their expectations, however, the Ottomans did not achieve impressive success in Azerbaijan. Although the province remained under quasi-occupation by Ottoman troops for months, attempting to win endorsement for pan-Turkism ended in failure.<br />
<br />
...<br />
<br />
The most important political development affecting the Middle East at the beginning of the twentieth century was the collapse of the Ottoman and the Russian empires. The idea of a greater homeland for all Turks was propagated by pan-Turkism, which was adopted almost at once as a main ideological pillar by the Committee of Union and Progress and somewhat later by other political caucuses in what remained of the Ottoman Empire. On the eve of World War I, pan-Turkist propaganda focused chiefly on the Turkic-speaking peoples of the southern Caucasus, in Iranian Azerbaijan and Turkistan in Central Asia, with the ultimate purpose of persuading them all to secede from the larger political entities to which they belonged and to join the new pan-Turkic homeland. It was this latter appeal to Iranian Azerbaijanis which, contrary to pan-Turkist intentions, caused a small group of Azerbaijani intellectuals to become the most vociferous advocates of Iran's territorial integrity and sovereignty. If in Europe 'romantic nationalism responded to the damage likely to be caused by modernism by providing a new and larger sense of belonging, an all-encompassing totality, which brought about new social ties, identity and meaning, and a new sense of history from one's origin on to an illustrious future',(42) in Iran after the Constitutional movement romantic nationalism was adopted by the Azerbaijani Democrats as a reaction to the irredentist policies threatening the country's territorial integrity. In their view, assuring territorial integrity was a necessary first step on the road to establishing the rule of law in society and a competent modern state which would safeguard collective as well as individual rights. It was within this context that their political loyalty outweighed their other ethnic or regional affinities. The failure of the Democrats in the arena of Iranian politics after the Constitutional movement and the start of modern state-building paved the way for the emergence of the titular ethnic group's cultural nationalism. Whereas the adoption of integrationist policies preserved Iran's geographic integrity and provided the majority of Iranians with a secure and firm national identity, the blatant ignoring of other demands of the Constitutional movement, such as the call for formation of society based on law and order, left the country still searching for a political identity.}}</ref> The ultimate purpose of persuading these populations to secede from the larger political entities to which they belonged and to join the new pan-Turkic homeland.<ref name="RecastingAtabaki"/> It was the latter appeal to Iranian Azerbaijanis, which contrary to [[Pan-Turkist]] intentions, caused a small group of Azerbaijani intellectuals to become the strongest advocates of the territorial integrity of Iran.<ref name="RecastingAtabaki"/> After the constitutional revolution in Iran, a romantic nationalism was adopted by Azerbaijani Democrats as a reaction to the pan-Turkist irredentist policies emanating from modern [[Turkey]] and threatening Iran's territorial integrity.<ref name="RecastingAtabaki"/> It was during this period that Iranism and linguistic homogenization policies were proposed as a defensive nature against all others.<ref name="RecastingAtabaki"/> Contrary to what one might expect, foremost among innovating this defensive nationalism were Iranian Azerbaijanis.<ref name="RecastingAtabaki"/> They viewed that assuring the territorial integrity of the country was the first step in building a society based on law and modern state.<ref name="RecastingAtabaki"/> Through this framework, their political loyalty outweighed their ethnic and regional affiliations.<ref name="RecastingAtabaki"/> The adoptions of this integrationist policies paved the way for the emergence of the titular ethnic group's cultural nationalism.<ref name="RecastingAtabaki"/> [[Lurs|Lors]] are among other Iranian ethnic groups that are subject to ethnic and linguistic assimilation<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://www.cgie.org.ir/popup/fa/system/contentprint/156308}}</ref><br />
<br />
According to [[Tadeusz Swietochowski|Tadeusz Świętochowski]], in 1930s, the term was used to describe the official policy pursued by [[Reza Shah|Reza Shah Pahlavi]] to assimilate the ethnic minorities in Iran (Iranians as well as Non-Iranians). In particular, within this policy the [[Azerbaijani language]] was banned for use on the premises of schools, in theatrical performances, religious ceremonies and in the publication of books.<ref name="Tadeusz Swietochowski p.122">Tadeusz Swietochowski, Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition. p.122, {{ISBN|0-231-07068-3}}</ref> Swietochowski writes:<br />
<br />
{{blockquote|The steps that the Teheran regime took in the 1930s with the aim of Persianization of the Azeris and other minorities appeared to take a leaf from the writings of the reformist-minded intellectuals in the previous decade. In the quest of imposing national homogeneity on the country where half of the population consisted of ethnic minorities, the Pahlavi regime issued in quick succession bans on the use of Azeri on the premises of schools, in theatrical performances, religious ceremonies, and, finally, in the publication of books. Azeri was reduced to the status of a language that only could be spoken and hardly ever written. As the Persianization campaign gained momentum, it drew inspiration from the revivalist spirit of Zoroastrian national glories. There followed even more invasive official practices, such as changing Turkic-sounding geographic names and interference with giving children names other than Persian ones. While cultivating cordial relations with Kemalist Turkey, Reza Shah carried on a forceful de-Turkification campaign in Iran.<ref name="Tadeusz Swietochowski p.122">Tadeusz Swietochowski, Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition. p.122, {{ISBN|0-231-07068-3}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
==Mughal Empire==<br />
The [[Mughal Empire]] was an Islamic imperial power that ruled a large portion of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Afghanistan]]. From 1526, the Mughals invaded [[Hindustan]], from their initial base in [[Kabul]], and they eventually ruled most of the Indian subcontinent by the late 17th and the early 18th centuries, and lasted until the mid-19th century. The Mughal emperors were descendants of the [[Timurids]] who had embraced [[Persian culture]], converted to [[Islam]] and resided in [[Turkestan]], and they were the ones responsible for the spread of Persian and Islamic culture in [[Central Asia]]. At the height of their power around 1700, they controlled most of the Indian Subcontinent and Afghanistan, spreading Persian culture, just as their predecessors the Turkic [[Ghaznavids]] and the Turko-Afghan [[Delhi Sultanate]] had done. In general, from its earliest days, Persian culture and language was spread in India by various Persianised Central Asian [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] dynasties.<ref>Sigfried J. de Laet. [https://books.google.com/books?id=PvlthkbFU1UC&dq=persian+language+in+anatolia&pg=PA734 ''History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century''] UNESCO, 1994. {{ISBN|978-9231028137}} p 734</ref><br />
<br />
[[Babur]], the founder of the [[Mughal Empire]], identified as [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] and [[Chagatai language|Chagatai Turkic]], and his origin, milieu, training and culture were Persian culture. He was largely responsible for the adoption of the culture by his descendants and for the spread of Persian cultural in the Indian Subcontinent (and Afghanistan), resulting in brilliant literary, artistic and historiographical achievements. Many architectural masterpieces such as the [[Taj Mahal]], [[Humayun's Tomb]] and the [[Badshahi Mosque]] are in the Persian-Islamic style, with Persian names. [[Persian language|Persian]] was the official language of the Mughal courts.<br />
<br />
==By country==<br />
===Afghanistan===<br />
By 1964, the Afghanistan Constitution cited [[Dari]] as one of its two official languages alongside [[Pashto]].<ref name=":1" /> Although the latter is the designated national language, Dari remains the ''lingua franca''.<ref name=":1" /><br />
There are modern initiatives that attempt to "Pashto-ize" all governmental communication.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Afghanistan|last=Dupree|first=Louis|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1980|isbn=0691030065|location=Princeton, NJ|pages=66}}</ref> Since Dari is the language of the bureaucracy, Persian-speaking Afghans dominated it.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979-1982|last=Kakar|first=Mohammed|publisher=University of California Press|year=1997|isbn=0520208935|location=Berkeley, CA|pages=57}}</ref> Persianization is especially seen in the case of the "[[Kabulis]]", the long-established families from [[Kabul]] (usually [[Pashtuns]] completely immersed in Persian culture).<br />
Persianization is also reinforced by the incidence of urbanization in the country, which influenced the characteristics of the [[ethnic groups of Afghanistan]]. The two most significant ethnic groups in Afghanistan are the Pashtuns, who are speakers of the Pashto language, and the [[Tajiks]], who are Persian speakers. While Pashtuns dominated the country since they constitute the majority of the population of Afghanistan, Persian culture still permeated. In the early [[history of Afghanistan]] as an independent country, many Pashtuns moved into urbanized areas and adopted Dari as their language. As a result, many ethnic Pashtuns in Afghanistan identify themselves as Tajiks{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} but still have Pashtun names (such as a last name with the suffix "-zai") simply because they speak Dari and are assimilated into Tajiki culture in the country within a process known as "[[de-tribalization]]". {{cn|date=April 2023}} <br />
The Hazara ethnic group speak a dialect of Persian called [[Hazaragi]]. Possibly Hazaras used to speak their previous native language that contained more of their native Turkic and Mongolic words within the vocabulary (before Hazaragi). However over the course of centuries, as the native language got extinct (just like some of the other [[Turkic languages]] and [[Mongolic languages]] that got extinct), the Hazaras adopted Hazaragi, a dialect of the Persian language, hence the result of Persianization. There are many Turkic and Mongolic words still preserved and used in the Hazaragi vocabulary.<ref>{{Citation |last=Monsutti |first=Alessandro |title=Hazāras |date=2017-07-01 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/hazaras-COM_30419?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=hazara |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE |access-date=2023-04-29 |publisher=Brill |language=en}}</ref> According to other versions: they are the autochthones of the area, representing a stock of population preceding the invasions by Indo-European speaking people; or they are of mixed race as a result of several waves of migration.<ref name="HAZĀRA ii. HISTORY">{{Cite web|title=HAZĀRA ii. HISTORY|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hazara-2/|website=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]}}</ref> In this context, the idea that Hazaras speak Hazaragi, an eastern dialect of Farsi, reflects the historical process of Persianization, while their possible descent from the Hephthalites highlights the deep layers of Central Asian ancestry that shaped their identity. The survival of Turkic and Mongolic elements within Hazaragi can therefore be seen as linguistic evidence of these ancestral connections, although such lexical items make up only about 10–15% of the vocabulary, with the core 85–90% derived from Persian. This linguistic balance reflects the Turkic and Mongolic makeup of the Hazaras, while their possible broader descent from the Hephthalites points to even deeper historical roots.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Monsutti |first=Alessandro |title=Hazāra ii. History |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |date=15 December 2003 |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hazara-2/ |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== India ===<br />
[[Image:Taj Mahal in March 2004.jpg|thumb|300px|The [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] era [[Taj Mahal]] in [[Agra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India unites Persian and Indian cultural and architectural elements; it is among the most famous examples of Indo-Persian culture as well as a symbol of the greater [[Indian culture]] as a whole.]]<br />
{{main|Indo-Persian culture|Persian language in the Indian subcontinent}}<br />
[[Medieval India]] during the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and [[Mughal Empire]] was heavily influenced by the Persian language and culture.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Kumkum |title=Mughal Culture and Persianization in Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Bengal |url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195698800.001.0001/acprof-9780195698800-chapter-8 |website=The Cultures of History in Early Modern India |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |access-date=13 June 2022 |language=English |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195698800.001.0001 |date=2009|isbn=978-0-19-569880-0 }}</ref> The resulting [[Indo-Persian culture]] produced poets, such as [[Amir Khusrau]].<ref name="Syed2022">{{cite web |last1=Syed |first1=Shahinda |title=From the Achaemenids to the Mughals: A look at India's lost Persian history |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/discover/india-persian-history-lost-achamenids-mughals |publisher=Middle East Eye |access-date=13 June 2022 |language=English |date=30 May 2022}}</ref> The influence of Persian on [[Old Hindi]] led to the development of the [[Hindustani language]], which further developed into the present-day [[Standard language|standardized]] [[Variety (linguistics)|varieties]] of [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]]. Hindi is one of the [[22 official languages of the Indian Republic|22 official languages]] of [[India]] and the ''[[lingua franca]]'' of [[North India]]. Urdu is an [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|Eighth Schedule language]], the status and cultural heritage of which are recognised by the [[Constitution of India]], also having official status in certain Indian states and territories, such as [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Delhi]], [[Telangana]] and [[West Bengal]].<ref name="Syed2022"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Urdu is the additional official language of which among the following states of India?1. Telangana2. Uttar Pradesh3. Bihar4. West BengalChoose the correct optio - GKToday |url=https://www.gktoday.in/question/urdu-is-the-additional-official-language-of-which |publisher=GK Today |access-date=13 June 2022 |language=English}}</ref><br />
<br />
Persianization of [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiris]] began in the 14th century with the establishment of the [[Kashmir Sultanate]]. With time, Indic or [[Sanskrit]] influences on both the [[Kashmiri language]] and [[Culture of Kashmir|culture]] gradually decreased along with the increase in [[Iran|Persian]] and [[Central Asia|Central Asian]] influence. In modern times, Kashmiris are one of the most persianate ethnic groups in India.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kaw |first=Mushtaq A. |date=2010 |title=Central Asian Contribution to Kashmir's Tradition of Religio-Cultural Pluralism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41928559 |journal=Central Asiatic Journal |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=237–255 |jstor=41928559 |issn=0008-9192}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Pakistan===<br />
{{See also|Persian and Urdu}}<br />
Geographically, [[Pakistan]] lies at the intersection of the [[Iranian plateau]] and [[Indian subcontinent]]. [[Urdu]], the national medium of [[Pakistan]], is an [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian language]] that has been historically influenced by [[Persian language|Persian]]. Various [[Languages of Pakistan|languages spoken in Pakistan]] from the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language family]] as well as the [[Iranian languages|Iranian language family]] have also been influenced by Persian, itself a [[Western Iranian languages|Western Iranian language]]. The Pakistani national anthem, ''[[Qaumi Taranah]]'', is written almost entirely in Persian. The name "Pakistan", with both ''Pak'' ({{Langx|fa|پاک|label=none|lit=pure}}) and the place-name suffix of ''[[-stan]]'', are drawn directly from the Persian language. These modern linguistic developments are rooted primarily in the rule of various [[Islamic rulers in the Indian subcontinent|Indo-Islamic dynasties]] on the [[Indian subcontinent]], most notably the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]], who established Persian and later Urdu as official and court languages across the region during the [[British India]] era as well as after the [[partition of India]].<br />
<br />
The presence of [[Iranian peoples]] such as the [[Pashtuns]] and the [[Baloch people]] in western Pakistan has solidified [[Persianate society|Persianate culture]] in the country; this presence was further boosted following the influx of [[Afghans in Pakistan|Afghan refugees]] into Pakistan as a consequence of the [[Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)|Afghanistan conflict]].<br />
<br />
=== Tajikistan ===<br />
In March 2007, the [[Tajik President]], [[Emomali Rahmon]] changed his surname from ''Rakhmonov'' to ''Rahmon'', getting rid of the [[Eastern Slavic naming customs|Russian "-ov" ending]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 April 2007|title=Рахмонов стал Рахмон, Каримов остался Каримовым [Rahmonov Became Rahmon, Karimov Remained Karimoiv]|url=http://www.avesta.tj/government/233-d.html|access-date=20 May 2016|website=Avesta.Tj|publisher=Avesta News Agency}}{{dead link|date=July 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> and removed his patronymic of ''Sharipovich'' out of respect for [[Culture of Tajikistan|Tajik culture]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 March 2007|title=Президент Таджикистана сменил фамилию и подкорректировал имя|url=http://www.segodnya.ua/world/prezident-tadzhikictana-cmenil-familiju-i-podkorrektiroval-imja.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611073059/http://www.segodnya.ua/world/prezident-tadzhikictana-cmenil-familiju-i-podkorrektiroval-imja.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2016|access-date=20 May 2016|website=Сегодня}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=21 March 2007|title=Президент Таджикистана отрезал от своей фамилий Русское окончание (in Russian)|url=http://www.lenta.ru/news/2007/03/21/name|access-date=2 June 2014|publisher=Lenta.ru}}</ref> Following the move, a large number governments officials and civil servants Tajikified their own names. In April 2016, this practice became officially mandated by law<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 April 2016|title=Tajikistan Bans Giving Babies Russian-Style Last Names|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/tajikistan-bans-giving-babies-russian-style-last-names/27708093.html|access-date=20 May 2016|website=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|publisher=RFE/RL}}</ref> for newborn Tajik children, with children from minority and mixed families retaining the right to their traditional surnames.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 April 2020|title=В Таджикистане узаконили запрет на русифицированные фамилии и отчества|trans-title=Tajikistan legalizes ban on Russified surnames and patronymics|url=https://rus.ozodi.org/a/30582923.html|access-date=3 July 2025|website=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|publisher=RFE/RL|archive-date=17 June 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617142510/https://rus.ozodi.org/a/30582923.html|url-status=live|quote=[...], для русских и других представителей национальных меньшинств предусмотрено исключение, в соответствии с которым им разрешается использование окончаний «-ов/-ова», «-вич/-овна» и так далее. Напомним, что в Таджикистане проживают представители более чем восьмидесяти народов и национальностей.|trans-quote=[...], an exception is provided for Russians and other representatives of national minorities, according to which they are allowed to use the endings "-ov/-ova", "-vich/-ovna" and so on. It should be mentioned that representatives of more than eighty peoples and nationalities live in Tajikistan.}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Turco-Persian tradition]]<br />
*[[Iranian peoples]]<br />
**[[Persians]]<br />
* [[Pan-Iranism]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Cultural assimilation|sp=ize}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cultural assimilation]]<br />
[[Category:Persian culture]]<br />
[[Category:Word coinage by language]]</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mr._Gay_India&diff=518601Mr. Gay India2026-04-25T21:35:01Z<p>MatthewEbner: Creating a post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Gay male beauty contest}}<br />
{{Infobox organization<br />
| name = Mr Gay World India<br />
| image_border =<br />
| image_size =<br />
| caption = <br />
| map =<br />
| map_size =<br />
| map_caption =<br />
| formation = 2008<br />
| type = Beauty Pageant<br />
| headquarters = [[Pune]]<br />
| location = [[India]]<br />
| membership = [[Mr Gay World]] <br> [[International Mr Gay Competition|Mr. Gay International]]<br />
| language = [[Hindi]], [[English Language|English]]<br />
| leader_title = National director<br />
| leader_name = [[Sriram Sridhar]]<br />
| key_people = [[Shyam Konnur]], [[Suresh Ramdas]], [[Siddhant Awad]]<br />
| num_staff =<br />
| budget =<br />
| website = {{URL|http://mrgayworldindiaofficial.in}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Mr Gay World India''' is a national beauty pageant that selects its winner to represent [[India]] at gay pageants globally, including to the annual [[Mr Gay World]] competition.<ref name=event2014>{{cite web|title=Mumbai model to represent India at Mr Gay World|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-model-to-represent-india-at-mr-gay-world/15479174|work=mid-day.com|date=26 July 2014 |accessdate=6 August 2014}}</ref> The National Director and Producer of the organization is the director of Mist LGBTQ Foundation, [[Sriram Sridhar]].<br />
<br />
The inception of the pageant happened in 2008 when Zoltan Parag was crowned the first Mr. Gay India. The event received media attention heavily when popular model and reality star Sushant Divgikar won the pageant in 2014.<ref name=Divgikar/> Subsequently, the pageant which at first was irregular is now held annually in different cities of India.<ref name=pageant2017/><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Zoltan Parag was the first ever winner of Mr. Gay India. He represented [[India]] at [[International Mr Gay Competition]] in 2008.<br />
<br />
Mr. Gay India got tremendous national and international recognition only after Nolan Lewis from Mumbai made it to the top 10 at the Mr. Gay World pageant in 2013.<ref name=Lewis/> He paved way for the next winner, Sushant Divgikar, who went on to represent India in [[Mr Gay World 2014|2014 in Rome]].<ref name=Divgikar>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-who-s-cheering-for-our-gay-beauty-kings-2312339|title=Who's cheering for our Gay Beauty Kings?|work=mid-day.com |accessdate=5 February 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Sushant Divgikar]] broke all existing records by a splendid performance at the Mr. Gay World pageant in Rome that year and won 3 individual sub awards as well as the team sports sub award alongside delegates from Iceland, Indonesia and Hong Kong.<ref name=Divgikar/> He won 3 individual sub awards viz. Mr.Gay World Congeniality, Mr.Gay World People's Choice and Mr.Gay World Art challenge.<ref name=Divgikar/> Sushant made it to the top 10 but did not succeed in bringing his home country the crown.<ref name=2014pageant>{{cite web|url=http://mrgayworld.com/mgw2014-second-round-of-winners/|title=Mr Gay World 2014 Second Round of Winners|accessdate=2 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903172407/http://mrgayworld.com/mgw2014-second-round-of-winners/|archive-date=3 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2015, Sushant was announced the National Producer and Director for India and was in charge of the Indian leg of the pageant, making him the youngest National producer in the pageant's history while also being the reigning Mr.Gay INDIA at the time.<ref name=Divgikar/> Sushant continued his reign for a record, two years and represented not only the gay community but also the entire LGBT community in India's biggest celebrity reality show, [[Bigg Boss]] in its [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 8)|eighth season]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Sushant Divgikar reveals Bigg Boss 8 secrets and his life plans!|url=http://buddybits.com/sushant-divgikar-reveals-bigg-boss-secrets-and-his-life-plans/|work=BuddyBits.com|accessdate=6 December 2017}}</ref> In 2016, [[Anwesh Sahoo]] became the first contestant from [[Odisha]], and the youngest winner at just 20 years of age to win the crown.<ref name="Odisha" /> [[Anwesh Sahoo|Anwesh]] represented India in [[Malta]], Europe for Mr.Gay World 2016 and made it to the top 12. In 2017 Darshan Mandhana won the Mr Gay India 2017 crown and represented India at [[Mr Gay World 2017]] where he made to top 10.<br />
In 2018, [[Samarpan Maiti]] of West Bengal bagged the coveted Mr. Gay India title and represented India at the Mr. Gay World Pageant in Knysna, South Africa, making it to the top 3 (2nd runner up) spot, a feat that was not conquered previously by any other representatives from India.<br />
<br />
In 2019, [[Suresh Ramadas]], hailing from Bangalore, Karnataka took over as The new Mr. Gay India, beating probably one of the best line up of finalists in the National Pageant to further represent India at the Mr. Gay World Pageant in South Africa where he made it to the top 10 mega finalists and kept India’s record of always making it to the top 10 Finalists in the world. India has been one of the only countries to have consecutively made it to the top 10 spot, a feat very few countries have achieved in the Mr. Gay World Pageant’s history.<br />
<br />
In early 2020, Ramdas passed on his crown and his impressive reign to [[Shyam Konnur]] and was supposed to represent the country at the Mr. Gay World pageant in South Africa in May 2020 but unfortunately, this was not possible due to the novel corona virus pandemic outbreak around the world. The Mr. Gay world organisation decided to postpone if not cancel the pageant for the year 2020 and hold a special showing for National winners from around the world to compete at the international level in 2021.<br />
<br />
After a long wait, the 2023 pageant happened on the October 5th, and Vishal Pinjani was titled the Mr Gay World India 2023. He represented India at the Mr Gay World pageant in South Africa during the end of Oct 2023 and was one of the Top 5.<br />
<br />
==Representatives to Mister Gay World==<br />
;Color key<br />
{{plainlist|<br />
* {{Color box|gold|border=darkgray}} Declared as Winner<br />
* {{Color box|#FFF83B|border=darkgray}} Ended as Runner-up<br />
* {{Color box|khaki|border=darkgray}} Ended as one of the Finalists or Semi-finalists<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center"<br />
!width="30" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;"|Year<br />
!width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;"|Delegate<br />
!width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;"|State<br />
!width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;"|Placement<br />
!width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;"|Special Awards<br />
|-<br />
|2023<br />
|Vishal pinjani<br />
|Maharasthra<ref>{{Cite web |title=http:// |url=https://ww2.affinity.net/fly?no_capp=2&enk=MzQ2NjkzfDEyM3wxfDcxNjEyfDE2OTg3NTk3MDZ8MXwxfDIwOTQ1 |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ww2.affinity.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest News Today: Breaking News and Top Headlines from India, Entertainment, Business, Politics and Sports |url=https://indianexpress.com/ |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|top 5<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" rowspan="2" |Not held due to covid 19 pandemic<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2020<br />
|Shyam konnur<br />
|Maharashtra<ref>{{Cite web |title=Entertainment News, Celebrity News, Latest Movie News, Breaking News {{!}} Entertainment - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etimes |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
|Unplaced<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2019<br />
| Suresh Ramdas<ref name= Ramdas>{{cite web|title= HP, model, gay icon.|url=https://www.gaylaxymag.com/exclusive/mr-gay-world-india-2019-suresh-ramdas-on-coming-out-sec-377-and-being-tall-dark-and-handsome/|accessdate=3 January 2018}}</ref><br />
| [[Karnataka]]<br />
| Unplaced<br />
|<br />
|-style="background:#FFF83B; font-weight: bold"<br />
| 2018<br />
| Samarpan Maiti<ref name=Maiti>{{cite web|title=Scientist, model, gay icon. Is this guy even real|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/scientist-model-gay-icon-is-this-guy-even-real/articleshow/62630415.cms|work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|accessdate=3 January 2018}}</ref><br />
| [[West Bengal]]<br />
| 2nd Runner up<br />
|<br />
|-style="background:khaki;"<br />
| [[Mr Gay World 2017|2017]]<br />
| Darshan Mandhana<br />
| [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]<ref name=pageant2017>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/column-mumbai-s-darshan-mandhana-to-represent-india-at-mr-gay-world-2017-2320069|title=Mumbai's Darshan Mandhana to represent India at Mr Gay World 2017|accessdate=15 December 2017}}</ref><br />
| Top 10<br />
|<br />
|-style="background:khaki;"<br />
| 2016<br />
| [[Anwesh Sahoo]]<ref name=Odisha>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/odisha-boy-anwesh-sahoo-to-represent-india-at-mr-gay-world/16903180|title=Odisha boy Anwesh Sahoo to represent India at Mr Gay World|date=28 January 2016 |accessdate=28 January 2016}}</ref><br />
| [[Odisha]]<br />
| Top 12<br />
|<br />
|-style="background:khaki;"<br />
| [[Mr Gay World 2014|2014]]<br />
| [[Sushant Divgikar]]<br />
| [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| Top 10<br />
|<br />
* Mister Congeniality - Winner<br />
* Mister Art - Winner<br />
* People's Choice Award - Winner<br />
* Team Sports - Winner<br />
|-style="background:khaki;"<br />
| [[Mr Gay World 2013|2013]]<br />
| Nolan Lewis<ref name=Lewis>{{cite web|title=Nolan Lews is India's first Mr Gay World finalist|url=http://www.vogue.in/content/could-we-soon-have-mr-gay-india-pageant|work=vogue.in|date=14 August 2013 |accessdate=7 August 2014}}</ref><br />
| [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| Top 10<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mr Gay World 2011|2011]]<br />
| Raul Patil<br />
| [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| Unplaced<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mr Gay World 2009|2009]]<br />
| Bhavin Shivji Gala<br />
| [[Mumbai]]<br />
| colspan=2 {{n/a|''Did not compete''}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*''{{instagram|mgw_india}}''<br />
<br />
{{Beauty pageants in India}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mister Gay India}}<br />
[[Category:Beauty pageants in India]]<br />
[[Category:Gay culture in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:LGBTQ events in India]]<br />
[[Category:LGBTQ beauty pageants]]<br />
[[Category:Male beauty pageants|India]]<br />
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Recurring events established in 2008]]<br />
[[Category:Indian awards]]<br />
[[Category:Mr Gay World]]</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shey_Amar_Choto_Bon&diff=534912Shey Amar Choto Bon2026-04-23T16:34:10Z<p>MatthewEbner: starting new info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|1978 song by Manna Dey}}<br />
{{Use American English|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox song<br />
| name = Se Amar Chhoto Bon<br />
| cover = Shey Amar Chhoto Bon.jpg<br />
| type = song<br />
| artist = [[Manna Dey]]<br />
| genre = [[Ballad]]<ref name=":0"/><br />
| album = <br />
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
| English_title = She Is My Younger Sister<br />
| released = 1978<br />
| length = 6:40<ref>{{Cite web |title=Se Amar Chhoto Bon - Spotify |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/62sqeKFF3JAlHYKri7GfQT}}</ref><br />
| label = [[Saregama]]<ref name="Saregama"/><br />
| composer = [[Suparna Kanti Ghosh]]<ref name="Saregama">{{Cite web |title=Se Amar Chhoto Bon - Saregama |url=https://www.saregama.com/song/se-amar-chhoto-bon_15683}}</ref><br />
| lyricist = [[Pulak Bandyopadhyay]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Se Amar Chhoto Bon - Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/in/song/se-amar-chhoto-bon/1412644426}}</ref><br />
| producer = Y. S. Mulkey<br />
}}<br />
<br />
"'''Shey Amar Choto Bon'''" (officially "'''Se Amar Chhoto Bon'''") is a [[Bengali-language]] [[ballad]] by the Indian [[playback singer]] [[Manna Dey]]. It was written by [[Pulak Bandyopadhyay]] and composed by [[Suparna Kanti Ghosh]] in 1978. The song is regarded as [[Popular music|popular composition]] and hit song in the Bengali language.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-05-01 |title=জন্মদিনে শুনতে পারেন মান্না দের আলোচিত গানগুলো |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/song/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Prothomalo |language=bn |agency=বিনোদন ডেস্ক}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-10-23 |title=‘কফি হাউস’ থেকে ‘সে আমার ছোট বোন’ এখনও বাঙালির হৃদয়তন্ত্রীতে বেজে চলেছে মান্না দে’র গান |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/special-artical-on-manna-dey-death-anniversary-1018381 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=ABP Ananda |language=bn}}</ref><br />
<br />
Also known by its lyrics "Boro Adorer Choto Bon," the song is played on [[Raksha Bandhan|Rakhi Bandhan]] and is considered a timeless song for the [[festival]]. The song focuses on the love of a brother and sister. Dey remarks that Rakhi can be celebrated through music and love.<ref>{{Cite web |last=কুন্ডু |first=কস্তুরী |date=2023-08-30 |title='বড় আদরের ছোট বোন', রাখি বন্ধনে মান্না ম্যাজিক আজও সুপারহিট |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/tv-news/bengali-song-se-amar-choto-bon-on-the-special-occation-of-rakhi-detail-is-here/103216728.cms |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=Eisamay Online |language=bn}}</ref><br />
<br />
"Shey Amar Choto Bon" was the debut song of [[composer]] [[Suparna Kanti Ghosh]], as the first song composed by him and sung by Dey. Through his debut with this song, he got Dey to sing his next composed song "[[Coffee Houser Sei Addata]]," with lyrics by the lyricist [[Gauriprasanna Mazumder|Gauriprasanna Mazumdar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 21, 2022 |title=‘কফি হাউজের সেই আড্ডাটা আজ আর নেই ’ এর সুরকার সুপর্ণকান্তি ঘোষ ঢাকায় {{!}} বিনোদন |url=https://www.bssnews.net/bangla/entertainment/39295 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=BSS}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Composition ==<br />
[[Suparna Kanti Ghosh]]'s father [[Nachiketa Ghosh]] died in 1976. He started playing the [[harmonium]] and made music of songs written by lyricists [[Pulak Bandyopadhyay]] and [[Gauriprasanna Mazumdar]], which Nachiketa Ghosh rejected.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Sen |first=Debolina |date=2019-05-01 |title=Unknown facets of singer extraordinaire Manna Dey |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/unknown-facets-of-singer-extraordinaire-manna-dey/articleshow/69113398.cms |access-date=2026-04-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
Suparna Kanti Ghosh then lived in Hazra, [[Kolkata]]. One day, he was approached by Ajoy Biswas, an [[event host]] and [[film director]]. He asked Ghosh to play for him. Later, he met Manna Dey on an [[airplane]] to [[Bombay]], where he promptly told him about Ghosh. The year was 1977 or 1978. After he returned to Kolkata, Manna Dey called him and asked Ghosh to visit his place in Hedua, Kolkata. In the morning, Ghosh went to Hedua where Dey asked him to sing his own composed song. After listening, Dey went upstairs and came down with an [[envelope]], saying it was a song "penned by Pulak [Bandyopadhyay]." He said that it was quite long and he composed the tune with two other [[musician]]s. Manna Dey expressed that he was not getting the [[emotion]]s right even after being composed by others.<ref name=":1" /> Later, Ghosh boarded a [[Double-decker bus|double decker 2B bus]] and saw the song written inside the envelope.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Chakraborty |first=Shamayita |date=2018-12-14 |title=Today’s composers are here to do business: Suparna Kanti Ghosh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/todays-composers-are-here-to-do-business-suparna-kanti-ghosh/articleshow/67091471.cms |access-date=2026-04-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
Within two or three days, he had composed the whole song. Ghosh commented that he was careful in composing the song so that Dey would not criticize his music. Dey had come back from Bombay and called him for the song.<ref name=":0" /> While singing the song, Dey cried many times and had to retake the song. In the final take, he controlled himself from crying and the song was recorded.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 30, 2016 |title=গাইতে গাইতে কেঁদে ফেললেন মান্নাদা |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/unknown-facts-about-manna-dey-1.423359 |access-date=April 22, 2026 |website=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |language=bn}}</ref> When the song was taken, he told Ghosh, "You will go very far, but don't be foulmouthed like your father." He gave Ghosh a samosa to eat. Pulak Bandyopadhyay remarked that he did a good job on the long song and this was going to be [[Vishvakarma Puja|Pujor gaan]] (Song for Puja).<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1978 songs]]<br />
[[Category:1978 singles]]<br />
[[Category:Songs in Bengali]]<br />
[[Category:Manna Dey songs]]<br />
[[Category:Pop ballads]]<br />
[[Category:Indian songs]]</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamisetty_Parasuram_Naidu&diff=507992Kamisetty Parasuram Naidu2026-04-19T22:20:18Z<p>MatthewEbner: new</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian politician (1921–1989)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Kamisetty Parasuram Naidu<br />
| birth_name = Kamichetty Sri Parassourama Varaprasada Rao Naidu<br />
| image =<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1921|10|2}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Yanaon]], [[French India]]<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1989|1|19|1921|10|2}}<br />
| office1 = Member of [[Pondicherry Representative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start1 = 1955<br />
| term_end1 = 30 June 1963<br />
| constituency1 = [[Yanam (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Yanam]]<br />
| predecessor1 = ''Position created''<br />
| successor1 = ''Position abolished''<br />
| office = Member of [[French India Representative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency = [[Yanam (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Yanam]]<br />
| term_start = 1946<br />
| term_end = 1951<br />
| predecessor = ''Position created''<br />
| successor = Canacala Tataya<br />
| office2 = Deputy Speaker of [[Pondicherry Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start2 = 27 November 1963<br />
| term_end2 = 24 August 1964<br />
| predecessor2 = ''Position created''<br />
| successor2 = [[Vanmeri Nadeyi Purushothaman]]<br />
| term_start3 = 5 April 1972<br />
| term_end3 = 2 January 1974<br />
| predecessor3 = M.L.Selvaradjou<br />
| successor3 = None{{refn|group=note|[[Fourth Assembly of Pondicherry]] didn't have any deputy speaker}}<br />
| office4 = [[Speaker of Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start4 = 27 March 1985<br />
| term_end4 = 19 January 1989<br />
| predecessor4 = [[M.O.H. Farook]]<br />
| successor4 = M. Chandirakasu<br />
| office5 = Member of [[Pondicherry Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start5 = 1 July 1963<br />
| term_end5 = 19 January 1989<br />
| constituency5 = [[Yanam (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Yanam]]<br />
| predecessor5 = ''Position created''<br />
| successor5 = Raksha Harikrishna<br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]<br />
| spouse = [[Kamichetty Savithri]]<br />
| children = 1 son and 2 daughters <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kamisetty Sri Parasurama Varaprasada Rao Naidu''' (2 October 1921 – 19 January 1989), popularly known '''Kamisetty Parasuram Naidu''', was an Indian politician who served as the [[List of speakers of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Speaker of Puducherry legislative assembly]] from 1985 to 1989.<ref name=":0" /> He also served as its first Deputy Speaker from 1963 to 1964 and later in another term from 1972 to 1974 He was a member of the legislative assembly (MLA) of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] from 1964 until his death in 1989. He A government high school in Yanam was named after him.<ref>[https://yanam.gov.in/public-utility/sri-kamichetty-sri-parasurama-varaprasada-rao-naidu-govt-high-school/ Yanam high school]</ref><br />
<br />
==Birth and family==<br />
He was born in a [[Kapu (caste)|Kapu]] family<ref>{{Cite book |last=More |first=J. B. Prashant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cQ1uAAAAMAAJ |title=The Telugus of Yanam and Masulipatnam: From French Rule to Integration with India |date=2007 |publisher= |pages=263 |language=en |author-link=J. B. Prashant More}}</ref> in [[Yanam]] as the son of Former Maire de [[Yanam Municipality|Yanaon]], [[Kamisetty Venugopala Rao Naidu]] and Kamalamma.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eoNmAAAAMAAJ|page=294|title= Who's who in India |publisher=Business Press Private Limited|year=1986}}</ref> He married [[Kamisetty Savithri]] of Badeti family hailing from Eluru.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PAkuAAAAYAAJ|title=Directory of Indian Women Today, 1976|page=251|work= Ajīta Kaura, Arpana Caur|publisher=India International Publications|year=1976}}</ref> He was an undisputed leader until his death in Yanam after his father.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cQ1uAAAAMAAJ|title=The Telugus of Yanam and Masulipatnam: From French rule to Integration with India|year=2007|author=J B Prashant More}}.</ref><br />
<br />
== Member of representative assembly==<br />
He was a member of the representative assembly of Pondicherry between 1946 and 1964 by winning elections in [[1946 French India Representative Assembly election|1946]],<ref>Journal Officiel des établissements français dans l'Inde, 1946.</ref> [[1955 Pondicherry Representative Assembly election|1955]] and [[1959 Pondicherry Representative Assembly election|1959]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100486|title=India, A Reference Annual 1956|page=494|work= Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|publisher=Publications Division|year=1956}}</ref> However, in [[1946 French India Representative Assembly election|1951]] elections he lost to Canacala Tataya.<ref>Journal Officiel des établissements français dans l'Inde, 1952.</ref><br />
<br />
== Member of legislative assembly==<br />
He was never defeated throughout his political career. He held the constituency as his pocket borough without facing any challenge in winning the seat consecutively in 1964 ([[Indian National Congress|INC]]), 1969 ([[Independent (politician)|IND]]), 1974 ([[Independent (politician)|IND]]), 1977 ([[Janata Party|JP]]), 1980 ([[Independent (politician)|IND]]) and in 1985 (INC). As long as he was alive he contested without break from the first elections held in 1964 as per the Representation of People Act for the territorial Assembly after [[de jure]] merger of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] with India.<br />
<br />
He contested most of the time as an Independent and was deputy speaker twice.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8E3VAAAAMAAJ|title=India, A Reference Annual 1964|page=398|work= Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|publisher=Publications Division|year=1964}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=739DAAAAYAAJ|title=India, a Reference Annual, 1974|page=371|work= Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|publisher=Publications Division|year=1974}}</ref> Kamichetty became 10th [[Speaker of Puducherry Legislative Assembly]] after his elections in 1985.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/STATISTICAL/pondicherry.HTML|title = Union Territory of Pondicherry}}</ref> He died in office on 19 January 1989. He was the longest-serving Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) in the history of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly until 1989.<br />
<br />
==Titles held==<br />
{{S-start}}<br />
{{Succession box | before= N.A. | title=[[Yanam (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Membre de l'assemblée réprésentative de Yanaon]] | after=Canacala Tataya|years=1946 – 1951}}<br />
{{Succession box | before= Canacala Tataya | title=[[Yanam (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Membre de l'assemblée réprésentative de Yanaon]] | after=[[wikt:Defunct|defunct]]|years=1955 – 1964}}<br />
<br />
{{Succession box | before= [[Kamichetty Savithri]]| title=[[Yanam (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|MLA of Yanam]] | after=Raksha Harikrishna | years=1964&ndash;19 January 1989}}<br />
<br />
{{Succession box | before= Post created| title=[[Deputy Speaker]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] | after=[[V. N. Purushothaman]] | years=27 November 1963<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-9Y451PfQpUC|title=Administration Report|page=3|work= Dept. of Fisheries, Government of Pondicherry|year=1963}}</ref>&ndash;24 August 1964<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IOKAZJXA4H4C|title=La gazette de l'Etat|page=569|work= Government of Pondicherry|year=1964}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
{{Succession box | before= M.L.Selvaradjou | title=[[Deputy Speaker]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] | after= [[President's rule]]| years=5 April 1972 &ndash;2 January 1974}}<br />
<br />
{{Succession box | before= [[M.O.H. Farook]] | title=[[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] | after= M. Chandirakasu| years=27 March 1985 &ndash;19 January 1989}}<br />
<br />
{{S-end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]<br />
*[[Pondicherry Representative Assembly]]<br />
*[[1946 French India Representative Assembly election]]<br />
*[[1955 Pondicherry Representative Assembly election]]<br />
*[[1959 Pondicherry Representative Assembly election]]<br />
*[[1964 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]<br />
*[[1969 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]<br />
*[[List of speakers of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]<br />
*[[Bouloussou Soubramaniam Sastroulou]]<br />
*[[Samatam Krouschnaya]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist|group=note}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Naidu, Kamichetty Sri Parassourama Varaprassada Rao}}<br />
[[Category:1921 births]]<br />
[[Category:1989 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from Yanam]]<br />
[[Category:People from French India]]<br />
[[Category:French people of Telugu descent]]<br />
[[Category:French Hindus]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Puducherry]]<br />
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Speakers of Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]<br />
[[Category:Deputy speakers of Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]<br />
[[Category:Pondicherry MLAs 1963–1964]]<br />
[[Category:Pondicherry MLAs 1964–1969]]<br />
[[Category:Pondicherry MLAs 1969–1974]]<br />
[[Category:Pondicherry MLAs 1974–1977]]<br />
[[Category:Pondicherry MLAs 1977–1980]]<br />
[[Category:Pondicherry MLAs 1980–1985]]<br />
[[Category:Pondicherry MLAs 1985–1990]]</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bermo_Assembly_constituency&diff=490527Bermo Assembly constituency2026-04-19T19:16:47Z<p>MatthewEbner: started new post.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Vidhan Sabha constituency in Jharkhand}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency <br />
| map_image =Bermo constituency map.svg <br />
| name = Bermo<br />
|type= SLA <br />
|state = Jharkhand<br />
|established = 2000<br />
|electors = 3,12,507<br />
|mla = [[Kumar Jaimangal]]<br />
|party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}<br />
| constituency_no = 35<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| district = [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Giridih Lok Sabha constituency|Giridih]]<br />
| reservation = <br />
}} <br />
<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
''' Bermo Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=jhceo>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |title=AC & PC List- Jharkhand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218152343/http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref><ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref> The current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] is [[Indian National Congress]]'s [[Kumar Jaimangal]] Singh alias Anup Singh.<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=4| [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Before 1957: Constituency did not exist''}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]] ||Brajeshwar Prasad Singh || {{Full party name with color|Chota Nagpur Santhal Parganas Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]] ||rowspan=4|[[Bindeshwari Dubey]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]] ||Mithilesh Kumar Sinha || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]] ||Ramdas Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]] ||rowspan=4|[[Rajendra Prasad Singh (Bihar and Jharkhand politician)|Rajendra Prasad Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=4| [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<br />
| [[Yogeshwar Mahto]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br />
| [[Rajendra Prasad Singh (Bihar and Jharkhand politician)|Rajendra Prasad Singh]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br />
| [[Yogeshwar Mahto]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<br />
| [[Rajendra Prasad Singh (Bihar and Jharkhand politician)|Rajendra Prasad Singh]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2020^<br />
|rowspan =2|[[Kumar Jaimangal]] <br />
|-<br />
|[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
^by-election<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
===Assembly election 2024===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Bermo<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kumar Jaimangal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=90,246 |percentage=40.34 |change={{decrease}}10.15 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Jairam Kumar Mahato]]|party=Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha|votes=60,871|percentage=27.21|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ravindra Kumar Pandey]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=58,352|percentage=26.08|change={{decrease}}16.77}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Lalit Narayan|party=Independent politician|votes=5,320|percentage=2.38|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ruplal Thakur|party=Independent politician|votes=1,863|percentage=0.83|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Manzoor Alam|party=Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)|votes=1,522|percentage=0.68|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=2,443|percentage=1.09|change={{decrease}}0.04}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=29,375 |percentage=13.13 |change= {{increase}}5.49 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=2,23,718|percentage=68.06|change={{increase}}8.47}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,28,688 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.18 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}10.15 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly by-election 2020===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2020 elections in India#Jharkhand|2020 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Bermo<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eci.gov.in/ByeElection/2009-10/ByeElec_2009.xls|title=Election Commission of India, BYE- ELECTION- 2009}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kumar Jaimangal]]|party=Indian National Congress |votes=94,022 |percentage=50.49 |change={{increase}}3.61 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Yogeshwar Mahto]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=79,797|percentage=42.85|change={{increase}}9.24}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Lal Chand Mahto|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=4,281|percentage=2.30|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Baidya Nath Mahto|party=Communist Party of India|votes=2,643|percentage=1.42|change={{decrease}}1.58}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sunita Tudu|party=Independent politician|votes=2,540|percentage=1.36|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dwarka Prasad Lala|party=Independent politician|votes=1,439|percentage=0.77|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nota|party=None of the above|votes=2,108|percentage=1.13|change={{increase}}0.63}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,225 |percentage=7.64 |change= {{decrease}}5.63 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,86,223|percentage=60.26|change={{decrease}}1.34}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,12,507 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.36 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}3.61 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly election 2019===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Bermo<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajendra Prasad Singh (Bihar and Jharkhand politician)|Rajendra Prasad Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=88,945 |percentage=46.88 |change={{increase}}10.62 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Yogeshwar Mahto]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=63,773 |percentage=33.61 |change={{decrease}}9.38 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kashi Nath Singh |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=16,546 |percentage=8.72 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Aftab Alam Khan |party=Communist Party of India |votes=5,695 |percentage=3.00 |change={{increase}}1.33 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kinkar Pandey |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=1,997 |percentage=1.05 |change={{decrease}}6.36 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sabita Devi |party=Jharkhand Party (Secular) |votes=1,806 |percentage=0.95 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khirodhar Kisku |party=Independent politician |votes=1,494 |percentage=0.79 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=961 |percentage=0.51 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=25,172 |percentage=13.27 |change= {{increase}}6.53 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,89,734 |percentage=60.93 |change= {{decrease}}4.47 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,11,390 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.78 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}3.89 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly election 2014===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Bermo<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Yogeshwar Mahto]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=80,489 |percentage=42.99 |change={{increase}}13.67 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajendra Prasad Singh (Bihar and Jharkhand politician)|Rajendra Prasad Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=67,876 |percentage=36.25 |change={{increase}}2.22 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kashi Nath Singh |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=13,880 |percentage=7.41 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hira Lal Manjhi |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=11,543 |percentage=6.17 |change={{decrease}}4.42 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandrashekhar Jha |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,137 |percentage=1.68 |change={{decrease}}12.97 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satyendra Kumar Chauhan |party=Janvadi Party (Socialist) |votes=1,267 |percentage=0.68 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pankaj Prasad |party=Independent politician |votes=1,252 |percentage=0.67 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=3,214 |percentage=1.72 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,613 |percentage=6.74 |change= {{increase}}2.02 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,87,224 |percentage=65.40 |change= {{increase}}5.67 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,86,264 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.88 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}8.96 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly election 2009===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Bermo<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajendra Prasad Singh (Bihar and Jharkhand politician)|Rajendra Prasad Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=47,744 |percentage=34.03 |change={{increase}}6.33 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Yogeshwar Mahto]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=41,133 |percentage=29.32 |change={{decrease}}5.25 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Aftab Alam Khan |party=Communist Party of India |votes=20,549 |percentage=14.65 |change={{decrease}}6.51 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kashi Nath Singh |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=14,855 |percentage=10.59 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Digambar Mahto |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=2,506 |percentage=1.79 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Baijnath Besra |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,519 |percentage=1.08 |change={{decrease}}0.21 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deepak Kumar Jaiswal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,513 |percentage=1.08 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,611 |percentage=4.71 |change= {{decrease}}2.16 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,40,304 |percentage=59.74 |change= {{increase}}5.41 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,34,875 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}7.28 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.54 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly election 2005===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Bermo<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Yogeshwar Mahto]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=47,569 |percentage=34.57 |change={{increase}}12.41 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajendra Prasad Singh (Bihar and Jharkhand politician)|Rajendra Prasad Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=38,108 |percentage=27.69 |change={{increase}}15.64 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Aftab Alam Khan |party=Communist Party of India |votes=29,116 |percentage=21.16 |change={{increase}}7.63 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dinesh Singh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist Leninist) Liberation |votes=5,895 |percentage=4.28 |change={{increase}}1.72 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Binod Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,936 |percentage=1.41 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jatal Mahto |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,772 |percentage=1.29 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chhedi Nonia |party=Samata Party |votes=1,729 |percentage=1.26 |change={{decrease}}1.34 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,461 |percentage=6.88 |change= {{decrease}}1.75 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,37,602 |percentage=54.32 |change= {{decrease}}1.12 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,53,307 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.21 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}12.41 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly election 2000===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Bermo<ref>{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar |access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramadhar Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=27,494 |percentage=22.16 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shafique Khan |party=Communist Party of India |votes=16,788 |percentage=13.53 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajendra Prasad Singh (Bihar and Jharkhand politician)|Rajendra Prasad Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,957 |percentage=12.06 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ful Chand Soren |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=14,941 |percentage=12.04 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Basant Singh |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=6,848 |percentage=5.52 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Binod Mahto |party=Samata Party |votes=3,216 |percentage=2.59 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parmeswar Mahto |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist Leninist) Liberation |votes=3,187 |percentage=2.57 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,706 |percentage=8.63 |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,24,066 |percentage=56.20 |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,23,759 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Vidhan Sabha]]<br />
*[[List of states of India by type of legislature]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|23.79|85.94|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]<br />
[[Category:Bokaro district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]<br />
[[Category:2000 establishments in Jharkhand]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2000]]</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Luke%27s_Church,_Patna&diff=537286St Luke's Church, Patna2026-04-19T16:20:48Z<p>MatthewEbner: starting data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Church in Danapur Cantonment, Bihar State}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date = January 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox historic site|name=Saint Luke's Church|image=Saint_LukeChurch.jpg|caption=St Luke's Church , Danapur Patna , Bihar|location=[[Dinapur Cantonment]], [[Patna]], [[Bihar]]|coordinates={{coord|25.636542|85.0338506|region:IN}}|built=1827-1830<ref name="times" />|time=}}<br />
<br />
'''St. Lukes Church''' is located at [[Danapur Cantonment]] in [[Danapur]], a satellite town of [[Patna]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. It is around 10 kilometers from [[Jay Prakash Narayan Airport]]. It is more than 200 years old, and has stood on the site through the most turbulent times in Indian history.<br />
<br />
The building is typical of [[Architecture_of_India#British_Colonial_Era:_1757–1947|19th century British colonial architecture]]. It is now within the grounds of the [[Bihar Regiment|Bihar Regimental Centre]] and is maintained by the Indian Army.<br />
<br />
Reverend Henry Frank Fulford Williams (1885-1966)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F32131|title=Williams, Henry Frank Fulford (1885-1966), clergyman and antiquary|publisher=The National Archives|website=discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-01-28}}</ref> served as a chaplain in Bengal from 1913 until 1935, and was chaplain at St. Lukes for part of his tenure.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Williams|first=H. Fulford|date=1 July 1927|title=A Century and a Half of an Indian Parish|journal=Theology|language=en-US|volume=15|issue=85|pages=18–25|doi=10.1177/0040571x2701508504|s2cid=171634580|issn=0040-571X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb29-eulms145|title=Papers of Henry Frank Fulford Williams relating to the history of India - Archives Hub|website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk|access-date=2020-01-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKAEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA294|title=Statistical, Sanitary, and Medical Reports For The Year 1862|publisher=Army Medical Department|year=1864|language=en|page=294|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.s-asian.cam.ac.uk/oldsite/brrrkg/archive/papers/overview.html|title=Henry Frank Fulford Williams, a Chaplain in Bengal 1913-35|last=|first=|date=|website=Centre of South Asian Studies, University of Cambridge|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827161404/https://www.s-asian.cam.ac.uk/oldsite/brrrkg/archive/papers/overview.html|archive-date=2019-08-27|access-date=}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The [[East India Company]] set up a military station here due to its location on the bank of river [[Ganges]] at a junction with other rivers like the [[Son River]] from the south and the [[Ghaghara]] and [[Gandaki River]] from the north. Rivers were important transport routes before railways were built in India. <br />
<br />
The British built a church at the station to provide for the spiritual needs of its servants and medical aid. The construction of the church started in April 1827 by Captain I Thompson of British Engineers. It was completed in 1830 under the guidance of Captain W Sage of the 48th Native Infantry.<ref name="times">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Danapurs-silent-sentinels/articleshow/5713238.cms|title=Danapur's Silent Sentinels|date=22 March 2010|first=Kumod|last=Verma|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-01-28}}</ref> It was later named St. Lukes Church of Patna.<br />
<br />
During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], a number of barracks were constructed around the church to provide shelter for the soldiers.<ref name="fab">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fabhotels.com/blog/churches-in-patna/|title=Top 6 Churches In Patna {{!}} List of Churches in Patna Bihar - FabHotels|date=2019-04-22|website=FabHotels Travel Blog|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-28|first=Meenakshi|last=Taheem}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Belfry (architecture)|belfry]] was a later addition. It was designed by Frederick William Alexander De Fabeck, an assistant surgeon in the [[Bengal Army]], and built in 1862.<ref name="belfry">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Danapur-churches-mute-witness-of-good-bad-times/articleshow/592453435.cms|title=Danapur churches mute witness of good, bad times|date=30 September 2001|first=Kumod|last=Verma|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-01-28}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Bihar Regimental Centre took over responsibility for the building from the [[Church of North India]] in 1947.<ref name="belfry" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Churches in Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Church of North India church buildings]]</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kulathur&diff=549463Kulathur2026-04-16T00:55:28Z<p>MatthewEbner: Created initial entry with sources</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Kulathur''', '''Kulathoor''', or '''Kulattur''' may refer to several places in India:<br />
<br />
==Kerala==<br />
* [[Kulathoor, Thiruvananthapuram]], a village in the municipality of Neyyattinkara, Thiruvananthapuram district<br />
* [[Kulathoor, Trivandrum]], a suburb of Thiruvananthapuram city, neighbouring [[Manvila]]<br />
* [[Kulathur, Pathanamthitta]], near [[Kottangal]]<br />
<br />
==Tamil Nadu==<br />
* [[Kulathur taluk]] in Pudukkottai district<br />
* [[Kulathur, Gandharvakottai, Pudukkottai]]<br />
* [[Kulattur, Aranthangi, Pudukkottai]]<br />
* [[Kulattur, Avudayarkoil, Pudukkottai]]<br />
<br />
{{geodis}}</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utsav_Charan_Das&diff=542909Utsav Charan Das2026-03-28T14:01:38Z<p>MatthewEbner: starting new entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian dancer (1945/1946–2026)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Utsav Charan Das<br />
| image = Utsab Charan Das receiving Padmashree from President Kovind.jpg<br />
| imagesize = <br />
| caption = Das receiving Padma Shri from President [[Ram Nath Kovind]]<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = 1945 or 1946<br />
| birth_place = Mania, Orissa Province, British India<br />
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2026|2|26|80|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = [[Choudwar]], Cuttack district, Odisha, India<br />
| occupation = Dancer, music composer, playwright<br />
| parents = <br />
| children = <br />
| spouse = <br />
| years_active = <br />
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Utsav Charan Das''' (1945 or 1946 – 26 February 2026) was an Indian dancer. He was also a lyricist, music composer and playwright. In 2020, he was awarded [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Indian government]] for his contribution in [[Arts]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=12 Odias honoured with Padma awards |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2021/nov/09/12-odias-honoured-with-padma-awards-2381303.html |access-date=15 May 2022 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Odisha’s padma prides |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2020/jan/26/odishas-padma-prides-2094679.html |access-date=15 May 2022 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Das was from Mania village in [[Orissa Province]]. He was a matriculate.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Das worked as a stenographer in the state government. In 1960, he performed Ghoda Nacha for the first time with his father. He wrote many lyrical plays namely ''Bhai Juntia'', ''Krushna Avatar'', ''Mahisa Nasini'', ''Gambhiribije'', ''Khaiunjula'', ''Kelikadamb'', ''Rangakeli'' and ''Gujuna''. He wrote many songs on health problems and social initiatives like AIDS, malaria, leprosy prevention, [[Swachh Bharat]], [[Beti Bachao Beti Padhao]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |author=Minati Singha|date=31 January 2020 |title=Padma award for effort to keep art form alive {{!}} Bhubaneswar News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/padma-award-for-effort-to-keep-art-form-alive/articleshow/73779840.cms |access-date=15 May 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
Das died on 26 February 2026, at the age of 80.<ref>[https://www.prameyanews.com/renowned-ghoda-nacha-artist-and-padma-shri-awardee-utsav-charan-das-passes-away-at-80 Renowned Ghoda Nacha Artist and Padma Shri Awardee Utsav Charan Das passes away at 80]</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
* [[Padma Shri]]<ref name=":1" /><br />
* Odisha Sangeet Natak Akademi Award<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Utsav Charan}}<br />
[[Category:1940s births]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]<br />
[[Category:2026 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male dancers]]<br />
[[Category:Dancers from Odisha]]</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visarga&diff=459080Visarga2026-03-28T12:27:19Z<p>MatthewEbner: slightly refined information per sources and added references for consistency</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Diacritical mark in Indic scripts}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=May 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox diacritic|char={{lang|hi|ः}} |name=Visarga |unicode=}}<br />
In [[shiksha|Sanskrit phonology]], '''visarga''' ({{IPA|sa|ʋisɐrɡɐ(hɐ)|ipa}}) is the name of the [[voiceless glottal fricative]], written in [[Devanagari]] as {{angle bracket|{{lang|sa|ः}}}} {{IPAslink|h}}. It was also called, equivalently, ''{{IAST|visarjanīya}}'' by earlier grammarians. The word ''visarga'' ({{langx|sa|विसर्ग}}) literally means "sending forth, discharge". <br />
<br />
Visarga is an [[allophone]] of {{IPA|/r/}} and {{IPA|/s/}} in [[pausa]] (at the end of an [[utterance]]). Since {{IPA|/-s/}} is a common inflectional [[suffix]] (of nominative singular, second person singular, etc.), visarga appears frequently in Sanskrit texts. In the traditional order of Sanskrit sounds, visarga and [[anusvara|anusvāra]] appear between vowels and stop consonants.<br />
<br />
The precise pronunciation of visarga in Vedic texts may vary between [[shakha|Śākhās]]. Some pronounce a slight echo of the preceding vowel after the aspiration: {{IAST|aḥ}} will be pronounced {{IPA|[ɐhᵄ]}}, and {{IAST|iḥ}} will be pronounced {{IPA|[ihⁱ]}}. Visarga is not to be confused with [[Colon (punctuation)|colon]].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Transliteration<br />
!Symbol<br />
|-<br />
| [[ISO 15919]] / [[IAST]]<br />
|{{angbr|{{IAST|ḥ}}}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Harvard-Kyoto]]<br />
|{{angbr|H}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Types ==<br />
The visarga is commonly found in writing, resembling the punctuation mark of colon or as two tiny circles one above the other. This form is retained by most [[Brahmic scripts|Indic scripts]].<br />
<br />
According to Sanskrit phonologists, the visarga has two optional [[allophone]]s: the {{transliteration|sa|jihvāmūlīya}} ({{lang|sa|जिह्वामूलीय}}, the [[Velar consonant|velar]] visarga) and the {{transliteration|sa|upadhmānīya}} ({{lang|sa|उपध्मानीय}}, the [[Labial consonant|labial]] visarga). The former may be pronounced before {{angbr|{{lang|sa|क}}}} and {{angbr|{{lang|sa|ख}}}}, while the latter may be pronounced before {{angbr|{{lang|sa|प}}}} and {{angbr|{{lang|sa|फ}}}}. Generally, {{transliteration|sa|jihvāmūlīya}} and {{transliteration|sa|upadhmānīya}} are not rendered distinctively from the ''visarga'', though the glyphs {{angbr|{{lang|sa|ᳵ}}}} and {{angbr|{{lang|sa|ᳶ}}}} have occasionally been used in [[Devanagari]] for that purpose; sometimes, the {{transliteration|sa|ardhavisarga}} ({{lang|sa|अर्धविसर्ग}}, {{gloss|half-visarga}}) {{angbr|{{lang|sa|ᳲ}}}} is used for both. Similar glyphs are found in [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]], [[Kannada alphabet|Kannada]], [[Tibetan alphabet|Tibetan]], [[Śāradā script|Sharada]], and [[Ranjana alphabet|Lantsa]]. Examples:<ref>[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1CD0.pdf The Unicode Standard, version 10.0 - Vedic Extensions]</ref><br />
<br />
* {{lang|sa|तव पितामहः कः}} or {{lang|sa|तव पितामहᳵ कः}} ({{transliteration|sa|tava pitāmahaẖ kaḥ?}}; {{gloss|who is your grandfather?}})<br />
* {{lang|sa|पक्षिणः खे उड्डयन्ते}} or {{lang|sa|पक्षिणᳵ खे उड्डयन्ते}} ({{transliteration|sa|pakṣiṇaẖ khe uḍḍayante}}; {{gloss|birds fly in the sky}})<br />
* {{lang|sa|भोः पाहि}} or {{lang|sa|भोᳶ पाहि}} ({{transliteration|sa|bhoḫ pāhi}}; {{gloss|sir, save me}})<br />
* {{lang|sa|तपःफलम्}} or {{lang|sa|तपᳶफलम्}} ({{transliteration|sa|tapaḫphalam}}; {{gloss|result of penances}})<br />
<br />
== Other Brahmic scripts ==<br />
=== Bengali ===<br />
In the [[Bengali script]], the visarga is written as {{lang|bn|ঃ}} and is known as ''bisarga'' (বিসর্গ). In Bengali it represents a weak post-vocalic release rather than a clearly articulated /h/ sound. Although it originates from Sanskrit final ''r''- and ''s''-sounds, modern Bengali preserves it primarily as an orthographic element, with its phonetic value varying according to position and environment.<br />
<br />
==== Phonetic behaviour ====<br />
When occurring '''medially''' within a word, the bisarga no longer produces a distinct aspiration; instead it tends to reinforce or lengthen the following consonant. Examples include {{lang|bn|দুঃস্বপ্ন}} or {{lang|bn|নিঃশ্বাস}}, where the bisarga historically reflects Sanskrit {{lang|sa|ः}}, but in Bengali the release is replaced by consonant strengthening or an increased sibilant effect.<br />
<br />
When occurring '''finally''' at the end of a word, the bisarga marks an etymological aspiration inherited from Sanskrit, but in contemporary Bengali it is realised only as a very faint breath or is silent. Forms such as {{lang|bn|তঃ}} or {{lang|bn|যঃ}} illustrate this weakened contrast. Overall, Bengali pronunciation treats the visarga not as an independent consonant but as a modifier whose audible effect ranges from minimal to null.<br />
<br />
==== Visarga Sandhi ====<br />
In sandhi environments, the bisarga undergoes several regular transformations that depend on the nature of the following sound. These changes reflect its Sanskritic origins and are largely systematic in Bengali spelling, even when their phonetic effect is weak.<br />
<br />
Before vowels, the bisarga commonly yields {{lang|bn|র}} or produces an {{lang|bn|ও}}-glide, preserving the historical continuity of ''r-final'' forms (e.g. {{lang|bn|পুনরধিকার}}). Before sibilants and coronal or palatal stops, it assimilates to the following consonant as the appropriate sibilant—{{lang|bn|শ}}, {{lang|bn|ষ}}, or {{lang|bn|স}}—a process that accounts for forms such as {{lang|bn|নিঃচয় → নিশ্চয়}}.<br />
<br />
When followed by voiced consonants or semivowels, ''r-jāt'' bisarga typically appears as {{lang|bn|র}}, while ''s-jāt'' bisarga may produce an {{lang|bn|ও}}-transition; thus {{lang|bn|অন্তঃগত}} surfaces as {{lang|bn|অন্তর্গত}}. If the following consonant is {{lang|bn|র}}, the bisarga disappears entirely and the preceding vowel lengthens, as seen in {{lang|bn|নীরস}}. After the vowels ই or উ and before velar or labial stops, the bisarga may appear as {{lang|bn|ষ}}, producing forms such as {{lang|bn|নিষ্কাম}}.<br />
<br />
Some compounds retain the written bisarga without any phonological modification, as in {{lang|bn|মনঃক্ষুণ্ণ}}. In other cases, the bisarga may be lost without affecting adjacent sounds, as in {{lang|bn|অতএব}} from {{lang|bn|অতঃ + এব}}. As a whole, visarga sandhi in Bengali reflects historical Sanskritic patterns that are preserved orthographically even though their phonetic realisation is limited in modern speech.<br />
<br />
=== Burmese ===<br />
In the [[Burmese script]], the visarga (variously called {{lang|my|ရှေ့ကပေါက်}} ''shay ga pauk'', {{lang|my|ဝစ္စနစ်လုံးပေါက်}} ''wizza nalone pauk'', or {{lang|my|ရှေ့ဆီး}} ''shay zi'' and represented with two dots to the right of the letter as {{lang|my|း}}), when joined to a letter, creates the [[Burmese language#Tones|high tone]].<br />
<br />
=== Japanese ===<br />
{{See also|Siddhaṃ script}}<br />
[[File:Motoori Norinaga Visarga.png|thumb|The Visarga mark used by Motoori.]]<br />
[[Motoori Norinaga]] invented a mark for visarga which he used in a book about Indian orthography.<br />
<br />
=== Javanese ===<br />
In the [[Javanese script]], the visarga, known as the ''wignyan'' ({{lang|jv|ꦮꦶꦒ꧀ꦚꦤ꧀}}), is represented by two curls to the right of a syllable as {{jav|ꦃ}}: the first curl is short and circular, and the second curl is long. It adds a /[[Voiceless glottal fricative|-h]]/ after a vowel.<br />
<br />
=== Kannada ===<br />
In the [[Kannada script]], the visarga (which is called visarga) is represented with two small circles to the right of a letter ಃ. It adds an ''aḥ'' sound to the end of the letter.<br />
<br />
This script also has separate symbols for ''ardhavisarga'' absent in most other scripts, jihvamuliya, {{lang|kn|ೱ}}, and upadhmaniya, {{lang|kn|ೲ}}.<br />
<br />
=== Khmer ===<br />
In the [[Khmer script]], the visarga (known as the ''reăhmŭkh'' ({{lang|km|រះមុខ}}; "shining face")) indicates an [[Voiceless glottal fricative|aspirated]] {{IPA|/ʰ/}} sound added after a syllable. It is represented with two small circles at the right of a letter as {{lang|km|ះ}}, and it should not be confused with the similar-looking ''yŭkôlpĭntŭ'' ({{lang|km|យុគလពិន្ទុ}}; "pair of dots"), which indicates a short vowel followed by a glottal stop like their equivalent visarga marks in the [[Thai alphabet|Thai]] and [[Lao alphabet|Lao]] scripts.<br />
<br />
=== Lao ===<br />
In the [[Lao script]], the visarga is represented with two small curled circles to the right of a letter as {{lang|lo|◌ະ}}. As in the neighboring related [[Thai alphabet|Thai script]], it indicates a [[glottal stop]] after the vowel.<br />
<br />
=== Malayalam ===<br />
In the [[Malayalam script]], the visarga is represented with two small circles to the right of a letter as {{lang|ml|ഃ}}. It indicates a /h/ after a letter. Visarga is considered as a vowel in Malayalam, where its independent form is written as അഃ. Unlike other languages, visarga need not necessarily occur at the end of a word. Examples include ദുഃഖം, മനഃപ്രയാസം, പുനഃസൃഷ്ടി.<br />
<br />
=== Odia ===<br />
In the [[Odia script]], the Bisarga is represented with a vertical infinity sign to the right of a letter as {{lang|or|ଃ}}. It indicates the post-vocalic voiceless glottal fricative ''aḥ'' [h] sound after the letter, Unlike other languages, the bisarga can appear in middle of words, such as ନିଃଶ୍ବାସ, ନିଃସ୍ବ, ନିଃସନ୍ଦେହ, ନିଃଶେଷ etc. All words with Bisarga aren't borrowed from Sanskrit. <br />
<br />
=== Sinhala ===<br />
In the [[Sinhala script]], visarga is represented with two small circle to the right of a letter as ඃ.<br />
<br />
=== Tamil ===<br />
In the [[Tamil script]], similar to visarga (which is called ''āyuta eḻuttu'' ({{lang|ta|ஆயுத எழுத்து}}), ''āytam'' ({{lang|ta|ஆய்தம்}}), ''muppāl puḷḷi'', ''taṉinilai'', ''aḵkēṉam'', ''ak''), transliterated as '''''ḵ''''', is represented with three small circles to the right of a letter as {{lang|ta|ஃ}}. Its used to transcribe an archaic {{IPA|/h/}} sound inherited from the proto Dravidian *H that has either become silent or geminates the next letter in unlearnt speech, or pronounced as {{IPA|/k/}} or {{IPA|/h/}} in careful speech. Like Sanskrit, it cannot add on to any letter and add aspiration to them. It should be always placed between a single short vowel and a hard consonant ({{lang|ta|க்}}, {{lang|ta|ச்}}, {{lang|ta|ட்}}, {{lang|ta|த்}}, {{lang|ta|ப்}}, {{lang|ta|ற்}}) for example {{lang|ta|அஃது}} (a'''ḵ'''tu), {{lang|ta|[[wikt:எஃகு|எஃகு]]}} (e'''ḵ'''ku). The āytam in modern Tamil is used to transcribe foreign phones like ஃப் (ஃp) for [f], ஃஜ (ஃj) for [z], ஃஸ (ஃs) for [z, ʒ] and ஃக (ஃk) for [x], similar to a nuqta.<br />
<br />
=== Telugu ===<br />
In the [[Telugu script]], there are two visargas. One is represented with two small circles to the right of a letter {{lang|te| ః}}. It brings an "ah" sound to the end of the letter.<br />
<br />
=== Thai ===<br />
In the [[Thai script]], the visarga (known as the ''visanchani'' ({{lang|th|วิสรรชนีย์}}) or ''nom nang thangkhu'' ({{lang|th|นมนางทั้งคู่}})) is represented with two small curled circles to the right of a letter as {{lang|th|◌ะ}}. It represents a [[glottal stop]] that follows the affected vowel.<br />
<br />
== Unicode ==<br />
{{Contains special characters|Uncommon Unicode|section}}<br />
[[Unicode]] encodes visarga and visarga-like characters for a variety of scripts:<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
|+ South Asian scripts<br />
! Script !! Sign !! Example !! Unicode<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]] ||&nbsp;ঃ||কঃ|| U+0983<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bhaiksuki alphabet|Bhaiksuki]] ||&nbsp;<span style="font-family:Noto Sans Bhaiksuki;">𑰾</span>||<span style="font-family:Noto Sans;">𑰎𑰾</span>|| U+11C3E<br />
|-<br />
| [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]] ||&nbsp;𑀂||𑀓𑀂|| U+11002<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chakma alphabet|Chakma]] ||&nbsp;𑄂||𑄇𑄂|| U+11102<br />
|-<br />
| [[Devanagari]] ||&nbsp;ः||कः|| U+0903<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dhives Akuru]] ||&nbsp;<span style="font-family:Noto Serif Dives Akuru;">𑤼</span>||<span style="font-family:Noto Serif Dives Akuru;">𑤌𑤼</span>|| U+1193C<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dogri language#Script|Dogra]] ||&nbsp;<span style="font-family:Noto Serif Dogra;">𑠸</span>||<span style="font-family:Noto Serif Dogra;">𑠊𑠸</span>|| U+11838<br />
|-<br />
| [[Grantha alphabet|Grantha]] ||&nbsp;<span style="font-family:Noto Sans Grantha;">𑌃</span>||<span style="font-family:Noto Sans Grantha;">𑌕𑌃</span>|| U+11303<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] ||&nbsp;ઃ||કઃ|| U+0A83<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gunjala Gondi Lipi|Gunjala Gondi]] ||&nbsp;<span style="font-family:Noto Sans Gunjala Gondi;">𑶖</span>||<span style="font-family:Noto Sans Gunjala Gondi;">𑵱𑶖</span>|| U+11D96<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gurmukhī script|Gurmukhi]] ||&nbsp;ਃ||ਕਃ|| U+0A03<br />
|-<br />
| [[Khema script|Gurung Khema]] ||&nbsp;|||| U+1612E<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kaithi]] ||&nbsp;<span style="font-family:Noto Sans Kaithi;">𑂃</span>||𑂍𑂃|| U+11083<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kannada script|Kannada]] ||&nbsp;ಃ||ಕಃ|| U+0C83<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kharosthi]] ||&nbsp; visarga ||𐨐𐨏|| U+10A0F<br />
|-<br />
| [[Khojki]] ||&nbsp;<span style="font-family:Noto Serif Khojki;">𑈵</span>||<span style="font-family:Noto Serif Khojki;">𑈈𑈵</span>|| U+11235<br />
|-<br />
| [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]] ||&nbsp;ഃ||കഃ|| U+0D03<br />
|-<br />
| [[Marchen script|Marchen]] ||&nbsp;<span style="font-family:Noto Sans Marchen;">𑲶</span>||<span style="font-family:Noto Sans Marchen;">𑱲𑲶</span>|| U+11CB6<br />
|-<br />
| [[Masaram Gondi script|Masaram Gondi]] ||&nbsp;<span style="font-family:Noto Sans Masaram Gondi;">𑵁</span>||<span style="font-family:Noto Sans Masaram Gondi;">𑴌𑵁</span>|| U+11D41<br />
|-<br />
| [[Modi alphabet|Modi]] ||&nbsp;<span style="font-family:Noto Sans Modi;">𑘾</span>||<span style="font-family:Noto Sans Modi;">𑘎𑘾</span>|| U+1163E<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mongolian alphabet|Mongolian]] ||{{MongolUnicode|ᢁ᠋}}||{{MongolUnicode|ᢁ᠋ᠠ᠋}}|| U+1881<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nandinagari]] ||&nbsp;<span style="font-family:Noto Sans Nandinagari;">𑧟</span>||<span style="font-family:Noto Sans Nandinagari;">𑦮𑧟</span>|| U+119DF<br />
|-<br />
| [[Odia script|Odia]] ||&nbsp;ଃ||କଃ|| U+0B03<br />
|-<br />
| [[Prachalit Nepal alphabet|Prachalit Nepal]] ||&nbsp;<span style="font-family:Noto Sans Newa;">𑑅</span>||<span style="font-family:Noto Sans Newa;">𑐎𑑅</span>|| U+11445<br />
|-<br />
| [[Śāradā script|Sharada]] ||&nbsp;<span style="font-family:Noto Sans Sharada;">𑆃</span>||<span style="font-family:Noto Sans Sharada;">𑆑𑆃</span>|| U+11183<br />
|-<br />
| [[Saurashtra alphabet|Saurashtra]] ||&nbsp;<span style="font-family:Noto Sans Saurashtra;">ꢁ</span>||<span style="font-family:Noto Sans Saurashtra;">ꢒꢁ</span>|| U+A881<br />
|-<br />
| [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddham]] ||&nbsp;<span style="font-family:Noto Sans Siddham;">𑖾</span>||<span style="font-family:Noto Sans Siddham;">𑖎𑖾</span>|| U+115BE<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sinhala script|Sinhala]] ||&nbsp;ඃ||කඃ|| U+0D83<br />
|-<br />
| [[Soyombo alphabet|Soyombo]] ||&nbsp;<span style="font-family:Noto Sans Soyombo;">𑪗</span>||<span style="font-family:Noto Sans Soyombo;">𑩜𑪗</span>|| U+11A97<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sylheti Nagari]] ||&nbsp;<span style="font-family:Noto Sans Syloti Nagri;"> </span>|| || (None)<br />
|-<br />
| [[Takri alphabet|Takri]] ||&nbsp;<span style="font-family:Noto Sans Takri;">𑚬</span>||<span style="font-family:Noto Sans Takri;">𑚊𑚬</span>|| U+116AC<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||&nbsp;ஃ||கஃ|| U+0B83<br />
|-<br />
| [[Telugu script|Telugu]] ||&nbsp;ః||కః|| U+0C03<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tibetan alphabet|Tibetan]] (rnam bcad) ||&nbsp;ཿ||ཀཿ||U+0F7F<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tirhuta]] ||&nbsp;<span style="font-family:Noto Sans Tirhuta;">𑓁</span>||<span style="font-family:Noto Sans Tirhuta;">𑒏𑓁</span>|| U+114C1<br />
|-<br />
| [[Zanabazar Square alphabet|Zanabazar Square]] ||&nbsp;<span style="font-family:Noto Sans Zanabazar Square;">𑨹</span>||<span style="font-family:Noto Sans Zanabazar;">𑨋𑨹</span>|| U+11A39<br />
|}<br />
| valign="top" |<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Southeast Asian scripts<br />
! Script !! Sign !! Example !! Unicode<br />
|-<br />
| [[Balinese script|Balinese]] (bisah) || {{script|Bali|&nbsp;ᬄ}} || {{script|Bali|ᬓᬄ}} || U+1B04<br />
|-<br />
| [[Burmese alphabet|Burmese]] || {{script|Mymr|&nbsp;း}} || {{script|Mymr|ကး}} || U+1038<br />
|-<br />
| [[Javanese script|Javanese]] (wignyan) || {{script|Java|&nbsp;ꦃ}} || {{script|Java|ꦏꦃ}} || U+A983<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kawi script|Kawi]] || &nbsp;<span style="font-family:Noto Sans Kawi;">𑼂</span> || <span style="font-family:Noto Sans Kawi;">𑼒𑼂</span> || U+11F02<br />
|-<br />
| [[Khmer script|Khmer]] (reahmuk) || {{script|Khmr|&nbsp;ះ}} || {{script|Khmr|កះ}} || U+17C7<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lao script|Lao]] ||&nbsp;ະ||ກະ|| U+0EB0<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sundanese script|Sundanese]] (pangwisad) || {{script|Sund|&nbsp;ᮃ}} || {{script|Sund|ᮊᮃ}} || U+1B83<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tai Tham alphabet|Tai Tham]] ||&nbsp;<span style="font-family:Noto Sans Tai Tham;">ᩅ</span>||<span style="font-family:Noto Sans Tai Tham;">ᨠᩅ</span>|| U+1A45<br />
|-<br />
| [[Thai script|Thai]] (visanchani) ||&nbsp;<span style="font-family:SF Thonburi;">ะ</span>||<span style="font-family:SF Thonburi;">กะ</span>|| U+0E30<br />
|}<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Navbox diacritical marks}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Vyakarana]]<br />
[[Category:Brahmic diacritics]]</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&diff=476181Wikipedia2026-03-26T01:55:24Z<p>MatthewEbner: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Free online crowdsourced encyclopedia}}<br />
{{About|the online encyclopedia|Wikipedia's home page|Main Page|the English-language Wikipedia|English Wikipedia|other uses|Wikipedia (disambiguation)|selfref=yes}}{{Distinguish|text=the [[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}<br />
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use American English|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox website<br />
| name = Wikipedia<br />
| logo = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg|upright=0.68|frameless|An incomplete sphere made of large, white jigsaw puzzle pieces. Each puzzle piece contains one glyph from a different writing system, with each glyph written in black.]]<br />
| logo_caption = The [[Wikipedia logo|logo of Wikipedia]], a globe made out of puzzle pieces featuring [[glyph]]s from various [[writing system]]s<br />
| screenshot = Wikipedia Portal Screenshot (2022).svg{{!}}border<br />
| screenshot_alt = Wikipedia portal showing the different languages sorted by article count<br />
| caption = Wikipedia's desktop homepage<br />
| collapsible = yes<br />
| type = [[Online encyclopedia]]<br />
| language_count = {{NUMBEROF|active|Wikipedia}}<br />
| headquarters = [[San Francisco]], California, US<br />
| country_of_origin = United States<br />
| owner = [[Wikimedia Foundation]] (since 2003)<br />
| authors = {{hlist|[[Jimmy Wales]]|[[Larry Sanger]]}}<br />
| url = {{URL|https://wikipedia.org}}<br />
| commercial = No<br />
| registration = Optional{{efn|Registration is required for certain tasks, such as editing protected pages, creating pages on the English Wikipedia, and uploading files.}}<br />
| num_users = {{format price|{{NUMBEROF|USERS|totalactive.wikipedia}}}} (as of {{Date|2=MDY}})<br />
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|p=yes|2001|1|15}}<br />
| current_status = Active<br />
| content_license = {{Nowrap|[[Creative Commons license|CC Attribution / Share-Alike]] 4.0}}{{efn|Most text is also dual-licensed under [[GNU Free Documentation License|GFDL]]; media licensing varies.}}<br />
| oclc = 52075003<br />
| programming_language = [[PHP]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Wikipedia'''{{efn|Pronounced {{IPAc-en|audio=En-uk-Wikipedia.ogg|ˌ|w|ɪ|k|ɪ|ˈ|p|iː|d|i|ə}} {{respell|WIK|ih|PEE|dee|ə}} or {{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Wikipedia.ogg|ˌ|w|ɪ|k|i|-}} {{respell|WIK|ee|PEE|dee|ə}} in [[English language|English]]}} is a free online [[encyclopedia]] written and maintained by a community of volunteers, known as [[Wikipedians]], through [[open collaboration]] and the [[wiki]] software [[MediaWiki]]. Founded by [[Jimmy Wales]] and [[Larry Sanger]] in 2001, Wikipedia has been hosted since 2003 by the [[Wikimedia Foundation]], an American [[501(c)(3) organization|nonprofit organization]] funded mainly by donations from readers.<ref name=WF10.23.23>{{cite web |title=7 reasons you should donate to Wikipedia |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2022/11/03/7-reasons-you-should-donate-to-wikipedia/ |last=Seitz-Gruwell |first=Lisa |author-link=Lisa Seitz-Gruwell |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]] |date=October 23, 2023|access-date=December 27, 2023|url-status=live|archive-date=2024-10-08|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241008212455/https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/10/23/7-reasons-you-should-donate-to-wikipedia/}}</ref> Wikipedia is the largest and most-read [[reference work]] in history.<ref name="Wiki20">{{cite news |date=January 9, 2021 |title=Wikipedia is 20, and its reputation has never been higher |url=https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107165356/https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=February 25, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Economist]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Anderson |first=Chris |date=May 8, 2006 |title=Jimmy Wales – The 2006 Time 100 |url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1975813_1975844_1976488,00.html|url-status=live |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012001311/https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1975813_1975844_1976488,00.html|archive-date=October 12, 2022 |access-date=November 11, 2017 |author-link=Chris Anderson (writer)}}</ref><br />
<br />
Initially available only in English, Wikipedia exists [[list of Wikipedias|in over 340 languages]] and is one of the world's [[list of most-visited websites|most visited websites]]. The [[English Wikipedia]], with over {{#expr:floor({{formatnum:{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}|R}}/10^6)}}&nbsp;million [[article (publishing)|article]]s, remains the largest of the editions, which together comprise more than {{spellnum per MOS|{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}}} articles and attract more than 1.5&nbsp;billion unique device visits and 13&nbsp;million edits per month (about five{{nbsp}}edits per second on average) <!-- To calculate edits per second, I did the number of edits divided by the number of seconds in a month. If anyone finds this math incorrect, please fix it, I'm not a mathematician! --> {{as of|2024|04|lc=y}}.<!-- {{As of|2024|04|lc=y}} PLEASE UPDATE AS NEEDED --><ref name="Wikimedia_Stats" group="W">{{cite web |title=Wikistats – Statistics For Wikimedia Projects |url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/all-wikipedia-projects|access-date=August 8, 2023 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|archive-date=July 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711051858/https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/all-wikipedia-projects|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2025|12|post=}}, over 25% of Wikipedia's [[web traffic|traffic]] comes from the United States, while Japan accounts for nearly 7%, and the United Kingdom, Germany, and Russia each represent around 5%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=wikipedia.org |url=https://www.similarweb.com/website/wikipedia.org/#geography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605091241/https://www.similarweb.com/website/wikipedia.org#geography |archive-date=June 5, 2020 |access-date=January 9, 2026 |website=Similarweb}}</ref><br />
<br />
Wikipedia has been praised for enabling the [[democratization of knowledge]], its extensive coverage, unique structure, and culture. [[Censorship of Wikipedia|Wikipedia has been censored]] by some national governments, ranging from specific pages to the entire site, sometimes due to its criticism of the government or for content otherwise considered blasphemous.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Treisman |first=Rachel |date=April 1, 2022 |title=Russia threatens to fine Wikipedia if it doesn't remove some details about the war |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine|url-status=live|access-date=January 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202215844/https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine|archive-date=December 2, 2022}}</ref><ref name="Skipper-2015" /> Although Wikipedia's volunteer editors have written extensively on a wide variety of topics, [[criticism of Wikipedia|the encyclopedia has also been criticized]] for systemic bias, such as [[gender bias on Wikipedia|a gender bias]] against women and [[geographical bias on Wikipedia|a geographical bias]] against the [[Global South]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Noor |first=Poppy |title=Wikipedia biases |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/29/the-five-wikipedia-biases-pro-western-male-dominated |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=May 31, 2024 |date=July 29, 2018 |author-link=Poppy Noor |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109040056/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/29/the-five-wikipedia-biases-pro-western-male-dominated |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hern |first1=Alex |title=Wikipedia's view of the world is written by the west |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/sep/15/wikipedia-view-of-the-world-is-still-written-by-the-west |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=May 31, 2024 |date=September 15, 2015}}</ref> While the [[reliability of Wikipedia]] was frequently criticized in the 2000s, it has improved over time, receiving greater praise from the late 2010s onward.<ref name="Wiki20" /><ref name="Econ21">{{Cite news |date=January 9, 2021 |title=Happy Birthday, Wikipedia |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2021/01/09/happy-birthday-wikipedia|url-access=subscription|access-date=January 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101031816/https://www.economist.com/leaders/2021/01/09/happy-birthday-wikipedia|archive-date=January 1, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Last best">{{cite news |last1=Cooke |first1=Richard |date=February 17, 2020 |title=Wikipedia Is the Last Best Place on the Internet |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |url=https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/|url-access=limited|access-date=October 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217081500/https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/|archive-date=December 17, 2022}}</ref> Articles on [[breaking news]] are often accessed as sources for up-to-date information about those events.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Samantha Murphy |date=May 20, 2022 |title=Meet the Wikipedia editor who published the Buffalo shooting entry minutes after it started |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/20/tech/wikipedia-editors-breaking-news/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012001310/https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/20/tech/wikipedia-editors-breaking-news/index.html|archive-date=October 12, 2022|access-date=May 24, 2022 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= McNamee |first= Kai |date=September 15, 2022 |title= Fastest 'was' in the West: Inside Wikipedia's race to cover the queen's death |publisher= [[NPR]] |url= https://www.npr.org/2022/09/15/1122943829/wikipedia--queen-elizabeth-ii-death-deaditors-editors-article |url-status= live| access-date= January 22, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230115033202/https://www.npr.org/2022/09/15/1122943829/wikipedia--queen-elizabeth-ii-death-deaditors-editors-article |archive-date= January 15, 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
{{Main|History of Wikipedia}}<br />
<br />
=== Nupedia ===<br />
{{Main|Nupedia}}<br />
<br />
{{Multiple image |total_width = 300<br />
| image1 = Jimbo beard.jpg<br />
| alt1 = Jimmy Wales<br />
| image2 = L Sanger (cropped).jpg<br />
| alt2 = Larry Sanger<br />
| footer = Wikipedia founders [[Jimmy Wales]] and [[Larry Sanger]]<br />
}}<br />
Various collaborative online encyclopedias were attempted before the start of Wikipedia, but with limited success.<ref>{{cite web |last=Garber |first=Megan |date=October 12, 2011 |title=The contribution conundrum: Why did Wikipedia succeed while other encyclopedias failed? |url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2011/10/the-contribution-conundrum-why-did-wikipedia-succeed-while-other-encyclopedias-failed/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114540/https://www.niemanlab.org/2011/10/the-contribution-conundrum-why-did-wikipedia-succeed-while-other-encyclopedias-failed/|archive-date=February 10, 2023|access-date=June 5, 2016 |website=Nieman Lab}}</ref> Wikipedia began as a complementary project for Nupedia, a free online English-language encyclopedia project whose articles were written by experts and reviewed under a formal process.<ref name="KockJungSyn2016">{{cite journal |last1=Kock |first1=Ned |last2=Jung |first2=Yusun |last3=Syn |first3=Thant|author1-link=Ned Kock |title=Wikipedia and e-Collaboration Research: Opportunities and Challenges |journal=[[International Journal of e-Collaboration]] |date=2016 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.4018/IJeC.2016040101 |url=https://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration/Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf |publisher=IGI Global |issn=1548-3681|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927001627/https://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration/Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf|archive-date=September 27, 2016}}</ref> It was founded on March 9, 2000, under the ownership of [[Bomis]], a [[web portal]] company. Its main figures were Bomis CEO [[Jimmy Wales]] and [[Larry Sanger]], editor-in-chief for Nupedia and later Wikipedia.<ref name="Sidener-2004" /><ref name="Meyers" /> Nupedia was initially licensed under its own Nupedia [[free content|Open Content]] License, but before Wikipedia was founded, Nupedia switched to the [[GNU Free Documentation License]] at the urging of [[Richard Stallman]].<ref name="stallman1999" group="W" /> Wales is credited with defining the goal of making a publicly editable encyclopedia,<ref name="SangerMemoir" /> while Sanger is credited with the strategy of using a [[wiki]] to reach that goal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-15 |title=Tech Rewind: How Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia came to be |url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/health-and-fitness/article/tech-rewind--how-wikipedia--the-free-encyclopedia-came-to-be-15915177 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> On January 10, 2001, Sanger proposed on the Nupedia mailing list to create a wiki as a "feeder" project for Nupedia.<ref name="nupedia feeder from WP 1" group="W">{{cite news |last=Sanger |first=Larry |date=January 10, 2001 |title=Let's Make a Wiki |url=https://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030414014355/https://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html |archive-date=April 14, 2003 |access-date=December 26, 2008 |publisher=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><br />
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=== Launch and growth ===<br />
Wikipedia was launched on January 15, 2001 (referred to as "Wikipedia Day"),{{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=7}} as a single English language edition with the domain name ''www.wikipedia.com'',<ref name="WikipediaHome" group="W" /> and was announced by Sanger on the Nupedia mailing list.<ref name="SangerMemoir" /> The name, proposed by Sanger to forestall any potential damage to the Nupedia name,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Larry Sanger |author-link=Larry Sanger |date=11 January 2001 |title=Re: [Advisory-l] The wiki... |publisher=Nupedia mailing list |url=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000680.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030414021138/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000680.html |archive-date=14 April 2003}}</ref> originated from a [[blend word|blend]] of the words ''wiki'' and ''encyclopedia''.<ref name="MiliardWho" /><ref name="J Sidener" /> Its integral policy of "[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|neutral point of view]]" arose within its first year.{{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=29}} Otherwise, there were initially relatively few rules, and it operated independently of Nupedia.<ref name="SangerMemoir" /> [[Bomis]] originally intended for it to be a for-profit business.<ref name="Seth-Finkelstein">{{cite news |author-last1=Finkelstein |author-first1=Seth |date=September 25, 2008 |title=Read me first: Wikipedia isn't about human potential, whatever Wales says |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/sep/25/wikipedia.internet|url-status=live|access-date=January 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207170151/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/sep/25/wikipedia.internet|archive-date=December 7, 2022}}</ref><br />
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[[File:English Wikipedia HomePage 2001-12-20.png|thumb|The Wikipedia home page on December 20, 2001{{efn|Available as an archive at the [[nost:|Nostalgia Wikipedia]]}}]]<br />
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Wikipedia gained early contributors from Nupedia, ''[[Slashdot]]'' postings, and web [[search engine]] indexing. Language editions were created beginning in March 2001, with a total of 161 in use by the end of 2004.<ref group="W">{{Cite mailing list |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-March/000048.html |title=Alternative language wikipedias |date=March 16, 2001|mailing-list=Wikipedia-L |last=Wales |first=Jimmy|access-date=January 16, 2022|archive-date=June 20, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620120728/https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-March/000048.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="WP early language stats 1" group="W">[[Wikipedia:Multilingual statistics/2004]]</ref> Nupedia and Wikipedia coexisted until the former's servers were taken down permanently in 2003, and its text was incorporated into Wikipedia. The [[English Wikipedia]] passed the mark of 2&nbsp;million articles on September 9, 2007, making it the largest encyclopedia ever assembled, surpassing the ''[[Yongle Encyclopedia]]'' made in China during the [[Ming dynasty]] in 1408, which had held the record for almost 600&nbsp;years.<ref name="EB_encyclopedia" /><br />
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Due to fears of commercial advertising and lack of control, users of the [[Spanish Wikipedia]] forked from Wikipedia to create {{lang|es|[[Enciclopedia Libre]]|italic=no}} in February 2002.<ref name="EL fears and start 1" group="W">{{cite web |title=[long] Enciclopedia Libre: msg#00008 |url=https://osdir.com/ml/science.linguistics.wikipedia.international/2003-03/msg00008.html |website=Osdir|access-date = December 26, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006065927/https://osdir.com/ml/science.linguistics.wikipedia.international/2003-03/msg00008.html|archive-date = October 6, 2008 }}</ref> Wales then announced that Wikipedia would not display advertisements, and changed Wikipedia's domain from ''wikipedia.com'' to ''wikipedia.org''.<ref name="Shirky" /><ref group="W">{{cite web |last=Vibber |first=Brion |date=August 16, 2002 |title=Brion VIBBER at pobox.com |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2002-August/003982.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620071550/https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2002-August/003982.html|archive-date=June 20, 2014|access-date=December 8, 2020 |website=[[Wikimedia]]}}</ref><br />
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After an early period of exponential growth,<ref name="wikisym slowing growth 1"/> the growth rate of the English Wikipedia in terms of the numbers of new articles and of editors appears to have peaked around early 2007.<ref name="guardian WP user peak 1">{{cite news |last=Johnson |first=Bobbie |date=August 12, 2009 |title=Wikipedia approaches its limits |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/aug/12/wikipedia-deletionist-inclusionist|access-date=March 31, 2010|archive-date=December 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226132759/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/aug/12/wikipedia-deletionist-inclusionist+|url-status=live}}</ref> The edition reached 3&nbsp;million articles in August 2009. Around 1,800 articles were added daily to the encyclopedia in 2006; by 2013 that average was roughly 800.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia:Modelling Wikipedia extended growth |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Modelling_Wikipedia_extended_growth|access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|archive-date=August 26, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826234512/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Modelling_Wikipedia%27s_growth|url-status=live}}</ref> A team at the [[Palo Alto Research Center]] attributed this slowing of growth to "increased coordination and overhead costs, exclusion of newcomers, and resistance to new edits".<ref name="wikisym slowing growth 1">{{Cite conference |last1=Suh |first1=Bongwon |last2=Convertino |first2=Gregorio |last3=Chi |first3=Ed H. |last4=Pirolli |first4=Peter |date=October 25, 2009 |title=The singularity is not near: slowing growth of Wikipedia |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1641309.1641322 |conference=WikiSym '09 |book-title=Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration |publisher=ACM |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1145/1641309.1641322 |isbn=978-1-60558-730-1 |access-date=October 1, 2024 |archive-date=September 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926122335/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1641309.1641322 |url-status=live |author3-link=Ed Chi |author4-link=Peter Pirolli}}</ref> Others suggested that the growth flattened naturally because articles that could be called "[[wikt:low-hanging fruit|low-hanging fruit]]"—topics that clearly merit an article—had already been created and built up extensively.<ref name="bostonreview the end of WP 1">{{cite magazine |last=Morozov |first=Evgeny |date=November–December 2009 |title=Edit This Page; Is it the end of Wikipedia |url=https://bostonreview.net/books-ideas/edit-page-wikipedia-evgeny-morozov |magazine=Boston Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211050926/https://bostonreview.net/books-ideas/edit-page-wikipedia-evgeny-morozov|archive-date=December 11, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen |date=March 28, 2009 |title=Wikipedia&nbsp;– Exploring Fact City |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/weekinreview/29cohen.html|url-access=limited|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430045029/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/weekinreview/29cohen.html|archive-date=April 30, 2011}}</ref><ref name="stanford WP lack of future growth 1">{{cite web |last1=Gibbons |first1=Austin |last2=Vetrano |first2=David |last3=Biancani |first3=Susan |year=2012 |title=Wikipedia: Nowhere to grow |url=https://snap.stanford.edu/class/cs341-2012/reports/09-GibbonsVetranoBiancaniCS341.pdf|url-status=live |publisher=Stanford Network Analysis Project|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718091331/https://snap.stanford.edu/class/cs341-2012/reports/09-GibbonsVetranoBiancaniCS341.pdf|archive-date=July 18, 2014}} {{open access}}</ref><br />
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{{anchor|Decline in participation since 2009}}<br />
In November 2009, a researcher at the [[Rey Juan Carlos University]] in Madrid, Spain, found that the English Wikipedia had lost 49,000 editors during the first three months of 2009; in comparison, it lost only 4,900 editors during the same period in 2008.<ref name="guardian editors leaving 1">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/nov/26/wikipedia-losing-disgruntled-editors |title=Wikipedia falling victim to a war of words |work=The Guardian |location=London |first=Jenny |last=Kleeman |date=November 26, 2009|access-date = December 13, 2016|archive-date = December 26, 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181226132806/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/nov/26/wikipedia-losing-disgruntled-editors+|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last=Ortega Soto |first=José Felipe |date=2009 |title=Wikipedia: A quantitative analysis |type=PhD thesis |publisher=Rey Juan Carlos University |url=https://burjcdigital.urjc.es/handle/10115/11239 |hdl=10115/11239|access-date=March 14, 2023|archive-date=March 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314135007/https://burjcdigital.urjc.es/handle/10115/11239|url-status=live}}</ref> ''The Wall Street Journal'' cited the array of rules applied to editing and disputes related to such content among the reasons for this trend.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Fowler |first1=Geoffrey A. |last2=Angwin |first2=Julia |date=November 27, 2009 |title=Volunteers Log Off as Wikipedia Ages |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125893981183759969|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204041034/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125893981183759969|archive-date=December 4, 2022|access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> Wales disputed these claims in 2009, denying the decline and questioning the study's methodology.<ref name="telegraph Wales WP not losing editors 1">{{cite news |last=Barnett |first=Emma |date=November 26, 2009 |title=Wikipedia's Jimmy Wales denies site is 'losing' thousands of volunteer editors |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/6660646/Wikipedias-Jimmy-Wales-denies-site-is-losing-thousands-of-volunteer-editors.html|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=March 31, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109044012/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/6660646/Wikipedias-Jimmy-Wales-denies-site-is-losing-thousands-of-volunteer-editors.html|archive-date=November 9, 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Two years later, in 2011, he acknowledged a slight decline, noting a decrease from "a little more than 36,000 writers" in June 2010 to 35,800 in June 2011. In the same interview, he also claimed the number of editors was "stable and sustainable".<ref name="wiki-women">{{cite news |last=Rawlinson |first=Kevin |date=August 8, 2011 |title=Wikipedia seeks women to balance its 'geeky' editors |newspaper=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/wikipedia-seeks-women-to-balance-its-geeky-editors-2333605.html|url-status=live|url-access=registration|access-date=April 5, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421150824/https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/wikipedia-seeks-women-to-balance-its-geeky-editors-2333605.html|archive-date=April 21, 2022}}</ref> A 2013 ''[[MIT Technology Review]]'' article, "The Decline of Wikipedia", questioned this claim, reporting that since 2007 Wikipedia had lost a third of its volunteer editors, and suggesting that those remaining had focused increasingly on minutiae.<ref name="Simonite-2013">{{cite journal |last=Simonite |first=Tom |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/10/22/175674/the-decline-of-wikipedia/ |title=The Decline of Wikipedia |date=October 22, 2013 |journal=[[MIT Technology Review]]|access-date = November 30, 2013|archive-date = July 31, 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220731083716/https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/10/22/175674/the-decline-of-wikipedia/|url-status = live}}</ref> In July 2012, ''[[The Atlantic]]'' reported that the number of administrators was also in decline.<ref name="Meyer-2012">{{cite news |last=Meyer |first=Robinson |date=July 16, 2012 |title=3 Charts That Show How Wikipedia Is Running Out of Admins |work=The Atlantic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/3-charts-that-show-how-wikipedia-is-running-out-of-admins/259829|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=January 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209095932/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/3-charts-that-show-how-wikipedia-is-running-out-of-admins/259829/|archive-date=December 9, 2022}}</ref> In November 2013, ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]'' magazine stated, "Wikipedia, the sixth-most-used website, is facing an internal crisis."<ref>Ward, Katherine (November 25, 2013). ''New York'' Magazine. p. 18.</ref> The number of active English Wikipedia editors has since remained steady after a long period of decline.<ref>{{Cite news |last=F. |first=G. |date=May 5, 2013 |title=Who really runs Wikipedia? |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2013/05/05/who-really-runs-wikipedia|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=November 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126151121/https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2013/05/05/who-really-runs-wikipedia|archive-date=November 26, 2021 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mandiberg |first=Michael |date=February 23, 2020 |title=Mapping Wikipedia |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/02/where-wikipedias-editors-are-where-they-arent-and-why/605023/|url-access=subscription|access-date=November 26, 2021 |website=The Atlantic|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115131524/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/02/where-wikipedias-editors-are-where-they-arent-and-why/605023|archive-date=November 15, 2021}}</ref><br />
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On January 20, 2014, Subodh Varma reporting for ''[[The Economic Times]]'' indicated that not only had Wikipedia's growth stalled, it "had lost nearly ten percent of its page views last year. There was a decline of about 2&nbsp;billion between December 2012 and December 2013. Its most popular versions are leading the slide: page-views of the English Wikipedia declined by twelve percent, those of German version slid by 17&nbsp;percent and the Japanese version lost 9&nbsp;percent."<ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{cite news |last=Varma |first=Subodh |date=January 20, 2014 |title=Google eating into Wikipedia page views? |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/29094246.cms|url-status=live|access-date=February 10, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211043545/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/29094246.cms|archive-date=December 11, 2022}}</ref> Varma added, "While Wikipedia's managers think that this could be due to errors in counting, other experts feel that Google's [[Knowledge Graph (Google)|Knowledge Graph]]s project launched last year may be gobbling up Wikipedia users."<ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com" /> When contacted on this matter, [[Clay Shirky]], associate professor at [[New York University]] and fellow at Harvard's [[Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society]] said that he suspected much of the page-view decline was due to Knowledge Graphs, stating, "If you can get your question answered from the search page, you don't need to click [any further]."<ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com" /> By the end of December 2016, Wikipedia was ranked the fifth most popular website globally.<ref name="Alexa">{{cite web |url=https://www.alexa.com/topsites |title=Alexa Top 500 Global Sites |website=[[Alexa Internet]]|access-date = December 28, 2016|archive-date = February 3, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210203120227/https://www.alexa.com/topsites}}</ref> As of January 2023, 55,791 English Wikipedia articles have been cited 92,300 times in scholarly journals,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://exaly.com/online-resource/146983/en.wikipedia.org |title=Citations of Wikipedia as an Online Resource |publisher=exaly|access-date = November 4, 2022|archive-date = November 4, 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221104134042/https://exaly.com/online-resource/146983/en.wikipedia.org|url-status = live}}</ref> from which [[cloud computing]] was the most cited page.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://exaly.com/online-document/8348259/articles/ |title=Citations of Cloud Computing |publisher=exaly|access-date = November 4, 2022|archive-date = November 4, 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221104134042/https://exaly.com/online-document/8348259/articles/|url-status = live}}</ref><br />
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=== Sister projects ===<br />
{{Main|Wikimedia project}}<br />
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Wikipedia has spawned several sister projects, which are also wikis run by the [[Wikimedia Foundation]]. These other [[Wikimedia project]]s include [[Wiktionary]], a dictionary project launched in December 2002,<ref group="W">{{Cite mailing list |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2002-December/008311.html |title=Wiktionary project launched |date=December 12, 2002 |mailing-list=Wikipedia-l |last=Moeller |first=Erik |author-link=Erik Möller |access-date=February 4, 2023 |archive-date=June 20, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620100425/http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2002-December/008311.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Wikiquote]], a collection of quotations created a week after Wikimedia launched,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Woods |first1=Dan |title=Wikis for dummies |last2=Theony |first2=Peter |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|John Wiley & Sons]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-118-05066-8 |edition=1st |location=Hoboken, NJ |page=58 |chapter=3: The Thousand Problem-Solving Faces of Wikis |oclc=1300481129 |ol=5741003W}}</ref> [[Wikibooks]], a collection of collaboratively written free textbooks and annotated texts,<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Talk:Science Hypertextbook project |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=153077 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki |archive-date=March 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319183224/http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=153077 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Wikimedia Commons]], a site devoted to free-knowledge multimedia,<ref group="W">{{Cite mailing list |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2004-March/014885.html |title=Proposal: commons.wikimedia.org |date=March 19, 2004 |mailing-list=Wikipedia-l |last=Moeller |first=Erik |access-date=February 4, 2023 |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114542/https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2004-March/014885.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Wikinews]], for collaborative journalism,<ref group="W">{{Cite news |last=Eloquence |title=User:Eloquence/History |url=https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/User:Eloquence/History |access-date=February 4, 2023 |newspaper=Wikinews |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]] |archive-date=October 15, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015221058/http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/User:Eloquence/History |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Wikiversity]], a project for the creation of free learning materials and the provision of online learning activities.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikiversity:History of Wikiversity |url=https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:History_of_Wikiversity |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Wikiversity |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]] |archive-date=July 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724204635/https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:History_of_Wikiversity |url-status=live }}</ref> Another sister project of Wikipedia, [[Wikispecies]], is a catalog of all species, but is not open for public editing.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=February 18, 2005 |title=NET News: Calling All Taxonomists |journal=Science |volume=307 |issue=5712 |page=1021 |doi=10.1126/science.307.5712.1021a |s2cid=220095354 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In 2012, [[Wikivoyage]], an editable travel guide,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Luyt |first=Brendan |date=January 1, 2020 |title=A new kind of travel guide or more of the same? Wikivoyage and Cambodia |journal=Online Information Review |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=356–371 |doi=10.1108/OIR-03-2020-0104}}</ref> and [[Wikidata]], an editable knowledge base, launched.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Matthew |date=March 30, 2012 |title=The Wikipedia data revolution |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2012/03/30/the-wikipedia-data-revolution/ |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]] |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114634/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2012/03/30/the-wikipedia-data-revolution/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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=== Milestones ===<br />
[[File:List of Wikipedia articles by language - March 2024.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|[[Cartogram]] showing number of articles in each language {{as of|2024|3|lc=y|post=.}} Languages with fewer than 1,000,000 articles are represented by one circle. Languages are grouped by region of continent and each region of continent is presented by a separate color.]]<br />
In January 2007, Wikipedia first became one of the ten [[list of most-visited websites|most popular websites]] in the United States, according to [[Comscore]] Networks.<ref name="Comscore-2007">{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2007 |title=New Year's Resolutions Reflected in January U.S. Web Traffic |url=https://ir.comscore.com/static-files/45b068e1-1cee-412a-b48f-21ec34e7b59d|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819190445/https://ir.comscore.com/static-files/45b068e1-1cee-412a-b48f-21ec34e7b59d|archive-date=August 19, 2021|access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=[[Comscore]] |page=3 |format=PDF}}</ref> With 42.9&nbsp;million unique visitors, it was ranked ninth, surpassing ''[[The New York Times]]'' (No. 10) and [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] (No. 11).<ref name="Comscore-2007" /> This marked a significant increase over January 2006, when Wikipedia ranked 33rd, with around 18.3&nbsp;million unique visitors.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Perez |first=Juan Carlos |date=February 17, 2007 |title=Wikipedia Breaks Into US Top 10 Sites |url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/129135/wikipedia_breaks_into_us_top_10_sites.html|magazine=PCWorld|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319204141/http://www.pcworld.com/article/129135/wikipedia_breaks_into_us_top_10_sites.html|archive-date=March 19, 2012|access-date=March 26, 2021}}</ref> In 2014, it received 8&nbsp;billion page views every month.<ref group="W">{{cite web |url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryOverview.htm |title=Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report&nbsp;– Wikipedia Page Views Per Country |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|access-date = March 8, 2015|archive-date = October 20, 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111020212633/http://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryOverview.htm|url-status = live}}</ref> On February 9, 2014, ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that Wikipedia had 18&nbsp;billion [[pageview|page view]]s and nearly 500&nbsp;million [[unique user#Unique visitor|unique visitor]]s a month, "according to the ratings firm comScore".<ref name="small screen">{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen |date=February 9, 2014 |title=Wikipedia vs. the Small Screen |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/10/technology/wikipedia-vs-the-small-screen.html?_r=0|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=January 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109044012/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/10/technology/wikipedia-vs-the-small-screen.html?_r=0|archive-date=November 9, 2022}}</ref> {{as of|2023|March}}, it ranked sixth in popularity, according to [[Similarweb]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Similarweb |title=Top Websites Ranking – Most Visited Websites In The World |url=https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/|access-date=March 4, 2023 |website=[[Similarweb]]|archive-date=February 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210041116/https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/|url-status=live}}</ref> Jeff Loveland and [[Joseph Reagle]] argue that, in process, Wikipedia follows a long tradition of historical encyclopedias that have accumulated improvements piecemeal through "[[stigmergy|stigmergic]] accumulation".<ref name="sagepub WP and encyclopedic production 1">{{cite journal |first1=Jeff |last1=Loveland |first2=Joseph |last2=Reagle |date=January 15, 2013 |title=Wikipedia and encyclopedic production |journal=New Media & Society |volume=15 |issue=8 |page=1294 |doi=10.1177/1461444812470428 |s2cid=27886998|issn = 1461-4448}}</ref><ref name="theatlantic WP actually a reversion 1">{{cite web |last=Rosen |first=Rebecca J. |date=January 30, 2013 |title=What If the Great Wikipedia 'Revolution' Was Actually a Reversion? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/01/what-if-the-great-wikipedia-revolution-was-actually-a-reversion/272697|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229051117/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/01/what-if-the-great-wikipedia-revolution-was-actually-a-reversion/272697/|archive-date=December 29, 2022|access-date=February 9, 2013 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref><br />
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{{anchor|BlackoutProtest}}<br />
On January 18, 2012, the English Wikipedia participated in a series of coordinated protests against two proposed laws in the [[United States Congress]]—the [[Stop Online Piracy Act]] (SOPA) and the [[PROTECT IP Act]] (PIPA)—by [[protests against SOPA and PIPA|blacking out its pages for 24 hours]].<ref name="LA Times Jan 19">{{cite news |last=Netburn |first=Deborah |date=January 19, 2012 |title=Wikipedia: SOPA protest led eight million to look up reps in Congress |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2012/01/wikipedia-sopa-blackout-congressional-representatives.html|url-status=live|access-date=March 6, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114230228/https://www.latimes.com/archives/blogs/technology-blog/story/2012-01-19/wikipedia-sopa-protest-led-8-million-to-look-up-reps-in-congress|archive-date=November 14, 2022}}</ref> More than 162&nbsp;million people viewed the blackout explanation page that temporarily replaced its content.<ref name="BBC WP blackout protest 1">{{cite news |date=January 18, 2012 |title=Wikipedia joins blackout protest at US anti-piracy moves |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-16590585|url-status=live|access-date=January 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227191611/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-16590585|archive-date=December 27, 2022}}</ref><ref group="W">{{cite web |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/SOPA/Blackoutpage |title=SOPA/Blackoutpage |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|access-date = January 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622185443/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/SOPA/Blackoutpage|archive-date = June 22, 2018}}</ref><br />
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In January 2013, [[274301 Wikipedia]], an [[asteroid]], was named after Wikipedia;<ref>{{Cite news |last=Workman |first=Robert |date=January 5, 2013 |title=Asteroid Re-Named 'Wikipedia' |work=[[Space.com]] |url=https://www.space.com/19643-asteroid-named-wikipedia.html|access-date=January 23, 2023|archive-date=January 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124023831/https://www.space.com/19643-asteroid-named-wikipedia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> in October 2014, Wikipedia was honored with the ''[[Wikipedia Monument]]'';<ref>{{Cite news |last=Katz |first=Leslie |date=October 27, 2014 |title=A Wikipedia monument? It's true (we're pretty sure) |work=[[CNET]] |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/a-wikipedia-monument-its-true-were-pretty-sure/|access-date=January 23, 2023|archive-date=January 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124023828/https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/a-wikipedia-monument-its-true-were-pretty-sure/|url-status=live}}</ref> and, in July 2015, 106 of the 7,473 700-page volumes of Wikipedia became available as [[Print Wikipedia]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sawers |first=Paul |date=June 18, 2015 |title=You can soon buy a 7,471-volume printed version of Wikipedia for $500,000 |url=https://venturebeat.com/business/you-can-soon-buy-a-7471-volume-printed-version-of-wikipedia-for-500000/|access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=VentureBeat|archive-date=October 17, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017154940/https://venturebeat.com/business/you-can-soon-buy-a-7471-volume-printed-version-of-wikipedia-for-500000/|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2019, an Israeli [[lunar lander]], [[Beresheet]], crash landed on the surface of the [[Moon]] carrying a copy of nearly all of the English Wikipedia engraved on thin nickel plates; experts say the plates likely survived the crash.<ref name="WRD-20190805">{{cite news |last=Oberhaus |first=Daniel |date=August 5, 2019 |title=A Crashed Israeli Lunar Lander Spilled Tardigrades On The Moon |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |url=https://www.wired.com/story/a-crashed-israeli-lunar-lander-spilled-tardigrades-on-the-moon/|url-status=live|access-date=August 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224013530/https://www.wired.com/story/a-crashed-israeli-lunar-lander-spilled-tardigrades-on-the-moon/|archive-date=December 24, 2022}}</ref><ref name="VOX-20190806">{{cite news |last=Resnick |first=Brian |title=Tardigrades, the toughest animals on Earth, have crash-landed on the moon&nbsp;– The tardigrade conquest of the solar system has begun. |url=https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2019/8/6/20756844/tardigrade-moon-beresheet-arch-mission |date=August 6, 2019 |work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|access-date=August 6, 2019|archive-date=November 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129050220/https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2019/8/6/20756844/tardigrade-moon-beresheet-arch-mission|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2019, scientists reported that all 16&nbsp;GB of article text from the English Wikipedia had been encoded into [[synthetic genomics|synthetic DNA]].<ref name="CNET-20190629">{{cite news |last=Shankland |first=Stephen |date=June 29, 2019 |title=Startup packs all 16&nbsp;GB of Wikipedia onto DNA strands to demonstrate new storage tech&nbsp;– Biological molecules will last a lot longer than the latest computer storage technology, Catalog believes. |work=[[CNET]] |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/startup-packs-all-16gb-wikipedia-onto-dna-strands-demonstrate-new-storage-tech/|url-status=live|access-date=August 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229022241/https://www.cnet.com/tech/computing/startup-packs-all-16gb-wikipedia-onto-dna-strands-demonstrate-new-storage-tech/|archive-date=December 29, 2022}}</ref><br />
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On January 18, 2023, Wikipedia debuted a new website redesign, called "[[Vector 2022]]".<ref name="Pearl-2023">{{Cite web |last=Pearl |first=Mike |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Yes, Wikipedia looks weird. Don't freak out. |url=https://mashable.com/article/new-wikipedia-redesign|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120012235/https://mashable.com/article/new-wikipedia-redesign|archive-date=January 20, 2023|access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=[[Mashable]]}}</ref><ref name="Tech Desk-2023">{{cite web |author=Tech Desk |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Wikipedia gets a facelift after 10 years: A look at new interface and features |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/wikipedia-gets-a-facelift-after-10-years-a-look-at-new-interface-and-features/|access-date=January 22, 2023 |website=The Indian Express|archive-date=January 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119054103/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/wikipedia-gets-a-facelift-after-10-years-a-look-at-new-interface-and-features/|url-status=live}}</ref> It featured a redesigned [[menu bar]], moving the [[table of contents]] to the left as a [[sidebar (computing)|sidebar]], and numerous changes in the locations of buttons like the language selection tool.<ref name="Tech Desk-2023" /><ref group="W">{{Cite news |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Wikipedia Gets a Fresh New Look: First Desktop Update in a Decade Puts Usability at the Forefront |work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]] |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/01/18/wikipedia-gets-a-fresh-new-look-first-desktop-update-in-a-decade-puts-usability-at-the-forefront/|access-date=January 22, 2023|archive-date=January 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119234339/https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/01/18/wikipedia-gets-a-fresh-new-look-first-desktop-update-in-a-decade-puts-usability-at-the-forefront/|url-status=live}}</ref> The update initially received backlash, most notably when editors of the [[Swahili Wikipedia]] unanimously voted to revert the changes.<ref name="Pearl-2023" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rauwerda |first=Annie |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Wikipedia's Redesign Is Barely Noticeable. That's the Point. |url=https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/wikipedia-redesign-vector-2022-skin.html|access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=Slate Magazine|archive-date=January 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120005241/https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/wikipedia-redesign-vector-2022-skin.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Both Sanger and Wales gave public interviews in late 2025 about their reflections about the status and state of Wikipedia leading up to its 25 years of operation on January 15, 2026; Wales appeared on the PBS television news show GZERO World interviewed by [[Ian Bremmer]]<ref>GZERO World. Ian Bremmer. "Why we still trust Wikipedia, with cofounder Jimmy Wales". Dec. 13, 2025. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZUGZ7wB6D_o]</ref> and Sanger has appeared on the FOX news network interviewed by [[Ashley Rindsberg]].<ref>"Wikipedia's co-founder on anonymous editors, why the site is biased against conservatives and how to fix it: Larry Sanger criticizes 'reliable sources' system and anonymous administrators." By Ashley Rindsberg and Nora Moriarty, Fox News, October 9, 2025. [https://www.foxnews.com/media/wikipedias-co-founder-anonymous-editors-why-site-biased-against-conservatives-how-fix]</ref> Wales's book ''[[The Seven Rules of Trust]]'' was published in October 2025 by [[Penguin Random House]]. It was described by the publisher as a "sweeping reflection on the global crisis of credibility and knowledge" with the book examining the "rules of trust" that enabled the growth and success of Wikipedia.<ref name="Penguin">{{Cite web|title=The Seven Rules of Trust|url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/734278/the-seven-rules-of-trust-by-jimmy-wales-with-dan-gardner/|access-date=22 October 2025|website=[[Penguin Random House]]|language=en}}</ref><br />
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=== Impacts of generative AI on Wikipedia views ===<br />
{{Further|Artificial intelligence in Wikimedia projects}}<br />
Since January 2024, the Wikimedia Foundation has reported a roughly 50 percent increase in bandwidth use from downloads of multimedia content across its projects. According to the foundation, this growth is largely attributed to automated programs, or "[[Web scraping|scraper]]" bots, that collect large volumes of data from Wikimedia sites for use in training large language models and related applications.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weaver |first=Tanya |date=2025-04-04 |title=AI scraper bots putting costly strain on Wikimedia infrastructure |url=https://eandt.theiet.org/2025/04/04/ai-scraper-bots-are-putting-costly-strain-wikimedias-infrastructure |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=eandt.theiet.org}}</ref> <br />
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In October 2025, the Wikimedia Foundation reported an estimated 8 percent decline in [[Internet traffic|traffic]] as compared to the same months in 2024 in human page views. They speculate it reflects the use of [[generative AI]] and social media on how people tend to search for information.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ha |first=Anthony |date=2025-10-18 |title=Wikipedia says traffic is falling due to AI search summaries and social video |url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/10/18/wikipedia-says-traffic-is-falling-due-to-ai-search-summaries-and-social-video/ |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=TechCrunch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Marshall |date=2025-10-17 |title=New User Trends on Wikipedia |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/10/17/new-user-trends-on-wikipedia/ |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=Diff}}</ref><br />
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== Collaborative editing ==<br />
[[File:History Comparison Example (Vector).png|thumb|Differences between versions of an article are highlighted.]]<br />
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=== Restrictions ===<br />
Due to Wikipedia's increasing popularity, some editions, including the English version, have introduced editing restrictions for certain cases. For instance, on the English Wikipedia and some other language editions, only users with 10 edits that have an account that is four days old may create a new article.<ref group="W">[[Wikipedia:Why create an account]]</ref> On the English Wikipedia, among others, particularly controversial, sensitive, or vandalism-prone pages have been protected to varying degrees.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hafner |first1=Katie |date=June 17, 2006 |title=Growing Wikipedia Refines Its 'Anyone Can Edit' Policy |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/17/technology/17wiki.html|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=December 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212184025/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/17/technology/17wiki.html|archive-date=December 12, 2022}}</ref> A frequently vandalized article can be "semi-protected" or "extended confirmed protected", meaning that only "autoconfirmed" or "extended confirmed" editors can modify it.{{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=12-13}} A particularly contentious article may be locked so that only [[Wikipedia administrators|administrators]] can make changes.<ref group="W">[[Wikipedia:Protection policy#Full protection]]</ref> A 2021 article in the ''[[Columbia Journalism Review]]'' identified Wikipedia's page-protection policies as "perhaps the most important" means at its disposal to "regulate its market of ideas".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Harrison |first1=Stephen |last2=Benjakob |first2=Omer |date=January 14, 2021 |title=Wikipedia is twenty. It's time to start covering it better. |url=https://www.cjr.org/opinion/wikipedia-is-twenty-its-time-to-start-covering-it-better.php|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117150508/https://www.cjr.org/opinion/wikipedia-is-twenty-its-time-to-start-covering-it-better.php|archive-date=January 17, 2023|access-date=January 15, 2021 |website=[[Columbia Journalism Review]]}}</ref> Wikipedia has delegated some functions to [[intelligent agent|bot]]s. Such [[government by algorithm|algorithmic governance]] has an ease of implementation and scaling, though the automated rejection of edits may have contributed to a downturn in active Wikipedia editors.<ref name="Ren-2024">{{Cite journal |last1=Ren |first1=Yuqing |last2=Zhang |first2=Haifeng |last3=Kraut |first3=Robert E. |date=February 29, 2024 |title=How Did They Build the Free Encyclopedia? A Literature Review of Collaboration and Coordination among Wikipedia Editors |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3617369 |journal=ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=1–48 |doi=10.1145/3617369 |issn=1073-0516 |archive-date=September 12, 2024 |access-date=September 12, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912194101/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3617369 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bots must be approved by the community before their tasks are implemented.{{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=36}}<br />
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In certain cases, all editors are allowed to submit modifications, but review is required for some editors, depending on certain conditions. For example, the [[German Wikipedia]] maintains "stable versions" of articles which have passed certain reviews.<ref name="WP some sites stable versions 1" group="W">{{cite mailing list |first=P. |last=Birken |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikide-l/2008-December/021594.html |title=Bericht Gesichtete Versionen|mailing-list=Wikide-l |date=December 14, 2008 |language=de |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|access-date=February 15, 2009|archive-date=June 22, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622083323/http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikide-l/2008-December/021594.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Following protracted trials and community discussion, the English Wikipedia introduced the "pending changes" system in December 2012.<ref name="BInsider pending changes intro 1">{{cite news |last=Henderson |first=William |date=December 10, 2012 |title=Wikipedia Has Figured Out A New Way To Stop Vandals In Their Tracks |work=[[Insider Inc.|Business Insider]] |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/pending-changes-safeguard-on-wikipedia-2012-12|url-status=live|access-date=January 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113161520/https://www.businessinsider.com/pending-changes-safeguard-on-wikipedia-2012-12|archive-date=November 13, 2022}}</ref> Under this system, new and unregistered users' edits to certain controversial or vandalism-prone articles are reviewed by established users before they are published.<ref>{{cite news |last=Frewin |first=Jonathan |date=June 15, 2010 |title=Wikipedia unlocks divisive pages for editing |journal=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10312095|url-status=live|access-date=August 21, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127041149/https://www.bbc.com/news/10312095|archive-date=November 27, 2022}}</ref> However, restrictions on editing may reduce the editor engagement as well as efforts to diversify the editing community.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ajmani |first1=Leah |last2=Vincent |first2=Nicholas |last3=Chancellor |first3=Stevie |date=September 28, 2023 |title=Peer Produced Friction: How Page Protection on Wikipedia Affects Editor Engagement and Concentration |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3610198 |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction |volume=7 |issue=CSCW2 |pages=1–33 |doi=10.1145/3610198 |issn=2573-0142 |archive-date=September 15, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915061444/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3610198 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Articles related to the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]] are placed under extended-confirmed protection.<ref name="Harrison-2023">{{Cite news |last=Harrison |first=Stephen |date=October 26, 2023 |title=Wikipedia Is Covering the War in Israel and Gaza Better Than X |url=https://slate.com/technology/2023/10/wikipedia-elon-musk-gaza-hamas-israel-x-twitter-dispute.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214194642/https://slate.com/technology/2023/10/wikipedia-elon-musk-gaza-hamas-israel-x-twitter-dispute.html |archive-date=December 14, 2023 |access-date=December 20, 2023 |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |issn=1091-2339}}</ref> Editors also can make only one revert per day across the entire field and can be banned from editing related articles. These restrictions were introduced in 2008.<ref name="Benjakob-2020a">{{Cite news |last=Benjakob |first=Omer |date=October 4, 2020 |title=The Second Intifada Still Rages on Wikipedia |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2020-10-04/ty-article/.highlight/the-second-intifada-still-rages-on-wikipedia/0000017f-e7fb-da9b-a1ff-efff2c230000 |url-status=live |access-date=March 6, 2024 |work=[[Haaretz]]}}</ref> In January 2025, the [[Arbitration Committee (Wikipedia)|Arbitration Committee]] introduced the "balanced editing restriction", which requires sanctioned users to devote only a third of their edits to articles related to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict even when no misconduct rules have been violated.<ref name="Harrison-2025">{{cite news |last1=Harrison |first1=Stephen |author1-link=Stephen Harrison (author) |date=February 5, 2025 |title=Project 2025's Creators Want to Dox Wikipedia Editors. The Tool They're Using Is Horrifying. |url=https://slate.com/technology/2025/02/wikipedia-project-2025-heritage-foundation-doxing-editors-antisemitism.html |access-date=February 5, 2025 |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |archive-date=July 19, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250719094759/https://slate.com/technology/2025/02/wikipedia-project-2025-heritage-foundation-doxing-editors-antisemitism.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Elia-Shalev-2025">{{Cite web |last=Elia-Shalev |first=Asaf |date=January 24, 2025 |title=Edit wars over Israel spur rare ban of 8 Wikipedia editors — from both sides |url=https://www.jta.org/2025/01/23/israel/edit-wars-over-israel-spur-rare-ban-of-8-wikipedia-editors-from-both-sides |access-date=May 27, 2025 |website=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]] |archive-date=June 10, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250610091420/https://www.jta.org/2025/01/23/israel/edit-wars-over-israel-spur-rare-ban-of-8-wikipedia-editors-from-both-sides |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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=== Review of changes ===<br />
[[File:Wikipedia editing interface.png|thumb|Wikipedia's editing interface]]Although changes are not systematically reviewed, Wikipedia's software provides tools allowing anyone to review changes made by others. Each article's History page links to each revision.{{efn|Revisions with libelous content, criminal threats, or copyright infringements may be removed completely.}}<ref name="Torsten_Kleinz" /> On most articles, anyone can view the latest changes and undo others' revisions by clicking a link on the article's History page. Registered users may maintain a "watchlist" of articles that interest them so they can be notified of changes.<ref group="W">[[Help:Recent changes]]</ref> "New pages patrol" is a process where newly created articles are checked for obvious problems.<ref group="W">[[Wikipedia:New pages patrol]]</ref><br />
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In 2003, economics PhD student Andrea Ciffolilli argued that the low [[transaction cost]]s of participating in a [[wiki]] created a catalyst for collaborative development, and that features such as allowing easy access to past versions of a page favored "creative construction" over "creative destruction".<ref name="FMonday collaborative effort 1">{{cite journal |last1=Ciffolilli |first1=Andrea |title=Phantom authority, self-selective recruitment and retention of members in virtual communities: The case of Wikipedia |journal=First Monday |date=December 2003 |volume=8 |issue=12 |doi=10.5210/fm.v8i12.1108 |doi-access= free}}</ref><br />
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=== Vandalism ===<br />
{{Main|Vandalism on Wikipedia}}<br />
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Any change that deliberately compromises Wikipedia's integrity is considered vandalism. The most common and obvious types of vandalism include additions of obscenities and crude humor; it can also include advertising and other types of spam.<ref name="upenn link spamming 1">{{cite conference |last1=West |first1=Andrew G. |last2=Chang |first2=Jian |last3=Venkatasubramanian |first3=Krishna |last4=Sokolsky |first4=Oleg |last5=Lee |first5=Insup |title=Proceedings of the 8th Annual Collaboration, Electronic messaging, Anti-Abuse and Spam Conference on – CEAS '11 |chapter=Link Spamming Wikipedia for Profit |conference=8th Annual Collaboration, Electronic Messaging, Anti-Abuse, and Spam Conference |pages=152–161 |date=2011|chapter-url = https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1508&context=cis_papers |doi=10.1145/2030376.2030394 |isbn=978-1-4503-0788-8 |citeseerx=10.1.1.222.7963|access-date = March 26, 2021|archive-date = April 14, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210414015701/https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1508&context=cis_papers|url-status = live}}</ref> Sometimes editors commit vandalism by removing content or entirely blanking a given page. Less common types of vandalism, such as the deliberate addition of plausible but false information, can be more difficult to detect. Vandals can introduce irrelevant formatting, modify page semantics such as the page's title or categorization, manipulate the article's underlying code, or use images disruptively.<ref name="WP vandalism manipulation 1" group="W" /><br />
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[[File:John Seigenthaler Sr. speaking.jpg|thumb|alt=White-haired elderly gentleman in suit and tie speaks at a podium.|American journalist [[John Seigenthaler]] (1927–2014), subject of the [[Seigenthaler biography incident]]|left]]<br />
Obvious vandalism is generally easy to remove from Wikipedia articles; the median time to detect and fix it is a few minutes.<ref name="MIT_IBM_study" /><ref name="CreatingDestroyingAndRestoringValue" /> However, some vandalism takes much longer to detect and repair.<ref name="Seigenthaler" /><br />
<br />
In the [[Seigenthaler biography incident]], an anonymous editor introduced false information into the biography of American political figure [[John Seigenthaler]] in May 2005, falsely presenting him as a suspect in the [[assassination of John F. Kennedy]].<ref name="Seigenthaler" /> It remained uncorrected for four months.<ref name="Seigenthaler" /> Seigenthaler, the founding editorial director of ''[[USA Today]]'' and founder of the Freedom Forum [[First Amendment Center]] at [[Vanderbilt University]], called Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales and asked whether he had any way of knowing who contributed the misinformation. Wales said he did not, although the perpetrator was eventually traced.<ref name="book The World is Flat 1">{{cite book |last=Friedman |first=Thomas L. |title=The World is Flat |year=2007 |publisher=[[Farrar, Straus & Giroux]] |isbn=978-0-374-29278-2 |page=124}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Buchanan |first=Brian |date=November 17, 2006 |title=Founder shares cautionary tale of libel in cyberspace |url=https://archive.firstamendmentcenter.org/news.aspx?id=17798|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221140311/https://archive.firstamendmentcenter.org/news.aspx?id=17798|archive-date=December 21, 2012|access-date=November 17, 2012 |publisher=[[First Amendment Center]]}}</ref> After the incident, Seigenthaler described Wikipedia as "a flawed and irresponsible research tool".<ref name="Seigenthaler" /> The incident led to policy changes at Wikipedia for tightening up the verifiability of biographical articles of living people.<ref>{{cite news |last=Helm |first=Burt |title=Wikipedia: "A Work in Progress" |url=https://www.businessweek.com/stories/2005-12-13/wikipedia-a-work-in-progress |newspaper=[[BusinessWeek]] |date=December 13, 2005|access-date = July 26, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708062333/https://www.businessweek.com/stories/2005-12-13/wikipedia-a-work-in-progress|archive-date = July 8, 2012}}</ref><br />
{{Clear-left}}<br />
=== Disputes and edit warring ===<br />
{{Main|Disputes on Wikipedia}}<br />
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Wikipedia editors often have disagreements regarding content, which can be discussed on article Talk pages. Disputes may result in repeated competing changes to an article, known as "edit warring".<ref name="Wikipedia:Dispute resolution – Wikipedia" group="W">[[Wikipedia:Dispute resolution]]</ref><ref name="NBC WP editorial warzone 12">{{cite news |last=Coldewey |first=Devin |date=June 21, 2012|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20140826113318/http://sys03-public.nbcnews.com/technology/wikipedia-editorial-warzone-says-study-838793 |title=Wikipedia is editorial warzone, says study |department=Technology |work=[[NBC News]] |url=https://sys03-public.nbcnews.com/technology/wikipedia-editorial-warzone-says-study-838793|archive-date=2014-08-26}}</ref> It is widely seen as a resource-consuming scenario where no useful knowledge is added,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kalyanasundaram |first1=Arun |last2=Wei |first2=Wei |last3=Carley |first3=Kathleen M. |last4=Herbsleb |first4=James D. |title=2015 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC) |chapter=An agent-based model of edit wars in Wikipedia: How and when is consensus reached |date=December 2015 |location=Huntington Beach, CA |publisher=IEEE |pages=276–287 |doi=10.1109/WSC.2015.7408171 |isbn=978-1-4673-9743-8 |s2cid=9353425 |citeseerx=10.1.1.715.2758}}</ref> and criticized as creating a competitive<ref>{{cite book |last1=Suh |first1=Bongwon |last2=Convertino |first2=Gregorio |last3=Chi |first3=Ed H. |last4=Pirolli |first4=Peter |title=Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration |chapter=The singularity is not near |date=2009 |pages=1–10 |location=Orlando, FL |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/1641309.1641322 |isbn=978-1-60558-730-1|doi-access=free}}</ref> and conflict-based editing culture associated with traditional masculine [[gender role]]s.<ref>{{cite news |last=Torres |first=Nicole |date=June 2, 2016 |title=Why Do So Few Women Edit Wikipedia? |work=Harvard Business Review |url=https://hbr.org/2016/06/why-do-so-few-women-edit-wikipedia|access-date=August 20, 2019 |issn=0017-8012|archive-date=June 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617014645/https://hbr.org/2016/06/why-do-so-few-women-edit-wikipedia|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bear |first1=Julia B. |last2=Collier |first2=Benjamin |date=March 2016 |title=Where are the Women in Wikipedia? Understanding the Different Psychological Experiences of Men and Women in Wikipedia |journal=Sex Roles |volume=74 |issue=5–6 |pages=254–265 |doi=10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |s2cid=146452625}}</ref> Research has focused on, for example, impoliteness of disputes,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Khazraie |first1=Marzieh |last2=Talebzadeh |first2=Hossein |date=February 7, 2020 |title="Wikipedia does NOT tolerate your babbling!": Impoliteness-induced conflict (resolution) in a polylogal collaborative online community of practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378216620300771 |journal=Journal of Pragmatics |volume=163 |pages=46–65 |doi=10.1016/j.pragma.2020.03.009 |archive-date=September 14, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914115833/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378216620300771 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Smirnov |first1=Ivan |last2=Oprea |first2=Camelia |last3=Strohmaier |first3=Markus |date=December 1, 2023 |editor-last=Ognyanova |editor-first=Katherine |title=Toxic comments are associated with reduced activity of volunteer editors on Wikipedia |url=https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/article/doi/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad385/7457939 |journal=PNAS Nexus |volume=2 |issue=12 |article-number=pgad385 |doi=10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad385 |doi-access=free |issn=2752-6542 |pmc=10697426 |pmid=38059265 |archive-date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007101400/https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/article/doi/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad385/7457939 |url-status=live }}</ref> the influence of rival editing camps,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lerner |first1=Jürgen |last2=Lomi |first2=Alessandro |date=December 21, 2020 |title=The free encyclopedia that anyone can dispute: An analysis of the micro-structural dynamics of positive and negative relations in the production of contentious Wikipedia articles |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378873318300467 |journal=Social Networks |volume=60 |pages=11–25 |doi=10.1016/j.socnet.2018.12.003 |archive-date=November 26, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126001010/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378873318300467 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Morris-O'Connor |first1=Danielle A. |last2=Strotmann |first2=Andreas |last3=Zhao |first3=Dangzhi |date=April 4, 2023 |title=The colonization of Wikipedia: evidence from characteristic editing behaviors of warring camps |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JD-04-2022-0090/full/html |journal=Journal of Documentation |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=784–810 |doi=10.1108/JD-04-2022-0090 |issn=0022-0418 |archive-date=October 20, 2023 |access-date=November 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020151300/https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JD-04-2022-0090/full/html |url-status=live }}</ref> the conversational structure,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ziembowicz |first1=Karolina |last2=Roszczyńska-Kurasińska |first2=Magdalena |last3=Rychwalska |first3=Agnieszka |last4=Nowak |first4=Andrzej |date=October 3, 2022 |title=Predicting conflict-prone disputes using the structure of turn-taking: the case of Wikipedia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1924224 |journal=Information, Communication & Society |volume=25 |issue=13 |pages=1987–2005 |doi=10.1080/1369118X.2021.1924224 |issn=1369-118X |archive-date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091334/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1924224 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the shift in conflicts to a focus on sources.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chhabra |first1=Anamika |last2=Kaur |first2=Rishemjit |last3=Iyengar |first3=S. R.S. |chapter=Dynamics of Edit War Sequences in Wikipedia |date=August 25, 2020 |title=Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Open Collaboration |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3412569.3412585 |publisher=ACM |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1145/3412569.3412585 |isbn=978-1-4503-8779-8 |archive-date=September 15, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915052238/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3412569.3412585 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Ruprechter">{{Cite journal |last1=Ruprechter |first1=Thorsten |last2=Santos |first2=Tiago |last3=Helic |first3=Denis |date=September 9, 2020 |title=Relating Wikipedia article quality to edit behavior and link structure |journal=Applied Network Science |volume=5 |issue=1 |article-number=61 |doi=10.1007/s41109-020-00305-y |issn=2364-8228|doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
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[[Taha Yasseri]] of the [[University of Oxford]] examined editing conflicts and their resolution in a 2013 study.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=July 17, 2013 |title=Edit Wars Reveal The 10 Most Controversial Topics on Wikipedia |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/07/17/177320/edit-wars-reveal-the-10-most-controversial-topics-on-wikipedia/ |magazine=[[MIT Technology Review]] |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]|access-date=June 25, 2021|archive-date=June 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616191250/https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/07/17/177320/edit-wars-reveal-the-10-most-controversial-topics-on-wikipedia/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Yasseri-2014">{{cite book |last1=Yasseri |first1=Taha |title=The Most Controversial Topics in Wikipedia: A Multilingual and Geographical Analysis |last2=Spoerri |first2=Anselm |last3=Graham |first3=Mark |last4=Kertész |first4=János |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2014 |editor1=Fichman, P. |doi=10.2139/SSRN.2269392 |ssrn=2269392|author1-link=Taha Yasseri|author4-link=János Kertész |editor2=Hara, N. |arxiv=1305.5566 |s2cid=12133330}}</ref> Yasseri contended that simple reverts or "undo" operations were not the most significant measure of [[counterproductive work behavior]] at Wikipedia. He relied instead on "mutually reverting edit pairs", where one editor reverts the edit of another editor who then, in sequence, returns to revert the first editor. The results were tabulated for several language versions of Wikipedia. The English Wikipedia's three largest conflict rates belonged to the articles [[George W. Bush]], [[anarchism]], and [[Muhammad]].<ref name="Yasseri-2014" /> By comparison, for the German Wikipedia, the three largest conflict rates at the time of the study were for the articles covering [[Croatia]], [[Scientology]], and [[9/11 conspiracy theories]].<ref name="Yasseri-2014" /> In 2020, researchers identified other measures of editor behaviors, beyond mutual reverts, to identify editing conflicts across Wikipedia.<ref name="Ruprechter"/><br />
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Editors also debate the [[deletion of articles on Wikipedia]], with roughly 500,000 such debates since Wikipedia's inception as of 2019. Once an article is nominated for deletion, the dispute is typically determined by initial votes (to keep or delete) and by reference to topic-specific notability policies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mayfield |first1=Elijah |last2=Black |first2=Alan W. |date=November 7, 2019 |title=Analyzing Wikipedia Deletion Debates with a Group Decision-Making Forecast Model |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3359308 |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction |volume=3 |issue=CSCW |pages=1–26 |doi=10.1145/3359308 |issn=2573-0142 |archive-date=September 15, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915025504/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3359308 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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== <span class="anchor" id="Rules and laws governing content and editor behavior"></span><span class="anchor" id="Rules and laws governing content"></span><span class="anchor" id="Censorship"></span> Policies and content ==<br />
{{self-reference|"Five pillars of Wikipedia" redirects here. For the Wikipedia policy, see [[Wikipedia:Five pillars]].}}<br />
{{External media|width = 220px|float = right|headerimage = [[File:Jimbo at Fosdem cropped.jpg|210px|alt=photograph]]|video1 =<br />
[https://www.ted.com/talks/jimmy_wales_the_birth_of_wikipedia?language=en Jimmy Wales], The Birth of Wikipedia, 2006, [[TED talk]]s, 20 minutes|video2 =<br />
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r2gsj0EEE3I Katherine Maher], What Wikipedia Teaches Us About Balancing Truth and Beliefs, 2022, [[TED talk]]s, 15 minutes}}<br />
Wikipedia is composed of 11 different [[namespace]]s, with its articles being present in ''mainspace''. Other namespaces have a prefix before their page title and fulfill various purposes. For example, the project namespace uses the ''Wikipedia'' prefix and is used for self-governance related discussions. Most readers are not aware of these other namespaces.{{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=3}}<br />
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The fundamental principles of the Wikipedia community are embodied in the "Five pillars", while the detailed editorial principles are expressed in numerous policies and guidelines intended to appropriately shape content.<ref group="W">[[Wikipedia:Five pillars]]</ref> The five pillars are:<br />
* Wikipedia is an encyclopedia<br />
* Wikipedia is written from a neutral point of view<br />
* Wikipedia is free content that anyone can use, edit, and distribute<br />
* Wikipedia's editors should treat each other with respect and civility<br />
* Wikipedia has no firm rules<br />
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The rules developed by the community are stored in the Wikipedia namespace, and Wikipedia editors write and revise the website's policies and guidelines in accordance with community consensus.<ref name="pcworld who's behind WP">{{cite web |url=https://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/index.php/id;1866322157;fp;2;fpid;2 |title=Who's behind Wikipedia? |website=PC World |date=February 6, 2008|access-date = February 7, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209110303/https://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/index.php/id%3B1866322157%3Bfp%3B2%3Bfpid%3B2|archive-date = February 9, 2008 |page=2}}</ref> Originally, rules on the non-English editions of Wikipedia were based on a translation of the rules for the English Wikipedia. They have since diverged to some extent.<ref name="WP some sites stable versions 1" group="W" /><br />
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=== Content policies and guidelines ===<br />
{{Self-reference|"No original research" redirects here. For the Wikipedia policy, see [[Wikipedia:No original research]].}}<br />
According to the rules on the English Wikipedia community, each entry in Wikipedia must be about a topic that is [[wikt:encyclopedic|encyclopedic]] and is not a dictionary entry or dictionary-style.<ref name=":5" group="W">[[Wikipedia:Citing sources]]: "Wikipedia's verifiability policy requires inline citations for any material challenged or likely to be challenged, and for all quotations, anywhere in article space."</ref> A topic should also meet [[notability in the English Wikipedia|Wikipedia's standards of "notability"]], which generally means that the topic has been covered extensively in reliable sources that are independent of the article's subject.{{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=53–54}} Wikipedia intends to convey only knowledge that is already established and recognized and therefore must not present original research.{{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=32}} Some subjects such as politicians and academics have specialized notability requirements.{{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=53–54}} Finally, Wikipedia must reflect a neutral point of view. This is accomplished through summarizing reliable sources, using impartial language, and ensuring that multiple points of view are presented based on their prominence. Information must also be verifiable.{{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=5–7}} Information without citations may be [[citation needed (Wikipedia)|<!--DON'T CHANGE THIS LINK TARGET! IT WILL BREAK MAINTENANCE PROCESSES!-->tagged]] or removed entirely.{{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=33}} This can at times lead to the removal of information which, though valid, is not properly sourced.<ref name="IHT WP valid info wrong removable 1">{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen |date=August 9, 2011 |title=For inclusive mission, Wikipedia is told that written word goes only so far |page=18 |newspaper=[[International Herald Tribune]]}}</ref> As Wikipedia policies changed over time, and became more complex, their number has grown. In 2008, there were 44 policy pages and 248 guideline pages; by 2013, scholars counted 383 policy pages and 449 guideline pages.<ref name="Ren-2024"/><br />
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== Governance ==<br />
{{Further|Wikipedia:Administration|selfref=yes}}<br />
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Wikipedia's initial anarchy integrated democratic and [[hierarchy|hierarchical]] elements over time.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sanger |first1=Larry|author-link=Larry Sanger |date=April 18, 2005 |title=The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir |url=https://features.slashdot.org/story/05/04/18/164213/the-early-history-of-nupedia-and-wikipedia-a-memoir|access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=[[Slashdot]]|archive-date=May 25, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525051304/http://features.slashdot.org/features/05/04/18/164213.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kostakis |first1=Vasilis |title=Identifying and understanding the problems of Wikipedia's peer governance: The case of inclusionists versus deletionists |issue=3 |url=https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2613/2479 |journal=First Monday |volume=15 |date=March 2010|access-date = March 26, 2021|archive-date = March 10, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210310125049/https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2613/2479|url-status = live}}</ref> An article is not considered to be owned by its creator or any other editor, nor by the subject of the article.<ref group="W">[[Wikipedia:Ownership of content]]: "No one "owns" content (including articles or any page at Wikipedia)."</ref> Editors in good standing in the community can request extra [[Wikipedia:User access levels|user rights]], granting them the technical ability to perform certain special actions. Some user rights are granted automatically, such as the ''autoconfirmed'' and ''extended confirmed'' groups, when thresholds for account age and edits are met.{{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=12–13}}<br />
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=== Administrators ===<br />
{{Main|Wikipedia administrators}}<br />
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Experienced editors can choose to run for "[[administrators (Wikipedia)|adminship]]",<ref name="David_Mehegan" /> which includes the ability to delete pages or prevent them from being changed in cases of severe vandalism or editorial disputes.<ref name=":6" group="W">[[Wikipedia:Administrators]]</ref> Administrators are not supposed to enjoy any special privilege in decision-making; instead, their powers are mostly limited to making edits that have project-wide effects and thus are disallowed to ordinary editors, and to implement restrictions intended to prevent disruptive editors from making unproductive edits.<ref name=":6" group="W" /><br />
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By 2012, fewer editors were becoming administrators compared to Wikipedia's earlier years, in part because the process of vetting potential administrators had become more rigorous.<ref name="Meyer-2012"/> In 2022, there was a particularly contentious request for adminship over the candidate's anti-Trump views; ultimately, they were granted adminship.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Harrison |first1=Stephen |date=June 16, 2022 |title=Inside Wikipedia's Historic, Fiercely Contested "Election" |url=https://slate.com/technology/2022/06/wikipedia-administrator-election-tamzin.html|access-date=July 22, 2022 |website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|archive-date=August 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824123521/https://slate.com/technology/2022/06/wikipedia-administrator-election-tamzin.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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=== Dispute resolution ===<br />
Over time, Wikipedia has developed a semi-formal dispute resolution process. To determine community consensus, editors can raise issues at appropriate community forums, seek outside input through third opinion requests, or initiate a more general community discussion known as a "request for comment",<ref name="Wikipedia:Dispute resolution – Wikipedia" group="W" /> in which bots add the discussion to a centralized list of discussions, invite editors to participate, and remove the discussion from the list after 30 days.<ref group="W">[[Wikipedia:Requests for comment]]</ref> However, editors have the discretion to close (and delist) the discussion early or late. If the result of a discussion is not obvious, a closer—an uninvolved editor usually in good standing—may render a verdict from the strength of the arguments presented and then the numbers of arguers on each side.<ref name="Bandler-2024">{{Citation |last=Bandler |first=Aaron |date=June 21, 2024 |title=Wikipedia Editors Label ADL Only Reliable for Antisemitism When 'Israel and Zionism Are Not Concerned' |url=https://jewishjournal.com/news/united-states/372532/wikipedia-editors-label-adl-only-reliable-for-antisemitism-when-israel-and-zionism-are-not-concerned/ |access-date=May 3, 2025 |website=Jewish Journal |archive-date=June 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622020506/https://jewishjournal.com/news/united-states/372532/wikipedia-editors-label-adl-only-reliable-for-antisemitism-when-israel-and-zionism-are-not-concerned/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Wikipedians emphasize that the process is not a vote by referring to statements of opinion in such discussions as "!vote"s, in which the exclamation mark is the symbol for [[negation#Usage in colloquial language|logical negation]] and pronounced "not".<ref>{{Citation |last=Harrison |first=Stephen |title=Wikipedia's War on the Daily Mail |date=July 1, 2021 |work=Slate |url=https://slate.com/technology/2021/07/wikipedia-daily-mail-generally-unreliable.html |access-date=May 13, 2025 |issn=1091-2339 |archive-date=July 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701131014/https://slate.com/technology/2021/07/wikipedia-daily-mail-generally-unreliable.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Wikipedia encourages local resolutions of conflicts, which Jemielniak argues is quite unique in organization studies, though there has been some recent interest in [[consensus decision-making|consensus building]] in the field.<ref name="Jemielniak" /> Reagle and [[Sue Gardner]] argue that the approaches to consensus building are similar to those used by [[Quakers]].<ref name="Jemielniak" />{{Rp|page=62}} A difference from Quaker meetings is the absence of a [[facilitator]] in the presence of disagreement, a role played by the clerk in Quaker meetings.<ref name="Jemielniak" />{{Rp|page=83}}<br />
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==== Arbitration Committee ====<br />
{{Main|Arbitration Committee (Wikipedia)}}<br />
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The Arbitration Committee presides over the ultimate dispute resolution process. Although disputes usually arise from a disagreement between two opposing views on how an article should read, the Arbitration Committee explicitly refuses to directly rule on the specific view that should be adopted.<ref name="Hoffman-2009">{{Cite journal |last1=Hoffman |first1=David A. |last2=Mehra |first2=Salil K. |date=March 5, 2009 |title=Wikitruth Through Wikiorder |url=https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/elj/vol59/iss1/3/ |journal=Emory Law Journal |volume=59 |issue=1 |ssrn=1354424 |archive-date=June 13, 2021 |access-date=November 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613214656/https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/elj/vol59/iss1/3/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Statistical analyses suggest that the English Wikipedia committee ignores the content of disputes and rather focuses on the way disputes are conducted,<ref name="emory_p_181" /> functioning not so much to resolve disputes and make peace between conflicting editors, but to weed out problematic editors while allowing potentially productive editors back in to participate.<ref name="Hoffman-2009" /> Therefore, the committee does not dictate the content of articles, although it sometimes condemns content changes when it deems the new content violates Wikipedia policies (for example, if the new content is considered biased).{{efn|The committee may directly rule that a content change is inappropriate, but may not directly rule that certain content is inappropriate.}} Commonly used solutions include cautions and probations (used in 63% of cases) and banning editors from articles (43%), subject matters (23%), or Wikipedia (16%).<ref name="Hoffman-2009" /> Complete bans from Wikipedia are generally limited to instances of [[impersonator|impersonation]] and [[anti-social behavior|antisocial behavior]].<ref group="W">[[Wikipedia:Banning policy]]</ref> When conduct is not impersonation or anti-social, but rather edit warring and other violations of editing policies, solutions tend to be limited to warnings.<ref name="Hoffman-2009" /><br />
<br />
== Community ==<br />
{{Main|Wikipedia community}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Wikimania - the Wikimentary.webm|thumb|start=00:04|thumbtime=00:16|Video of [[Wikimania#2005|Wikimania 2005]]{{snd}}an annual conference for users of Wikipedia and other projects operated by the [[Wikimedia Foundation]], was held in [[Frankfurt am Main]], Germany, August 4–8.]]<br />
Each article and each user of Wikipedia has an associated and dedicated "talk" page. These form the primary communication channel for editors to discuss, coordinate and debate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/wikipedia_coordination_final.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205111038/https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/wikipedia_coordination_final.pdf|archive-date=February 5, 2007 |first1=Fernanda B. |last1=Viégas |first2=Martin M. |last2=Wattenberg |first3=Jesse |last3=Kriss |first4=Frank |last4=van Ham |title=Talk Before You Type: Coordination in Wikipedia |publisher=Visual Communication Lab, [[IBM Research]] |date=January 3, 2007|access-date = June 27, 2008|author2-link = Martin M. Wattenberg|author-link = Fernanda B. Viégas}}</ref> Wikipedia's community has been described as [[cult]]like,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/dec/15/wikipedia.web20 |title=Log on and join in, but beware the web cults |first=Charles |last=Arthur |date=December 15, 2005 |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London|access-date = December 26, 2008|archive-date = September 20, 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140920191515/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/dec/15/wikipedia.web20|url-status = live}}</ref> although not always with entirely negative connotations.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/internet/08/03/wikipedia/index.html |title=Wikipedia: The know-it-all Web site |first=Kristie |last=Lu Stout |publisher=CNN |date=August 4, 2003|access-date = December 26, 2008|archive-date = December 18, 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081218013300/http://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/internet/08/03/wikipedia/index.html|url-status = live}}</ref> Its preference for cohesiveness, even if it requires compromise that includes disregard of [[credential]]s, has been referred to as "[[anti-elitism]]".<ref group="W">{{cite web |title=Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism |url=https://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25 |website=[[Kuro5hin]], Op–Ed |first=Larry |last=Sanger |date=December 31, 2004 |quote=There is a certain mindset associated with unmoderated Usenet groups [...] that infects the collectively-managed Wikipedia project: if you react strongly to trolling, that reflects poorly on you, not (necessarily) on the troll. If you [...] demand that something be done about constant disruption by trollish behavior, the other listmembers will cry "censorship", attack you, and even come to the defense of the troll. [...] The root problem: anti-elitism, or lack of respect for expertise. There is a deeper problem [...] which explains both of the above-elaborated problems. Namely, as a community, Wikipedia lacks the habit or tradition of respect for expertise. As a community, far from being elitist, it is anti-elitist (which, in this context, means that expertise is not accorded any special respect, and snubs and disrespect of expertise are tolerated). This is one of my failures: a policy that I attempted to institute in Wikipedia's first year, but for which I did not muster adequate support, was the policy of respecting and deferring politely to experts. (Those who were there will, I hope, remember that I tried very hard.)|author-link = Larry Sanger|access-date = March 26, 2021|archive-date = November 1, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211101011352/http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25}}</ref><br />
[[File:Editing Hoxne Hoard at the British Museum.ogv|thumb|right|Wikipedians and [[British Museum]] curators collaborate on the article [[Hoxne Hoard]] in June 2010.]]<br />
<br />
Wikipedia does not require that its editors and contributors provide identification.<ref name="user identification" /> As Wikipedia grew, "Who writes Wikipedia?" became one of the questions frequently asked there.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Power of the Few vs. Wisdom of the Crowd: Wikipedia and the Rise of the Bourgeoisie |title=CHI '07: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems |publisher=Viktoria Institute |first=Aniket |last=Kittur |year=2007 |citeseerx=10.1.1.212.8218}}</ref> [[Jimmy Wales]] once argued that only "a community&nbsp;... a dedicated group of a few hundred volunteers" makes the bulk of contributions to Wikipedia and that the project is therefore "much like any traditional organization".<ref name="blodget">{{cite news |last=Blodget |first=Henry |date=January 3, 2009 |title=Who The Hell Writes Wikipedia, Anyway? |work=[[Insider Inc.|Business Insider]] |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/2009/1/who-the-hell-writes-wikipedia-anyway|access-date=January 26, 2023|archive-date=February 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114545/https://www.businessinsider.com/2009/1/who-the-hell-writes-wikipedia-anyway|url-status=live}}</ref> Since Wikipedia relies on volunteer labour, editors frequently focus on topics that interest them.{{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=61–62}}<br />
<br />
{{anchor|Decline in participation since 2007}}<br />
The English Wikipedia has {{self-reference link|Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}}} articles, {{self-reference link|Special:ListUsers|{{NUMBEROFUSERS}}}} registered editors, and {{self-reference link|Special:ActiveUsers|{{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}}}} active editors. An editor is considered active if they have made one or more edits in the past 30&nbsp;days.<ref group="W">[[Wikipedia:Wikipedians]]</ref> Editors who fail to comply with Wikipedia cultural rituals, such as signing talk page comments, may implicitly signal that they are Wikipedia outsiders, increasing the odds that Wikipedia insiders may target or discount their contributions. Becoming a Wikipedia insider involves non-trivial costs: the contributor is expected to learn Wikipedia-specific technological codes, submit to a sometimes convoluted dispute resolution process, and learn a "baffling culture rich with in-jokes and insider references".<ref name="labor squeeze on WP 1" /> Editors who do not log in are in some sense "[[second-class citizen]]s" on Wikipedia,<ref name="labor squeeze on WP 1">{{cite journal |author-last1=Goldman |author-first1=Eric |year=2010 |title=Wikipedia's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences |url=https://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/facpubs/5/ |journal=Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law |volume=8 |via=Santa Clara Law Digital Commons|access-date=January 26, 2023|archive-date=January 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126220032/https://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/facpubs/5/|url-status=live}}</ref> as "participants are accredited by members of the wiki community, who have a vested interest in preserving the quality of the work product, on the basis of their ongoing participation",<ref name="legal edu and WP 1">{{cite journal |author-last1=Noveck |author-first1=Beth Simone |date=March 2007 |title=Wikipedia and the Future of Legal Education |journal=Journal of Legal Education |publisher=[[Association of American Law Schools]] |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=3–9 |jstor=42894005 }}</ref> but the contribution histories of anonymous unregistered editors recognized only by their [[IP address]]es cannot be attributed to a particular editor with certainty.<ref name="legal edu and WP 1" /> New editors often struggle to understand Wikipedia's complexity. Experienced editors are encouraged to not "bite" the newcomers in order to create a more welcoming atmosphere.{{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=10–11}}<br />
<br />
=== Research ===<br />
A 2007 study by researchers from [[Dartmouth College]] found that "anonymous and infrequent contributors to Wikipedia&nbsp;... are as reliable a source of knowledge as those contributors who register with the site".<ref name="sciam good samaritans 1">{{cite news |url=https://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=good-samaritans-are-on-the-money |title=Wikipedia "Good Samaritans" Are on the Money |work=Scientific American |date=October 19, 2007|access-date = December 26, 2008|archive-date = April 28, 2024|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132453/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/good-samaritans-are-on-the-money/|url-status = live}}</ref> [[Jimmy Wales]] stated in 2009 that "[I]t turns out over 50% of all the edits are done by just 0.7% of the users&nbsp;... 524 people&nbsp;... And in fact, the most active 2%, which is 1400 people, have done 73.4% of all the edits."<ref name="blodget" /> However, ''[[Business Insider]]'' editor and journalist [[Henry Blodget]] showed in 2009 that in a random sample of articles, most Wikipedia content (measured by the amount of contributed text that survives to the latest sampled edit) is created by "outsiders", while most editing and formatting is done by "insiders".<ref name="blodget" /><br />
<br />
In 2008, a ''Slate'' magazine article reported that "one percent of Wikipedia users are responsible for about half of the site's edits."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.slate.com/id/2184487 |title=The Wisdom of the Chaperones |date=February 22, 2008 |first=Chris |last=Wilson |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|access-date = August 13, 2014|archive-date = September 5, 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110905050231/http://www.slate.com/id/2184487|url-status = live}}</ref> This method of evaluating contributions was later disputed by [[Aaron Swartz]], who noted that several articles he sampled had large portions of their content (measured by number of characters) contributed by users with low edit counts.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/whowriteswikipedia |title=Raw Thought: Who Writes Wikipedia? |first=Aaron |last=Swartz |date=September 4, 2006|access-date = February 23, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803134036/https://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/whowriteswikipedia|archive-date = August 3, 2014 }}</ref> A 2008 study found that Wikipedians were less agreeable, open, and conscientious than others,<ref name="liebertonline view on WP users 1">{{cite journal |last1=Amichai-Hamburger |first1=Yair |last2=Lamdan |first2=Naama |last3=Madiel |first3=Rinat |last4=Hayat |first4=Tsahi |year=2008 |title=Personality Characteristics of Wikipedia Members |journal=CyberPsychology & Behavior |publisher=Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=679–681 |doi=10.1089/cpb.2007.0225 |pmid=18954273 }}</ref> although a later commentary pointed out serious flaws, including that the data showed higher openness and that the differences with the control group and the samples were small.<ref>{{cite web |last=McGreal |first=Scott A. |date=March 11, 2013 |title=The Misunderstood Personality Profile of Wikipedia Members |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/unique-everybody-else/201303/the-misunderstood-personality-profile-wikipedia-members|access-date=June 5, 2016 |website=[[Psychology Today]]|archive-date=July 16, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716155007/https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/unique-everybody-else/201303/the-misunderstood-personality-profile-wikipedia-members|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a 2009 study, there is "evidence of growing resistance from the Wikipedia community to new content".<ref name="newscientist WP boom to bust 1">{{cite web |last=Giles |first=Jim |title=After the boom, is Wikipedia heading for bust? |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17554-after-the-boom-is-wikipedia-heading-for-bust.html |website=New Scientist |date=August 4, 2009|access-date = September 18, 2017|archive-date = April 21, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150421215605/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17554-after-the-boom-is-wikipedia-heading-for-bust.html|url-status = live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Diversity ===<br />
Several studies have shown that most volunteer Wikipedia contributors are male. The results of a [[Wikimedia Foundation]] survey in 2008 showed that only 13&nbsp;percent of Wikipedia editors were female.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Noam|author-link = Noam Cohen |title=Define Gender Gap? Look Up Wikipedia's Contributor List |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/31/business/media/31link.html?_r=0 |work=The New York Times |date=January 31, 2011|access-date = October 28, 2013|archive-date = October 6, 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131006065114/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/31/business/media/31link.html?_r=0|url-status = live}}</ref> Because of this, universities throughout the United States tried to encourage women to become Wikipedia contributors.<ref name="CBC News-2013" /> Similarly, many of these universities, including [[Yale University|Yale]] and [[Brown University|Brown]], gave college credit to students who create or edit an article relating to women in science or technology.<ref name="CBC News-2013">{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ocad-to-storm-wikipedia-this-fall-1.1412807 |title=OCAD to 'Storm Wikipedia' this fall |work=CBC News |date=August 27, 2013|access-date = August 21, 2014|archive-date = August 26, 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140826144108/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ocad-to-storm-wikipedia-this-fall-1.1412807|url-status = live}}</ref> [[Andrew Lih]], a professor and scientist, said that the reason he thought the number of male contributors outnumbered the number of females so greatly was because identifying as a woman may expose oneself to "ugly, intimidating behavior".<ref name="Bloomberg 2016">{{cite news |last1=Kessenides |first1=Dimitra |last2=Chafkin |first2=Max |date=December 22, 2016 |title=Is Wikipedia Woke? |newspaper=Bloomberg Businessweek |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2016-12-22/how-woke-is-wikipedia-s-editorial-pool?|access-date=September 21, 2022|archive-date=April 15, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415182515/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2016-12-22/how-woke-is-wikipedia-s-editorial-pool|url-status=live}}</ref> Data has shown that Africans are underrepresented among Wikipedia editors.<ref name="memeb">{{cite web |last=Walker |first=Andy |date=June 21, 2018 |title=The startling numbers behind Africa's Wikipedia knowledge gaps |url=https://memeburn.com/2018/06/wikipedia-wikimania-africa-numbers/|access-date=January 26, 2023 |website=memeburn|archive-date=March 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319170357/http://memeburn.com/2018/06/wikipedia-wikimania-africa-numbers/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Language editions ==<br />
{{Main|List of Wikipedias}}<br />
<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
| caption = '''Distribution of the {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total|N}} articles in different language editions (as of {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}})'''<ref name="meta.wikimedia" group="W">[[:m:List of Wikipedias#1+ articles|List of Wikipedias – Meta]]</ref><br />
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| label1 = {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|1}}<br />
| value1 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Wikipedia rank by size|1}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}}<br />
| color1 = #666666<br />
| label2 = {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|2}}<br />
| value2 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Wikipedia rank by size|2}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}}<br />
| color2 = #E69F00<br />
| label3 = {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|3}}<br />
| value3 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Wikipedia rank by size|3}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}}<br />
| color3 = #56B4E9<br />
| label4 = {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|4}}<br />
| value4 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Wikipedia rank by size|4}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}}<br />
| color4 = #009E73<br />
| label5 = {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|5}}<br />
| value5 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Wikipedia rank by size|5}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}}<br />
| color5 = #F0E442<br />
| label6 = {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|6}}<br />
| value6 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Wikipedia rank by size|6}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}}<br />
| color6 = #0072B2<br />
| label7 = {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|7}}<br />
| value7 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Wikipedia rank by size|7}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}}<br />
| color7 = #D55E00<br />
| label8 = {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|8}}<br />
| value8 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Wikipedia rank by size|8}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}}<br />
| color8 = #CC79A7<br />
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| color10 = #333333<br />
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| color11 = #9A459A<br />
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| color12 = #A60D14<br />
| label13 = {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|13}}<br />
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| color13 = #FF82AA<br />
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| color14 = #167432<br />
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| color15 = #FFA500<br />
| label16 = {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|16}}<br />
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| color16 = #483D8B<br />
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| color17 = #00FFFF<br />
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| label20 = {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|20}}<br />
| value20 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Wikipedia rank by size|20}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}}<br />
| color20 = LightBlue<br />
}}<br />
There are currently {{NUMBEROF|active|Wikipedia}} language editions of Wikipedia (also called ''language versions'', or simply ''Wikipedias''). As of {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}, the six largest, in order of article count, are the {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|1}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|2}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|3}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|4}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|5}}, and {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|6}} Wikipedias.<ref name="WP list of WPs by article 1" group="W">{{cite web |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_number_of_articles |title=Wikipedia:List of Wikipedias |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki |access-date={{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}|archive-date=December 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224190350/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_number_of_articles|url-status=live}}</ref> The {{ordinal to word|{{Wikipedia rank by size|ceb}}}} and {{ordinal to word|{{Wikipedia rank by size|sv}}}}-largest Wikipedias owe their position to the article-creating bot [[Lsjbot]], which {{as of|2013|lc=y}} had created about half the articles on the [[Swedish Wikipedia]], and most of the articles in the [[Cebuano Wikipedia|Cebuano]] and [[Waray Wikipedia]]s. The latter are both languages of the [[Philippines]].<br />
In addition to the top six, twelve other Wikipedias have more than a million articles each ({{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|7}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|8}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|9}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|10}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|11}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|12}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|13}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|14}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|15}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|16}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|17}}, and {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|18}}), seven more have over 500,000 articles ({{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|19}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|20}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|21}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|22}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|23}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|24}}, and {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|25}}), 44 more have over 100,000, and 82 more have over 10,000.<ref name="ListOfWikipedias" group="W" /><ref name="WP list of WPs by article 1" group="W" /> The largest, the English Wikipedia, has over {{#expr: 0.1*floor({{NUMBEROFARTICLES:R}}/100000)}}&nbsp;million articles. {{As of|2021|01|post=,}} the English Wikipedia receives 48% of Wikipedia's cumulative traffic, with the remaining split among the other languages. The top 10 editions represent approximately 85% of the total traffic.<ref group="W">{{cite AV media |author=((A455bcd9)) |date=February 8, 2021 |title=Wikipedia page views by language over time |format=PNG |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wikipedia_page_views_by_language_over_time.png |website=Wikimedia Commons|access-date=June 25, 2021|archive-date=May 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512201827/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wikipedia_page_views_by_language_over_time.png|url-status=live}}</ref><gallery mode="packed" heights="200"><br />
File:Wikipedia page views by language over time.png|Most viewed editions of Wikipedia, 2008–2024<br />
File:Wikipedia editors by language over time.png|Most edited editions of Wikipedia, 2001–2024<br />
</gallery>{{Largest Wikipedias/graph}}<br />
<br />
Since Wikipedia is based on the [[World Wide Web|Web]] and therefore worldwide, contributors to the same language edition may use different dialects or may come from different countries (as is the case for the English edition).{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}} These differences may lead to some conflicts over [[American and British English spelling differences|spelling differences]] (e.g. ''colour'' versus ''color'')<ref name="WP spelling MOS 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Spelling |access-date=November 6, 2023 |website=Wikipedia |archive-date=January 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104005104/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Spelling |url-status=live }}</ref> or points of view.<ref name="WP countering bias 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias |access-date=December 11, 2023 |website=Wikipedia |archive-date=January 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104005153/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Though the various language editions are held to global policies such as "neutral point of view", they diverge on some points of policy and practice, most notably on whether images that are not [[free content|licensed freely]] may be used under a claim of [[fair use]].<ref name="WP meta fair use 1" group="W">{{cite web |title=Non-free content |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Non-free_content|access-date=January 27, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki |archive-date=January 16, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116024114/http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Non-free_content|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="IBM visual WP 1">{{cite journal |url=https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/viegas_hicss_visual_wikipedia.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061024012919/https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/viegas_hicss_visual_wikipedia.pdf|archive-date=October 24, 2006 |first=Fernanda B. |last=Viégas |title=The Visual Side of Wikipedia |journal=Visual Communication Lab, IBM Research |date=January 3, 2007|access-date = October 30, 2007}}</ref> The content of articles on the same subject can differ significantly between languages, depending on the sources editors use and other factors.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fians |first1=Guilherme |title=Wikipedia: Editing the narrative |url=https://www.ciol.org.uk/wikipedia-editing-narrative |publisher=[[Chartered Institute of Linguists]] |access-date=September 27, 2025 |date=September 16, 2025 |archive-date=September 24, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250924020710/https://www.ciol.org.uk/wikipedia-editing-narrative |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Benjakob-2021">{{Cite news |last=Benjakob |first=Omer |date=February 16, 2021 |title=Israeli 'rule,' not 'occupation': In a sign of the times, Hebrew Wikipedia renames a key article |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2021-02-16/ty-article/.premium/israeli-rule-not-occupation-hebrew-wikipedia-renames-a-key-article/0000017f-f49f-d460-afff-ffff5b1c0000 |url-status=live |access-date=March 16, 2024 |work=[[Haaretz]]}}</ref><br />
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Jimmy Wales has described Wikipedia as "an effort to create and distribute a free encyclopedia of the highest possible quality to every single person on the planet in their own language".<ref group="W">{{Cite mailing list |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2005-March/020469.html |title=Wikipedia is an encyclopedia |date=March 8, 2003|mailing-list=Wikipedia-l |last=Wales |first=Jimmy|access-date=January 27, 2023|archive-date=July 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710005754/https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2005-March/020469.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Though each language edition functions more or less independently, some efforts are made to supervise them all. They are coordinated in part by Meta-Wiki, the Wikimedia Foundation's wiki devoted to maintaining all its projects (Wikipedia and others).<ref name="WP metawiki maintenance 1" group="W">{{cite web |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/ |title=Meta-Wiki |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|access-date = March 24, 2009|archive-date = July 14, 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130714061722/https://meta.wikimedia.org/|url-status = live}}</ref> For instance, Meta-Wiki provides important statistics on all language editions of Wikipedia,<ref name="WP meta stats 1" group="W">{{cite web |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Statistics |title=Meta-Wiki Statistics |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|access-date = March 24, 2008|archive-date = March 26, 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080326192946/http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Statistics|url-status = live}}</ref> and it maintains a list of articles every Wikipedia should have.<ref name="WP meta articles on all sites 1" group="W">{{cite web |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_articles_every_Wikipedia_should_have |title=List of articles every Wikipedia should have |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|access-date = March 24, 2008|archive-date = March 21, 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080321020418/http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_articles_every_Wikipedia_should_have|url-status = live}}</ref> The list concerns basic content by subject: biography, history, geography, society, culture, science, technology, and mathematics.<ref name="WP meta articles on all sites 1" group="W" /> It is not rare for articles strongly related to a particular language not to have counterparts in another edition. For example, articles about small towns in the United States might be available only in English, even when they meet the notability criteria of other language Wikipedia projects.<ref name=":9" group="W">[[Wikipedia:Notability]]</ref><br />
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[[File:User - demography.svg|thumb|upright=2.27|Estimation of contributions shares from different regions in the world to different Wikipedia editions<ref name="PLoS One 2012" />]]<br />
Translated articles represent only a small portion of articles in most editions, in part because those editions do not allow fully automated translation of articles. Articles available in more than one language may offer "interwiki links", which link to the counterpart articles in other editions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Massa |first1=Paolo |last2=Scrinzi |first2=Federico |date=January 4, 2013 |title=Manypedia: Comparing language points of view of Wikipedia communities |journal=[[First Monday (journal)|First Monday]] |volume=18 |issue=1 |doi=10.5210/fm.v18i1.3939|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Manual:Interwiki |url=https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Interwiki|access-date=January 27, 2023 |website=MediaWiki |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|archive-date=December 3, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203112631/https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Interwiki|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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A study published by ''[[PLOS One]]'' in 2012 also estimated the share of contributions to different editions of Wikipedia from different regions of the world. It reported that the proportion of the edits made from North America was 51% for the English Wikipedia, and 25% for the [[Simple English Wikipedia]].<ref name="PLoS One 2012">{{cite journal |last1=Yasseri |first1=Taha |last2=Sumi |first2=Robert |last3=Kertész |first3=János|author-link3=János Kertész |date=January 17, 2012 |title=Circadian Patterns of Wikipedia Editorial Activity: A Demographic Analysis |journal=[[PLOS One]] |volume=7 |issue=1 |article-number=e30091 |arxiv=1109.1746 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...730091Y |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0030091 |pmc=3260192 |pmid=22272279|doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
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=== English Wikipedia editor numbers ===<br />
On March 1, 2014, ''[[The Economist]]'', in an article titled "The Future of Wikipedia", cited a trend analysis concerning data published by the Wikimedia Foundation stating that "the number of editors for the English-language version has fallen by a third in seven years."<ref name="economist1">{{cite news |date=March 1, 2014 |title=The future of Wikipedia: WikiPeaks? |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/news/international/21597959-popular-online-encyclopedia-must-work-out-what-next-wikipeaks|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=March 11, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026023502/https://www.economist.com/international/2014/03/04/wikipeaks|archive-date=October 26, 2022}}</ref> The attrition rate for active editors in English Wikipedia was cited by ''The Economist'' as substantially in contrast to statistics for Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia). ''The Economist'' reported that the number of contributors with an average of five or more edits per month was relatively constant since 2008 for Wikipedia in other languages at approximately 42,000 editors within narrow seasonal variances of about 2,000 editors up or down. The number of active editors in English Wikipedia, by sharp comparison, was cited as peaking in 2007 at approximately 50,000 and dropping to 30,000 by the start of 2014.<ref name="economist1" /><br />
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In contrast, the trend analysis for Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia) shows success in retaining active editors on a renewable and sustained basis, with their numbers remaining relatively constant at approximately 42,000. No comment was made concerning which of the differentiated edit policy standards from Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia) would provide a possible alternative to English Wikipedia for effectively improving substantial editor attrition rates on the English-language Wikipedia.<ref name="economist1" /><br />
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== Reception ==<br />
{{See also|Academic studies about Wikipedia|Criticism of Wikipedia|Racial bias on Wikipedia}}<br />
Various [[Wikipedia community|Wikipedians]] have [[criticism of Wikipedia#Excessive regulation|criticized Wikipedia's large and growing regulation]], which includes more than fifty policies and nearly 150,000 words {{as of|2014|lc=y|post=.}}<ref name="bureaucracy">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2014/06/wikipedia_s_bureaucracy_problem_and_how_to_fix_it.html |title=The Unbearable Bureaucracy of Wikipedia |last=Jemielniak |first=Dariusz|author-link=Dariusz Jemielniak |magazine=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=June 22, 2014|access-date = August 18, 2014|archive-date = August 13, 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140813020720/http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2014/06/wikipedia_s_bureaucracy_problem_and_how_to_fix_it.html|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="Jemielniak">{{cite book |last=Jemielniak |first=Dariusz |title=Common Knowledge?: An Ethnography of Wikipedia |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-8047-9120-5 |location=Stanford, CA |doi=10.2307/j.ctvqsdrf9 |jstor=j.ctvqsdrf9 }}</ref> Critics have stated that Wikipedia exhibits [[systemic bias]]. In 2010, columnist and journalist [[Edwin Black]] described Wikipedia as being a mixture of "truth, half-truth, and some falsehoods".<ref name=EdwinBlack>{{cite news |first=Edwin |last=Black|author-link=Edwin Black |date=April 19, 2010 |work=[[History News Network]] |publisher=[[Columbian College of Arts and Sciences]] |title=Wikipedia – The Dumbing Down of World Knowledge |url=https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/125437|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909210831/https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/125437|archive-date=September 9, 2016|access-date=October 21, 2014}}</ref> Articles in ''[[The Chronicle of Higher Education]]'' and ''[[The Journal of Academic Librarianship]]'' have criticized Wikipedia's "[[Wikipedia:DUE|undue-weight policy]]", concluding that Wikipedia explicitly is not designed to provide correct information about a subject, but rather focus on all the major viewpoints on the subject, give less attention to minor ones, and creates omissions that can lead to false beliefs based on incomplete information.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Messer-Krusse |first1=Timothy |title=The 'Undue Weight' of Truth on Wikipedia |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/the-undue-weight-of-truth-on-wikipedia/ |work=[[The Chronicle of Higher Education]] |date=February 12, 2012|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218162359/https://chronicle.com/article/The-Undue-Weight-of-Truth-on/130704/|archive-date=December 18, 2016|access-date=March 27, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Colón Aguirre |first1=Mónica |last2=Fleming-May |first2=Rachel A. |date=November 2012 |title="You Just Type in What You Are Looking For": Undergraduates' Use of Library Resources vs. Wikipedia |url=https://faculty.washington.edu/jwj/lis521/colon%20wikipedia.pdf|url-status=live |journal=[[The Journal of Academic Librarianship]] |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=391–399 |doi=10.1016/j.acalib.2012.09.013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419031904/https://faculty.washington.edu/jwj/lis521/colon%20wikipedia.pdf|archive-date=April 19, 2016|access-date=March 27, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Wikipedia experience sparks national debate |url=https://www.bgsu.edu/news/2012/02/wikipedia-experience-sparks-national-debate.html|access-date=March 27, 2014 |work=BGSU News |publisher=[[Bowling Green State University]] |date=February 27, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827120800/https://www.bgsu.edu/news/2012/02/wikipedia-experience-sparks-national-debate.html|archive-date=August 27, 2016}}</ref><br />
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Journalists [[Oliver Kamm]] and [[Edwin Black]] alleged (in 2010 and 2011 respectively) that articles are dominated by the loudest and most persistent voices, usually by a group with an "ax to grind" on the topic.<ref name=EdwinBlack /><ref name=okw>{{cite news |last1=Kamm |first1=Oliver|author1-link=Oliver Kamm |title=Wisdom? More like dumbness of the crowds |url=https://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article2267665.ece |work=[[The Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814104256/https://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article2267665.ece|archive-date=August 14, 2011 |date=August 16, 2007}}</ref> A 2008 article in ''[[Education Next]]'' journal concluded that as a resource about controversial topics, Wikipedia is subject to manipulation and [[spin (propaganda)|spin]].<ref name=Petrilli>{{cite journal |last1=Petrilli |first1=Michael J. |title=Wikipedia or Wickedpedia? |journal=Education Next |date=Spring 2008 |volume=8 |issue=2 |url=https://www.educationnext.org/wikipedia-or-wickedpedia/|access-date=October 22, 2014 |publisher=[[Hoover Institution]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121024654/https://educationnext.org/wikipedia-or-wickedpedia/|archive-date=November 21, 2016 |department=What Next}}</ref> In 2020, [[Wikipedia:Omer Benjakob|Omer Benjakob]] and [[Wikipedia:Stephen Harrison|Stephen Harrison]] noted that "Media coverage of Wikipedia has radically shifted over the past two decades: once cast as an intellectual frivolity, it is now lauded as the 'last bastion of shared reality' online."<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Benjakob |first1=Omer |last2=Harrison |first2=Stephen |date=October 13, 2020 |chapter=From Anarchy to Wikiality, Glaring Bias to Good Cop: Press Coverage of Wikipedia's First Two Decades|chapter-url=https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/4956/chapter/1879815/From-Anarchy-to-Wikiality-Glaring-Bias-to-Good-Cop |title=Wikipedia @ 20: Stories of an Incomplete Revolution |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |doi=10.7551/mitpress/12366.003.0005 |isbn=978-0-262-36059-3|doi-access=free|access-date=September 11, 2021|archive-date=September 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911145640/https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/4956/chapter/1879815/From-Anarchy-to-Wikiality-Glaring-Bias-to-Good-Cop|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Multiple news networks and pundits have accused Wikipedia of being [[ideological bias|ideologically biased]]. In February 2021, [[Fox News]] accused Wikipedia of whitewashing [[communism]] and [[socialism]] and having too much "[[left-wing politics|leftist]] bias".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lott |first=Maxim |date=February 18, 2021 |title=Inside Wikipedia's leftist bias: socialism pages whitewashed, communist atrocities buried |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/wikipedia-bias-socialism-pages-whitewashed|access-date=January 29, 2023 |website=[[Fox News]]|archive-date=February 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218233800/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/wikipedia-bias-socialism-pages-whitewashed|url-status=live}}</ref> Wikipedia co-founder [[Larry Sanger]], who left Wikipedia in 2002 to establish competing websites, has said that Wikipedia had become "propaganda" for the left-leaning "establishment" and warned the site can no longer be trusted.<ref>{{cite news |last=Schwartz |first=Zach |date=November 11, 2015 |title=Wikipedia's Co-Founder Is Wikipedia's Most Outspoken Critic |work=[[Vice (magazine)#Website|Vice]] |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/wikipedias-co-founder-is-wikipedias-biggest-critic-511/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114004055/http://www.vice.com/read/wikipedias-co-founder-is-wikipedias-biggest-critic-511 |archive-date=November 14, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Brown |first1=Lee |title=Wikipedia co-founder says site is now 'propaganda' for left-leaning 'establishment' |url=https://nypost.com/2021/07/16/wikipedia-co-founder-says-site-is-now-propaganda-for-left-leaning-establishment/|access-date=May 31, 2023 |work=[[New York Post]] |date=July 16, 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716210154/https://nypost.com/2021/07/16/wikipedia-co-founder-says-site-is-now-propaganda-for-left-leaning-establishment/|archive-date=July 16, 2021}}</ref> In 2022, libertarian [[John Stossel]] opined that Wikipedia, a site he financially supported at one time, appeared to have gradually taken a significant turn in bias to the political left, specifically on political topics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2022 |title=Wikipedia Bias |url=https://www.johnstossel.com/wikipedia-bias/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209214140/https://www.johnstossel.com/wikipedia-bias/|archive-date=December 9, 2022|access-date=January 29, 2023 |website=StosselTV}}</ref> Some studies suggest that Wikipedia (and in particular the English Wikipedia) has a "western [[cultural bias]]" (or "pro-western bias")<ref>{{cite conference |last=Hube |first=Christoph |title=Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion – WWW '17 Companion |chapter=Bias in Wikipedia |publisher=ACM Press|publication-place=New York, New York, US |year=2017 |pages=717–721 |doi=10.1145/3041021.3053375 |isbn=978-1-4503-4914-7}}</ref> or "Eurocentric bias",<ref>Samoilenko, Anna (June 2021) [https://kola.opus.hbz-nrw.de/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/2206/file/dissertation%20Anna%20Samoilenko.pdf Cultural Neighbourhoods, or approaches to quantifying cultural contextualisation in multilingual knowledge repository Wikipedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114114652/https://kola.opus.hbz-nrw.de/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/2206/file/dissertation%20Anna%20Samoilenko.pdf |date=November 14, 2023 }}.</ref> reiterating, says Anna Samoilenko, "similar biases that are found in the 'ivory tower' of academic historiography". Carwil Bjork-James proposes that Wikipedia could follow the diversification pattern of contemporary scholarship<ref name="Bjork-James-2021"/> and Dangzhi Zhao calls for a "decolonization" of Wikipedia to reduce bias from opinionated White male editors.<ref>Morris-O'Connor, Danielle A., Andreas Strotmann, and Dangzhi Zhao. "The colonization of Wikipedia: evidence from characteristic editing behaviors of warring camps." Journal of Documentation 79.3 (2023): 784–810.</ref><br />
=== Accuracy of content ===<br />
{{Main|Reliability of Wikipedia}}<br />
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{{External media|width = 230px|float = right|audio1 = [https://www.cbc.ca/radio/ideas/the-great-book-of-knowledge-part-1-1.2497560 The Great Book of Knowledge, Part 1], ''Ideas with [[Paul Kennedy (host)|Paul Kennedy]]'', [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]], January 15, 2014}}<br />
Articles for traditional encyclopedias such as ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' are written by [[expert]]s, lending such encyclopedias a reputation for accuracy.<ref>{{cite news |date=December 15, 2005 |title=Wikipedia, Britannica: A Toss-Up |magazine=Wired |agency=Associated Press |url=https://archive.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2005/12/69844|access-date=August 8, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214155447/https://archive.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2005/12/69844|archive-date=December 14, 2014}}</ref> However, a peer review in 2005 of forty-two scientific entries on both Wikipedia and ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' by the science journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' found few differences in accuracy, and concluded that "the average science entry in Wikipedia contained around four inaccuracies; ''Britannica'', about three."<ref name="GilesJ2005Internet" /><br />
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Others raised similar critiques.<ref name="Orlowski2005">{{cite news |last1=Orlowski |first1=Andrew |date=December 16, 2005 |title=Wikipedia science 31% more cronky than Britannica's Excellent for Klingon science, though |work=[[The Register]] |url=https://www.theregister.com/2005/12/16/wikipedia_britannica_science_comparison/|url-status=live|access-date=February 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813024106/https://www.theregister.com/2005/12/16/wikipedia_britannica_science_comparison/|archive-date=August 13, 2022}}</ref> The findings by ''Nature'' were disputed by ''Encyclopædia Britannica'',<ref name="corporate.britannica.com" /><ref name="nature.com britannica response 1">{{cite web |date=March 23, 2006 |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica and Nature: a response |url=https://www.nature.com/press_releases/Britannica_response.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060325124447/https://www.nature.com/press_releases/Britannica_response.pdf|archive-date=March 25, 2006|access-date=July 13, 2010}}</ref> and in response, ''Nature'' gave a rebuttal of the points raised by ''Britannica''.<ref name="nature.com">{{cite web |website=Nature |url=https://www.nature.com/nature/britannica/index.html |title=''Nature''{{'}}s responses to ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' |date=March 30, 2006|access-date = February 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515025717/https://www.nature.com/nature/britannica/index.html|archive-date=May 15, 2017}}</ref> In addition to the point-for-point disagreement between these two parties, others have examined the sample size and selection method used in the ''Nature'' effort, and suggested a "flawed study design" (in ''Nature''{{'}}s manual selection of articles, in part or in whole, for comparison), absence of statistical analysis (e.g., of reported [[confidence interval]]s), and a lack of study "statistical power" (i.e., owing to small [[sample size determination|sample size]], 42 or 4&nbsp;×&nbsp;10<sup>1</sup> articles compared, vs >10<sup>5</sup> and >10<sup>6</sup> set sizes for ''Britannica'' and the English Wikipedia, respectively).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yasseri |first1=Taha |last2=Sumi |first2=Robert |last3=Rung |first3=András |last4=Kornai |first4=András |last5=Kertész |first5=János |date=June 20, 2012|editor-last=Szolnoki|editor-first=Attila |title=Dynamics of Conflicts in Wikipedia |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=6 |article-number=e38869 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0038869 |pmc=3380063 |pmid=22745683 |arxiv=1202.3643 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...738869Y|doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
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As a consequence of the open structure, Wikipedia "makes no guarantee of validity" of its content, since no one is ultimately responsible for any claims appearing in it.<ref name="WP general disclaimer 1" group="W">[[Wikipedia:General disclaimer]]</ref> Concerns have been raised by ''[[PC World]]'' in 2009 regarding the lack of [[accountability]] that results from users' anonymity, the insertion of false information,<ref name="pcworld WP blunders 1">{{cite web |last=Raphael |first=JR |date=August 26, 2009 |title=The 15 Biggest Wikipedia Blunders |url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/170874/the_15_biggest_wikipedia_blunders.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201033651/https://www.pcworld.com/article/525199/the_15_biggest_wikipedia_blunders.html|archive-date=December 1, 2022|access-date=September 2, 2009 |website=[[PC World]]}}</ref> [[vandalism on Wikipedia|vandalism]], and similar problems. ''Legal Research in a Nutshell'' (2011), cites Wikipedia as a "general source" that "can be a real boon" in "coming up to speed in the law governing a situation" and, "while not authoritative, can provide basic facts as well as leads to more in-depth resources".<ref name="Nutshell in-depth resources">{{cite book |last=Cohen |first=Morris |url=https://archive.org/details/legalre_coh_2010_00_0532 |title=Legal Research in a Nutshell |author-last2=Olson|author-first2= Kent |publisher=Thomson Reuters |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-314-26408-4 |edition=10th |location=St. Paul, MN |pages=[https://archive.org/details/legalre_coh_2010_00_0532/page/32 32–34] |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><br />
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Economist [[Tyler Cowen]] wrote: "If I had to guess whether Wikipedia or the median refereed journal article on economics was more likely to be true after a not so long think I would opt for Wikipedia." He comments that some traditional sources of non-fiction suffer from systemic biases, and novel results, in his opinion, are over-reported in journal articles as well as relevant information being omitted from news reports. However, he also cautions that errors are frequently found on Internet sites and that academics and experts must be vigilant in correcting them.<ref name="tnr experts vigilant in correcting WP 1">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.tnr.com/story.html?id=82eb5d70-13bd-4086-9ec0-cb0e9e8411b3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318103017/https://www.tnr.com/story.html?id=82eb5d70-13bd-4086-9ec0-cb0e9e8411b3|archive-date = March 18, 2008 |title=Cooked Books |first=Tyler |last=Cowen |magazine=The New Republic |date=March 14, 2008|access-date = December 26, 2008}}</ref> [[Amy Bruckman]] has argued that, due to the number of reviewers, "the content of a popular Wikipedia page is actually the most reliable form of information ever created".<ref name="PC 2021">{{cite news |last1=Stuart |first1=S.C. |date=June 3, 2021 |title=Wikipedia: The Most Reliable Source on the Internet? |work=[[PCMag]] |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/wikipedia-the-most-reliable-source-on-the-internet|url-status=live|access-date=June 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116022311/https://www.pcmag.com/news/wikipedia-the-most-reliable-source-on-the-internet|archive-date=January 16, 2023}}</ref> In September 2022, ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'' journalist Liam Mannix noted that: "There's no reason to expect Wikipedia to be accurate&nbsp;... And yet it [is]." Mannix further discussed the multiple studies that have proved Wikipedia to be generally as reliable as ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', summarizing that "...turning our back on such an extraordinary resource is... well, a little petty."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannix |first=Liam |date=September 13, 2022 |title=Evidence suggests Wikipedia is accurate and reliable. When are we going to start taking it seriously? |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/evidence-suggests-wikipedia-is-accurate-and-reliable-when-are-we-going-to-start-taking-it-seriously-20220913-p5bhl3.html|access-date=January 29, 2023 |website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|archive-date=March 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306223341/https://www.smh.com.au/national/evidence-suggests-wikipedia-is-accurate-and-reliable-when-are-we-going-to-start-taking-it-seriously-20220913-p5bhl3.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Critics argue that Wikipedia's open nature and a lack of proper sources for most of the information makes it unreliable.<ref name="TNY reliability issues 1">{{cite news |last=Schiff |first=Stacy|author-link=Stacy Schiff |date=July 23, 2006 |title=Know It All |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/07/31/know-it-all|access-date=January 29, 2023|archive-date=November 22, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122125817/http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/060731fa_fact|url-status=live}}</ref> Some commentators suggest that Wikipedia may be reliable, but that the reliability of any given article is not clear.<ref name="AcademiaAndWikipedia" /> Editors of traditional [[reference work]]s such as the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' have questioned the project's [[utility]] and status as an encyclopedia.<ref name="McHenry_2004" /> Wikipedia co-founder [[Jimmy Wales]] has claimed that Wikipedia has largely avoided the problem of "fake news" because the Wikipedia community regularly debates the quality of sources in articles.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shapiro |first=Ari |date=April 27, 2018 |title=Wikipedia Founder Says Internet Users Are Adrift In The 'Fake News' Era |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/04/27/606393983/wikipedia-founder-says-internet-users-are-adrift-in-the-fake-news-era|url-status=live|access-date=May 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625213220/https://www.npr.org/2018/04/27/606393983/wikipedia-founder-says-internet-users-are-adrift-in-the-fake-news-era|archive-date=June 25, 2018}}</ref><br />
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{{External media|width = 210px|float = right|video1 = [https://www.dw.de/inside-wikipedia-attack-of-the-pr-industry/av-17745881 Inside Wikipedia&nbsp;– Attack of the PR Industry], [[Deutsche Welle]], 7:13 mins<ref name="dw">{{cite web |title=Inside Wikipedia&nbsp;– Attack of the PR Industry |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=June 30, 2014 |url=https://www.dw.de/inside-wikipedia-attack-of-the-pr-industry/av-17745881|access-date = July 2, 2014|archive-date = July 1, 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140701152647/http://www.dw.de/inside-wikipedia-attack-of-the-pr-industry/av-17745881}}</ref>}}<br />
Wikipedia's open structure inherently makes it an easy target for [[Internet troll]]s, [[spamming|spammer]]s, and various forms of paid advocacy seen as counterproductive to the maintenance of a neutral and verifiable online encyclopedia.<ref name="Torsten_Kleinz" /><ref name="citizendium WP trolling issues 1" group="W">{{cite web |last=Sanger |first=Larry|author-link=Larry Sanger |title=Toward a New Compendium of Knowledge (longer version) |url=https://www.citizendium.org/essay.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061103062735/https://www.citizendium.org/essay.html|archive-date=November 3, 2006|access-date=October 10, 2006 |website=[[Citizendium]]}}</ref><br />
In response to [[conflict-of-interest editing on Wikipedia|paid advocacy editing]] and undisclosed editing issues, Wikipedia was reported in an article in ''The Wall Street Journal'' to have strengthened its rules and laws against undisclosed editing.<ref name="Elder-2014">{{cite news |author-last1=Elder |author-first1=Jeff |date=June 16, 2014 |title=Wikipedia Strengthens Rules Against Undisclosed Editing |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-35861|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=January 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124234455/https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-35861|archive-date=November 24, 2020}}</ref> The article stated that: "Beginning Monday [from the date of the article, June 16, 2014], changes in Wikipedia's terms of use will require anyone paid to edit articles to disclose that arrangement. [[Katherine Maher]], the nonprofit Wikimedia Foundation's chief communications officer, said the changes address a sentiment among volunteer editors that 'we're not an advertising service; we're an encyclopedia.{{'"}}<ref name="Elder-2014" /><ref name="DeathByWikipedia" /><ref name="cnet politicians and WP 1">{{cite web |author-last1=Kane |author-first1=Margaret |date=January 30, 2006 |title=Politicians notice Wikipedia |url=https://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-6032713-7.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090730044856/https://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-6032713-7.html|archive-date=July 30, 2009|access-date=January 28, 2007 |website=[[CNET]]}}</ref><ref name="msnbc MS cash for WP edits 1">{{cite web |author-last1=Bergstein |author-first1=Brian|author-link=Brian Bergstein |date=January 23, 2007 |title=Microsoft offers cash for Wikipedia edit |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16775981|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819143025/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16775981|archive-date=August 19, 2022|access-date=January 29, 2023 |work=[[NBC News]]}}</ref><ref name="Seeing Corporate Fingerprints" /> These issues, among others, had been parodied since the first decade of Wikipedia, notably by [[Stephen Colbert]] on ''[[The Colbert Report]]''.<ref name="wikiality" /><br />
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=== Discouragement in education ===<br />
Some university lecturers discourage students from citing any encyclopedia in [[academic work]], preferring [[primary source]]s;<ref name="WideWorldOfWikipedia" /> some specifically prohibit Wikipedia citations.<ref name="insidehighered against WP 1">{{cite journal |last1=Waters |first1=Neil L. |date=September 2007 |title=Why You Can't Cite Wikipedia in My Class |url=https://www.netlab.tkk.fi/opetus/s383133/no_Wikipedia.pdf|url-status=live |journal=[[Communications of the ACM]] |volume=50 |issue=9 |pages=15–17 |citeseerx=10.1.1.380.4996 |doi=10.1145/1284621.1284635|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028032733/https://www.netlab.tkk.fi/opetus/s383133/no_Wikipedia.pdf|archive-date=October 28, 2022|access-date=January 29, 2023 |s2cid=11757060}}</ref><ref name="insidehighered wiki no cite">{{cite web |last=Jaschik |first=Scott |date=January 26, 2007 |title=A Stand Against Wikipedia |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2007/01/26/wiki|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708175741/https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2007/01/26/wiki|archive-date=July 8, 2007|access-date=January 27, 2007 |website=Inside Higher Ed}}</ref> Wales stresses that encyclopedias of any type are not usually appropriate to use as citable sources, and should not be relied upon as authoritative.<ref name="AWorkInProgress" /> Wales once (2006 or earlier) said he receives about ten emails weekly from students saying they got failing grades on papers because they cited Wikipedia; he told the students they got what they deserved. "For God's sake, you're in college; don't cite the encyclopedia", he said.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Buis |first=Kyle |date=February 25, 2007 |title=Wikipedia sucks students in with reliable information |url=https://theorion.com/28752/archives/wikipedia-sucks-students-in-with-reliable-information-3/|access-date=January 29, 2023 |website=The Orion|archive-date=January 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129174820/https://theorion.com/28752/archives/wikipedia-sucks-students-in-with-reliable-information-3/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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In February 2007, an article in ''[[The Harvard Crimson]]'' newspaper reported that a few of the professors at [[Harvard University]] were including Wikipedia articles in their [[syllabus|syllabi]], although without realizing the articles might change.<ref name="thecrimson wiki debate">{{cite news |last1=Child |first1=Maxwell L. |title=Professors Split on Wiki Debate |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=517305 |work=[[The Harvard Crimson]] |date=February 26, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220125910/https://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=517305|archive-date=December 20, 2008 |location=Cambridge, MA}}</ref> In June 2007, [[Michael Gorman (librarian)|Michael Gorman]], former president of the [[American Library Association]], condemned Wikipedia, along with Google, stating that academics who endorse the use of Wikipedia are "the intellectual equivalent of a dietitian who recommends a steady diet of Big Macs with everything".<ref name="stothart" /><br />
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A 2020 research study published in ''[[Studies in Higher Education]]'' argued that Wikipedia could be applied in the higher education "[[flipped classroom]]", an educational model in which students learn before coming to class and apply it in classroom activities. The experimental group was instructed to learn before class and get immediate feedback before going in (the flipped classroom model), while the control group was given direct instructions in class (the conventional classroom model). The groups were then instructed to collaboratively develop Wikipedia entries, which would be graded in quality after the study. The results showed that the experimental group yielded more Wikipedia entries and received higher grades in quality. The study concluded that learning with Wikipedia in flipped classrooms was more effective than in conventional classrooms, demonstrating Wikipedia could be used as an educational tool in higher education.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zou |first1=Di |last2=Xie |first2=Haoran |last3=Wang |first3=Fu Lee |last4=Kwan |first4=Reggie |date=April 10, 2020 |title=Flipped learning with Wikipedia in higher education |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1080/03075079.2020.1750195 |journal=[[Studies in Higher Education]] |publisher=[[Routledge]] |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=1026–1045 |doi=10.1080/03075079.2020.1750195 |s2cid=216534736|url-access=subscription|access-date=January 29, 2023|archive-date=January 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129174817/https://www.tandfonline.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1080/03075079.2020.1750195|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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==== Medical information ====<br />
{{See also|Health information on Wikipedia}}<br />
On March 5, 2014, Julie Beck writing for ''[[The Atlantic]]'' magazine in an article titled "Doctors' #1 Source for Healthcare Information: Wikipedia", stated that "Fifty percent of physicians look up conditions on the (Wikipedia) site, and some are editing articles themselves to improve the quality of available information."<ref name="Beck-2014">{{Cite magazine |last=Beck |first=Julie |date=March 5, 2014 |title=Doctors' #1 Source for Healthcare Information: Wikipedia |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/03/doctors-1-source-for-healthcare-information-wikipedia/284206/|url-status=live |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |issn=2151-9463|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024070757/https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/03/doctors-1-source-for-healthcare-information-wikipedia/284206/|archive-date=October 24, 2022|access-date=January 29, 2023}}</ref> Beck continued to detail in this article new programs of [[Amin Azzam]] at the [[University of San Francisco]] to offer medical school courses to medical students for learning to edit and improve [[health information on Wikipedia|Wikipedia articles on health-related issues]], as well as internal quality control programs within Wikipedia organized by [[James Heilman]] to improve a group of 200 health-related articles of central medical importance up to Wikipedia's highest standard of articles using its Featured Article and Good Article peer-review evaluation process.<ref name="Beck-2014" /> In a May 7, 2014, follow-up article in ''The Atlantic'' titled "Can Wikipedia Ever Be a Definitive Medical Text?", Julie Beck quotes WikiProject Medicine's James Heilman as stating: "Just because a reference is peer-reviewed doesn't mean it's a high-quality reference."<ref name="theatlantic.com">{{cite magazine |last=Beck |first=Julie |date=May 7, 2014 |title=Can Wikipedia Ever Be a Definitive Medical Text? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/05/can-wikipedia-ever-be-a-definitive-medical-text/361822/|url-status=live |magazine=The Atlantic |issn=2151-9463|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208113526/https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/05/can-wikipedia-ever-be-a-definitive-medical-text/361822/|archive-date=December 8, 2022|access-date=June 14, 2014}}</ref> Beck added that: "Wikipedia has its own peer review process before articles can be classified as 'good' or 'featured'. Heilman, who has participated in that process before, says 'less than one percent' of Wikipedia's medical articles have passed."<ref name="theatlantic.com" /><br />
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=== Coverage of topics and systemic bias ===<br />
{{See also|Notability in the English Wikipedia|Criticism of Wikipedia#Systemic bias in coverage}}<br />
Wikipedia seeks to create a summary of all human knowledge in the form of an online encyclopedia, with each topic covered encyclopedically in one article. Since it has [[byte#Multiple-byte units|terabyte]]s of [[disk space]], it can have far more topics than can be covered by any printed encyclopedia.<ref group="W">[[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a paper encyclopedia]]</ref> The exact degree and manner of coverage on Wikipedia is under constant review by its editors, and disagreements are not uncommon (see [[deletionism and inclusionism in Wikipedia|deletionism and inclusionism]]).<ref name="Economist disagreements not uncommon">{{cite news |date=March 6, 2008 |title=The battle for Wikipedia's soul |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/printedition/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10789354|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=March 7, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214004436/https://www.economist.com/technology-quarterly/2008/03/08/the-battle-for-wikipedias-soul|archive-date=December 14, 2022 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref name="telegraph WP torn apart 1">{{cite news |title=Wikipedia: an online encyclopedia torn apart |first=Ian |last=Douglas |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=November 10, 2007 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/3354752/Wikipedia-an-online-encyclopedia-torn-apart.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/3354752/Wikipedia-an-online-encyclopedia-torn-apart.html|archive-date=January 10, 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|access-date = November 23, 2010}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Wikipedia contains materials that some people may find objectionable, offensive, or pornographic.<ref group="W">[[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not censored]]</ref> The "Wikipedia is not censored" policy has sometimes proved controversial: in 2008, Wikipedia rejected an online petition against the inclusion of [[online petition on Wikipedia Muhammad article|images of Muhammad]] in the [[English Wikipedia|English edition]] of its [[Muhammad]] article, citing this policy.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cohen |first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen |date=February 5, 2008 |title=Wikipedia Islam Entry Is Criticized |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/05/books/05wiki.html|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=January 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126025338/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/05/books/05wiki.html|archive-date=November 26, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The presence of politically, religiously, and pornographically sensitive materials in Wikipedia has led to the [[censorship of Wikipedia]] by national authorities in China<ref name="Taylor" /> and Pakistan,<ref name="washington post state censorship 1">{{cite news |last=Bruilliard |first=Karin |date=May 21, 2010 |title=Pakistan blocks YouTube a day after shutdown of Facebook over Muhammad issue |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/20/AR2010052005073.html|url-status=live|access-date=October 24, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427091507/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/20/AR2010052005073.html|archive-date=April 27, 2020}}</ref> among other countries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moon |first=Mariella |date=March 12, 2022 |title=Prominent editor of Russian Wikipedia pages detained in Belarus |url=https://www.yahoo.com/now/mark-bernstein-russian-wikipedia-pages-detained-in-belarus-104102452.html|access-date=January 30, 2023 |website=[[Yahoo! Inc. (2017–present)|Yahoo!]]|archive-date=March 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313173559/https://www.yahoo.com/now/mark-bernstein-russian-wikipedia-pages-detained-in-belarus-104102452.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mokhtar |first=Hassna'a |date=July 19, 2006 |title=What Is Wrong With Wikipedia? |work=[[Arab News]] |url=http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=1&section=0&article=85616&d=19&m=7&y=2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807060237/http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=1&section=0&article=85616&d=19&m=7&y=2006|archive-date=August 7, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arthur |first=Charles |date=December 8, 2008 |title=Wikipedia row escalates as internet watchdog considers censoring Amazon US over Scorpions image |url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/dec/08/amazon-internet-censorship-iwf|access-date=January 30, 2023 |website=[[The Guardian]]|archive-date=February 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114545/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/dec/08/amazon-internet-censorship-iwf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Through its "Wikipedia Loves Libraries" program, Wikipedia has partnered with major public libraries such as the [[New York Public Library for the Performing Arts]] to expand its coverage of underrepresented subjects and articles.<ref name="NYT subjects and articles">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/21/theater/editing-wikipedia-at-the-new-york-public-library-for-the-performing-arts.html |title=Wikipedia's Deep Dive Into a Library Collection |last=Petrusich |first=Amanda |work=The New York Times |date=October 20, 2011|access-date = October 28, 2011|archive-date = November 11, 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201111213754/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/21/theater/editing-wikipedia-at-the-new-york-public-library-for-the-performing-arts.html|url-status = live}}</ref> A 2011 study conducted by researchers at the [[University of Minnesota]] indicated that male and female editors focus on different coverage topics. There was a greater concentration of females in the "people and arts" category, while males focus more on "geography and science".<ref>{{Cite conference |last1=Lam |first1=Shyong (Tony) K. |last2=Uduwage |first2=Anuradha |last3=Dong |first3=Zhenhua |last4=Sen |first4=Shilad |last5=Musicant |first5=David R. |last6=Terveen |first6=Loren |last7=Riedl |first7=John |date=October 3–5, 2011 |title=WP:Clubhouse? An Exploration of Wikipedia's Gender Imbalance |url=https://files.grouplens.org/papers/wp-gender-wikisym2011.pdf |conference=WikiSym'2011 |location=Mountain View, California |publisher=ACM|access-date=March 26, 2021|archive-date=March 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309064955/http://files.grouplens.org/papers/wp-gender-wikisym2011.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> An editorial in ''[[The Guardian]]'' in 2014 claimed that more effort went into providing references for [[list of pornographic performers by decade|a list of female porn actors]] than a [[list of women writers]].<ref name="GuardianAugust2014">{{cite news |date=August 7, 2018 |title=The Guardian view on Wikipedia: evolving truth |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/aug/07/guardian-view-wikipedia-evolving-truth|url-status=live|access-date=January 31, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112212758/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/aug/07/guardian-view-wikipedia-evolving-truth|archive-date=November 12, 2016}}</ref><br />
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==== Systemic biases ====<br />
Wikipedia's policies may limit "its capacity for truly representing global knowledge". For example, Wikipedia only considers published sources to be reliable. [[Oral knowledge]] of Indigenous cultures is not always reflected in print. Marginalized topics are also more likely to lack significant coverage in reliable sources. Wikipedia's content is therefore limited as a result of larger systemic biases.{{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=37, 38, 47}}<br />
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[[Academic studies about Wikipedia|Academic studies of Wikipedia]] have shown that the average contributor to the English Wikipedia is an educated, technically inclined white male, aged 15–49, from a developed, predominantly Christian country.<ref name="Livingstone2010">{{Cite journal |last=Livingstone |first=Randall M. |date=November 23, 2010 |title=Let's Leave the Bias to the Mainstream Media: A Wikipedia Community Fighting for Information Neutrality |url=https://www.journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/315|url-status=live |journal=M/C Journal |volume=13 |issue=6 |doi=10.5204/mcj.315 |issn=1441-2616|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121135911/https://www.journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/315|archive-date=November 21, 2022|access-date=November 23, 2022|doi-access=free}}</ref> The corresponding point of view (POV) is over-represented.<ref name="Hube2017">{{Cite book |last=Hube |first=Christoph |title=Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion – WWW '17 Companion |chapter=Bias in Wikipedia |date=April 3, 2017|chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3041021.3053375 |location=Republic and Canton of Geneva, CHE |publisher=International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee |pages=717–721 |doi=10.1145/3041021.3053375 |isbn=978-1-4503-4914-7 |s2cid=10472970}}</ref><ref name="Bjork-James-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Bjork-James |first=Carwil |date=July 3, 2021 |title=New maps for an inclusive Wikipedia: decolonial scholarship and strategies to counter systemic bias |journal=New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=207–228 |bibcode=2021NRvHM..27..207B |doi=10.1080/13614568.2020.1865463 |s2cid=234286415}}</ref> This systemic bias in editor demographic results in [[cultural bias]], [[gender bias on Wikipedia|gender bias]], and [[geographical bias on Wikipedia]].<ref name="Ackerly-2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Ackerly |first1=Brooke A. |last2=Michelitch |first2=Kristin |date=2022 |title=Wikipedia and Political Science: Addressing Systematic Biases with Student Initiatives |journal=PS: Political Science & Politics |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=429–433 |doi=10.1017/S1049096521001463 |s2cid=247795102 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Beytía |first=Pablo |title=Companion Proceedings of the Web Conference 2020 |chapter=The Positioning Matters |date=April 20, 2020|chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3366424.3383569 |series=WWW '20 |location=New York |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |pages=806–810 |doi=10.1145/3366424.3383569 |isbn=978-1-4503-7024-0 |s2cid=218523099|access-date=May 8, 2023|archive-date=April 28, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132221/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3366424.3383569|url-status=live}}</ref> There are two broad types of bias, which are ''implicit'' (when a topic is omitted) and ''explicit'' (when a certain POV is over-represented in an article or by references).<ref name="Hube2017" /><br />
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Interdisciplinary scholarly assessments of Wikipedia articles have found that while articles are typically accurate and free of misinformation, they are also typically incomplete and fail to present all perspectives with a [[neutrality (philosophy)|neutral point of view]].<ref name="Ackerly-2022" /> In 2011, Wales claimed that the unevenness of coverage is a reflection of the demography of the editors, citing for example "biographies of famous women through history and issues surrounding early childcare".<ref name="wiki-women" /> The October 22, 2013, essay by Tom Simonite in MIT's ''Technology Review'' titled "The Decline of Wikipedia" discussed the effect of systemic bias and [[criticism of Wikipedia#Excessive regulation|policy creep]] on the [[#English Wikipedia editor numbers|downward trend in the number of editors]].<ref name="Simonite-2013" /><br />
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Research conducted by Mark Graham of the [[Oxford Internet Institute]] in 2009 indicated that the geographic distribution of article topics is highly uneven, with Africa being the most underrepresented.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Graham |first1=Mark |date=November 12, 2009 |title=Mapping the Geographies of Wikipedia Content |url=https://zerogeography.net/post/144973716228/mapping-the-geographies-of-wikipedia-content|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002051150/https://zerogeography.net/post/144973716228/mapping-the-geographies-of-wikipedia-content|archive-date=October 2, 2016 |url-status=usurped |website=Zerogeography}}</ref> Across 30 language editions of Wikipedia, historical articles and sections are generally [[Eurocentric]] and focused on recent events.<ref>{{cite book |last=Strohmaier |first=Markus |url=https://search.gesis.org/research_data/SDN-10.7802-1411?doi=10.7802/1411 |title=Multilingual historical narratives on Wikipedia |date=March 6, 2017 |publisher=[[GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences]] |chapter=KAT50 Society, Culture |doi=10.7802/1411 |quote=Wikipedia narratives about national histories (i) are skewed towards more recent events (recency bias) and (ii) are distributed unevenly across the continents with significant focus on the history of European countries (Eurocentric bias).|access-date=January 31, 2023|archive-date=January 31, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131023846/https://search.gesis.org/research_data/SDN-10.7802-1411?doi=10.7802/1411|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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=== Explicit content ===<br />
{{See also|Internet Watch Foundation and Wikipedia|Reporting of child pornography images on Wikimedia Commons}}<br />
{{for|the government censorship of Wikipedia|Censorship of Wikipedia}}<br />
{{self-reference|For Wikipedia's policy concerning censorship, see [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not censored]]}}<br />
Wikipedia has been criticized for allowing information about graphic content.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Maxton |first=Richard |date=September 9, 2008 |title=Wikipedia attacked over porn pages |work=Macquarie Network |url=http://livenews.com.au/Articles/2008/09/09/Wikipedia_attacked_over_porn_pages|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917145158/http://livenews.com.au/Articles/2008/09/09/Wikipedia_attacked_over_porn_pages|archive-date=September 17, 2008}}</ref> Articles depicting what some critics have called objectionable content (such as [[feces]], [[cadaver]], [[human penis]], [[vulva]], and nudity) contain graphic pictures and detailed information easily available to anyone with access to the internet, including children.<ref group="W">[[Wikipedia:Sexual content/FAQ]]</ref> The site also includes [[sexual content]] such as images and videos of [[masturbation]] and [[ejaculation]], illustrations of [[zoophilia]], and photos from [[hardcore pornography|hardcore pornographic]] films in its articles. It also has non-sexual [[child nudity|photographs of nude children]].<ref group="W">[[Wikipedia:Sexual content]]</ref><br />
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The Wikipedia article about ''[[Virgin Killer]]''—a 1976 album from the German rock band [[Scorpions (band)|Scorpions]]—features a picture of the album's original cover, which depicts a naked [[preadolescence#Prepubescence, puberty, and age range|prepubescent]] girl. The original release cover caused controversy and was replaced in some countries. In December 2008, access to the Wikipedia article ''Virgin Killer'' was blocked for four days by most [[Internet service provider]]s in the United Kingdom after the [[Internet Watch Foundation]] (IWF) decided the album cover was a potentially illegal indecent image and added the article's URL to a "blacklist" it supplies to British internet service providers.<ref name="Register ISP censorship">{{cite news |title=Brit ISPs censor Wikipedia over 'child porn' album cover |first=Cade |last=Metz |work=[[The Register]] |date=December 7, 2008 |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/12/07/brit_isps_censor_wikipedia|access-date = May 10, 2009|archive-date = May 13, 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200513233758/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/12/07/brit_isps_censor_wikipedia/|url-status = live}}</ref><br />
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In April 2010, Sanger wrote a letter to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, outlining his concerns that two categories of images on [[Wikimedia Commons]] contained child pornography, and were in violation of [[United States obscenity law|US federal obscenity law]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/wikipedia-rejects-child-porn-accusation-20100428-tsvh |title=Wikipedia rejects child porn accusation |date=April 29, 2010 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date = May 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902180523/https://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/wikipedia-rejects-child-porn-accusation-20100428-tsvh|archive-date = September 2, 2017|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Inquirer child abuse allegations">{{cite news |last=Farrell |first=Nick |date=April 29, 2010 |title=Wikipedia denies child abuse allegations: Co-founder grassed the outfit to the FBI |newspaper=The Inquirer |url=https://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1603521/wikipedia-denies-child-abuse-allegations|access-date=October 9, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100501174521/https://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1603521/wikipedia-denies-child-abuse-allegations|archive-date=May 1, 2010}}</ref> Sanger later clarified that the images, which were related to [[pedophilia]] and one about [[lolicon]], were not of real children, but said that they constituted "obscene visual representations of the sexual abuse of children", under the [[child pornography laws in the United States#1466A – Obscene visual representations of the sexual abuse of children|PROTECT Act of 2003]].<ref name="The Register-April" /> That law bans photographic child pornography and cartoon images and drawings of children that are [[obscenity#United States obscenity law|obscene under American law]].<ref name="The Register-April" /> Sanger also expressed concerns about access to the images on Wikipedia in schools.<ref name="TET child porn accusations">{{cite news |title=Wikipedia blasts co-founder's accusations of child porn on website |date=April 29, 2010 |work=The Economic Times |location=India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infotech/internet/Wikipedia-blasts-co-founders-accusations-of-child-porn-on-website/articleshow/5871943.cms|access-date = April 29, 2010|archive-date = May 13, 2010|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100513213147/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infotech/internet/Wikipedia-blasts-co-founders-accusations-of-child-porn-on-website/articleshow/5871943.cms|url-status = live}}</ref><br />
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[[Wikimedia Foundation]] spokesman Jay Walsh strongly rejected Sanger's accusation,<ref name="AFP" /> saying that Wikipedia did not have "material we would deem to be illegal. If we did, we would remove it."<ref name="AFP" /> Following the complaint by Sanger, Wales deleted sexual images without consulting the community. After some editors who volunteered to maintain the site argued that the decision to delete had been made hastily, Wales voluntarily gave up some of the powers he had held up to that time as part of his co-founder status. He wrote in a message to the Wikimedia Foundation mailing-list that this action was "in the interest of encouraging this discussion to be about real philosophical/content issues, rather than be about me and how quickly I acted".<ref name="BBC News Wales cedes rights">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/10104946.stm |title=Wikimedia pornography row deepens as Wales cedes rights |work=BBC News |date=May 10, 2010|access-date = May 19, 2010|archive-date = May 13, 2010|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100513075509/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/10104946.stm|url-status = live}}</ref> Critics, including [[Wikipediocracy]], noticed that many of the pornographic images deleted from Wikipedia since 2010 have reappeared.<ref name="XBIZ">{{cite news |last=Gray |first=Lila |date=September 17, 2013 |title=Wikipedia Gives Porn a Break |work=XBIZ.com |url=https://newswire.xbiz.com/view.php?id=169017|access-date=November 10, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021064635/https://newswire.xbiz.com/view.php?id=169017|archive-date=October 21, 2013}}</ref><br />
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=== Privacy ===<br />
One [[privacy]] concern in the case of Wikipedia regards one's right to remain a [[private citizen]] rather than a [[public figure]] in the eyes of the law.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McStay |first1=Andrew |title=Privacy and Philosophy: New Media and Affective Protocol |date=2014 |publisher=[[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]] |isbn=978-1-4541-9163-6 |doi=10.3726/978-1-4539-1336-9 |series=Digital Formation |volume=86}}</ref>{{efn|See [https://web.archive.org/web/20101130081035/https://texaspress.com/index.php/publications/law-media/731-law-a-the-media-in-texas--libel-cases "Libel"] by David McHam for the legal distinction.}} It is a battle between the right to be anonymous in [[cyberspace]] and the right to be anonymous in [[real life]]. The Wikimedia Foundation's [[privacy policy]] states, "we believe that you shouldn't have to provide personal information to participate in the free knowledge movement", and states that "personal information" may be shared "For legal reasons", "To Protect You, Ourselves & Others", or "To Understand & Experiment".<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Privacy policy |url=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy|access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Foundation|archive-date=January 31, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131204008/https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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In January 2006, a German court ordered the [[German Wikipedia]] shut down within Germany because it stated the full name of [[Tron (hacker)|Boris Floricic]], aka "Tron", a deceased hacker. On February 9, 2006, the injunction against Wikimedia Deutschland was overturned, with the court rejecting the notion that Tron's [[right to privacy]] or that of his parents was being violated.<ref name="heise Tron public issue 1">{{cite news |last1=Kleinz |first1=Torsten |title=Gericht weist einstweilige Verfügung gegen Wikimedia Deutschland ab [Update] |url=https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Gericht-weist-einstweilige-Verfuegung-gegen-Wikimedia-Deutschland-ab-Update-173587.html |work=Heise Online |publisher=[[Heinz Heise]] |date=September 2, 2006 |language=de|trans-title=Court rejects preliminary injunction against Wikimedia Germany [Update]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913054949/https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Gericht-weist-einstweilige-Verfuegung-gegen-Wikimedia-Deutschland-ab-Update-173587.html|archive-date=September 13, 2012}}</ref><br />
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Wikipedia has a "{{visible anchor|Volunteer Response Team}}" that uses Znuny, a [[free and open-source software]] fork of [[OTRS]]<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Volunteer Response Team |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_Response_Team|access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki |archive-date=February 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202072211/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_response_team|url-status=live}}</ref> to handle queries without having to reveal the identities of the involved parties. This is used, for example, in confirming the permission for using individual images and other media in the project.<ref group="W">{{cite web |title=OTRS – A flexible Help Desk and IT-Service Management Software |url=https://www.otrs.com/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030215341/https://www.otrs.com/en/|archive-date=October 30, 2013|access-date=June 9, 2012 |website=Open Technology Real Services |publisher=OTRS.com}}</ref><br />
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In late April 2023, Wikimedia Foundation announced that Wikipedia will not submit to any age verifications that may be required by the UK's [[Online Safety Act 2023|Online Safety Bill]] legislation. Rebecca MacKinnon of the Wikimedia Foundation said that such checks would run counter to the website's commitment to minimal data collection on its contributors and readers.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65388255 |title=Wikipedia will not perform Online Safety Bill age checks |work=BBC|date=April 28, 2023|access-date=May 1, 2023|archive-date=May 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501203750/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65388255|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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=== Sexism ===<br />
{{Main|Gender bias on Wikipedia}}<br />
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Wikipedia was described in 2015 as harboring a battleground culture of [[sexism]] and [[harassment]].<ref name="Paling">{{cite web |last=Paling |first=Emma |date=October 21, 2015 |title=Wikipedia's Hostility to Women |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/10/how-wikipedia-is-hostile-to-women/411619/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231105811/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/10/how-wikipedia-is-hostile-to-women/411619/|archive-date=December 31, 2022|access-date=October 24, 2015 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Auerbach |first1=David |title=Encyclopedia Frown |url=https://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2014/12/wikipedia_editing_disputes_the_crowdsourced_encyclopedia_has_become_a_rancorous.html |journal=Slate|access-date = October 24, 2015 |date=December 11, 2014|archive-date = October 23, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151023233133/http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2014/12/wikipedia_editing_disputes_the_crowdsourced_encyclopedia_has_become_a_rancorous.html|url-status = live}}</ref> The perceived tolerance of abusive language was a reason put forth in 2013 for the gender gap in Wikipedia editorship.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Murphy |first=Dan |date=August 1, 2013 |title=In UK, rising chorus of outrage over online misogyny |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Security-Watch/Backchannels/2013/0801/In-UK-rising-chorus-of-outrage-over-online-misogyny|access-date=February 1, 2023|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201014632/https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Security-Watch/Backchannels/2013/0801/In-UK-rising-chorus-of-outrage-over-online-misogyny|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Edit-a-thon]]s have been held to encourage female editors and increase the coverage of women's topics.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kueppers |first1=Courtney |date=March 23, 2020 |title=High Museum to host virtual Wikipedia edit-a-thon to boost entries about women |newspaper=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution |url=https://www.ajc.com/lifestyles/high-museum-host-virtual-wikipedia-edit-thon-boost-entries-about-women/TxxMEMGWHqFfaNMpV8y9DN/|access-date=October 24, 2020|archive-date=October 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027101959/https://www.ajc.com/lifestyles/high-museum-host-virtual-wikipedia-edit-thon-boost-entries-about-women/TxxMEMGWHqFfaNMpV8y9DN/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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In May 2018, a Wikipedia editor rejected a submitted article about [[Donna Strickland]] due to lack of coverage in the media.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Draft:Donna Strickland |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Donna_Strickland&oldid=842614385|access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|archive-date=February 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114656/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Donna_Strickland&oldid=842614385|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Schlanger-2018">{{Cite web |last1=Schlanger |first1=Zoë |last2=Purtill |first2=Corinne |date=October 2, 2018 |title=Wikipedia rejected an entry on a Nobel Prize winner because she wasn't famous enough |url=https://qz.com/1410909/wikipedia-had-rejected-nobel-prize-winner-donna-strickland-because-she-wasnt-famous-enough/|access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]|archive-date=October 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025085329/https://qz.com/1410909/wikipedia-had-rejected-nobel-prize-winner-donna-strickland-because-she-wasnt-famous-enough/|url-status=live}}</ref> Five months later, Strickland won a [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] "for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics", becoming the third woman to ever receive the award.<ref name="Schlanger-2018" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2, 2018 |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2018/press-release/|access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=The Nobel Prize|archive-date=October 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002141926/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2018/press-release/|url-status=live}}</ref> Prior to winning the award, Strickland's only mention on Wikipedia was in the article about her collaborator and co-winner of the award [[Gérard Mourou]].<ref name="Schlanger-2018" /> Her exclusion from Wikipedia led to accusations of sexism, but Corinne Purtill writing for ''[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]'' argued that "it's also a pointed lesson in the hazards of gender bias in media, and of the broader consequences of underrepresentation."<ref name="Purtill-2018">{{Cite web |last=Purtill |first=Corinne |date=October 3, 2018 |title=Sexism at Wikipedia feeds off the sexism in the media |url=https://qz.com/1412718/wikipedia-has-a-problem-with-sexism-so-does-the-media/|access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]|archive-date=February 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201022552/https://qz.com/1412718/wikipedia-has-a-problem-with-sexism-so-does-the-media|url-status=live}}</ref> Purtill attributes the issue to the gender bias in media coverage.<ref name="Purtill-2018" /><br />
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A comprehensive 2008 survey, published in 2016, by Julia B. Bear of [[Stony Brook University]]'s College of Business and Benjamin Collier of [[Carnegie Mellon University]] found significant gender differences in confidence in expertise, discomfort with editing, and response to critical feedback. "Women reported less confidence in their expertise, expressed greater discomfort with editing (which typically involves conflict), and reported more negative responses to critical feedback compared to men."<ref>{{cite journal |author-first1=Julia B. |author-last1=Bear|author-first2=Benjamin |author-last2=Collier |title=Where are the Women in Wikipedia ? – Understanding the Different Psychological Experiences of Men and Women in Wikipedia |journal=Sex Roles |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer Science]] |date=January 4, 2016 |volume=74 |issue=5–6 |pages=254–265 |doi=10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |s2cid=146452625|url-access=subscription|access-date=June 27, 2021|archive-date=October 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027122538/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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=== ''Nine Theses'' ===<br />
{{Main|Nine Theses}}<br />
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''"Nine Theses"'' refers to a reform proposal published by Larry Sanger in October 2025. Sanger's ''Nine Theses'' on Wikipedia presents a critical assessment and reform agenda for Wikipedia. The proposal is part of his broader effort to address what Sanger perceives as systemic issues within Wikipedia, which includes, ideological bias, lack of transparency in the editor hierarchies and an ineffective consensus-based decision making procedure.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-04 |title=Wikipedia Co-Founder Unveils Plan To Fix Website's Biased 'Engine of Defamation' |url=https://www.nysun.com/article/wikipedia-co-founder-unveils-plan-to-fix-websites-biased-engine-of-defamation |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=The New York Sun |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-11 |title=Nine Theses on Wikipedia |url=https://larrysanger.org/nine-theses/ |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=LarrySanger.org |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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== Operation ==<br />
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=== Wikimedia Foundation and affiliate movements ===<br />
{{Main|Wikimedia Foundation}}<br />
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[[File:Katherine Maher.jpg|thumb|[[Katherine Maher]], the third executive director of Wikimedia, served from 2016 to 2021.|alt=Katherine Maher in 2016.]]<br />
Wikipedia is hosted and funded by the [[Wikimedia Foundation]], a non-profit organization which also operates Wikipedia-related projects such as [[Wiktionary]] and [[Wikibooks]].<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikimedia Projects |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/our-work/wikimedia-projects/|access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |date=May 30, 2018 |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|archive-date=October 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011065720/https://wikimediafoundation.org/our-work/wikimedia-projects/|url-status=live}}</ref> The foundation relies on public contributions and grants to fund its mission.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McGregor |first1=Jena |title=Wikimedia's approach to coronavirus: Staffers can work 20 hours a week, get paid for full time |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/03/17/wikimedias-approach-coronavirus-staffers-can-work-20-hours-week-get-paid-full-time/|access-date=February 25, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=March 17, 2020|archive-date=April 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421031242/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/03/17/wikimedias-approach-coronavirus-staffers-can-work-20-hours-week-get-paid-full-time/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="financialstatements" group="W">{{cite web |date=October 12, 2022 |title=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. – Consolidated Financial Statements – June 30, 2022 and 2021 |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/2/26/Wikimedia_Foundation_FY2021-2022_Audit_Report.pdf|access-date=June 5, 2016 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|archive-date=February 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114545/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/2/26/Wikimedia_Foundation_FY2021-2022_Audit_Report.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The foundation's 2020 Internal Revenue Service [[Form 990]] shows revenue of $124.6&nbsp;million and expenses of almost $112.2&nbsp;million, with assets of about $191.2&nbsp;million and liabilities of almost $11&nbsp;million.<ref group="W">{{cite web |date=May 17, 2022 |title=Wikimedia Foundation 2020 Form 990 |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/e/e4/Wikimedia_Foundation_2020_Form_990.pdf|access-date=October 14, 2014 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|archive-date=May 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524102009/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/e/e4/Wikimedia_Foundation_2020_Form_990.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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In May 2014, Wikimedia Foundation named [[Lila Tretikov]] as its second executive director, taking over for Sue Gardner.<ref group="W">{{cite web |date=May 1, 2014 |title=Press releases/WMF announces new ED Lila Tretikov |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Press_releases/WMF_announces_new_ED_Lila_Tretikov|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503035438/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Press_releases/WMF_announces_new_ED_Lila_Tretikov|archive-date=May 3, 2014|access-date=June 14, 2014 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> ''The'' ''Wall Street Journal'' reported on May 1, 2014, that Tretikov's information technology background, from her years at University of California offers Wikipedia an opportunity to develop in more concentrated directions guided by her often repeated position statement that, "Information, like air, wants to be free."<ref name="Jeff Elder 2014">{{Cite news |last=Elder |first=Jeff |date=May 1, 2014 |title=Wikipedia's New Chief: From Soviet Union to World's Sixth-Largest Site |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-34824|access-date=February 1, 2023|archive-date=February 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201172213/https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-34824|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen |date=May 1, 2014 |title=Media: Open-Source Software Specialist Selected as Executive Director of Wikipedia |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/02/business/media/open-source-software-specialist-selected-as-executive-director-of-wikipedia.html?_r=0|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=February 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229040015/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/02/business/media/open-source-software-specialist-selected-as-executive-director-of-wikipedia.html?_r=0|archive-date=December 29, 2022}}</ref> The same ''Wall Street Journal'' article reported these directions of development according to an interview with spokesman Jay Walsh of Wikimedia, who "said Tretikov would address that issue ([[conflict-of-interest editing on Wikipedia|paid advocacy]]) as a priority. 'We are really pushing toward more transparency&nbsp;... We are reinforcing that paid advocacy is not welcome.' Initiatives to involve greater diversity of contributors, better mobile support of Wikipedia, new geo-location tools to find local content more easily, and more tools for users in the second and third world are also priorities", Walsh said.<ref name="Jeff Elder 2014" /><br />
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Following the departure of Tretikov from Wikipedia due to issues concerning the use of the "superprotection" feature which some language versions of Wikipedia have adopted,<ref group="W">{{Cite news |last=Neotarf|author-link=User:Neotarf |date=August 13, 2014 |title=Media Viewer controversy spreads to German Wikipedia |work=[[The Signpost]] |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2014-08-13/News_and_notes|access-date=February 1, 2023|archive-date=January 25, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125043521/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2014-08-13/News_and_notes|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Katherine Maher]] became the third executive director of the Wikimedia Foundation in June 2016.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Lorente |first=Patricio |date=March 16, 2016 |title=Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees welcomes Katherine Maher as interim Executive Director |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2016/03/16/board-welcomes-katherine-maher/|access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|archive-date=February 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114634/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2016/03/16/board-welcomes-katherine-maher/|url-status=live}}</ref> Maher stated that one of her priorities would be the issue of editor harassment endemic to Wikipedia as identified by the Wikipedia board in December. She said to ''[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]'' regarding the harassment issue that: "It establishes a sense within the community that this is a priority&nbsp;... [and that correction requires that] it has to be more than words."<ref name="Bloomberg 2016" /><br />
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Maher served as executive director until April 2021.<ref name=axios>{{cite web |url=https://www.axios.com/exclusive-the-end-of-the-maher-era-at-wikipedia-c1ed1408-bab7-4308-9407-db093e24c80d.html |title=Exclusive: End of the Maher era at Wikipedia |first=Felix |last=Salmon |website=Axios |date=February 4, 2021|access-date=April 16, 2021|archive-date=February 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204180613/https://www.axios.com/exclusive-the-end-of-the-maher-era-at-wikipedia-c1ed1408-bab7-4308-9407-db093e24c80d.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Maryana Iskander]] was named the incoming CEO in September 2021, and took over that role in January 2022. She stated that one of her focuses would be increasing diversity in the Wikimedia community.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lima |first=Cristiano |date=September 14, 2021 |title=Wikimedia taps leader of South African nonprofit as its next CEO |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/09/14/wikipedia-maryana-iskander-ceo/|access-date=September 14, 2021 |issn=0190-8286|archive-date=September 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914162044/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/09/14/wikipedia-maryana-iskander-ceo/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Wikipedia is also supported by many organizations and groups that are affiliated with the Wikimedia Foundation but independently-run, called [[Wikimedia movement affiliates]]. These include [[list of Wikimedia chapters|Wikimedia chapters]] (which are national or sub-national organizations, such as Wikimedia Deutschland and Wikimedia France), thematic organizations (such as Amical Wikimedia for the [[Catalan language]] community), and user groups. These affiliates participate in the promotion, development, and funding of Wikipedia.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikimedia chapters |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_chapters|access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki |archive-date=November 12, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051112001834/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_chapters|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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=== Software operations and support ===<br />
{{See also|MediaWiki}}<br />
The operation of Wikipedia depends on [[MediaWiki]], a custom-made, [[free software|free]] and open source [[wiki software]] platform written in [[PHP]] and built upon the [[MySQL]] database system.<ref name="nedworks database system" group="W">{{cite web |url=https://www.nedworks.org/~mark/presentations/san/Wikimedia%20architecture.pdf |title=Wikimedia Architecture |first=Mark |last=Bergsma |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|access-date = June 27, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204708/https://www.nedworks.org/~mark/presentations/san/Wikimedia%20architecture.pdf|archive-date = March 3, 2009}}</ref> The software incorporates programming features such as a [[macro (computer science)|macro language]], [[variable (programming)|variable]]s, a [[transclusion]] system for [[web template system|template]]s, and [[URL redirection]].<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=MediaWiki Features |url=https://www.wikimatrix.org/show/mediawiki|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=WikiMatrix|archive-date=February 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202020544/https://www.wikimatrix.org/show/mediawiki|url-status=live}}</ref> MediaWiki is licensed under the [[GNU General Public License]] (GPL) and it is used by all Wikimedia projects, as well as many other wiki projects.<ref name="nedworks database system" group="W" /><ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Project:Copyrights |url=https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Project:Copyrights&oldid=262877|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=MediaWiki |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|archive-date=October 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022061355/https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Project:Copyrights&oldid=262877|url-status=live}}</ref> Originally, Wikipedia ran on [[UseModWiki]] written in [[Perl]] by Clifford Adams (Phase I), which initially required [[CamelCase]] for article hyperlinks; the present double bracket style was incorporated later.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=UseMod: UseModWiki |url=https://www.usemod.org/cgi-bin/wiki.pl|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001017191620/http://www.usemod.com/cgi-bin/wiki.pl|archive-date=October 17, 2000 |website=UseModWiki}}</ref> Starting in January 2002 (Phase II), Wikipedia began running on a [[PhpWiki|PHP wiki]] engine with a MySQL database; this software was custom-made for Wikipedia by [[Magnus Manske]]. The Phase II software was repeatedly modified to accommodate the [[exponential growth|exponentially increasing]] demand. In July 2002 (Phase III), Wikipedia shifted to the third-generation software, MediaWiki, originally written by [[Lee Daniel Crocker]].<br />
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Several MediaWiki extensions are installed to extend the functionality of the MediaWiki software.<ref name="WP extensions installed" group="W">[[Special:Version]]</ref> In April 2005, a [[Lucene]] extension<ref group="W">{{cite web |last=Snow |first=Michael |date=April 18, 2005 |title=Internal search function returns to service |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2005-04-18/Lucene_search|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|archive-date=July 31, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731211712/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2005-04-18/Lucene_search|url-status=live}}</ref><ref group="W">{{cite web |last=Vibber |first=Brion |title=[Wikitech-l&#93; Lucene search |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2005-April/016297.html|access-date=February 26, 2009 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|archive-date=March 30, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330033506/http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2005-April/016297.html|url-status=live}}</ref> was added to MediaWiki's built-in search and Wikipedia switched from MySQL to Lucene for searching. Lucene was later replaced by CirrusSearch which is based on [[Elasticsearch]].<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Extension:CirrusSearch |url=https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:CirrusSearch|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=MediaWiki|archive-date=April 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413230335/https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:CirrusSearch|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2013, after extensive beta testing, a [[WYSIWYG]] (What You See Is What You Get) extension, [[VisualEditor]], was opened to public use.<ref name="thenextwebve">{{cite news |last=Protalinski |first=Emil |date=July 2, 2013 |title=Wikimedia rolls out WYSIWYG visual editor for logged-in users accessing Wikipedia articles in English |newspaper=[[TNW (website)|TNW]] |url=https://thenextweb.com/insider/2013/07/02/wikimedia-rolls-out-its-wysiwyg-visual-editor-for-logged-in-users-accessing-wikipedia-articles-in-english/|access-date=February 2, 2023|archive-date=July 5, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705200158/http://thenextweb.com/insider/2013/07/02/wikimedia-rolls-out-its-wysiwyg-visual-editor-for-logged-in-users-accessing-wikipedia-articles-in-english/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/10196578/Wikipedia-introduces-new-features-to-entice-editors.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/10196578/Wikipedia-introduces-new-features-to-entice-editors.html|archive-date=January 10, 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |title=Wikipedia introduces new features to entice editors |author-last1=Curtis|author-first1= Sophie |date=July 23, 2013|access-date = August 18, 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="TheEconomistVE">{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/12/changes-wikipedia |title=Changes at Wikipedia: Seeing things |author=L. M. |date=December 13, 2011|access-date = July 28, 2013|archive-date = June 9, 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130609185354/http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/12/changes-wikipedia|url-status = live}}</ref> It was met with much rejection and criticism, and was described as "slow and buggy".<ref name="Orlowski, Andrew">{{cite web |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/08/01/wikipedians_reject_wysiwyg_editor/ |title=Wikipedians say no to Jimmy's 'buggy' WYSIWYG editor |author-last1=Orlowski|author-first1=Andrew |date=August 1, 2013 |website=The Register|access-date = August 18, 2013|archive-date = August 4, 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130804115056/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/08/01/wikipedians_reject_wysiwyg_editor|url-status = live}}</ref> The feature was changed from opt-out to opt-in afterward.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Forrester |first=James |date=April 25, 2013 |title=The alpha version of the VisualEditor is now in 15 languages |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2013/04/25/visualeditor-alpha-in-15-languages/|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|archive-date=February 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114634/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2013/04/25/visualeditor-alpha-in-15-languages/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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=== Automated editing ===<br />
{{Main|Wikipedia bots}}<br />
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Computer programs called [[Internet bot|bot]]s have often been used to perform simple and repetitive tasks, such as correcting common misspellings and stylistic issues, or to start articles such as geography entries in a standard format from statistical data.<ref group="W">[[Wikipedia:Bots]]</ref><ref name="meetbots">{{cite news |last=Nasaw |first=Daniel |date=July 24, 2012 |title=Meet the 'bots' that edit Wikipedia |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18892510|access-date=February 2, 2023|archive-date=July 28, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728024625/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18892510|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Halliday |first=Josh |author-last2=Arthur|author-first2= Charles |title=Boot up: The Wikipedia vandalism police, Apple analysts, and more |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2012/jul/26/boot-up-wikipedia-apple |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=July 26, 2012|access-date = September 5, 2012|archive-date = February 20, 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220220203949/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2012/jul/26/boot-up-wikipedia-apple|url-status = live}}</ref> One controversial contributor, [[Sverker Johansson]], created articles with his bot [[Lsjbot]], which was reported to create up to 10,000 articles on the Swedish Wikipedia on certain days.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jervell |first=Ellen Emmerentze |date=July 13, 2014 |title=For This Author, 10,000 Wikipedia Articles Is a Good Day's Work |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/for-this-author-10-000-wikipedia-articles-is-a-good-days-work-1405305001|url-status=live|url-access=registration|access-date=August 18, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127185020/https://www.wsj.com/articles/for-this-author-10-000-wikipedia-articles-is-a-good-days-work-1405305001|archive-date=January 27, 2023}}</ref> Additionally, there are bots designed to automatically notify editors when they make common editing errors (such as unmatched quotes or unmatched parentheses).<ref group="W">{{Cite news |last=Aude |date=March 23, 2009 |title=Abuse Filter is enabled |work=[[The Signpost]] |publisher=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2009-03-23/Abuse_Filter|access-date=February 2, 2023|archive-date=March 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322114624/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2009-03-23/Abuse_Filter|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- And prevent the creation of links to particular websites. Bots also find and revert changes by suspicious new accounts, enforce bans against shared [[IP address]]es or the use of [[sockpuppet (Internet)|sockpuppet]]s by a banned person operating from an alternate IP address.(unsourced/unverifiable) --> Edits falsely identified by bots as the work of a banned editor can be restored by other editors. An anti-vandal bot is programmed to detect and revert vandalism quickly.<ref name="meetbots" /> Bots are able to indicate edits from particular accounts or [[IP address]] ranges, as occurred at the time of the shooting down of the [[Malaysia Airlines Flight 17|MH17 jet]] in July 2014 when it was reported that edits were made via IPs controlled by the Russian government.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 21, 2014 |title=MH17 Wikipedia entry edited from Russian government IP address |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/the-stream/2014/7/21/mh17-wikipedia-entry-edited-from-russian-government-ip-address|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116002928/https://stream.aljazeera.com/story/201407211855-0023944|archive-date=November 16, 2016|access-date=July 22, 2014 |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> Bots on Wikipedia must be approved before activation.<ref group="W">[[Wikipedia:Bot policy]]</ref> According to [[Andrew Lih]], the current expansion of Wikipedia to millions of articles would be difficult to envision without the use of such bots.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lih |first=Andrew |title=The Wikipedia Revolution |publisher=[[Hachette Books]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4013-0371-6 |pages=99–106 |oclc=232977686}}</ref><br />
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=== Hardware operations and support ===<br />
[[File:Wikipedia webrequest 2022.png|alt=Diagram showing flow of data between Wikipedia's servers.|thumb|Overview of system architecture {{as of|2022|08|lc=on}}]]<br />
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{{As of|2021|post=,}} page requests are first passed to a front-end layer of [[Varnish (software)|Varnish]] caching servers and back-end layer [[caching]] is done by [[Apache Traffic Server]].<ref name=":14" group="W">{{cite web |title=Varnish |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Varnish|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikitech |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|archive-date=January 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120040423/https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Varnish|url-status=live}}</ref> Requests that cannot be served from the Varnish cache are sent to load-balancing servers running the [[Linux Virtual Server]] software, which in turn pass them to one of the Apache web servers for page rendering from the database.<ref name=":14" group="W" /> The web servers deliver pages as requested, performing page rendering for all the language editions of Wikipedia. To increase speed further, rendered pages are cached in a distributed memory cache until invalidated, allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common page accesses.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Friedman |first=Vitaly |date=January 12, 2021 |title=Front-End Performance Checklist 2021 (PDF, Apple Pages, MS Word) |url=https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2021/01/front-end-performance-2021-free-pdf-checklist/|access-date=April 26, 2022 |website=[[Smashing Magazine]]|archive-date=April 1, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401164651/https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2021/01/front-end-performance-2021-free-pdf-checklist/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Wikipedia currently runs on dedicated [[computer cluster|cluster]]s of [[Linux]] servers running the [[Debian]] operating system.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Debian |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Debian|access-date=April 9, 2021 |website=Wikitech |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|archive-date=April 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418084905/https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Debian|url-status=live}}</ref> By January 22, 2013, Wikipedia had migrated its primary data center to an [[Equinix]] facility in [[Ashburn, Virginia]].<ref group="W" name=":0">{{cite web |last=Palmier |first=Guillaume |date=January 19, 2013 |title=Wikimedia sites to move to primary data center in Ashburn, Virginia |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2013/01/19/wikimedia-sites-move-to-primary-data-center-in-ashburn-virginia/|access-date=June 5, 2016 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|archive-date=July 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715011114/https://blog.wikimedia.org/2013/01/19/wikimedia-sites-move-to-primary-data-center-in-ashburn-virginia/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2013/01/14/its-official-equinix-ashburn-is-wikimedias-home/ |title=It's Official: Ashburn is Wikipedia's New Home |first=Jason |last=Verge |publisher=Data Center Knowledge|access-date = June 5, 2016 |date=January 14, 2013|archive-date = July 15, 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180715011703/https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2013/01/14/its-official-equinix-ashburn-is-wikimedias-home/|url-status = live}}</ref> A second application data center was created in 2014 in [[Carrollton, Texas]], to improve Wikipedia's reliability.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Data centers - Wikitech |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_centers |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=wikitech.wikimedia.org |archive-date=January 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129081929/https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_centers |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bergsma |first=Mark |date=May 5, 2014 |title=Wikimedia Foundation selects CyrusOne in Dallas as new data center |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2014/05/05/wikimedia-foundation-selects-cyrusone-in-dallas-as-new-data-center/ |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=Diff |archive-date=July 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715011353/https://blog.wikimedia.org/2014/05/05/wikimedia-foundation-selects-cyrusone-in-dallas-as-new-data-center/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Both datacenters work as the primary one, in alternate semesters, with the other one working as secondary datacenter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Switch Datacenter - Wikitech |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Switch_Datacenter |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=wikitech.wikimedia.org}}</ref> In 2017, Wikipedia installed a caching cluster in an Equinix facility in [[Singapore]], the first of its kind in Asia.<ref group="W">{{cite web |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156028 |title=⚓ T156028 Name Asia Cache DC site |website=Wikimedia Phabricator|access-date=May 12, 2019|archive-date=May 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512040933/https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156028|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022, a caching data center was opened in [[Marseille]], France.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=⚓ T282787 Configure dns and puppet repositories for new drmrs datacenter |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282787|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Phabricator|archive-date=February 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114545/https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282787|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2024, a caching data center was opened in [[São Paulo]], the first of its kind in South America.<ref group="W" name="Magru">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=July 26, 2024 |title=The journey to open our first data center in South America |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/|access-date=November 29, 2024 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|archive-date=September 21, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921054425/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2024|11|post=,}} caching clusters are located in [[Amsterdam]], San Francisco, Singapore, Marseille, and São Paulo.<ref name=":13" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikimedia servers |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_servers|access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki |date=April 22, 2013 |archive-date=November 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120023847/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_servers|url-status=live}}</ref><ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Data centers |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_centers|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikitech |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|archive-date=January 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129081929/https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_centers|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Internal research and operational development ===<br />
Following growing amounts of incoming donations in 2013 exceeding seven digits,<ref name="Simonite-2013" /> the Foundation has reached a threshold of assets which qualify its consideration under the principles of [[industrial organization]] economics to indicate the need for the re-investment of donations into the internal research and development of the Foundation.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Scherer |first1=Frederic M. |url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=1496716 |title=Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance |date=2009 |publisher=Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship, [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]] |ssrn=1496716|author1-link=Frederic M. Scherer|access-date=February 2, 2023|orig-date=1970|archive-date=April 28, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132257/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1496716|url-status=live}}</ref> Two projects of such internal research and development have been the creation of a Visual Editor and the "Thank" tab in the edit history, which were developed to improve issues of editor attrition.<ref name="Simonite-2013" /><ref name="Orlowski, Andrew" /> The estimates for reinvestment by industrial organizations into internal research and development was studied by [[Adam B. Jaffe|Adam Jaffe]], who recorded that the range of 4% to 25% annually was to be recommended, with high-end technology requiring the higher level of support for internal reinvestment.<ref name="Trajtenberg-2002">{{Cite book |last1=Trajtenberg |first1=Manuel |url=https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/2593/Patents-Citations-and-InnovationsA-Window-on-the |title=Patents, Citations, and Innovations: A Window on the Knowledge Economy |last2=Jaffe |first2=Adam B. |year=2002 |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=978-0-262-27623-8 |pages=89–153 |doi=10.7551/mitpress/5263.001.0001|access-date=February 2, 2023|archive-date=February 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202174803/https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/2593/Patents-Citations-and-InnovationsA-Window-on-the|url-status=live}}</ref> At the 2013 level of contributions for Wikimedia presently documented as 45&nbsp;million dollars,<ref group="W">{{Cite web |last1=Peters |first1=David |last2=Walsh |first2=Jay |year=2013 |title=Wikimedia Foundation 2012–13 Annual Report |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Wmf_AR12_v11_SHIP_2pp_hyper_14jan14.pdf|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|archive-date=February 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114540/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Wmf_AR12_v11_SHIP_2pp_hyper_14jan14.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> the computed budget level recommended by Jaffe for reinvestment into internal research and development is between 1.8&nbsp;million and 11.3&nbsp;million dollars annually.<ref name="Trajtenberg-2002" /> In 2019, the level of contributions were reported by the Wikimedia Foundation as being at $120&nbsp;million annually,<ref group="W">{{Cite web |year=2020 |title=2019 to 2020 Annual Report – Statement of Activities – Audited (July 1, 2019 – June 30, 2020) |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/about/annualreport/2020-annual-report/financials/#section-2|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|archive-date=February 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202174803/https://wikimediafoundation.org/about/annualreport/2020-annual-report/financials/#section-2|url-status=live}}</ref> updating the Jaffe estimates for the higher level of support to between $3.08&nbsp;million and $19.2&nbsp;million annually.<ref name="Trajtenberg-2002" /><br />
<br />
=== Internal news publications ===<br />
{{Main|The Signpost{{!}}''The Signpost''}}<br />
<br />
Multiple Wikimedia projects have internal news publications. [[Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia]]'s online newspaper ''[[The Signpost]]'' was founded in 2005 by Michael Snow, a Wikipedia administrator who would join the Wikimedia Foundation's board of trustees in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Caroline |date=July 18, 2008 |title=Wikimedia Foundation edits its board of trustees |url=https://www.cnet.com/culture/wikimedia-foundation-edits-its-board-of-trustees/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301224408/https://www.cnet.com/news/wikimedia-foundation-edits-its-board-of-trustees/|archive-date=March 1, 2016|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[CNET]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen |date=March 5, 2007 |title=A Contributor to Wikipedia Has His Fictional Side |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/05/technology/05wikipedia.html?pagewanted=2&_r=1|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=October 18, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113161523/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/05/technology/05wikipedia.html?pagewanted=2&_r=1|archive-date=November 13, 2022}}</ref> The publication covers news and events from the English Wikipedia, the Wikimedia Foundation, and [[Wikimedia Foundation#Projects and initiatives|Wikipedia's sister projects]].<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/About |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/About|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|archive-date=June 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610122656/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/About|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== The Wikipedia Library ===<br />
{{For|information for Wikipedia editors|Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library|selfref=yes}}<br />
[[File:Wikipedia Library owl.svg|thumb|upright|Wikipedia Library|alt=Wikipedia Library logo]]<br />
Wikipedia editors sometimes struggle to access paywalled sources needed to improve a subject.{{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=64}} The Wikipedia Library is a resource for Wikipedia editors which provides free access to a wide range of [[electronic publishing|digital publication]]s, so that they can consult and cite these while editing the encyclopedia.<ref name="orlowitz">{{cite journal |last1=Orlowitz |first1=Jake |date=January 2018 |title=The Wikipedia Library: the biggest encyclopedia needs a digital library and we are building it |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327963422 |journal=JLIS.it |volume=9 |issue=3 |doi=10.4403/jlis.it-12505|access-date=February 2, 2023 |via=[[ResearchGate]]|archive-date=April 28, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132509/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327963422_The_wikipedia_library_The_biggest_encyclopedia_needs_a_digital_library_and_we_are_building_it|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bna">{{cite news |last1=The British Newspaper Archive |date=July 18, 2014 |title=Working with Wikipedia to bring history facts to light |work=[[British Newspaper Archive]] |url=https://blog.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/2014/07/18/working-with-wikipedia-to-bring-history-facts-to-light/|access-date=February 2, 2023|archive-date=November 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113161528/https://blog.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/2014/07/18/working-with-wikipedia-to-bring-history-facts-to-light/|url-status=live}}</ref> Over 60 publishers have partnered with The Wikipedia Library to provide access to their resources: when [[ICE Publishing]] joined in 2020, a spokesman said "By enabling free access to our content for Wikipedia editors, we hope to further the research community's resources – creating and updating Wikipedia entries on civil engineering which are read by thousands of monthly readers."<ref name="hall">{{cite web |last1=Hall |first1=Sam |date=June 24, 2020 |title=ICE Publishing partners with The Wikipedia Library |url=https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/page/ice-news/106-wikipedia-library|access-date=October 26, 2021 |website=ICE Virtual Library|archive-date=November 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113161530/https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/page/ice-news/106-wikipedia-library|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Access to content ==<br />
{{Redirect|Accessing Wikipedia|our accessibility guidelines|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility}}<br />
<br />
=== Content licensing ===<br />
When the project was started in 2001, all text in Wikipedia was covered by the [[GNU Free Documentation License]] (GFDL), a [[copyleft]] license permitting the redistribution, creation of derivative works, and commercial use of content while authors retain copyright of their work.<ref name="Wikipedia:Copyrights" group="W">[[Wikipedia:Copyrights]]</ref> The GFDL was created for software manuals that come with [[free software]] programs licensed under the [[GNU General Public License|GPL]]. This made it a poor choice for a general reference work: for example, the GFDL requires the reprints of materials from Wikipedia to come with a full copy of the GFDL text.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses |url=https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.en.html|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=GNU Operating System |publisher=[[Free Software Foundation]]|archive-date=March 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318014154/https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.en.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2002, the [[Creative Commons license]] was released; it was specifically designed for creative works in general, not just for software manuals. The Wikipedia project sought the switch to the Creative Commons.<ref name="WPF switch to CC" group="W">{{cite web |last=Vermeir |first=Walter |date=December 1, 2007 |title=Resolution:License update |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Resolution:License_update|access-date=December 4, 2007 |website=Wikimedia Foundation|archive-date=September 3, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903084619/http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Resolution:License_update|url-status=live}}</ref> Because the GFDL and Creative Commons were incompatible, in November 2008, following the request of the project, the [[Free Software Foundation]] (FSF) released a new version of the GFDL designed specifically to allow Wikipedia to relicense its content to CC BY-SA by August 1, 2009.<ref group="W">[[Wikipedia:Licensing update]]</ref> In April 2009, Wikipedia and its sister projects held a community-wide referendum which decided the switch in June 2009.<ref name="voteresult" group="W" /><ref name="MW licensing QA" group="W">{{cite web |title=Licensing update/Questions and Answers |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers|access-date=February 15, 2009 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki |archive-date=July 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716170801/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="MW licensing timeline 1" group="W">{{cite web |title=Licensing_update/Timeline |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Timeline|access-date=April 5, 2009 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki |archive-date=August 17, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817062932/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Timeline|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="WP blog license migration" group="W">{{cite web |last=Walsh |first=Jay |date=May 21, 2009 |title=Wikimedia community approves license migration |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2009/05/21/wikimedia-community-approves-license-migration|access-date=May 21, 2009 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|archive-date=January 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113042618/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2009/05/21/wikimedia-community-approves-license-migration/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The handling of media files (e.g. image files) varies across language editions. Some language editions, such as the English Wikipedia, include non-free image files under [[fair use]] doctrine,<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia:Non-free content |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|archive-date=January 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127162916/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content|url-status=live}}</ref> while the others have opted not to, in part because of the lack of fair use doctrines in their home countries (e.g. in [[copyright law of Japan|Japanese copyright law]]). Media files covered by [[free content]] licenses (e.g. [[Creative Commons]]' [[CC BY-SA]]) are shared across language editions via [[Wikimedia Commons]] repository, a project operated by the Wikimedia Foundation.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Commons:Fair use |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Fair_use|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Commons]]|archive-date=January 31, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131061136/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Fair_use|url-status=live}}</ref> Wikipedia's accommodation of varying international copyright laws regarding images has led some to observe that its photographic coverage of topics lags behind the quality of the encyclopedic text.<ref name="NYT photos on WP">{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen |date=July 19, 2009 |title=Wikipedia May Be a Font of Facts, but It's a Desert for Photos |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/20/arts/20funny.html|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=March 9, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126005544/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/20/arts/20funny.html|archive-date=November 26, 2022}}</ref> The Wikimedia Foundation is not a licensor of content on Wikipedia or its related projects but merely a hosting service for contributors to and licensors of Wikipedia, a position which was successfully defended in 2004 in a court in France.<ref name="reuters French defamation case">{{cite news |date=November 2, 2007 |title=Wikipedia cleared in French defamation case |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/internetNews/idUSL0280486220071102|access-date=November 2, 2007|archive-date=March 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308123810/https://www.reuters.com/article/internetNews/idUSL0280486220071102|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ars tech WP dumb suing case">{{cite web |last=Anderson |first=Nate |date=May 2, 2008 |title=Dumb idea: suing Wikipedia for calling you "dumb" |url=https://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20080502-dumb-idea-suing-wikipedia-for-calling-you-dumb.html|access-date=May 4, 2008 |website=[[Ars Technica]]|archive-date=August 6, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806121938/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2008/05/dumb-idea-suing-wikipedia-for-calling-you-dumb.ars|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Methods of access<span class="anchor" id="Reusing Wikipedia's content"></span> ===<br />
Since Wikipedia content is distributed under an open license, anyone can reuse or re-distribute it at no charge.<ref group="W">[[Wikipedia:Mirrors and forks]]</ref> The content of Wikipedia has been published in many forms, both online and offline, outside the Wikipedia website.<br />
<br />
Thousands of "[[mirror site]]s" exist that republish content from Wikipedia; two prominent ones that also include content from other reference sources are [[Reference.com]] and [[Answers.com]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reference.com Expands Content by Adding Wikipedia Encyclopedia to Search Capabilities |url=http://www.lexico.com/about/pr20050915.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225094122/http://www.lexico.com/about/pr20050915.html|archive-date=February 25, 2009 |website=Lexico Publishing Group, LLC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Answers.com |url=https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/answerscom|access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=[[PCMag]]|archive-date=February 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203151141/https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/answerscom|url-status=live}}</ref> Another example is [[Wapedia]], which began to display Wikipedia content in a mobile-device-friendly format before Wikipedia itself did.<ref name=":16" group="W">{{Cite web |last=Seifi |first=Joe |date=August 27, 2007 |title=Wapedia review |url=https://appsafari.com/utilities/1144/wapedia/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423185926/https://appsafari.com/utilities/1144/wapedia/|archive-date=April 23, 2022|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=appSafari}}</ref> Some web [[search engine]]s make special use of Wikipedia content when displaying search results: examples include [[Microsoft Bing]] (via technology gained from [[Powerset (company)|Powerset]])<ref name="bing WP research and referencing" /> and [[DuckDuckGo]].<br />
<br />
Collections of Wikipedia articles have been published on [[optical disc]]s. An English version released in 2006 contained about 2,000 articles.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia 0.5 available on a CD-ROM |url=http://www.wikipediaondvd.com/site.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602060411/http://www.wikipediaondvd.com/site.php|archive-date=June 2, 2013 |website=Wikipedia On DVD}}</ref> The Polish-language version from 2006 contains nearly 240,000 articles,<ref name="WM polish WP on dvd" group="W">{{cite web |title=Polish Wikipedia on DVD |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Polska_Wikipedia_na_DVD_%28z_Helionem%29/en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229040017/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Polska_Wikipedia_na_DVD_(z_Helionem)/en|archive-date=December 29, 2022|access-date=December 26, 2008 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> the German-language version from 2007/2008 contains over 620,000 articles,<ref group="W">[[:de:Wikipedia:DVD|Wikipedia:DVD]]</ref> and the Spanish-language version from 2011 contains 886,000 articles.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=¿Qué es la CDPedia? |url=http://python.org.ar/pyar/Proyectos/CDPedia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702023520/http://python.org.ar/pyar/Proyectos/CDPedia|archive-date=July 2, 2011 |website=Py Ar |language=es}}</ref> Additionally, "Wikipedia for Schools", the Wikipedia series of CDs / DVDs produced by Wikipedia and [[SOS Children's Villages UK|SOS Children]], is a free selection from Wikipedia designed for education towards children eight to seventeen.<ref group="W">{{Cite news |date=October 22, 2008 |title=2008–09 Wikipedia for Schools goes online |url=https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/2008-09_Wikipedia_for_Schools_goes_online |access-date=February 3, 2023 |newspaper=WikiNews |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
There have been efforts to put a select subset of Wikipedia's articles into printed book form.<ref name="WP into books 1">{{cite news |date=June 16, 2009 |title=Wikipedia turned into book |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/5549589/Wikipedia-turned-into-book.html|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=February 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801202703/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/5549589/Wikipedia-turned-into-book.html|archive-date=August 1, 2009}}</ref><ref name="WP schools selection 1" group="W">{{cite web |title=Wikipedia Selection for Schools |url=https://schools-wikipedia.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804093730/https://schools-wikipedia.org/|archive-date=August 4, 2012|access-date=July 14, 2012 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Since 2009, tens of thousands of [[print on demand|print-on-demand]] books that reproduced English, German, Russian, and French Wikipedia articles have been produced by the American company [[Books LLC]] and by three Mauritian subsidiaries of the German publisher [[VDM Publishing|VDM]].<ref name="FAZ" /><br />
<br />
The website [[DBpedia]], begun in 2007, extracts data from the infoboxes and category declarations of the English-language Wikipedia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bizer |first1=Christian |last2=Lehmann |first2=Jens |last3=Kobilarov |first3=Georgi |last4=Auer |first4=Sören |last5=Becker |first5=Christian |last6=Cyganiak |first6=Richard |last7=Hellmann |first7=Sebastian |date=September 2009 |title=DBpedia – A crystallization point for the Web of Data |journal=Journal of Web Semantics |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=154–165 |doi=10.1016/j.websem.2009.07.002 |s2cid=16081721 |citeseerx=10.1.1.150.4898}}</ref> Wikimedia has created the [[Wikidata]] project with a similar objective of storing the basic facts from each page of Wikipedia and other Wikimedia Foundation projects and make it available in a queryable [[Semantic Web|semantic]] format, [[Resource Description Framework|RDF]].<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikidata:Introduction |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Introduction|access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Wikidata |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> {{As of|2023|2|post=,}} it has over 101&nbsp;million items.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikidata:Statistics |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Statistics|access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Wikidata |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> [[WikiReader]] is a dedicated reader device that contains an offline copy of Wikipedia, which was launched by [[Openmoko|OpenMoko]] and first released in 2009.<ref group="W">{{cite web |last1=Moeller |first1=Erik |date=October 13, 2009 |title=OpenMoko Launches WikiReader |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2009/10/13/openmoko-launches-wikireader/|access-date=January 19, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Obtaining the full contents of Wikipedia for reuse presents challenges, since direct cloning via a [[web crawler]] is discouraged.<ref name="WP DB usage policy 1" group="W" /> Wikipedia publishes "[[Wikipedia:Database download|dump]]s" of its contents, but these are text-only; {{as of|2023|lc=y|post=,}} there is no dump available of Wikipedia's images.<ref name="WP image data dumps 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Data dumps/What's available for download |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_dumps/What%27s_available_for_download|access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> [[Wikimedia Enterprise]] is a for-profit solution to this.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Cohen |first=Noam |date=March 16, 2021 |title=Wikipedia Is Finally Asking Big Tech to Pay Up |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |url=https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-finally-asking-big-tech-to-pay-up/|access-date=February 3, 2023 |issn=1059-1028}}</ref><br />
<br />
Several languages of Wikipedia also maintain a reference desk, where volunteers answer questions from the general public. According to a study by Pnina Shachaf in the ''[[Journal of Documentation]]'', the quality of the Wikipedia reference desk is comparable to a standard library [[reference desk]], with an accuracy of 55 percent.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shachaf |first=Pnina |date=October 16, 2009 |title=The paradox of expertise: is the Wikipedia Reference Desk as good as your library? |journal=Journal of Documentation |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=977–996 |doi=10.1108/00220410910998951 |url=http://eprints.rclis.org/20329/1/Paradox%20of%20expertise-final.pdf}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Mobile access<span class="anchor" id="Wikipedia mobile access"></span><span class="anchor" id="Wikipedia mobile"></span> ====<br />
{{See also|List of Wikipedia mobile applications|Help:Mobile access}}<br />
[[File:Wikipedia on Mobile screenshot (2024) (cropped).png|thumb|A mobile version showing the English Wikipedia's Main Page on October 2, 2024]]<br />
[[File:Wikipedia page views by device type.webp|thumb|Wikipedia page views by platform]]<br />
Wikipedia's original medium was for users to read and edit content using any standard [[web browser]] through a fixed [[Internet access|Internet connection]]. Although Wikipedia content has been accessible through the [[mobile web]] since July 2013, ''The New York Times'' on February 9, 2014, quoted [[Erik Möller]], deputy director of the Wikimedia Foundation, stating that the transition of internet traffic from desktops to mobile devices was significant and a cause for concern and worry. The article in ''The New York Times'' reported the comparison statistics for mobile edits stating that, "Only 20 percent of the readership of the English-language Wikipedia comes via mobile devices, a figure substantially lower than the percentage of mobile traffic for other media sites, many of which approach 50 percent. And the shift to mobile editing has lagged even more." In 2014 ''The New York Times'' reported that Möller has assigned "a team of 10 software developers focused on mobile", out of a total of approximately 200 employees working at the Wikimedia Foundation. One principal concern cited by ''The New York Times'' for the "worry" is for Wikipedia to effectively address attrition issues with the number of editors which the online encyclopedia attracts to edit and maintain its content in a mobile access environment.<ref name="small screen" /> By 2023, the Wikimedia Foundation's staff had grown to over 700 employees.<ref name=WF10.23.23 /><br />
<br />
Access to Wikipedia from mobile phones was possible as early as 2004, through the [[Wireless Application Protocol]] (WAP), via the [[Wapedia]] service.<ref name=":16" group="W" /> In June 2007, Wikipedia launched en.mobile.wikipedia.org, an official website for wireless devices. In 2009, a newer mobile service was officially released, located at en.m.wikipedia.org, which caters to more advanced mobile devices such as the [[iPhone]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]]-based devices, or [[WebOS]]-based devices.<ref name="WM mobile added 1" group="W">{{cite web |date=June 30, 2009 |title=Wikimedia Mobile is Officially Launched |url=https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2009/06/wikimedia-mobile-launch|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111101614/http://techblog.wikimedia.org/2009/06/wikimedia-mobile-launch/|archive-date=January 11, 2010|access-date=July 22, 2009 |website=Wikimedia Technical Blog |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Several other methods of mobile access to Wikipedia have emerged since. Many devices and applications optimize or enhance the display of Wikipedia content for mobile devices, while some also incorporate additional features such as use of Wikipedia [[metadata]] like [[geographic data and information|geoinformation]].<ref name="androgeoid.com LPOI WP 1">{{cite web |date=May 15, 2011 |title=Local Points Of Interest In Wikipedia |url=https://androgeoid.com/2011/04/local-points-of-interest-in-wikipedia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110601092809/http://androgeoid.com/2011/04/local-points-of-interest-in-wikipedia/|archive-date=June 1, 2011|access-date=May 15, 2011 |website=AndroGeoid}}</ref><ref name="ilounge iphone gems WP">{{cite web |last=Hollington |first=Jesse David |date=November 30, 2008 |title=iPhone Gems: Wikipedia Apps |url=https://www.ilounge.com/index.php/articles/comments/15802|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112235945/http://www.ilounge.com/index.php/articles/comments/15802/|archive-date=January 12, 2009|access-date=July 22, 2008 |website=iLounge}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Android app for Wikipedia was released in January 2012, to over 500,000 installs and generally positive reviews, scoring over four of a possible five in a poll of approximately 200,000 users downloading from Google.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Finc |first=Tomasz |date=January 26, 2012 |title=Announcing the Official Wikipedia Android App |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2012/01/26/announcing-the-official-wikipedia-android-app/|access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref><ref group="W">{{cite web |title=Wikipedia |url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.wikipedia&hl=en|access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=[[Google Play]]}}</ref> The version for iOS was released on April 3, 2013, to similar reviews.<ref group="W">{{cite web |date=August 4, 2014 |title=Wikipedia Mobile on the App Store on iTunes |url=https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia-mobile/id324715238|access-date=August 21, 2014 |website=[[App Store (iOS/iPadOS)]] |publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]}}</ref> [[Wikipedia Zero]] was an initiative of the Wikimedia Foundation to expand the reach of the encyclopedia to the developing countries by partnering with mobile operators to allow free access.<ref name=":17" group="W" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Ellis |first=Justin |date=January 17, 2013 |title=Wikipedia plans to expand mobile access around the globe with new funding |url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2013/01/wikipedia-plans-to-expand-mobile-access-around-the-globe-with-new-funding|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130012228/https://www.niemanlab.org/2013/01/wikipedia-plans-to-expand-mobile-access-around-the-globe-with-new-funding/|archive-date=November 30, 2022|access-date=April 22, 2013 |newspaper=Nieman Lab}}</ref> It was discontinued in February 2018 due to lack of participation from mobile operators.<ref name=":17" group="W">{{cite web |date=February 16, 2018 |title=Building for the future of Wikimedia with a new approach to partnerships |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2018/02/16/partnerships-new-approach/|access-date=May 12, 2019 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Andrew Lih]] and [[Andrew Brown (writer)|Andrew Brown]] both maintain editing Wikipedia with [[smartphone]]s is difficult and this discourages new potential contributors.<ref name="Lih-2015" /><ref name="Brown-2015" /> Lih states that the number of Wikipedia editors has been declining after several years,<ref name="Lih-2015" /> and Tom Simonite of ''[[MIT Technology Review]]'' claims the bureaucratic structure and rules are a factor in this. Simonite alleges some [[Wikipedian]]s use the labyrinthine rules and guidelines to dominate others and those editors have a vested interest in keeping the status quo.<ref name="Simonite-2013" /> Lih alleges there is a serious disagreement among existing contributors on how to resolve this. Lih fears for Wikipedia's long-term future while Brown fears problems with Wikipedia will remain and rival encyclopedias will not replace it.<ref name="Lih-2015">{{cite news |last=Lih |first=Andrew |date=June 20, 2015 |title=Can Wikipedia Survive? |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/21/opinion/can-wikipedia-survive.html|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=February 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217205707/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/21/opinion/can-wikipedia-survive.html|archive-date=February 17, 2022}}</ref><ref name="Brown-2015">{{cite news |last=Brown |first=Andrew |date=June 25, 2015 |title=Wikipedia editors are a dying breed. The reason? Mobile |journal=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jun/25/wikipedia-editors-dying-breed-mobile-smartphone-technology-online-encyclopedia|url-status=live|access-date=February 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022102741/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jun/25/wikipedia-editors-dying-breed-mobile-smartphone-technology-online-encyclopedia|archive-date=October 22, 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Chinese access ===<br />
Access to Wikipedia has been [[Internet censorship in China|blocked]] in [[mainland China]] since May 2015.<ref name="Skipper-2015">{{Cite news |last=Skipper |first=Ben |date=December 7, 2015 |title=China's government has blocked Wikipedia in its entirety again |work=International Business Times UK |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/chinas-government-has-blocked-wikipedia-its-entirety-again-1532138|url-status=live|access-date=May 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503111142/https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/chinas-government-has-blocked-wikipedia-its-entirety-again-1532138|archive-date=May 3, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Fox-Brewster |first=Thomas |date=May 22, 2015 |title=Wikipedia Disturbed Over Fresh China Censorship |work=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2015/05/22/wikipedia-disturbed-over-fresh-china-censorship/#377839ae112a|url-status=live|access-date=May 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503043534/https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2015/05/22/wikipedia-disturbed-over-fresh-china-censorship/#377839ae112a|archive-date=May 3, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Henochowicz |first=Anne |date=May 20, 2015 |title=Chinese Wikipedia Blocked by Great Firewall |url=https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2015/05/chinese-wikipedia-blocked-by-great-firewall/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504212406/https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2015/05/chinese-wikipedia-blocked-by-great-firewall/|archive-date=May 4, 2017|access-date=May 4, 2017 |website=[[China Digital Times]]}}</ref> This was done after Wikipedia started to use [[HTTPS]] encryption, which made selective censorship more difficult.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |date=June 12, 2015 |title=The Wikimedia Foundation Turns On HTTPS By Default Across All Sites, Including Wikipedia |url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/12/the-wikimedia-foundation-turns-on-https-by-default-across-all-sites-including-wikipedia/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824001601/https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/12/the-wikimedia-foundation-turns-on-https-by-default-across-all-sites-including-wikipedia/|archive-date=August 24, 2020|access-date=June 3, 2020 |website=[[TechCrunch]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cultural influence<span class="anchor" id="Influence"></span> ==<br />
<br />
=== Trusted source to combat fake news ===<br />
In 2017–18, after a barrage of false news reports, both Facebook and YouTube announced they would rely on Wikipedia to help their users evaluate reports and reject false news.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Hughes |first1=Taylor |last2=Smith |first2=Jeff |last3=Leavitt |first3=Alex |date=April 3, 2018 |title=Helping People Better Assess the Stories They See in News Feed with the Context Button |url=https://about.fb.com/news/2018/04/news-feed-fyi-more-context/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111152311/https://about.fb.com/news/2018/04/news-feed-fyi-more-context/ |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=[[Meta Platforms|Meta]]}}</ref><ref name="Cohen-2018" /> [[Noam Cohen]], writing in ''[[The Washington Post]]'' states, "YouTube's reliance on Wikipedia to set the record straight builds on the thinking of another fact-challenged platform, the Facebook social network, which announced last year that Wikipedia would help its users root out '[[fake news]]'."<ref name="Cohen-2018">{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen |date=April 7, 2018 |title=Conspiracy videos? Fake news? Enter Wikipedia, the 'good cop' of the Internet |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/conspiracy-videos-fake-news-enter-wikipedia-the-good-cop-of-the-internet/2018/04/06/ad1f018a-3835-11e8-8fd2-49fe3c675a89_story.html|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614045810/https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/conspiracy-videos-fake-news-enter-wikipedia-the-good-cop-of-the-internet/2018/04/06/ad1f018a-3835-11e8-8fd2-49fe3c675a89_story.html|archive-date=June 14, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Constine |first=Josh |date=April 3, 2018 |title=Facebook fights fake news with author info, rolls out publisher context |url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/04/03/facebook-author-info/|access-date=July 15, 2021 |website=[[TechCrunch]]}}</ref><br />
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=== Readership ===<br />
In February 2014, ''The New York Times'' reported that Wikipedia was ranked fifth globally among all websites, stating "With 18&nbsp;billion page views and nearly 500&nbsp;million unique visitors a month,&nbsp;... Wikipedia trails just Yahoo, Facebook, Microsoft and Google, the largest with 1.2&nbsp;billion unique visitors."<ref name="small screen" /> However, its ranking dropped to 13th globally by June 2020 due mostly to a rise in popularity of Chinese websites for online shopping.<ref name="Alexa" /> The website has since recovered its ranking as of April 2022.<ref name="Alexa" /><br />
<br />
In addition to [[logistic function|logistic growth]] in the number of its articles,<ref name="modelling" group="W" /> Wikipedia has steadily gained status as a general reference website since its inception in 2001.<ref name="comscore" /> The number of readers of Wikipedia worldwide reached 365&nbsp;million at the end of 2009.<ref name="365M" group="W">{{cite web |last=West |first=Stuart |date=2010 |title=Wikipedia's Evolving Impact: slideshow presentation at TED2010 |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/TED2010%2C_Stuart_West_full_presentation_updated_with_January_data.pdf|access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> The [[Pew Research Center|Pew]] Internet and American Life project found that one third of US Internet users consulted Wikipedia.<ref name="Wikipedia users" /> In 2011, ''[[Business Insider]]'' gave Wikipedia a valuation of $4&nbsp;billion if it ran advertisements.<ref>{{cite web |author=SAI |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/2011-digital-100#7-wikimedia-foundation-wikipedia-7 |title=The World's Most Valuable Startups |website=Business Insider |date=October 7, 2011|access-date = June 14, 2014}}</ref><br />
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According to "Wikipedia Readership Survey 2011", the average age of Wikipedia readers is 36, with a rough parity between genders. Almost half of Wikipedia readers visit the site more than five times a month, and a similar number of readers specifically look for Wikipedia in search engine results. About 47 percent of Wikipedia readers do not realize that Wikipedia is a non-profit organization.<ref group="W">{{cite web |date=February 6, 2012 |title=Research: Wikipedia Readership Survey 2011/Results – Meta |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Wikipedia_Readership_Survey_2011/Results|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209125719/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Wikipedia_Readership_Survey_2011/Results|archive-date=December 9, 2013|access-date=April 16, 2014 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> {{As of|2023|2|post=,}} Wikipedia attracts around 2&nbsp;billion unique devices monthly, with the English Wikipedia receiving 10&nbsp;billion [[Wikipedia:Pageview statistics|pageviews]] each month.<ref name="Wikimedia_Stats" group="W" /><br />
<br />
==== COVID-19 pandemic ====<br />
{{Main|Wikipedia and the COVID-19 pandemic}}<br />
<br />
During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], Wikipedia's coverage of the pandemic and fight against misinformation received international media attention, and brought an increase in Wikipedia readership overall.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Sachdev |first=Shaan |date=February 26, 2021 |title=Wikipedia's Sprawling, Awe-Inspiring Coverage of the Pandemic |magazine=[[The New Republic]] |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/161486/wikipedia-coverage-pandemic-covid|url-status=live|access-date=February 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228122324/https://newrepublic.com/article/161486/wikipedia-coverage-pandemic-covid|archive-date=February 28, 2021 |issn=0028-6583}}</ref><ref name="Cohen-2020">{{Cite magazine |last=Cohen |first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen |date=March 15, 2020 |title=How Wikipedia Prevents the Spread of Coronavirus Misinformation |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |url=https://www.wired.com/story/how-wikipedia-prevents-spread-coronavirus-misinformation/|url-status=live|access-date=February 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501004048/https://www.wired.com/story/how-wikipedia-prevents-spread-coronavirus-misinformation/|archive-date=May 1, 2020 |issn=1059-1028}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Benjakob |first=Omer |date=September 2, 2020 |title=On Wikipedia, a fight is raging over coronavirus disinformation-GB |magazine=Wired UK |url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/wikipedia-coronavirus|url-status=live|access-date=February 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416214738/https://www.wired.co.uk/article/wikipedia-coronavirus|archive-date=April 16, 2020 |issn=1357-0978}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dodds |first=Laurence |date=April 3, 2020 |title=Why Wikipedia is winning against the coronavirus 'infodemic'-GB |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2020/04/03/wikipedia-winning-against-coronavirus-infodemic/|url-status=live|access-date=February 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411200231/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2020/04/03/wikipedia-winning-against-coronavirus-infodemic/|archive-date=April 11, 2020 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> Noam Cohen wrote in ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' that Wikipedia's effort to combat [[COVID-19 misinformation|misinformation related to the pandemic]] was different from other major websites, opining, "Unless Twitter, Facebook and [[social media|the others]] can learn to address misinformation more effectively, Wikipedia will remain the last best place on the Internet."<ref name="Cohen-2020" /> In October 2020, the [[World Health Organization]] announced they were freely licensing its [[infographic]]s and other materials on Wikimedia projects.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McNeil |first=Donald G. Jr. |date=October 22, 2020 |title=Wikipedia and W.H.O. Join to Combat Covid-19 Misinformation |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/22/health/wikipedia-who-coronavirus-health.html|url-status=live|access-date=February 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227064916/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/22/health/wikipedia-who-coronavirus-health.html|archive-date=December 27, 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> There were nearly 7,000 COVID-19 related Wikipedia articles across 188 different Wikipedias, {{As of|2021|11|lc=y|post=.}}<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kenton |first1=Amanda |last2=Humborg |first2=Christian |date=November 29, 2021 |title=Digital regulation must empower people to make the internet better |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/11/28/digital-regulation-must-empower-people-to-make-the-internet-better/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530140630/https://techcrunch.com/2021/11/28/digital-regulation-must-empower-people-to-make-the-internet-better/|archive-date=May 30, 2022|access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=[[TechCrunch]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wales |first=Jimmy |date=August 26, 2021 |title=Learning to trust the internet again |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/8/26/learning-to-trust-the-internet-again|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827002411/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/8/26/learning-to-trust-the-internet-again|archive-date=August 27, 2021|access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Cultural significance ===<br />
{{Main|Wikipedia in culture}}<br />
<br />
<!-- Every single cultural, media, or Internet reference to Wikipedia does not need to be mentioned here and differentiation between what constitutes a matter of significance and what is run-of-the-mill is important when adding content here. --><br />
[[File:Wikipedia Monument 2.JPG|thumb|upright|''[[Wikipedia Monument]]'' in [[Słubice]], Poland, by [[Mihran Hakobyan]] (2014)]]<br />
Wikipedia's content has also been used in academic studies, books, conferences, and court cases.<ref name="Wikipedia in media" group="W" /><ref name="Bourgeois" /><ref name="ssrn.com Wikipedian Justice 1">{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Raghav |date=February 19, 2009 |title=Wikipedian Justice |doi=10.2139/ssrn.1346311 |ssrn=1346311 |website=[[Social Science Research Network]] |s2cid=233749371}}</ref> The [[Parliament of Canada]]'s website refers to Wikipedia's article on [[same-sex marriage]] in the "related links" section of its "further reading" list for the ''[[Civil Marriage Act]]''.<ref name="parl.gc.ca same-sex marriage">{{cite web |title=An Act respecting certain aspects of legal capacity for marriage for civil purposes |url=https://www.parl.ca/LegisInfo/en/bill/38-1/C-38?view=about|access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=LEGISinfo |publisher=[[Parliament of Canada]]}}</ref> The encyclopedia's assertions are increasingly used as a source by organizations such as the US federal courts and the [[World Intellectual Property Organization]]<ref name="WP_court_source" />—though mainly for supporting information rather than information decisive to a case.<ref name="Courts turn to Wikipedia" /> Content appearing on Wikipedia has also been cited as a source and referenced in some [[United States Intelligence Community|US intelligence agency]] reports.<ref name="US Intelligence" /> In December 2008, the scientific journal ''[[RNA Biology]]'' launched a new section for descriptions of families of RNA molecules and requires authors who contribute to the section to also submit a draft article on the [[Rfam|RNA family]] for publication in Wikipedia.<ref name="Declan" /> Wikipedia has also been used as a source in journalism,<ref name="ajr.org WP in the newsroom">{{cite news |last=Shaw |first=Donna |date=February–March 2008 |title=Wikipedia in the Newsroom |work=[[American Journalism Review]] |url=https://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?id=4461|access-date=February 11, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805155909/https://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?id=4461|archive-date=August 5, 2012}}</ref><ref name="twsY23" /> often without attribution, and several reporters have been dismissed for [[plagiarism from Wikipedia|plagiarizing from Wikipedia]].<ref name="shizuoka plagiarized WP 1">{{cite news |title=Shizuoka newspaper plagiarized Wikipedia article |work=Japan News Review |date=July 5, 2007 |url=https://www.japannewsreview.com/society/chubu/20070705page_id=364|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312013353/https://www.japannewsreview.com/society/chubu/20070705page_id%3D364|archive-date = March 12, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Richter |first=Bob |date=January 9, 2007 |title=Express-News staffer resigns after plagiarism in column is discovered |work=[[San Antonio Express-News]] |url=https://www.mysanantonio.com/news/metro/stories/MYSA010307.02A.richter.132c153.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070123064704/https://www.mysanantonio.com/news/metro/stories/MYSA010307.02A.richter.132c153.html|archive-date=January 23, 2007}}</ref><ref name="starbulletin.com Inquiry prompts dismissal">{{cite web |last=Bridgewater |first=Frank |title=Inquiry prompts reporter's dismissal |url=https://archives.starbulletin.com/2006/01/13/news/story03.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128202726/https://archives.starbulletin.com/2006/01/13/news/story03.html|archive-date=January 28, 2023|access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=[[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Coscarelli |first=Joe |date=July 29, 2014 |title=Plagiarizing Wikipedia Is Still Plagiarism, at BuzzFeed or the New York Times |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2014/07/new-york-times-buzzfeed-wikipedia-plagiarism.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818021218/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2014/07/new-york-times-buzzfeed-wikipedia-plagiarism.html|archive-date=August 18, 2022|access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Intelligencer |publisher=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]}}</ref><br />
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In 2006, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine recognized Wikipedia's participation (along with YouTube, [[Reddit]], [[MySpace]], and Facebook) in the rapid growth of online collaboration and interaction by millions of people worldwide.<ref name="Time2006" /> On September 16, 2007, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' reported that Wikipedia had become a focal point in the [[2008 United States presidential election|2008 US election campaign]], saying: "Type a candidate's name into Google, and among the first results is a Wikipedia page, making those entries arguably as important as any ad in defining a candidate. Already, the presidential entries are being edited, dissected and debated countless times each day."<ref name="WP.com WP election usage">{{cite news |author-last1=Vargas |author-first1=Jose Antonio |date=September 17, 2007 |title=On Wikipedia, Debating 2008 Hopefuls' Every Facet |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/16/AR2007091601699_pf.html|url-status=live|access-date=December 26, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127185625/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/16/AR2007091601699_pf.html|archive-date=January 27, 2023}}</ref> An October 2007 [[Reuters]] article, titled "Wikipedia page the latest status symbol", reported the recent phenomenon of how having a Wikipedia article vindicates one's notability.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ablan |first=Jennifer |date=October 22, 2007 |title=Wikipedia page the latest status symbol |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSN2232893820071022?sp=true|access-date=October 24, 2007}}</ref><br />
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One of the first times Wikipedia was involved in a governmental affair was on September 28, 2007, when [[politics of Italy|Italian politician]] [[Franco Grillini]] raised a parliamentary question with the minister of cultural resources and activities about the necessity of [[freedom of panorama]]. He said that the lack of such freedom forced Wikipedia, "the seventh most consulted website", to forbid all images of modern Italian buildings and art, and claimed this was hugely damaging to tourist revenues.<ref>{{cite web |last=Grillini |first=Franco|author-link=Franco Grillini |date=March 30, 2009 |title=Comunicato Stampa. On. Franco Grillini. Wikipedia. Interrogazione a Rutelli. Con "diritto di panorama" promuovere arte e architettura contemporanea italiana. Rivedere con urgenza legge copyright|trans-title=Press release. Honorable Franco Grillini. Wikipedia. Interview with Rutelli about the "right to view" promoting contemporary art and architecture of Italy. Review with urgency copyright law |url=https://www.grillini.it/show.php?4885|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330141810/https://www.grillini.it/show.php?4885|archive-date=March 30, 2009|access-date=December 26, 2008 |language=it}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Wikipedia, an introduction - Erasmus Prize 2015.webm|thumb|upright=1|thumbtime=00:36.00|Wikipedia, an introduction – [[Erasmus Prize]] 2015]]<br />
[[File:Quadriga-verleihung-rr-02.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Jimmy Wales]] accepts the 2008 [[Quadriga (award)|Quadriga]] ''A Mission of Enlightenment'' award on behalf of Wikipedia.]]<br />
A working group led by [[Peter Stone (professor)|Peter Stone]] (formed as a part of the [[Stanford]]-based project [[One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence]]) in its report called Wikipedia "the best-known example of crowdsourcing{{nbsp}}... that far exceeds traditionally-compiled information sources, such as encyclopedias and dictionaries, in scale and depth".<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --> |date=September 2016 |title=Artificial Intelligence and Life in 2030 |url=https://ai100.stanford.edu/2016-report/section-i-what-artificial-intelligence/ai-research-trends|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208003001/https://ai100.stanford.edu/2016-report/section-i-what-artificial-intelligence/ai-research-trends|archive-date=December 8, 2022|access-date=September 3, 2016 |website=One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence (AI100) |publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20230718" /><br />
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In a 2017 opinion piece for ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'', [[Hossein Derakhshan]] describes Wikipedia as "one of the last remaining pillars of the [[openness|open]] and [[decentralization#Centralization and redecentralization of the Internet|decentralized web]]" and contrasted its existence as a text-based source of knowledge with social media and [[social networking service]]s, the latter having "since colonized the web for television's values". For Derakhshan, Wikipedia's goal as an encyclopedia represents the [[Age of Enlightenment]] tradition of [[rationality]] triumphing over emotions, a trend which he considers "endangered" due to the "gradual shift from a [[typography|typographic]] culture to a photographic one, which in turn mean[s] a shift from rationality to emotions, exposition to entertainment". Rather than "{{lang|la|[[sapere aude]]}}" ({{literal translation|dare to know|lk=on}}), social networks have led to a culture of "dare not to care to know". This is while Wikipedia faces "a more concerning problem" than funding, namely "a flattening growth rate in the number of contributors to the website". Consequently, the challenge for Wikipedia and those who use it is to "save Wikipedia and its promise of a free and open collection of all human knowledge amid the conquest of new and old television—how to collect and preserve knowledge when nobody cares to know."<ref>{{cite news |last=Derakhshan |first=Hossein|author-link=Hossein Derakhshan |date=October 19, 2017 |title=How Social Media Endangers Knowledge |url=https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedias-fate-shows-how-the-web-endangers-knowledge/|url-status=live |department=Business |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |publisher=Condé Nast |eissn=1078-3148 |issn=1059-1028|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022190537/https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedias-fate-shows-how-the-web-endangers-knowledge/|archive-date=October 22, 2018|access-date=October 22, 2018}}</ref><br />
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==== Awards ====<br />
[[File:Wikipedia team visiting to Parliament of Oviedo Spain 2015.JPG|thumb|upright=1|Wikipedia team visiting the Parliament of Asturias]]<br />
[[File:Spanish Wikipedians meetup.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Wikipedians meeting after the 2015 Asturias awards ceremony]]<br />
Wikipedia has won many awards, receiving its first two major awards in May 2004.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Trophy shelf |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Trophy_shelf|access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> The first was a Golden Nica for Digital Communities of the annual [[Prix Ars Electronica]] contest; this came with a €10,000 (£6,588; $12,700) grant and an invitation to present at the PAE Cyberarts Festival in Austria later that year. The second was a Judges' [[Webby Award]] for the "community" category.<ref name="webbyawards WP awards 1">{{cite news |url=https://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/winners-2004.php |title=Webby Awards 2004 |publisher=The International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences |year=2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722174246/https://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/winners-2004.php|archive-date = July 22, 2011}}</ref><br />
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In September 2008, Wikipedia received [[Quadriga (award)|Quadriga]] ''A Mission of Enlightenment'' award of Werkstatt Deutschland along with [[Boris Tadić]], [[Eckart Höfling]], and [[Peter Gabriel]]. The award was presented to Wales by [[David Weinberger]].<ref name="loomarea.com WP award 1">{{cite web |url=https://loomarea.com/die_quadriga/e/index.php?title=Award_2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915140714/https://loomarea.com/die_quadriga/e/index.php?title=Award_2008|archive-date = September 15, 2008 |title=Die Quadriga – Award 2008|access-date = December 26, 2008}}</ref><br />
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In 2015, Wikipedia was awarded both the annual [[Erasmus Prize]], which recognizes exceptional contributions to culture, society or social sciences,<ref name="EP2015">{{cite web |title=Erasmus Prize – Praemium Erasmianum |url=https://www.erasmusprijs.org/?lang=en&page=Erasmusprijs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115214241/https://www.erasmusprijs.org/?lang=en&page=Erasmusprijs|archive-date=January 15, 2015|access-date=January 15, 2015 |website=Praemium Erasmianum Foundation}}</ref> and the Spanish [[Princess of Asturias Award]] on International Cooperation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Premio Princesa de Asturias de Cooperación Internacional 2015|work=Fundación Princesa de Asturias |trans-title=Princess of Asturias Award of International Cooperation 2015 |url=https://www.fpa.es/es/premios-princesa-de-asturias/premiados/2015-wikipedia.html?especifica=0&idCategoria=0&anio=2015&especifica=0|access-date=June 17, 2015 |language=es}}</ref> Speaking at the Asturian Parliament in Oviedo, the city that hosts the awards ceremony, [[Jimmy Wales]] praised the work of the [[Asturian Wikipedia]] users.<ref>{{cite news |date=October 22, 2015 |title=Los fundadores de Wikipedia destacan la versión en asturiano |language=es|trans-title=The founders of Wikipedia highlight the Asturian version |newspaper=La Nueva España |url=https://www.lne.es/sociedad-cultura/2015/10/22/fundadores-wikipedia-destacan-version-asturiano/1830529.html|access-date=October 20, 2015}}</ref><br />
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==== Satire ====<br />
{{Category see also|Parodies of Wikipedia}}<br />
Comedian [[Stephen Colbert]] has parodied or referenced Wikipedia on numerous episodes of his show ''[[The Colbert Report]]'' and coined the related term ''[[wikiality]]'', meaning "together we can create a reality that we all agree on—the reality we just agreed on".<ref name="wikiality" /> Another example can be found in "Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years of American Independence", a July 2006 front-page article in ''[[The Onion]]'',<ref name="onion WP 750 years 1">{{cite web |url=https://www.theonion.com/articles/wikipedia-celebrates-750-years-of-american-indepen,2007/ |title=Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years Of American Independence |access-date=October 15, 2006 |date=July 26, 2006 |website=[[The Onion]] |archive-date=March 25, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325234026/http://www.theonion.com/articles/wikipedia-celebrates-750-years-of-american-indepen,2007/ }}</ref> as well as the 2010 ''The Onion'' article {{"'}}L.A. Law' Wikipedia Page Viewed 874 Times Today".<ref>{{cite web |date=November 24, 2010 |title='L.A. Law' Wikipedia Page Viewed 874 Times Today |url=https://www.theonion.com/articles/la-law-wikipedia-page-viewed-874-times-today,18521/ |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=[[The Onion]] |archive-date=April 5, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405113731/http://www.theonion.com/articles/la-law-wikipedia-page-viewed-874-times-today,18521/ }}</ref><br />
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In an April 2007 episode of the American television comedy ''[[The Office (American TV series)|The Office]]'', office manager ([[Michael Scott (The Office)|Michael Scott]]) is shown relying on a hypothetical Wikipedia article for information on [[negotiation]] tactics to assist him in negotiating lesser pay for an employee.<ref>{{Cite episode |title=The Negotiation|episode-link=The Negotiation (The Office) |series=The Office|series-link=The Office (American TV series) |network=[[NBC]] |date=April 5, 2007 |season=3 |number=19}}</ref> Viewers of the show tried to add the episode's mention of the page as a section of the actual Wikipedia article on negotiation, but this effort was prevented by other users on the article's talk page.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jesdanun |first=Anick |date=April 12, 2007 |title='Office' fans, inspired by Michael Scott, flock to edit Wikipedia |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/webguide/internetlife/2007-04-12-office-wikipedia_N.htm|url-status=live|access-date=December 12, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128044344/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/webguide/internetlife/2007-04-12-office-wikipedia_N.htm|archive-date=January 28, 2023}}</ref><br />
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"[[My Number One Doctor]]", a 2007 episode of the television show ''[[Scrubs (TV series)|Scrubs]]'', played on the perception that Wikipedia is an unreliable reference tool with a scene in which [[Perry Cox]] reacts to a patient who says that a Wikipedia article indicates that the [[raw food diet]] reverses the effects of [[bone cancer]] by retorting that the same editor who wrote that article also wrote the [[list of Battlestar Galactica (2004 TV series) episodes|''Battlestar Galactica'' episode guide]].<ref name="Bakken one doctor 1">{{Cite episode |title=My Number One Doctor|episode-link=Scrubs (season 7)#ep145 |series=Scrubs|series-link=Scrubs (TV series) |network=[[NBC]] |date=December 6, 2007 |season=7 |number=145 |last=Bakken |first=Janae|author-link=Janae Bakken}}</ref><br />
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In 2008, the comedy website ''[[CollegeHumor]]'' produced a video sketch named "Professor Wikipedia", in which the fictitious Professor Wikipedia instructs a class with a medley of unverifiable and occasionally absurd statements.<ref>{{Cite episode |title=Professor Wikipedia |series=CollegeHumor Originals |network=[[CollegeHumor]] |date=September 24, 2008}}</ref> The ''[[Dilbert]]'' comic strip from May 8, 2009, features a character supporting an improbable claim by saying "Give me ten minutes and then check Wikipedia."<ref>{{cite comic |Strip=Topper |Date=May 8, 2009 |Syndicate=[[United Media]] |Cartoonist=[[Scott Adams|Adams, Scott]]}}</ref> In July 2009, [[BBC Radio 4]] broadcast a comedy series called ''[[Bigipedia]]'', which was set on a website which was a parody of Wikipedia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wolf |first=Ian |date=June 4, 2010 |title=Bigipedia given second series |url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/radio/news/319/bigipedia_given_second_series/|access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=[[British Comedy Guide]]}}</ref> Some of the sketches were directly inspired by Wikipedia and its articles.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.comedy.org.uk/guide/radio/bigipedia/interview/ |title=Interview With Nick Doody and Matt Kirshen |website=[[British Comedy Guide]]|access-date = July 31, 2009|archive-date = July 31, 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090731150008/http://www.comedy.org.uk/guide/radio/bigipedia/interview}}</ref><br />
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On August 23, 2013, the ''[[The New Yorker|New Yorker]]'' website published a cartoon with this caption: "Dammit, Manning, have you considered the pronoun war that this is going to start on your Wikipedia page?"<ref>{{cite web |last=Flake |first=Emily|author-link=Emily Flake |date=August 23, 2013 |title=Manning/Wikipedia cartoon |url=https://www.condenaststore.com/-sp/Dammit-Manning-have-you-considered-the-pronoun-war-that-this-is-going-t-Cartoon-Prints_i9813981_.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012052730/https://www.condenaststore.com/-sp/Dammit-Manning-have-you-considered-the-pronoun-war-that-this-is-going-t-Cartoon-Prints_i9813981_.htm|archive-date=October 12, 2014|access-date=August 26, 2013 |website=Conde Nast Collection}}</ref> The cartoon referred to [[Chelsea Manning|Chelsea Elizabeth Manning]] (born Bradley Edward Manning), an American activist, politician, and former United States Army soldier who had recently [[coming out|come out]] as a [[trans woman]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 22, 2013 |title='I am Chelsea': Read Manning's full statement |url=http://www.today.com/news/i-am-chelsea-read-mannings-full-statement-6C10974052|access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=[[Today (American TV program)|Today]]}}</ref><br />
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In June 2024, [[nature.com]] published a fictional Wikipedia [[Help:Talk pages|Talk]] page under the title "Plastic-eating fungus caused doomsday" by Emma Burnett. The Talk page concerned a fictional article describing the unintended consequences of the release of a plastic-eating fungus to clean up an oil spill. The article contained Talk page topics found on Wikipedia, like discussions of changes in the articles [[Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Release Version Criteria#Priority of topic|priority]] level.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burnett |first=Emma |date=June 12, 2024 |title=Plastic-eating fungus caused doomsday[2] [3] |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-01723-z |journal=Nature |doi=10.1038/d41586-024-01723-z |issn=0028-0836|doi-access=free |pmid=38867010 }}</ref><br />
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=== Publishing ===<br />
[[File:WikiMedia DC 2013 Annual Meeting 08.JPG|right|thumb|A group of Wikimedians of the [[Wikimedia DC]] chapter at the 2013 DC Wikimedia annual meeting standing in front of the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' ''(back left)'' at the US National Archives]]<br />
The most obvious economic effect of Wikipedia has been the death of commercial encyclopedias, especially printed versions like ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', which were unable to compete with a free alternative.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bosman |first1=Julie |date=March 13, 2012 |title=After 244 Years, Encyclopaedia Britannica Stops the Presses |url=https://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com//2012/03/13/after-244-years-encyclopaedia-britannica-stops-the-presses/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103001340/https://archive.nytimes.com/mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/13/after-244-years-encyclopaedia-britannica-stops-the-presses/|archive-date=January 3, 2023|access-date=January 26, 2015 |website=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=March 20, 2012 |title=Encyclopedia Britannica Dies At The Hands Of Wikipedia [Infographic] |url=https://www.gizmocrazed.com/2012/03/encyclopedia-britannica-dies-at-the-hands-of-wikipedia-infographic/|access-date=June 14, 2014 |website=GizmoCrazed|archive-date=June 29, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629152825/http://www.gizmocrazed.com/2012/03/encyclopedia-britannica-dies-at-the-hands-of-wikipedia-infographic/|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref name="FT effect on traditional media">{{cite news |author-last1=Caldwell |author-first1=Christopher|author-link=Christopher Caldwell (journalist) |date=June 14, 2013 |title=A chapter in the Enlightenment closes |newspaper=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/ae22314a-d383-11e2-b3ff-00144feab7de.html|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=June 15, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225084438/https://www.ft.com/content/ae22314a-d383-11e2-b3ff-00144feab7de|archive-date=December 25, 2022 |quote=Bertelsmann did not resort to euphemism this week when it announced the end of the Brockhaus encyclopedia brand. Brockhaus had been publishing reference books for two centuries when the media group bought it in 2008. [...] The internet has finished off Brockhaus altogether. [...] What Germans like is Wikipedia.}}</ref> [[Nicholas G. Carr|Nicholas Carr]]'s 2005 essay "The amorality of [[Web 2.0]]" criticizes websites with [[user-generated content]] (like Wikipedia) for possibly leading to professional (and, in his view, superior) content producers' going out of business, because "free trumps quality all the time". Carr wrote, "Implicit in the ecstatic visions of Web 2.0 is the [[hegemony]] of the amateur. I for one can't imagine anything more frightening."<ref name="RType WP traditional media effect 1">{{cite web |last=Carr |first=Nicholas|author-link=Nicholas G. Carr |date=October 3, 2005 |title=The amorality of Web 2.0 |url=https://www.roughtype.com/archives/2005/10/the_amorality_o.php|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804031256/https://www.roughtype.com/?p=110|archive-date=August 4, 2022|access-date=July 15, 2006 |website=Rough Type}}</ref> Others dispute the notion that Wikipedia, or similar efforts, will entirely displace traditional publications. [[Chris Anderson (writer)|Chris Anderson]], the former editor-in-chief of ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'', wrote in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' that the "[[wisdom of the crowd|wisdom of crowd]]s" approach of Wikipedia will not displace top [[scientific journal]]s with rigorous [[peer review]] processes.<ref name="nature.com crowds wisdom" /><br />
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Wikipedia's influence on the biography publishing business has been a concern for some. Book publishing data tracker Nielsen [[BookScan]] stated in 2013 that biography sales were dropping "far more sharply".<ref name="Flood-2013" /> [[Kathryn Hughes]], professor of [[life writing]] at the [[University of East Anglia]] and author of two biographies wrote, "The worry is that, if you can get all that information from Wikipedia, what's left for biography?"<ref name="Flood-2013">{{cite news |last=Flood |first=Alison |date=February 7, 2013 |title=Alison Flood: ''Should traditional biography be buried alongside Shakespeare's breakfast?'' |journal=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2013/feb/07/traditional-biography-shakespeare-breakfast|access-date=June 14, 2014}}</ref><br />
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=== Research use ===<br />
Wikipedia has been widely used as a [[text corpus|corpus]] for linguistic research in [[computational linguistics]], [[information retrieval]] and [[natural language processing]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mayo |first=Matthew |date=November 23, 2017 |title=Building a Wikipedia Text Corpus for Natural Language Processing |url=https://www.kdnuggets.com/building-a-wikipedia-text-corpus-for-natural-language-processing.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528034621/https://www.kdnuggets.com/2017/11/building-wikipedia-text-corpus-nlp.html|archive-date=May 28, 2023|access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=KDnuggets}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lindemann |first=Luke |date=February 19, 2021 |title=Wikipedia Corpus |url=https://lukelindemann.com/wiki_corpus.html|access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=lukelindemann.com}}</ref> In particular, it commonly serves as a target knowledge base for the [[entity linking]] problem, which is then called "wikification",<ref name="wikify">{{cite conference |url=https://www.cse.unt.edu/~tarau/teaching/NLP/papers/Mihalcea-2007-Wikify-Linking_Documents_to_Encyclopedic.pdf |title=Wikify!: linking documents to encyclopedic knowledge |first1=Mihalcea |last1=Rada |first2=Andras |last2=Csomai|author1-link=Rada Mihalcea |date=November 2007 |conference=ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management|book-title=CIKM '07: Proceedings of the sixteenth ACM conference on Conference on information and knowledge management |publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218062051/https://www.cse.unt.edu/~tarau/teaching/NLP/papers/Mihalcea-2007-Wikify-Linking_Documents_to_Encyclopedic.pdf|archive-date=February 18, 2016 |location=Lisbon; New York City |pages=233–242 |isbn=978-1-59593-803-9 |doi=10.1145/1321440.1321475|url-status=live}}</ref> and to the related problem of [[word-sense disambiguation]].<ref name="milne witten WP usage 1">{{cite conference|chapter-url=https://www.cms.waikato.ac.nz/~ihw/papers/08-DNM-IHW-LearningToLinkWithWikipedia.pdf |chapter=Learning to Link with Wikipedia |first1=David |last1=Milne |first2=Ian H. |last2=Witten |title=Proceeding of the 17th ACM conference on Information and knowledge mining – CIKM '08|author2-link=Ian H. Witten |date=October 2008 |conference=ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management|book-title=CIKM '08: Proceedings of the seventeenth ACM conference on Conference on information and knowledge management |publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery]] |location=Napa Valley, CA; New York |pages=509–518 |isbn=978-1-59593-991-3 |doi=10.1145/1458082.1458150 |citeseerx=10.1.1.148.3617}}</ref> Methods similar to wikification can in turn be used to find "missing" links in Wikipedia.<ref name="discovering missing WP links 1">{{cite conference |last1=Adafre |first1=Sisay Fissaha |last2=de Rijke |first2=Maarten|author2-link=Maarten de Rijke |date=August 2005 |title=Proceedings of the 3rd international workshop on Link discovery – LinkKDD '05 |url=https://staff.science.uva.nl/~mdr/Publications/Files/linkkdd2005.pdf |conference=ACM LinkKDD |location=Chicago; New York City |publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery]] |pages=90–97 |doi=10.1145/1134271.1134284 |isbn=978-1-59593-135-1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717054413/https://staff.science.uva.nl/~mdr/Publications/Files/linkkdd2005.pdf|archive-date=July 17, 2012|chapter-url=https://staff.science.uva.nl/~mdr/Publications/Files/linkkdd2005.pdf |chapter=Discovering missing links in Wikipedia|book-title=LinkKDD '05: Proceedings of the 3rd international workshop on Link discovery|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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In 2015, French researchers José Lages of the [[University of Franche-Comté]] in [[Besançon]] and Dima Shepelyansky of [[Paul Sabatier University]] in [[Toulouse]] published a global university ranking based on Wikipedia scholarly citations.<ref name=mitmining>{{cite news |title=Wikipedia-Mining Algorithm Reveals World's Most Influential Universities: An algorithm's list of the most influential universities contains some surprising entries |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/view/544266/wikipedia-mining-algorithm-reveals-worlds-most-influential-universities/|access-date = December 27, 2015 |work=[[MIT Technology Review]] |date=December 7, 2015|archive-date = February 1, 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160201174817/https://www.technologyreview.com/view/544266/wikipedia-mining-algorithm-reveals-worlds-most-influential-universities/}}</ref><ref name=harvardisonlymarmow>{{cite news |last1=Marmow Shaw |first1=Jessica |title=Harvard is only the 3rd most influential university in the world, according to this list |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/two-universities-beat-harvard-in-this-surprising-school-ranking-2015-12-09|access-date = December 27, 2015 |work=[[MarketWatch]] |date=December 10, 2015}}</ref><ref name=wikipediarankingtimesworldunifranche>{{cite news |last1=Bothwell |first1=Ellie |title=Wikipedia Ranking of World Universities: the top 100. List ranks institutions by search engine results and Wikipedia appearances |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/wikipedia-ranking-world-universities-top-100|access-date = December 27, 2015 |work=[[Times Higher Education]] |date=December 15, 2015}}</ref> They used [[PageRank]], [[CheiRank]] and similar algorithms "followed by the number of appearances in the 24 different language editions of Wikipedia (descending order) and the century in which they were founded (ascending order)".<ref name=wikipediarankingtimesworldunifranche /><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Lages, J. |author2=Patt, A. |author3=Shepelyansky, D. |year=2016 |title=Wikipedia ranking of world universities |journal=[[European Physical Journal B|Eur. Phys. J. B]] |volume=89 |page=69 |arxiv=1511.09021 |bibcode=2016EPJB...89...69L |doi=10.1140/epjb/e2016-60922-0 |number=69 |s2cid=1965378}}</ref> The study was updated in 2019.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Coquidé, C. |author2=Lages, J. |author3=Shepelyansky, D.L. |year=2019 |title=World influence and interactions of universities from Wikipedia networks. |journal=[[European Physical Journal B|Eur. Phys. J. B]] |volume=92 |page=3 |arxiv=1809.00332 |bibcode=2019EPJB...92....3C |doi=10.1140/epjb/e2018-90532-7 |number=3 |s2cid=52154548}}</ref><br />
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In December 2015, [[John Julius Norwich]] stated, in a letter published in ''[[The Times]]'' newspaper, that as a historian he resorted to Wikipedia "at least a dozen times a day", and had "never caught it out". He described it as "a work of reference as useful as any in existence", with so wide a range that it is almost impossible to find a person, place, or thing that it has left uncovered and that he could never have written his last two books without it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 13, 2015 |title=All hail Wikipedia |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/all-hail-wikipedia-l6t9cnhkl5m |access-date=October 1, 2024 |website=The Times}}</ref><br />
<br />
A 2017 [[MIT]] study suggests that words used in Wikipedia articles end up in scientific publications.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Thompson |first1=Neil |last2=Hanley |first2=Douglas |date=February 13, 2018 |title=Science Is Shaped by Wikipedia: Evidence From a Randomized Control Trial |journal=MIT Sloan Research Paper No. 5238-17 |location=Rochester, NY |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3039505 |ssrn=3039505 |s2cid=30918097 |via=[[SSRN]]}}</ref> Studies related to Wikipedia have been using [[machine learning]] and [[artificial intelligence]]<ref name="NYT-20230718">{{cite news |last=Gertner |first=Jon |title=Wikipedia's Moment of Truth – Can the online encyclopedia help teach A.I. chatbots to get their facts right — without destroying itself in the process? + comment |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/18/magazine/wikipedia-ai-chatgpt.html#permid=126389255 |date=July 18, 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]]|url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20230719220706/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/18/magazine/wikipedia-ai-chatgpt.html#permid=126389255 |archive-date=July 19, 2023 |access-date=July 19, 2023}}</ref> to support various operations. One of the most important areas is the automatic detection of vandalism<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Sarabadani |first1=Amir |last2=Halfaker |first2=Aaron |last3=Taraborelli |first3=Dario |title=Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion – WWW '17 Companion|author2-link=Aaron Halfaker |chapter=Building automated vandalism detection tools for Wikidata |date=April 2017 |conference=International Conference on World Wide Web Companion|book-title=WWW '17 Companion: Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion |publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery]] |location=Perth; New York |pages=1647–1654 |isbn=978-1-4503-4914-7 |doi=10.1145/3041021.3053366 |arxiv=1703.03861}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |last1=Potthast |first1=Martin |last2=Stein |first2=Benno |last3=Gerling |first3=Robert |title=Advances in Information Retrieval |chapter=Automatic Vandalism Detection in Wikipedia|book-title=Advances in Information Retrieval |date=2008 |volume=4956 |pages=663–668 |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-78646-7_75 |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |isbn=978-3-540-78645-0|editor1-first=Craig|editor1-last=Macdonald|editor2-first=Iadh|editor2-last=Ounis|editor3-first=Vassilis|editor3-last=Plachouras|editor4-first=Ian|editor4-last=Ruthven|editor5-first=Ryen W.|editor5-last=White |conference=30th [[ECIR]] |location=Glasgow |publisher=Springer |citeseerx=10.1.1.188.1093}}</ref> and [[data quality]] assessment in Wikipedia.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Asthana |first1=Sumit |last2=Halfaker |first2=Aaron|author2-link=Aaron Halfaker|editor1-last=Lampe|editor1-first=Cliff|editor1-link=Cliff Lampe |title=With Few Eyes, All Hoaxes are Deep |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction |date=November 2018 |volume=2 |issue=CSCW |doi=10.1145/3274290 |at=21 |publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery]] |location=New York City |issn=2573-0142|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Petroni |first1=Fabio |last2=Broscheit |first2=Samuel |last3=Piktus |first3=Aleksandra |last4=Lewis |first4=Patrick |last5=Izacard |first5=Gautier |last6=Hosseini |first6=Lucas |last7=Dwivedi-Yu |first7=Jane |last8=Lomeli |first8=Maria |last9=Schick |first9=Timo|last10=Bevilacqua|first10=Michele |last11=Mazaré |first11=Pierre-Emmanuel |last12=Joulin |first12=Armand |last13=Grave |first13=Edouard |last14=Riedel |first14=Sebastian |title=Improving Wikipedia verifiability with AI |journal=[[Nature Machine Intelligence]] |date=2023 |volume=5 |issue=10 |pages=1142–1148 |doi=10.1038/s42256-023-00726-1|doi-access=free |arxiv=2207.06220}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Related projects ==<br />
Several interactive multimedia encyclopedias incorporating entries written by the public existed long before Wikipedia was founded. The first of these was the 1986 [[BBC Domesday Project]], which included text (entered on [[BBC Micro]] computers) and photographs from more than a million contributors in the UK, and covered the geography, art, and culture of the UK. This was the first interactive multimedia encyclopedia (and was also the first major multimedia document connected through internal links), with the majority of articles being accessible through an interactive map of the UK. The user interface and part of the content of the Domesday Project were emulated on a website until 2008.<ref name="Domesday Project" /><br />
<br />
Several free-content, collaborative encyclopedias were created around the same period as Wikipedia (e.g. [[Everything2]]),<ref>{{cite news |last=Frauenfelder |first=Mark |date=November 21, 2000 |title=The next generation of online encyclopedias |website=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/11/21/net.gen.encyclopedias.idg/index.html|url-status=live|access-date=February 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040814034109/https://www.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/11/21/net.gen.encyclopedias.idg/index.html|archive-date=August 14, 2004}}</ref> with many later being merged into the project (e.g. [[GNE (encyclopedia)|GNE]]).<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=The Free Encyclopedia Project |url=https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html|access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=GNU Operating System}}</ref> One of the most successful early online encyclopedias incorporating entries by the public was [[h2g2]], which was created by [[Douglas Adams]] in 1999. The h2g2 encyclopedia is relatively lighthearted, focusing on articles which are both witty and informative.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rubin |first=Harriet |date=May 31, 1998 |title=The Hitchhikers Guide to the New Economy |work=[[Fast Company]] |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/34100/hitchhikers-guide-new-economy|access-date=February 4, 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
Subsequent collaborative [[knowledge base|knowledge]] websites have drawn inspiration from Wikipedia. Others use more traditional [[peer review]], such as ''[[Encyclopedia of Life]]'' and the online wiki encyclopedias ''[[Scholarpedia]]'' and [[Citizendium]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Encyclopedia of Life |url=http://naturalhistory.si.edu/research/eol|access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=[[National Museum of Natural History]] |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Scholarpedia: the free peer-reviewed encyclopedia |url=http://applied-neuroscience.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222104006/http://applied-neuroscience.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79|archive-date=February 22, 2012 |website=Society of Applied Neuroscience}}</ref> The latter was started by Sanger in an attempt to create a reliable alternative to Wikipedia.<ref name="Orlowski18" /><ref name="JayLyman">{{cite news |first=Jay |last=Lyman |url=https://www.crmbuyer.com/story/53137.html |title=Wikipedia Co-Founder Planning New Expert-Authored Site |publisher=LinuxInsider |date=September 20, 2006|access-date = June 27, 2007|archive-date = September 28, 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928002933/http://www.crmbuyer.com/story/53137.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Main category|Wikipedia}}<br />
{{Portal|Internet|Wikipedia}}<br />
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}<br />
* [[Bibliography of Wikipedia]]<br />
* [[Democratization of knowledge]]<br />
* [[Interpedia]]{{snd}}an early proposal for a collaborative Internet encyclopedia<br />
* [[List of films about Wikipedia]]<br />
* [[List of online encyclopedias]]<br />
* [[List of Wikipedia controversies]]<br />
* [[List of wikis]]<br />
* ''[[Missing Links and Secret Histories]]''<br />
* [[Network effect]]<br />
* [[Outline of Wikipedia]]{{snd}}guide to the subject of ''Wikipedia'' presented as a [[tree structure]]d list of its subtopics; for an outline of the contents of Wikipedia, see [[Portal:Contents/Outlines]]<br />
* [[QRpedia]]{{snd}}multilingual, mobile interface to Wikipedia<br />
* [[Wikipedia Review]]<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
=== Footnotes ===<br />
{{Reflist|refs=<br />
<ref name="nature.com crowds wisdom">{{cite web |title=Technical solutions: Wisdom of the crowds |url=https://www.nature.com/nature/peerreview/debate/nature04992.html |website=Nature|access-date = October 10, 2006}}</ref><br />
<!-- unused <ref name="Alexa siteinfo">{{cite web |title=Wikipedia.org Traffic, Demographics and Competitors |url=https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org |publisher=[[Alexa Internet]]|access-date=October 1, 2019}}</ref> --><br />
<ref name=comscore>{{cite web |url=https://www.comscore.com/press/release.asp?press=849 |title=694 Million People Currently Use the Internet Worldwide According To comScore Networks |date=May 4, 2006 |publisher=comScore|access-date = December 16, 2007 |quote=Wikipedia has emerged as a site that continues to increase in popularity, both globally and in the US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080730011713/https://www.comscore.com/press/release.asp?press=849|archive-date = July 30, 2008}}</ref><br />
<ref name="Wikipedia users">{{cite web |first1=Lee |last1=Rainie |first2=Bill |last2=Tancer |title=Wikipedia users |publisher=Pew Research Center |website=Pew Internet & American Life Project |date=December 15, 2007 |quote=36% of online American adults consult Wikipedia. It is particularly popular with the well-educated and current college-age students. |url=https://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Wikipedia07.pdf|access-date = December 15, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306031354/https://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Wikipedia07.pdf|archive-date = March 6, 2008}}</ref><br />
<ref name="Bourgeois">{{cite web |url=https://www.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/ops/200216886.pdf |title=Bourgeois et al. v. Peters et al.|access-date = February 6, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203021430/https://www.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/ops/200216886.pdf|archive-date = February 3, 2007}}</ref><br />
<ref name="Courts turn to Wikipedia">{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen |date=January 29, 2007 |title=Courts Turn to Wikipedia, but Selectively |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/29/technology/29wikipedia.html|access-date = December 26, 2008}}</ref><br />
<ref name="US Intelligence">{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/blog/secrecy/2007/03/the_wikipedia_factor_in_us_int.html |title=The Wikipedia Factor in US Intelligence |first=Steven |last=Aftergood |publisher=Federation of American Scientists Project on Government Secrecy |date=March 21, 2007|access-date = April 14, 2007|archive-date = January 18, 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130118113948/http://www.fas.org/blog/secrecy/2007/03/the_wikipedia_factor_in_us_int.html}}</ref><br />
<ref name="Declan">{{cite journal |last=Butler |first=Declan |date=December 16, 2008 |title=Publish in Wikipedia or perish |journal=Nature News |doi=10.1038/news.2008.1312}}</ref><br />
<ref name=MiliardWho>{{cite news |url=https://www.cityweekly.net/utah/article-5129-feature-wikipediots-who-are-these-devoted-even-obsessive-contributors-to-wikipedia.html |first=Mike |last=Miliard |title=Wikipediots: Who Are These Devoted, Even Obsessive Contributors to Wikipedia? |work=[[Salt Lake City Weekly]] |date=March 1, 2008 |access-date=December 18, 2008 |archive-date=April 2, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402034719/http://www.cityweekly.net/utah/article-5129-feature-wikipediots-who-are-these-devoted-even-obsessive-contributors-to-wikipedia.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<ref name=Time2006>{{cite news |date=December 13, 2006 |url=https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1570810,00.html |title=Time's Person of the Year: You |magazine=Time |access-date=December 26, 2008 |first=Lev |last=Grossman |archive-date=March 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304050538/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1570810,00.html }}</ref><br />
<ref name="AcademiaAndWikipedia">{{cite web |first=Danah |last=Boyd |url=https://many.corante.com/archives/2005/01/04/academia_and_wikipedia.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060316184224/https://many.corante.com/archives/2005/01/04/academia_and_wikipedia.php|archive-date = March 16, 2006 |title=Academia and Wikipedia |website=Many 2 Many: A Group We[[blog]] on Social Software |publisher=Corante |date=January 4, 2005|access-date = December 18, 2008 |quote=[The author, Danah Boyd, describes herself as] an expert on social media[,] [...] a doctoral student in the School of Information at the [[University of California, Berkeley]] [,] and a fellow at the Harvard University [[Berkman Center for Internet & Society]] [at [[Harvard Law School]].]}}</ref><br />
<ref name="MIT_IBM_study">{{cite book |first1=Fernanda B. |last1=Viégas |first2=Martin |last2=Wattenberg |first3=Kushal |last3=Dave |title=CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems |chapter=The palm zire 71 camera interface |url=https://alumni.media.mit.edu/~fviegas/papers/history_flow.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060125025047/https://alumni.media.mit.edu/~fviegas/papers/history_flow.pdf|archive-date = January 25, 2006 |pages=575–582 |year=2004 |doi=10.1145/985921.985953 |isbn=978-1-58113-702-6 |s2cid=10351688|access-date = January 24, 2007}}</ref><br />
<ref name="CreatingDestroyingAndRestoringValue">{{cite journal |first1=Reid |last1=Priedhorsky |first2=Jilin |last2=Chen |author3=Shyong (Tony) K. Lam |first4=Katherine |last4=Panciera |first5=Loren |last5=Terveen |first6=John |last6=Riedl |title=Creating, Destroying, and Restoring Value in Wikipedia |journal=Association for Computing Machinery Group '07 Conference Proceedings; GroupLens Research, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota |date=November 4, 2007 |url=https://www-users.cs.umn.edu/~reid/papers/group282-priedhorsky.pdf|access-date = October 13, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025080718/https://www-users.cs.umn.edu/~reid/papers/group282-priedhorsky.pdf|archive-date = October 25, 2007 |citeseerx=10.1.1.123.7456}}</ref><br />
<ref name="Sidener-2004">{{cite news |url=https://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html |first=Jonathan |last=Sidener |title=Everyone's Encyclopedia |date=December 6, 2004 |work=[[The San Diego Union-Tribune]]|access-date = October 15, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011150228/https://signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html|archive-date = October 11, 2007}}</ref><br />
<ref name=Meyers>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Meyers |title=Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/20/technology/fact-driven-collegial-this-site-wants-you.html?n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes+Topics%2FSubjects%2FC%2FComputer+Software |work=The New York Times |date=September 20, 2001 |quote='I can start an article that will consist of one paragraph, and then a real expert will come along and add three paragraphs and clean up my one paragraph,' said Larry Sanger of Las Vegas, who founded Wikipedia with Mr. Wales.|access-date = November 22, 2007}}</ref><br />
<ref name=SangerMemoir>{{cite news |first=Larry |last=Sanger |title=The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir |date=April 18, 2005 |work=Slashdot |url=https://features.slashdot.org/features/05/04/18/164213.shtml|access-date = December 26, 2008}}</ref><br />
<ref name="EB_encyclopedia">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopedias and Dictionaries |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |edition=15th |year=2007 |volume=18 |pages=257–286 |author1=<!-- Please add first missing authors to populate metadata. -->}}</ref><br />
<ref name=Shirky>{{cite book |first=Clay |last=Shirky|author-link = Clay Shirky |title=Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations |year=2008 |publisher=The Penguin Press via Amazon Online Reader |url=https://archive.org/details/herecomeseverybo0000shir |isbn=978-1-59420-153-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/herecomeseverybo0000shir/page/273 273]|access-date = December 26, 2008}}</ref><br />
<ref name=FAZ>{{cite web |last=Thiel |first=Thomas |title=Wikipedia und Amazon: Der Marketplace soll es richten |website=Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung |language=de |date=September 27, 2010 |url=https://www.faz.net/s/RubCF3AEB154CE64960822FA5429A182360/Doc~E7A20980B9C0D46E99A9F60BC09506343~ATpl~Ecommon~Scontent.html|access-date = December 6, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126184904/https://www.faz.net/s/RubCF3AEB154CE64960822FA5429A182360/Doc~E7A20980B9C0D46E99A9F60BC09506343~ATpl~Ecommon~Scontent.html|archive-date = November 26, 2010}}</ref><br />
<ref name="Seigenthaler">{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/2005-11-29-wikipedia-edit_x.htm |last=Seigenthaler |first=John |title=A False Wikipedia 'biography' |date=November 29, 2005 |work=USA Today|access-date = December 26, 2008}}</ref><br />
<ref name="Torsten_Kleinz">{{cite news |first=Torsten |last=Kleinz |title=World of Knowledge |work=Linux Magazine |quote=The Wikipedia's open structure makes it a target for trolls and vandals who malevolently add incorrect information to articles, get other people tied up in endless discussions, and generally do everything to draw attention to themselves. |date=February 2005 |url=https://w3.linux-magazine.com/issue/51/Wikipedia_Encyclopedia.pdf|access-date = July 13, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925220722/https://w3.linux-magazine.com/issue/51/Wikipedia_Encyclopedia.pdf|archive-date = September 25, 2007 }}</ref><br />
<ref name="DeathByWikipedia">{{cite news |title=Death by Wikipedia: The Kenneth Lay Chronicles |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/08/AR2006070800135.html |first=Frank |last=Ahrens |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=July 9, 2006|access-date = November 1, 2006}}</ref><br />
<ref name="wikiality">{{cite news |title=Wikiality |url=https://www.cc.com/video-clips/z1aahs/the-colbert-report-the-word---wikiality |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911230950/http://www.cc.com/video-clips/z1aahs/the-colbert-report-the-word---wikiality |archive-date=September 11, 2015 |first=Stephen |last=Colbert |date=July 30, 2006|access-date = October 8, 2015}}</ref><br />
<ref name="Seeing Corporate Fingerprints">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/19/technology/19wikipedia.html |title=Lifting Corporate Fingerprints From the Editing of Wikipedia |first=Katie |last=Hafner |work=The New York Times |date=August 19, 2007|access-date = December 26, 2008 |page=1}}</ref><br />
<ref name=Taylor>{{cite news |url=https://in.reuters.com/article/technologyNews/idINIndia-32865420080405 |title=China allows access to English Wikipedia |work=Reuters |first=Sophie |last=Taylor |date=April 5, 2008|access-date = July 29, 2008|archive-date = December 29, 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201229092049/https://in.reuters.com/article/technologyNews/idINIndia-32865420080405}}</ref><br />
<ref name="McHenry_2004">{{cite news |last1=McHenry |first1=Robert |title=The Faith-Based Encyclopedia |url=https://www.techcentralstation.com/111504A.html |work=[[TCS Daily|Tech Central Station]] |date=November 15, 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107210301/https://www.techcentralstation.com/111504A.html|archive-date=January 7, 2006}}</ref><br />
<ref name="WideWorldOfWikipedia">{{cite news |title=Wide World of Wikipedia |newspaper=The Emory Wheel |url=https://www.emorywheel.com/detail.php?n=17902 |date=April 21, 2006|access-date = October 17, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107052908/https://www.emorywheel.com/detail.php?n=17902|archive-date = November 7, 2007}}</ref><br />
<ref name="AWorkInProgress">{{cite news |first=Burt |last=Helm |title=Wikipedia: 'A Work in Progress' |url=https://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/dec2005/tc20051214_441708.htm |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |date=December 14, 2005|access-date = January 29, 2007|archive-date = April 21, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421000522/https://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/dec2005/tc20051214_441708.htm}}</ref><br />
<ref name="GilesJ2005Internet">{{cite journal |first=Jim |last=Giles |title=Internet encyclopedias go head to head |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=438 |issue=7070 |pages=900–901 |date=December 2005 |pmid=16355180 |doi=10.1038/438900a|author-link = Jim Giles (reporter) |bibcode=2005Natur.438..900G|doi-access = free}} {{subscription required}}<br />
Note: The study was cited in several news articles; e.g.:<br />
* {{cite news |title=Wikipedia survives research test |work=BBC News |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4530930.stm |date=December 15, 2005}}</ref><br />
<ref name="corporate.britannica.com">{{cite report |author=Encyclopædia Britannica|author-link=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=March 2006 |title=Fatally Flawed: Refuting the recent study on encyclopedic accuracy by the journal ''Nature'' |url=https://corporate.britannica.com/britannica_nature_response.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709053629/https://corporate.britannica.com/britannica_nature_response.pdf|archive-date=July 9, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<ref name="stothart">Chloe Stothart. [https://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&storycode=209408 "Web threatens learning ethos"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221140310/https://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&storycode=209408|date=December 21, 2012}} ''The Times Higher Education Supplement'', 2007, 1799 (June 22), p. 2.</ref><br />
<ref name="The Register-April">{{cite news |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/04/09/sanger_reports_wikimedia_to_the_fbi/ |work=The Register |date=April 9, 2010 |first=Cade |last=Metz |title=Wikifounder reports Wikiparent to FBI over 'child porn'|access-date = April 19, 2010}}</ref><br />
<ref name=AFP>{{cite news |last1=Agence France-Presse |title=Wikipedia rejects child porn accusation |url=https://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/wikipedia-rejects-child-porn-accusation-20100428-tsvh.html |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=April 29, 2010}}</ref><br />
<ref name="David_Mehegan">{{cite news |first=David |last=Mehegan |title=Many contributors, common cause |url=https://www.boston.com/business/technology/articles/2006/02/13/many_contributors_common_cause |work=Boston Globe |date=February 13, 2006|access-date = March 25, 2007}}</ref><br />
<ref name="user identification">{{cite web |title=The Authority of Wikipedia |url=https://www.public.iastate.edu/~goodwin/pubs/goodwinwikipedia.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122202231/https://www.public.iastate.edu/~goodwin/pubs/goodwinwikipedia.pdf|archive-date = November 22, 2009 |first=Jean |last=Goodwin |year=2009 |quote=Wikipedia's commitment to anonymity/pseudonymity thus imposes a sort of epistemic agnosticism on its readers|access-date = January 31, 2011}}</ref><br />
<ref name="WP_court_source">{{cite journal |last=Arias |first=Martha L. |date=January 29, 2007 |url=https://www.ibls.com/internet_law_news_portal_view.aspx?s=latestnews&id=1668 |title=Wikipedia: The Free Online Encyclopedia and its Use as Court Source |journal=Internet Business Law Services|access-date = December 26, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520054827/https://www.ibls.com/internet_law_news_portal_view.aspx?s=latestnews&id=1668|archive-date = May 20, 2012}} (The name "''World Intellectual Property Office''" should however read "''World Intellectual Property Organization''" in this source.)</ref><br />
<ref name=twsY23>{{cite news |author=Lexington |title=Classlessness in America: The uses and abuses of an enduring myth |newspaper=The Economist |quote=Socialist Labour Party of America [...] though it can trace its history as far back as 1876, when it was known as the Workingmen's Party, no less an authority than Wikipedia pronounces it "moribund". |date=September 24, 2011 |url=https://www.economist.com/united-states/2011/09/24/classlessness-in-america|access-date = September 27, 2011}}</ref><br />
<ref name="Domesday Project">{{cite web |url=https://www.domesday1986.com/ |title=Website discussing the emulator of the Domesday Project User Interface |author=Heart Internet|access-date = September 9, 2014|archive-date = May 17, 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140517075130/http://domesday1986.com/}}</ref><br />
<ref name="Orlowski18">{{cite news |first=Andrew |last=Orlowski|author-link = Andrew Orlowski |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/09/18/sanger_forks_wikipedia |title=Wikipedia founder forks Wikipedia, More experts, less fiddling? |work=The Register |date=September 18, 2006 |quote=Larry Sanger describes the Citizendium project as a "progressive or gradual fork", with the major difference that experts have the final say over edits.|access-date = June 27, 2007}}</ref><br />
<ref name="bing WP research and referencing">{{cite news |url=https://www.bing.com/community/site_blogs/b/search/archive/2009/07/27/researching-with-bing-reference.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023202054/https://www.bing.com/community/site_blogs/b/search/archive/2009/07/27/researching-with-bing-reference.aspx|archive-date=October 23, 2010 |title=Researching With Bing Reference|newspaper=Bing Community |access-date = September 9, 2014}}</ref><br />
<ref name="J Sidener">{{cite news |url=https://legacy.utsandiego.com/news/tech/personaltech/20061009-9999-mz1b9wikiped.html |title=Wikipedia family feud rooted in San Diego |last=Sidener |first=Jonathan |date=October 9, 2006 |work=[[The San Diego Union-Tribune]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111074945/https://legacy.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/tech/personaltech/20061009-9999-mz1b9wikiped.html|archive-date = November 11, 2016|access-date = May 5, 2009}}</ref><br />
<ref name="emory_p_181">{{cite journal |title=Wikitruth through Wikiorder |ssrn=1354424 |journal=Emory Law Journal |volume=59 |issue=1 |year=2009 |page=181 |first1=David A. |last1=Hoffman |first2=Salil K. |last2=Mehra}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== Wikipedia-affiliated and primary sources ===<br />
<!--For Wikipedia internal pages, other WMF project pages, and WMF-published sources--><br />
{{reflist|group=W|refs=<br />
<ref name=modelling group="W">[[Wikipedia: Modelling Wikipedia's growth]]</ref><br />
<ref name=WikipediaHome group="W">{{cite web |url=https://www.wikipedia.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010331173908/https://www.wikipedia.com/|archive-date = March 31, 2001 |title=Wikipedia: HomePage|access-date = March 31, 2001}}</ref><br />
<ref name="WP vandalism manipulation 1" group="W">{{self-reference link|Wikipedia:Vandalism|Vandalism}}. ''Wikipedia''. Retrieved November 6, 2012.</ref><br />
<ref name="WP DB usage policy 1" group="W">{{self-reference link|Wikipedia:Database download|Wikipedia policies}} on data download</ref><br />
<ref name="voteresult" group="W">[[meta:Licensing update/Result|Wikimedia]]</ref><br />
<ref name="Wikipedia in media" group="W">[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia in the media]]</ref><br />
<ref name="ListOfWikipedias" group="W">[[Special:Statistics]]</ref><br />
<ref name="stallman1999" group="W">{{cite web |url=https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html |title=The Free Encyclopedia Project |first=Richard M. |last=Stallman|author-link = Richard Stallman |date=June 20, 2007 |publisher=Free Software Foundation|access-date = January 4, 2008}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== Sources ===<br />
* {{cite book |last1=McDowell |first1=Zachary |last2=Vetter |first2=Matthew |title=Wikipedia and the Representation of Reality |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-0-367-55571-9 |pages=1–107}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
{{refbegin|30em}}<br />
* {{cite news |last=Balke |first=Jeff |url=https://blogs.chron.com/brokenrecord/2008/03/for_music_fans_wikipedia_myspa.html |title=For Music Fans: Wikipedia; MySpace |work=[[Houston Chronicle]] |agency=Broken Record (blog) |date=March 2008|access-date = December 17, 2008|archive-date = December 29, 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081229164945/http://blogs.chron.com/brokenrecord/2008/03/for_music_fans_wikipedia_myspa.html}}<br />
* {{cite news |last=Borland |first=John |date=August 14, 2007 |title=See Who's Editing Wikipedia – Diebold, the CIA, a Campaign |url=https://www.wired.com/2007/08/wiki-tracker/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116134820/https://www.wired.com/2007/08/wiki-tracker/|archive-date=November 16, 2015|url-status=live |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|access-date=October 23, 2018}}<br />
* {{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/01/magazine/01WIKIPEDIA-t.html |title=All the News That's Fit to Print Out |first=Jonathan |last=Dee |work=The New York Times Magazine |date=July 1, 2007|access-date = February 22, 2008}}<br />
* {{cite news |first=Jim |last=Giles |title=Wikipedia 2.0 – Now with Added Trust |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19526226.200 |date=September 20, 2007 |work=[[New Scientist]]|access-date = January 14, 2008}}<br />
* {{cite news |first=Mike |last=Miliard |title=Wikipedia Rules |url=https://thephoenix.com/Boston/Life/52864-Wikipedia-rules |work=[[The Phoenix (newspaper)|The Phoenix]] |date=December 2, 2007|access-date = February 22, 2008}}<br />
* {{cite news |first=Marshall |last=Poe|author-link = Marshall Poe |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/wikipedia |title=The Hive |work=[[The Atlantic]] Monthly |date=September 1, 2006|access-date = March 22, 2008}}<br />
* {{cite news |first=Michael S. |last=Rosenwald |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/22/AR2009102204715.html?hpid=topnews |title=Gatekeeper of D.C.'s entry: Road to city's Wikipedia page goes through a DuPont Circle bedroom |date=October 23, 2009 |newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date = October 22, 2009}}<br />
* {{cite news |first=David |last=Runciman |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/v31/n10/runc01_.html |title=Like Boiling a Frog |date=May 28, 2009 |work=London Review of Books|access-date = June 3, 2009|archive-date = May 27, 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090527013530/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v31/n10/runc01_.html}}<br />
* [[Gary Stix|Stix, Gary]], "Wiki-Curious: Are you a 'busybody,' a 'hunter" or a 'dancer'?", ''[[Scientific American]]'', vol. 332, no. 2 (February 2025), p. 18. "'Curiosity actually works by connecting pieces of information, not just acquiring them.'"<br />
* {{cite news |first=Chris |last=Taylor |url=https://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1066904-1,00.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050602012551/https://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1066904-1,00.html|archive-date = June 2, 2005 |title=It's a Wiki, Wiki World |date=May 29, 2005 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date = February 22, 2008}}<br />
* {{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/science/tq/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11484062 |title=Technological Quarterly: Brain Scan: The Free-knowledge Fundamentalist |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=June 5, 2008|access-date = June 5, 2008 |quote=Jimmy Wales changed the world with Wikipedia, the hugely popular online encyclopedia that anyone can edit. What will he do next?}}<br />
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-24613608 "Wikipedia probe into paid-for 'sockpuppet' entries"], BBC News, October 21, 2013.<br />
* [https://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/520446/the-decline-of-wikipedia/ "The Decline of Wikipedia"] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20131023135648/https://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/520446/the%2Ddecline%2Dof%2Dwikipedia/|date=October 23, 2013 }}, ''MIT Technology Review'', October 22, 2013<br />
* [https://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/city-hall/2015/03/8563947/edits-wikipedia-pages-bell-garner-diallo-traced-1-police-plaza "Edits to Wikipedia pages on Bell, Garner, Diallo traced to 1{{nbsp}}Police Plaza"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313150951/https://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/city-hall/2015/03/8563947/edits-wikipedia-pages-bell-garner-diallo-traced-1-police-plaza|date=March 13, 2015 }} (March 2015), ''[[Media in New York's Capital District|Capital]]''<br />
* [https://www.vice.com/en/article/wikipedia-zero-facebook-free-basics-angola-pirates-zero-rating/ Angola's Wikipedia Pirates Are Exposing Problems] (March 2016), ''[[Vice (magazine)|Motherboard]]''<br />
* {{cite web |url=https://fullmeasure.news/news/politics/dark-side-of-wikipedia |title=Dark Side of Wikipedia|work=Full Measure |access-date=April 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804110601/https://fullmeasure.news/news/politics/dark-side-of-wikipedia|archive-date=August 4, 2016}} ''[[Full Measure with Sharyl Attkisson]]'', April 17, 2016. <small>(Includes video.)</small><br />
* {{cite web |last1=Wales |first1=Jimmy |title=How Wikipedia Works |url=https://www.cato.org/multimedia/cato-daily-podcast/how-wikipedia-works |publisher=[[Cato Institute]] |date=December 9, 2016 |quote=Jimmy Wales, founder of Wikipedia, discusses the site, how it's treated by governments, and how it's fueled by its users.}}<br />
* [https://www.cbc.ca/ideas/episodes/2014/01/15/the-great-book-of-knowledge-part-1/ The Great Book of Knowledge, Part 1: A Wiki is a Kind of Bus], ''[[Ideas (radio show)|Ideas, with Paul Kennedy]]'', [[CBC Radio One]], originally broadcast January 15, 2014. The webpage includes a link to the archived audio program (also [https://www.cbc.ca/ideas/popupaudio.html?clipIds=2430203709 found here]). The radio documentary discusses Wikipedia's history, development, and its place within the broader scope of the trend to democratized knowledge. It also includes interviews with several key Wikipedia staff and contributors, including [[Kat Walsh]] and [[Sue Gardner]] (audio, 53:58, Flash required).<br />
* [https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/features/is-wikipedia-cracking-up-1543527.html "So Is Wikipedia Cracking Up?"] ''The Independent'', February 3, 2009.<br />
* [https://gizmodo.com/wikipedias-yearend-list-shows-what-the-internet-needed-1840690794 Wikipedia's Year-End List Shows What the Internet Needed to Know in 2019]. Alyse Stanley, December 27, 2019, Gizmodo.<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
=== Academic studies ===<br />
{{Main|Academic studies about Wikipedia}}<br />
<br />
{{refbegin|30em}}<br />
* {{cite book |isbn=978-1-4214-1535-2 |last=Leitch |first=Thomas |title=Wikipedia U: Knowledge, authority, and a liberal education in the digital age |year=2014 |publisher=JHU Press}}<br />
* {{cite journal |last=Jensen |first=Richard |title=Military History on the Electronic Frontier: Wikipedia Fights the War of 1812 |journal=The Journal of Military History |volume=76 |issue=4 |date=October 2012 |pages=523–556 |url=https://www.americanhistoryprojects.com/downloads/JMH1812.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021042738/https://www.americanhistoryprojects.com/downloads/JMH1812.PDF |archive-date=October 21, 2012}}<br />
* {{cite journal |title=Circadian Patterns of Wikipedia Editorial Activity: A Demographic Analysis |first1=Taha |last1=Yasseri |year=2012 |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |first2=Robert |last2=Sumi |first3=János |last3=Kertész |issue=1 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0030091 |editor1-last=Szolnoki |editor1-first=Attila |article-number=e30091 |pmid=22272279 |pmc=3260192 |arxiv=1109.1746 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...730091Y |doi-access=free}}<br />
* {{cite journal |ssrn=1458162 |title=Wikipedia's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences |first=Eric |last=Goldman |year=2010 |journal=Journal of Telecommunications and High Technology Law |volume=8}} ([https://blog.ericgoldman.org/archives/2010/02/catching_up_wit.htm A blog post by the author.])<br />
* {{cite journal |first=Finn |last=Nielsen |title=Scientific Citations in Wikipedia |journal=[[First Monday (journal)|First Monday]] |volume=12 |issue=8 |date=August 2007 |doi=10.5210/fm.v12i8.1997 |arxiv=0805.1154 |citeseerx=10.1.1.246.4536 |s2cid=58893 |doi-access=free}}<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Pfeil |first1=Ulrike |first2=Panayiotis |last2=Zaphiris |author3=Chee Siang Ang |title=Cultural Differences in Collaborative Authoring of Wikipedia |journal=Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication |year=2006 |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=88 |url=https://jcmc.indiana.edu./vol12/issue1/pfeil.html |doi=10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00316.x |access-date=December 26, 2008 |doi-access=free}}<br />
* {{cite book |author1=Priedhorsky |author2=Reid |first3=Jilin |last3=Chen |author4=Shyong (Tony) K. Lam |first5=Katherine |last5=Panciera |author6-link=Loren Terveen |first6=Loren |last6=Terveen |author7-link=John Riedl |first7=John |last7=Riedl |title=Proceedings of the 2007 international ACM conference on Conference on supporting group work – Group '07 |doi=10.1145/1316624.1316663 |chapter=Creating, destroying, and restoring value in Wikipedia |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-59593-845-9 |citeseerx=10.1.1.123.7456 |pages=259–268 |s2cid=15350808}}<br />
* {{cite conference |first=Joseph |last=Reagle |title=Do as I Do: Authorial Leadership in Wikipedia |work=WikiSym '07: Proceedings of the 2007 International Symposium on Wikis |publisher=ACM |location=Montreal |year=2007 |url=https://reagle.org/joseph/2007/10/Wikipedia-Authorial-Leadership.pdf |hdl=2047/d20002876 |access-date=December 26, 2008}}<br />
* {{cite book |first=Emiel |last=Rijshouwer |date=2019 |title=Organizing Democracy. Power concentration and self-organization in the evolution of Wikipedia (PhD, Erasmus University Rotterdam) |publisher=Rijksuniversiteit Groningen |oclc=1081174169 |hdl=1765/113937 |isbn=978-94-028-1371-5}} (Open access)<br />
* [[Roy Rosenzweig|Rosenzweig, Roy]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090430201444/https://chnm.gmu.edu/resources/essays/d/42 Can History be Open Source? Wikipedia and the Future of the Past]. (Originally published in ''[[The Journal of American History]]'' 93.1 (June 2006): 117–146.)<br />
* {{cite journal |title=Assessing the Value of Cooperation in Wikipedia |first1=Dennis M. |last1=Wilkinson |first2=Bernardo A. |last2=Huberman |journal=First Monday |volume=12 |issue=4 |date=April 2007 |doi=10.5210/fm.v12i4.1763 |arxiv=cs/0702140 |citeseerx=10.1.1.342.6933 |bibcode=2007cs........2140W |hdl=2027.42/136037 |s2cid=10484077 |doi-access=free}}<br />
* {{cite journal |title=The Rise and Decline of an Open Collaboration Community |journal=American Behavioral Scientist |first=Aaron |last=Halfaker |author2=R. Stuart Geiger |first3=Jonathan T. |last3=Morgan |first4=John |last4=Riedl |doi=10.1177/0002764212469365 |year=2012 |volume=57 |issue=5 |page=664 |s2cid=144208941}}<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Maggio |first1=Lauren A. |last2=Willinsky |first2=John M. |last3=Steinberg |first3=Ryan M. |last4=Mietchen |first4=Daniel |last5=Wass |first5=Joseph L. |last6=Dong |first6=Ting |author2-link=John Willinsky |title=Wikipedia as a gateway to biomedical research: The relative distribution and use of citations in the English Wikipedia |journal=[[PLOS One]] |date=2017 |volume=12 |issue=12 |article-number=e0190046 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0190046 |publisher=[[PLOS]] |pmid=29267345 |pmc=5739466 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1290046M |doi-access=free}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
=== Books ===<br />
{{Main|List of books about Wikipedia}}<br />
<br />
{{refbegin|30em}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Keen |first=Andrew |title=The Cult of the Amateur |publisher=Doubleday/Currency |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-385-52080-5 |author-link=Andrew Keen |title-link=The Cult of the Amateur}} (Substantial criticisms of Wikipedia and other web 2.0 projects.)<br />
** Listen to: {{cite news |last=Keen |first=Andrew |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11131872 |title=Does the Internet Undermine Culture? |newspaper=National Public Radio, US |date=June 16, 2007}} The NPR interview with A. Keen, Weekend Edition Saturday, June 16, 2007.<br />
* {{cite book |first1=Phoebe |last1=Ayers |first2=Charles |last2=Matthews |first3=Ben |last3=Yates |title=How Wikipedia Works: And How You Can Be a Part of It |publisher=No Starch Press |location=San Francisco |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-59327-176-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/howwikipediawork00ayer_0}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Broughton |first=John |title=Wikipedia – The Missing Manual |publisher=O'Reilly Media |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-596-51516-4 |title-link=Wikipedia – The Missing Manual}} (See book review by Baker, as listed hereafter.)<br />
* {{cite book |last=Broughton |first=John |title=Wikipedia Reader's Guide |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780596521745 |url-access=registration |publisher=Pogue Press |location=Sebastopol |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-596-52174-5}}<br />
* {{cite book |first1=Sheizaf |last1=Rafaeli |first2=Yaron |last2=Ariel |year=2008 |chapter=Online motivational factors: Incentives for participation and contribution in Wikipedia |editor=Barak, A. |title=Psychological aspects of cyberspace: Theory, research, applications |url=https://archive.org/details/psychologicalasp00bara |url-access=limited |pages=[https://archive.org/details/psychologicalasp00bara/page/n261 243]–267 |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-69464-3 |author1-link=Sheizaf Rafaeli}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Dalby |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Dalby |title=The World and Wikipedia: How We are Editing Reality |publisher=Siduri |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-9562052-0-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/worldwikipediaho0000dalb}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Lih |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Lih |title=The Wikipedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia |publisher=Hyperion |location=New York |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4013-0371-6 |title-link=The Wikipedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=O'Sullivan |first=Dan |title=Wikipedia: a new community of practice? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=htu8A-m_Y4EC |year=2009 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |isbn=978-0-7546-7433-7}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Rahmstorf |first1=Olaf |title=Wikipedia – die rationale Seite der Digitalisierung? |date=2023 |publisher=transcript Verlag |isbn=978-3-8394-5862-4 |language=de}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Reagle |first=Joseph Michael Jr. |title=Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia |publisher=the [[MIT Press]] |location=Cambridge, MA |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-262-01447-2 |url=https://reagle.org/joseph/2010/gfc |access-date=October 25, 2015}}<br />
* {{cite book |first1=Dariusz |last1=Jemielniak |title=Common Knowledge? An Ethnography of Wikipedia |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |location=Stanford, CA |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-8047-8944-8 |title-link=Common Knowledge? An Ethnography of Wikipedia}}<br />
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Reagle |editor1-first=Joseph |editor2-last=Koerner |editor2-first=Jackie |url=https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/4956/Wikipedia-20Stories-of-an-Incomplete-Revolution |title=Wikipedia @ 20: Stories of an Incomplete Revolution |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |year=2020 |doi=10.7551/mitpress/12366.001.0001 |access-date=October 13, 2020 |isbn=978-0-262-53817-6}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Bruckman |first=Amy S. |title=Should You Believe Wikipedia?: Online Communities and the Construction of Knowledge |date=2022 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-78070-4 |doi=10.1017/9781108780704}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
=== Book review–related articles ===<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* [[Nicholson Baker|Baker, Nicholson]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080303001807/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/21131 "The Charms of Wikipedia"]. ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', March 20, 2008. Retrieved December 17, 2008. (Book rev. of ''The Missing Manual'', by John Broughton, as listed previously.)<br />
* [[L. Gordon Crovitz|Crovitz, L. Gordon]]. [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123897399273491031 "Wikipedia's Old-Fashioned Revolution: The online encyclopedia is fast becoming the best."] (Originally published in ''[[The Wall Street Journal|Wall Street Journal]]'' online{{snd}}April 6, 2009.)<br />
* [[Virginia Postrel|Postrel, Virginia]], [https://psmag.com/social-justice/killed-wikipedia-93777 "Who Killed Wikipedia? : A hardened corps of volunteer editors is the only force protecting Wikipedia. They might also be killing it"], ''[[Pacific Standard]]'', November/December 2014 issue.<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Official website}} – multilingual portal (contains links to all language editions)<br />
* {{Twitter|Wikipedia}}<br />
* {{Instagram|Wikipedia}}<br />
* {{Guardian topic}}<br />
* [https://www.nytimes.com/topic/company/wikipedia Wikipedia] topic page at ''[[The New York Times]]''<br />
* [https://www.ted.com/talks/jimmy_wales_the_birth_of_wikipedia Video of TED talk by Jimmy Wales on the birth of Wikipedia]<br />
* {{cite journal|journal=Nature|title=Why these scientists devote time to editing and updating Wikipedia|first=Christine|last=Ro|date=February 19, 2025|doi=10.1038/d41586-025-00244-7 |pmid=39972088 }}<br />
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[[Category:Wikipedia| ]]<br />
[[Category:2001 establishments in the United States]]<br />
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[[Category:Wikimedia projects]]</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kota_state&diff=510574Kota state2026-03-25T18:33:28Z<p>MatthewEbner: article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Princely state of India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox former country<br />
| native_name = <br />
| conventional_long_name = Kotah State<br />
| common_name = Kotah<br />
| era = <br />
| year_start = 1631 AD / 1574 VS<br />
| date_start = <br />
| event_start = <br />
| status = <br />
| status_text = <br />
| year_end = 1948<br />
| date_end = <br />
| event_end = [[Independence of India]]<br />
| event1 = <br />
| date_event1 = <br />
| p1 = <br />
| s1 = India<br />
| flag_p1 = <br />
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg<br />
| image_flag = Flag of Kotah.svg<br />
| flag_caption = [[Garuda|Flag]]<br />
| image_coat = Kota State CoA.png<br />
| image_map = Jhalawar-Tonk map.jpg<br />
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]<br />
| image_map_caption = Kota State in the [[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]<br />
| title_leader = [[Maharao]]<br />
| year_leader1 = 1607–1624<br />
| leader1 = Hriday Narayan singh<br />
| year_leader2 = 1940–1948<br />
| leader2 = [[Bhim Singh II]]<br />
| stat_area1 = 14828<br />
| stat_year1 = 1931<br />
| stat_pop1 = 685,804<br />
| today = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Kotah State''',<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Kotah |volume=15 |page=919}}</ref> was a princely state in Hadoti region of India, centered on the city of [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], now located in [[Rajasthan State]] of the [[India]].<br />
<br />
== Introduction & Gallery==<br />
[[File:A ruler, perhaps Maharao Ram Singh (reg. 1827-66) hunting a tiger on horseback, his mistress in the saddle beside him.jpg|thumb|Rama Singh hunts a tiger on horseback with his mistress]]<br />
[[File:Maharao Ram Singh II of Kota (reigned 1827-1866) Hunting with Maharao Ram Singh of Bundi (reigned 1828-1866) LACMA M.75.19 (2 of 9).jpg|thumb|275px|Maharao Ram Singh II of Kota (reigned 1828–1866) Hunting with Maharao Ram Singh of Bundi (reigned 1828–1866)]]<br />
[[File:3 Melancholy Courtesan Bundi or Kota 1610 Metmuseum.jpg|thumb|230px|Melancholy [[courtesan]] of Kota or Bundi palace. 1610]]<br />
[[File:Kota state details.jpg|500px|thumb|Kota state details]]<br />
[[File:Silver Rupee from the princely state of Kotah, struck in the name of Maharaja Umaid Singh and Mughal emperor Shah Alam II, photographed from a personal collection in West Bengal, India, September 17, 2024.jpg|thumb|Silver Rupee from the princely state of Kotah, struck in the name of Maharaja Umaid Singh and Mughal emperor Shah Alam II.]] <br />
<br />
Kota State (also known as Kotah) was a prominent princely state located in the southeast of modern-day Rajasthan, India, within the rugged and fertile Hadoti region. Historically a part of the unified Hada Chauhan kingdom of Bundi, Kota emerged as an independent political entity in 1631 AD when Emperor Shah Jahan partitioned the territory to reward Rao Madho Singh for his military services to the Mughal Empire.<br />
The state was defined by its strategic position along the eastern bank of the Chambal River, serving as a vital gateway between North India and the Deccan plateau. Over the centuries, Kota transitioned from a military outpost of the Hada Chauhans into a sophisticated center of culture, famous for its distinct school of miniature painting and its formidable fortifications. During the British Raj, it was a 17-gun salute state and played a pivotal role in the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Following Indian independence in 1947, the last ruling Maharao, Bhim Singh II, signed the Instrument of Accession, leading to the state's eventual integration into the modern state of Rajasthan.<br />
The average revenue of Kota state in 1901 was Rs.31,00,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_427.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 15, page 421 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library|access-date=20 August 2019|archive-date=8 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008102429/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_427.gif|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Formation & Kings ==<br />
History of the Kota State<br />
The Kingdom of Kota, located in present-day Rajasthan, was ruled by the Hada (or Hara) sect of the Chauhan Rajput clan. Their history is characterized by a gradual migration and the eventual establishment of a powerful independent state.<br />
Early History and Migration<br />
The Hada Chauhans trace their lineage back to the main Chauhan branch of Ajmer. In the 9th century, they branched out to establish their own rule at Nadol. Following the fall of the Ajmer and Nadol power centers in the 11th and 12th centuries, the clan migrated to Bhambavda.<br />
In 1242, the Hada Chauhans successfully established their capital at Bundi, which became the cultural and political hub of the region known as Hadoti.<br />
Establishment of the Kota Kingdom<br />
Kota remained a part of the Bundi state until the early 17th century. In 1631, Rao Raja Ratan Singh of Bundi partitioned the province of Kota from his primary domain. He granted this territory to his second son, Rao Madho Singh, who became the first independent ruler of the Kota Kingdom.<br />
Expansion and Autonomous Regions<br />
Under this new administration, Kota emerged as a significant power in Rajputana. Alongside the central authority in Kota, several other regions were established as autonomous or semi-autonomous principalities under the Hada clan, including:<br />
• Indergarh<br />
• Karwar<br />
• Atarda<br />
• Khatoli<br />
• Balwan<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_418.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 15, page 412 — Imperial Gazetteer of India — Digital South Asia Library|access-date=20 February 2024|archive-date=8 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008100448/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_418.gif|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html |title=Indian Princely States |access-date=26 June 2014 |archive-date=13 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113065437/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Kings of Kotah ===<br />
<br />
*1607-1624 Rao Hriday Narayan singh ( Provincial Head) Son of Rao Bhojraj Singh of Bundi and Brother of Rao Raja Ratan Singh of Bundi ) ( Ancestor of the houses of Karwar, Pipalda, Phusod, Gaita, Raingarh )<br />
*1631 – 1648: Rao Madho Singh ( son: Rao Mukund Singh, Apji Mohan Singh Palaita, Apji Kaniram Singh Koela, Maharaja Jhujhar Singh Ramgarh, Rao Kishor singh Sangod) <br />
*1648 – 1658: Rao Mukund Singh ( Son : Jagat Singh ) <br />
*1658 – 1683 : Rao Jagat Singh<br />
*1683- 1684 :: Rao Prem Singh ( Son of Apji Kaniram singh Koela) <br />
*1684 - 1696: Rao Kishor Singh I ( Son: Bishin Singh, Ram Singh, Harnath singh Sangod) <br />
*1696-1697 Rao Bishan Singh ( Son: Maharaja Prithvi Singh of Anta)( Maharaja Prithvi Singhs sons, Maharao Ajit singh, Maharaja Surajmal Singh Aton Bhamulia, Maharaja Baktawar Singh Itawa kherli, Maharaja Chain singh Mundla Sorsan.) ( Ancestor of the houses of Chamlasa, Amli - Kotra)<br />
*1697– 1707: Rao Ram Singh I: (b. 16.. – d. 1707)( son: Bhim Singh) <br />
* 18 June 1707 – 19 June 1720: Maharao Bhim singh: (b. 1682 – d. 1720) ( Son: Arjun singh, Shyam Singh, Durjansal Singh) <br />
*19 Jun 1720 – Oct 1723: Maharao Arjun Singh: (d. 1723)<br />
*Oct 1723 – 1 August 1756: Maharao Durjan Sal: (d. 1756)<br />
*1756 – March 1757: Maharao Ajit Singh: (b. bf. 1676 – d. 1757) ( Son Chatarsal singh, Guman Singh ) <br />
*March 1757 – 17 December 1764: Maharao Shatru/Chatar Sal Singh I: (b. bf.1718 – d. 1764)<br />
*17 December 1764 – 17 January 1771: Maharao Guman Singh: (b. 1724 – d. 1771)( Son : Umaid Singh ) <br />
*17 January 1771 – 19 November 1819: Maharao Umaid Singh I: (b. 1761 – d. 1819) ( Son: Kishor singh, Bishin singh, Prithvi singh)<br />
*19 November 1819 – 20 July 1828: Maharao Kishor Singh II: (b. c. 1781 – d. 1828)<br />
*20 July 1828 – 27 March 1866: Maharao Ram Singh II: (b. 1808 – d. 1866)( Son of Maharaja Prithvi Singh) <br />
*27 Mar 1866 – 11 June 1889: HH Maharao Shatru Sal II : (b. 1837 – d. 1889) <br />
*11 Jun 1889 – 27 December 1940: HH Maharao [[Umed Singh II]]: (b. 1873 – d. 1940) (from 23 May 1900, Sir Umed Singh II)<br />
*11 June 1889 – 5 December 1896: .... – Regent<br />
*27 December 1940 – 18 April 1948: HH Maharao Sir [[Bhim Singh II]]: (b. 1909 – d. 1991)<br />
<br />
===Titular Maharaos===<br />
On 18 April 1948, the Maharao merged his state with the [[Dominion of India|Union of India]] and the state thus ceased to have independent existence. The Maharao lost his ruling powers but continued to hold certain titles and privileges until the year 1971, when everything was withdrawn. Nevertheless, the Maharao remains the head of the erstwhile royal family and an important cultural figure in Kota. The non-ruling Maharaos are listed below:<br />
*18 April 1948 – 21 June 1991: Maharao [[Bhim Singh II]]: (b. 1909 – d. 1991); last ruling Maharao. <br />
*21 June 1991 – 29 January 2022: Maharao [[Brijraj Singh]]<br />
*29 January 2022 – Present : Maharao [[Ijyaraj Singh]]<br />
*The heir apparent is Jaidev Singh, only son of Maharao [[Ijyaraj Singh]]<br />
<br />
Maharao Bhim Singh II in history, the day of 12 February is associated with the Father of the Nation, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] .On the same day in 1948, his ashes were flown to several holy ponds including the [[Ganges]] River in [[Allahabad]],[[Chambal River|Chambal]] River Ghat in Kota, Rajasthan. 13 days before this, i.e. on January 30, 1948, Gandhiji was assassinated by [[Nathuram Godse]]. On the 13th day of his death, a kalash was reverentially flown on the banks of the Chambal river as a nation-wide expedition, in the presence of thousands of thousands of male women, the urns of Mahatma Gandhi were flown by aircraft by Kota Maharao Shri Bhim Singh Ji During this time, thousands of people were present at the Ghat besides the former Maharao Bhim Singh of Kota. This inscription was installed by the then Home Minister Rajchandra Sena in memory of it, this inscription still remains on Rampura Chhoti Samaj which represents this historical site as a memorial. Is the place where immersion of Mahatma Gandhi's ashes was executed.<br />
<gallery caption="Maharaos Kota" widths="200px" heights="150px"><br />
File:Maharao Durjanshal Singh,Kota.pdf|Maharao Durjanshal Singh,Kota<br />
File:Maharao Shatrushal, Kota.pdf|Maharao Shatrushal, Kota<br />
File:Maharao Ummed singh I.pdf|Maharao Ummed singh I, Kota<br />
File:Maharao Arjun singh Kota.pdf|Maharao Arjun singh Kota<br />
File:Maharao Ajit singh Kota.pdf|Maharao Ajit singh Kota<br />
File:Maharao Madho Singh.pdf|Maharao Madho Singh<br />
File:Maharao Kishor singh, Kota.pdf|Maharao Kishor singh, Kota<br />
File:Maharao Shatrushal Kota.pdf|Maharao Shatrushal Kota<br />
File:Maharao Durjanshal Singh,Kota.pdf|Maharao Durjanshal Singh,Kota<br />
File:Maharao Shatrushal, Kota.pdf|Maharao Shatrushal, Kota<br />
File:Maharao Ummed singh I.pdf|Maharao Ummed singh I, Kota<br />
File:Maharao Arjun singh Kota.pdf|Maharao Arjun singh Kota<br />
File:Maharao Ajit singh Kota.pdf|Maharao Ajit singh Kota<br />
File:Maharao Madho Singh.pdf|Maharao Madho Singh<br />
[File:Maharao Kishor singh, Kota.pdf|Maharao Kishor singh, Kota<br />
File:Maharao Shatrushal Kota.pdf|Maharao Shatrushal Kota<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[Garh Palace, Kota]]<br />
*[[Hadoti]]<br />
*[[Political integration of India]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{commons category-inline}}<br />
{{Princely states of India}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|25.18|N|75.83|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}}<br />
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[[Category:Kota district]]<br />
[[Category:History of Kota, Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:1579 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Princely states of Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:States under the Rajputana Agency]]<br />
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1948]]<br />
<br />
{{Kotadivision-geo-stub}}<br />
{{India-PrincelyState-stub}}</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammed_Maqbool_Mansoor&diff=463723Mohammed Maqbool Mansoor2026-03-25T11:32:11Z<p>MatthewEbner: refine intro after review and updated info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian playback singer and lyricist}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox musical artist<br />
| name = Mohammed Maqbool Mansoor<br />
| image = [[File:Mohammed_maqbool_mansoor.jpg]]<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Mohammed Maqbool Mansoor in 2016<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1987|09|14}}<br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}}<br />
| death_place = <br />
| other_names = <br />
| occupation = Playback singer, lyricist, composer<br />
| years_active = 2012{{endash}}present<br />
| known_for =<br />
| notable_works = <br />
}}<br />
'''Mohammed Maqbool Mansoor''' is an Indian playback singer and lyricist who works in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam films]]. He is known for his works in ''[[Ennu Ninte Moideen]]'', ''[[Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)|Charlie]]'' and ''[[Trance (2020 film)|Trance]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Song from Fahadh-Nazriya starrer Trance trends at No.1 on YouTube|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/song-from-fahadh-nazriya-starrer-trance-trends-at-no-1-on-youtube-1.4489759|access-date=2021-03-20|website=Mathrubhumi|date=31 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref> In 2025, he made his debut as a music director for the Tamil film ''Angammal''.<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Maqbool Mansoor was born in Vallakkadavu, [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=M|first=Athira|date=2015-12-18|title=On a new track|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/singer-mohammed-maqbool-mansoor-is-on-a-roll/article8004673.ece|access-date=2021-03-20|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Pursued Film Making and Sound Engineering Degree from SAE Chennai.{{fact|date=June 2025}}<br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Started his career as a background singer in Malarvadi Arts Club which was a super hit in 2010. His debut song was for ''[[Salalah Mobiles]]'' in 2014. Has also sung for Salala Mobiles 2nd official Teaser. In 2015, he wrote and sang the song ''Ennile Ellinaal (Mukkathe Penne)'' with Gopi Sundar for the film ''Ennu Ninte Moideen'' which was a big hit.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sathyendran|first=Nita|date=2015-10-08|title=Straight from the heart|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/music-director-gopi-sundar-on-his-single-mukkathe-penne-from-ennu-ninte-moideen/article7738720.ece|access-date=2021-03-20|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=kishore|first=kevin|date=2015-11-23|title=I get energy from each failure: Mohammed Maqbool Mansoor|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151122/entertainment-mollywood/article/i-get-energy-each-failure-mohammed-maqbool-mansoor|access-date=2021-03-20|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref> He was also nominated for Best Lyricist in Malayalam at [[1st IIFA Utsavam]] for the same work. He is the co founder of Cavemen Pictures and Alternative Pop Culture malayalam band 'Malabar Sound'.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sathyendran|first=Nita|date=2016-06-10|title=Big band theory|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/Big-band-theory/article14414645.ece|access-date=2021-03-20|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notable works ==<br />
Debut as Music Director: Mohammed Maqbool Mansoor made his debut as a music director for the movie Angammal.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! width="30" | Year<br />
! width="220" | Film<br />
! width="65" | Singer<br />
! width="65" | Lyrics<br />
! Song<br />
! Composer<br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
|2012<br />
|''Nee Varum (Independent Album)''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|Nee Varum Nerathil<br />
|Mohammed Maqbool Mansoor<br />
|Concept and Direction<br />
|-<br />
|2012<br />
|''[[Ee Adutha Kaalathu]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|Oru Vazhiyay<br />
|Gopi Sundar<br />
|song min 2:26<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2014 || ''[[Mannar Mathai Speaking 2]]''|| {{yes}} || {{no}}<br />
|Urvasi<br />
|[[Rahul Raj]]||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Salalah Mobiles|Salala Mobiles]]''|| {{yes}} || {{yes}}<br />
|Rasoolallah<br />
|[[Gopi Sundar]]<br />
|Film Debut<br />
|-<br />
|2014<br />
|''[[Bangalore Days]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|Aethu Kari Raavilum<br />
|Gopi Sundar<br />
|Humming in beginning portion of the song<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2015 || ''[[Ennu Ninte Moideen]]''|| {{yes}} || {{yes}}<br />
|Mukkathe Penne<br />
|Gopi Sundar||Ennile Ellinaal (Mukkathe Penne)<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)|Charlie]]''|| {{yes}} || {{yes}}<br />
|Pularikalo, Charlie to the rescue.<br />
|Gopi Sundar|| DQ Intro and Interval Djinn Theme.<br />
|-<br />
|2015<br />
|''[[Jamna Pyari]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|Jamna Pyari title song<br />
|Gopi Sundar<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2015<br />
|''[[Lord Livingstone 7000 Kandi]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|Aayiram Kaalamai<br />
|Rex Vijayan<br />
|Lyrics of the portion where he sung only.<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2017 || ''[[Take Off (2017 film)|Take Off]]''|| {{yes}} || {{no}}<br />
|Mohabathin<br />
|Gopi Sundar||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Comrade in America|CIA - Comrade In America]]''|| {{yes}} || {{yes}}<br />
|Vaanam Thilathialakkanu<br />
| Gopi Sundar||<br />
|-<br />
|2017<br />
|''[[Tiyaan]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|Tiyaan Intro (Prithvi)<br />
|Gopi Sundar<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2018 || ''[[Rosapoo]]''|| {{yes}} || {{no}}<br />
|Padinjattodiyal Kadalu<br />
| [[Sushin Shyam]]||<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|''[[Nithyaharitha Nayakan]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|Kanakamulla<br />
|Ranjin Raj<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|''[[Kunjiramante Kuppayam]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|Ezhumalayum<br />
|Siraj<br />
|Lyrics by PK Gopi sir.<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|''[[Ente Ummante Peru]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|Sanjaramaay<br />
|Gopi Sundar<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2019<br />
|''[[Happy Sardar]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|Njanakum Poovin<br />
|Gopi Sundar<br />
|Backing Vocals min 2:30<br />
|-<br />
|2020<br />
|''[[Trance (2020 film)|Trance]]''|| {{yes}} || {{no}}<br />
|Noolupoya<br />
|[[Jackson Vijayan]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2021<br />
|| ''Chase (Kannada)'' || {{yes}} || {{no}}<br />
|Manada Hosila<br />
| Karthik Aacharya<br />
|-<br />
|2021<br />
|''OM''<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|<br />
|Abhiram<br />
|Concept and Direction By Maqbool (Directorial Debut)<br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|OM The Infinite<br />
|No<br />
|No<br />
|<br />
|Santhosh Chandran<br />
|Concept and Direction<br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|''[[Hridayam]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
| Minnalkodi<br />
|[[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|''[[Mike (2022 film)|Mike]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|Aakashame<br />
|Hesham Abdul Wahab<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2023<br />
|''Khajuraho Dreams''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|Naamorupole<br />
|Gopi Sundar<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2023<br />
|''[[Sesham Mike-il Fathima]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|Hamdala<br />
|Hesham Abdul Wahab<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|''[[Qalb (film)|Qalb]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|Innalillahi<br />
|Vimal Nazar<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|''[[Oru Jaathi Jaathakam]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|I Got My Dinosaur<br />
|Guna Balasubramaniam<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|''[[Perumani]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|Ya Wali Allah<br />
|Gopi Sundar<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|''[[Perumani]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|Salam<br />
|Gopi Sundar<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
|''[[Abhilasham]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|Khalbinnakame<br />
|Sreehari K Nair<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
|''[[Angammal]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{no}}<br />
|Uchani Poo<br />
|Mohammed Maqbool Mansoor<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
|Angammal<br />
|No <br />
|No<br />
|Chendipoova<br />
|Mohammed Maqbool Mansoor<br />
|Sung by K.S. Chitra<br />
|-<br />
|2026<br />
|''Mathi'' (Independent Single)<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|Mathi<br />
|Mohammed Maqbool Mansoor<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2026<br />
|Fakir (Independent Single)<br />
|Yes<br />
|Yes<br />
|Fakir<br />
|Mohammed Maqbool Mansoor<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{IMDb name|id=7600059}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Maqbool Mansoor, Mohammed}}<br />
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam-language lyricists]]<br />
[[Category:People from Thiruvananthapuram district]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaludi&diff=507800Kaludi2026-03-24T03:40:38Z<p>MatthewEbner: article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}<br />
{{orphan|date=May 2024}}<br />
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}<br />
{{use Indian English|date=May 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name =Kaludi<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = [[Village]]<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|25|42|52|N|72|03|20|E|type:city_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Balotra district]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date =<br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = [[Panchayati Raj]]<br />
| governing_body = <br />
[[Gram Panchayat]]<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 2876<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Marwari language]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jodhpur]], [[Balotra]] <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
[[File:Kaludi.jpg|thumb|Kaludi]]'''Kaludi''' <ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-08-19 |title=Dalit families ostracised in Barmer village |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/dalit-families-ostracised-in-barmer-village/articleshow/65457485.cms |access-date=2024-05-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> is a village in [[Pachpadra]] tehsil of [[Balotra district]] in [[Rajasthan]], India. As of the [[2011 India census]], the total population of the village is 2,876.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaloori Village Population - Pachpadra - Barmer, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/87323-kaloori-rajasthan.html |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-08 |title=कालूड़ी विवाद बढ़ा, छप्पर व खेत की बाड़ जलाई और इधर, पहले दर्ज एफआइआर के क्रियान्वयन पर रोक {{!}} Kaludi raises controversy, rocks and farm fences |url=https://www.patrika.com/barmer-news/kaludi-raises-controversy-rocks-and-farm-fences-3379023 |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=India TV |title=Kaludi Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code (Zip Code) of Kaludi, Barmer, Rajasthan, India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/rajasthan/barmer/kaludi |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=Kaludi Pin Code - 344022, All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search barmer Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/rajasthan/barmer/kaludi-pincode-344022.html |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gram Panchayat (ग्राम पंचायत): KALOORI |url=https://localbodydata.com/gram-panchayat-kaloori-34893 |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=localbodydata.com |archive-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529031704/https://localbodydata.com/gram-panchayat-kaloori-34893 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Barmer district]]<br />
<br />
{{Jodhpurdivision-geo-stub}}</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhakta_Kavi_Narsinh_Mehta_University&diff=464083Bhakta Kavi Narsinh Mehta University2026-03-22T19:30:58Z<p>MatthewEbner: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{More citations needed|date=November 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox university<br />
| name = Bhakta Kavi Narsinh Mehta University<br />
| former_name = <br />
| native_name = ભક્ત કવિ નરસિંહ મહેતા વિશ્વવિદ્યાલય<br />
| latin_name = <br />
| motto = <br />
| established = {{start date and age|2015}}<br />
| type = [[Public university|Public]]<br />
| endowment = <br />
| staff = <br />
| faculty = <br />
| president = <br />
| principal = <br />
| rector = <br />
| chancellor = [[Governor of Gujarat]]<br />
| vice_chancellor = Pratapsinh Chauhan<ref>{{cite web |title=Vice Chancellor |url=http://bknmu.edu.in/page.php?data=em1RdlgyQTdHZmJHaHFQeStRSmVKSVFFWVArWGw4eGE4Y0s0d0N6eUJjMD0= |website=bknmu.edu.in |publisher=Bhakta Kavi Narsinh Mehta University |accessdate=27 August 2019 |archive-date=19 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819133241/http://www.bknmu.edu.in/page.php?data=em1RdlgyQTdHZmJHaHFQeStRSmVKSVFFWVArWGw4eGE4Y0s0d0N6eUJjMD0= |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
| dean = <br />
| head_label = <br />
| head = <br />
| students = <br />
| undergrad = <br />
| postgrad = <br />
| doctoral = <br />
| city = [[Junagadh]]<br />
| state = [[Gujarat]]<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| coor = <br />
| campus = Rural<br />
| free_label = <br />
| free = <br />
| colors = <br />
| colours = <br />
| mascot = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]<br />
| website = {{URL|http://www.bknmu.edu.in/}}<br />
| image = Bhakta Kavi Narsinh Mehta University logo.png<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Bhakta Kavi Narsinh Mehta University''' is a [[State university (India)|state university]] located at [[Junagadh]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. It was established in 2015 by ''Bhakta Kavi Narsinh Mehta University Act, 2015'' of the [[Government of Gujarat]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bhakta Kavi Narsinh Mehta University Act, 2015|format=PDF|url=http://www.bknmu.edu.in/new/images/College-Circular-Data/Act%20of%20BHAKTA%20KAVI%20NARSINH%20MEHTA%20UNIVERSITY%2023-2015.pdf|publisher=[[Government of Gujarat]]|work=The Gujarat Government Gazette|date=16 September 2015|accessdate=6 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712181207/http://www.bknmu.edu.in/new/images/College-Circular-Data/Act%20of%20BHAKTA%20KAVI%20NARSINH%20MEHTA%20UNIVERSITY%2023-2015.pdf|archive-date=12 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Campus==<br />
Provisionally, the university is made functional in Government Polytechnic Building, Khadiya, which is in close vicinity of 12 kilometers from [[Junagadh|Junagadh city]]. The jurisdiction of the University includes [[Devbhumi Dwarka district|Devbhumi Dwarka]], [[Gir Somnath]], [[Junagadh district]] and [[Porbandar district]].<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
[[List of institutions of higher education in Gujarat]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{official|http://www.bknmu.edu.in/new/}}<br />
{{Universities in Gujarat}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:State universities in Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Junagadh]]<br />
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2015]]<br />
[[Category:2015 establishments in Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Junagadh district]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Gujarat-university-stub}}</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maharashtra_Kesari&diff=452173Maharashtra Kesari2026-03-22T16:59:00Z<p>MatthewEbner: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Wrestling championship in Maharashtra, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox sport tournament<br />
| name = Maharashtra Kesari<br />
| image =<br />
| caption = <br />
| sport = [[Pehlwani|Indian-style wrestling]]<br />
| location = [[Maharashtra]], India<br />
| start_date = <!-- or | month_played = --><br />
| end_date = <!-- or | month_played = --><br />
| establishment = {{start date and age|1854}}<ref name="Narsing"/><br>1961(Current Format)<br />
| defunct = <br />
| teams = <br />
| number = <br />
| commissioner =<br />
| format =<br />
| current_champion = Pruthviraj Mohol<br />
<!--| most_titles = Narsing Yadav, Vijay Chaudhary (3 titles each)--><br />
| final_champion = <!--Use if no longer played--><br />
| website = {{URL|http://www.maharashtrakustigirparishad.com|Official Website}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Maharashtra Kesari''' ({{translation|"Lion of Maharashtra"}} in [[Sanskrit]]) is an [[Pehlwani|Indian-style wrestling]] championship, established in 1854 in [[Maharashtra]], India. It is organized by the ''Maharashtra Kustigir Parishad''.<br />
<br />
== Prize ==<br />
Cash prize was awarded to the winner since the start. But since 1982, initiated by wrestler Mamasaheb Mohol, the winner was permanently awarded with a silver [[Ceremonial mace|mace]] weighing {{Convert|1.5|kg}}.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.esakal.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=4968890283972283894 | title=पहेलवानांची उर्जा ठरतेय चांदीची गदा | work=[[Sakal]] | language=Marathi | date=24 December 2012 | accessdate=27 October 2015 | author=Sanghapal Gadling | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128114637/http://www.esakal.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=4968890283972283894 | archive-date=28 January 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> {{As of|2008}} the winner received a silver mace and a cash prize of {{INRConvert|51000|nolink=no}}.<ref name="Chandrahar">{{cite web | url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20090111/1150036.html | title=Chandrahar Patil wins Maharashtra Kesari title | publisher=Webindia123 | work=[[United News of India]] | date=11 January 2009 | accessdate=27 October 2015}}</ref> In addition, [[Government of Maharashtra]] also provided honorary sum amount to the title holders above age 50. Until 2012, to be eligible for this amount, the title holder's annual income had to be less than{{INRConvert|40000}}.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.esakal.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=4750777053155437817 | title=महाराष्ट्र केसरी आणि अर्जुन पुरस्कार विजेत्यांना मानधनासाठी अट नाही | work=[[Sakal]] | language=Marathi | date=29 December 2012 | accessdate=27 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128145742/http://www.esakal.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=4750777053155437817 | archive-date=28 January 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2015, the cash prize was raised to {{INRConvert|1|l}}.<ref name="2ndVijay" /><br />
<br />
The winners are also eligible to apply for government jobs under [[Quotaism#India|sports quota]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.esakal.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5425169922784834089 | title=नोकरीच्या आश्वासनात महाराष्ट्र केसरी "चितपट' | language=Marathi | work=[[Sakal]] | date=21 January 2012 | accessdate=27 October 2015 | author=Shailesh Nagvekar | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305032936/http://www.esakal.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5425169922784834089 | archive-date=5 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Records ==<br />
Maharashtra Kesari is a wrestling competition in the state of [[Maharashtra]] . This competition started in the year 1961. After India gained independence, the first Maharashtra Champion competition was held in 1953. At that time, the famous wrestler Tukaram Nanasaheb Phalke of Nagarkar Talmi in [[Pune]] defeated Gogachach Siddhapa, a big wrestler from [[Mumbai]] mill workers, in just two minutes on the Joli Insa. Tukaram Phalke was awarded the Maharashtra Champion (Kesari) trophy.<br />
<br />
===Maharashtra Kesari 1961- present===<br />
Maharashtra State Kustigir Parishad, established by Wrestling Maharshi Mamasaheb Mohol, has been organizing the highest level 'Maharashtra Kesari' wrestling competition in the state for the last six-seven decades. The aim of this competition is to make wrestling evolve, to make good wrestlers out of the region and help them shine at the country and world level. Maharashtra Kesari is being held in the clay and matt divisions. In this, the winner wrestler from the clay division open category and the winner [[Wrestling|wrestler]] from the mattress division open category will fight the final on Matt as per international standards, and the winner of this final fight is declared as ''''Maharashtra Kesari'''<nowiki/>' and the honorary mace of Maharashtra Kesari is awarded.<br />
<br />
==Winners==<br />
;Key<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" border="1"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" style="width:50px" | Symbol<br />
! scope="col" style="width:350px" | Meaning<br />
|-<br />
|align=center style="background-color:#ADD8E6"|{{dagger}}<br />
|Indicates that the wrestler has won the title multiple times<br />
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- <br />
! Year<br />
! colspan=2 | Winner<br />
! colspan=2 | Runner-up<br />
! Venue<br />
! Ref.<br />
|-<br />
|1953<br />
|Tukaram Nana Phalke<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| [[Pune]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1955<br />
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|''Cancelled''<br />
| Mumbai<br />
|-<br />
|1959<br />
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|''Record not available''<br />
| Solapur<br />
|-<br />
|1960<br />
|No Result<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| [[Nagpur]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1961<br />
| Dinkar Patil (Dahyarikar)<br />
| Dahyari, [[Sangli]]-[[Kolhapur]]<br />
| Hanmant Mane / Biraju Yadav?<br />
| <br />
| [[Aurangabad]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1962<br />
| Bhagwan More<br />
| Sangli<br />
| Sadashiv Takmoge<br />
|<br />
| [[Dhule]]<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 1963<br />
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|''Cancelled'' <br />
|Satara<br />
|<br />
|- style="background:#ADD8E6"<br />
| 1964<br />
| Ganpatrao Khedkar {{dagger}}<br />
| June Khed, Sangli-Kolhapur<br />
| Biraju Yadav<br />
| <br />
| [[Amravati]]<br />
| <ref name="Khedkar">{{cite web | url=http://www.esakal.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=4895148289556996660 | title=डबल महाराष्ट्र केसरी खेडकरांच्या दोन्ही गदा गेल्या कोठे? | work=[[Sakal]] | language=Marathi | date=6 July 2014 | accessdate=27 October 2015 | author=Shyamrao Gawde | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305031520/http://www.esakal.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=4895148289556996660 | archive-date=5 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
|- style="background:#ADD8E6"<br />
| 1965<br />
| Ganpatrao Khedkar {{dagger}}<br />
| June Khed, Sangli-Kolhapur<br />
| Mohan Bhise<br />
| <br />
| [[Nashik]]<br />
| <ref name="Khedkar"/><br />
|-<br />
| 1966<br />
| Deenanath Singh<br />
| [[Varanasi]]-Kolhapur<br />
| Chamba Mutnal<br />
|<br />
| Jalgaon<br />
| <br />
|-style="background:#ADD8E6"<br />
| 1967<br />
| Chamba Mutnal {{dagger}}<br />
| Kolhapur-[[Karnataka]]<br />
| Dada Mane<br />
| <br />
| [[Khamgaon]], [[Buldhana district|Buldhana]]<br />
|<br />
|-style="background:#ADD8E6"<br />
| 1968<br />
| Chamba Mutnal {{dagger}}<br />
| Kolhapur<br />
| Parasram Patil<br />
| <br />
|Ahmednagar<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
| 1969 <br />
| [[Harishchandra Birajdar]]<br />
| [[Osmanabad]]-[[Latur]]<br />
| Dadu Chougule<br />
| <br />
| Latur<br />
|<br />
|- style="background:#ADD8E6"<br />
| 1970<br />
| Dadu Chougule {{dagger}}<br />
| Kolhapur<br />
| Parasram Patil<br />
| <br />
| Pune<br />
| <br />
|- style="background:#ADD8E6"<br />
| 1971<br />
| Dadu Chougule {{dagger}} <br />
| Kolhapur<br />
| Sahebrao Jadhav<br />
| <br />
| [[Alibag]], [[Raigad district|Raigad]]<br />
|<br />
|- style="background:#ADD8E6"<br />
| 1972<br />
| Laxman Wadar {{dagger}}<br />
| Kerle, Kolhapur<br />
| Mohan Bhise<br />
| <br />
| Kolhapur<br />
| <ref name="Wadar">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/Two-time-Maharashtra-Kesari-Laxman-Wadar-passes-away/articleshow/24771856.cms | title=Two-time Maharashtra Kesari Laxman Wadar, passes away | work=[[Times of India]] | date=27 October 2013 | accessdate=27 October 2015 | author=Vivek Waghmode}}</ref><br />
|- style="background:#ADD8E6"<br />
| 1973<br />
| Laxman Wadar {{dagger}}<br />
| Kerle, Kolhapur<br />
| Raghunath Pawar <br />
| <br />
| [[Akola]]<br />
| <ref name="Wadar"/><br />
|-<br />
| 1974<br />
| Yuvraj Patil<br />
| Koparde, Kolhapur<br />
| Raghunath Pawar<br />
| <br />
| [[Thane]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1975<br />
| Raghunath Pawar<br />
| Pune<br />
| Agnel Negro <br />
| <br />
| [[Chandrapur]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1976<br />
| Hiraman Bankar {{ref|1|[Note 1]}} <br />
| Chimbali, Pune<br />
| Shivaji Pachpute<br />
| <br />
| [[Akluj]], Solapur<br />
| <ref name="banker"/><br />
|-<br />
| 1977<br />
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|''No result'' <br />
| [[Chalisgaon]], Jalgaon<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1978<br />
| Appasaheb Kadam<br />
| Sangli<br />
| Shivaji Pachpute<br />
| <br />
| Mumbai<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1979<br />
| Shivaji Pachpute<br />
| [[Mumbai]]<br />
| Madar Nabab<br />
|<br />
| Nashik<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1980<br />
| Ismail Shaikh <br />
| Solapur<br />
| Ramesh Takawale, Hargude<br />
| <br />
| [[Khopoli]], Raigad<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1981<br />
| Bapurao Lokhande (ढवळ)<br />
| [[Satara (city)|Satara]]<br />
| Saradar Khushahal<br />
|<br />
| Nagpur<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1982<br />
| Sambhaji Patil<br />
| Asgaon, Kolhapur<br />
| Saradar Khushahal<br />
| <br />
| Beed<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1983<br />
| Saradar Khushahal<br />
| [[Indore]]-Kolhapur<br />
| Vishnu Bhandari<br />
| <br />
| Pune<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1984<br />
| Ramkisan Lokhande<br />
| [[Dharur, Beed|Dharur]], [[Beed]]<br />
|Shankar <br />
Todkar<br />
| <br />
| [[Dadar]], Mumbai<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1985<br />
| Vishnu Joshilkar <br />
| Kolhapur<br />
| Rama Mane<br />
| <br />
| [[Pimpri-Chinchwad]], Pune<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1986<br />
| Gulab Barde<br />
| [[Rahuri]], [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]<br />
| Dilip Pawar<br />
| <br />
| Solapur<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1987<br />
| Tanaji Bankar<br />
| [[Solapur]]<br />
| Pirmohmmad Attar / Dilip Pawar ?<br />
| <br />
| Nagpur<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1988<br />
| Raosaheb Magar <br />
| Nimgaon M, Solapur<br />
| Bala Rafi<br />
| Puluj<br />
| Ahmednagar<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1989<br />
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|''No result'' <br />
| [[Wardha]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1990<br />
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|''No result'' <br />
| Kolhapur<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 1991<br />
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|''No result'' <br />
|Amravti<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1992<br />
| Apaalal Sheikh<br />
| Boramani, Solapur- Kolhapur<br />
| Maula Shaikh / Sanjay Patil ?<br />
| Akkalkot, Solapur<br />
| Pune<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1993<br />
| Udayraj Yadav<br />
| Boramani, Solapur- Mumbai<br />
| Balu Padgham<br />
| <br />
| [[Balewadi]], Pune<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1994<br />
| Sanjay Patil <br />
| [[Karad]], Satara- Mumbai<br />
| Maula Shaikh<br />
| <br />
| Akola<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1995<br />
| Shivaji Kekan <br />
| Beed<br />
| Saheb Solanke / Raju Lonari ?<br />
| <br />
| Nashik<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1996<br />
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|''Cancelled''<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 1997<br />
| Ashok Shirke<br />
| [[Ahmednagar]]<br />
| Balu Padgham<br />
| <br />
| Deoli, Wardha<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1998<br />
| Gorakhnath Sarak<br />
| Satara<br />
| Maula Shaikh<br />
| <br />
| Nagpur<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1999<br />
| Dhanaji Phadtare<br />
| Satara<br />
| Anil Ashruba Raut / Raju Barguje ?<br />
| Beed<br />
| Pune<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2000<br />
| Vinod Dadu Chougule<br />
| Kolhapur<br />
| Rahul Kalbhor<br />
| <br />
| [[Khamgaon]], [[Buldhana district|Buldhana]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2001<br />
| Rahul Kalbhor<br />
| Pune<br />
| Dattatray Gaikwad<br />
| <br />
| Nanded<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2002<br />
| Munnalal Shaikh<br />
| Solapur-Mumbai<br />
| Chandrakant Sul<br />
| Solapur<br />
| [[Jalna, Maharashtra|Jalna]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2003<br />
| Dattatray Gaikwad<br />
| Pune<br />
| Bharat Mekale<br />
| <br />
| Yavatmal<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2004<br />
| Chandrahas Nimgire<br />
| [[Jeur]], Solapur<br />
| Ravi Patil<br />
| <br />
| [[Vashi]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2005<br />
| Sayeed (Ali Kardoos) Chaus<br />
| Beed<br />
| Asab Ahmed<br />
|<br />
| [[Indapur]], Pune<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 2006<br />
| Amol Buchade<br />
| Pune-Mumbai<br />
| Aba Sul<br />
| <br />
| [[Baramati]], Pune<br />
| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://eprahaar.in/wrestling-in-need-of-encouragement/ | title=Wrestling in need of encouragement | work=[[Prahaar (newspaper)|Prahaar]] | date=20 October 2013 | accessdate=27 October 2015 | author=Supriya Dabke}}</ref><br />
|- style="background:#ADD8E6"<br />
| 2007<br />
| Chandrahar Patil {{dagger}}<br />
| Sangli<br />
| Atul Patil<br />
| <br />
| Aurangabad<br />
| <ref name="Chandrahar"/><ref name="Chandrahar1">{{cite web | url=http://www.esakal.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5318384750867732386 | title=महाराष्ट्र केसरीच्या मैदानात "चंद्रहार'चे दशक | work=[[Sakal]] | language=Marathi | date=11 November 2013 | accessdate=27 October 2015 | author=Sandeep Khandekar | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305031601/http://www.esakal.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5318384750867732386 | archive-date=5 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
|- style="background:#ADD8E6"<br />
| 2008<br />
| Chandrahar Patil {{dagger}}<br />
| Sangli<br />
| Sandeep Barguje<br />
| <br />
| [[Kadegaon]], Sangli<br />
| <ref name="Chandrahar"/><br />
|- <br />
| 2009<br />
| Vijay (Vicky) Bankar {{ref|1|[Note 1]}} <br />
| Sangli-Pune<br />
| Sayeed (Ali Kardoos) Chaus<br />
| <br />
| [[Sangavi]], Pune<br />
| <ref name="banker">{{cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-vijay-bankar-clinches-maharashtra-kesari-title-in-wrestling-1325110 | title=Vijay Bankar clinches 'Maharashtra Kesari' title in wrestling | work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] | date=18 December 2009 | accessdate=27 October 2015}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2010<br />
| Samadhan Ghodke<br />
| Solapur<br />
| Nandkumar Abdaar<br />
| <br />
| [[Roha]], Raigad<br />
| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20101224/5435111293906250714.htm | title=सोलापूरचा समाधान घोडके 'महाराष्ट्र केसरी' | work=[[Sakal]] | date=24 December 2010 | accessdate=27 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200927/http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20101224/5435111293906250714.htm | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
|- style="background:#ADD8E6"<br />
| 2011<br />
| [[Narsingh Pancham Yadav|Narsing Yadav]] {{dagger}}<br />
| Mumbai<br />
| Atul Patil<br />
| <br />
| Akluj, Solapur<br />
| <ref name="Narsing"/><br />
|- style="background:#ADD8E6"<br />
| 2012<br />
| Narsing Yadav {{dagger}}<br />
| Mumbai<br />
| Vijay Choudhary<br />
| Jalgaon<br />
| [[Gondia]]<br />
| <ref name="Narsing"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.esakal.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5333448787302624615 | title=बाराशे मल्लांची हजेरी | work=[[Sakal]] | language=Marathi | date=21 December 2012 | accessdate=27 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201501/http://www.esakal.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5333448787302624615 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
|- style="background:#ADD8E6"<br />
| 2013<br />
| Narsing Yadav {{dagger}}<br />
| Mumbai<br />
| Sunil Salunke <br />
| Mumbai<br />
| Bhosari, Pune<br />
|<ref name="Narsing">{{cite web|url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/sports/other-sports/narsing-yadav-maharashtra-kesari/articleshow/26866403.cms?|title=नरसिंग यादव 'ट्रिपल महाराष्ट्र केसरी' |language=Marathi |work=[[Maharashtra Times]] |date=5 December 2013 |accessdate=27 October 2015}}</ref><br />
|- style="background:#ADD8E6"<br />
| 2014<br />
| [[Vijay Chaudhary]] {{dagger}}<br />
| [[Jalgaon]]<br />
| Sachin Yelbar<br />
| <br />
| Ahmednagar<br />
| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/sports/other-sports/maharashtra-kesari/articleshow/45668139.cms | title=विजय चौधरी ठरला महाराष्ट्र केसरी | work=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi | date=28 December 2014 | accessdate=27 October 2015}}</ref><br />
|- style="background:#ADD8E6"<br />
| 2015<br />
| Vijay Chaudhary {{dagger}}<br />
| Jalgaon<br />
| Vikrant Jadhav<br />
| Mumbai<br />
| Nagpur<br />
| <ref name="2ndVijay">{{cite web | url=http://www.loksatta.com/krida-news/vijay-chaudhari-win-maharashtra-kesari-title-second-time-at-nagpur-1187808/ | title=जळगावचा विजय चौधरी दुसऱ्यांदा ‘महाराष्ट्र केसरी’ | work=[[Loksatta]] |language=Marathi |place=Nagpur | date=11 January 2016 | accessdate=22 January 2016}}</ref><br />
|- style="background:#ADD8E6"<br />
| 2016<br />
| Vijay Chaudhary{{dagger}}<br />
| [[Jalgaon]]<br />
| Abhijit Katake<br />
| Pune<br />
| [[Warje]], Pune<br />
| <ref name="3rdVijay">{{cite web | url=http://www.loksatta.com/pune-news/vijay-choudhary-wins-maharashtra-kesari-beat-abhijeet-katke-1359036 | title=जळगावचा विजय चौधरी सलग तिसऱ्यांदा महाराष्ट्र केसरी | work=[[Loksatta]] |language=Marathi |place=Pune | date=10 December 2016}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2017<br />
|Abhijit Katake<br />
|[[Pune]]<br />
|Kiran Bhagat<br />
|Satara<br />
|[[Bhugaon]], Pune<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|Swapnil M<br />
|[[Pune]]<br />
|Abhijit Katake<br />
|Pune<br />
|[[Jalna, Maharashtra|Jalna]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2019<br />
|Harshad Sadgir {{dagger}}<br />
|[[Nashik]]<br />
|Shailesh Shelke<br />
|Latur<br />
|[[Balewadi]], Pune<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2020<br />
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|''Cancelled''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2021–22<br />
|Pruthviraj Patil<br />
|[[Kolhapur]]<br />
|Vishal (Prakash) Bankar<br />
|Solapur<br />
|Satara<br />
|<br />
|-style="background:#ADD8E6"<br />
|2022–23<br />
|Shivraj Rakshe {{dagger}}<br />
|[[Nanded]]<br />
|Mahendra Gaikwad<br />
|Pune<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2023–24<br />
|Sikander Shaikh <br />
|[[Mohol]], [[Solapur]]<br />
|Shivraj Rakshe<br />
|Pune<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-11 |title=Match over in 22 seconds: Solapur’s Sikander Sheikh becomes the new ‘Maharashtra Kesari’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/match-solapur-sikander-sheikh-maharashtra-kesari-9022522/ |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|- style="background:#ADD8E6"<br />
|2024<br />
|Shivraj Rakshe {{dagger}}<br />
|Pune<br />
|Harshad Sadgir<br />
|Nashik<br />
|[[Osmanabad]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
|Pruthviraj Mohol<br />
|Pune<br />
|Mahendra Gaikwad<br />
|Solapur<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2026<br />
|Harshad Sadgir {{dagger}}<br />
|[[Nashik]]<br />
|Mahendra Gaikwad<br />
|Solapur<br />
|[[Wagholi,Pune]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-02-02 |title=Pune's Pruthviraj Mohol Wins Maharashtra Kesari 2025 Title |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/maharashtra/punes-pruthviraj-mohol-wins-maharashtra-kesari-2025-title-a507/ |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=Lokmat Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
Other Title holders from Maharashtra<br />
<br />
'''[[Hind Kesari]]'''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- <br />
! Year<br />
! colspan=2 | Winner<br />
! colspan=2 | Runner-up<br />
! Venue<br />
! Ref.<br />
|-<br />
|1959<br />
|Shripati Khanchnale<br />
|Kolhapur<br />
|Banta Sing (Punjab Kesari)<br />
|<br />
|[[Delhi]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1960<br />
|[[Ganpat Andalkar|Ganpatrao Andhalkar]]<br />
|Kolhapur<br />
|Khadak Singh<br />
|<br />
|Mumbai<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1964<br />
|[[Maruti Mane]]<br />
|Kavathe Pirhan, Sangli<br />
|Mehruddin<br />
|<br />
|[[Karnal]], Haryana<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1966<br />
|Hazrat Patel<br />
|Achegaon, Solapur<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|[[Ahmedabad]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1969<br />
|[[Harishchandra Birajdar]]<br />
|Nilanga, Latur<br />
|Jharkhand Rai<br />
|<br />
|[[Kanpur]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1971<br />
|Deenanath Singh<br />
|Kolhapur<br />
|Lal Bahadur Singh<br />
|[[Bihar]]<br />
|Nagpur<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1975<br />
|Chamba Mutnal<br />
|Kolhapur<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|[[Bengaluru]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2003<br />
|Vinod Dadu Chougule<br />
|Kolhapur<br />
|Suresh Nad<br />
|<br />
|Nashik<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2005<br />
|Yogesh Dodke<br />
|Pune<br />
|Pravin Kumar<br />
|Haryana<br />
|Ahmednagar<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2013<br />
|Amol Barate<br />
|Pune<br />
|Sonu Kumar<br />
|[[Indian Air Force|Air Force]]<br />
|Bivani, [[Haryana]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2014<br />
|Santosh Vetal<br />
|Karad<br />
|DevendraKumar<br />
|<br />
|Haryana<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2015<br />
|Sunil Salunkhe<br />
|Sangola, Solapur<br />
|Hitesh Kumar<br />
|Punjab<br />
|[[Jamakhandi|Jamkhandi]], Karnataka<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2023<br />
|Abhijit Katake<br />
|Pune<br />
|Somveer<br />
|Harayana <br />
|[[Hyderabad]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''[[Pehlwani|Rustam-e-Hind]]'''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- <br />
! Year<br />
! colspan=2 | Winner<br />
! colspan=2 | Runner-up<br />
! Venue<br />
! Ref.<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Vishnupant Nagrale<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1972<br />
|[[Harishchandra Birajdar]]<br />
|[[Nilanga]], Latur<br />
|Netrapal Singh<br />
|[[Indian Army|Army]]-Delhi<br />
|Varanasi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1973<br />
|Dadu Chougule<br />
|Kolhapur<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Mumbai<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2010<br />
|Amol Buchade<br />
|Pune<br />
|Kamaljeet<br />
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]<br />
|Punjab<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|Asab Ahmed<br />
|[[Indapur]], Pune<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|Sikandar Shaikh<br />
|Mohol, Solapur<br />
|Bagga Kohli<br />
|Punjab<br />
|Punjab<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Olympics'''<br />
<br />
[[Khashaba Jadhav]] – Bronze 🥉<br />
[[Wrestling at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle bantamweight|Bantamweight]]<br />
[[1952 Summer Olympics]]<br />
<br />
'''National Awards'''<br />
<br />
'''[[Arjuna Award]]'''<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" border="1"<br />
|-<br />
| 1963-[[Ganpat Andalkar|Ganpatrao Andhalkar]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1998-Kakasaheb Pawar<br />
|-<br />
| 2000-[[Khashaba Jadhav]] posthumously<br />
|-<br />
| 2012-[[Narsingh Yadav]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2020-[[Rahul Aware]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''[[Dhyanchand Award]]'''<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" border="1"<br />
|-<br />
| 2005-[[Maruti Mane]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2006-[[Harishchandra Birajdar]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2018-Dadu Chougule<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<sup>{{note|1|[Note 1]}}</sup>Hiraman Bankar is father of Vijay Bankar. Dadu Chaugule is father of Vinod Chaughule.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{Official website|http://www.maharashtrakustigirparishad.com}}<br />
<br />
{{Wrestling in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Wrestling competitions in India]]<br />
[[Category:Sport in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1961]]</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lok_Bhavan,_Bhubaneswar&diff=513444Lok Bhavan, Bhubaneswar2026-03-21T23:52:20Z<p>MatthewEbner: Creating article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Official residence of the Governor of Odisha}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox building<br />
| name = Lok Bhavan, Bhubaneswar<br />
| native_name = ରାଜଭବନ, ଭୁବନେଶ୍ୱର<br />
| native_name_lang = or<br />
| logo = <br />
| logo_size = <br />
| logo_alt = <br />
| logo_caption = <br />
| image = Raj Bhavan Bhubaneswar Main building.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = Lok Bhavan Odisha main building<br />
| pushpin_map = India Odisha<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| current_tenants = Kamphabati Hari Babu<br />
| coordinates = <br />
| completion_date = 31st March, 1960<br />
| references = [https://www.rajbhavanodisha.gov.in/ RAJ BHAVAN ODISHA]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
''' Lok Bhavan''' formerly '''Raj Bhavan''' of Bhubaneswar is the [[official residence]] of the [[Governor of Odisha]]. It is located in the city of [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Raj Bhavan Odisha |url=https://www.rajbhavanodisha.gov.in/view/index.php |website=www.rajbhavanodisha.gov.in |publisher=Government of Odisha |accessdate=1 October 2020}}</ref> It currently tenanted by Kambhapati Hari Babu.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The construction of Raj Bhavan started on 1 January 1958 under the architect Julius Vaz. The land area is about 88 acres.<ref name="rajbhavanodisha.gov.in">{{cite web |title=History of Raj Bhavan|url=https://www.rajbhavanodisha.gov.in/view/rajbhavanBbsr.php |website=www.rajbhavanodisha.gov.in |publisher=Government of Odisha |accessdate=1 October 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
The 9th governor of Odisha, Sri [[Y. N. Sukthankar]], was the first governor to stay here. Since then it has been the official residence of the governor.<ref name="rajbhavanodisha.gov.in"/><br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://www.rajbhavanodisha.gov.in/view/index.php Official website of the Governor of Odisha]<br />
{{Raj Bhavan}}<br />
{{coord|20.271327|85.817635|display=title}}<br />
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[[Category:Governors' houses in India]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bhubaneswar]]<br />
[[Category:1958 establishments in Orissa]]<br />
[[Category:Houses completed in 1958]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]<br />
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{{India-struct-stub}}</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fatima_Sana_Shaikh&diff=460178Fatima Sana Shaikh2026-03-19T12:25:35Z<p>MatthewEbner: improved citations for clarity per sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian film actress (born 1992)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Fatima Sana Shaikh<br />
| image = Fatima Sana Shaikh at the launch of Netflix Slate 2025 (cropped).jpg<br />
| caption = Shaikh in 2025<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|01|11|df=yes}}<!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs. No IMDb. No public records. See WP:BLPPRIVACY--><br />
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India<br />
| occupation = Actress<br />
| years_active = 1997{{endash}}present<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Fatima Sana Shaikh''' (born 11 January 1992) is an Indian actress, who works in [[Hindi]] films.<ref name="sanadangal">{{cite web |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/Meet-Aamir-Khans-wrestler-daughters/articleshow/47007245.cms |title=Meet Aamir Khan's wrestler daughters |website=Mumbai Mirror |access-date=31 March 2019 |archive-date=18 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818095011/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Meet-Aamir-Khans-wrestler-daughters/articleshow/47007245.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Shaikh started her career as a child artist in such films as ''[[Chachi 420]]'' (1997) and ''[[One 2 Ka 4]]'' (2001). In 2016, she portrayed wrestler [[Geeta Phogat]] in the biopic ''[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]]'', which went on to become the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Hindi film of all time]].<ref name="Hindu-Aneja-DangalSuccess-2017">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/chinas-dangal-mega-success-echoes-at-second-brics-film-festival/article19144747.ece |title=China's 'Dangal' mega-success echoes at second BRICS film festival |first=Atul |last=Aneja |date=25 June 2017 |work=The Hindu |access-date=19 August 2019 |archive-date=25 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625091303/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/chinas-dangal-mega-success-echoes-at-second-brics-film-festival/article19144747.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> She has since starred in the streaming projects ''[[Ludo (film)|Ludo]]'' (2020), ''[[Ajeeb Daastaans]]'' (2021) and ''[[Modern Love Mumbai]]'' (2022), and portrayed [[Indira Gandhi]] in the biographical drama ''[[Sam Bahadur (film)|Sam Bahadur]]'' (2023). For her performance in ''[[Dhak Dhak]]'' (2023), she was nominated for the [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress]].<ref name="IndiaToday-Ghosh-MeToo-2019">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/fatima-sana-shaikh-on-her-metoo-story-it-happened-when-i-was-very-young-1493060-2019-04-03 |title=Fatima Sana Shaikh on her #MeToo story: It happened when I was very young |first1=Samrudhi |last1=Ghosh |location=Delhi |date=3 April 2019 |website=India Today |access-date=19 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-15 |title=Filmfare Awards 2024 full list of nominees: Shah Rukh Khan gets 2 Best Actor nominations, Animal leads with 19 nods |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/filmfare-awards-2024-full-list-of-nominees-shah-rukh-khan-gets-2-best-actor-nominations-animal-leads-with-19-nods-101705337092903.html |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
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== Early life ==<br />
Shaikh was born on 11 January 1992,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/news/fatima-sana-shaikh-birthday-special-lesser-known-facts-about-the-dangal-girl-2024-01-11-911320 |website=India TV |title=Fatima Sana Shaikh Birthday Special |date=11 January 2024 |access-date=15 January 2024 |archive-date=21 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121033640/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/news/fatima-sana-shaikh-birthday-special-lesser-known-facts-about-the-dangal-girl-2024-01-11-911320 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Birth date">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/fatima-sana-shaikh-lesser-known-facts-about-the-actress/fatima-sana-shaikh-lesser-known-facts-about-the-actress/photostory/63514447.cms |website=The Times of India |publisher=TOI |title=Fatima Sana Shaikh: Lesser known facts about the actress |date=29 August 2018 |access-date=17 April 2019 |archive-date=11 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511033640/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/fatima-sana-shaikh-lesser-known-facts-about-the-actress/fatima-sana-shaikh-lesser-known-facts-about-the-actress/photostory/63514447.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> and brought up in [[Mumbai]]. Her father Vipin Sharma, is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] from [[Jammu]] and her mother Raj Tabassum, is a [[Islam|Muslim]] from [[Srinagar]].<ref name="Sisat<br />
interview">{{cite web |date=29 October 2020 |title=I am an atheist, I believe in karma: actress Fatima Sana Shaikh |url=https://www.siasat.com/i-am-an-atheist-i-believe-in-karma-actress-fatima-sana-shaikh-2010429/ |access-date=22 November 2020 |website=[[The Siasat Daily]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> Shaikh identifies as an [[atheist]].<ref>{{cite AV media |date=27 October 2020 |title=Interview With Fatima Sana Shaikh for 'Suraj Pe Mangal Bhaari' And 'Ludo' {{!}} The Quint |language=hi, en |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bL1O4MfKXqc&feature=emb_logo |access-date=23 February 2021 |time=08:55 |publisher=The Quint |quote=I am an atheist. I have a mother who is Muslim, I have a father who is Hindu. My brother and myself, we are atheist. We do not follow any religion, we do not follow any god.}}</ref> She had gained experience in photography prior to becoming an actress.<ref name="th">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Braving-the-bruises/article16907284.ece |title=Braving the bruises |last=Rathi |first=Vasundhara |work=The Hindu |date=20 December 2016 |access-date=26 September 2018}}</ref><br />
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Fatima has opened up about her personal experiences of living with [[epilepsy]] to help raise awareness of the neurological condition.<ref name =Firtspost>{{cite web| url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/fatima-sana-shaikh-on-epilepsy-it-took-me-5-years-to-accept-it-but-i-am-okay-now-12646972.html |title=Opening Up about Epilepsy |last=Rathi |first=Vasundhara |work=Firstpost.com |date=25 May 2023 |access-date=7 July 2024}}</ref><ref name=Hindu>{{cite web |author=<!--staff byline; no author given--> | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/fatima-sana-shaikh-opens-up-about-epilepsy-diagnosis-says-exercising-daily-makes-her-feel-good/articleshow/95507978.cms?from=mdr |title=Exercising daily helps her combat her epilepsy|work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=14 November 2022| access-date=7 July 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career ==<br />
Shaikh began her career as a child artist in ''[[Chachi 420]]'' and ''[[One 2 Ka 4]]''.<ref name="IndiaToday-Ghosh-MeToo-2019" /> Years later, she played Zoya in the Indian drama film ''[[Tahaan]]'', which received "The German Star of India award" at the Bollywood and Beyond festival at [[Stuttgart]], Germany in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |first=Subhash K. |last=Jha |date=24 July 2009 |title=Santosh Sivan unaware of Tahaan honour in Germany |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/santosh-sivan-unaware-of-tahaan-honour-in-germany/story-c1HRKz9iKVkN7bFvgjUXGM.html |access-date=5 July 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Shaikh was selected for [[Nitesh Tiwari]]'s biographical sports film ''[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]]'' along with [[Sanya Malhotra]], who had never acted before. Shaikh was chosen to portray [[Geeta Phogat]].<ref name="exhaust">{{cite news |url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/dangal-selection-process-sanya-malhotra-talks-about-the-emotionally-exhausting-experience-1708568/ |title=Dangal selection process: Sanya Malhotra talks about the emotionally exhausting experience |work=India.com |date=16 December 2016 |access-date=26 September 2018}}</ref> To prepare for her role, she watched several videos on wrestling to understand "how wrestlers move, walk, their body language".<ref name="exhaust" /> Both Malhotra and Shaikh went through five rounds of auditions, physical training and workshops with Tiwari and [[Aamir Khan]].<ref name=th/> They were trained by coach and former wrestler [[Kripa Shankar Patel Bishnoi]].<ref name=th/> Released in 2016, ''Dangal'' received critical acclaim and became the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Indian film ever]] with earnings of more than {{INRConvert|2000|c}} worldwide.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cain |first=Rob |title=How An Indian Drama Became The World's Highest-Grossing Sports Movie Of 2017 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/06/19/how-an-indian-drama-became-the-worlds-highest-grossing-sports-movie-of-2017/ |work=[[Forbes]] |date=19 June 2017}}</ref> [[Anupama Chopra]] stated in her review that Shaikh was "terrific" in the film.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |title=Dangal Movie Review |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/article/dangal-bollywood-movie-review-anupama-chopra |work=Film Companion |access-date=24 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524171239/https://www.filmcompanion.in/article/dangal-bollywood-movie-review-anupama-chopra |archive-date=24 May 2017 |date=22 December 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2018, Shaikh played Zafira Baig, a warrior-archer thug in the [[Epic film|epic]] [[action-adventure film]], ''[[Thugs of Hindostan]]''.<ref name="NDTV review">{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/thugs-of-hindostan-movie-review-bloated-and-tacky-despite-amitabh-bachchan-plus-aamir-khan-2-5-stars-1944309 |title=Thugs of Hindostan Movie Review: Bloated And Tacky Despite Amitabh Bachchan Plus Aamir Khan |website=Ndtv.com |date=19 October 2018 |access-date=8 November 2018 |archive-date=8 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108105307/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/thugs-of-hindostan-movie-review-bloated-and-tacky-despite-amitabh-bachchan-plus-aamir-khan-2-5-stars-1944309 |url-status=live}}</ref> It underperformed at the box office.<ref>{{cite news |title=Zero, Race 3 and Thugs of Hindostan: Presenting the Khans' box-office report of 2018 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/box-office-collection/zero-thugs-of-hindostan-race-3-presenting-khans-box-office-report-of-2018-5516678/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=31 December 2018 |language=en-IN |access-date=31 December 2018 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411214830/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/box-office-collection/zero-thugs-of-hindostan-race-3-presenting-khans-box-office-report-of-2018-5516678/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2020, she first played a wife struggling for her husband's innocence in ''[[Ludo (film)|Ludo]]'' opposite [[Rajkummar Rao]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=Shubhra|date=13 November 2020|title=Ludo review: Hijinks in the time of Corona|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/ludo-movie-review-hijinks-in-the-time-of-corona-7049238/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117044132/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/ludo-movie-review-hijinks-in-the-time-of-corona-7049238/|archive-date=17 November 2020|access-date=19 November 2020|website=[[The Indian Express]]|url-status=live}}</ref> She then played a traditional girl opposite [[Diljit Dosanjh]] in ''[[Suraj Pe Mangal Bhari]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Pradeep |date=13 November 2020 |title='Suraj Pe Mangal Bhari' movie review: Manoj Bajpayee shines in this comedy |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/suraj-pe-mangal-bhari-movie-review-manoj-bajpayee-shines-in-this-comedy/article33093231.ece |access-date=18 November 2020 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2021, Shaikh played an unhappy wife having an affair opposite [[Jaideep Ahlawat]] in ''[[Ajeeb Daastaans]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-16|title=Ajeeb Daastaans movie review: Neeraj Ghaywan saves Karan Johar's uneven Netflix film from disaster|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ajeeb-daastaans-movie-review-neeraj-ghaywan-saves-karan-johar-s-uneven-netflix-film-from-disaster-101618458789212.html|access-date=2021-04-22|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=24 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324233229/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ajeeb-daastaans-movie-review-neeraj-ghaywan-saves-karan-johar-s-uneven-netflix-film-from-disaster-101618458789212.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Shaikh had two releases in 2022. She first played a Kashmiri housemaid and a wife realising her worth in a segment of the series ''[[Modern Love Mumbai]]'', opposite [[Bhupendra Jadawat]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2022 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Modern Love Mumbai's Fatima Sana Shaikh on overcoming fear of being lead actor: Kitna darega insaan |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-modern-love-mumbai-s-fatima-sana-shaikh-overcoming-fear-being-lead-actor-kitna-darega-insaan |access-date=May 21, 2022 |website=Pinkvilla |archive-date=21 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521123046/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-modern-love-mumbai-s-fatima-sana-shaikh-overcoming-fear-being-lead-actor-kitna-darega-insaan |url-status=live }}</ref> Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' noted, "Fatima’s performance makes her segment fly. Under Shonali’s watch, she is both flower and fire at the same time."<ref>{{cite news |title='Modern Love: Mumbai' review: A slam-dunk of an anthology if ever there was one |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/modern-love-mumbai-review-a-slam-dunk-of-an-anthology-if-ever-there-was-one/article65410372.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=13 May 2022 |access-date=30 June 2022 |last1=Kumar |first1=Anuj |archive-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619162243/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/modern-love-mumbai-review-a-slam-dunk-of-an-anthology-if-ever-there-was-one/article65410372.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> She then played a Rajasthani woman opposite [[Harshvardhan Kapoor]] in ''[[Thar (film)|Thar]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/anil-kapoor-teams-up-with-son-harsh-varrdhan-kapoor-for-netflix-s-film-thar-1915705-2022-02-21 |title=Anil Kapoor teams up with son Harsh Varrdhan Kapoor for Netflix's film ''Thar'' |work=[[India Today]] |date=21 February 2022 |access-date=10 April 2022}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] was appreciative of her lovely performance.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Thar'' Movie Review: ''Thar'' is worth watching for its plot, direction, music score. |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/thar/critic-review/thar-movie-review/thar-is-worth-watching-for-its-plot-direction-music-score/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=6 May 2022 |access-date=6 May 2022}}</ref> The film earned her a nomination at the [[Filmfare OTT Awards]] for Best Actress in a Web Original Film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare OTT Awards 2022 - Nominations |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2022/nominations |access-date=11 February 2024 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Shaikh started 2023 with ''[[Dhak Dhak]]'', where she played a female motorbike traveller.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhak Dhak stars Dia Mirza, Ratna Pathak, Fatima Shaikh, Sanjana Sanghi ride from Delhi to Khardung La, set record |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/dhak-dhak-stars-dia-mirza-ratna-pathak-fatima-shaikh-sanjana-sanghi-ride-from-delhi-to-khardung-la-set-record-1968014-2022-06-29 |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=India Today |date=29 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Her performance earned her nomination for [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress]].<ref>{{cite news |title=69th Filmfare Awards :Ranbir Kapoor's Animal leads with 19 nods, check full nomination list |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/news/69th-filmfare-awards-ranbir-kapoors-animal-leads-with-19-nods-check-full-nomination-list-2024-01-16-912042}}</ref> Following this, Shaikh portrayed [[Indira Gandhi]] alongside [[Vicky Kaushal]] and [[Sanya Malhotra]] in ''[[Sam Bahadur (film)|Sam Bahadur]]'', a film based on the life of [[Sam Manekshaw]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sanya-malhotra-fatima-sana-shaikh-join-vicky-kaushal-sam-manekshaw-biopic-sambahadur-7669977/ |title=Vicky Kaushal welcomes Dangal girls Sanya Malhotra, Fatima Sana Shaikh onboard Sam Manekshaw biopic |date=13 December 2021 |access-date=13 December 2021 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> It was a moderate success at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sam Bahadur Box Office Collection Day 3: "Stands On Its Feet Despite A Hurricane Called Animal" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sam-bahadur-box-office-collection-vicky-kaushal-s-film-collects-10-30-crore-on-day-3-4631557 |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204090914/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sam-bahadur-box-office-collection-vicky-kaushal-s-film-collects-10-30-crore-on-day-3-4631557 |url-status=live}}</ref> While [[Mayank Shekhar]] found her performance to be "admirable",<ref>{{cite news |last=Shekhar |first=Mayank |author-link=Mayank Shekhar |title='Sam Bahadur' movie review: Played it too straight, Sam? |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/sam-bahadur-movie-review-vicky-kaushal-played-it-too-straight-sam-23322813 |access-date=25 June 2024 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=1 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202033844/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/sam-bahadur-movie-review-vicky-kaushal-played-it-too-straight-sam-23322813 |archive-date=2 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Prannay Pathak was critical of her "unsteady portrayal".<ref>{{cite news |last=Pathak |first=Prannay |title=Sam Bahadur movie review: Facile and forgettable vignette reel powered by Vicky Kaushal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sam-bahadur-movie-review-facile-and-forgettable-vignette-reel-powered-by-vicky-kaushal-101701390875987.html |access-date=25 June 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=1 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201020353/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sam-bahadur-movie-review-facile-and-forgettable-vignette-reel-powered-by-vicky-kaushal-101701390875987.html |archive-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> <br />
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In her first release of 2025, Shaikh played a working wife facing unplanned pregnancy opposite [[Ali Fazal]] in ''[[Metro... In Dino]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro... In Dino Trailer Out: Aditya Roy Kapur Sara Ali Khan Anupam Kher Neena Gupta Pankaj Tripathi Konkona Sen Sharma Ali Fazal And Fatima Sana Shaikh Are All Set To Bring Retro's Story On The Big Screens |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/entertainment/metro-in-dino-teaser-aditya-roy-kapur-sara-ali-khan-anupam-kher-neena-gupta-pankaj-tripathi-konkona-sen-sharma-ali-fazal-fatima-sana-shaikh-are-all-set-to-bring-retros-story-on-the-big-screens |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> Titas Chowdhury noted, "Fazal and Shaikh's chemistry is palpable and Fatima truly is a revelation".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro In Dino Review: Anurag Basu Delivers Masterclass On Modern Love, Pritam's Music Adds To The Magic |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/metro-in-dino-review-sara-ali-khan-aditya-roy-kapur-pankaj-tripathi-konkona-starrer-delivers-masterclass-on-modern-love-pritams-music-adds-to-the-magic-9417608.html |access-date=4 July 2025 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Later, she played a spirited French instructor opposite [[R. Madhavan]] in ''[[Aap Jaisa Koi (film)|Aap Jaisa Koi]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-25 |title='Aap Jaisa Koi' trailer: R Madhavan, Fatima Sana Shaikh in a romance of equals |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aap-jaisa-koi-trailer-r-madhavan-fatima-sana-shaikh-netflix/article69735370.ece |access-date=2025-06-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
Shaikh was ranked in [[The Times of India|The Times Most Desirable Women]] at No. 48 in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Times Most Desirable Woman of 2020: Rhea Chakraborty - Living through a trial by fire, gracefully - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-times-most-desirable-woman-of-2020-rhea-chakraborty-living-through-a-trial-by-fire-gracefully/articleshow/83312150.cms |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{{Pending films key}}<br />
<br />
=== Films ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role !! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes !! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abr|Ref.}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 1997 ||''[[Ishq (1997 film)|Ishq]]''|| Cameo appearance || rowspan="5" |Child artist || <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Chachi 420]]''|| Bharti Ratan ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Fatima Sana Shaikh Shares Throwback Pic From The Sets Of Chachi 420, Featuring Tabu |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/fatima-sana-shaikh-shares-throwback-pic-from-the-sets-of-chachi-420-featuring-tabu-2010000 |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=NDTV.com|date=19 March 2019 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 1999 ||''[[Bade Dilwala]]''||Baby Sana ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1999 ||''[[Khoobsurat (1999 film)|Khoobsurat]]''||Gudiya ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2001 ||''[[One 2 Ka 4]]''||Inspector Abbas' youngest daughter ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2008 ||''[[Tahaan]]''|| Zoya || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2012 ||''[[Bittoo Boss]]''|| Priya || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2013 ||''[[Akaash Vani]]'' || Sumbul || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2013/jan/260113-movie-review-akaash-vani.htm |title=Movie Review: Akaash Vani |newspaper=[[Mid-Day]] |date=26 January 2013 |access-date=27 June 2013 |place=Mumbai |archive-date=19 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130519091524/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2013/jan/260113-movie-review-akaash-vani.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2015 ||''Nuvvu Nenu Okkatavudam'' || Sruti ||[[Telugu cinema|Telugu film]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2016||''[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]]'' ||[[Geeta Phogat]] || ||<ref>{{cite web |date=23 December 2020 |title=4 Years of Dangal: Sanya Malhotra shares unseen BTS pictures featuring the cast including Aamir Khan |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/4-years-of-dangal-sanya-malhotra-shares-unseen-bts-pictures-featuring-the-cast-including-aamir-khan/ |access-date=7 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2018 ||''[[Thugs of Hindostan]]'' || Zafira Baig || ||<ref>{{cite web |date=28 October 2020 |first=Tiasa |last=Bhowal |title=What Fatima Sana Shaikh learnt from the Thugs of Hindostan debacle: Interview |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/what-fatima-sana-shaikh-learnt-from-the-thugs-of-hindostan-debacle-interview-1735907-2020-10-28 |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2020<br />
|''[[Ludo (film)|Ludo]]'' || Pinky Jain || ||<ref name="FirstPost-27Dec19">{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/anurag-basus-upcoming-film-ludo-featuring-abhishek-bachchan-rajkummar-rao-to-release-on-24-april-2020-7831531.html |title=Anurag Basu's upcoming film Ludo featuring Abhishek Bachchan, Rajkummar Rao to release on 24 April 2020 |date=27 December 2019 |website=Firstpost |language=en |access-date=27 December 2019 |archive-date=27 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227075138/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/anurag-basus-upcoming-film-ludo-featuring-abhishek-bachchan-rajkummar-rao-to-release-on-24-april-2020-7831531.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Suraj Pe Mangal Bhari]]'' || Tulshi "Tina" Rane || ||<ref>{{cite web |title=सूरज पे मंगल भारी ने दर्शकों को दिखाया सिनेमाघरों का रास्ता, दिलजीत बोले #ChaloCinema |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/bollywood-diljit-dosanjh-fatima-sana-shaikh-movie-suraj-pe-mangal-bhari-release-getting-good-response-dv-3340201.html |access-date=17 November 2020 |website=News18 India|date=16 November 2020 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2021 || ''[[Ajeeb Daastaans]]'' || Lipakshi || Segment: "Majnu"||<ref>{{cite web |title=Karan Johar unveils teaser of Netflix anthology Ajeeb Daastaans which is set to premiere on 16 April |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/karan-johar-unveils-teaser-of-netflix-anthology-ajeeb-daastaans-which-is-set-to-premiere-on-april-16/ |date=19 March 2021 |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=19 March 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|''[[Thar (film)|Thar]]''<br />
|Chetna<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2023<br />
| ''[[Dhak Dhak]]'' <br />
|Shashi "Sky" Kumar Yadav<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='Dhak Dhak': Fatima Sana Shaikh, Ratna Pathak Shah, Dia Mirza and Sanjana Sanghi promise a ride of a lifetime |work=The Times of India |date=16 May 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dhak-dhak-fatima-sana-shaikh-ratna-pathak-shah-dia-mirza-and-sanjana-sanghi-promise-a-ride-of-a-lifetime/articleshow/91586903.cms}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sam Bahadur (film)|Sam Bahadur]]'' <br />
|[[Indira Gandhi]]<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Khan |first1=Abubakr |title=Film Review: Sam Bahadur |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/entertainment/film-review-sam-bahadur |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 2025<br />
| ''[[Metro... In Dino]]'' <br />
| Shruti <br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Anurag Basu's Metro In Dino starring Aditya Roy Kapur, Sara Ali Khan to release on November 29, 2024|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/anurag-basus-metro-dino-starring-aditya-roy-kapur-sara-ali-khan-release-november-29-2024/|date=19 April 2024|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=19 April 2024}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aap Jaisa Koi (film)|Aap Jaisa Koi]]''<br />
| Madhu Bose<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fatima Sana Shaikh On Her Role In Aap Jaisa Koi: 'Was Interesting To Play A Bengali Woman, They Are Strong & Sensual' |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/fatima-sana-shaikh-on-her-role-in-aap-jaisa-koi-was-interesting-to-play-a-bengali-woman-they-are-strong-sensual |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Gustaakh Ishq]]''<br />
| Minni<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijay Varma and Fatima Sana complete 'Ul Jalool Ishq'; Manish Malhotra hosts wrap-up party|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2024/Mar/19/vijay-varma-and-fatima-sana-complete-ul-jalool-ishq-manish-malhotra-hosts-wrap-up-party|website=The New Indian Express|date=19 March 2024|access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Television ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role !! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes !! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abr|Ref.}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2002–2004<br />
|''Kitty Party''<br />
| {{Unknown}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2009<br />
|''[[Ladies Special]]''<br />
| Geeti Shinde <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Agle Janam Mohe Bitiya Hi Kijo]]''<br />
|Suman<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |date=10 January 2021 |title=Fatima Sana Shaikh: five things you didn't know |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/fatima-sana-shaikh-five-things-we-bet-you-didn-t-know-about-the-dangal-girl-101610273269748.html |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2011<br />
|''[[Best of Luck Nikki]]''<br />
|Richa Shenoy<br />
|Special appearance in "[[Best of Luck Nikki#ep9|Boys Meet Girls]]"<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/253992/lucky-nikki-turns-two.html|title=Lucky Nikki turns two|website=Deccan Herald|date=2 June 2012 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126044007/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/253992/lucky-nikki-turns-two.html |archive-date=26 January 2020 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2022<br />
|''[[Modern Love Mumbai]]''<br />
| Lalzari "Lali"<br />
| Segment: "Raat Rani"<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2026<br />
| {{Pending series|Teen Kauwe}}<br />
| rowspan="2"| {{TableTBA}}<br />
| [[Amazon Prime Video]] series<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2026 |title='Teen Kauwe' First Look Out: Sidhant Gupta-Bobby Deol Led Spy Thriller About a Mole Inside Mumbai’s Secret Agency |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/teen-kauwe-first-look-out-sidhant-gupta-bobby-deol-led-spy-thriller-about-a-mole-inside-mumbais-secret-agency-roy-kapoor-films |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]] |access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|TBA<br />
| {{Pending series|Nyaya}}<br />
| Completed<br />
|<ref>{{cite web | title=Aneet Padda to star in OTT series 'Nyaya' with Fatima Sana Shaikh | url=https://www.patrika.com/en/entertainment-news/aneet-padda-known-for-saayara-to-star-in-new-ott-series-nayaay-with-fatima-sana-shaikh-19816558 }}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Music videos ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Title !! Singer !! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Notes !! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abr|Ref.}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2015<br />
| "Tujhse Meri"<br />
| Aditya Salankar<br />
|<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 2020<br />
| "Palkein Kholo"<br />
| [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]<br />
| Also director <br />
|<ref>{{cite web |date=3 September 2020 |title='Palkein Kholo': Fatima Sana Shaikh turns director for Vishal Bharadwaj's music video |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-palkein-kholo-fatima-sana-shaikh-turns-director-for-vishal-bharadwaj-s-music-video-2841033 |access-date=14 October 2021 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Accolades ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Year<br />
! Award<br />
! Category<br />
! Work<br />
! Result<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2017<br />
| [[Screen Awards]]<br />
| [[Screen Award for Best Actress (Popular Choice)|Best Actress – Popular Choice]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]]''<br />
| {{Nom}}<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Screen Awards 2017 nominations announced |url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/screen-awards-2017-nominations-announced/5122899.article |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=Screen |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Jackie Chan Action Movie Awards]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | Best Action Actress<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|<ref name="mid">{{cite news |title=Dangal girls Fatima Sana Shaikh and Sanya Malhotra win action award in China |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/dangal-girls-fatima-sana-shaikh-and-sanya-malhotra-win-action-award-in-china/19632150 |access-date=9 April 2019 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=23 July 2018 |archive-date=10 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410203251/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/dangal-girls-fatima-sana-shaikh-and-sanya-malhotra-win-action-award-in-china/19632150 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2019<br />
| ''[[Thugs of Hindostan]]''<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/film/asia/jackie-chan-action-film-week-1203284688/|title=Jackie Chan Reignites Action Film Week in China|last=Frater|first=Patrick|date=2019-07-30|website=Variety|language=en|access-date=2019-08-23}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2022<br />
| [[2022 Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Awards]]<br />
| Best Actor in a Web Original Film – Female<br />
| ''[[Thar (film)|Thar]]''<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Filmfare OTT Awards 2022|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2022/vote|access-date=2022-12-04|website=filmfare.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2024<br />
| [[69th Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Awards]]<br />
| [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress|Best Actress – Critics]]<br />
| ''[[Dhak Dhak]]''<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Nominations for the 69th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2024 with Gujarat Tourism: Full list out|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-69th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2024-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-63822.html|access-date=15 January 2024|work=Filmfare|date=15 January 2024|language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
* {{IMDb name}}<br />
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shaikh, Fatima Sana}}<br />
[[Category:1992 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Kashmiri actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Kashmiri actors]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Indian child actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]<br />
[[Category:Indian atheists]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Hyderabad, India]]<br />
[[Category:Kashmiri atheists]]<br />
[[Category:People with epilepsy]]</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2004_Indian_general_election_in_Bihar&diff=4742932004 Indian general election in Bihar2026-03-19T03:00:05Z<p>MatthewEbner: cleanup</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=July 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox election<br />
| election_name = Indian general election in Bihar, 2004<br />
| country = India<br />
| type = parliamentary<br />
| ongoing = no<br />
| previous_election = Indian general election in Bihar, 1999<br />
| previous_year = 1999<br />
| next_election = Indian general election in Bihar, 2009<br />
| next_year = 2009<br />
| election_date = April–May 2004<br />
| seats_for_election = 40 seats<br />
| turnout = 58.02%<br />
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Lalu_Prasad_Yadav.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=05}}<br />
| leader1 = [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]<br />
| party1 = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]<br />
| leaders_seat1 = [[Chhapra Lok Sabha constituency|Chhapra]] (won)<br />
| seats_before1 = 7<br />
| seats1 = '''22'''<br />
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 15<br />
| popular_vote1 = '''8,994,821'''<br />
| percentage1 = '''30.67'''<br />
| swing1 = {{increase}} 2.38%<br />
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Nitish_Kumar.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=05}}<br />
| leader2 = [[Nitish Kumar]]<br />
| leaders_seat2 = [[Nalanda Lok Sabha constituency|Nalanda]] (won)<br />
| party2 = [[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]<br />
| seats_before2 = 18<br />
| seats2 = 6<br />
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 12<br />
| popular_vote2 = 6,558,538<br />
| percentage2 = 22.36%<br />
| swing2 = {{increase}} 1.59%<br />
| map_image = Bihar in India.png<br />
| map_size = 200px<br />
| map_caption = [[Bihar]]<br />
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]<br />
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election<br />
| before_election = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]<br />
| before_party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| after_election = [[Manmohan Singh]]<br />
| after_party = Indian National Congress<br />
| alliance1 = [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]<br />
| alliance2 = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]<br />
| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=The Leader of Opposition, Bihar, Shri Sushil Kumar Modi in New Delhi on January 08 (cropped2).jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=05|oTop=0}}<br />
| party3 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
| leader3 = [[Sushil Kumar Modi]]<br />
| alliance3 = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]<br />
| seats_before3 = 23<br />
| seats3 = 5<br />
| seat_change3 = {{decrease}} 18<br />
| leaders_seat3 = [[Bhagalpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bhagalpur]] (won)<br />
| popular_vote3 = 4,272,195<br />
| percentage3 = 14.57%<br />
| swing3 = {{decrease}} 8.44%<br />
| image4 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Ram_Vilas_Paswan.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=05}}<br />
| party4 = [[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]<br />
| leader4 = [[Ram Vilas Paswan]]<br />
| alliance4 = [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]<br />
| leaders_seat4 = [[Hajipur Lok Sabha constituency|Hajipur]] (won)<br />
| seats_before4 = -<br />
| seats4 = 4<br />
| seat_change4 = ''New''<br />
| popular_vote4 = 2,402,603<br />
| percentage4 = 8.19<br />
| swing4 = New<br />
| image5 = {{eppt|Indian National Congress|height=70|width=100}}<br />
| leader5 = Ramjatan Sinha<br />
| party5 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
| alliance5 = [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]<br />
| leaders_seat5 = ''Did not contest''<br />
| seats_before5 = 4<br />
| seats5 = 3<br />
| seat_change5 = {{decrease}} 1<br />
| popular_vote5 = 1,315,935<br />
| percentage5 = 4.49%<br />
| swing5 = {{decrease}} 4.32%<br />
}}<br />
In Bihar the RJD leader [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]], husband of the Bihar Chief Minister Rabri Devi, was able to assemble a broad coalition of anti-NDA parties. It included RJD, Congress, Lok Janshakti, NCP and CPI(M). Congress was sceptical of the coalition, since the party was only allotted four seats by Laloo. The other coalition partners argued that four seats actually reflected the decreasing strength of Congress in the state. Lok Janshakti, a party with strong support amongst [[Dalit (outcaste)|Dalit]] communities, were allotted eight seats. NCP and CPI(M) were allotted one seat each. RJD itself contested 26 seats.<br />
<br />
Two large non-NDA parties in the state, CPI and CPI(ML) Liberation, did not join the Lalu-led front but contested individually. CPI(ML)L contested 21 seats and CPI six.<br />
<br />
The NDA front consisted of BJP and JD(U). The alliance was threatened at several points, over disagreements on seat-sharing formulas. In the end JD(U) contested 24 seats and BJP 16.<br />
<br />
BSP contested all 40 seats and SP 32 on their own, unsuccessfully. Lok Janshakti held sway over Dalit votes and RJD over [[Yadav caste|Yadav]] votes, thus making it impossible for the [[Uttar Pradesh]]-based caste parties to make a breakthrough in the state.<br />
<br />
The result was an overwhelming victory for the Laloo-led coalition. It won 29 seats. The rest went to the BJP-JD(U) combine.<br />
<br />
Voting in the state was confronted with many irregularities, and repolling was ordered in four constituencies.<br />
<br />
==Schedule==<br />
The schedule of the election was announced by the [[Election Commission of India]] on 29 February 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election Schedule 2004 |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3042-schedule-for-general-elections-2004/?do=download&r=7022&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=9b39aa893d335b61e29f64e45be0cf2d}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | Poll event<ref>{{Cite web |title=Counting of votes for AP assembly begins |url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2004/may/11ap.htm|date=11 May 2004}}</ref><br />
! colspan="3" | Phase<br />
|-<br />
! style="background: #FFFACD" | 1<br />
! style="background: #E9967A" | 2<br />
! style="background: #87CEFA" | 3<br />
|- <br />
| Date of announcement<br />
| colspan=3| 29 February 2004<br />
|-<br />
| Notification date<br />
| 24 March 2004<br />
| 31 March 2004<br />
| 8 April 2004<br />
|-<br />
| Last date for filing nomination<br />
| 31 March 2004<br />
| 7 April 2004<br />
| 15 April 2004<br />
|-<br />
| Scrutiny of nomination<br />
| 2 April 2004<br />
| 8 April 2004<br />
| 16 April 2004<br />
|-<br />
| Last date for withdrawal of nomination<br />
| 5 April 2004<br />
| 10 April 2004<br />
| 19 April 2004<br />
|-<br />
| Date of poll<br />
| '''20 April 2004'''<br />
| '''26 April 2004'''<br />
| '''5 May 2004'''<br />
|-<br />
| Date of counting of votes<br />
| colspan=3|'''13 May 2004'''<br />
|-<br />
| No. of constituencies<br />
| 11<br />
| 17<br />
| 12<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Parties and alliances==<br />
==={{legend2|{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|United Progressive Alliance}}===<br />
{| class="wikitable" width="50%" style="text-align:center;<br />
| colspan="6" {{Party color cell|United Progressive Alliance}}<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" | '''[[United Progressive Alliance]]'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Party<br />
! Flag<br />
! Symbol<br />
! Leader<br />
! Seats<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| [[File:RJD Flag.svg|50px]]<br />
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Hurricane Lamp.png|50px]]<br />
| [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]<br />
| 26<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party}}<br />
| [[File:Lok Janshakti Party Flag.svg|50px]]<br />
| <br />
| [[Ram Vilas Paswan]]<br />
| 8<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| [[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]<br />
| [[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]<br />
| Ramjatan Sinha<br />
| 4<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}<br />
| [[File:Communist Party of India (Marxist) flag.svg|50px]]<br />
| [[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|50px]]<br />
| [[Subodh Roy]]<br />
| 1<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}<br />
| [[File:NCP-flag.svg|50px]]<br />
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Clock.png|50px]]<br />
| [[Tariq Anwar (politician)|Tariq Anwar]]<br />
| 1<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="5"| Total<br />
!40<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==={{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|National Democratic Alliance}}===<br />
{| class="wikitable" width="50%" style="text-align:center;<br />
| colspan="6" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" | '''[[National Democratic Alliance]]'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | Party<br />
! Flag<br />
! Symbol<br />
! Leader<br />
! Seats<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=yes}}<br />
| [[File:JanataDalUnitedFlag.PNG|50px]]<br />
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Arrow.svg|50px]]<br />
| [[Nitish Kumar]]<br />
| 24<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]<br />
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]<br />
|[[Sushil Modi]]<br />
|16<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="5"| Total<br />
!40<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Candidates==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"<br />
! colspan="2" | Constituency<br />
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |[[United Progressive Alliance|<span style="color:white;">UPA</span>]]<br />
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |[[National Democratic Alliance|<span style="color:white;">NDA</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
! No.<br />
! Name<br />
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate<br />
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate<br />
|-<br />
! 1<br />
| [[Bagaha Lok Sabha constituency|Bagaha]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party}}<br />
| Hiralal Ram<br />
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
| [[Kailash Baitha]]<br />
|-<br />
! 2<br />
| [[Bettiah Lok Sabha constituency|Bettiah]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| [[Raghunath Jha]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| [[Madan Prasad Jaiswal]]<br />
|-<br />
! 3<br />
| [[Motihari Lok Sabha constituency|Motihari]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| [[Akhilesh Prasad Singh]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| [[Radha Mohan Singh]]<br />
|-<br />
! 4<br />
| [[Gopalganj Lok Sabha constituency|Gopalganj]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| [[Sadhu Yadav]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
| [[Prabhu Dayal Singh]]<br />
|-<br />
! 5<br />
| [[Siwan Lok Sabha constituency|Siwan]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| [[Mohammad Shahabuddin (Indian politician)|Shahabuddin]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
| [[Om Prakash Yadav]]<br />
|-<br />
! 6<br />
| [[Maharajganj, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency|Maharajganj]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| Jitendra Swami<br />
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
| [[Prabhunath Singh]]<br />
|-<br />
! 7<br />
| [[Chapra Lok Sabha constituency|Chapra]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| [[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]]<br />
|-<br />
! 8<br />
| [[Hajipur Lok Sabha constituency|Hajipur]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party}}<br />
| [[Ram Vilas Paswan]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
| [[Chhedi Paswan]]<br />
|-<br />
! 9<br />
| [[Vaishali Lok Sabha constituency|Vaishali]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| [[Raghuvansh Prasad Singh]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
| Dr Harendra Kumar<br />
|-<br />
! 10<br />
| [[Muzaffarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Muzaffarpur]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| Bhagwan Lal Sahani<br />
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
| [[George Fernandes]]<br />
|-<br />
! 11<br />
| [[Sitamarhi Lok Sabha constituency|Sitamarhi]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| [[Sitaram Yadav (politician, born 1952)|Sitaram Yadav]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
| Nawal Kishore Rai<br />
|-<br />
! 12<br />
| [[Sheohar Lok Sabha constituency|Sheohar]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| Sitaram Singh<br />
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| Md Anwarul Haque<br />
|-<br />
! 13<br />
| [[Madhubani Lok Sabha constituency|Madhubani]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| [[Shakeel Ahmad]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| Hukum Deo Narayan Yadav<br />
|-<br />
! 14<br />
| [[Jhanjharpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jhanjharpur]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| [[Devendra Prasad Yadav]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
| Jagannath Mishra<br />
|-<br />
! 15<br />
| [[Darbhanga Lok Sabha constituency|Darbhanga]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| Ali Ashraf Fatmi<br />
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| [[Kirti Azad]]<br />
|-<br />
! 16<br />
| [[Rosera Lok Sabha constituency|Rosera]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party}}<br />
| [[Ram Chandra Paswan]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
| Dashai Chaudhary<br />
|-<br />
! 17<br />
| [[Samastipur Lok Sabha constituency|Samastipur]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| [[Alok Kumar Mehta]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
| Ram Chandra Singh<br />
|-<br />
! 18<br />
| [[Barh Lok Sabha constituency|Barh]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| Vijay Krishna<br />
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
| [[Nitish Kumar]]<br />
|-<br />
! 19<br />
| [[Ballia Lok Sabha constituency|Balia]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party}}<br />
| [[Surajbhan Singh]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
| [[Ram Jeevan Singh]]<br />
|-<br />
! 20<br />
| [[Saharsa Lok Sabha constituency|Saharsa]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party}}<br />
| Ranjeet Ranjan<br />
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
| [[Dinesh Chandra Yadav (Indian politician)|Dinesh Chandra Yadav]]<br />
|-<br />
! 21<br />
| [[Madhepura Lok Sabha constituency|Madhepura]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
| [[Sharad Yadav]]<br />
|-<br />
! 22<br />
| [[Araria Lok Sabha constituency|Araria]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party}}<br />
| [[Ram Sewak Hazari]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| [[Sukdeo Paswan]]<br />
|-<br />
! 23<br />
| [[Kishanganj Lok Sabha constituency|Kishanganj]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| [[Taslimuddin]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| [[Syed Shahnawaz Hussain]]<br />
|-<br />
! 24<br />
| [[Purnia Lok Sabha constituency|Purnia]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party}}<br />
| [[Pappu Yadav]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| [[Uday Singh]]<br />
|-<br />
! 25<br />
| [[Katihar Lok Sabha constituency|Katihar]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}<br />
| [[Tariq Anwar (politician)|Tariq Anwar]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| [[Nikhil Kumar Choudhary]]<br />
|-<br />
! 26<br />
| [[Banka Lok Sabha constituency|Banka]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| [[Giridhari Yadav]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
| [[Digvijay Singh (Bihar politician)|Digvijay Singh]]<br />
|-<br />
! 27<br />
| [[Bhagalpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bhagalpur]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br />
| Subodh Roy<br />
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| [[Sushil Modi]]<br />
|-<br />
! 28<br />
| [[Khagaria Lok Sabha constituency|Khagaria]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| [[Rabindra Kumar Rana]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
| Renu Kumari<br />
|-<br />
! 29<br />
| [[Munger Lok Sabha constituency|Munger]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| [[Jay Prakash Narayan Yadav]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
| Monazir Hassan<br />
|-<br />
! 30<br />
| [[Begusarai Lok Sabha constituency|Begusarai]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| [[Krishna Sahi]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
| [[Lalan Singh]]<br />
|-<br />
! 31<br />
| [[Nalanda Lok Sabha constituency|Nalanda]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party}}<br />
| Pushpanjay Kumar<br />
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
| [[Nitish Kumar]]<br />
|-<br />
! 32<br />
| [[Patna Lok Sabha constituency|Patna]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| [[Ram Kripal Yadav]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| [[C. P. Thakur]]<br />
|-<br />
! 33<br />
| [[Arrah Lok Sabha constituency|Arrah]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| [[Kanti Singh]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
| Ashok Kumar Verma<br />
|-<br />
! 34<br />
| [[Buxar Lok Sabha constituency|Buxar]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| [[Shivanand Tiwari]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| [[Lalmuni Chaubey]]<br />
|-<br />
! 35<br />
| [[Sasaram Lok Sabha constituency|Sasaram]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| [[Meira Kumar]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| [[Muni Lall]]<br />
|-<br />
! 36<br />
| [[Bikramganj Lok Sabha constituency|Bikramganj]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| Ram Prasad Singh<br />
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
| Ajit Kumar Singh<br />
|-<br />
! 37<br />
| [[Aurangabad, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency|Aurangabad]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| Nikhil Kumar<br />
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
| [[Sushil Kumar Singh (politician)|Sushil Kumar Singh]]<br />
|-<br />
! 38<br />
| [[Jahanabad Lok Sabha constituency|Jahanabad]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| Ganesh Yadav<br />
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
| Arun Kumar<br />
|-<br />
! 39<br />
| [[Nawada Lok Sabha constituency|Nawada]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| [[Virchandra Paswan]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| [[Sanjay Paswan]]<br />
|-<br />
! 40<br />
| [[Gaya Lok Sabha constituency|Gaya]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| [[Rajesh Kumar Manjhi]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| Balbir Chand<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Voting and results==<br />
=== Results by alliance or party ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | Alliance/ Party<br />
! colspan="3" | Popular vote<br />
! colspan="3" | Seats<br />
|-<br />
! Votes<br />
! %<br />
! ±[[Percentage point|pp]]<br />
! Contested<br />
! Won<br />
! '''+/−'''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" {{Party color cell|United Progressive Alliance}}<br />
! rowspan="6" style="background:#E5F8FF" | [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]<br />
| {{Party color cell|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]<br />
| 89,94,821<br />
| 30.67<br />
| <br />
| 26<br />
| 22<br />
| {{increase}} 16<br />
|-<br />
| {{Party color cell|Lok Janshakti Party}}<br />
| [[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]<br />
| 24,02,603<br />
| 8.19<br />
| <br />
| 8<br />
| 4<br />
| {{increase}} 4<br />
|-<br />
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
| 13,15,935<br />
| 4.49<br />
| <br />
| 4<br />
| 3<br />
| {{increase}} 1<br />
|-<br />
| {{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}<br />
| [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
| 2,86,357<br />
| 0.98<br />
| <br />
| 1<br />
| 0<br />
| {{Steady}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br />
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]<br />
| 2,27,298<br />
| 0.77<br />
| <br />
| 1<br />
| 0<br />
| {{decrease}} 1<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#E5F8FF" | Total<br />
! style="background:#E5F8FF" | 1,32,27,014<br />
! style="background:#E5F8FF" | 45.10<br />
! style="background:#E5F8FF" | <br />
! style="background:#E5F8FF" | 40<br />
! style="background:#E5F8FF" | 29<br />
! style="background:#E5F8FF" | <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}<br />
! rowspan="3" style="background:#fef3e8" | [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]<br />
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
| [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]<br />
| 65,58,538<br />
| 22.36<br />
| <br />
| 24<br />
| 6<br />
| {{decrease}} 12<br />
|-<br />
| {{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
| 42,72,195<br />
| 14.57<br />
| <br />
| 16<br />
| 5<br />
| {{decrease}} 7<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#fef3e8" | Total<br />
! style="background:#fef3e8" | 1,08,30,733<br />
! style="background:#fef3e8" | 36.93<br />
! style="background:#fef3e8" | <br />
! style="background:#fef3e8" | 40<br />
! style="background:#fef3e8" | 11<br />
! style="background:#fef3e8" | <br />
|-<br />
| {{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
| colspan="3"|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]<br />
| 10,50,484<br />
| 3.58<br />
| <br />
| 40<br />
| 0<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}<br />
| colspan="3"|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(M-L)L]]<br />
| 7,05,783<br />
| 2.41 <br />
| <br />
| 21<br />
| 0<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| {{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
| colspan="3"|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]<br />
| 6,84,200<br />
| 2.33<br />
| <br />
| 32<br />
| 0<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}<br />
| colspan="3"|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]<br />
| 3,43,926<br />
| 1.17<br />
| <br />
| 6<br />
| 0<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| {{Party color cell|Other}}<br />
| colspan="3" | Others<br />
| 5,55,749<br />
| 1.88<br />
| {{steady}}<br />
| 83<br />
| 0<br />
| {{steady}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}<br />
| colspan="3" | [[Independent (politician)|IND]]<br />
| 19,31,555<br />
| 6.59<br />
| <br />
| 200<br />
| 0<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Total<br />
! 2,93,29,444<br />
! 100%<br />
! –<br />
! 462<br />
! 40<br />
! –<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Note:''' In 1999, before [[Jharkhand]] was created as a separate state, Bihar had 54 constituencies.<br />
<br />
===Results by constituency===<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency<br />
! colspan="5" |Winner<br />
! colspan="5" |Runner-up<br />
! colspan="2" |Margin<br />
|-<br />
!Candidate<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
! data-sort-type=number | Votes<br />
! data-sort-type=number | %<br />
!Candidate<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
!data-sort-type=number | Votes<br />
!data-sort-type=number | %<br />
!data-sort-type=number | Votes<br />
!data-sort-type=number | %<br />
|-<br />
!1<br />
|[[Bagaha Lok Sabha constituency|Bagaha (SC)]]<br />
|[[Kailash Baitha]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]<br />
|237,989<br />
|41.69<br />
|Hiralal Ram<br />
|{{Party color cell|Lok Janshakti Party}}<br />
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJNSP]]<br />
|172,614<br />
|30.24<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}} ; color:white;"|65,375<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}} ; color:white;"|11.45<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!2<br />
|[[Bettiah Lok Sabha constituency|Bettiah]]<br />
|[[Raghunath Jha]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]<br />
|211,590<br />
|37.13<br />
|[[Madan Prasad Jaiswal]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|186,919<br />
|32.80<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|24,671<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|4.33<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!3<br />
|[[Motihari Lok Sabha constituency|Motihari]]<br />
|[[Akhilesh Prasad Singh]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]<br />
|348,596<br />
|51.33<br />
|[[Radha Mohan Singh]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|251,572<br />
|37.05<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|97,024<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|14.29<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!4<br />
|[[Gopalganj Lok Sabha constituency|Gopalganj]]<br />
|[[Sadhu Yadav]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]<br />
|336,016<br />
|48.38<br />
|[[Prabhu Dayal Singh]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]<br />
|143,097<br />
|20.60<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|192,919<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|27.78<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!5<br />
|[[Siwan Lok Sabha constituency|Siwan]]<br />
|[[Mohammad Shahabuddin (Indian politician)|Mohammad Shahabuddin]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]<br />
|317,511<br />
|49.80<br />
|[[Om Prakash Yadav]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]<br />
|213,933<br />
|33.56<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|103,578<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|16.25<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!6<br />
|[[Maharajganj, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency|Maharajganj]]<br />
|[[Prabhunath Singh]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]<br />
|283,506<br />
|42.67<br />
|Jitendra Swami<br />
|{{Party color cell|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]<br />
|237,041<br />
|35.68<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}} ; color:white;"|46,465<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}} ; color:white;"|6.99<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!7<br />
|[[Saran Lok Sabha constituency|Chapra]]<br />
|[[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]<br />
|228,882<br />
|51.31<br />
|[[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|168,459<br />
|37.76<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|60,423<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|13.54<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!8<br />
|[[Hajipur Lok Sabha constituency|Hajipur (SC)]]<br />
|[[Ram Vilas Paswan]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Lok Janshakti Party}}<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJNSP]]<br />
|477,495<br />
|61.72<br />
|[[Chhedi Paswan]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]<br />
|239,694<br />
|30.98<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}} ; color:white;"|237,801<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}} ; color:white;"|30.74<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!9<br />
|[[Vaishali Lok Sabha constituency|Vaishali]]<br />
|[[Raghuvansh Prasad Singh]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]<br />
|361,503<br />
|48.28<br />
|[[Vijay Kumar Shukla]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Independent}}<br />
|[[Independent politician|IND]]<br />
|255,568<br />
|34.13<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|105,935<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|14.15<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!10<br />
|[[Muzaffarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Muzaffarpur]]<br />
|[[George Fernandes]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]<br />
|370,127<br />
|47.20<br />
|Bhagwan Lal Sahani<br />
|{{Party color cell|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]<br />
|360,434<br />
|45.97<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}} ; color:white;"|9,693<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}} ; color:white;"|1.24<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!11<br />
|[[Sitamarhi Lok Sabha constituency|Sitamarhi]]<br />
|[[Sitaram Yadav (politician, born 1946)|Sitaram Yadav]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]<br />
|326,165<br />
|47.21<br />
|[[Nawal Kishore Rai]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]<br />
|228,160<br />
|33.03<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|98,005<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|14.19<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!12<br />
|[[Sheohar Lok Sabha constituency|Sheohar]]<br />
|[[Sitaram Singh]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]<br />
|303,243<br />
|45.50<br />
|[[Md Anwarul Haque]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|229,360<br />
|34.42<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|73,883<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|11.09<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!13<br />
|[[Madhubani Lok Sabha constituency|Madhubani]]<br />
|[[Shakeel Ahmad]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|328,182<br />
|47.21<br />
|Hukum Deo Narayan Yadav<br />
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|241,103<br />
|34.68<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|87,079<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|12.53<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!14<br />
|[[Jhanjharpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jhanjharpur]]<br />
|[[Devendra Prasad Yadav]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]<br />
|323,400<br />
|45.92<br />
|[[Jagannath Mishra]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]<br />
|310,565<br />
|44.10<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|12,835<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|1.82<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!15<br />
|[[Darbhanga Lok Sabha constituency|Darbhanga]]<br />
|[[Mohammad Ali Ashraf Fatmi]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]<br />
|427,672<br />
|56.08<br />
|[[Kirti Azad]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|284,209<br />
|37.27<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|143,463<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|18.81<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!16<br />
|[[Rosera Lok Sabha constituency|Rosera (SC)]]<br />
|[[Ram Chandra Paswan]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Lok Janshakti Party}}<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJNSP]]<br />
|394,240<br />
|55.23<br />
|[[Dasai Chowdhary]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]<br />
|255,829<br />
|35.84<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}} ; color:white;"|138,411<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}} ; color:white;"|19.39<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!17<br />
|[[Samastipur Lok Sabha constituency|Samastipur]]<br />
|[[Alok Kumar Mehta]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]<br />
|437,457<br />
|50.59<br />
|Ram Chandra Singh<br />
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]<br />
|310,674<br />
|35.93<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|126,783<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|14.66<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!18<br />
|[[Barh Lok Sabha constituency|Barh]]<br />
|[[Vijay Krishna (politician)|Vijay Krishna]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]<br />
|426,856<br />
|49.40<br />
|[[Nitish Kumar]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]<br />
|389,168<br />
|45.04<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|37,688<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|4.36<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!19<br />
|[[Balia, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency|Balia]]<br />
|Suraj Singh<br />
|{{Party color cell|Lok Janshakti Party}}<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJNSP]]<br />
|233,869<br />
|36.98<br />
|[[Shatrughna Prasad Singh]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]<br />
|157,642<br />
|24.93<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}} ; color:white;"|76,227<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}} ; color:white;"|12.05<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!20<br />
|[[Saharsa Lok Sabha constituency|Saharsa]]<br />
|[[Ranjeet Ranjan]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Lok Janshakti Party}}<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJNSP]]<br />
|350,426<br />
|47.47<br />
|Dinesh Chandra Yadav<br />
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]<br />
|319,639<br />
|43.30<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}} ; color:white;"|30,787<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}} ; color:white;"|4.17<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!21<br />
|[[Madhepura Lok Sabha constituency|Madhepura]]<br />
|[[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]<br />
|344,301<br />
|49.49<br />
|[[Sharad Yadav]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]<br />
|274,314<br />
|39.43<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|69,987<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|10.06<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!22<br />
|[[Araria Lok Sabha constituency|Araria (SC)]]<br />
|[[Sukdeo Paswan]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|216,677<br />
|33.21<br />
|[[Ramjidas Rishidev]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]<br />
|188,933<br />
|28.96<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|27,744<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|4.25<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!23<br />
|[[Kishanganj Lok Sabha constituency|Kishanganj]]<br />
|[[Mohammed Taslimuddin]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]<br />
|420,331<br />
|51.68<br />
|[[Syed Shahnawaz Hussain]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|259,834<br />
|31.95<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|160,497<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|19.73<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!24<br />
|[[Purnia Lok Sabha constituency|Purnea]]<br />
|[[Uday Singh]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|244,426<br />
|34.47<br />
|[[Pappu Yadav]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Lok Janshakti Party}}<br />
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJNSP]]<br />
|231,543<br />
|32.66<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|12,883<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|1.82<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!25<br />
|[[Katihar Lok Sabha constituency|Katihar]]<br />
|[[Nikhil Kumar Choudhary]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|288,922<br />
|41.01<br />
|[[Tariq Anwar (politician)|Tariq Anwar]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|286,357<br />
|40.65<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|2,565<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|0.36<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!26<br />
|[[Banka Lok Sabha constituency|Banka]]<br />
|Giridhari Yadav<br />
|{{Party color cell|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]<br />
|339,880<br />
|47.61<br />
|[[Digvijay Singh (Bihar politician)|Digvijay Singh]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]<br />
|335,211<br />
|46.96<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|4,669<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|0.65<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!27<br />
|[[Bhagalpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bhagalpur]]<br />
|[[Sushil Kumar Modi]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|345,151<br />
|45.58<br />
|[[Subodh Roy (politician)|Subodh Ray]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br />
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]<br />
|227,298<br />
|30.01<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|117,853<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|15.56<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!28<br />
|[[Khagaria Lok Sabha constituency|Khagaria]]<br />
|[[Rabindra Kumar Rana]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]<br />
|322,440<br />
|47.70<br />
|[[Renu Kushawaha]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]<br />
|255,317<br />
|37.77<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|67,123<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|9.93<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!29<br />
|[[Munger Lok Sabha constituency|Monghyr]]<br />
|[[Jay Prakash Narayan Yadav]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]<br />
|453,286<br />
|54.08<br />
|[[Monazir Hassan]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]<br />
|337,359<br />
|40.25<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|115,927<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|13.83<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!30<br />
|[[Begusarai Lok Sabha constituency|Begusarai]]<br />
|[[Rajiv Ranjan Singh]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]<br />
|301,562<br />
|44.43<br />
|[[Krishna Sahi]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|281,071<br />
|41.42<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}} ; color:white;"|20,491<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}} ; color:white;"|3.02<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!31<br />
|[[Nalanda Lok Sabha constituency|Nalanda]]<br />
|[[Nitish Kumar]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]<br />
|471,310<br />
|52.65<br />
|Dr. Kumar Pushpanjay<br />
|{{Party color cell|Lok Janshakti Party}}<br />
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJNSP]]<br />
|368,914<br />
|41.21<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}} ; color:white;"|102,396<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}} ; color:white;"|11.44<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!32<br />
|[[Patna Lok Sabha constituency|Patna]]<br />
|[[Ram Kripal Yadav]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]<br />
|433,853<br />
|48.12<br />
|[[C. P. Thakur]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|395,291<br />
|43.84<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|38,562<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|4.28<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!33<br />
|[[Arrah Lok Sabha constituency|Arrah]]<br />
|[[Kanti Singh]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]<br />
|299,422<br />
|38.03<br />
|[[Ram Naresh Ram]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}<br />
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)]]<br />
|149,679<br />
|19.01<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|149,743<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|19.02<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!34<br />
|[[Buxar Lok Sabha constituency|Buxar]]<br />
|[[Lalmuni Chaubey]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|205,980<br />
|31.73<br />
|Dadan Singh<br />
|{{Party color cell|Independent}}<br />
|[[Independent politician|IND]]<br />
|151,114<br />
|23.28<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|54,866<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|8.45<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!35<br />
|[[Sasaram Lok Sabha constituency|Sasaram (SC)]]<br />
|[[Meira Kumar]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|416,673<br />
|59.76<br />
|[[Muni Lall]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|158,411<br />
|22.72<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|258,262<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|37.04<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!36<br />
|[[Bikramganj Lok Sabha constituency|Bikramganj]]<br />
|[[Ajit Kumar Singh]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]<br />
|305,392<br />
|41.61<br />
|[[Ram Prasad Kushwaha]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]<br />
|246,591<br />
|33.60<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}} ; color:white;"|58,801<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}} ; color:white;"|8.01<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!37<br />
|[[Aurangabad, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency|Aurangabad]]<br />
|[[Nikhil Kumar (governor)|Nikhil Kumar]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|290,009<br />
|37.80<br />
|[[Sushil Kumar Singh (politician)|Sushil Kumar Singh]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]<br />
|282,549<br />
|36.83<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|7,460<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|0.97<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!38<br />
|[[Jahanabad Lok Sabha constituency|Jahanabad]]<br />
|[[Ganesh Prasad Singh]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]<br />
|400,063<br />
|46.31<br />
|Arun Kumar<br />
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]<br />
|353,625<br />
|40.94<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|46,438<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|5.38<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!39<br />
|[[Nawada Lok Sabha constituency|Nawada (SC)]]<br />
|[[Virchandra Paswan]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]<br />
|489,992<br />
|48.51<br />
|Sanjay Paswan<br />
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|433,986<br />
|42.97<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|56,006<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|5.54<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!40<br />
|[[Gaya Lok Sabha constituency|Gaya (SC)]]<br />
|[[Rajesh Kumar Manjhi]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]<br />
|464,829<br />
|52.62<br />
|Balbir Chand<br />
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|361,895<br />
|40.97<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|102,934<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|11.65<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Post-election Union Council of Ministers from Bihar==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
!#<br />
!Name<br />
!Constituency<br />
!Designation<br />
!Department<br />
!From<br />
!To<br />
!colspan="2"|Party<br />
|-<br />
!1<br />
|[[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]<br />
|[[Chhapra Lok Sabha constituency|Chapra]]<br />
|rowspan="4"|Cabinet Minister<br />
|[[Ministry of Railways (India)|Railways]]<br />
|rowspan="10"|<small>23 May</small><br>2004<br />
|rowspan="10"|<small>22 May</small><br>2009<br />
|{{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
!2<br />
|[[Ram Vilas Paswan]]<br />
|[[Hajipur Lok Sabha constituency|Hajipur (SC)]]<br />
|[[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers|Chemicals and Fertilizers]]<br>[[Ministry of Steel|Steel]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party}}<br />
|-<br />
!3<br />
|[[Raghuvansh Prasad Singh]]<br />
|[[Vaishali Lok Sabha constituency|Vaishali]]<br />
|[[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Rural Development]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
!4<br />
|[[Meira Kumar]]<br />
|[[Sasaram Lok Sabha constituency|Sasaram (SC)]]<br />
|[[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Social Justice and Empowerment]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
!5<br />
|[[Shakeel Ahmad]]<br />
|[[Madhubani Lok Sabha constituency|Madhubani]]<br />
|rowspan="7"|Minister of State<br />
|[[Ministry of Communications (India)|Communications and Information Technology]]<br>[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Home Affairs]]<br />
|-<br />
!6<br />
|[[Akhilesh Prasad Singh]]<br />
|[[Motihari Lok Sabha constituency|Motihari]]<br />
|Agriculture<br>Food and Civil Supplies, Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution<br />
|{{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=7}}<br />
|-<br />
!7<br />
|Mohammed Taslimuddin<br />
|Kishanganj<br />
|Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises (Until 25 May 2004); Agriculture; Food and Civil Supplies<br />
|-<br />
!8<br />
|[[Jay Prakash Narayan Yadav]]<br />
|[[Munger Lok Sabha constituency|Munger]]<br />
|[[Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation|Water Resources]]<br />
|-<br />
!9<br />
|[[Mohammad Ali Ashraf Fatmi]]<br />
|[[Darbhanga Lok Sabha constituency|Darbhanga]]<br />
|[[Ministry of Education (India)|Human Resource Development]]<br />
|-<br />
!10<br />
|[[Kanti Singh]]<br />
|[[Arrah Lok Sabha constituency|Arrah]]<br />
|[[Ministry of Education (India)|Human Resource Development]]<br>[[Ministry of Heavy Industries|Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises]]<br>[[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Tourism]]<br>[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Culture]]<br />
|-<br />
!11<br />
|[[Raghunath Jha]]<br />
|[[Bettiah Lok Sabha constituency|Bettiah]]<br />
|[[Ministry of Heavy Industries|Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises]]<br />
|<small>6 April</small><br>2008<br />
|<small>22 May</small><br>2009<br />
|-<br />
!12<br />
|[[Prem Chand Gupta]]<br />
|[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Bihar|Rajya Sabha<br>(Bihar)]]<br />
|MoS(I/C)<br />
|[[Ministry of Corporate Affairs|Ministry of Company Affairs<br><small>(renamed Corporate Affairs in May 2007)</small>]]<br />
|<small>23 May</small><br>2004<br />
|<small>22 May</small><br>2009<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Assembly segments wise lead of Parties ==<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=4|Party<br />
!Assembly segments<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="6" {{Party color cell|United Progressive Alliance}}<br />
!rowspan="6"style="background:#E5F8FF"|[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}"|<br />
! [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]<br />
|114<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}}"|<br />
! [[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]<br />
|28<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
![[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|17<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|<br />
! [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|4<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|<br />
! [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="2"style="background:#E5F8FF"|Total<br />
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|163<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="3" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}<br />
!rowspan="3"style="background:#fef3e8"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}"|<br />
! [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]<br />
|45<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
![[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|28<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="2"style="background:#fef3e8"|Total<br />
|style="background:#fef3e8"|73<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="6" {{Party color cell|Independent politician}}<br />
!rowspan="6"style="background:#E5FFDA"|Others<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}"|<br />
![[Samajwadi Party|SP]]<br />
|3<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}"|<br />
![[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation}}"|<br />
![[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)L]]<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|<br />
![[Communist Party of India|CPI]]<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}"|<br />
![[Independent politician|Independent]]<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="2"style="background:#E5FFDA"|Total<br />
|style="background:#E5FFDA"|7<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" |Total<br />
!243<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*[http://www.thisismyindia.com/bihar/bihar-assembly-results.html Thisismyindia – Election results 2005]<br />
<br />
{{Bihar elections}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2004 Indian general election by state or union territory|Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Indian general elections in Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:2000s in Bihar]]</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prabhat_Ranjan_Sarkar&diff=461983Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar2026-03-14T09:55:38Z<p>MatthewEbner: basic cleaned up citations after review and fixed typos based on references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian spiritual Guru, philosopher, social reformer, linguist, author and composer}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=June 2016}} <br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar<br />
| image = PRSarkar GentlemanPhoto 3.jpg<br />
| caption = Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1921|05|21}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Jamalpur, Bihar|Jamalpur]], [[Bihar and Orissa Province]], [[British Raj|British India]]<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1990|10|21|1921|05|21}}<br />
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[Vidyasagar College]]<br />[[University of Calcutta]]<br />
| known_for = Founder of [[Ananda Marga]], [[Progressive Utilization Theory]], [[Amra Bangali]], [[Prabhat Samgiita]], [[Ananda Marga Universal Relief Teams]]<br />
| occupation = Spiritual Guru, philosopher, social reformer, linguist, author and composer<br />
}}<br />
{{Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar (sidebar)}}<br />
'''Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar'''<ref>Ánanda Márga spelling: Prabhát Rainjan Sarkár.</ref> (21 May 1921&nbsp;– 21 October 1990), also known by his spiritual name '''Shrii Shrii Ánandamúrti''' (Ánanda Múrti meaning "Bliss Embodiment"), and known as '''Bábá''' ("Father") to his disciples, was a spiritual [[guru]], philosopher,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-26|title=महान दार्शनिक प्रभात रंजन सरकार काे किया याद|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur/news/remembering-the-great-philosopher-prabhat-ranjan-sarkar-100004-5328400.html|access-date=2020-08-12|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi}}</ref> social reformer, linguist, author and composer of [[Prabhat Samgiita|5,018 songs]] mostly in the Bengali language.<ref name=":1">Chatterjee, Gita. Bengal's Swadeshi Samgit. Published in Banerjee, Jayasri (ed.), The Music of Bengal. Baroda: Indian Musicological Society, 1987.</ref><ref name=":0" /> He founded ''[[Ananda Marga]]'' (''the Path of Bliss'') in 1955 as a spiritual and social organisation that continues to offer instruction in [[meditation]] and [[yoga]]<ref name=":0" />{{sfn|Inayatullah|2002}}{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|pp=34–35}} and runs numerous social service and disaster relief projects throughout the world.<br />
<br />
Sarkar developed his system of spiritual practice as a synthesis of [[Vedas|Vedic]] and [[Tantra|Tantric]] philosophies.{{sfn|Ishwaran|1999|p=9}} He denounced religious dogmas, casteism, materialism and capitalism, considering all of these as impediments to social harmony, progress and spiritual growth. He described the [[universe]] as a manifestation of consciousness coming under the bondage of its own nature, resulting in creation. His spiritual and social philosophies embraced diversity as the law of nature; a result of Singular Consciousness expressing itself in numerous forms. Sarkar advocated for the welfare of humans and the planet through his socio-economic philosophy of [[Progressive utilization theory|PROUT]], which is rooted in the idea of Neohumanism, a worldview based on inter-connectedness of all beings.<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
Sarkar was born during the full moon of the [[Bengali calendar|Indian month]] of ''[[Boishakh|Vaeshakh]]'' ([[Buddha Purnima]]), on 21 May 1921 (at 6:07 in the morning) to Lakshmi Narayan Sarkar, a [[homoeopathic]] doctor and Abharani Devi in the small town of [[Jamalpur, Bihar|Jamalpur]], Bihar.{{sfn|Acosta|2010|p=1}} His family hailed from Bamunpara (Brahmanpara), [[Bardhaman district|Burdwan District]] in West Bengal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last= Pandey|first=Ruchi |title=Sarkar, you can not be forgotten. The life and work of Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar |url=https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/sarkar-you-can-not-be-forgotten-the-life-and-work-of-prabhat-ranjan-sarkar-ruchi-pandey/1124432704?type=eBook|access-date=2020-07-03|website=Barnes & Noble|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1939, Sarkar left Jamalpur for Kolkata to attend [[Vidyasagar College]] of the [[University of Calcutta]]. Sarkar had to quit his studies to support his family after the death of his father; from 1944 until the early 1950s, Sarkar worked as an accountant at the Indian railways headquarters in Jamalpur, Bihar. He taught the techniques of Yoga and Tantra meditation to a select number of his colleagues and gradually more people were drawn to the spiritual practices he taught.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
In 1955, Sarkar founded ''[[Ananda Marga]]'' (''the Path of Bliss''), a socio-spiritual movement with a two-part mission that Sarkar stated as "self-realization and service to all" with a spiritual practice that synthesized Vedic and Tantric philosophies. Sarkar's ideas are collected in the series of books called "Subháśita Samgraha", which form part of the philosophical scriptures of ''Ananda Marga'' ideology.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
During the latter part of his life, his main residence was in [[Lake Gardens]] in [[Kolkata]], West Bengal. He also spent much time, especially early on, in the all-round development community he founded based on his PROUT theory at Anandanagar. Ananda Marga opened [[Ananda Marga#Organisation and Activities|regional offices]] in various countries, including the US in 1969; by 1973, he had established approximately 100 local centres teaching yogic and social philosophies, with several thousand members, some living communally in the ashrams.{{sfn|Ng|1995|p=669}}{{sfn|Miller|1999|p=108}}<br />
<br />
In 1971, Sarkar was imprisoned in India for the alleged murder of Ananda Marga members. On 1 April, after recovering his health, Sarkar began fasting in support of a demand for an inquest into his poisoning. That demand was never met. So he continued his fast for the next five years, four months, and two days, until 2 August 1978 when he was released from jail after having been acquitted of all charges.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
In 1979, Sarkar took two world tours to meet disciples in various countries around the world, including Switzerland, Germany, France, Scandinavia, the Middle East, Philippines, Thailand, Taiwan, Jamaica and Venezuela. He was barred from entering the US by the [[United States Department of State|State Department]], so instead he met his American disciples in [[Jamaica]] in 1979.{{sfn|MacDougall|1983|p=446}} Just before he died on 21 October 1990 from a heart attack, he founded Ananda Marga Gurukula on 7 September 1990, an educational network to preserve and develop his legacy through research, teaching and service.<br />
<br />
==Spiritual philosophy==<br />
{{quote box|width=30em|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|align=right|quote="Critical of profit-motivated capitalism, hedonistic materialism, and religious dogma, Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar developed a Spiritual or Neo-Humanism bringing in spiritual, economic, social scientific, ecological, and moral themes to create a long term view of human progress; progress is the evolution of consciousness and movement directed toward the well-being of everyone. Basing his philosophy on love and respect for all things and the central human ideals of freedom, equality, and justice, Sarkar proposed that the physical, mental, and spiritual realms of humanity all need to be addressed in a vision of the future. A new social order – a "moral society" – is needed for the future, emphasizing cooperation over competition, collective welfare over profit, and transcendent ideals over self-interest. And finally, as a common theme that runs through many works, the idea of the New (or Second) Enlightenment, reflecting an ethical, psychological, and social transformation in humanity, has been proposed as a hopeful and preferable futurist vision for the world."|source=—Thomas Lombardo on Sarkar's philosophy.{{sfn|Lombardo|2011|p=125-6}}}}<br />
Sarkar's teachings on [[Spirituality|spiritual]] philosophy are a synthesis of [[Vedas|Vedic]] and [[Tantra|Tantric]] philosophies. He considered himself to be "an incorrigible optimist" in his thinking.{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
<br />
===Cosmology===<br />
Sarkar described the [[universe]] as a result of macropsychic [[conation]] – the entire universe exists within the cosmic mind, which itself is the first expression of consciousness coming under the bondage of its own nature. He described the cosmological flow as being from limitless [[consciousness]] to limited consciousness and back to limitless consciousness, attained by meditation.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
===Realms of the mind===<br />
According to Sarkar's philosophy the individual mind is composed of five layers called ''[[Kosas]]'':<br />
<br />
#''Kamamaya Kosa'' ("layer of desire") or "Crude Mind": is the layer that controls the body. It operates on instinct or passion. This layer is sometimes conscious and sometimes subconscious.<br />
#''Manomaya Kosa'' ("layer of thinking") or "Subtle Mind": is the layer of thought and memory. This ''Kosa'' gives experience of pleasure and pain and is developed naturally through physical clash, and in ''Ananda Marga sadhana'' by ''pranayama'' with cosmic ideation.<br />
#''Atimanasa Kosa'' or "Supramental Mind": is the intuitive layer. This ''Kosa'' gives the capacity of intuitive [[dream]]s, [[clairvoyance]], [[telepathy]] and [[creativity|creative]] insight. It is developed naturally through psychic clash, and in ''Ananda Marga sadhana'' by methods of ''pratyahara'' (withdrawal) such as ''shuddhis'' and ''Guru Puja''.<br />
#''Vijinanamaya Kosa'' ("layer of the special knowledge") or "Subliminal Mind": is the layer of conscience or discrimination (''viveka'') and ''[[Vairagya|vaeragya]]'' (non-attachment). This ''Kosa'' is developed naturally through psychic clash, and its development is accelerated by the process of ''dharana''.<br />
#''Hiranyamaya Kosa'' ("golden level") or "Subtle Causal Mind": is the subtlest layer. Here the [[awareness]] of mind is very close to the direct [[experience]] of "Supreme Consciousness". Here there is only the separation of a thin veil of ignorance. This ''Kosa'' is developed naturally through the attraction for the Great, and ''[[Dhyana in Hinduism|dhyana]]'' accelerates this process for ''[[sadhaka]]s'' (spiritual aspirants).<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
===Biopsychology===<br />
Sarkar's "biopsychology" reimagined the traditional ''tantric'' belief in ''[[chakra]]s'' ("wheels") as being due to interactions of [[Energy (esotericism)|subtle energies]] through [[nerve plexus]]es. He believed this connected the [[endocrine gland]]s of the [[Neuroendocrinology|neuroendocrine system]] with a [[psychic]] part of the body. The philosophy of ''Ananda Marga'' considers the human body as composed of the same [[Classical element#Classical elements in India|five ''fundamental factors'']] as the rest of the [[universe]] as explained in ''[[Ananda Sutram#Chapter 1: Brahma Chakra|Brahmachakra]]''. Every factor is said to be distributed throughout the body, but governed by a ''chakra'', substations of the mind which control their own assigned areas. The biopsychology of ''Ananda Marga'' expands the concept of the seven basic ''chakras'' and in general, mainly considers:{{sfn|Dalal|2011|p=21}}<br />
<br />
#The ''[[Muladhara|Muladhara Chakra]]'': at the tip of the [[Vertebral column|spine]] (controls the solid factor).<br />
#The ''[[Svadhisthana|Svadhisthana Chakra]]'': at the level of the [[genitals]] (controls the liquid factor and is associated with the [[Human gonad|reproductive glands]]).<br />
#The ''[[Manipura|Manipura Chakra]]'': at the level of the [[navel]] (controls the luminous factor and is associated with [[Pancreas]]).<br />
#The ''[[Anahata|Anahata Chakra]]'': at the center of the chest (controls the aerial factor and is associated with [[Thymus]]).<br />
#The ''[[Vishuddha|Vishuddha Chakra]]'': at the throat (controls the ethereal factor and is associated with the [[Thyroid gland]]).<br />
#The ''[[Ajna|Ajina Chakra]]'': between the [[eyebrow]]s (associated with the [[Pituitary gland]]).<br />
#The ''[[Sahasrara|Sahasrara Chakra]]'': at the crown of the head (associated with the [[Pineal gland]]). Mind's propensities (''[[Vritti|vrtti]]s'') associated with each ''Chakra'' affect the [[gland]]s and the [[hormone]]s [[secretion|secreted]] from those glands (hence the [[emotion]]s, physical [[behaviour]] and functioning of the various [[Human body|body]] systems). But the glands and the hormones they secrete may also affect the mind in a chain of [[feedback]].<br />
<br />
===Microvita===<br />
"Microvita" is plural for "Microvitum" and literally means "possessing or with micro-life". He believed that microvita are smaller and subtler than physical [[atom]]s and [[subatomic particle]]s, and in the [[psychic]] realm contribute to "pure consciousness".{{sfn|Dalal|2011|p=325}} Sarkar claimed that they would be recognised by conventional science. Sarkar gave the intuitional theory of Microvita in 1986.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=SK|title=Microvita: A Compelling Concept to Know Corona – APN News|date=29 April 2020 |url=https://www.apnnews.com/microvita-a-compelling-concept-to-know-corona/|access-date=2020-07-17|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Sadhana ===<br />
A central point in Sarkar's philosophy is the concept of ''[[Sadhana]]''. He described ''Sadhana'' as a practice for "the transformation of fearful love into fearless love". For Sarkar, ''Sandhana'' was concretized by the practice of meditation. He recommended to his disciples the daily practice of individual meditation and the weekly practice of collective meditation. These weekly meetings of his disciples, called ''[[Dharmachakra|Dharma Chakras]],'' are preceded by the collective singing of a few ''[[Prabhat Samgiita]]'' (or "Songs of the New Dawn", composed by P. R. Sarkar himself) followed by ''Baba Nam Kevalam'' [[kiirtan]], then the [[mantra]] called ''Samgacchadvam''. The mantra ''Nityam Shuddham'' marks the end of the collective meditation, then the spiritual gathering will end with the ''Guru Puja'' ''mantra''.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Social and political philosophy ==<br />
<br />
=== Law of Social Cycle ===<br />
The concept of ''Varna'' describes four main socio-psychological types, whereby human [[Psychology|psychological]] and physical endowment and social [[motivation]]s are expressed: the ''[[Brahmin|Vipra]]'' ([[intellectual]]), ''[[Kshatriya]]'' ([[warrior]]), ''[[Vaishya]]'' (acquisitor) and ''[[Shudra]]'' ([[labourer]]). ''Varna'', in Sarkar's perspective, however is more than just a psychological trait but rather an [[archetype]], approximately to [[Michel Foucault]]'s notion of [[episteme]]s, which are broader frameworks of [[knowledge]] defining what is true and [[Reality|real]].{{sfn|Galtung|Inayatullah|1997}} Sarkar clarified that ''Varna'' is not the same as Hindu idea of "caste". He was an ardent advocate of building a casteless society, in which everyone gets equal opportunities to fulfil their highest human potential based on their physical, psychological and spiritual strengths. To materialize this, Sarkar propounded Prout.<br />
<br />
Sarkar's "Law of Social Cycle" applies these traits in a [[theory]] of historical [[evolution]], where [[Geologic time scale|age]]s rise and fall in terms of ruling elites representing one of the above-mentioned traits. This "law" possibly connects to the earlier cyclical historical [[idea]]s of [[Sri Aurobindo]], with a focus on the psychology of [[Developmental psychology|human development]], as well as [[Ibn Khaldun]], among other [[Macro-historical|macrohistorians]] ideas about cycles. However, along with a cyclical dimension—the rise and fall of ages—Sarkar's theory exhibits a correspondent linear [[dimension]], in that economic and [[Technology|technological]] "[[progress (history)|progress]]" are considered critical in terms of meeting the changing material conditions of life. Ultimately, for Sarkar, true progress has to prioritise development in the spiritual dimension.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}}<br />
<br />
Spirituality for Sarkar is defined as the individual realising the "true self". In addition to [[Yoga|yogic]] meditational practices and purity of thought and deed, Sarkar attached great importance to selfless [[social service]] as a means of [[Moksha|liberation]]. Sarkar considered it necessary for the social arrangements to support the inner development of human beings and rejected both capitalism and communism as appropriate social structures for humanity to move forward to the golden age of a balanced way of life sustaining all-round progress. A serious problem with capitalism was according to Sarkar the concentration of wealth in a few hands and stoppages in the rolling of money which he considered root causes of [[economic recession|recessions]], even [[economic collapse|depressions]]. A spiritual way of life, however, would in no way be divorced from creating structures that help meet the basic, though ever changing, needs—food, housing, clothing, health and education.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}}<br />
<br />
Sarkar developed both ''Ánanda Márga'' and the ''[[Progressive Utilization Theory]]'' as practical means to encourage harmony and [[co-operation]] to help society escape this proposed cycle. Sarkar argues that once the social cycle is understood and ''[[sadvipras]]'' evolved, then the periods of exploitation can be largely reduced, if not eliminated. With leadership that is representative of all aspects of the ''varnas''—that is, the leader engaged in service, who is courageous, who uses the intellect for the benefits of others, and who has innovative/entrepreneurial skills—the cycle can become an upward spiral.{{sfn|Inayatullah|1988|p=54-65}}<br />
Sarkar's [[concept]] of ''karma samnyasa'' refers to the principle that a [[yogi]] becomes a person with all-round development and a balanced mind, that he called a ''[[sadvipra]]''; and that this is accomplished by someone who remains fixed on the "supreme" [[consciousness]] through transformative personal practices and engaging in the politics of social [[Liberty|liberation]] as a form of [[Social work|service work]].{{sfn|Hatley|1999|p=139-151}}<br />
<br />
=== PROUT: Progressive Utilisation Theory ===<br />
{{main|PROUT}}<br />
By 1959, Sarkar had developed the [[Socioeconomics|socio-economic]] Progressive Utilization Theory (Prout).{{sfn|Craig|1998}} In 1961, the theory was formally outlined in his book ''Ananda Sutram'', published under his spiritual name [[Shri]]i Shrii Ánandamúrti.{{r|Irving}} In 1968, Sarkar founded the organisation "Proutist Block of India" (PBI), to further the ideals of his theory through political and social action.{{sfn|Fukui|1985|p=357}} The PBI was soon superseded by "Proutist Universal" (PU), which primarily consists of five federations (students, intellectuals, farmers, labour, and youth).{{When|date=May 2018}}<br />
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A Prout economy is [[Co-operative economics|cooperative]] and [[Decentralization|decentralised]]. Its focus is [[collective]] welfare rather than to [[Profit (economics)|profit]], without neglecting [[individual]]s and their [[Meritocracy|merits]]. "Progressive utilization" refers to the [[optimisation|optimising]] the use of [[Nature|natural]], industrial and [[Human resources|human]] [[resource]]s on a [[Sustainable development|sustainable]] basis for the entire [[ecosystem]]. The theory claims to overcome the limitations of both capitalism and communism. It is inline with Sarkar's social theory of the Law of Social Cycle. The theory aims to encompass the whole of individual and collective [[existence]] for all beings, including physical, educational, social, political, mental, cultural and [[spirituality|spiritual]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=প্রাউট-বিষয়ে অআকখ – নূহ আইনুল ইসলাম (আলিফ) (প্রতিবেদন) - Bangarashtra|url=http://www.bangarashtra.net/article/1101.html/|access-date=2020-07-21|website=www.bangarashtra.net}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><br />
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=== Neohumanism <!--'Neohumanism' and 'Neo-humanism' redirect here-->===<br />
[[File:01-Nursery School Bucarest.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''[[Ananda Marga]]'' in [[Bucharest]], Romania]]<br />
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In 1982, Sarkar extended his writings on the subject of [[Society|human society]] with the [[Introduction (essay)|introduction]] of his new theory of '''Neohumanism'''<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA-->.{{sfn|Sarkar|1982}} If [[humanism]] tends to contemplate only humans in a human-centric view, Neohumanism, according to Sarkar's theory, is instead the elevation of humanism to [[universalism]]. Sarkar said "When the underlying spirit of humanism is extended to everything, animate and inanimate, in this universe – I have designated this as "Neohumanism". This Neohumanism will elevate humanism to universalism, the cult of love for all created beings of this universe."{{sfn|Sarkar|1982}} Neohumanism is said to prefer existential value over utility value for all living beings.<br />
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Sarkar's Neohumanism places great emphasis on [[rationality]] and encourages what he calls a "protospiritual mentality," a process of continually recognising each object with which we come in contact, externally or internally, as a manifestation of the Supreme Consciousness (Brahma). According to Sarkar, rationality helps to give rise to devotion, which he consider to be the "highest and most valuable treasure of humanity".{{sfn|Sarkar|1982}} In Sarkar's view, Neohumanism leads to the liberation of human [[intellect]] from the constraints of imposed dogma and the principle of selfish pleasure and [[Complex (psychology)|psychic complex]]es helping to bridge the gap between the inner and outer worlds.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=neohumanism|url=https://appliedsentience.com/tag/neohumanism/|access-date=2020-07-02|website=Applied Sentience|date=31 May 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ananda Marga's Tantric Neo-Humanism|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095410743|access-date=2020-07-21|website=Oxford Reference|language=en}}</ref><br />
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===Culture===<br />
In his series of discourses ''Talks on Prout'', given in [[Ranchi]] in July 1961,<ref name="Talks on Prout">{{cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Prabhat Ranjan|title=Talks on Prout (also in ''Prout in a Nutshell'' Part 15)|url=http://brauliobo.org/worksprsarkar/HTML/Discourses/Talks_on_Prout.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130902172905/http://brauliobo.org/worksprsarkar/HTML/Discourses/Talks_on_Prout.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-09-02|access-date=2 September 2013|publisher=Ananda Marga Publications}}</ref> Sarkar makes a distinction between the terms "culture" and "customs". According to Sarkar "culture... is the collective name for different expressions of life..." but "...all of society has the same culture. There are local variations in the mode or state of cultural expression, but the expression is universal... These local variations are called customs... Thus local modes of expression bearing local or group specialities are customs, but the expression itself is culture. Therefore it is a mistake to readjust boundaries on the basis of language and culture. Indian culture and the culture of the world are one and the same."{{sfn|Sarkar|1968}}<br />
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The philosophy of Sarkar reinterprets the general concept of culture by inserting it into a new universalistic outlook. As described by Antonello Maggipinto:<br />
{{Blockquote|If the term "culture" is usually referred to the original meaning of this word (i.e. from the Greek "paidéia" to the Latin "humanitas", that is to human beings capable of distinguishably mastering the arts, rhetoric, and philosophy), then Sarkar offers a new point of view, with a large universalistic explanation: "the culture of the whole human race is one, but marked by different local manifestations [...] it is the same, but varying in expression." (Sarkar, P.R., 1987){{sfn|Maggipinto|2000}}}}<br />
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==Works==<br />
Although Sarkar spent only seventeen years of his life working full-time for his organisations (1966–1971 and 1978–1990), he left behind a vast legacy, including over 250 books written on a wide variety of topics. Many of this books are compilations or collections of speeches given by him during spiritual or social meetings. He is primarily known as the [[spirituality|spiritual]] teacher behind [[Ananda Marga]], but Sarkar wrote over 1500 pages on his socio-politico-economic [[Progressive Utilization Theory]] (PROUT), with several thousand more pages dedicated to [[linguistics]] and the study of [[language]]s; Sarkar's writings on linguistics included, among other works, ''Shabda Cayanika'' ("A Collection of Words"), an unfinished, twenty-six volume dictated encyclopaedia on the [[Bengali language]].{{sfn|Ānandamūrti|1996|p=9}}{{Self-published inline|date=July 2020}} Beyond this, he wrote books on sociology, agriculture, history, literature, education, medicine, [[cosmology]], and philosophy, also notably founding the philosophy of Neohumanism in 1982<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> and the Theory of Microvita in 1986.<ref name=":3" /> In his Theory of Microvita, Sarkar "believed that the atoms and the subatomic particles throughout the boundless universe are imbued with life."<ref name="The Quarterly Review of Historical Studies">{{cite book|title=The Quarterly Review of Historical Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzxQAQAAIAAJ|access-date=6 November 2012|year=1998|publisher=Institute of Historical Studies.|page=101}}</ref><br />
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=== Music ===<br />
In 1982 Sarkar started composing songs. In eight years, until the date of his death, He completed the composition of 5018 songs in multiple languages.{{sfn|Ghista|2006|p=174}} His collection of songs is called [[Prabhat Samgiita]] ("Songs of the New Dawn").<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-06-24 |title=The Hindu : Friday Review Delhi / Music : Songs of dawn |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/06/19/stories/2009061950100300.htm |access-date=2022-09-14 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624103952/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/06/19/stories/2009061950100300.htm |archive-date=24 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[List of founders of religious traditions]]<br />
* [[List of Hindu gurus and sants]]<br />
* [[List of philosophers]]<br />
* [[Music of Bengal]]<br />
* [[List of political parties in India]]<br />
* [[List of Bengalis]]<br />
* [[List of Indian writers]]<br />
* [[Hindu reform movements]]<br />
*[[Kaosikii dance]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|30em|refs=<br />
<ref name=Irving>{{cite book|last1=Irving|first1=Terry|last2=Cahill|first2=Rowan J.|author-link2=Rowan Cahill|title=Radical Sydney: Places, Portraits and Unruly Episodes|year=2010|publisher=[[University of New South Wales Press]] |location=Sydney|isbn=9781742230931|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fm1sh48vld0C|access-date=19 January 2013|page=316|chapter=The Conspiracy Against Ananda Marga|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fm1sh48vld0C&pg=PA316}}</ref><br />
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}}<br />
<br />
===Bibliography===<br />
{{Refbegin|30em}}<br />
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*{{cite book |author=Ānandamūrti |title=Shabda Cayanika, Part 1 |url={{Google books|NJBjAAAAMAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |year=1996 |publisher=Ananda Marga Publications|isbn=9788172520304}}<br />
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*{{cite book |title=Political Parties of Asia and the Pacific |last= Fukui |first= Haruhiro |year= 1985 | publisher=[[Greenwood Press]]|page=357 |isbn= 0-313-21350-X}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Galtung|first1=Johan | author1-link =Johan Galtung|last2=Inayatullah|first2=Sohail | author2-link =Sohail Inayatullah|title=Macrohistory and macrohistorians: perspectives on individual, social, and civilizational change|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45FmAAAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=[[Praeger Publishers|Praeger]]|isbn=978-0-275-95755-1}}<br />
*{{cite journal |last=Hatley |first=Shaman |author-link=Shaman Hatley |author2=Sohail Inayatullah |author2-link=Sohail Inayatullah |title=Karma Samnyasa: Sarkar's Reconceptualization of Indian Asceticism |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |journal=[[Journal of Asian and African Studies]] |volume=34 | issue=1 |pages=139–151 |year=1999 |url=http://www.deepdyve.com/lp/sage/karma-samnyasa-sarkar-s-reconceptualization-of-indian-asceticism-8Q9BCSPeey |doi=10.1177/002190969903400111|s2cid=56002610 |url-access=subscription }}<br />
*[[Inayatullah, Sohail]], [http://www.meta-future.org/uploads/7/7/3/2/7732993/inayatullah_sarkars_spiritual_dialectics_futures_journal.pdf "Sarkar's spiritual-dialectics: an unconventional view of the future"]. ''[[Futures (journal)|Futures]]'', February 1988, retrieved June 2013.<br />
*{{cite book |surname=Inayatullah |given=Sohail |authorlink=Sohail Inayatullah |title=Understanding Sarkar: The Indian Episteme, Macrohistory and Transformative Knowledge |url={{Google books|B3rXAAAAMAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |year=2002 |place=Leiden |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn=9004121935}} [http://www.metafuture.org/Books/Understanding_Sarkar_Brill.htm authors book page].<br />
*{{cite book |last= Ishwaran |first= Karigoudar |title=Ascetic Culture: Renunciation and Worldly Engagement |year= 1999 | publisher= [[Brill Publishers]] |isbn= 90-04-11412-2}}<br />
*{{cite encyclopedia |surname=Jones |given=Constance A. |surname2=Ryan |given2=James D. |title=Sri Anandamurti |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |url={{Google books|OgMmceadQ3gC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |year=2007 |place=New York |publisher=Facts On File |isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9 |series=Encyclopedia of World Religions. [[J. Gordon Melton]], Series Editor |pages=34–35 |archive-url=https://archive.org/stream/ConstanceA.JonesJamesD.RyanEncyclopediaOfHinduism/Constance%20A.%20Jones%2C%20James%20D.%20Ryan%20Encyclopedia%20Of%20Hinduism_djvu.txt |archive-date=2016-12-20 |url-status=live}}<br />
*{{cite book |last= MacDougall |first= Curtis Daniel | author-link =Curtis D. MacDougall|title=Superstition and the Press |url=https://archive.org/details/superstitionpres0000macd |url-access= registration |year= 1983 | publisher=[[Prometheus Books]]|isbn= 0-87975-211-4}}<br />
* {{cite journal |author = Maggipinto, Antonello |title = Multilanguage Acquisition, New Technologies, Education and Global Citizenship |journal = Italian Culture |volume = 18 |issue = 2 |pages = 147–156 |publisher = [[American Association for Italian Studies]] |place = New York |year = 2000 |url = https://www.questia.com/library/1G1-83245337/multilanguage-acquisition-new-technologies-education |access-date = 8 September 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131003004151/http://www.questia.com/library/1G1-83245337/multilanguage-acquisition-new-technologies-education |archive-date = 3 October 2013 |url-status = dead |doi = 10.1179/itc.2000.18.2.147 |s2cid = 144954083 |url-access = subscription }}<br />
*{{citation |last1=Melton |first1=J. Gordon | author1-link =J. Gordon Melton|last2=Baumann |first2=Martin |title=Religions of the World, Second Edition: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v2yiyLLOj88C&pg=PA105|year=2010|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=978-1-59884-204-3}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Miller |first= Timothy | author-link =Timothy Miller |title=The 60's Communes: Hippies and Beyond |year= 1999 | publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]]|page=108 |isbn= 0-8156-0601-X| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7F31yYxOMAC}}<br />
*{{cite book |last= Ng |first= Franklin |title=The Asian American Encyclopedia |url= https://archive.org/details/asianamericanenc04ngfr |url-access= registration |year= 1995 | publisher=[[Marshall Cavendish]]|page=669 |isbn= 1-85435-677-1}}<br />
*{{cite book |title=Idea and Ideology |author=Sarkar, Prabhat Rainjan |editor =Ac. Pranavananda Avt. |year=1961–2001 |publisher=Ananda Marga Publications, Kolkata |isbn=81-7252-205-3}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Sarkar|first=Prabhat Rainjan|title=The Liberation of Intellect: Neohumanism|year=1982|publisher=Ananda Marga Publications|location=Kolkata|isbn=81-7252-168-5|chapter=1: Devotional Sentiment and Neohumanism|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212082742/http://neohumanismosarkar.blogspot.co.nz/2015/04/devotional-sentiment-and-neohumanism.html|archive-date=12 February 2017|chapter-url=http://neohumanismosarkar.blogspot.co.nz/2015/04/devotional-sentiment-and-neohumanism.html}}<br />
* {{citation |title=PROUT in a Nutshell Part 15 |last=Sarkar |first=Prabhat Ranjan |publisher= Ananda Marga Publications |year= 1968 }}<br />
* {{citation |title=Varna Vijinana-The Science of Letters |last=Sarkar |first=Prabhat Ranjan |publisher= Ananda Marga Publications, Ananda Nagar|year= 2000 |isbn= 81-7252-179-0}}<br />
*{{citation |last1=Wilson|first1=John|last2=Parashar|first2=Swati|title=Terrorism in Southeast Asia: Implications for South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cAE-bxSXayMC&pg=PA237|year=2005|publisher=[[Pearson Education]] India|isbn=978-81-297-0998-1}}<br />
{{Refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons category}}<br />
<br />
* {{Internet Archive author}} <br />
* {{Internet Archive author|name=Shrii Shrii Anandamurti}}<br />
* [http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sarkar,_Prabhatranjan Sarkar, Prabhatranjan Banglapedia]<br />
* [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/interview/story/19780815-my-interpretation-of-violence-can-co-exist-with-ahimsa-anandmurti-818549-2015-02-03 Sarkar Interview]<br />
* [https://sarkarverse.org/wiki/Prabhat_Ranjan_Sarkar Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar – Sarkarverse]<br />
* [https://www.veethi.com/india-people/prabhat_ranjan_sarkar-profile-5724-30.htm Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar – Veethi]<br />
* https://web.archive.org/web/20200629230159/http://www.gurusofindia.org/Home/PrabhatRanjanSarkar<br />
* [https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/Anandamurti-shrii-shrii-1923-1990-prabhat-ranjan-sarkar Works by Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar]<br />
* [https://www.scribd.com/doc/42493010/A-Brief-Biography-of-Shri-Anandamurti-or-P-R-Sarkar A Brief Biography of Shri Anandamurti or P R Sarkar]<br />
* https://thinkindiaquarterly.org/index.php/think-india/article/view/18106<br />
{{Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar}}<br />
{{Social and political philosophy}}<br />
{{Portal bar|Hinduism|India|Religion|Biography|Philosophy|Literature}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarkar, Prabhat Ranjan}}<br />
[[Category:Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar| ]]<br />
[[Category:1921 births]]<br />
[[Category:1990 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Hindu religious leaders]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali Hindu saints]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali religious reformers]]<br />
[[Category:Founders of new religious movements]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu mystics]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Hindu spiritual teachers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian humanists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian political philosophers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]<br />
[[Category:Modern Indian yoga gurus]]<br />
[[Category:Scholars from Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Vidyasagar College alumni]]</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sim_Bhullar&diff=463819Sim Bhullar2026-03-11T19:22:41Z<p>MatthewEbner: expand layout to improve readability and added references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Canadian basketball player (born 1992)}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox basketball biography<br />
|name = Sim Bhullar<br />
|image = 2022年12月10日 Sim Bhullar 桃園市政府.jpg<br />
|caption = Bhullar with the [[Hsinchu JKO Lioneers]] in 2022<br />
|position = [[Center (basketball)|Center]]<br />
|height_cm = 226<br />
|weight_kg = 140<br />
|league = [[Taiwan Professional Basketball League]]<br />
|team = Hsinchu Toplus Lioneers<br />
|number = 35<br />
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1992|12|2}}<br />
|birth_place = [[Toronto]], Ontario, Canada<br />
|highschool = <br />
*[[The Kiski School]]<br />([[Saltsburg, Pennsylvania]])<br />
*[[Huntington Prep School]]<br />([[Huntington, West Virginia]])<br />
|college = [[New Mexico State Aggies men's basketball|New Mexico State]] (2012–2014)<br />
|draft_year = 2014<br />
|career_start = 2014<br />
|years1 = 2014–2015<br />
|team1 = [[Reno Bighorns]]<br />
|years2 = {{nbay|2014|end}}<br />
|team2 = [[Sacramento Kings]]<br />
|years3 = 2015–2016<br />
|team3 = [[Raptors 905]]<br />
|years4 = 2016–2017<br />
|team4 = [[Dacin Tigers]]<br />
|years5 = 2017<br />
|team5 = [[Guangxi Rhinos]]<br />
|years6 = 2017–2018<br />
|team6 = [[Dacin Tigers]]<br />
|years7 = 2019<br />
|team7 = [[Taipei Fubon Braves]]<br />
|years8 = 2020<br />
|team8 = [[Yulon Luxgen Dinos]]<br />
|years9 = 2021–2022<br />
|team9 = [[Hsinchu JKO Lioneers]]<br />
|years10 = 2022–2024<br />
|team10 = [[Tainan TSG GhostHawks]]<br />
| years11 = 2025–present<br />
| team11 = Hsinchu Toplus Lioneers<br />
|highlights =<br />
*[[Super Basketball League|SBL]] champion (2017)<br />
*SBL Best Foreign Player of the year (2017)<br />
*NBA D-League All-Rookie Third Team (2015)<br />
*NBA D-League All-Defensive Second Team (2015)<br />
*2x [[WAC men's basketball tournament|WAC Tournament MVP]] ([[2013 WAC men's basketball tournament|2013]], [[2014 WAC men's basketball tournament|2014]])<br />
*Third-team All-[[Western Athletic Conference|WAC]] (2013)<br />
*WAC All-Defensive Team (2014)<br />
*WAC Freshman of the Year (2013)<br />
|medal_templates = <br />
{{MedalCountry|{{CAN}}}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Pan American Games]]}}<br />
{{MedalSilver|[[Basketball at the 2015 Pan American Games|2015 Toronto]]|[[Canada men's national basketball team|National team]]}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[FIBA Americas Under-18 Championship|FIBA Americas U18 Championship]]}}<br />
{{MedalBronze|[[FIBA Americas Under-18 Championship|2010 San Antonio]]|[[Canada men's national basketball team|National team]]}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Gursimrana Singh "Sim" Bhullar''' (born December 2, 1992) is a Canadian professional [[basketball]] player for the [[Hsinchu Toplus Lioneers]] of the [[Taiwan Professional Basketball League]] (TPBL). He played [[college basketball]] for [[New Mexico State University]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nmstatesports.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=3791|title=#2 Sim Bhullar|work=nmstatesports.com|access-date=November 13, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Atlantic2014-07-22">{{cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2014/07/how-basketball-is-scoring-in-india/374835/|title=India, the Next Great Basketball Superpower|author=Sharda Ugra|date=July 22, 2014|work=[[The Atlantic]]|access-date=November 13, 2017}}</ref> and is the first player of [[Indo-Canadians|Indian descent]] to play in the NBA.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/basketball/32214585|title=Sim Bhullar becomes NBA's first player of Indian descent|department=[[BBC Sport]]|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=April 8, 2015|access-date=November 13, 2017}}</ref> At 7'5", he also became the [[List of tallest players in National Basketball Association history|sixth-tallest player in NBA history]], being tied with [[Chuck Nevitt]] and [[Pavel Podkolzin]] for that record.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2015/04/08/gigantic-sim-bhullar-becomes-the-first-player-of-indian-descent-to-appear-in-an-nba-game/|author=Des Bieler|title=Gigantic Sim Bhullar becomes the first player of Indian descent to appear in an NBA game|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=April 8, 2015|access-date=November 13, 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
==High school career==<br />
Born in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], Bhullar grew up in [[Brampton]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Brady|first1=Rachel|title=Towering Canadian brothers on track to make basketball history|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/basketball/towering-canadian-brothers-on-track-to-make-basketball-history/article17583897/|access-date=November 13, 2017|work=The Globe and Mail|date=March 19, 2014}}</ref> and attended [[Father Henry Carr Catholic Secondary School]] in [[Etobicoke]], Toronto before moving to [[Saltsburg, Pennsylvania]], to attend [[The Kiski School]] for the 2009–10 school year.<ref name=ppg>{{cite news|title=Lineup suddenly shrinks for Kiski School|author=Mike White|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/high-school-basketball/2010/12/02/Lineup-suddenly-shrinks-for-Kiski-School/stories/201012020384|newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|date=December 2, 2010|access-date=November 13, 2017}}</ref> That year, Bhullar averaged a near [[triple-double]] for the Twin Falls Idaho basketball team with 16 points, 14 rebounds, and 8 blocks per game. At the FIBA Americas Under-13 tournament in the summer of 2010, Bhullar impressed with his size and performance. In a loss to the United States, Bhullar came off the bench to record 14 points, four rebounds and three blocks.<ref name=si>{{cite magazine|title=Behemoth Sim Bhullar a 7–4 showstopper at FIBA tourney|author=Luke Winn|url=https://www.si.com/more-sports/2010/07/01/sim-bhullar|magazine=Sports Illustrated|date=July 1, 2010|access-date=November 13, 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
At the end of November 2010, in the middle of Kiski's basketball season, Bhullar withdrew from Kiski<ref name=ppg/> and transferred to [[Huntington Prep School]] in [[West Virginia]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Huntington Prep brings in 7–4 player|author=Grant Taylor|url=http://www.herald-dispatch.com/sports/high_school_sports/huntington-prep-brings-in---player/article_ccb684c0-3e69-5f57-9045-329f7d35a7a0.html|newspaper=The Herald-Dispatch|access-date=November 13, 2017}}</ref> At Huntington, Bhullar improved on his conditioning, dropping from {{convert|367|lb|0}} to {{convert|330|lb|0}}.<ref name=nyt>{{cite news |title=So Much Potential, So Far to Go for Young Basketball Prospect |author=Pete Thamel |author-link=Pete Thamel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/17/sports/basketball/sim-bhullar-could-be-asias-next-basketball-superstar.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 16, 2011|access-date=November 13, 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
==College career==<br />
{{Multiple image<br />
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| image1 = Sim Bhullar in 2012.jpg<br />
| footer =Bhullar in 2012.<br />
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Bhullar originally committed to playing for [[Xavier University]] in [[Cincinnati]], [[Ohio]], but decommitted in August 2011 to play for the [[New Mexico State Aggies men's basketball|New Mexico State Aggies]]. He turned down Xavier because he learned he was not qualified to immediately play and would have to pay the full $42,000-a-year tuition, which his family refused to do.<ref>{{cite news|title=7-foot-5 Sim Bhullar to enroll at NMSU|author=Diamond Leung|url=https://www.espn.com/blog/collegebasketballnation/post/_/id/34534/7-foot-5-sim-bhullar-to-enroll-at-nmsu|newspaper=ESPN.com|date=August 24, 2011|access-date=November 13, 2017}}</ref> Bhullar, however, was not able to play until the 2012–13 season because the [[NCAA]] denied him an eligibility waiver and rejected the school's appeal.<ref>{{cite news|title=Aggies working through growing pains|url=http://www.foxsportsarizona.com/12/15/11/Aggies-working-through-growing-pains/landing_nmsu.html?blockID=627306|newspaper=Fox Sports Arizona|publisher=[[archive.is]]|date=December 15, 2011|access-date=November 13, 2017|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120731025306/http://www.foxsportsarizona.com/12/15/11/Aggies-working-through-growing-pains/landing_nmsu.html?blockID=627306|archive-date=July 31, 2012}}</ref> His brother, Tanveer, joined the team for the [[2013–14 New Mexico State Aggies men's basketball team|2013–14 season]], although he [[Redshirt (college sports)|redshirted]] his freshman year.<br />
<br />
During his freshman season, Bhullar played 24.4 minutes per game, averaging 10.1 points, 6.7 rebounds, and 2.4 blocks per game. In his sophomore season, he improved to 26.3 minutes per game, with 10.4 points, 7.8 rebounds, and 3.4 blocks per game.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/nba/player/_/id/2596402/sim-bhullar|title=Sim Bhullar Stats, News, Videos, Highlights, Pictures, Bio – New Mexico State Aggies|publisher=ESPN|access-date=November 13, 2017}}</ref> He is a two-time [[Western Athletic Conference|WAC]] tournament MVP, winning the award in 2013 and 2014, where he also helped New Mexico State reach the [[NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament|NCAA tournament]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bleacherreport.com/tb/dcTRY|title=Report: New Mexico State's Sim Bhullar to enter 2014 NBA Draft &#124; CollegeBasketballTalk|work=Bleacher Report|author=Raphielle Johnson|date=April 16, 2014|access-date=November 13, 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
In April 2014, Bhullar declared for the NBA draft, forgoing his final two years of college eligibility.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://collegebasketballtalk.nbcsports.com/2014/04/16/report-new-mexico-states-sim-bhullar-to-enter-2014-nba-draft/|title=Report: New Mexico State's Sim Bhullar to enter 2014 NBA Draft &#124; CollegeBasketballTalk|author=Raphielle Johnson|publisher=NBC Sports|date=April 16, 2014|access-date=November 13, 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Professional career==<br />
<br />
===Sacramento Kings / Reno Bighorns (2014–2015)===<br />
After going undrafted in the [[2014 NBA draft]], Bhullar joined the [[Sacramento Kings]] for the [[2014 NBA Summer League]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lcsun-news.com/las_cruces-sports/ci_26047505/nmsu-basketball-sim-bhullar-invited-play-kings-summer|title=NMSU Basketball: Sim Bhullar invited to play for Sacramento Kings Summer League team|work=Las Cruces Sun-News|publisher=Lcsun-news.com|date=June 27, 2014|access-date=July 31, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140731204702/http://www.lcsun-news.com/las_cruces-sports/ci_26047505/nmsu-basketball-sim-bhullar-invited-play-kings-summer|archive-date=July 31, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> On August 14, 2014, he signed with the Kings, becoming the first player of [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian]] descent to sign with an NBA team.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nba.com/kings/news/kings-sign-center-sim-bhullar|title=Kings Sign Center Sim Bhullar|work=NBA.com|date=August 14, 2014|access-date=November 13, 2017}}</ref> However, he was waived by the Kings on October 19 after appearing in two preseason games.<ref>[http://www.nba.com/kings/kings-waive-bhullar-burton-wear Kings Waive Bhullar, Burton, Wear]</ref> On November 2, 2014, he was acquired by the [[Reno Bighorns]] of the [[NBA Development League]] as an affiliate player of the Kings.<ref>[http://www.nba.com/dleague/reno/bighorns_finalize_training_cam_2014_11_02.html BIGHORNS FINALIZE TRAINING CAMP ROSTER AFTER D-LEAGUE DRAFT] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106210413/http://www.nba.com/dleague/reno/bighorns_finalize_training_cam_2014_11_02.html |date=2014-11-06 }} Retrieved November 13, 2017.</ref> Bhullar made his D-League debut on December 6 and recorded four points, eight rebounds and six blocks in Reno's 141–140 loss to the [[Los Angeles D-Fenders]].<ref>[http://dleague.nba.com/games/20141206/RNOLAD/ Heslip, Bighorns Fall In L.A.] Retrieved November 13, 2017.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-3-uw-w5Mi0|title=Sim Bhullar blocks six shots in his Reno Bighorns debut!|publisher=[[YouTube]]|date=December 6, 2014|access-date=November 13, 2017}}</ref> On February 22, 2015, he recorded his first career triple-double with 26 points, 17 rebounds and 11 blocked shots against the D-Fenders.<ref>[http://dleague.nba.com/games/20150222/LADRNO/ Bhullar Shines, But Bighorns Fall To D-Fenders] Retrieved November 13, 2017.</ref><br />
<br />
On April 2, 2015, Bhullar signed a 10-day contract with the Sacramento Kings.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kings Sign Sim Bhullar to a 10-Day Contract|url=http://www.nba.com/kings/new/kings-sign-sim-bhullar-to-10-day-contract|access-date=November 13, 2017|work=NBA.com|date=April 2, 2015}}</ref> Five days later, he made history when he checked in the fourth quarter for the final 16.1 seconds of the Kings' 116–111 win over the [[Minnesota Timberwolves]], becoming the first player of Indian descent to play in an NBA game.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kings hold off Timberwolves behind Casspi|url=http://www.nba.com/games/20150407/MINSAC/gameinfo.html|access-date=November 13, 2017|work=NBA.com|date=April 7, 2015}}</ref> He scored his first two points on April 8 in a 103–91 loss to the [[Utah Jazz]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Jazz rally for 103–91 win over Kings, Favors scores 18|url=http://www.nba.com/games/20150408/SACUTA/gameinfo.html|access-date=November 13, 2017|work=NBA.com|date=April 8, 2015}}</ref> Bhullar was not retained by the Kings following the expiration of his 10-day contract.<br />
<br />
In July 2015, Bhullar re-joined the Kings for the [[2015 NBA Summer League]].<ref>[http://www.nba.com/kings/blog/get-to-know-kings-summer-league-team Get To Know: Kings Summer League Team]</ref> After appearing in just one game for the Kings, Bhullar left the team in order to join the Canadian national team for the [[2015 Pan American Games|Pan Am Games]].<ref>[http://www.kolotv.com/sports/headlines/Bighorns-Bhullar-to-Play-for-Team-Canada-312754671.html Bighorns' Bhullar to Play for Team Canada] Retrieved November 13, 2017.</ref><br />
<br />
===Raptors 905 (2015–2016)===<br />
On October 31, 2015, Bhullar was acquired by [[Raptors 905]] of the [[NBA Development League]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://raptors905.dleague.nba.com/news/raptors-905-announce-nba-d-league-drafts-results-training-camp-roster/|title=Raptors 905 Announce NBA D-League Drafts Results, Training Camp Roster|access-date=November 13, 2017}}</ref> In 39 games for Raptors 905 in 2015–16, he averaged 9.6 points, 6.9 rebounds, 1.1 assists and 1.3 blocks per game.<ref>[https://www.basketball-reference.com/dleague/players/b/bhullsi01d.html Sim Bhullar D-League Stats] Basketball Reference Retrieved November 13, 2017.</ref><br />
<br />
===Dacin Tigers (2016–2017)===<br />
On August 26, 2016, Bhullar signed with the [[Dacin Tigers]] of the Taiwanese [[Super Basketball League]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Sim Bhullar is a newcomer at Dacin Tigers|url=http://www.asia-basket.com/Taiwan/news/460398/Sim-Bhullar-is-a-newcomer-at-Dacin-Tigers|work=Asia-Basket.com|date=August 26, 2016|access-date=November 13, 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Guangxi Rhinos (2017)===<br />
On April 27, 2017, Bhullar signed with [[Guangxi Rhinos]] of the [[National Basketball League (China)|National Basketball League]], the second-tier league of China.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sim Bhullar inks with Guangxi in Chinese NBL |url=https://sportando.basketball/en/world/asia/233130/sim-bhullar-inks-with-guangxi-in-chinese-nbl.html |publisher=Sportando |access-date=July 25, 2018 |date=April 27, 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Hsinchu JKO Lioneers (2021–2022)===<br />
On October 22, 2021, Bhullar joined [[Hsinchu JKO Lioneers]] of the Taiwanese [[P. League+]].<ref>{{cite news |author1=黃及人 |title=真正獅子王跳槽 布拉改名「辛巴」加盟攻城獅 |url=https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20211022003727-260403?chdtv |accessdate=2021-10-22 |work=中國時報 |date=2021-10-22}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Tainan TSG GhostHawks (2022–2024)===<br />
On December 16, 2022, Bhullar signed with [[Tainan TSG GhostHawks]] of the [[T1 League]].<ref>{{cite news |title=才宣布離隊10分鐘 布拉加盟獵鷹今晚將出戰「魔獸」霍華德 |url=https://sports.ltn.com.tw/news/breakingnews/4156493 |accessdate=December 16, 2022 |work=Liberty Times Net |date=December 16, 2022}}</ref> On August 7, 2023, Bhullar re-signed with the [[Tainan TSG GhostHawks]].<ref>{{cite news |title=「台灣女婿」布拉回歸 台鋼獵鷹洋將三塔還缺一 |url=https://sports.ltn.com.tw/news/breakingnews/4388744 |accessdate=August 7, 2023 |work=Liberty Times Net |date=August 7, 2023}}</ref> On March 9, 2024, the news reported that [[Tainan TSG GhostHawks]] cancelled the registration of Bhullar's playership.<ref>{{cite news |title=獵鷹選擇註銷布拉 錢韋成：傷病問題一直存在 |url=https://tsna.com/article/85617 |accessdate=March 9, 2024 |work=TSNA |date=March 9, 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Hsinchu Toplus Lioneers (2025–present)===<br />
On December 26, 2025, Bhullar returned to the [[Hsinchu Toplus Lioneers]] of the [[Taiwan Professional Basketball League]] (TPBL).<ref>{{cite news |title=無縫接軌！剛送走克雷格 攻城獅宣佈迎回昔日年度最佳洋將「辛巴」 |url=https://sports.ettoday.net/news/3090648 |accessdate=December 26, 2025 |work=ETtoday |date=December 26, 2025 }}</ref> On March 9, 2026, Bhullar was not registered in the [[2025–26 TPBL season]] final rosters.<ref>{{cite news|title=最終註冊名單出爐！辛巴遭捨棄、特攻留下飛克而非金恩 |url=https://sports.ltn.com.tw/news/breakingnews/5364397 |accessdate=March 12, 2026 |work=Liberty Times Net |date=March 9, 2026 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career statistics==<br />
{{NBA player statistics legend}}<br />
<br />
===College===<br />
{{NBA player statistics start}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2012–13 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2012–13]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2012–13 New Mexico State Aggies men's basketball team|New Mexico State]]<br />
| '''35''' || '''26''' || 24.4 || .621 || – || .465 || 6.7 || .7 || '''.1''' || 2.4 || 10.1<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2013–14 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2013–14]]<br />
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2013–14 New Mexico State Aggies men's basketball team|New Mexico State]]<br />
| 30 || 24 || '''26.3''' || '''.648''' || – || '''.538''' || '''7.8''' || '''1.4''' || '''.1''' || '''3.4''' || '''10.4'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career<br />
| 65 || 50 || 25.3 || .633 || – || .496 || 7.2 || 1.0 || .1 || 2.9 || 10.2<br />
{{S-end}}<br />
<br />
===NBA===<br />
{{NBA player statistics start}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|{{nbay|2014|year=full}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|[[2014–15 Sacramento Kings season|Sacramento]]<br />
| 3 || 0 || 1.0 || .500 || – || – || .3 || .3 || .0 || .3 || .7<br />
{{S-end}}<br />
<br />
==National team career==<br />
Bhullar played for Canada in the [[FIBA Americas Under-18 Championship|2010 FIBA Americas U18 Championship]] where he averaged 6.0 points and 3.8 rebounds in five games.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150412234633/http://turkey2010.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/84739/pid2/78755/sid/4729/tid/257/tid2/385/_/2010_FIBA_Americas_U18_Championship_for_Men/index.html Sim Bhullar's profile | 2010 FIBA Americas U18 Championship] Retrieved November 13, 2017.</ref> Canada won the bronze medal after finishing with a 3–2 record.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110524035848/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/sid/4729/_/2010_FIBA_Americas_U18_Championship_for_Men/index.html 2010 FIBA Americas U18 Championship for Men] Retrieved November 13, 2017.</ref> Bhullar then played for Canada in the [[2011 FIBA Under-19 World Championship]]. In six games, he averaged 12.3 points and 6.3 rebounds per game.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150413000711/http://turkey2010.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/84739/pid2/78755/sid/5194/tid/257/tid2/385/_/2011_FIBA_U19_World_Championship/index.html Sim Bhullar's profile | 2011 FIBA U19 World Championship] Retrieved November 13, 2017.</ref> Canada finished in 11th place with a 3–5 record.<ref>[http://latvia2011.fiba.com/en 2011 FIBA U19 World Championship In Latvia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412233726/http://latvia2011.fiba.com/en |date=2015-04-12 }} Retrieved November 13, 2017.</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Bhullar's parents migrated to Canada from the [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] in [[India]]. His father, Avtar, is {{convert|6|ft|4|in|cm}} and his mother, Varinder, is {{convert|5|ft|10|in|cm}}. Neither parent had exposure to basketball until enrolling their sons into local youth basketball programs. Avtar himself grew up only playing [[kabaddi]], a traditional Indian [[contact sport]].<ref name="si"/> Bhullar has an older sister, Avneet, who played women’s college basketball [[Duke University]] from 2009-2012, and a younger brother, Tanveer, who stands at {{convert|7|ft|2|in|cm}} and played [[college basketball]] for both New Mexico State and, later, [[Missouri State Bears basketball|Missouri State]].<ref>[http://www.nmstatesports.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=4637 New Mexico State Sim also had a Job At Dunkin Donuts as a Teen.Athletics]</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[List of tallest players in National Basketball Association history]]<br />
*[[List of Canadians in the National Basketball Association]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{basketballstats|bbr=b/bhullsi01}}<br />
*[http://stats.nbadleague.com/player/#!/204021/ NBA D-League profile]<br />
*[http://www.nmstatesports.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=3791 New Mexico bio]<br />
<br />
{{Canada Men Basketball Squad 2015 Pan American Games}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhullar, Sim}}<br />
[[Category:1992 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:ASEAN Basketball League players]]<br />
[[Category:Basketball players at the 2015 Pan American Games]]<br />
[[Category:Basketball players from Toronto]]<br />
[[Category:Canadian expatriate basketball people in Taiwan]]<br />
[[Category:Canadian expatriate basketball people in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Canadian men's basketball players]]<br />
[[Category:Canadian people of Punjabi descent]]<br />
[[Category:Canadian Sikhs]]<br />
[[Category:Canadian sportspeople of Indian descent]]<br />
[[Category:Centers (basketball)]]<br />
[[Category:Medalists at the 2015 Pan American Games]]<br />
[[Category:New Mexico State Aggies men's basketball players]]<br />
[[Category:Pan American Games silver medalists for Canada in basketball]]<br />
[[Category:Raptors 905 players]]<br />
[[Category:Reno Bighorns players]]<br />
[[Category:Sacramento Kings players]]<br />
[[Category:Undrafted NBA players]]<br />
[[Category:Hsinchu Lioneers players]]<br />
[[Category:Hsinchu Toplus Lioneers players]]<br />
[[Category:Yulon (basketball) players]]<br />
[[Category:Dacin Tigers players]]<br />
[[Category:Super Basketball League imports]]<br />
[[Category:P. League+ imports]]<br />
[[Category:Tainan TSG GhostHawks players]]<br />
[[Category:Taiwan Professional Basketball League imports]]<br />
[[Category:T1 League imports]]<br />
[[Category:Canada men's national basketball team players]]<br />
[[Category:Guangxi Rhinos players]]<br />
[[Category:NBA players from Canada]]<br />
[[Category:Huntington Prep School alumni]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Canadian sportsmen]]<br />
[[Category:Canadian expatriate basketball people in China]]</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stan_Ageira&diff=464530Stan Ageira2026-03-09T03:39:06Z<p>MatthewEbner: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian novelist}}<br />
[[File:Stan Ageira.jpg|thumb|Stan Ageira (2022)]]<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}<br />
'''Stan Ageira''' (born 3 May 1961) is a writer from [[Mulki, Karnataka|Mulki]], a town near [[Mangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India. He is a popular [[Konkani language]] writer. He started writing at an early age of 14. He has written over 250 short stories and 18 novels in Konkani.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Ageira is well known in the field of [[Konkani literature]]. His first short story was published in 1975. when he was barely 14. To date he has written over 250 short stories and 18 novels in [[Konkani language|Konkani]]. His father, the late Sgt. Ligoury Ageira, served the [[Indian Air Force]] for 35 years. Ageira was born and brought up in Mulki with his primary education was completed in Bethany convent, high school from Government Junior College, B.Com from [[University of Mysore|Mysore University]] and MBA from IBAM [[New Delhi]]. He began his professional career in sales with Godrej Soaps Mumbai Branch in the early eighties before moving to [[Dubai]] in the 1990. Presently he is working and living in Dubai with his wife, Yvonne, and children, Sean and Elton.<ref name=novel/><br />
<br />
==Literary works==<br />
Ageria was first recognized in the Konkani literary scene when he published ''Nalisay'' in 1983,<ref>{{Cite book |last=STAN AGEIRA |url=http://archive.org/details/nalisay0000stan |title=NALISAY |date=1983 |publisher=STAN AGEIRA |others=Servants of Knowledge}}</ref> and ''Asadhya''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=STAN AGEIRA |url=http://archive.org/details/asadhya0000stan |title=ASADHYA |publisher=STAN AGEIRA |others=Servants of Knowledge}}</ref> He has been recognized and presented awards from [[Goa]] [[Konkani Bhasha Mandal]], Konkani Kutam Bahrain-2011,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Konkani Kutam award for Stan Ageira |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/176860/konkani-kutam-award-stan-ageira.html |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Stan Ageira chosen for Konkani Kuttam award |url=http://www.coastaldigest.com/news/27424-stan-ageira-chosen-for-konkani-kuttam-award |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=coastaldigest.com - The Trusted News Portal of India |language=en}}</ref> Daiji-Dubai 2014 Literary Award and Konkani Sahitya Academy, Karnataka for his novels. His novel ''Hi Moji Dhavnim'' won an AIKWO Award in 2014. He has published work to his credit in Konkani, Kannada and English. His Konkani column "Bindaas" in daijiworld.com was popular with Konkani readers. His collection of short stories in Konkani, ''Tambdi Mirsaang'', published in 2006, was selected for the Karnataka Konkani Sahitya Academy Award. He is recipient of Dr.TMA PAI appreciation Award from Manipal for his anthology of short stories 'Cathillaacho Anamik' for the year 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-11 |title=KARNATAKA: ARTS & CULTURE / LITERATURE : Renowned Konkani Writer Stan Ageira bags Dr TMA Pai Appreciation Award – Karnataka First |url=https://www.karnatakafirst.com/2023/04/11/renowned-konkani-writer-stan-ageira-bags-dr-tma-pai-appreciation-award/ |access-date=2025-10-31 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Renowned Konkani writer Stan Ageira bags Dr TMA Pai Appreciation Award |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1068864 |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref> His short stories have been published in magazines like ''Woman's Era'' and ''Alive'', published from New Delhi. He was awarded as the Konkani Story writer of 2008 by daaiz.com, a [[web portal]] which promotes Konkani literature. His short stories in English are also available in www.daijiworld.com's specially dedicated column under "Red Chillis."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/redchillies.asp |title=D A I J I W O R L D |website=www.daijiworld.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060509205941/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/redchillies.asp |archive-date=2006-05-09}} </ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/konkani-kuttam-award-for-writer-stan-ageira-384712.html|title=Konkani Kuttam Award for writer Stan Ageira|publisher = News 18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Red Chillies - Daijiworld.com |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/chan/redChillies |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=www.daijiworld.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 20 March 2025, Ageria appeared on Daijiworld TV, on “Don Ghadi – Khushen Kadi Special with Stan Ageira”.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sVB5XLDlGtI |title=Don Ghadi - Khushen Kadi Special with Stan Ageira │Walter Nandalike |date=2025-03-20 |last=Daijiworld Tv Konkani |access-date=2025-10-31 |via=YouTube}}</ref><br />
<br />
Current Project as Author and Screenwriter:<br />
* The Black Magic (Limited Series, In Development)<br />
* 90 Minutes (Limited Series, In Development)<br />
<br />
Book in English:<br />
* Tea, Coffee, and Cheesecake <br />
Published by Raider Publishing International (2010)<br />
<br />
Selected short stories by Stan Ageira in English:<br />
<br />
*"The Goof-up"<br />
*"Diamond Necklace"<br />
*"Democracy v. Country"<br />
*"A Perfect Funeral"<br />
*"Three Women"<br />
*"The Missing Money"<br />
* "The Windfall"<br />
* "Hit and Run Case"<br />
* "Cash Van Robbery"<br />
* "Prime Minister's Wife"<br />
* "Anonymous from Cathill"<br />
* "Red Chillis!"<ref name=novel>{{cite book|title=The great Indian novelists|first=Dr. Mamta|last=Pandey|isbn=978-81-88614-23-3|publisher=Kusal Pustak Sansar|location=Delhi|pages=1–2|year=2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.prlog.org/10626862-tea-coffee-and-cheese-cake-by-stan-ageira-now-available.html Tea, Coffee and Cheese Cake by Stan Ageira]<br />
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dYbxqeiObtk Coffee With Stan]<br />
*[https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1068864 Renowned Konkani writer Stan Ageira bags Dr TMA Pai Appreciation Award]<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ageira}}<br />
[[Category:1961 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Mangalore]]<br />
[[Category:Mangaloreans]]<br />
[[Category:Konkani-language writers]]<br />
[[Category:Konkani short story writers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United Arab Emirates]]<br />
[[Category:University of Mysore alumni]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]<br />
[[Category:Novelists from Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ritwick_Chakraborty&diff=465362Ritwick Chakraborty2026-03-08T07:58:24Z<p>MatthewEbner: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Bengali actor (born 1977)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = <!-- include middle initial, if not specified in birth_name -->Ritwick Chakraborty<br />
| image = Ritwick Chakraborty.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Chakraborty in 2017<br />
| birth_name = Rittik Chakroborty<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1977|03|31}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Barrackpore, West Bengal]], India<br />
| death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} or {{Death-date and age|Month DD, YYYY|Month DD, YYYY}} (death date then birth date) --><br />
| death_place = <br />
| other_names = <br />
| spouse = [[Aparajita Ghosh Das]]<br />
| known_for = <br />
| occupation = Actor<br />
| years_active = 2007–present<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ritwick Chakraborty''' is an Indian film actor who predominantly works in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]].<ref name="Ritwick Chakraborty filmography">{{cite web|title=Ritwick Chakraborty filmography|url=http://www.gomolo.com/ritwick-chakraborty-movies-list-filmography/17538|publisher=Gomolo|accessdate=11 November 2012|archive-date=17 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317033610/http://www.gomolo.com/ritwick-chakraborty-movies-list-filmography/17538|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Did you know how life was for Ritwick Chakraborty before becoming an actor? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-how-life-was-for-ritwick-chakraborty-before-becoming-an-actor/articleshow/80495333.cms|access-date=2021-02-09|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> He made his debut with ''[[Pagal Premi]]'' in 2007. He has been a recipient of several [[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]], [[Filmfare Awards East]] and [[Filmfare Awards Bangla]] in both Best Actor and Best Actor (Critics') categories.<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Chakraborty was born and brought up in [[Barrackpore]] in [[North Kolkata]]. He was associated with [[Bengali theatre]] from a very early age. He acted in the "Roopkala Kendra" student films directed by his theatre friends. As he grew older he became passionate about acting. He started as a scriptwriter for soap operas but quit it in 2003. After his initial struggle in the Bengali film industry he worked in a few television serials and telefilms directed by [[Anjan Dutt]] and Pradipta Bhattacharya. He got his silver screen break with Indraneil Roychowdhury's "Ratul O Rini" but the film was lost in [[production hell]] and was never released.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Devarsi |title=‘Spontaneous, observant and smart’ he is, but Ritwick Chakraborty is also a chameleon |url=https://scroll.in/reel/873527/spontaneous-observant-and-smart-he-is-but-ritwick-chakraborty-is-also-a-chameleon |access-date=8 January 2026 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=26 May 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
He debuted in the film ''[[Pagal Premi]]''.<ref name="Tollywood Actor Ritwick Chakraborty">{{cite web|title=Tollywood Actor Ritwick Chakraborty|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/32136311-tollywood-actor-ritwick-chakraborty-talks-about-bengali-films-necklace-bakita-bekti|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307091044/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/32136311-tollywood-actor-ritwick-chakraborty-talks-about-bengali-films-necklace-bakita-bekti|url-status=usurped|archive-date=7 March 2011|publisher=WBRi|accessdate=11 November 2012}}</ref><br />
After which, he appeared in [[Anjan Dutt]]'s cult film ''[[Chalo Let's Go]]'', alongside in 2008, followed by ''[[Cross Connection]]'' with [[Rimjhim Mitra]], [[Abir Chatterjee]] and [[Payel Sarkar]], and [[Raj Chakraborty]]'s ''[[Le Chakka]]'', playing the second lead alongside [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] in 2010. He appeared in six films in 2013, and for ''[[Shabdo]]'' he won the Filmfare East Best Actor's award in 2014. Chakraborty also produced a 2021 Bengali web series named [[Birohi (web series)|''Birohi'']].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bangla|first=TV9|date=2021-06-22|script-title=bn:প্রযোজক স্বয়ং ঋত্বিক চক্রবর্তী! আসছে জাতীয় পুরস্কারপ্রাপ্ত প্রদীপ্ত ভট্টাচার্যর প্রথম ওয়েব সিরিজ 'বিরহী'|url=https://tv9bangla.com/entertainment/ott/producer-ritwik-chakraborty-is-on-board-pradipta-bhattacharya-is-ready-with-his-first-web-series-birohi-375346.html|access-date=2021-10-24|website=TV9 Bangla|language=bn}}</ref> His acting pattern highly influenced by Saswata Chatterjee.{{cn|date=January 2026}}<br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Key<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#ffc;"| <br />
| Denotes films that have not yet been released<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%"<br />
|- <br />
! Year || Film || Role || Notes || {{Refh}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2006<br />
|''Biswas Nao Korte Paren''<br />
|<br />
| {{hlist|Short film|This marked Chakraborty's first on-screen appearance}}<br />
|-<br />
|2007<br />
|''[[Pagal Premi]]''<br />
|Surya<br />
|Debut theatrical film<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Tollywood Actor Ritwick Chakraborty|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/32136311-tollywood-actor-ritwick-chakraborty-talks-about-bengali-films-necklace-bakita-bekti|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307091044/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/32136311-tollywood-actor-ritwick-chakraborty-talks-about-bengali-films-necklace-bakita-bekti|url-status=usurped|archive-date=7 March 2011|publisher=WBRi|accessdate=11 November 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2008<br />
|''[[Chalo Let's Go]]''<br />
|Shekhar<br />
|<br />
|<ref><br />
{{Cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080531/jsp/entertainment/story_9344312.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116175829/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080531/jsp/entertainment/story_9344312.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 January 2010 |title=14 fellow travellers |work=The Telegraph |location=India |accessdate=2008-11-12 |date=31 May 2008}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2009<br />
|''[[Cross Connection]]''<br />
|Aakash<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India_Buzz/Cross_Connection_ho_jaye/articleshow/3819148.cms |title=Cross Connection ho jaye |work=The Times of India |author=AMRITA ROYCHOUDHURY |date=11 December 2008 |accessdate=24 April 2009}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2010<br />
|''[[Le Chakka]]''<br />
|Rajat<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ley Chakka Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/ley-chakka/movie-review/6037923.cms |access-date=2024-06-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2011<br />
|''Necklace''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2012<br />
|''[[Shabdo]]''<br />
|Tarak Dutta<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Kaushik Ganguly's new film 'Shobdo' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Kaushik-Gangulys-new-film-Shobdo/articleshow/9907803.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413231310/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-08/news-interviews/30129599_1_movies-film-industry-folio |url-status=live |archive-date=13 April 2013 |access-date=24 December 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 September 2011}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="7" |2013<br />
|''[[Phoring]]''<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Phoring Movie Review {4/5}: Critic Review of Phoring by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/phoring/movie-review/23355965.cms |access-date=9 January 2026 |work=Times of India |date=18 May 2016}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Aborto]]''<br />
| Siddhartha<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |date=23 February 2012 |title=The Aborto party |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120223/jsp/entertainment/story_15167201.jsp#.UJ4-12dqkoo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203071224/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120223/jsp/entertainment/story_15167201.jsp#.UJ4-12dqkoo |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2013 |newspaper=The Telegraph Calcutta |accessdate=10 November 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Khancha''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Bicycle Kick''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Golemale Pirit Koro Na]]''<br />
|Gouranga<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite news|date=10 February 2013|title=Goley Maley Pirit Koro Na Movie Review|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/bengali/movie-reviews/goley-maley-pirit-koro-na/movie-review/18428217.cms | work=The Times Of India}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Bakita Byaktigato]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Bakita Byaktigoto Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Bakita Byaktigoto by Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/bakita-byaktigoto/movie-review/22887571.cms|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Mahapurush O Kapurush]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Sandy raises storm in Tollywood|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/bengali/news-interviews/Sandy-raises-storm-in-Tollywood/articleshow/17058865.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103182504/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-02/news-interviews/34876679_1_biswanath-basu-aniket-chattopadhyay-kolkata|url-status=live|archive-date=3 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=10 November 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2014<br />
|''Teen Patti''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Ek Phaali Rodh]]''<br />
|Swagoto<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Ek Phaali Rodh Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Ek Phaali Rodh by Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/ek-phaali-rodh/movie-review/45429154.cms|access-date=2018-09-21}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Asha Jaoar Majhe]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|title=62nd National Awards complete winners list | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/62nd-National-Awards-complete-winners-list/articleshow/46676604.cms |work=The Times of India| date= 24 March 2014|accessdate = 29 March 2015 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="7" |2015<br />
|''[[Ebar Shabor]]''<br />
|Pantu Haldar<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |date=3 January 2015 |title=Ebar Shabor |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/previews/Ebar-Shabor/articleshow/45740164.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |accessdate=5 January 2015}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Bheetu''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Nirbaak]]''<br />
|Mrityunjoy Karmakar<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite news | title=Sushmita Sen talks about her first Bengali film 'Nirbaak' | url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/sushmita-sen-talks-about-her-first-bengali-film-nirbaak/15449170| accessdate=20 September 2014 | newspaper=[[Mid-Day]]|date=15 July 2014}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Anubrato Bhalo acho?''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Bitnoon]]''<br />
|Rahul<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/bitnoon/movie-review/46877801.cms|title=Bitnoon Movie Review|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=23 September 2017}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
|''Cross Connection 2''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Har Har Byomkesh]]''<br />
|[[Byomkesh Bakshi|Ajit Bandopadhyay]]<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Har-Har-Byomkesh-actors-share-their-experiences/articleshow/50159625.cms|title=Har Har Byomkesh actors share their experiences|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=13 Dec 2015}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |2016<br />
|''Pichutaan''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''The Violin Player''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Saheb Bibi Golaam]]''<br />
|Javed<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nag|first1=Kushali|title=Saheb meets Bibi|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140722/jsp/t2/story_18638209.jsp#.VFOxTzSUdwc|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141031171648/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140722/jsp/t2/story_18638209.jsp%23.VFOxTzSUdwc|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 October 2014|accessdate=31 October 2014|publisher=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]]|date=22 July 2014}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Byomkesh Pawrbo]]''<br />
|Ajit Bandopadhyay<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/byomkesh-pawrbo/movie-review/56046281.cms|title=Byomkesh Pawrbo Movie Review {4/5}: Critic Review of Byomkesh Pawrbo by Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="8" |2017<br />
|''[[Bibaho Diaries]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/a-sequel-to-bibaho-diaries-in-the-offing/articleshow/65643017.cms|title=A sequel to Bibaho Diaries in the offing? - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=9 September 2018}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Chhaya O Chhobi]]''<br />
|Jatin Manna / Jeetu<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/chhaya-o-chhobi/movie-review/60377923.cms |title=Chhaya O Chhobi Movie Review |publisher=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Chawlochitro Circus''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Asamapta''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Bhalobashar Shohor]]''<br />
|<br />
|Short film<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bagchi |first1=Suvojit |title=Homs away from home: online success of Bengali film 'Bhalobashar Shohor' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/homs-away-from-home/article19231453.ece |access-date=10 January 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=9 July 2017}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Maacher Jhol''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Nagarkirtan]]''<br />
|Madhu<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/17th_NFF_1971.pdf|title=17th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=12 April 2013}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Chilekotha''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" |2018<br />
|''[[Rongberonger Korhi]]''<br />
|An unnamed client<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/62328892.cms|title=Why can't 'Rongberonger Korhi' apply for the National Awards this year?|date=10 July 2018|work=[[timesofindia.indiatimes.com]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Good Night City''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Happy Pill''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Ahare Mon]]''<br />
|Michael Tendulkar<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Ahare Mon movie review|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/ahare-mon/movie-review/64699585.cms|work=The Times of India|accessdate=22 June 2018}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Samsara''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="8" |2019<br />
|''[[Vinci Da]]''<br />
| Adi Bose<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/vinci-da-most-original-thriller-of-india-review-119041300400_1.html|title='Vinci Da' most original thriller of India (Review)|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=13 April 2019}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Tarikh (film)|Tarikh]]''<br />
| Rudrangshu<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Tarikh Movie Review: মৃত্যুকে অতিক্রম করে যায় স্মৃতির টাইমলাইন |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tarikh-celebrates-the-timeline-of-memories-beyond-death-92835/ |accessdate=26 April 2019 |work=Indian Express Bangla |date=13 April 2019 |language=bn-IN}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Jyeshthoputro]]''<br />
|Partho<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Roushni |title=Jyeshthoputro review: Well-made film on complex human psyche conditioned by circumstances |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/jyeshthoputro-39297 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427132024/https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/jyeshthoputro-39297 |url-status=live |archive-date=27 April 2019 |access-date=27 April 2019 |work=Cinestaan}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Shantilal O Projapoti Rohoshyo]]''<br />
|Shantilal<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Shantilal O Projapoti Rohoshyo Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Shantilal O Projapoti Rohoshyo by Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/shantilal-o-projapoti-rohoshyo/movie-review/70689337.cms|access-date=2021-09-27}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Parineeta (2019 film)|Parineeta]]''<br />
|Babaida/ Sayan Roy<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |title='Parineeta' completes one year: Why Raj Chakraborty's film more than just a typical family drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/parineeta-completes-one-year-why-raj-chakrabortys-film-more-than-just-a-typical-family-drama/articleshow/77973146.cms|access-date=2021-02-09|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Rajlokhi O Srikanto''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Buro Sadhu]]''<br />
|Abir<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/anandaplus/new-pair-in-tollywood-1.707863|title=টলিউডে নতুন জুটিসাধু'|language=bn|website=Ananda Bazar }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Teko (film)|Teko]]''<br />
|Alokesh<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ritwick Chakraborty on Teko|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/ritwick-chakraborty-on-teko/cid/1720463|access-date=2021-02-09|work=The Telegraph}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2020<br />
|''[[Borunbabur Bondhu]]''<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/borunbabur-bondhu/amp_movie_review/74416829.cms |title=Borunbabur Bondhu Movie Review: Everyday yet profound but never preachy |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=19 February 2022 |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424063038/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/borunbabur-bondhu/amp_movie_review/74416829.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''The Hunger Artist''<br />
|<br />
|Short film <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2021<br />
|''[[Binisutoy]]''<br />
|Kajal<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Arindam |title=Atanu Ghosh on his film ‘Binisutoy’ |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/atanu-ghosh-on-his-film-binisutoy/cid/1827207 |access-date=10 January 2026 |work=The Telegraph |date=20 August 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[72 Ghanta]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Citation|title=72 Ghanta Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/72-ghanta/movieshow/61982063.cms|access-date=2022-02-03}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2022<br />
|''Ananta''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Dharmajuddho]]''<br />
|Raghav<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-15 |title='ধর্মযুদ্ধ' লেগেছে চারিদেকে, গর্ভবতী মায়েরও রেহাই নেই! ট্রেলরে চমকে দিলেন রাজ |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/entertainment/tollywood-movies-dharmajuddha-official-trailer-out-now-sr-408336.html |access-date=2020-03-06 |website=bengali.news18.com |language=bn}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2023<br />
|''[[Mayar Jonjal]]''<br />
|<br />
|Bangladesh-India joint venture<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Indranil Roy Chowdhury's Mayar Jonjal delivers an emotional sucker punch with sensitive writing |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/indranil-roy-chowdhurys-mayar-jonjal-delivers-an-emotional-sucker-punch-with-sensitive-writing/cid/1934813 |access-date=2023-08-27 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Tarokar Mrittyu''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Ektu Sore Bosun]]''<br />
|Guddu<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |last=Misra|first=Akash|title=হাসির মোড়কে বাস্তব নিয়ে সত্যকথন, ভাবনাকে উসকে দেবে ‘একটু সরে বসুন" |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/ektu-sore-bosun-review-good-film-to-watch/|work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]]|date=24 November 2023|lang=bn}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2024<br />
| ''[[Bhootpori]]''<br />
|Makhon Chor<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/bhootpori/movie-review/107585366.cms|title=Bhootpori Movie Review : A near-perfect modern fairytale|publisher=[[The Times of India ]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Shontaan]]''<br />
|Indranil Bose<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last1=রায়|first1=অময় দেব |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/review-of-the-film-shontaan-directed-by-raj-chakraborty-starring-mithun-chakraborty-anashua-majumdar-ritwick-chakraborty-and-subhashree-ganguly-dgtl/cid/1568543|title=দশকের পর দশক বাংলা ছবিতে এসেছে 'সন্তান'-এর চেনা গল্প, রাজ নাটক ধরে রাখেন কথন ভঙ্গিতে|access-date=23 December 2024|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|date=19 December 2024|language=bn}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" |2025<br />
|bhaggyolokkhi <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|oporichito<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Shotyi Bole Shotyi Kichhu Nei]]''<br />
|Sumit Bhattacharya<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanji |first1=Subhasmita |title=Review: বছরের শুরুতেই ছক্কা সৃজিতের! তারকাদের ভিড়ে উজ্জ্বল পরমব্রত, কেমন হল সত্যি বলে সত্যি কিছু নেই? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/srijit-mukherjis-shotyi-bole-shotyi-kichu-nei-review-starrer-parambrata-chatterjee-kaushik-ganguly-koushik-sen-others-31737695335470.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217065747/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/srijit-mukherjis-shotyi-bole-shotyi-kichu-nei-review-starrer-parambrata-chatterjee-kaushik-ganguly-koushik-sen-others-31737695335470.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 February 2025 |access-date=25 January 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=24 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Rabindra Kabya Rahasya]]''<br />
|Abhik Bose<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Poorna |title=Rabindra Kabya Rahasya Movie Review: A whodunit that scores with acting and cinematography |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/rabindra-kabya-rahasya/movie-review/121994373.cms |access-date=21 June 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=21 June 2025}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mrigaya: The Hunt]]''<br />
|OC Debanjan Dutta<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Arindam |date=2025-05-30 |title=The teaser of ''Mrigaya'' amps up the intrigue and delivers high-octane action sequences |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/the-teaser-of-mrigaya/1472761 |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=t2online.in |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ranna Baati]]''<br />
|Shantanu Dasgupta<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranna Baati Movie Review: A hearty film that simmers slowly |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/rannabaati/movie-review/125200556.cms |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="3" |2026<br />
|style="background:#ffc;"| ''Ekhane Ondhokar''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#ffc;"| ''Paharganj Halt''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#ffc;"| ''Kabaddi Kabaddi''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Television ==<br />
=== Soap operas ===<br />
*''Josh''<br />
*''[[Kanakanjali (TV series)|Kanakanjali]]''<br />
*''Ek Paloke Ektu Dekha''<br />
*''Bandhan''<br />
*''Roilo Pherar Nimontron''<br />
*''Banhisikha'' <br />
*''[[Goyenda Ginni]]'' As himself<br />
<br />
=== Telefilms ===<br />
*''Kuheli'' <br />
*''Neer Bhanga Jhor''<br />
*''Neel Simana''<br />
*''Bhor Bristi''<br />
<br />
== Web series ==<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|+ Key<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#ffc;"| <br />
| Denotes web series that have not yet been released<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%"<br />
|- <br />
! Year || Web series || Role || Director || Platform || Notes || {{Refh}}<br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|''[[Gora (TV series)|Gora]]'' <br />
|Gourab Sen aka Gora<br />
|[[Sayantan Ghosal]]<br />
|Hoichoi<br />
|Season 1<br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|''[[Mukti (web series)|Mukti]]'' <br />
| Ram Kinkar Ghosh<br />
|Rohan Ghose<br />
|ZEE5<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2023<br />
|''[[Shabash Feluda]]'' <br />
|Sashadhar Bose<br />
|[[Arindam Sil]]<br />
|[[ZEE5]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2023<br />
|''[[Gora (TV series)#Season 2 (2023)|Gora]]'' <br />
|Gourab Sen aka Gora<br />
|[[Joydeep Mukherjee (director)|Joydeep Mukherjee]]<br />
|Hoichoi<br />
|Season 2<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2023<br />
|''[[Abar Proloy]]'' <br />
|Shombhu Baba / Haru Bag<br />
|[[Raj Chakraborty]]<br />
|ZEE5<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2023<br />
|''Mr. Kolketa'' <br />
|Kalokallol Dutta aka Mr. Kolke<br />
|Surajit Chatterjee<br />
|Hoichoi<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|''[[Advocate Achinta Aich|Adv. Achinta Aich]]'' <br />
|Advocate Achinta Aich<br />
|Joydeep Mukherjee<br />
|Hoichoi<br />
|Season 1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|''Kolonko'' <br />
|Rongon<br />
|Abhimanyu Mukherjee<br />
|Hoichoi<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
|''[[Advocate Achinta Aich|Adv. Achinta Aich]]'' <br />
|Advocate Achinta Aich<br />
|Joydeep Mukherjee<br />
|Hoichoi<br />
|Season 2<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
|''[[Karma Korma]]'' <br />
|[[Inspector]] Bhupen Bhaduri<br />
|[[Pratim D. Gupta]]<br />
|Hoichoi<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
* [[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]] (2023)- Best Actor (Critics' Choice) for ''Ananta'' [Winner]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/my-kolkata/news/anik-duttas-aparajito-sweeps-west-bengal-film-journalists-association-wbfja-awards/cid/1908852 | title=Anik Dutta's 'Aparajito' sweeps WBFJA awards |work=The Telegraph}}</ref><br />
* [[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]] (2022)- Best Actor for [[Binisutoy]] [Winner] <ref>{{cite web | url=https://wbfja.com/award-2022.php | title=Award 2022 - WBFJA: Welcome to the official website of West Bengal Film Journalists' Association | access-date=11 December 2022 | archive-date=20 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120125457/https://wbfja.com/award-2022.php | url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* [[Filmfare Awards East]] [Winner] (2021)- Best Supporting Actor for [[Jyeshthoputro]] (2019) [Winner]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-bangla-2020/winners | title=Winner List of Filmfare Awards Bangla 2020 }}</ref><br />
* [[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]] (2020)- Best Actor in a Negative Role for [[Vinci Da]] . [Winner] <ref>{{cite web | url=https://wbfja.com/award-2020.php | title=Award 2020 - WBFJA: Welcome to the official website of West Bengal Film Journalists' Association | access-date=11 December 2022 | archive-date=31 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331072653/https://wbfja.com/award-2020.php | url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
*[[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]] (2020) - Best Actor for [[Nagarkirtan]] [Nominated]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations 2019 - WBFJA: Welcome to the official website of West Bengal Film Journalists' Association |url=https://wbfja.com/nominations-2019.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331072921/https://wbfja.com/nominations-2019.php |archive-date=2023-03-31}}</ref><br />
*[[Filmfare Awards East]]- Critic's Choice Best Actor Male for Rajlokhi O Srikanto (2019) - [Nominee] (2020)<br />
* [[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]] (2018) Best Actor for [[Maacher Jhol]] (2017)- [Nominee]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://wbfja.com/nominations-2017.php | title=Nominations 2017 - WBFJA: Welcome to the official website of West Bengal Film Journalists' Association | access-date=11 December 2022 | archive-date=31 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331062734/https://wbfja.com/nominations-2017.php | url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
*[[Filmfare Awards East]](2017)-Best Supporting Actor for [[Saheb Bibi Golaam]] (2016) [*Winner*]<br />
* [[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]] (2017) Best Supporting Actor for [[Saheb Bibi Golaam]] (2016)-[*Winner*]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://wbfja.com/award-2017.php | title=Award 2017 - WBFJA: Welcome to the official website of West Bengal Film Journalists' Association | access-date=11 December 2022 | archive-date=31 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331060003/https://wbfja.com/award-2017.php | url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
*Raindance Film Festival, Jury Prize [Nominee] (2016) Best Actor for The Violin Player (2015)<br />
*[[Filmfare Awards Bangla]] (2014)- [[Filmfare Award Bangla for Best Actor|Best Actor]] for [[Shabdo]] (2012) - *[Winner]*<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-vivel-filmfare-awards-east-5742.html | title=Winners of Vivel Filmfare Awards East }}</ref><br />
*"Sera Bangali" Award (2015) by the ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2015/08/abp-ananda-recognises-bengali-achievers-with-sera-bangali-awards|title=ABP Ananda recognises Bengali achievers with Sera Bangali Awards|date=28 August 2015|access-date=26 December 2022|website=bestmediainfo.com|location=Delhi}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb name|3368782}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakraborty, Ritwick}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Bengali cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]<br />
[[Category:1969 births]]<br />
[[Category:Filmfare Awards East winners]]<br />
[[Category:Filmfare Awards Bangla winners]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br />
[[Category:People from Barrackpore subdivision]]<br />
[[Category:Actors from North 24 Parganas district]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors from West Bengal]]</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kambojas&diff=465214Kambojas2026-03-08T07:02:54Z<p>MatthewEbner: refine intro based on references and fixed typos</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Iranian people mentioned in the Indo-Aryan sources}}{{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br />
{{pp|small=yes}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=November 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}<br />
[[Image:AsokaKandahar.jpg|thumb|The [[Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription]] of Ashoka, in which the Kambojas are mentioned.]]<br />
The '''Kambojas''' were a southeastern [[Iranian peoples|Iranian people]]{{Cref2|a}} who inhabited the northeastern most part of the territory populated by Iranian tribes, which bordered the [[Indian subcontinent|Indian lands]]. They only appear in [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] inscriptions and literature, being first attested during the later part of the [[Vedic period]].<br />
<br />
They spoke a language similar to [[Younger Avestan]], whose words are considered to have been incorporated in the Aramao-Iranian version of the [[Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription]] erected by the [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]] emperor [[Ashoka]] ({{reign|268|232|era=BCE}}). They were adherents of [[Zoroastrianism]], as demonstrated by their beliefs that insects, snakes, worms, frogs, and other small animals had to be killed, a practice mentioned in the [[Avesta]]n [[Vendidad]].<br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
''Kamboja-'' (later form ''Kāmboja-'') was the name of their territory and identical to the [[Old Iranian]] name of ''*Kambauǰa-'', whose meaning is uncertain. A long-standing theory is the one proposed by J. Charpentier in 1923, in which he suggests that the name is connected to the name of [[Cambyses I]] and [[Cambyses II]] (''Kambū̌jiya'' or ''Kambauj'' in [[Old Persian]]), both kings from the [[Achaemenid dynasty]]. The theory has been discussed several times, but the issues that it posed were never persuadingly resolved.{{sfn|Schmitt|2021}}<br />
<br />
In the same year, [[Sylvain Lévi]] proposed that the name is of [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] origin, though this is typically rejected.{{sfn|Schmitt|2021}} <br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The Kambojas only appear in [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] inscriptions and literature, being first attested during the later part of the [[Vedic period]]. The ''Naighaṇṭukas'', a glossary and oldest surviving writing about Indian [[lexicography]], is the first source to mention them. In his book about etymology—the ''[[Nirukta]]''—the ancient Indian author [[Yāska|Yaska]] comments on that part of the ''Naighaṇṭukas'', in which he mentions that "the word ''śavati'' as a verb of motion is used only by the Kambojas", a statement that is more or less repeated in the exact same way by later authors, such as the grammarian [[Patanjali]] (2nd-century BCE) in his ''[[Mahabhashya]]''. The word ''śavati'' is equivalent to ''š́iiauua-'' in [[Younger Avestan]], which demonstrates that the Kambojas spoke an Iranian tongue with close ties to it. Modern historian M. Witzel surmised that grammarians and lexicographers must have first become acquainted with the word around 500 BCE or perhaps earlier, due to Yaska and Patanjali both using the same example known amongst grammarians and lexicographers.{{sfn|Schmitt|2021}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Girnar Major Rock Edict No5.jpg|thumb|Drawing of the fifth [[Major Rock Edicts|Major Rock Edict]] of the [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]] emperor [[Ashoka]] ({{reign|268|232|era=BCE}})]]<br />
The [[Major Rock Edicts]] of the [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]] emperor [[Ashoka]] ({{reign|268|232|era=BCE}}) contain the first attestations of the Kambojas that can be precisely dated. The thirteenth edict says "among Greeks and Kambojas" and the fifth edict says "of Greeks, Kambojas and Gandharians". It is uncertain if Ashoka was only referring to just the Kambojas or all the Iranian tribes in his empire. Regardless, the mentioned groups of people were part of the Maurya Empire, being influenced by its politics, culture and religious traditions, and also adhered to ideology of "righteousness" set by Ashoka.{{sfn|Schmitt|2021}}<br />
<br />
The major Indian epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' also mentions the Kambojas, alongside the Greeks, [[Gandhara]]s, Bactrians and [[Indo-Scythians]]. Geographical texts in [[Sanskrit]] and the ''[[Aṅguttara Nikāya]]'' include the Kambojas as one of the [[Mahajanapadas|sixteen kingdoms]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]] during the lifetime of [[the Buddha]]. Various characteristics of the Kambojas are also described in different types of Sanskrit and [[Pali]] literature; they shaved themselves bald; they had a king; ''Rāja-pura-'' (meaning "King's town") was the name of their capital, but its site remains unknown. As was typical of Iranians, the Kambojas were renowned for their skill in horse breeding, and it is believed that the horses they produced were the most suitable for use in battle. These horses were brought into India in large quantities and also given as tribute.{{sfn|Schmitt|2021}}{{sfn|Sharma|2007|p=145–152}}{{sfn|Boyce|Grenet|1991|pp=129–130}} [[Indology|Indologist]] [[Etienne Lamotte]] further suggests that reputation of Kambojas as homeland of horses possibly earned the horse-breeders known as [[Aspasioi]] (from Old Persian ''aspa'') and [[Assakenoi]] (from Sanskrit ''aśva'' "horse") their epithet.{{sfn|Lamotte|1988|p=100}}<br />
<br />
Following the death of Ashoka, the Maurya Empire fell into decline. During the start of the 2nd-century BCE, they lost their Indian-Iranian frontier lands (including Gandhara and [[Arachosia]]) to the forces of [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius I]] ({{reign|200|180|era=BCE}}), the king of the [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom]]. As a result, the Greek population of those areas were once again under the dominion of their Greek countrymen, while the Kambojas met other Iranians, as the Bactrians were likely a major component of the conquering army along with the Greeks.{{sfn|Boyce|Grenet|1991|p=149}}<br />
<br />
Some historians consider the Kambojas to have established the [[Kamboja Pala dynasty]] in [[Bengal]], but this remains uncertain. Some historians consider it to have founded by Kambojas who had settled in Bengal, a theory which may be supported by the attestation of a ''Kambojadeśa'' in the [[Lushai Hills]] by the [[Tibet]]an book ''Pag Sam Jon Zang''. [[Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri]] proposed that the Kambojas may have travelled to Bengal from the northwestern frontier in the wake of [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Gurjara-Pratihara]] conquests during the lifetime of [[Narayanapala]]. He adds that those Kambojas perhaps acquired positions and, at a suitable time, seized power.{{sfn|Caudhurī|1967|p=73}}<br />
<br />
At [[Sithulpawwa Rajamaha Viharaya]] in the southern part of present-day [[Sri Lanka]], three inscriptions mention the name "Kaboja", which Sri Lankan archaeologist and [[Epigraphy|epigraphist]] [[Senarath Paranavithana]] suggested is related to the name "Kamboja". Similar variants of the name appears in other inscriptions in Sri Lanka, which has led to the suggestion that a group of Kambojan traders were active in Sri Lanka.{{sfn|Bopearachchi|2025|pp=396–397}}<br />
<br />
[[Richard Strand]] considers the Nuristani [[Kom people (Afghanistan)|Kom people]] (aka Kamôzî or Kamôǰî) to be the descendants of the Kamboja people.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Strand |first=Richard |date=2022 |title=Kamboǰas and Sakas in the Holly-Oak Mountains: On the Origins of the Nûristânîs |url=https://nuristan.info/peristan.pdf |website=Nuristan: Hidden Land of the Hindu Kush}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Language and location ==<br />
{{location map+ |Afghanistan |float=right|width=250 |caption=Location of the two inscription sites in present-day [[Afghanistan]], whose engraved Iranian languages have been suggested to have been spoken by the Kambojas<br />
|places=<br />
{{location map~ |Afghanistan| label = [[Dasht-e Nawar]] |lat=33.396556|long=68.416056|position=top}}<br />
{{location map~ |Afghanistan| label = [[Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription|Kandahar Edict of Ashoka]] |lat=31.732|long=65.8267|position=left}}<br />
}}<br />
The Kambojas inhabited the northeastern most part of the territory populated by Iranian tribes, which bordered the Indian lands.{{sfn|Schmitt|2021}} In 1918, Lévi suggested it to be [[Kafiristan]], but later retracted it in 1923; B. Liebich suggested they lived in the [[Kabulistan|Kabul Valley]]; J. Bloch suggested that they lived to the north-east of [[Kabul]]; Lamotte considered them to live them from Kafiristan to the southwestern part of [[Kashmir]].{{sfn|Lamotte|1988|p=100}}{{sfn|Bailey|1971|p=66}}<br />
<br />
In 1958, a new suggestion was put forward by the French linguist [[Émile Benveniste]].{{sfn|Bailey|1971|p=66}} He drew a comparison between the Kambojas and Greeks described in Ashoka's [[Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription|edicts in Kandahar]] and the two languages it was written in; Greek and "Aramao-Iranian", which refers to the Iranian language hidden in the text of the [[Aramaic alphabet]]. Ashoka wanted to use these two languages to convey his religious message to the inhabitants of what is now present-day eastern [[Afghanistan]], around the Gandhara area, approximately between Kabul and Kandahar. Because of this, Benveniste considered the Iranian language used in Ashoka's inscriptions to be spoken by the Kambojas.{{sfn|Schmitt|2021}} The [[Iranian studies|Iranologists]] [[Mary Boyce]] and Frantz Grenet also support this view, saying that "The fact that Aramaic versions were made indicates that the Kambojas enjoyed a measure of autonomy, and that they not only preserved their Iranian identity, but were governed in some measure by members of their own community, on whom was laid the responsibility of transmitting to them the king's words, and having these engraved on stone."{{sfn|Boyce|Grenet|1991|p=136}}<br />
<br />
[[Gérard Fussman]] suggested that the unidentified Iranian language of the two rock-inscriptions (IDN 3 and 5) in [[Dasht-e Nawar]] was spoken by the Kambojas, perhaps an early stage of the [[Ormuri|Ormuri language]]. According to Rüdiger Schmitt; "If this hypothesis should prove to be true, we would be able to locate the Kambojas more precisely in the mountains around [[Ghazni]] and on the Upper [[Arghandab River|Arghandab]]."{{sfn|Schmitt|2021}}<br />
<br />
== Religious beliefs ==<br />
The [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryans]] considered the Kambojas to be "non-Aryan" (''anariya-'') strangers with their own peculiar traditions, as demonstrated in a portion of the [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] [[Jataka tales]]. Insects, snakes, worms, frogs, and other small animals had to be killed according to the Kambojas' religious beliefs.{{sfn|Schmitt|2021}}{{sfn|Boyce|Grenet|1991|pp=129–130}} This practice has been linked by academics to the [[Avesta]]n [[Vendidad]] for a long time, leading them to the conclusion that the Kambojas were adherents of [[Zoroastrianism]].{{sfn|Schmitt|2021}} These beliefs are based on Zoroastrian dualism, which attributes the Evil Spirit to creatures like these and others that are poisonous or repulsive to humans. Hence, Zoroastrians were commanded to destroy them, and careful pursuit of this goal has been observed by outside spectators since the 5th-century BCE to the present.{{sfn|Boyce|Grenet|1991|p=130}}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Cnote2 Begin|liststyle=upper-alpha}}<br />
{{Cnote2|a|Scholarship agree that the Kambojas were Iranian.<ref>{{harvnb|Schmitt|2021}}; {{harvnb|Boyce|Grenet|1991|p=129}}; {{harvnb|Scott|1990|p=45}}; {{harvnb|Kubica|2023|p=88}}; {{harvnb|Emmerick|1983|p=951}}; {{harvnb|Fussman|1987|pp=779–785}}; {{harvnb|Eggermont|1966|p=293}}.</ref> [[Richard N. Frye]] stated that "Their location and the meaning of the word Kamboja are much debated, but it is at least agreed that they were Iranians living to the northwest of the subcontinent."{{sfn|Frye|1984|p=154}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Cnote2 End}}<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== See also == <br />
* [[Kamboj]]<br />
* [[Cambodia]]<br />
* [[Khmer people]]<br />
* [[Parama Kamboja kingdom]]<br />
* [[Komedes]]<br />
* [[Arta (Kamuia)]]<br />
* [[Kingdom of Kapisa]]<br />
* [[Parachi language|Parachi]]<br />
* [[Saptarishi Tila statue]]<br />
* [[Rishikas]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{sfn whitelist|CITEREFSchmitt2021|CITEREFEmmerick1983|CITEREFFussman1987}}<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
* {{cite book |last=Bailey|first=H. W.|authorlink=Harold Walter Bailey|chapter=Ancient Kamboja |title=Iran and Islam: In Memory of the Late Vladimir Minorsky |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=1971 |pages=65–71|isbn=978-0085224201|editor=[[Clifford Edmund Bosworth]] |url=https://archive.org/details/iranislaminmemor0000unse}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Bopearachchi|first=Osmund|authorlink=Osmund Bopearachchi|chapter=Ancient Kamboja |title=From Bactria to Taprobane: Selected Works of Osmund Bopearachchi. Volume II: Art History and Maritime Trade|publisher=Brill Publishers |year=2025|isbn= 978-9350980705}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Boyce |first1=Mary |author-link1=Mary Boyce|last2=Grenet |first2=Frantz |editor1-last=Beck |editor1-first=Roger |title=A History of Zoroastrianism, Zoroastrianism under Macedonian and Roman Rule |date=1991 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden|isbn=978-9004293915}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Caudhurī|first=Ābadula Mamina|title=Dynastic History of Bengal, C. 750-1200 A.D. |date=1967 |publisher=Asiatic Society of Pakistan}}<br />
* {{cite journal |last=Eggermont|first=P.H.L.|title=The Murundas and the Ancient Trade-Route From Taxila To Ujjain|publisher=Brill |year=1966|pages=257–296|journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient|volume=9 |issue=3 |doi=10.1163/156852066X00119}}<br />
* {{Cambridge History of Iran|volume=3b|last=Emmerick|first=R. E.|chapter=Buddhism among Iranians|pages=949–964|chapter-page=949}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Kubica |first1=Olga |title=Greco-Buddhist Relations in the Hellenistic Far East: Sources and Contexts |date=2023 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1032193007}}<br />
* {{Encyclopaedia Iranica | volume=2 | fascicle=7 | title = Aśoka ii. Aśoka and Iran | last = Fussman | first = G. | url = https://iranicaonline.org/articles/asoka-mauryan-emperor#pt2 | pages = 779–785 }}<br />
* {{cite book | title = The History of Ancient Iran | year = 1984 | publisher = C.H. Beck | last = Frye | first = R. N. | authorlink = Richard N. Frye | isbn = 978-3406093975 | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofancient0000frye | url-access = registration }}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Lal |first1=Deepak |author-link=Deepak Lal |title=The Hindu Equilibrium: India C.1500 B.C. - 2000 A.D. |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-927579-3 |page=xxxviii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dps-A5gOmA8C&pg=PR38 |language=en}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Lamotte|first=Etienne Lamotte|author-link1=Etienne Lamotte|editor1-last=Webb-Boin|editor1-first=Sara|title=History Of Indian Buddhism |date=1988|publisher=Peters Press|isbn=978-9068311006}}<br />
* {{Encyclopædia Iranica Online|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-iranica-online/kamboja-COM_337524?lang=en|title=Kamboja|first=Rüdiger|last=Schmitt|authorlink=Rüdiger Schmitt|year=2021}}<br />
* {{cite journal |last=Scott|first=David Alan|year=1990|title=The Iranian Face of Buddhism |journal=East and West|volume=40 |issue =1 |pages=43–77 |jstor=29756924 }} {{Registration required}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Ram Sharan |author-link=Ram Sharan Sharma |title=India's Ancient Past |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/27690 |pages=145–152 |chapter= Chapter 15: Territorial States and the Rise of Magadha |quote=The rise of large states with towns as their base of operations strengthened the territorial idea. People owed strong allegiance to the janapada or the territory to which they belonged rather than to their jana or tribe. The Pali texts reveal that the janapadas grew into mahajanapadas. Gandhara and Kamboja were important mahajanapadas. Kamboja is called a janapada in Panini and a mahajanapada in the Pali texts. |isbn=9780199080366}}<br />
<br />
{{Ancient India and Central Asia}}<br />
{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata}}<br />
{{Mahajanapada |state=collapsed}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mahajanapadas]]<br />
[[Category:Kambojas]]<br />
[[Category:Historical Iranian peoples]]<br />
[[Category:Kingdoms in the Mahabharata]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient peoples of Afghanistan]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient peoples of India]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient peoples of Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:History of Zoroastrianism]]</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sargi&diff=533211Sargi2026-03-08T02:55:44Z<p>MatthewEbner: starting new stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Sargi<br />
| image = Sargi - Poster.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| director = [[Neeru Bajwa]]<br />
| producer = Ankit Vijan, Navdeep Singh Narula Prem Parkash Gupta, Neeru Bajwa, Santosb Tbite<br />
| writer = [[Jagdeep Sidhu]]<br />
| starring = [[Jassi Gill]] <br />[[Babbal Rai]] <br />[[Karamjit Anmol]] <br />[[Rubina Bajwa]]<br />
| narrator = <br />
| music = Jay K (Jassi Katyal), B Praak & Gurmeet Singh<br />
| cinematography = Lalit Sahoo<br />
| editing = Manish More<br />
| studio = Neeru Bajwa Entertainment <br />Shri Narotam Ji Films<br />
| released = {{Film date|2017|02|24|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 2h 4m<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Punjabi<br />
}}<br />
'''''Sargi''''' is a 2017 Indian Punjabi language romantic drama film,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chandigarhmetro.com/sargi-punjabi-movie-jassi-gill-cast-review/|title=Sargi Punjabi Movie (Jassi Gill) {{!}} Story, Cast, Highlights & Review - Chandigarh Metro|website=chandigarhmetro.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-02-24}}</ref> directed by [[Neeru Bajwa]] and starring [[Jassi Gill]], [[Rubina Bajwa]] and [[Babbal Rai]]. The film was released worldwide on 24 February 2017.<ref name="Offensive 2015">{{cite web | last=Offensive | first=Marking Them | title=Old lessons, new promises | website=The Tribune | date=2 January 2016 | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/gyan-zone/old-lessons-new-promises/344533.html | accessdate=6 January 2016}}</ref> The film marked the directional debut of Neeru Bajwa and the acting debut of her sister, Rubina Bajwa.<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
<br />
Sargi is a romantic love triangle involving Rubina Bajwa, Jassi Gill and Babbal Rai. The story starts in Punjab where Babbu (Jassi Gill) is shown to be in love with Sargi(Rubina bajwa) since childhood but never had the courage to express his feelings.<br />
In order to provide a better living for her family, Sargi decides to do a sham marriage with Karamjit Anmol for immigration purposes and moves abroad with him. Unaware, Babbu was left heart broken. Sargi joins a restaurant run by B N Sharma, whose son kaim(Babbal Rai), falls in love with Sargi. When Babbu gets to know about Sargi's sham marriage, he also moves abroad and joins the same restaurant in quest to get his love. The game of one-upmanship among Jassi, Babbal and Karamjit begins. Jassi or Babbal, who does Sargi choose forms the rest of the story.<br />
The first half sets up the traditional form of romance with Babbu head over heels in love with Rubina but failing to express his feelings. This half is a little slow but has a nice charm. After the Interval, there is a sense of deja-vu with kaim trying to woo Rubina and then the game of one-upmanship amongst the suitors of Sargi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://moviereview11.wordpress.com/2017/02/24/sargi-punjabi-movie-review-jassi-gill-babbal-rai-rubina-bajwa-plot-story/|title=Sargi Punjabi Movie Review – Jassi Gill, Babbal Rai, Rubina Bajwa {{!}} Plot, Story|date=2017-02-24|website=All About Movies|access-date=2017-07-21|archive-date=11 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411174421/https://moviereview11.wordpress.com/2017/02/24/sargi-punjabi-movie-review-jassi-gill-babbal-rai-rubina-bajwa-plot-story/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
*[[Rubina Bajwa]] (sargi)<br />
*[[Jassi Gill]] (babu)<br />
* [[Babbal Rai]] (kaim)<br />
*[[Karamjit Anmol]]<br />
*[[B.N. Sharma]] (kaim's father)<br />
*[[Satwant Kaur]]<br />
* Ginni Kapoor<br />
* Parminder Gill<br />
* Qulfi vines<br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
Sargi was released worldwide on February 24, 2017<br />
<br />
=== Home Media Release ===<br />
The film is available on the [[Chaupal (streaming)|Chaupal]] OTT platform for online streaming.<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Sargi<br />
| type = soundtrack<br />
| artist = B. Praak, Jassi Katyal & Gurmeet Singh<br />
| cover =<br />
| alt =<br />
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|2|24}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/sargi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1209725978 |title=Sargi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)) |publisher=[[iTunes Store|iTunes]]}}</ref><br />
| recorded =<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 13:11<br />
| label = Lokdhun Punjabi<br />
| producer =<br />
| prev_title =<br />
| prev_year =<br />
| next_title =<br />
| next_year =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The soundtrack of Sargi was composed by B. Praak, Jassi Katyal & Gurmeet Singh while the lyrics were written by Veet Baljit & Jaani.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nydvw-SrDzs |title=Sargi - Audio Songs Jukebox |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Tracklist<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length ={{Duration|m=13|s=11}}<br />
| title1 = Fer Ohi Hoyea<br />
| extra1 = [[Jassi Gill]]<br />
| lyrics1 = [[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]]<br />
| music1 = [[B Praak]]<br />
| length1 = 03:52<br />
<br />
| title2 = Jhumke<br />
| extra2 = Jassi Gill, [[Babbal Rai]] & [[Nimrat Khaira]]<br />
| lyrics2 = Veet Baljit<br />
| music2 = Jassi Katyal<br />
| length2 = 03:01<br />
<br />
| title3 = Dil Tuteya<br />
| extra3 = Veet Baljit<br />
| lyrics3 = Veet Baljit<br />
| music3 = Gurmeet Singh<br />
| length3 = 03:13<br />
<br />
| title4 = Gaddiyan<br />
| extra4 = Babbal Rai<br />
| lyrics4 = Veet Baljit<br />
| music4 = Jassi Katyal<br />
| length4 = 03:05<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title | tt6476532 | Sargi}}<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tV271kQbaDo ''Sargi'' official trailer]<br />
<br />
[[Category:2017 films]]<br />
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2017 Punjabi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2017 directorial debut films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by B Praak]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Jassi Katyal]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Gurmeet Singh]]</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_works_by_Rituparna_Sengupta&diff=465449List of works by Rituparna Sengupta2026-02-24T10:53:57Z<p>MatthewEbner: general enhance structure after review and added references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox filmography list<br />
| name = Rituparna Sengupta<br />
| image = Rituparna Sengupta - Kolkata 2018-02-18 1742.JPG<br />
| image_upright = 1<br />
| alt = Photograph of Rituparna Sengupta<br />
| caption = Rituparna Sengupta at Nandan in 2018<br />
| film = 218<br />
| television_series = 10+<br />
| web_series = <br />
| television_show = <br />
| radio_show = <br />
| documentary = <br />
| hosting =1 <br />
| music_videos =1 <br />
| narrating = <br />
| theatre = <br />
| advertising = <br />
| others = <br />
|television_film=1}}<br />
[[Rituparna Sengupta]] is an Indian actress and producer who is known for her work in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]], [[Bollywood|Hindi cinema]] and [[Bangladeshi films|Bangla cinema]]. She has appeared in a total of 218 films among which 181 are Bengali films, 33 Hindi films, 4 Oriya films and one each in English, Malayalam, Kannada and Telugu.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121103/jsp/entertainment/story_16152170.jsp#.UoJjenDPVV4 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112180117/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121103/jsp/entertainment/story_16152170.jsp#.UoJjenDPVV4 | url-status=dead | archive-date=12 November 2013 | location=Calcutta, India | work=The Telegraph | title=She's bold & beautiful | date=18 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Northeast India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D_bYWjJOe9cC&pg=PA59|access-date=18 December 2019|date=1 October 2009|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=9781741793192|pages=59–}}</ref><br />
<br />
Sengupta made her screen debut opposite Arindam Ganguly in [[Ratna Ghoshal]]'s Bengali [[Fantasy television|fantasy]] TV series ''[[Rong Berong]]'' (1989) broadcast on [[DD Bangla]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.anandalok.in/storydetails?catid=33212&link=39090|title=জীবন ঋতুর ছন্দে|date=16 January 2020|website=www.anandalok.in|language=Bn|access-date=8 March 2020}}</ref> She made her big screen venture opposite [[Arjun Chakraborty]] in the Bengali film ''Bahattar Din Par'' (1990).<ref name=":4" /> She gained prominence after she featured opposite [[Bijay Mohanty]] in the Odia fim ''Kotia Manish Gotiye Jaga'' (1991) directed by Vijay Bhaskar.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=নতুন লুকে হাজির হচ্ছেন ঋতুপর্ণা সেনগুপ্ত ! |url=https://www.sadhinotarkontho.com/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%8B%E0%A6%A4/ |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=www.sadhinotarkontho.com |language=en-US}}</ref> She had a very successful on-screen romantic collaboration with [[Chiranjeet Chakraborty|Chinranjeet]], [[Prosenjit Chatterjee|Prosenjit]] and [[Abhishek Chatterjee]].<br />
<br />
==Bengali television and films ==<br />
===Television===<br />
{{Incomplete list|date=March 2020}}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Episode<br />
!Role<br />
!Director<br />
!Note<br />
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2" |1989<br />
! scope="row"|''[[Rong Berong]]''<br />
|''Shwet Kapot''<br />
|[[The White Dove (Danish fairy tale)|White Dove]]<br />
|[[Kushal Chakraborty]]<br />
|bgcolor="#aaf0d1"| {{small|Debut}}<br />
|<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
!''Seemana Chariye''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=ঋতু কথা… |url=https://eisamay.com/web-stories/entertainment/rituparna-sengupta-debut-movie-bengali-and-hindi-industry-all-work-explained-here/photoshow/92874973.cms |access-date=2022-08-06 |website=eisamay.com |date=14 July 2022 |language=bn}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |1990<br />
!''Kalpurush''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Raja Dasgupta<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=When Ritu met Koushik |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/when-ritu-met-koushik/cid/277819 |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! ''Hortoner Golam''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Rathin Dhar<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":1" /><br />
|-<br />
| 1993<br />
! ''Cinemawalla''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|[[Dulal Lahiri]]<br />
|<br />
|<ref name="LOOK" /><br />
|-<br />
| 1995<br />
! ''Andolan''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|[[Prabhat Roy]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Films===<br />
{{Incomplete list|date=March 2020}}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Key<br />
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}<br />
| Denotes films that have not yet been released<br />
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Director<br />
!Co-actor<br />
!Note<br />
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}<br />
|-<br />
|1990<br />
!''Bahattar Din Par''<br />
|<br />
|[[Arjun Chakraborty]]<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-11-07 |title='কখনও পরনিন্দা, কূটকাচালি করতে দেখিনি', জন্মদিনে ঋতুপর্ণার প্রশংসায় এক টলি অভিনেতা! কে তিনি? |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/arjun-chakrabortyy-praised-rituparna-sengupta-at-her-birthday-entertainment-news-tollywood-1158393 |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=ABP Ananda |language=bn}}</ref><br />
|- <br />
| 1992<br />
! scope="row"|''Shwet Pathorer Thala''<br />
| [[Prabhat Roy]]<br />
| Bhaskar Banerjee<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/shet-patharer-thala-35856|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123202602/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/shet-patharer-thala-35856|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2018|title=Shet Patharer Thala (1992) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2019-08-23}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="3"|1994<br />
! scope="row"|''Laal Paan Bibi''<br />
|[[Prashanta Nanda]]<br />
|[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]]<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/lal-paan-bibi-movie/14882|title=Lal Paan Bibi (1994)|website=gomolo.com|access-date=2019-08-24}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|''Nagpanchami''<br />
|Bhijoy Bhaskar<br />
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/nagpanchami-movie/14885|title=Nagpanchami (1994)|website=gomolo.com|access-date=2019-08-24}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"|''Shesh Chithi''<br />
|Shishir Majumdar<br />
|Arup Pal<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/shesh-chithi-movie/14895|title=Shesh Chithi (1994)|website=Gomolo|access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="5"|1995<br />
! scope="row"|''[[Bhagya Debata]]''<br />
|[[Raghuram]]<br />
|[[Mithun Chakraborty]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"|''Naginkanya''<br />
|Swapan Saha<br />
|rowspan="3"|Chiranjeet Chakraborty<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/nagin-kanya-35138|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902072315/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/nagin-kanya-35138|url-status=live|archive-date=2 September 2019|title=Nagin Kanya (1995) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2019-09-02}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"|''Rakhal Raja''<br />
|Sanat Dutta<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/rakhal-raja-movie/14924|title=Rakhal Raja (1995)|website=gomolo.com|access-date=2019-08-24}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"|''Sansar Sangram''<br />
|Chiranjeet Chakraborty<br />
| bgcolor="#aaf0d1" |{{small|Shared the screen with [[Satabdi Roy]] for the first time}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/sansar-sangram-35739|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824072858/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/sansar-sangram-35739|url-status=live|archive-date=24 August 2019|title=Sansar Sangram (1995) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2019-08-24}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"|''Sujan Sakhi''<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Swapan Saha]]<br />
|[[Abhishek Chatterjee]]<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/sujan-sakhi-35986|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824111339/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/sujan-sakhi-35986|url-status=live|archive-date=24 August 2019|title=Sujan Sakhi (1995) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2019-08-24}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="5"|1996<br />
! scope="row"|''Abujh Mon''<br />
|Prosenjit Chatterjee<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"|''Karna''<br />
|Milan Bhowmik<br />
|[[Arjun Chakraborty]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"|''[[Lathi (1996 film)|Lathi]]''<br />
|[[Prabhat Roy]]<br />
|rowspan="3"|Abhishek Chatterjee<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"|''Miss Maitree''<br />
|Biresh Chatterjee<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/miss-maitreyee-1996-bengali-movie|title=Miss Maitreyee (1996)|website=FilmiClub|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-02}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"|''Sei Raat''<br />
|Bimal Dey<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="16"| 1997<br />
! scope="row"|''Adarer Bon''<br />
|[[Swapan Saha]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |Abhishek Chatterjee<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"|''Bouthan''<br />
|Milan Bhowmik<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"|''Danab''<br />
|Sachin Adhikari<br />
|[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]]<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/danab-1997-bengali-movie|title=Danab (1997)|website=FilmiClub|language=en-US|access-date=15 November 2019}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |''Chandragrahan''<br />
|Anjan Banerjee<br />
| rowspan="2" |Chiranjeet Chakraborty<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |''Joddha''<br />
|[[Prabhat Roy]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"|''Gaane Bhuban Bhoriye Debo''<br />
|Putul Guha<br />
|[[Kumar Sanu]]<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19961031-bollywood-singer-kumar-sanu-plans-to-make-his-acting-debut-in-bengali-film-833989-1996-10-31|title=Bollywood singer Kumar Sanu plans to make his acting debut in Bengali film|website=India Today|date=31 October 1996 |language=en|access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |''Joyee''<br />
|Sachin Adhikari<br />
| rowspan="3" |Abhishek Chatterjee<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |''Matribhumi''<br />
|Milan Bhowmik<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Matribhumi|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BUvWzAc1W-c|website=YouTube| date=21 January 2019 |language=en|access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |''Nishpap Asami''<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Swapan Saha]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |''Matir Manush''<br />
| rowspan="5" | Prosenjit Chatterjee<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |''[[Mayar Badhon]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |''[[Moner Manush (1997 film)|Moner Manush]]''<br />
|[[Sujit Guha]]<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/moner-manush-37169|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824110413/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/moner-manush-37169|url-status=live|archive-date=24 August 2019|title=Moner Manush (1997) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2019-08-24}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |''Pabitra Papi''<br />
|Anup Sengupta<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"|''Samadhan''<br />
|Narayan Ghosh<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|''[[Swami Keno Ashami]]''<br />
|[[Monowar Khokon]]<br />
|[[Chunky Pandey]]<br />
| bgcolor="#aaf0d1" |{{small|[[Bangladeshi film]]}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"|''Tomake Chai''<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Swapan Saha]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |Prosenjit Chatterjee<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="17" |1998<br />
! ''[[Baba Keno Chakor (1998 film)|Baba Keno Chakor]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''Aamar Maa''<br />
|[[Dilip Biswas]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"|''[[Aami Sei Meye]]''<br />
| colspan="2"| [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''Bishnu Narayan''<br />
|Sanat Dutta<br />
|Chiranjeet Chakraborty<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gomolo.com/bishnu-narayan-movie/15025 |title=Bishni Narayan (1998) |website=www.gomolo.com |access-date=2019-09-02}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"|''[[Dahan (1997 film)|Dahan]]''<br />
| [[Rituparno Ghosh]]<br />
|[[Abhishek Chatterjee]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Desh Dorodi]]''<br />
|[[Sharif Uddin Khan Dipu]]<br />
|[[Manna (actor)|Manna]]<br />
|bgcolor="#aaf0d1" |{{small|[[Bangladeshi film]]}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangladeshmail.news/2019/02/17/সোনালী-প্রজন্মের-শেষ-মহা/|title=সোনালী প্রজন্মের শেষ মহানায়ক মান্নার মৃত্যুবার্ষিকী আজ|last=Foysal|first=Faruk Chy|date=2019-02-17|website=Bangladeshmail.news|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-20}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"|''Mayer Adhikar''<br />
|Narayan Ghosh<br />
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''Mayer Dibyi''<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Swapan Saha]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Abhishek Chatterjee]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''Praner Cheye Priyo''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''Naag Nagini''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Meyerao Manush]]''<br />
|[[Monowar Khokon]]<br />
|[[Chunky Pandey]]<br />
|bgcolor="#aaf0d1" |{{small|[[Bangladeshi film]]}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Ranga Bou (1998 film)|Ranga Bou]]''<br />
|<br />
|[[Amin Khan (actor)|Amin Khan]], [[Humayun Faridi]]<br />
| bgcolor="#aaf0d1" |{{small|[[Bangladeshi film]]}}<br />
|<ref name="Ranga Bou"><br />
{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Look no further |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1090310/jsp/entertainment/story_10648856.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923185949/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090310/jsp/entertainment/story_10648856.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 September 2009 |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]] |date=10 March 2009 |access-date=4 May 2018 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Sagorika]]''<br />
|[[Badol Khandokar]]<br />
|[[Helal Khan]]<br />
| bgcolor="#aaf0d1" |{{small|[[Bangladeshi film]]}}<br />
|<ref name="Ranga Bou"/><br />
|-<br />
! ''Shesh Kartabya''<br />
|Shantanu Bhowmik<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''Sindurer Adhikar''<br />
|Anup Sengupta<br />
| rowspan="2" |Prosenjit Chatterjee<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''Sundari''<br />
|Swapan Saha<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Tomar Aamar Prem]]''<br />
|<br />
|[[Amin Khan (actor)|Amin Khan]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="16"|1999<br />
! scope="row"| ''[[Agni Shikha]]''<br />
| [[Sujit Guha]]<br />
|Prosenjit Chatterjee<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''Atmiyo Swajan''<br />
| Raja Sen<br />
| [[Tapas Paul]]<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Atmiyo Swajan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/atmiyo-swajan/movieshow/66343628.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=8 March 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Chena Achena (1999 film)|Chena Achena]]''<br />
|Subhas Sen<br />
|Abhishek Chatterjee<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''Daye Dayitwa''<br />
|[[Haranath Chakraborty]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''Khelaghar''<br />
|Prabhat Roy<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Love in Thailand (1999 film)|Love in Thailand]]''<br />
|<br />
|[[Shakil Khan]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''Sankha Sindurer Dibyi''<br />
|Ratul Ganguly<br />
|[[Abhishek Chatterjee]]<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oF2xqzKdqUI|title=Sankha Sindurer Dibyi|website=YouTube|date=13 October 2019 |access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! ''Madhu Malati''<br />
| rowspan="2" |Swapan Saha<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''Santan Jakhan Satru''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''Shatru Mitra''<br />
|Narayan Ghosh<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''Shudhu Ekbar Bolo''<br />
|Prabhat Roy<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''Sindur Khela''<br />
|[[Partho Ghosh]]<br />
|Chiranjeet Chakraborty, Prosenjit Chatterjee<br />
|<br />
|<ref name="LOOK">{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/look-no-further/cid/490073|title=Look no further|website=The Telegraph|date=10 March 2009|access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! ''Siraj''<br />
|Ranen Modak<br />
|Arjun Chakraborty<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''Swamir Ghar''<br />
| rowspan="2" |Swapan Saha<br />
| rowspan="3" |Prosenjit Chatterjee<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''Tomay Pabo Bole''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''Tumi Ele Tai''<br />
|Prabhat Roy<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="19" |2000<br />
!''[[Shesh Juddho]]''<br />
|[[Chotku Ahmed]]<br />
|[[Manna (actor)|Manna]]<br />
|bgcolor="#aaf0d1" |{{small|[[Bangladeshi film]]}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Amader Sansar]]''<br />
|[[Dilip Biswas]]<br />
|[[Abhishek Chatterjee]], [[Ferdous Ahmed|Ferdous]], [[Sreelekha Mitra]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''Bastir Meye Radha''<br />
|[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]]<br />
|Chiranjeet Chakraborty, [[Roopa Ganguly]]<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bastir Meye Radha|url=https://www.hoichoi.tv/films/title/bastir-meye-radha|website=Hoichoi|language=en|access-date=24 August 2019}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!''Chakrabyuha''<br />
|<br />
|Indrajit<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''Bhalobasi Tomake''<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Swapan Saha]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''Ei Ghar Ei Sansar''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''Goriber Samman''<br />
|[[Omar Sani]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''Dharma Adharma''<br />
|Pijush Debnath<br />
|[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Jummon Koshai]]''<br />
|[[Uttam Akash]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Manna (actor)|Manna]]<br />
|bgcolor="#aaf0d1" |{{small|[[Bangladeshi film]]}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.redtimes.com.bd/%e0%a6%8f%e0%a6%96%e0%a6%a8%e0%a7%8b-%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a8%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%a8%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%95%e0%a7%87-%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%a8%e0%a7%87-%e0%a6%95%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%a8-%e0%a6%8b%e0%a6%a4/|title=এখনো মান্নাকে মনে করেন ঋতুপর্ণা|date=12 September 2017|website=Red Times|language=en-US|access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!''[[Killer (2000 film)|Killer]]''<br />
|[[Sohanur Rahman Sohan]]<br />
|bgcolor="#aaf0d1" |{{small|[[Bangladeshi film]]}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''Kulangar''<br />
|<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Madhur Milan]]''<br />
|Tushar Majumdar<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''Parichay''<br />
|Bidesh Sarkar<br />
|[[Tapas Paul]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"|''[[Paromitar Ek Din]]''<br />
|[[Aparna Sen]]<br />
|[[Aparna Sen]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''Prem Priti Bhalobasa''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Aasroy]]''<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Haranath Chakraborty]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/aasroy-36645|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824071337/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/aasroy-36645|url-status=live|archive-date=24 August 2019|title=Aasroy - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2019-08-24}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |''[[Sasurbari Zindabad]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"|''[[Utsab]]''<br />
| [[Rituparno Ghosh]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Palta Hamla]]''<br />
|[[F. I. Manik]]<br />
|[[Amit Hasan]], [[Shakib Khan]]<br />
|bgcolor="#aaf0d1" |{{small|[[Bangladeshi film]]}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="10" |2001<br />
!''Aghat''<br />
|Anup Sengupta<br />
|Prosenjit Chatterjee<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Shesh Bongshodhor]]''<br />
|[[Shah Alam Kiran]]<br />
|[[Manna (actor)|Manna]]<br />
|bgcolor="#aaf0d1" |{{small|[[Bangladeshi film]]}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Chairman (2001 film)|Chairman]]''<br />
| [[Montazur Rahman Akbar]]<br />
| [[Ilias Kanchan]]<br />
| bgcolor="#aaf0d1" |{{small|[[Bangladeshi film]]}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''Hatiyar''<br />
|<br />
|Chiranjeet Chakraborty, Prosenjit Chatterjee<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V1OPitRsmxM|title=Hatiyar|website=YouTube|access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!''[[Guru Shisya]]''<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Swapan Saha]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |Prosenjit Chatterjee<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/guru-shisya-movie/15161 |title=Guru Shisya (2001) |website=www.gomolo.com |access-date=2019-09-02}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!''Jabab Chai''<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gomolo.com/rajar-raja-movie/14890 |title=Jabab Chai (2001) |website=www.gomolo.com |access-date=2019-09-02}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!''[[Jamaibabu Jindabad]]''<br />
|Ratan Adhikary<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Ostaad (2001 film)|Ostaad]]''<br />
|Subhas Sen<br />
|[[Ferdous Ahmed|Ferdous]]<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/ostad-2001-bengali-movie|title=Ostad (2001)|website=FilmiClub|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-02}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!''Prem Pratigya''<br />
|Sujit Guha<br />
| rowspan="2" |Prosenjit Chatterjee<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''Sud Asal''<br />
|Narayan Ghosh<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="9" |2002<br />
!''[[Eri Naam Bhalobasha]]''<br />
|<br />
|[[Manna (actor)|Manna]]<br />
| bgcolor="#aaf0d1" |{{small|[[Bangladeshi film]]}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailyamarsangbad.com/entertainment/81996/আজ-আসছেন-ঋতুপর্ণা|title=আজ আসছেন ঋতুপর্ণা|work=Amar Sangbad|language=bn|access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!''[[Jibon Juddho]]''<br />
|[[Shah Alam Kiran]]<br />
|[[Amin Khan (actor)|Amin Khan]]<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/jiban-yuddha-movie/15221|title=Jiban Yuddha (2002)|website=gomolo.com|access-date=6 October 2019}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!''[[Suorani Duorani]]''<br />
|<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Ferdous Ahmed|Ferdous]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''Jonom Jonomer Sathi''<br />
| rowspan="2" |Dulal Bhoumik<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Phool Aar Pathar (2002 film)|Phool Aur Pathar]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''Manush Amanush''<br />
|<br />
|[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Protihingsha (2002 film)|Protihingsha]]''<br />
|Mohanji Prasad<br />
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Ferdous Ahmed|Ferdous]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''Streer Maryada''<br />
|Swapan Saha<br />
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''Tak Misti Jiban''<br />
|<br />
|[[Tapas Paul]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="4"|2003<br />
! ''[[Alo (film)|Alo]]''<br />
| [[Tarun Majumdar]]<br />
| [[Kunal Mitra]]<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/alo-33488|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901164032/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/alo-33488|url-status=live|archive-date=1 September 2019|title=Alo (2003) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2019-09-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Mondo Meyer Upakhyan]]''<br />
| [[Buddhadev Dasgupta]]<br />
| Tapas Paul<br />
| bgcolor="#aaf0d1" |{{small|Played mother to [[Samata Das]]}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/mondo-meyer-upakhyan-37155|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820150125/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/mondo-meyer-upakhyan-37155|url-status=live|archive-date=20 August 2019|title=Mondo Meyer Upakhyan (2003) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2019-08-21}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!''Path''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''Sukh Dukkher Sansar''<br />
|[[Swapan Saha]]<br />
|[[Abhishek Chatterjee]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="11"|2004<br />
!''[[Agun Jwalbei]]''<br />
|[[Shah Alam Kiran]]<br />
|[[Amin Khan (actor)|Amin Khan]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''Abhishek''<br />
|Shankar Roy<br />
|Tapas Paul<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o1edyFVAv2Y|title=Abhishek|website=YouTube|access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!''[[Akritagya]]''<br />
|[[Dilip Biswas]]<br />
|[[Ferdous Ahmed|Ferdous]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Aakrosh (2004 film)|Aakrosh]]''<br />
|<br />
|[[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]]<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/winning-pair-of-the-week-rituparna-in-a-jeet-clinch/cid/1265604|title=Winning pair of the week: Rituparna in a Jeet clinch|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Debipaksha]]''<br />
| [[Raja Sen]]<br />
| [[Sandhya Roy]], [[Satabdi Roy]], [[Koel Mallick]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Kalo Chita]]''<br />
| [[Satarupa Sanyal]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''Mamatar Bandhan''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''Mon Jake Chay''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
! ''[[Prem Korechi Besh Korechi]]''<br />
| [[Badol Khandokar]]<br />
|[[Riaz (actor)|Riaz]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Sagar Kinare]]''<br />
|Sushanta Saha<br />
|[[Ferdous Ahmed|Ferdous]]<br />
| bgcolor="#aaf0d1" |{{small|Shared the screen with [[Debashree Roy]] for the first time}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/sagar-kinare-37150|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707133743/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/sagar-kinare-37150|url-status=live|archive-date=7 July 2019|title=Sagar Kinare (2004) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2019-08-24}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!''[[Swami Chhintai]]''<br />
|[[Sohanur Rahman Sohan]]<br />
|[[Manna (actor)|Manna]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="4"|2005<br />
!''Dwitiya Basanta''<br />
|<br />
|[[Sabyasachi Chakraborty]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''Maayer Raja''<br />
|<br />
|[[Jisshu Sengupta]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Nishijapon]]''<br />
| [[Sandip Ray]]<br />
| Sabyasachi Chakraborty<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''Shaktimaan''<br />
| K. Ravi<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="7"|2006<br />
!''Andhakarer Shabdo''<br />
|[[Ashoke Viswanathan]]<br />
|Jisshu Sengupta<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/a-complex-film-on-a-film-within-a-film/cid/1118720|title=A complex film on a film within a film|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!''Byatikromi''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''Ganyer Meye Shahure Bou''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''Hungama''<br />
| [[Swapan Saha]]<br />
| [[Mithun Chakraborty]]<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Mahasangram]]''<br />
| Kumarjit Patitundu<br />
| [[Kushal Chakraborty]]<br />
| bgcolor="#aaf0d1" |{{Small|Delayed release}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/mahasangram-37213|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111160518/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/mahasangram-37213|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 November 2019|title=Mahasangram (2008)|website=Cinestaan|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! ''Tapasya''<br />
|<br />
|[[Samrat Mukerji]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Ronangon]]''<br />
|Sushanta Saha<br />
|[[Manna (actor)|Manna]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2007<br />
!''[[Anuranan]]''<br />
|[[Aniruddha Roy Chowdhury]]<br />
|[[Rahul Bose]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Chander Bari]]''<br />
| [[Tarun Majumdar]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" |2008<br />
! ''[[Aaynate]]''<br />
| Dulal Dey<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Chaturanga (film)|Chaturanga]]''<br />
|Suman<br />
|[[Joy Sengupta]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Ke Tumi]]''<br />
|Prasun Banerjee<br />
|[[Tapas Paul]]<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/ke-tumi-movie/21368|title=Ke Tumi (2008)|website=gomolo.com|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!''[[Mon Amour: Shesher Kobita Revisited|Mon Amour<br/>{{small|Shesher Kobita Revisited}}]]''<br />
|[[Subhrajit Mitra]]<br />
|Saheb Chatterjee<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Phera (2008 film)|Phera]]''<br />
| Partha Sarathi Jowardar<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|2009<br />
!''Risk''<br />
|[[Riingo Banerjee]]<br />
|[[Amitabh Bhattacharjee]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Trishna (2009 film)|Trishna]]''<br />
| Pritam Jalan<br />
| Anshumaan<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="4"|2010<br />
!''Arohan''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aarohan Movie Review|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/aarohan/movie-review/6446245.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=3 April 2020}}</ref><br />
|- <br />
!''[[Mahanagar@Kolkata]]''<br />
|[[Suman Mukhopadhyay]]<br />
|[[Chandan Roy Sanyal]]<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Mahanagar@Kolkata review|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/mahanagarkolkata/movie-review/6015169.cms|access-date=12 November 2019|newspaper=Times of India|date=5 June 2010}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!''Pahadi Moina''<br />
|Ramnath Roy<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Rehmat Ali]]''<br />
| [[Partho Ghosh]]<br />
| [[Mithun Chakraborty]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" |2011<br />
!''Abhisandhi''<br />
|Tarun Chattopadhyay<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/abhisandhi-37093|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823050705/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/abhisandhi-37093|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 August 2019|title=Abhisandhi (2011) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2019-08-23}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!''Bedeni''<br />
|[[Anjan Das]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/bedeni-33794|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823050709/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/bedeni-33794|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 August 2019|title=Bedeni (2011) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2019-08-23}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Jiyo Kaka]]''<br />
| [[Parambrata Chatterjee]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''Necklace''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''Punarutthan''<br />
|Hrishi Mukherjee<br />
|[[Priyanshu Chatterjee]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="4"|2012<br />
!''[[3 Kanya]]''<br />
| [[Agnidev Chatterjee]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Charulata 2011]]''<br />
| [[Agnidev Chatterjee]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Muktodhara]]''<br />
| Shibprasad Mukhopadhyay and Nandita Roy<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''Om Shanti''<br />
|[[Satabdi Roy]]<br />
|[[Tapas Paul]]<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Om Shanti|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/om-shanti/movieshow/61240232.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=8 March 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="5"|2013<br />
! ''A Political Murder''<br />
| [[Agnidev Chatterjee]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Alik Sukh]]''<br />
| [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]] and [[Nandita Roy]]<br />
| [[Debshankar Haldar]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''Maati Amar Maa''<br />
|Dulal Dey<br />
|Rachna Banerjee<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maati Amar Maa|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/maati-amar-maa/movieshow/62526557.cms|website=Times of India|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!''[[Mrs. Sen]]''<br />
| [[Agnidev Chatterjee]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Villain (2013)|Villain]]''<br />
| [[Tota Roy Chowdhury]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="4"|2014<br />
! ''[[Parapaar]]''<br />
| [[Sanjoy Nag]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''Sondhey Naamar Aagey''<br />
|Rhitobrata Bhattacharya<br />
|Arijit Dutt<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/film-review/movie-review-sondhya-namar-age/moviereview/45382735.cms|title=থ্রিলারকে মামুলি রহস্য সিরিজ করে দিল শেষ সিকোয়েন্স|date=5 December 2014|website=Ei Samay|language=bn|access-date=28 March 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!''[[Teenkahon]]''<br />
| [[Bauddhayan Mukherji]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Taan (2014 film)|Taan]]''<br />
| Mukul Roy Chowdhury<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="4"|2015<br />
!''[[Ek Cup Cha]]''<br />
|[[Noyeem Imtiaz Neyamul]]<br />
|[[Ferdous Ahmed|Ferdous]], [[Moushumi]]<br />
|Guest Appearance<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Bela Seshe]]''<br />
| [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]] and [[Nandita Roy]]<br />
| [[Soumitra Chatterjee]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Rajkahini]]''<br />
| [[Srijit Mukherji]]<br />
| [[Jaya Ahsan]]<br />
| bgcolor="#aaf0d1" |{{small|Won Tele Cine award for Best Actress}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''Tadanto''<br />
|[[Nitish Roy]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bangla.newsnextbd.com/article174035.nnbd/ |title=Tadanto |access-date=2015-11-05 |website=bangla.newsnextbd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914171446/http://bangla.newsnextbd.com/article174035.nnbd/ |archive-date=14 September 2015}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="6"|2016<br />
!''Aagun Pakhi''<br />
|Subhrajit Mitra<br />
|[[Sabyasachi Chakraborty]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Praktan]]''<br />
| [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]] and [[Nandita Roy]]<br />
| [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]<br />
| bgcolor="#aaf0d1" |{{small|Won Filmfare Award for Best Actress (Critics)}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''Mahanayika''<br />
|Saikat Bhakat<br />
|Indraneil Sengupta<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/mahanayika/movieshow/61245242.cms|website=The Times of India|title=Mahanayika|access-date=21 May 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!''Maya Mridanga''<br />
|[[Raja Sen]]<br />
|[[Debshankar Haldar]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''Rater Rojonigondha''<br />
| [[Anup Sengupta]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''Teenanko''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/teenanko/movieshow/61259000.cms|website=The Times of India|title=Teenanko|access-date=21 May 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="6"|2018<br />
!''Colours of Life''<br />
|Prakash Bharadwaj<br />
|[[Priyanshu Chatterjee]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''Damini''<br />
|[[Riingo Banerjee]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''Gaheen Hriday''<br />
|Sohini<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Drishtikone]]''<br />
|[[Kaushik Ganguly]]<br />
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Ekti Cinemar Golpo]]''<br />
|[[Alamgir (actor)|Alamgir]]<br />
|[[Arifin Shuvoo]], [[Alamgir (actor)|Alamgir]]<br />
|Bangladeshi Film <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Rongberonger Korhi]]''<br />
|[[Ranjan Ghosh]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" |2019<br />
!''[[Mukherjee Dar Bou]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Shah Jahan Regency]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Ahaa Re]]''<br />
|[[Ranjan Ghosh]]<br />
|[[Arifin Shuvoo]]<br />
|Bangladeshi Film<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/rituparna-sengupta-aha-re-focuses-on-the-journey-towards-love-instead-of-love-itself/articleshow/67524449.cms|website=The Times of India|title=Rituparna Sengupta: 'Aha Re' focuses on the journey towards love instead of love itself<br />
|date=14 January 2019|access-date=25 February 2019|last=Ghosh|first=Sankha}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|user=taran_adarsh| author=Taran Adarsh|date=5 February 2019|number = 1092740347220750336 |title=Rituparna Sengupta, Arifin Shuvoo, Paran Bandyopadhyay and Amrita Chattopadhyay... #Bengali film #AhaaRe to release on 22 Feb 2019... Directed by Ranjan Ghosh... Distribution by SSR Cinemas P Ltd... Poster: https://t.co/waGmdy4wU5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/may/28/20874/i-see-a-little-of-basundhara-in-me-rituparna-sengupta-on-her-understated-character-in-ahaa-re|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190819100116/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/may/28/20874/i-see-a-little-of-basundhara-in-me-rituparna-sengupta-on-her-understated-character-in-ahaa-re|url-status= live|archive-date= 19 August 2019|website=Cinestaan|title= I see a little of Basundhara in me: Rituparna Sengupta on her understated character in Ahaa Re}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!''Atithi''<br />
|Sujit Paul<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/previews/atithi/articleshow/69373536.cms|title=Atithi (2019)|website=The Times of India |date=17 May 2019 |language=en|access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''Lime n Light''<br />
|Reshmi Mitra<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/limelight-rituparna-sengupta-to-be-seen-in-a-double-role/articleshow/66704719.cms|title='Limelight': Rituparna Sengupta to be seen in a double role|website=The Times of India|date=20 November 2018 |language=en|access-date=28 October 2019}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"| 2020<br />
!''[[Bidrohini]]''<br />
|Sandip Chowdhury<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-bidrohini/articleshow/69563848.cms|title=It's a wrap for Bidrohini|website=The Times of India|date=29 May 2019 |access-date=27 February 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!''[[The Parcel]]'' <br />
| Indrasis acharya<br />
| [[Saswata Chatterjee]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" | 2022<br />
! ''[[Kishmish]]'' <br />
| Rahool Mukherjee <br />
| —<br />
| Guest appearance<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
!''[[Bela Shuru]]''<br />
|[[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]] and [[Nandita Roy]]<br />
| [[Soumitra Chatterjee]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Mahishasur Marddini]]''<br />
|[[Ranjan Ghosh]]<br />
| [[Saswata Chatterjee]], [[Parambrata Chattopadhyay]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''Neel Doriyar Majhi''<br />
|Panna Hossain<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Prosenjit Weds Rituparna]]''<br />
|Samrat Sharma <br />
| [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]<br />
|Releasing on 25 November <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2023<br />
! ''[[Maayakumari]]''<br />
| [[Arindam Sil]]<br />
| [[Abir Chatterjee]]<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Maayakumari Movie Review : A period drama that even the good music and acting couldn't save |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/maayakumari/movie-review/97063306.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-04-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!''[[Datta (2023 film)|Datta]]''<br />
|Nirmal Chakraborty <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"| 2024<br />
! ''[[Dabaru]]''<br />
| Pathikrit Basu<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Ajogyo]]''<br />
| [[Kaushik Ganguly]]<br />
| [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''Amar Labangalata''<br />
|Bappaditya Bandyopadhyay<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/rituparna-shares-a-candid-picture-from-the-sets-of-labangalata/articleshow/66647012.cms|title=Rituparna shares a candid picture from the sets of 'Labangalata' - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=16 November 2018 |language=en|access-date=28 October 2019}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"| 2025<br />
![[Puratawn]]<br />
|[[Suman Ghosh (director)|Suman Ghosh]]<br />
|[[Sharmila Tagore]], [[Indraneil Sengupta]]<br />
|Comeback of [[Sharmila Tagore]] in Bengali cinema.<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
![[Madam Sengupta]]<br />
|[[Sayantan Ghosal]]<br />
|[[Rahul Bose]], [[Ananya Chatterjee]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
![[Bela (film)|Bela]]<br />
|Anilavaa Chatterjee<br />
|[[Biswajit Chakraborty]]<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='রান্নার জিনিয়াস' বেলা দের চরিত্রে ঋতুপর্ণা সেনগুপ্ত, পরিচালনায় অনিলাভ |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/rituparna-sengupta-to-play-bela-de-in-anilava-chatterjees-first-feature-film/pid/1015535/ |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=sangbadpratidin |language=bn}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="7" |<br />
!style="background:#ffc;"|''Chhuti'' {{dagger|alt=Film has not yet been released}}<br />
| Murari Mohan Rakshit<br />
| [[Saswata Chatterjee]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!style="background:#ffc;"|''[[Sporsho]]'' {{dagger|alt=Film has not yet been released}}<br />
| [[Anonno Mamun]] and Abhinondon Dutt<br />
| [[Nirab Hossain|Nirob]]<br />
|Indo-Bangladesh joint production film <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!style="background:#ffc;"|''Jam'' {{dagger|alt=Film has not yet been released}}<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Noyeem Imtiaz Neyamul]]<br />
| [[Ferdous Ahmed|Ferdous]], [[Purnima (Bangladeshi actress)|Purnima]], [[Arifin Shuvoo]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!style="background:#ffc;"|''Gangchil'' {{dagger|alt=Film has not yet been released}}<br />
| [[Ferdous Ahmed|Ferdous]], [[Purnima (Bangladeshi actress)|Purnima]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!style="background:#ffc;"|''Agnibina'' {{dagger|alt=Film has not yet been released}}<br />
| [[Shamim Ahamed Roni]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!style="background:#ffc;"|''Zokhom'' {{dagger|alt=Film has not yet been released}}<br />
| [[Apurba Rana]]<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!style="background:#ffc;"|''Chhoto Maa'' {{dagger|alt=Film has not yet been released}}<br />
| [[Jakir Hossain Raju]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Hindi films==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Key<br />
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}<br />
| Denotes films that have not yet been released<br />
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Title<br />
! Director<br />
! Co-actor<br />
! Note<br />
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}<br />
|-<br />
| 1994<br />
! ''[[Teesra Kaun?]]''<br />
| [[Partho Ghosh]]<br />
| [[Chunkey Pandey]]<br />
| bgcolor="#aaf0d1" | {{small|[[Bollywood]] debut}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/teesra-kaun-7808|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228042013/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/teesra-kaun-7808|url-status=live|archive-date=28 December 2018|title=Teesra Kaun (1994) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2019-08-23}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|1995<br />
! scope="row"|''Mohini''<br />
| [[Hema Malini]]<br />
|<br />
| bgcolor="#aaf0d1" |{{Small|Telefilm}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/lesser-known-facts-about-rituparna-sengupta/Worked-in-a-telefilm-directed-by-Hema-Malini/photostory/63392530.cms|title=Worked in a telefilm directed by Hema Malini - Lesser known facts about Rituparna Sengupta|website=The Times of India|date=29 August 2018 |access-date=2019-08-18}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Zakhmi Sipahi]]''<br />
| [[T L V Prasad]]<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[Mithun Chakraborty]]<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/zakhmi-siphai-15141|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823062244/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/zakhmi-siphai-15141|url-status=live|archive-date=23 August 2019|title=Zakhmi Siphai (1995) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2019-08-23}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|1997<br />
! ''[[Daadagiri]]''<br />
| [[Arshad Khan (Indian filmmaker)|Arshad Khan]]<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/daadagiri-8202|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228043518/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/daadagiri-8202|url-status=live|archive-date=28 December 2018|title=Daadagiri (1997)|website=Cinestaan|access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref><br />
|- <br />
|1998<br />
! ''[[Aakrosh (1998 film)|Aakrosh]]''<br />
|Ramesh J. Sharma <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2000<br />
!''Kaali Topi Laal Rumaal''<br />
|B. Vijay Reddy<br />
|[[Mithun Chakraborty]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2002<br />
! ''Sabse Badkar Hum''<br />
| K. Ravi<br />
| [[Mithun Chakraborty]]<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/sabse-badhkar-hum-9289|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823185506/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/sabse-badhkar-hum-9289|url-status=live|archive-date=23 August 2019|title=Sabse Badhkar Hum (2002) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2019-08-23}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|2005<br />
! ''[[Main, Meri Patni Aur Woh]]''<br />
| Chandan Arora <br />
| [[Rajpal Yadav]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''Swirl''<br />
|Sreejith Karanavar<br />
|<br />
| bgcolor="#aaf0d1" |{{Small|Short film}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2006<br />
! ''Unns''<br />
|Bhupender Gupta<br />
|[[Sanjay Kapoor]] [[Sudhanshu Pandey]]<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/unns-love-forever-10109|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823095401/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/unns-love-forever-10109|url-status=live|archive-date=23 August 2019|title=Unns: Love... Forever (2006) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2019-08-23}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2007<br />
! ''[[Gauri: The Unborn]]''<br />
|[[Akku Akbar]]<br />
|[[Atul Kulkarni]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2008<br />
! ''[[Sirf (film)|Sirf]]''<br />
| Rajaatesh Nayar <br />
| [[Parvin Dabas]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="4"|2009<br />
! ''[[Do Knot Disturb]]''<br />
| [[David Dhawan]] <br />
| [[Ritesh Deshmukh]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Fox (film)|Fox]]''<br />
|[[Deepak Tijori]]<br />
|[[Sunny Deol]]<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/fox/|title=Fox Movie|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=4 September 2009 |language=en|access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Love Khichdi]]''<br />
| Sharmista Basu<br />
| [[Randeep Hooda]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''S.R.K'' <br />
| Ajoy Varma <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/s-r-k-10684|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821140335/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/s-r-k-10684|url-status=live|archive-date=21 August 2019|title=S.R.K. (2009) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2019-08-21}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="6"|2010<br />
! ''[[...And Once Again]]''<br />
| [[Amol Palekar]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Bumm Bumm Bole]]''<br />
| Priyadarshan<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Dunno Y... Na Jaane Kyon]]''<br />
| Sanjay Sharma<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Life Express (2010 film)|Life Express]]''<br />
| Anup Das<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Main Osama]]''<br />
| [[Faisal Saif]] <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
! ''[[Mittal v/s Mittal]]''<br />
| Karan Razdan <br />
| [[Rohit Roy]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="4"|2011<br />
! ''[[Aagaah: The Warning]]''<br />
| [[Karan Razdan]]<br />
| [[Atul Kulkarni]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! ''Bas Ek Tamanna''<br />
| Rahul Kapoor<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bas Ek Tamanna Movie Review|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/bas-ek-tamanna/movie-review/9836754.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=8 March 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Dil Toh Baccha Hai Ji]]''<br />
| [[Madhur Bhandarkar]]<br />
| [[Ajay Devgn]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!''Mad — It Can't Be Anyone''<br />
|Prakash Jaiswal<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/mad-it-can-be-anyone-37105|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202255/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/mad-it-can-be-anyone-37105|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 June 2021|title=Mad: It Can Be Anyone (2011)|website=Cinestaan|access-date=8 March 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|2012<br />
! ''[[Aalaap (2012 film)|Aalaap]]''<br />
| Manish Manikpuri <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/aalaap-11597|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902160127/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/aalaap-11597|url-status=live|archive-date=2 September 2019|title=Aalaap (2012) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2019-09-02}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!''Overtime''<br />
|Ajay Yadav<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/overtime/movieshow/61238166.cms|title=Overtime (2012)|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=8 March 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2013<br />
! ''[[Calapor (film)|Calapor]]''<br />
| Dinesh P. Bhonsle <br />
| [[Priyanshu Chatterjee]]<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/calapor-11952|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823054024/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/calapor-11952|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 August 2019|title=Calapor (2013) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2019-08-23}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2014<br />
!''Kolkata Junction''<br />
|[[Anjan Dutt]]<br />
|[[Kay Kay Menon]]<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSiOcns3TTw|title=Kolkata Junction official trailer|website=www.youtube.com|date=19 April 2014 |access-date=8 March 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2015<br />
!''Extraordinaari''<br />
|Sunanda Shyamal Mitra<br />
|[[Shahbaz Khan (actor)|Shahbaz Khan]]<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Extraordinaari|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/extraordinaari/movieshow/61270128.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=8 March 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2016<br />
!''Six X''<br />
|[[Chandrakant Singh]]<br />
|[[Aasif Sheikh]]<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/six-x/|title=Six – X|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=14 October 2016 |language=en|access-date=8 March 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2017<br />
!''[[Main Khudiram Bose Hun]]''<br />
|Manoj Giri<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/main-khudiram-bose-hun/|title=Main Khudiram Bose Hun movie|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=December 2016 |access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
|-<br />
|2021<br />
!''[[Bansuri: The Flute]]''<br />
|Hari Viswanath<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhanja |first1=Sandipta |title=অনুরাগ কাশ্যপের বিপরীতে ঋতুপর্ণা, লকডাউনের মাঝেই প্রকাশ্যে 'বাঁশুরি' ছবির প্রথম ঝলক |<br />
url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/anurag-kashyap-rituparna-sengupta-starrer-bansuri-first-look-out/ |access-date=13 May 2020 |publisher=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=9 May 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2023<br />
!''Hum Tumhe Chahte Hai''<br />
|Rajann Lyallppuri<br />
|Janmejaya Singh<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hum Tumhein Chahte Hain: পর্দায় 'ঋতু'বদলের সাক্ষী আজকাল ডট ইন {{!}} Hum Tumhein Chahte Hain: ঋতুপর্ণা সেনগুপ্তর হাত ধরে বলিউডে নতুন নায়ক। বাপ্পি লাহিড়ির পরিবারের একজন হিসেবে তাঁর শেষ সুর দেওয়া হাম তুমহে চাহতে হ্যায় ছবিতে... {{!}} By Aajkaal.in {{!}} Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/Aajkaal/videos/hum-tumhein-chahte-hain-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%8B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8/209252338848605/ |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=www.facebook.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
!''[[Political War (film)|Political War]]''<br />
|Mukesh Modi<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
|''[[Kaal Trighori]]'' <br />
|Nitin Vaidya <br />
|[[Arbaaz Khan]]<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/kaal-trighori-motion-poster-unveiled-arbaaz-khan-rituparna-sengupta-lead-supernatural-thriller-releasing-november-14/|title=Kaal Trighori motion poster unveiled: Arbaaz Khan, Rituparna Sengupta lead supernatural thriller releasing November 14|date=22 October 2025|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=23 October 2025}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Odia films==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Director<br />
!Co-actor<br />
!Note<br />
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}<br />
|-<br />
|1991<br />
!''Kotia Manish Gotiye Jaga''<br />
|Vijay Bhaskar<br />
|[[Bijay Mohanty]]<br />
|bgcolor="#aaf0d1"|{{small|Credited as Chumki}}<br />
|<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-05-30 |title=Bengal Ration Distribution Case: ED Summons Popular Bollywood Actress Rituparna Sengupta - www.lokmattimes.com |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/entertainment/bengal-ration-distribution-case-ed-summons-popular-bollywood-actress-rituparna-sengupta-a475/ |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=Lokmat Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Citation |title=Kotia Manish Gotiye Jaga (1991) |url=https://www.csfd.cz/film/266187-kotia-manish-gotiye-jaga/hraji/ |access-date=2023-04-07 |language=cs-CZ}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|1993<br />
!''Bhagya Hate Dori''<br />
|<br />
|Bijoy Mohanty <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1994<br />
!''Gopa Re Badhhuchhi Kala Kanhei''<br />
|[[Sadhu Meher]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2003<br />
!''[[Katha Deithili Maa Ku]]''<br />
|Himanshu Parija<br />
|[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Other language films==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Director<br />
!Co-actor<br />
!Language<br />
!Notes<br />
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}<br />
|-<br />
|1995<br />
!''[[Ghatotkachudu]]''<br />
|[[S. V. Krishna Reddy]]<br />
|<br />
|Telugu<br />
|{{small|Special appearance}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|1996<br />
! ''[[Karnataka Suputra]]''<br />
| [[Vijay (director)|Vijay]]<br />
| [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]]<br />
| Kannada<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bG4VnumxZSg|website=Youtube.com|title=Karnataka Suputra|access-date=8 March 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2013<br />
! ''[[Kathaveedu]]''<br />
| [[Sohanlal]]<br />
|<br />
|Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Rituparna-Sengupta-to-enter-Mollywood-with-Kadhaveedu/etarticleshow/18366890.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022084354/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-07/news-and-interviews/36950488_1_bengali-actress-bengali-movies-bengali-cinema | url-status=live | archive-date=22 October 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Rituparna Sengupta to enter Mollywood with Kadhaveedu|access-date=8 March 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Music video==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Note<br />
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}<br />
|-<br />
|2017<br />
!''Dekha Hobe Ei Banglay''<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bengal's theme song: Dekha Hobe Ei Banglay |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/bangla/bengals-theme-song-dekha-hobe-ei-banglay/videoshow/21799963.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
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==Reality Shows==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Title<br />
! Season<br />
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! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}<br />
|-<br />
|2016<br />
! scope="row"|''Home Minister Bouma''<br />
! scope="row"|1<br />
|Anchor<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/home-minister-bouma-will-create-positive-impact-society-rituparna-sengupta-161015|title=Home Minister Bouma will create positive impact on society: Rituparna Sengupta|website=Tellychakkar.com|language=en|access-date=2019-08-18}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
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===Mahalaya===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Role<br />
!Channel<br />
!Note<br />
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}<br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|''Devi Dasomahabidya ''<br />
|Devi Parvati and Devi Mahisasuramardini <br />
|[[Colors Bangla]]<br />
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|<br />
|}<br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
* {{Official website|http://www.rituparna.com}}<br />
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[[Category:Indian filmographies|Sengupta, Rituparna]]<br />
[[Category:Works by artist|Sengupta, Rituparna]]</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panditrao_Agashe_School&diff=524141Panditrao Agashe School2026-02-22T14:40:52Z<p>MatthewEbner: Put up a biography!</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox school<br />
| name = Panditrao Agashe School<br />
| image =<br />
| motto = <br />
| established = 1957<br />
| type = Co-educational<br />
| head_label = Principal<br />
| website = <br />
| city = [[Pune]]<br />
| state = [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| campus = Law College Road<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|18.517340|73.830259|region:Maharashtra|display=inline,title}}<br />
| faculty = <br />
| houses = {{Color box|blue|border=darkgray}} Blue, {{Color box|green|border=darkgray}} green, {{Color box|red|border=darkgray}} red, {{Color box|yellow|border=darkgray}} yellow<br />
| colors = <br />
| key_people = Panditrao Agashe <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''MVM's Panditrao Agashe School''' or Panditrao Agashe School, is a private, co-educational day school located on Law College Road in [[Pune]], [[India]]. The institution is part of the Maharashtra Vidhya Mandal, which was founded in 1957.<br />
<br />
Panditrao Agashe was one of the first Maharashtrian in Pune to start an English-Medium School. He is also known for his English-Marathi and Marathi-English dictionaries.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160519220217/http://www.sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5463244815885575374&SectionId=5494605966908300850&SectionName=Civic&NewsDate=20140806&NewsTitle=Panditrao%20Agashe%20School%20students%20learn%20about%20Kargil%20War Panditrao Agashe School students learn about Kargil War]}}</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/New-English-school-Panditrao-Agashe-school-emerge-winners-at-AWIM/articleshow/27539815.cms New English school, Panditrao Agashe school emerge winners at AWIM]</ref><br />
The school caters to pupils from kindergarten up to class 10, and the medium of instruction is English. It Is affiliated with the [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]], Pune which conducts the SSC Examinations at the end of class 10. The school is divided into three sections: pre-primary, primary, and secondary.<br />
<br />
==Panditrao Agashe==<br />
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The school's name sake is [[Panditrao Agashe|Jagdish "Panditrao" Agashe]] (1936 – 1986) the elder brother of the late [[business magnate]] [[Dnyaneshwar Agashe|Shri. Dnyaneshwar Agashe]], eldest son of industrialist [[Chandrashekhar Agashe|Shri. Chandrashekhar Agashe]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Ranade|first=Sadashiv|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RstWAAAAMAAJ |title=चितपावन कौशिक गोत्री आगाशे कुलवृत्तांत |trans-title=Genealogy of the Chitpavan Agashe Family belonging to the Kaushik Gotra |chapter=मांगदरी घराणा |trans-chapter=The House of Mangdari |date=1974 |language=mr |type=[[Kulavruttanta]] |lccn=74903020 |oclc=20388396 |author-link=Sadashiv Ranade |via=[[University of Michigan]] |page=61}}</ref> He served as the managing director of the [[Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd.]] after his father.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dGcjAQAAMAAJ |access-date=26 August 2022 |title=Kothari's Economic and Industrial Guide of India |date=1978 |publisher=Kothari |page=37 |language=en |via=[[University of Michigan]]}}</ref><br />
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==See also==<br />
*[[List of schools in Pune]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Sister project links |wikt=no |commons=Panditrao Agashe School |commonscat=yes |b=no |n=no |q=no |s=no |v=no |d=Q24942107 |m=no|mw=no|species=no}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Schools in Pune]]<br />
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1957]]<br />
[[Category:1957 establishments in Bombay State]]<br />
[[Category:Private schools in Maharashtra]]</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sindhi_Jats&diff=458312Sindhi Jats2026-02-13T08:58:35Z<p>MatthewEbner: small cleanup section per standard format and added references for accuracy</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indigenous Jats of Sindh}}<br />
{{for|the historical Jat community in lower Iraq|Zutt}}<br />
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br />
{{Infobox ethnic group<br />
| group = Sindhi Jats<br />
| languages = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] (and its [[Sindhi languages|dialects]]).<br />
| religions = [[Islam]] (majority), [[Hinduism]] (minority)<br />
| related_groups = [[Jats]]<br />
}}<br />
The '''Sindhi Jats''' ([[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]: سنڌي جت/جاٽ) are an [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] community of [[Sindh]], Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khushalani |first=Gobind |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Wp6otInFcAC&q=Jat |title=Chachnamah Retold : An Account Of The Arab Conquest Of Sindh |date=2006 |publisher=Bibliophile South Asia |isbn=978-81-85002-68-2 |language=en |quote=JATS: One of the important tribes of ancient Sindh, generally a farming community.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Butt |first=Allah Rakhio |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-VjAAAAMAAJ&q=sindhi+tribes |title=Papers on Sindhi Language & Linguistics |date=1998 |publisher=Institute of Sindhology, University of Sindh |isbn=978-969-405-050-8 |pages=280 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Allānā |first=G̲h̲ulām ʻAlī |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UuttAAAAMAAJ&q=sindhi+tribes |title=Sindi Culture: A Preliminary Survey |date=1986 |publisher=Indus Publications |pages=3 and 100 |language=en}}</ref> They are mostly [[Muslims]].<br />
<br />
Originally from the lower [[Indus Valley]], many Sindhi Jats would migrate to [[Lower Mesopotamia|lower Iraq]] between the 5th and 11th centuries, where they formed the [[Zuṭṭ]] ({{Langx|ar|الزُّطِّ}}) community.<ref>Wink, André (2002). [https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&dq=zutt&pg=PA160#v=onepage&q=sind%20and%20makran&f=false Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries]. BRILL. {{ISBN|978-0-391-04173-8}}. ''"Sind, in point of fact, while vaguely defined territorially, overlaps rather well with what is currently Pakistan. It definitely did extend beyond the present province of Sind and Makran; the whole of Baluchistan was included, a part of the Panjab, and the North-West Frontier Province."''</ref><ref>Wink, André (2002). [https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&dq=zutt&pg=PA160#v=onepage&q=zutt%20settled&f=false Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries]. BRILL. {{ISBN|978-0-391-04173-8}}. Pg. 48, 157.</ref><ref>Maclean, Derryl N. (1984). [https://books.google.com/books?id=kGxqygAACAAJ Religion and Society in Arab Sind]. McGill University. {{ISBN|978-0-315-20821-6}}. Pg. 45.</ref> Another migration northwards into [[Punjab]] would take place between the 11th and 16th centuries, where many Sindhi Jats settled in newly cultivatable land and gradually took up farming.<ref name=":52">Ansari, Sarah F. D. (1992). [https://books.google.com/books?id=j8wrDHqwEFIC&pg=PA27 Sufi saints and state power: the pirs of Sind, 1843–1947]. Cambridge University Press. p. {{ISBN|978-0-521-40530-0}}. Quote: ''"Between the eleventh and sixteenth centuries, groups of nomadic pastoralists known as Jats, having worked their way northwards from Sind, settled in the Panjab as peasant agriculturalists and, largely on account of the introduction of the Persian wheel, transformed much of western Panjab into a rich producer of food crops. (page 27)"''</ref><ref name=":12">Grewal, J. S. (1998), [https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false The Sikhs of the Punjab], Cambridge University Press, p. 5, {{ISBN|978-0-521-63764-0}}, retrieved 12 November 2011 Quote: ''"... the most numerous of the agricultural tribes (in the Punjab) were the Jats. They had come from Sindh and Rajasthan along the river valleys, moving up, displacing the Gujjars and the Rajputs to occupy culturable lands. (page 5)''"</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last1=Asher |first1=Catherine B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA269 |title=India Before Europe |last2=Talbot |first2=Cynthia |date=2006-03-16 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-80904-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Tiemann |first=Günter |date=1963 |title=Review of The Jat of Pakistan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40456070 |journal=Anthropos |volume=58 |issue=5/6 |pages=936–938 |issn=0257-9774 |jstor=40456070}}</ref><ref name=":42">{{Cite book |last1=Khazanov |first1=Anatoly M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-v_RORENFbMC&pg=PT177 |title=Nomads in the Sedentary World |last2=Wink |first2=Andre |date=2012-10-12 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-12194-4 |language=en}}</ref><br />
==Etymology==<br />
The [[Arabic]] term "''[[Zutt]]''" is derived from Jat,<ref>Maclean, Derryl N. (1984). [https://books.google.com/books?id=kGxqygAACAAJ Religion and Society in Arab Sind]. McGill University. {{ISBN|978-0-315-20821-6}}. Pg. 45.</ref><ref>Nizami, Khaliq Ahmad (1994). "Early Arab Contact with South Asia". ''Journal of Islamic Studies''. 5 (1): 52–69. {{ISSN|0955-2340}}. {{JSTOR|26196673}}. Pg. 57.</ref><ref>ʿAthamina, Khalil (1998). "Non-Arab Regiments and Private Militias during the Umayyād Period"]. Arabica. 45 (3): 347–378. {{ISSN|0570-5398}}. Pg. 355. {{JSTOR|4057316}}</ref> but referred generally to most tribes of the [[Indus valley]], including non-Jat tribes such as the Qufs, Andaghars, and Sayabijas.<ref>Zakeri, Mohsen (1995). [https://books.google.com/books?id=VfYnu5F20coC&dq=zutt&pg=PA195#v=onepage&q=zutt&f=false Sāsānid Soldiers in Early Muslim Society: The Origins of ʻAyyārān and Futuwwa]. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. {{ISBN|978-3-447-03652-8}}. Pg. 123, 195, 196.</ref><br />
<br />
In the [[Sindhi language]], there are three words which can be [[romanized]] as Jat,<ref>جاٽَ (p. 640), جَتُ (p. 649), ڄَٽُ (p. 683), in Nabī Bakhshu Khānu Balocu. ''Jāmiʻ Sindhī lughāta''. Karācī: Ḥaidarābād Sindhu, Pākistān: Sindhī Adabī Borḍ, 1960–1988. Available online at the [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/baloch/ Digital South Asia Library].</ref> those being:<br />
* ''Jāṭ'' (''جاٽ''), which is the [[transliteration]] of [[Jats]] <br />
* ''Jat'' (''جت''), sometimes spelled ''Jath'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-28 |title=Indus Delta's unique 'Kharai' camels on verge of extinction |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/131780/indus-deltas-unique-kharai-camels-verge-extinction/ |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=Daily Times |language=en-US |quote=Jatt (Also Jat or Jath) is an ingenious community in lower [[Sindh]], [[Makran]] and [[Kutch district|Katch]] (or Kachh) area of India.}}</ref> pronounced with a softer t, which refers to the camel-herding [[Jats of Balochistan|Jats of Makran]], Sindh,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cheesman |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQZeAgAAQBAJ&dq=sindhi+jats&pg=PA36 |title=Landlord Power and Rural Indebtedness in Colonial Sind |date=2013-12-16 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-136-79449-0 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |page=36 |language=en|quote=In Baluchistan, a 'jat' signified a camel-handler and this seems to have been the original occupation of Sindhi Jats, but many were also farm labourers.}}</ref> and [[Kutch district|Kutch]]; this community was a part of the Zutt who presented camels for [[Mu'awiya I|Caliph Mu'awiyah]]<ref>Wink, André (2002). [https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&dq=zutt&pg=PA160#v=onepage&q=zutt&f=false Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries]. BRILL. {{ISBN|978-0-391-04173-8}}. Pg. 160, 172.</ref><br />
* ''J̱aṭ'' (''ڄٽ''), pronounced with an implosive j, which is a generic term for [[peasant]], and is sometimes used as an insult<br />
<br />
During [[Mughal Empire|Mughal rule]], the term "Jat" began to be loosely synonymous with "peasant" in the [[Punjab]] region.<ref>{{citation|last=Mayaram|first=Shail|title=Against History, Against State: Counterperspectives from the Margins|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yi6QpFCZBy8C&pg=PA33|year=2003|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-12730-1|page=33|quote=Indeed "Jat" had been a generic term for a peasant in the Punjab.}}</ref> In [[West Punjab]] and the [[NWFP]], "Jat" and "Rajput" were seen more as socioeconomic titles rather than ethnic identities.<ref>{{cite book |title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age |first=Susan |last=Bayly |author-link=Susan Bayly |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=9780521798426 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&q=Susan+Bayly+meo |page=139 |quote=For Ibbetson, then, both the Punjab and the northwest frontier regions were open societies where the difference between the 'Jat' and the 'Rajput' was not a matter of blood or ethnological fact... [but] a fluid representation of status as claimed by men of power.}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
The Jats of Sindh can be divided into three sections:<br />
<br />
# '''Larai Jats''' (Sindhi: جت), known for their camel-herding profession.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cheesman |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQZeAgAAQBAJ&dq=sindhi+jats&pg=PA36 |title=Landlord Power and Rural Indebtedness in Colonial Sind |date=2013-12-16 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-136-79449-0 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=36 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-28 |title=Indus Delta's unique 'Kharai' camels on verge of extinction |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/131780/indus-deltas-unique-kharai-camels-verge-extinction/ |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=Daily Times |language=en-US |quote=Jatt (Also Jat or Jath) is an ingenious community in lower Sindh, Makran and Katch (or Kachh) area of India.}}</ref> They speak a dialect of [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] called [[Jatki language|Jatki]]. They are mainly found in lower Sindh, and the city "[[Jati Taluka|Jati]]" is named after them.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Wink |first=André |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC |title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries |date=2002 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-0-391-04173-8 |pages=154–160 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-28 |title=Indus Delta's unique 'Kharai' camels on verge of extinction |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/131780/indus-deltas-unique-kharai-camels-verge-extinction/ |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=Daily Times |language=en-US |quote=In the famous love story of Sassi Punnuh from Sindhi folklore, Punnuh was a Jatt from Makran who falls in love with Sassi and came to Sindh to marry her. Famous Sindhi poet Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai has also sung about Jatts and their camels in his poetry.}}</ref><br />
# '''Central Sindhi Jats''' (Sindhi: جاٽ).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pirzada |first=Din Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XHzjAAAAMAAJ |title=Growth of Muslim Nationalism in Sindh: Parting of Ways to Pakistan |date=1995 |publisher=Mehran Publishers |language=en}}</ref><br />
# '''Sirai Jats''' (Sindhi: سيرائي جاٽ).<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
[[File:Abbasid_Dinar_-_al-Ma'mun_-_208_AH_(823_AD).jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|A gold dinar minted in [[Egypt]], displays the names of the Caliph and Zutt Emir [[Ubaydallah ibn al-Sari]]]]<br />
Sindhi Jats were originally [[nomad]]ic [[Pastoralism|pastoralists]] in lower [[Sindh]]. They (along with other groups like the ''Sayabija'', ''Andaghar'' and ''Qufs'') had been settling in [[Lower Mesopotamia|lower Iraq]] since the 5th century, where they formed the [[Zuṭṭ]] ({{Langx|ar|الزُّطِّ}}) community.<ref>Zakeri, Mohsen (1995). [https://books.google.com/books?id=VfYnu5F20coC&dq=zutt&pg=PA195#v=onepage&q=zutt&f=false Sāsānid Soldiers in Early Muslim Society: The Origins of ʻAyyārān and Futuwwa]. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. {{ISBN|978-3-447-03652-8}}. Pg. 123, 195, 196.</ref> These Sindhi Jat-origin Zutt would be among the first people from the [[Indian subcontinent|Subcontinent]] to embrace [[Islam]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nizam |first=Muhammad Huzaifa |date=2023-01-15 |title=HOW THE INDUS VALLEY FED ISLAM'S GOLDEN AGE |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1731742 |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en |quote=these Jatts, known as Zutt in Arabic, were amongst the earliest in Persia to accept Islam and thus join with the Muslim armies in their further conquests. They were also later replenished with more of their men, when the Indus Valley fell into the hands of the Ummayad Caliphate in 711 CE.}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Zutt would serve as [[Mercenary|mercenaries]] for the [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanid]] and later [[Caliphate|Caliphal]] armies.<ref>Zakeri, Mohsen (1995). [https://books.google.com/books?id=VfYnu5F20coC&dq=zutt&pg=PA195#v=onepage&q=zutt&f=false Sāsānid Soldiers in Early Muslim Society: The Origins of ʻAyyārān and Futuwwa]. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. {{ISBN|978-3-447-03652-8}}.</ref><ref>Wink, André (2002). [https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&dq=zutt&pg=PA160#v=onepage&q=zutt&f=false Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries]. BRILL. {{ISBN|978-0-391-04173-8}}. P. 156-157.</ref> Under the Caliphate, they were tasked with guarding governors and suppressing revolts.<ref>Nizami, Khaliq Ahmad (1994). ''Early Arab Contact with South Asia''. Journal of Islamic Studies. 5 (1): 52–69. {{ISSN|0955-2340}}. {{JSTOR|26196673}}.</ref><ref>ʿAthamina, Khalil (1998). ''Non-Arab Regiments and Private Militias during the Umayyād Period''. Arabica. 45 (3): 347–378. {{ISSN|0570-5398}}. {{jstor|4057316}} P. 357.</ref> A few rose to become governors themselves, such as [[Al-Sari ibn al-Hakam|Al-Sari]] of Egypt and [[Abu al-Khasib]] of Tabaristan.<ref name="zutti2">{{Cite book |last=Beg |first=Muhammad Abdul Jabbar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VoLdcQAACAAJ&q=Social+Mobility+in+Islamic+Civilization:+The+Classical+Period+:+Y+Muhammad+Abdul+Jabbar+Beg |title=Social Mobility in Islamic Civilization: The Classical Period: Y Muhammad Abdul Jabbar Beg |date=1981 |publisher=University of Malaya Press |page=171 |language=en |quote=For instance, al - Sari b . alHakam b . Yusuf al - Zutti " was a governor of Egypt in 200-205 H./815-820 A.D. There were two other reported cases of social mobility among the Zutt people .}}</ref><ref>Crone, Patricia (1980). [https://books.google.com/books?id=fOu7XGjKmkAC Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity]. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-52940-2}}. P. 16</ref><ref>Malek, Hodge M. (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=zqY0AAAACAAJ The Dābūyid Ispahbads and Early 'Abbāsid Governors of Tabaristān: History and Numismatics]. Royal Numismatic Society. {{ISBN|978-0-901405-83-8}}.</ref> Some Zutt soldiers also assisted in the [[Arab conquest of Sindh]], although according to some sources, this did little to remove the restrictions placed on Rebellious Jat tribes in Sindh, such as the Samma and Lakha.<ref>Vijaya Ramaswamy, ed. (2017). [https://books.google.com/books?id=5CYxDwAAQBAJ&dq=jats+and+muhammad+bin+qasim&pg=PT127#v=onepage&q=jats%20and%20muhammad%20bin%20qasim&f=false Migrations in Medieval and Early Colonial India]. Routledge. {{ISBN|978-1-351-55824-2}}.</ref><ref>Jackson, Peter (2003), [https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA15#v=onepage&q&f=false The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History], Cambridge University Press, p. 15, {{ISBN|978-0-521-54329-3}}, A caliphal governor of Sind in the late 830s is said to have … (continued the previous Hindu requirement that) … The Jats and their rebellious clans, such as the Samma and Lakha (as mentioned in the Chachnama), were required, when walking outdoors, to be accompanied by a dog. As the dog was considered unclean in both Hindu and Muslim traditions, this practice served as a symbolic means of reinforcing their subjugated status. In effect, the new regime of the eighth and ninth centuries did not abolish the discriminatory regulations inherited from earlier Hindu sovereignty but rather maintained them. (page 15)"</ref> The Zutt power and identity broke down following the end of the twenty-five-year-long [[Zutt Rebellion]] (810–835) in Iraq, which began during the reign of al-Ma'mun and continued into the era of al-Mu'tasim.<ref name="Tabiri2">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ky2rl0xN2SQC&dq=Zutt+rebellions&pg=PA7 |title=The History of al-Ṭabarī Vol. 33: Storm and Stress along the Northern Frontiers of the ʿAbbasid Caliphate: The Caliphate of al-Muʿtaṣim A.D. 833-842/A.H. 218-227 |date=2015-07-01 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-9721-0 |pages=7–10 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Between the 11th and 16th centuries, many Sindhi Jats would also migrate into [[Punjab]] and take up farming.<ref name=":52" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32" /><ref name=":42" /><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Sindhi Sammat]]<br />
* [[Med people|Sindhi Meds]]<br />
* [[Muslim Jats]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references responsive="1"></references><br />
<br />
[[Category:Sindhi tribes]]<br />
[[Category:Jat]]</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Payal_Nair&diff=524980Payal Nair2026-02-09T06:08:13Z<p>MatthewEbner: Put up info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian actress}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = Payal Nair<br />
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]<br />
| occupation = Actress<br />
| years_active = 2000–present<br />
| known_for = [[Meher (TV series)|Meher]]<br />
| spouse = Mahesh Nair <br />
}}<br />
'''Payal Nair''' is an Indian actress who is popularly known for her title role in ''[[Meher (TV series)|Meher]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UTV show climbs TVR charts in all TV homes|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/jan/jan201.htm|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Indian Television dot com}}</ref> She made her film debut in ''[[Jungle (2000 film)|Jungle]]'' (2000).<ref>{{Cite web|title=ARCHIVING ENTERTAINMENT INDUSTRY OF INDIA|url=https://www.indianfilmhistory.com/movie-details/jungle}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
She is best known for her roles in films like ''[[Sorry Bhai!]]'' (2008) and for television appearances in series such as ''[[Do Saheliyaan... Kismat Ki Kathputaliyaan]]'' (2010), ''[[Saat Phere: Saloni Ka Safar]]'' (2005) and ''[[Chand Chupa Badal Mein]]'' (2010). In ''Sorry Bhai'' (2008), she played the role of "Sandy". The movie got critical acclaim and she too started getting offers.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}<br />
<br />
She's also got to play the double of Meher named ''Shabana.''{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}<br />
<br />
She played a prominent role of "Chanchal", aunt of the lead character "Siddharth Sood" (played by Abhishek Tiwari), in the serial called ''Chand Chupa Badal Mein'' (2010). She was also seen in the serial called ''Parrivaar... Kartavya Ki Pariksha''.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
===Film===<br />
* [[Jungle (2000 film)|''Jungle'']] (2000)<br />
*''[[Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein]]'' (2002)<br />
* ''[[Sorry Bhai!]] (2008)''<br />
*[[Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai|''Once Upon A Time In Mumbaai'']] (2010)<br />
*''[[Chhapaak]]''<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Only if Sushant had believed his lines from Chhichhore|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/column/only-if-sushant-had-believed-his-lines-from-chhichhore/20200618.htm|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Rediff.com}}</ref> (2020)<br />
* [[Main Atal Hoon]] as Indira Gandhi (2024)<br />
<br />
=== Television ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:100%"<br />
! Year<br />
! Show<br />
! Role<br />
! colspan=2 class="unsortable"| Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2004 - 2005<br />
| '' [[Meher (TV series)|Meher]]''<br />
| Meher / Shabana<br />
| Lead Role <br />
|-<br />
| 2004 - 2005<br />
| '' [[Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa (TV series)|Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa]]''<br />
| Vandana<br />
| Supporting Role <br />
|-<br />
| 2005<br />
| ''[[Saat Phere: Saloni Ka Safar]]''<br />
| <br />
| Negative Role<br />
|-<br />
| 2005 - 2007<br />
| '' [[Bhabhi (TV series)|Bhabhi]]''<br />
| Manju Chatterjee (After Plastic Surgery) / Meenakshi Chatterjee / Meenakshi Tilak Chopra<br />
| Negative Role<br />
|-<br />
| 2007 <br />
| ''[[Sapna Babul Ka... Bidaai]]''<br />
| Gayathri <br />
| Cameo Role<br />
|-<br />
| 2007 <br />
| ''Parrivaar''<br />
| Ishita Chhabra / Ishita Pranay Kumar <br />
| Supporting Role<br />
|-<br />
| 2007 - 2008<br />
| ''[[Chhoona Hai Aasmaan]]''<br />
| Sunaina Aryaveerpratap Singh<br />
| Supporting Role<br />
|-<br />
| 2010<br />
| ''[[Do Saheliyaan... Kismat Ki Kathputaliyaan]]''<br />
| <br />
| Supporting Role<br />
|-<br />
| 2010 - 2011<br />
| ''[[Chand Chupa Badal Mein]]''<br />
| Chanchal Jawahar Sood<br />
| Negative Role<br />
|-<br />
| 2015<br />
| ''[[Phir Bhi Na Maane...Badtameez Dil]]''<br />
| Devki Purohit<br />
| Supporting Role<br />
|-<br />
| 2017<br />
| ''[[Rishton Ka Chakravyuh]]''<br />
| Daamo<br />
| Supporting Role<br />
|-<br />
| 2019<br />
| ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=New entries in TV shows|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/new-entries-in-tv-shows/articleshow/71151661.cms|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
| Advocate Damini Mishra<br />
| Cameo Role<br />
|-<br />
| 2020<br />
| ''[[Anupamaa]]''<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Paayal Kapoor Nair: Rajan Shahi always remembers me for interesting role|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/paayal-kapoor-nair-rajan-shahi-always-remembers-me-for-interesting-role/articleshow/77071933.cms|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
| Parul Sharma - School Principal<br />
| Cameo Role<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Web series===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role !!Platform !!Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2019 || ''Parchhayee'' || Mrs Singh ||[[ZEE5]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/digital/news-digital/payal-nair-feature-zee5s-series-ghost-stories-ruskin-bond/2019/01/09/amp|title=Payal Nair to feature in ZEE5's series, Ghost Stories by Ruskin Bond|date=2019-01-09|website=IWM Buzz |language=en-IN|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
|''[[Crime Beat]]''<br />
| Ashwini Mahaldar<br />
|[[ZEE5]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Theatre Play===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:100%"<br />
! Year<br />
! Show<br />
! Role<br />
! colspan=2 class="unsortable"| Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2009<br />
| ''Jaise Kitabon Mein Mile<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/art-theatre/rewind-replay/articleshow/15951145.cms|title=Rewind & replay |website=Mumbai mirror|language=en-EN|access-date=2009-09-01}}</ref>''<br />
| Meera<br />
| Main Role<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb name | 4492997 | Payal Nair }}<br />
* {{Instagram | paayalkapoor| Payal Nair }}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, Payal}}<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikander_Ghuman&diff=535806Sikander Ghuman2026-02-08T00:26:44Z<p>MatthewEbner: starting stub</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
'''Sikander Ghuman''', also credited as '''G Human''', is a British-Punjabi actor and producer who primarily works in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi-language]] films.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Jaffer |first=Askari |date=2025-05-21 |title=Theatre to Stardom: Sikandar Ghuman's Cinematic Rise |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/life-style/theatre-to-stardom-sikandar-ghumans-cinematic-rise-973128 |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-27 |title=Sikander Ghuman on 'Gulak Bugni Bank Te Batua 2': A lot of comedy and suspense are waiting - Exclusive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/sikander-ghuman-on-gulak-bugni-bank-te-batua-2-a-lot-of-comedy-and-suspense-are-waiting-exclusive/articleshow/92484408.cms |access-date=2025-06-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-14 |title=Sikander Ghuman on his 'Parauneya Nu Dafa Karo' co-star: Kulwinder is the most down-to-earth person I have met - Exclusive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/sikander-ghuman-on-his-parauneya-nu-dafa-karo-co-star-kulwinder-is-the-most-down-to-earth-person-i-have-met-exclusive/articleshow/92880374.cms |access-date=2025-06-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He has appeared in the ''[[Chal Mera Putt]]'' film series and other Punjabi films such as ''[[Maurh]]'', ''[[Aaja Mexico Challiye]]'', and ''Marriage Palace''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kulwinder Billa-starrer Parauneya Nu Dafa Karo to release this year, confirms co-star Sikander Ghuman |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/kulwinder-billa-starrer-parauneya-nu-dafa-karo-to-release-this-year-confirms-co-star-sikander-ghuman-413517/ |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2025-05-10 |title=पंजाबी सिनेमा के उभरते सितारे सिकंदर घुमन: कोविड काल में मिली चुनौतियों को अवसर में बदला, अब 2025 में नई ऊंचाइयों की तैयारी - Jaipur News |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/jaipur/news/sikandar-ghuman-is-the-rising-star-of-punjabi-cinema-135000664.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250511191737/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/jaipur/news/sikandar-ghuman-is-the-rising-star-of-punjabi-cinema-135000664.html |archive-date=2025-05-11 |access-date=2025-06-14 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref> Before his film career, he was involved in professional Punjabi theatre.<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Ghuman was born in [[Kapurthala]], [[Punjab]], India. Following the death of his mother shortly after his birth, he was raised by his grandfather.<ref name=":0" /> His family later relocated to the [[United Kingdom]]. Prior to entering the entertainment industry, he worked in various jobs.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Theatre ==<br />
Ghuman performed in professional Punjabi theatre, playing noted roles in productions including ''Yaar Kalakaar'', ''Kaem Zindagi'', and ''Jona Mod''.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Ghuman began appearing in Punjabi films in the late 2010s, with roles in ''Marriage Palace'' (2018), ''Band Vaaje'' (2019), and ''Jagga Jiunda E'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-28 |title=Sikander Ghuman urf 'G Human' - Pollywood's 'Jack of all trades' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/sikander-ghuman-urf-g-human-an-emerging-star-of-the-punjabi-film-industry/articleshow/90092969.cms |access-date=2025-06-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He is known for playing the character Gaafa in the ''Chal Mera Putt'' film series, including its sequels [[Chal Mera Putt]], [[Chal Mera Putt 2]], [[Chal Mera Putt 3]] released in 2020, 2021, and the upcoming 2025 installment.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
In ''[[Aaja Mexico Challiye]]'' (2022), he portrayed the father of the character Shehbaaz. In 2023, he appeared as Raja Raghbir Singh in the historical film ''[[Maurh]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-09 |title=Maurh movie review: Ammy Virk dazzles in a frustratingly mediocre historical drama |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/maurh-review-ammy-virk-dazzles-in-a-frustratingly-mediocre-historical-drama-8654736/ |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-18 |title=Ammy Virk's 'Aaja Mexico Chaliye' new teaser is all about laughter gags |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/ammy-virks-aaja-mexico-chaliye-new-teaser-is-all-about-laughter-gags |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=PTC Punjabi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-02-28 |title='Aaja Mexico Challiye' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/previews/aaja-mexico-challiye/articleshow/89888098.cms |access-date=2025-06-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
Ghuman also featured in ''Golak Bugni Bank Te Batua 2'' (scheduled for 2025) and ''Parohneya Nu Daffa Karo'' (2025), the latter released on the streaming platform Chaupal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Living his childhood dream is Sikander Ghuman |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/pollywood/living-his-childhood-dream-is-sikander-ghumman-337232/ |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In addition to acting, Ghuman produced and acted in the film ''Aashiqui Not Allowed'' (2013).<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - The Tribune Lifestyle |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130925/ttlife1.htm |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashiqui Not Allowed {{!}} Cast and Crew {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ashiqui_not_allowed/cast-and-crew |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2013 || ''Aashiqui Not Allowed'' || Sikander || Producer<br />
|-<br />
| 2018 || ''Marriage Palace'' || Billu || <br />
|-<br />
| 2018 || ''Jagga Jiunda E'' || Raja ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2019 || ''Band Vaaje'' || Harpal ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2019 || ''[[Chal Mera Putt]]'' || Gaafa || <br />
|-<br />
| 2020 || ''[[Chal Mera Putt 2]]'' || Gaafa || <br />
|-<br />
| 2021 || ''[[Chal Mera Putt 3]]'' || Gaafa || <br />
|-<br />
| 2022 || ''[[Aaja Mexico Challiye]]'' || Shehbaaz’s father || <br />
|-<br />
| 2023 || ''[[Maurh]]'' || Raja Raghbir Singh || <br />
|-<br />
| 2023 || ''[[Maa Da Ladla]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2025 || ''Parohneya Nu Daffa Karo'' || Friend of lead character || Released on Chaupal<br />
|-<br />
| 2025 || ''Chal Mera Putt 4'' || Gaafa || Upcoming<br />
|-<br />
| 2025 || ''Golak Bugni Bank Te Batua 2'' || || Upcoming<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghuman, Sikander}}<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Punjabi cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Actors in Punjabi cinema]]</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phullen&diff=525433Phullen2026-02-04T05:05:23Z<p>MatthewEbner: Put up a info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Phullen<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = [[India]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = State<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Mizoram]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = District<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Saitual district]]<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|23|50|N|93|03|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}<br />
| pushpin_map = India Mizoram#India<br />
| seat = [[Phullen RD Block Headquarters]]<br />
| postal_code = [[796261]]<br />
| blank_name_sec1 = Mizoram Rural Bank (MRB)<br />
| other_name = Khandaih khua<br />
| established_date = 1901<br />
| founder = Vanphunga Sailo<br />
| governing_body = Village Council of Phullen<br />
| leader_name = Vanzairemmawia<br />
| leader_title1 = Village Council President<br />
| leader_party = Mizo National Front (MNF)<br />
| elevation_m = 1045<br />
}}<br />
[[File:View of Phullen from west.jpg|thumb|Phullen from west]]<br />
<br />
'''Phullen''' is a town in [[Saitual district]], in the Indian state of [[Mizoram]].<br />
As per the [[Constitution of India]] and [[Panchayati raj|Panchayati Raj]] Act, Phullen is administrated by a Village Council <ref>https://lad.mizoram.gov.in/page/the-lushai-hills-district-village-councils-acts-1953.html {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> who are the elected representatives of the village. It is located {{convert|125|km}} east of the State Capital [[Aizawl]], which is also the capital of Mizoram. Phullen is a Block <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mizorural.nic.in/organisation.html|title = Department of Rural Development, Mizoram -}}</ref> headquarters of Phullen Block,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wikivillage.in/block/mizoram/aizawl/phullen# | title=Phullen, Aizawl, Mizoram &#124; wikivillage.in }}</ref> which is bounded by Darlawn Block <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wikivillage.in/block/mizoram/aizawl/darlawn|title = Village Website in India, Explore Villages of India, Best Village Sites in India, Wikivillage}}</ref> towards west, [[Ngopa]] Block towards East, Thingsulthliah Block <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wikivillage.in/block/mizoram/aizawl/thingsulthliah-part|title = Village Website in India, Explore Villages of India, Best Village Sites in India, Wikivillage}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Culture==<br />
The population of Phullen is made up of different ethnic groups. The culture of the [[Mizo people|Mizo]] tribes and its social structure has changed since the arrival of [[Christianity]] in Mizoram. People of Phullen celebrate [[Christmas]] festival, [[New Year]], Chapchar Kut<ref>{{Cite web |title=the origin of chapchar kut: Mizoram |url=http://www.mizoram.nic.in/about/oriofchapcharkut.htm |website=www.mizoram.nic.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Administrative structure==<br />
Phullen is headed by the [[Village Council]] President. Almost all issues regarding the village administration are under this authority. The President and Village Council Members exercised all matters of village administration with regards to law and order and development projects. Some aid groups such like [[Young Mizo Association]] (YMA) and [[Mizo Hmeichhe Insuihkhawm Pawl]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mizoram.nic.in/more/mhip.htm|title = Mizo Hmeichhe insuihkhawm Pawl: Mizoram}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Phullen.jpg|Phullen Diakkawn<br />
File:Monument of First School in Mizoram rural.jpg|'''Khandaih:''' The first permanent school in rural Mizoram was established on 1 August 1903 at Khandaih<br />
File:Awksarala Tomb - Buata Bawihtlung.jpg|alt=Tomb of Phullen Chief|'''Awksarala's Tomb:''' Awksarala's Tomb is the tomb of the Phullen Chief Awksarala, located at Lalhuan Tlang in Phullen, Aizawl District, Mizoram, India.<br />
File:Evening @ Phullen.jpg|Beautiful Evening at Phullen.<br />
File:First Mizo Christian Martar in Mizoram.jpg|First Mizo Christian Martyr<br />
File:Phullen Buata.jpg|alt=Phullen Khua|Phullen is a town in Aizawl district, in the Indian state of Mizoram. It is 125 kilometers away from the state capital in the north eastern part of Mizoram.<br />
File:Phullen Kohhran Biak In.png|alt=Phullen Kohhran|'''Phullen Presbyterian Church -''' it was established in 1901 at Khandaih.<br />
File:Phullen Vengthar Presbyterian Church.jpg|alt=Phullen Vengthar Kohhran|Phullen Vengthar Presbyterian was established in 1980<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
[[North Lungpher]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Aizawl district]]</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Raman_Singh_ministry&diff=533846Second Raman Singh ministry2026-01-29T08:24:48Z<p>MatthewEbner: starting bio</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Ministry in Chhattisgarh, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox government cabinet<br />
| cabinet_type = Ministry<br />
| cabinet_number = 3rd <br />
| jurisdiction = [[Chhattisgarh]]<br />
| flag = <br />
| flag_border = true<br />
| incumbent = <br />
| image = File:The former Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh, Dr. Raman Singh.jpg<br />
| image_size = 150px<br />
| caption = [[Raman Singh]]<br/>[[Hon'ble]] [[Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh]] <br />
| date_formed = 12 December 2008 <br />
| date_dissolved = 12 December 2013<br />
| government_head = [[Raman Singh]]<br />
| government_head_title = [[Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh|Chief Minister]]<br />
| government_head_history = <br />
| state_head = [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]]<br/>[[Shekhar Dutt]]<br />
| state_head_title = [[Governor of Chhattisgarh|Governor]]<br />
| members_number = <br />
| former_members_number = <br />
| total_number = <br />
| political_parties = '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'''<br />
| legislature_status = [[Majority government|Majority]]<br />
| opposition_cabinet = <br />
| opposition_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]] <br />
| opposition_leader = [[Ravindra Choubey]] <br />
| election = [[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<br />
| last_election = <br />
| legislature_term = {{ayd|12 December 2008|12 December 2013}}<br />
| budget = <br />
| advice_and_consent1 = <br />
| advice_and_consent2 = <br />
<!-- etc. --><br />
| incoming_formation = <br />
| outgoing_formation = <br />
| previous = [[First Raman Singh ministry]]<br />
| successor = [[Third Raman Singh ministry]] <br />
}}This is a list of minister from [[Raman Singh]]'s third cabinet starting from December 2008. [[Raman Singh]] is the leader of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] was sworn in as the [[Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh]] for the second time, in December 2008. Here is the list of the ministers of his ministry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031205/main1.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Main News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://suggestive.com/halloween-costume-ideas-pets/|title=10 Spooktacular Halloween Costume Ideas For Pets – Suggestive.com &#124; Everyday News and Entertainment}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/raman-singh-led-cabinet-3-new-ministers-inducted-chhattisgarh-254257-2015-05-22|title=3 new ministers inducted into Raman Singh-led Cabinet in Chhattisgarh|website=India Today|date=22 May 2015 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Council of Ministers==<br />
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}<br />
{{Cabinet table minister<br />
| title = [[List of chief ministers of Chhattisgarh|'''Chief Minister''']]<br/>Finance<br/>General Administration<br/>Energy<br/>Mining<br/>Commerce & Industry<br/>Other departments not allocated to any Minister<br />
| minister1 = [[Raman Singh]]<br />
| minister1_termstart = 12 December 2008<br />
| minister1_termend = 12 December 2013<br />
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
}}<br />
{{Cabinet table minister<br />
| title = Minister of Home<br/>Minister of Cooperatives<br />
| minister1 = [[Nanki Ram Kanwar]]<br />
| minister1_termstart = 22 December 2008<br />
| minister1_termend = 12 December 2013<br />
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
}}<br />
{{Cabinet table minister<br />
| title = Minister of Rural Development & Panchayat Raj<br/>Minister of Law<br />
| minister1 = [[Ramvichar Netam]]<br />
| minister1_termstart = 22 December 2008<br />
| minister1_termend = 12 December 2013<br />
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
}}<br />
{{Cabinet table minister<br />
| title = Minister of Food & Civil Supplies<br/>Minister of Gramodyog and 20-point programme implementation<br />
| minister1 = [[Punnulal Mohle]]<br />
| minister1_termstart = 22 December 2008<br />
| minister1_termend = 12 December 2013<br />
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
}}<br />
{{Cabinet table minister<br />
| title = Minister of Public Works Department<br/>Minister of School Education<br/>Minister of Parliamentary Affairs<br/>Minister of Tourism & Culture<br/>Minister of Religious Trusts & Endowments<br />
| minister1 = [[Brijmohan Agrawal]]<br />
| minister1_termstart = 22 December 2008<br />
| minister1_termend = 12 December 2013<br />
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
}}<br />
{{Cabinet table minister<br />
| title = Minister of Revenue<br/>Minister of Health & Medical Education<br/>Minister of Commercial Tax<br />
| minister1 = [[Amar Agrawal]]<br />
| minister1_termstart = 22 December 2008<br />
| minister1_termend = 12 December 2013<br />
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
}}<br />
{{Cabinet table minister<br />
| title = Minister of Agriculture<br/>Minister of Animal Husbandry & Fisheries<br/>Minister of Labour<br />
| minister1 = [[Chandra Shekhar Sahu]]<br />
| minister1_termstart = 22 December 2008<br />
| minister1_termend = 12 December 2013<br />
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
}}<br />
{{Cabinet table minister<br />
| title = Minister of Woman & Child Development<br/>Minister of Social Welfare<br/>Minister of Sports & Youth Affairs<br />
| minister1 = [[Lata Usendi]]<br />
| minister1_termstart = 22 December 2008<br />
| minister1_termend = 12 December 2013<br />
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
}}<br />
{{Cabinet table minister<br />
| title = Minister of Urban Development & Housing<br/>Minister of Transport<br/>Minister of Environment<br />
| minister1 = [[Rajesh Munat]]<br />
| minister1_termstart = 22 December 2008<br />
| minister1_termend = 12 December 2013<br />
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
}}<br />
{{Cabinet table minister<br />
| title = Minister of Water Resources<br/>Minister of Forest<br />
| minister1 = [[Vikram Usendi]]<br />
| minister1_termstart = 22 December 2008<br />
| minister1_termend = 12 December 2013<br />
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
}}<br />
{{Cabinet table minister<br />
| title = Minister of Higher Education & Technical Education<br/>Minister of Science & Technology<br />
| minister1 = [[Hemchand Yadav]]<br />
| minister1_termstart = 22 December 2008<br />
| minister1_termend = 12 December 2013<br />
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
}}<br />
{{Cabinet table minister<br />
| title = Minister of SC, ST, OBC & Minority Welfare<br/>Minister of Public Health Engineering<br />
| minister1 = [[Kedar Nath Kashyap]]<br />
| minister1_termstart = 22 December 2008<br />
| minister1_termend = 12 December 2013<br />
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Third Raman Singh ministry]]<br />
* [[Bhupesh Baghel ministry]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Raman Singh Second ministry}}<br />
[[Category:Chhattisgarh ministries]]<br />
[[Category:Raman Singh ministry]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party state ministries of Chhattisgarh|Raman II]]<br />
[[Category:2008 in Indian politics]]<br />
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2008|Raman II]]<br />
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 2013|Raman II]]<br />
[[Category:2008 establishments in Chhattisgarh]]<br />
[[Category:2013 disestablishments in India]]</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goa_trance&diff=477104Goa trance2026-01-25T14:26:37Z<p>MatthewEbner: New Some Entry V1</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Electronic music style}}<br />
{{Infobox music genre<br />
| name = Goa trance<br />
| stylistic_origins = {{hlist|[[Trance music|Trance]]|[[Electronic body music|EBM]]|[[psychedelic rock]]|[[acid house]]|[[new beat]]|[[Indian classical music]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=o_ctCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56 ''The Local Scenes and Global Culture of Psytrance'', page 56], [[Routledge]]</ref>}}<br />
| cultural_origins = Early 1990s, [[Goa]], India<ref name="allmusic guide"/><br />
| derivatives = [[Psychedelic trance]], [[nitzhonot]]<br />
| subgenrelist = <br />
| subgenres = <br />
| fusiongenres = [[Psybient]]<br />
| regional_scenes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Goa trance''' is an [[electronic dance music]] style that originated in the early 1990s in the Indian state of [[Goa]].<ref name="allmusic guide">{{cite book |author=Bogdanov, Vladimir |title=All Music Guide to Electronica: The Definitive Guide to Electronic Music |edition=4th |year=2001 |publisher=Backbeat Books |isbn=978-0879306281 |pages=xi |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/allmusicguidetoe00vlad }}</ref> Goa trance often has [[Drone (sound)|drone]]-like [[bassline]]s, similar to the [[Minimal techno|techno minimalism]] of 21st century [[psychedelic trance]] (psytrance). Psychedelic trance developed from Goa trance.<ref name=PsyBook2010>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_ctCgAAQBAJ&q=full-on&pg=PA116|author=Graham St John|title=The Local Scenes and Global Culture of Psytrance|isbn=978-1136944345|year=2010|publisher=Routledge }}</ref> The typically long songs built on progressive beat changes are said to put the listener in a "trance".<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The music has its roots in the popularity of [[Goa]], India as a [[hippie]] capital in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Throughout the 1980s, music incorporating elements of [[industrial music]], [[new beat]] and [[electronic body music]] (EBM), with the [[Indian religions|spiritual culture in India]] were commonplace, although Goa trance did not appear as a style until the early 1990s.<ref name="allmusic guide" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moodbook.com/music/trance.html#goa-trance |title=Goa Trance |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=moodbook.com |access-date=August 23, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319084451/http://www.moodbook.com/music/trance.html#goa-trance |archive-date=March 19, 2008 }}</ref><br />
<br />
The music played was a blend of styles loosely defined as [[techno]], [[new beat]] and various genres of "computer music" (e.g., high energy disco without vocals, acid-house, electro, industrial-gothic, various styles of house and electronic-rock hybrids). It arrived on tape cassettes by traveller-collectors and DJs and was shared (copied) tape-to-tape among Goa DJs, in an underground scene not driven by labels or the music industry.{{Citation needed|date=April 2015}}<br />
<br />
Prior to the 1980s, the music played at parties was performed by live bands and tapes were played in between sets. In the early 1980s, [[Sampler (musical instrument)|sampling synth]] and [[MIDI]] music appeared globally and DJs became the preferred format in Goa, with two tape decks driving a party without a break, facilitating continuous music.{{Citation needed|date=April 2015}}<br />
<br />
Cassette tapes were used by DJs until the 1990s, when [[Digital Audio Tape|DAT tapes]] were used. DJs playing in Goa during the 1980s included Fred Disko, Dr Bobby, Stephano, Paulino, Mackie, Babu, Laurent, Ray, Fred, Antaro, Lui, Rolf, Tilo, Pauli, Rudi, and [[Goa Gil]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joomag.com/magazine/alternative-goa-lifestyle-guide-alternative-goa-lifestyle-guide/0921810001407823837?page=33|title=ALTERNATIVE GOA LIFESTYLE GUIDE Alternative Goa Lifestyle Guide|date=21 November 2014|work=Joomag}}</ref> The music was eclectic in style but based around instrumental dub versions of tracks that evoked mystical, cosmic, psychedelic, and existential themes. Special mixes were made by DJs in Goa that were the editing of various versions of a track to make it longer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mind-like-a-laser.dreamwidth.org/664.html|title=mind_like_a_laser}}</ref><br />
<br />
By 1990–91, Goa had become a hot destination for partying and was no longer under the radar: the scene grew bigger. Goa-style parties spread like a diaspora all over the world from 1993, and a multitude of labels in various countries (UK, Australia, Japan, Germany) dedicated themselves to promoting psychedelic electronic music that reflected the ethos of Goa parties, Goa music and Goa-specific artists and producers and DJs. Mark Maurice's 'Panjaea's focal point' parties brought it to London in 1992 and its programming at London club [[megatripolis]] gave a great boost to the small international scene that was then growing (October 21, 1993 onwards). The golden age and first wave of Goa trance was generally agreed upon aesthetically between 1994 and 1997.{{Citation needed|date=April 2015}}<br />
<br />
Goa trance in the music industry and as a collective party fashion did not gain global recognition until 1994, when [[Paul Oakenfold]] began to champion the genre<ref>{{cite web|title=25 Most Influential Parties|url=http://www.mixmag.net/feature/25-parties-that-changed-dance-music-forever/46|website=Mixmag}}</ref> via his own [[Perfecto Records|Perfecto]] label and in the media, most notably with the release of his 1994 ''[[Essential Mix]]'', or more commonly known as the ''[[Goa Mix]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Paul Oakenfold 1994|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03lsp8z|website=BBC Essential Mix}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Sound==<br />
The original goal of the music was to assist the dancers in experiencing a collective state of bodily transcendence, similar to that of ancient shamanic dancing rituals, through hypnotic, pulsing melodies and rhythms. As such, goa trance has an energetic [[Beat (music)|beat]], often in a standard 4/4 dance rhythm. A typical track will generally build up to a much more energetic movement in the second half before reaching an intense climax, then taper off fairly quickly toward the end. The [[tempo]] typically lies in the 130–150 BPM range, although some tracks may have a tempo as low as 110 or as high as 160 BPM. Generally 8–12 minutes long, Goa trance tracks tend to focus on steadily building energy throughout, using changes in percussion patterns and more intricate and layered synth parts as the music progresses in order to build a hypnotic and intense feel.<br />
<br />
The kick drum often is a low, thick sound with prominent sub-bass frequencies. The music very often incorporates many audio effects that are often created through experimentation with synthesisers. A well-known sound that originated with Goa trance and became much more prevalent through its successor, which evolved Goa trance into a music genre known as [[psytrance]], has the organic "squelchy" sound (usually a sawtooth-wave which is run through a resonant band-pass or high-pass filter).{{Citation needed|date=April 2015}}<br />
<br />
Other [[music technology]] used in Goa trance includes popular analogue synthesizers such as the [[Roland TB-303]], [[Roland Juno-60]]/[[Roland Juno-106|106]], Novation Bass-Station, Korg MS-10, and the [[Roland SH-101]]. Hardware [[Sampler (musical instrument)|samplers]] manufactured by [[Akai Professional]], [[Yamaha Corporation|Yamaha]] and [[Ensoniq]] were also popular for sample playback and manipulation.{{Citation needed|date=April 2015}}<br />
<br />
A popular element of Goa trance is the use of vocal samples, often from [[Science fiction film|science fiction movies]]. Those samples mostly contain references to drugs, [[parapsychology]], [[extraterrestrial life]], [[existentialism]], [[out-of-body experience]]s, dreams, science, time travel, spirituality and similarly mysterious and unconventional topics.{{Citation needed|date=April 2015}}<br />
<br />
Detroit techno was introduced in 1999 by a group of anonymous artists who performed exclusively Detroit techno and Chicago house at a venue known as Laughing Buddha (formally known as Klinsons) in Baga, Goa. They were the first to play this style of music with turntables. Using vinyl was a first for Goa at that time. Until then DJs usually used mini discs, DATs and CDs, without beat matching to mix. The introduction of the Detroit sound had a lasting effect on Goa trance, leading to a more industrialized sound.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}<br />
<br />
==Parties==<br />
[[File:Vagator, Goa, India, Trance party in Goa, Psychedelic art.jpg|thumb|DJ playing Goa trance in Hilltop, Vagator, Goa.]]<br />
The first parties were those held at Bamboo Forest at [[Anjuna|South Anjuna beach]], Disco Valley at [[Vagator|Vagator beach]] and [[Arambol|Arambol beach]] (c. 1991–1993)<ref>{{cite web|last1=Saldhana|first1=Arund|title=Article: Music tourism and factions of bodies in Goa|url=http://www.tc.umn.edu/~saldanha/saldanha-ts.pdf|website=tc.umn.edu|publisher=Open University/University of Minnesota, Sage Publications, UK 2002|access-date=22 February 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083910/http://www.tc.umn.edu/~saldanha/saldanha-ts.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> and attempts initially were made to turn them into commercial events, which met with much resistance and the need to pay the local Goan police ''[[baksheesh]]''. Events were generally staged around a bar, even though these were often only a temporary fixture in the forest or beach.{{Citation needed|date=April 2015}} The parties taking place around the new year tend to be the most chaotic with busloads of people coming in from all places such as Mumbai, Delhi, Gujarat, Bangalore, Hyderabad, and Chennai. Travelers and ''[[sadhu]]s'' from all over India passed by to join in.{{Citation needed|date=April 2015}}<br />
<br />
[[Megatripolis]] in London was a great influence in popularising the sound. Running from June 1993 though really programming the music from October 1993 when it moved to Heaven nightclub it made all the national UK press, running until October 1996.<br />
<br />
In 1993 a party organization called [[Return to the Source]] also brought the sound to London, UK. Starting life at the Rocket in North London with a few hundred followers, the Source went on to a long residency at Brixton's 2,000 capacity Fridge and to host several larger 6,000 capacity parties in Brixton Academy, their New Year's Eve parties gaining reputations for being very special. The club toured across the UK, Europe and Israel throughout the 1990s and went as far as two memorable parties on the slopes of Mount Fuji in Japan and New York's Liberty Science Center. By 2001 the partners Chris Deckker, [[Mark Allen (DJ)|Mark Allen]], Phil Ross and Janice Duncan were worn out and all but gone their separate ways. The last Return to the Source party was at Brixton Academy in 2002.{{Citation needed|date=April 2015}}<br />
<br />
Goa parties have a definitive visual aspect – the use of "fluoro" ([[fluorescent paint]]) is common on clothing and on decorations such as tapestries. The graphics on these decorations are usually associated with topics such as [[Extraterrestrial life|alien]]s, [[Hinduism]], other religious (especially eastern) images, mushrooms (and other psychedelic art), [[shamanism]] and technology. Shrines in front of the DJ stands featuring religious items are also common decorations.{{Citation needed|date=April 2015}}<br />
<br />
==In popular culture==<br />
For a short period in the mid-1990s, Goa trance enjoyed significant commercial success with support from DJs, who later went on to assist in developing a much more mainstream style of trance outside Goa.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Music of Goa]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|25em}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* {{cite journal |title=Beyond Subculture and Post-subculture? The Case of Virtual Psytrance |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=393–418 |author=Tracey Greener & Robert Hollands |date=September 2006 |journal=Ingentaconnect |publisher= Publishing Technology. |doi=10.1080/13676260600914390 |s2cid=145364780 }}<br />
* St John, G. 2004 (ed.), ''Rave Culture and Religion'', Routledge. ({{ISBN|978-0-415-31449-7}}).<br />
* St John, G. 2001 (ed.), ''FreeNRG: Notes From the Edge of the Dance Floor'' [http://undergrowth.org/freenrg_notes_from_the_edge_of_the_dancefloor free ebook download] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205012006/http://undergrowth.org/freenrg_notes_from_the_edge_of_the_dancefloor |date=2023-02-05 }}, Common Ground, Melbourne, 2001 ({{ISBN|978-1-86335-084-6}}).<br />
* St John, G. 2010. (ed.), ''The Local Scenes and Global Culture of Psytrance.'' New York: Routledge. ({{ISBN|978-0415876964}}).<br />
* St John, G. 2011. [http://dj.dancecult.net/index.php/journal/article/view/94 DJ Goa Gil: Kalifornian Exile, Dark Yogi and Dreaded Anomaly.] ''Dancecult: Journal of Electronic Dance Music Culture'' 3(1): 97–128.<br />
* St John, G. 2012. [http://dj.dancecult.net/index.php/journal/article/view/111 Seasoned Exodus: The Exile Mosaic of Psyculture.] ''Dancecult: Journal of Electronic Dance Music Culture'' 4(1): 4–37.<br />
* St John, G. 2012. ''Global Tribe: Technology, Spirituality and Psytrance.'' Equinox. ({{ISBN|9781845539559}}).<br />
* St John, G. 2014. [https://www.academia.edu/5527161/Goatrance_Travellers_Psytrance_and_its_Seasoned_Progeny._In_Simone_Kr%C3%BCger_and_Ruxandra_Trandafoiu_eds_The_Globalization_of_Musics_in_Transit_Musical_Migration_and_Tourism_Routledge_2014_ "Goatrance Travellers: Psytrance and its Seasoned Progeny."] In Simone Krüger and Ruxandra Trandafoiu (eds), ''The Globalization of Musics in Transit: Musical Migration and Tourism.'' New York: Routledge, 160–182.<br />
* Taylor, T., 2001. ''Strange Sounds: Music, Technology and Culture,'' Routledge. ({{ISBN|978-0-415-93684-2}}).<br />
* Moon Juice Stomper Novel by Ray Castle<br />
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{{Electronica}}<br />
{{psychedelic music}}<br />
{{Trance music-footer}}<br />
{{Performing arts of Goa}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Goa trance music| ]]<br />
[[Category:Music scenes]]<br />
[[Category:Trance genres]]</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ajit_Varman&diff=451796Ajit Varman2026-01-25T12:19:22Z<p>MatthewEbner: Updated article with clearer structure</p>
<hr />
<div>{{more citations needed|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox musical artist<br />
| name = Ajit Varman<br />
| image =<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption =<br />
| birth_name = Ajit Singh Varman<br />
| alias =<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date |1947|3|26|df=y}}<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|2016|12|15|1947|3|26|df=y}}<br />
| origin = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]<br />
| instrument =<br />
| genre =<br />
| occupation = [[Music Director]]<br />
| years_active = 1975- 2016<br />
| label =<br />
| associated_acts =<br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
'''Ajit Singh Varman''' (26 March 1947 – 15 December 2016<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/composer-of-80s-melodies-varman-dead/articleshow/56012019.cms |title=Composer of '80s melodies Ajit Varman passes away |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |date=16 December 2016 }}</ref>), sometimes also credited as '''Ajit Verman''', was an Indian [[film score|film music]] [[composer]]. He started his career in the 1960s as a musician for the likes of [[Satyajit Ray]], [[Mrinal Sen]], [[Pankaj Mullick]] and [[Salil Chowdhury]] in Calcutta (now [[Kolkata]]) as well as [[Shankar Jaikishan]] and [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]] in the 1970s in Mumbai (then Bombay) till 1975 when he decided to make the transition to full-time music direction.<br />
<br />
He worked on [[Govind Nihalani]]'s ''[[Aakrosh (1980 film)|Aakrosh]]'' (1980), ''[[Vijeta (1982 film)|Vijeta]]'' (1982) and ''[[Ardh Satya]]'' (1983), besides two of [[Mahesh Bhatt]]'s early classics ''[[Saaransh]]'' (1984) and ''[[Janam (1985 film)|Janam]]'' (1985).{{Sfn|Banerjee|2013|p=10}}{{Sfn|Limbacher|Wright|1991|p=179}}<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
* ''[[Aakrosh (1980 film)|Aakrosh]]'' (1980) <br />
* ''[[Vijeta (1982 film)|Vijeta]]'' (1982) <br />
* ''[[Ardh Satya]]'' (1983)<br />
* ''[[Saaransh]]'' (1984)<br />
* ''Misaal'' (1985)<br />
* ''[[Janam (1985 film)|Janam]]'' (1985, TV Movie)<br />
* ''[[Andha Yudh]]'' (1987)<br />
* ''[[Karm Yodha]]'' (1992)<br />
* ''[[Imtihaan (TV show)|Imtihaan]]'' (1995, TV show)<br />
* Mohini (1995, Background Score)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
* {{cite book|last1=Limbacher|first1=James L.|last2=Wright|first2=H. Stephen|title=Keeping score: film and television music, 1980-1988|url=https://archive.org/details/keepingscorefilm00limb|url-access=registration|year= 1991|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-2453-9}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Banerjee|first=Srivastava|title=One Hundred Indian Feature Films: An Annotated Filmography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9RPeAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA10|year= 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-84098-3}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|0894336}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Varman, Ajit}}<br />
[[Category:1947 births]]<br />
[[Category:2016 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Musicians from Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi film score composers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]<br />
<br />
{{India-musician-stub}}</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Gang_Bust&diff=523051Operation Gang Bust2026-01-15T00:10:50Z<p>MatthewEbner: Put up new article!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{notability|1=Events|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{Short description|2026 gang crackdown in India}}<br />
{{Orphan|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox civil conflict<br />
| title = Operation Gang Bust<br />
| date = 13 January 2026 – present<br />
| place = [[New Delhi]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal]], [[Rajastan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Punjab, India]]<br />
| goals = Crackdown on criminals<br />
| status = Ongoing<br />
| side1 = * [[Delhi Police]]<br />
* [[Haryana Police]]<br />
* [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]]<br />
* [[Himachal Pradesh Police]]<br />
* [[Rajasthan Police]]<br />
* [[Uttar Pradesh Police]]<br />
| side2 = Criminals<br />
| arrests = 854<br />
}}<br />
<br />
On 13 January 2026, multiple Indian state police agencies, led by the [[Delhi Police]], launched a 48-hour gang-crackdown operation. Around 9,000 police men from the [[Delhi Police]], [[Haryana Police]], [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]], [[Himachal Pradesh Police]], [[Rajasthan Police]], and [[Uttar Pradesh Police]] carried out the operation in their respective districts. The agencies have reported the arrests of 854 people, including 280 known gangsters. Another 6,494 suspects were brought into questioning by the police.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2026-01-13 |title=Operation Gang Bust-2026: Delhi Police Arrest 854, Target Major Crime Networks, Including Goldy Brar's |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/state/operation-gang-bust-2026-delhi-police-arrest-854-target-major-crime-networks-including-goldy-brars-enn26011304106 |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref> The police have also seized around 300 illegal arms, 130 rounds of ammunition, and Rs 25 lakh of cash from the arrested.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Operating Gang Bust: Delhi Police Arrests 280 Gangsters In 48 Hour Crackdown |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/operation-gang-bust-delhi-police-arrests-280-gangsters-in-48-hour-crackdown-10741046 |access-date=13 January 2026 |website=www.ndtv.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=280 Gangsters Arrested In 5 States: Inside Delhi Police's 'Op Gang Bust' |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/280-gangsters-arrested-in-5-states-inside-delhi-polices-op-gang-bust-10742438 |access-date=13 January 2026 |website=www.ndtv.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=854 people held under Operation Gang-Bust 2026 in 2 days Delhi Police |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2026/01/13/854-people-held-under-operation-gang-bust-2026-in-2-days-delhi-police.html |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/india/operation-gang-bust-over-500-arrested-in-delhi-police-s-48-hour-crackdown/ar-AA1U7epI#:~:text=The%20operation%20was%20conducted%20simultaneously,,%20were%20captured,%20police%20said. |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Police's 'Operation Gang Bust 2026': Arrests of 854 accused, 280 gangsters in 48-hour mega crackdown |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/delhi-polices-operation-gang-bust-2026-arrests-of-854-accused-280-gangsters-in-48-hour-mega-crackdown20260113133134/ |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
[[Category:January 2026 in India]]<br />
[[Category:2020s in Haryana]]<br />
[[Category:2020s in Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:2020s in New Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:2020s in Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:2020s in Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:2020s in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Gangs in India]]<br />
[[Category:Law enforcement in India]]</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shilpa_Raju&diff=534984Shilpa Raju2026-01-08T00:06:59Z<p>MatthewEbner: starting a data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox musical artist<br />
| name = Shilpa Raju<br />
| image =<br />
| caption =<br />
| image_size =<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1992|6|27}}<br />
| genre = [[Playback singing]],<br />
| years_active = 2013–present<br />
| siblings = <br />
}}<br />
'''Shilpa Raju''' is an Indian [[playback singer]], working in the [[Malayalam]] film industry.<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
<br />
Shilpa was born to C. R. Raju and Geetha Raju in [[Kadamattom]] ([[Ernakulam district]]) on 27 June 1992. She started learning music at age 7. She completed her bachelor's degree in English Language and Literature from St. Peter's College, Kolenchery.<br />
<br />
During her school days, she entered music contests. She was a frequent participant in school youth festivals, winning multiple prizes.<br />
<br />
== Contests ==<br />
<br />
She was the M.G. University arts fest winner in 2011 and 2012 for light music and [[Kavithaparayanam]], respectively. In 2002, she participated in Twinkle Stars, a musical contest in Jeevan, winning first prize. In 2007, she participated in Ragalayam, a music contest on Surya and was first runner up. In 2010 she participated in Idea Star Singer Season 5 and was one of the top ten contestants. Reality shows 2007 - Little Masters on Asianet Plus - 1st Runner Up. 2008 - Gandharvasangeetham on Kairali TV - 3rd Runner Up. 2010 - Idea Star Singer on Asianet .<br />
<br />
She was a finalist in the Asianet ''[[Idea Star Singer]]'' 2011–12 season. She got her chance at stardom in [[Malayalam cinema|Mollywood]] with a duet in the movie, ''Just Married''.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/shilpa-raju-gets-to-sing-a-duet-with-najim-arshad-114042800263_1.html|title=Shilpa Raju gets to sing a duet with Najim Arshad |publisher=Press Trust of India|date=2014-04-28 |accessdate=2014-04-28}}<br/>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shilpa-raju-gets-to-sing-a-duet-with-najim-arshad-1982894|title=Shilpa Raju gets to sing a duet with Najim Arshad |publisher=|date=2014-04-28 |accessdate=2014-04-28}}<br/>{{cite web|author= |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/music/shilpa-raju-gets-to-sing-a-duet-with-najim-arshad_154245.html|title=Shilpa Raju gets to sing a duet with Najim Arshad |publisher=|date=2014-04-28 |accessdate=2014-04-28}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Raju, Shilpa}}<br />
[[Category:1992 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]<br />
[[Category:Singers from Kochi]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahaan_Panday&diff=453040Ahaan Panday2025-12-23T19:27:23Z<p>MatthewEbner: basic expand information for clarity and fixed typos</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Saiyaara (film)]]<br />
{{Redirect category shell |<br />
{{R to related topic}}<br />
{{R with possibilities}}<br />
}}</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electoral_history_of_Rahul_Gandhi&diff=498352Electoral history of Rahul Gandhi2025-12-20T10:32:57Z<p>MatthewEbner: creating a data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Elections featuring Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br />
[[File:Rahul Gandhi.png|thumb|Rahul Gandhi in 2024]]<br />
This is a summary of the '''electoral history of [[Rahul Gandhi]]''', who is currently serving as the 12th [[leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha]] and as the member of the [[Lok Sabha]] for [[Rae Bareli Lok Sabha constituency|Rae Bareli]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], since June 2024.<br />
<br />
In the [[2004 Indian general election|2004 general election]], Gandhi contested from Amethi and won, securing 390,179 votes with a vote share of 66.18 per cent. He contested again in the [[2009 Indian general election|2009 general election]] from [[Amethi Lok Sabha constituency|Amethi]], winning with 464,195 votes and a vote share of 71.78 per cent. In the 2014, [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general election]], he retained his seat in Amethi, winning with 408,651 votes and a vote share of 46.71 per cent. In the [[2019 Indian general election]], he lost from Amethi, securing 413,394 votes with a vote share of 43.86 per cent. He won from [[Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency|Wayanad]] in the same election, garnering 706,367 votes with a vote share of 64.67 per cent. In the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general election]], Gandhi contested from [[Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency|Wayanad]] and [[Rae Bareli Lok Sabha constituency|Rae Bareli]] and won both garnering 364,422 votes with a vote share of 59.69 per cent and 390,030 votes with a vote share of 66.17 per cent respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 June 2024 |title=Lok Sabha Election Results 2024: Wayanad or Raebareli? Rahul Gandhi says 'if it was in my control...' |url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/lok-sabha-election-results-2024-wayanad-or-raebareli-rahul-gandhi-says-if-it-was-in-my-control-11717517181397.html |access-date=5 June 2024 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref> Top leadership of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] decided that Gandhi will retain [[Rae Bareli Lok Sabha constituency|Rae Bareli]] in the [[18th Lok Sabha]] and [[Priyanka Gandhi]] was announced as the Congress candidate for [[Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency|Wayanad]] bypoll.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rahul Gandhi to retain Rae Bareli Lok Sabha seat; Priyanka Gandhi to contest from Wayanad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/rahul-gandhi-to-retain-rae-bareli-lok-sabha-seat-priyanka-gandhi-to-contest-from-wayanad/article68300631.ece |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X |date=17 June 2024 |access-date=17 June 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
=== Lok Sabha elections ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
! Constituency <br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
!Votes <br />
!%<br />
!Result<br />
|-<br />
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br />
| rowspan=3| [[Amethi Lok Sabha constituency|Amethi]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=7}}<br />
|390,179<br />
|66.18%<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br />
|464,195<br />
|71.78%<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br />
|408,651<br />
|46.71%<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br />
| [[Wayanad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Wayanad]]<br />
|706,367<br />
|64.67%<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Amethi Lok Sabha constituency|Amethi]]<br />
|413,394<br />
|43.86%<br />
|{{Lost}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br />
| [[Wayanad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Wayanad]]<br />
|647,445<br />
|59.69% <br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Rae Bareli Lok Sabha constituency|Rae Bareli]]<br />
|687,649<br />
|66.17%<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Detailed results ==<br />
=== General election 2004 ===<br />
[[Rahul Gandhi]], Sonia Gandhi's son, won the seat and represented the constituency in the [[Fourteenth Lok Sabha]].<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general election]]: [[Amethi]]<ref name=rahul2>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha|page=309|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=30 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718190634/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2014}}</ref> }}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Rahul Gandhi]]<br />
|votes = 390,179<br />
|percentage = 66.18<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Chandra Parkash Mishra<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|votes = 99,326<br />
|percentage = 16.85<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[Ram Vilas Vedanti]]<br />
|votes = 55,438<br />
|percentage = 9.40<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Sri Ram<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|votes = 12,320<br />
|percentage = 2.09<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Udai Raj Maurya<br />
|party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)<br />
|votes = 11,280<br />
|percentage = 1.91<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
|votes = 290,853<br />
|percentage = 49.33<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 589,596<br />
|percentage = 44.50<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General election 2009===<br />
Rahul Gandhi held the seat and represented the constituency in the [[Fifteenth Lok Sabha]].<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general election]]: [[Amethi]]<ref name=rahul3>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|title=Constituency Wise Detailed Results |page=153|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=30 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|archive-date=11 August 2014}}</ref> }}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Rahul Gandhi]]<br />
|votes = 464,195<br />
|percentage = 71.78<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Asheesh Shukla<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|votes = 93,997<br />
|percentage = 14.54<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Pradeep Kumar Singh<br />
|votes = 37,570<br />
|percentage = 5.81<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate|<br />
|candidate = Bhuwal<br />
|party = JPS<br />
|votes = 10,396<br />
|percentage = 1.61<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Swami Nath<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|votes = 9,642<br />
|percentage = 1.49<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
|votes = 370,198<br />
|percentage = 57.24<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 646,650<br />
|percentage = 45.16<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General election 2014===<br />
Rahul Gandhi won a third term as MP in the [[16th Lok Sabha|Sixteenth Lok Sabha]].<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general election]]: [[Amethi]]<ref name=rahul4>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS2437.htm?ac=37|title=Constituencywise-All Candidates|publisher=Election Commission of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517135253/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS2437.htm?ac=37|archive-date=17 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm|title=Parliamentary Constituency wise Turnout for General Election - 2014|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=31 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702210941/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm|archive-date=2 July 2014}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Rahul Gandhi]]|votes=408,651|percentage=46.71|change={{decrease}}25.07}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Smriti Irani]]|votes=300,748|percentage=34.38|change={{increase}}28.57}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dharmendra Pratap Singh|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=57,716|percentage=6.60|change={{decrease}}7.94}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kumar Vishwas|Dr. Kumar Vishvas]]|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=25,527|percentage=2.92|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=1,784|percentage=0.20|change=N/A}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
|votes = 1,07,903<br />
|percentage = 12.33<br />
|change = {{decrease}}32.83<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=8,74,872|percentage=52.39|change={{increase}}7.22}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = {{decrease}}26.82<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General election 2019===<br />
==== [[Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency|Wayanad]] ====<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Indian general election]]: Wayanad<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/1551-general-election-2019-including-vellore-pc/ |title=General Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rahul Gandhi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,06,367 |percentage=64.94 |change={{increase}}23.73 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[P. P. Suneer]]|party=Communist Party of India|votes=274,597|percentage=25.24|change={{decrease}}13.68}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Thushar Vellappally|party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|votes=78,816|percentage=7.25|change= N/A}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Babu Mani|party=Social Democratic Party of India|votes=5,426|percentage=0.50|change={{decrease}}1.07}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,31,770 |percentage=39.69 |change=37.41 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=10,87,783|percentage=80.37|change=6.77}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,59,679 |change =8.82 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 23.73 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
==== [[Amethi Lok Sabha constituency|Amethi]] ====<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: [[Amethi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Amethi Lok Sabha Results |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/uttar-pradesh-lok-sabha-election-results-2019/amethi |website=NDTV |access-date=23 May 2019 |date=23 May 2019}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate=[[Smriti Irani]]<br />
|votes=4,68,514<br />
|percentage=49.71<br />
|change={{increase}}15.33<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{<br />
Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party=Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate=[[Rahul Gandhi]]<br />
|votes=413,394<br />
|percentage=43.84<br />
|change={{decrease}}2.85<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{<br />
Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party=None of the above<br />
|candidate=[[None of the Above]]<br />
|votes=3,940<br />
|percentage=0.42<br />
|change={{increase}}0.22<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
|votes = 55,120<br />
|percentage = 5.85<br />
|change ={{decrease}}6.48<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=9,42,956|percentage=54.08|change=+1.69}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = {{increase}}3.00<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== General election 2024 ===<br />
==== [[Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency|Wayanad]] ====<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: Wayanad}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Rahul Gandhi]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=647,445|percentage=59.69|change={{decrease}}5.25}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Annie Raja]]|party=Communist Party of India|votes=2,83,023|percentage=26.09|change={{increase}}0.85}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[K. Surendran (politician)|K. Surendran]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=1,41,045|percentage=13.00|change={{increase}}6.75}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=6,999|percentage=0.65|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=3,64,422|percentage=33.59|change={{decrease}}7.09}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,86,459|percentage=74.19|change=}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser =<br />
|swing = {{decrease}} 5.25<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
Percentage change (±) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayanad Lok Sabha Election results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/kerala/wayanad}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== [[Rae Bareli Lok Sabha constituency|Rae Bareli]] ====<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[Next Indian general election|2024 Indian general election]]: [[Rae Bareli]]<ref name="Rahul Gandhi wins Rae Bareli LS seat by over 3.9 lakh votes">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |title=Rahul Gandhi wins Rae Bareli LS seat by over 3.9 lakh votes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/rahul-gandhi-wins-rae-bareli-lok-sabha-seat-uttar-pradesh-election-results/article68251586.ece |access-date=4 June 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604164946/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/rahul-gandhi-wins-rae-bareli-lok-sabha-seat-uttar-pradesh-election-results/article68251586.ece |archive-date=4 June 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="2024 Raebareli Loksabha Election Result">{{cite news |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Raebareli Loksabha Election Result |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2436.htm |access-date=4 June 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604165157/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2436.htm |archive-date=4 June 2024}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Rahul Gandhi]]|votes=687,649|percentage=66.17|change={{increase}}10.37 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Dinesh Pratap Singh]]|votes=297,619|percentage=28.64|change={{decrease}}9.72 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Thakur Prasad Yadav|votes=21,624|percentage=2.08|change={{up}}2.08}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=7,872|percentage=0.76|change={{down}}0.31}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=390,030|percentage=37.61|change={{up}}20.17}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,369,97|percentage= <br />
58.04|change={{increase}}1.70}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress <br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Electoral history of the Indian National Congress]]<br />
* [[Electoral history of Indira Gandhi]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Electoral history of Indian politicians|Gandhi]]<br />
[[Category:Rahul Gandhi]]</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Percival_Mackie&diff=499347Frederick Percival Mackie2025-12-10T14:28:44Z<p>MatthewEbner: creating new stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|English physician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}<br />
<br />
[[File:FPM 1. Per March 1900.jpg|thumb|Percival Mackie in March 1900]]<br />
'''Colonel Frederick Percival Mackie''' {{small|[[Order of the Star of India|CSI]] [[OBE]] KHS [[Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians|FRCP]] [[FRCS]]}} (19 February 1875 – 15 July 1944) was an English physician who served in the [[Indian Medical Service]] between 1901 and 1931 working on the incidence, transmission, and [[pathology]] of [[Insect-borne disease|insect-borne]] [[tropical disease]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Munks Roll Details for Frederick Percival Mackie |url=http://munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk/Biography/Details/2872 |access-date=10 September 2019 |website=munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk |publisher=[[Royal College of Music]] |location=London, UK |archive-date=22 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022183730/http://munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk/Biography/Details/2872 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=68th Report of the OKANAGAN HISTORICAL SOCIETY |url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/media/download/pdf/ohs/1.0132246/0 |website=open.library.ubc.ca |publisher=[[University of British Columbia]] |location=British Columbia |format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=FREDERICK PERCIVAL MACKIE |url=http://web.uvic.ca/~mackie/FPM-cv.pdf |publisher=[[University of Victoria]] |location=British Columbia, Canada}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=13576 SUPPLEMENT TO THE LONDON GAZETTE, 18 NOVEMBER, 1918 |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31017/supplement/13576/data.pdf |website=thegazette.co.uk |publisher=[[The London Gazette]] |location=London, UK}}</ref> He discovered the vectors for [[relapsing fever]] and [[kala-azar]]. He had important administrative responsibilities in Iraq during the [[First World War]] and emerged as a leading figure in Indian medical science, public health, and tropical hygiene between the wars as director of the [[Haffkine Institute]] in Bombay (Mumbai).<br />
<br />
==Personal life and career==<br />
Born on 19 February 1875 to Annis, née Bennett, and John Mackie, rector of Filton, Gloucestershire, England, Frederick Percival ("Per") was the second of their four surviving children. At the time of his marriage to Annis, John already had seven children by a previous marriage, and it fell to Annis to become, with the addition of her own four, mother or stepmother to eleven children. She was a devoted parent, kept closely in touch with them, and chronicled their doings almost until the time of her death in 1927. Her family chronicles provided much of the material included in a memoir by one of her grandchildren, which contains a more detailed account of Percival Mackie's early years, his boyhood adventures and schooling, his academic successes, the women he married, his character, and career highlights as seen from her maternal perspective.<br />
<br />
===Medical training===<br />
<br />
Mackie showed an early interest in anatomy. Family legend has it that when the family dog died, he boiled it up in a huge cauldron on the vicarage lawn until the bones came loose so that he could take them out and dry them and reassemble the dog as a skeleton. He received his early education at Dean Close School, Cheltenham, and his basic medical training at the [[University of Bristol]] Medical School and [[St Bartholomew's Hospital]]. London. His exceptional ability was quickly recognized. As Saunders scholar (1897) and silver medallist at Bristol General Hospital, he completed his final exams in 1898 and was immediately appointed to a position as Casualty Officer and House Physician. During this time, in December 1898, he published his first of some 85 scientific papers, "Notes on a Case of [[Blackwater fever|Blackwater Fever]]" in ''The Lancet''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mackie |first=F. Percival |date=1898 |title=Notes on a Case of Blackwater Fever |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1955672 |journal=The Lancet |volume=152 |issue=3927 |pages=1470 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(01)83077-4 |issn=0140-6736}}</ref> A year later he was Junior Medical Officer at County Medical Asylum in Shrewsbury, and then spent 18 months as Superintendent at the Bristol City Isolation Hospital at Ham Green. He entered the [[Indian Medical Service]] (I.M.S.), passing out in first place in 1902, aged 27, with a gold medal in medicine. Later in his career he added the F.R.C.P and the F.R.C.S as well as the D.P.H to his professional qualifications.<br />
<br />
===1903–1914 research on tropical diseases===<br />
<br />
Soon after his arrival in India in 1903, Mackie joined the [[British expedition to Tibet|Younghusband Expedition]] to Tibet as medical officer, with the military rank of Lieutenant, attached to the 38th Central India Horse Regiment. On his return, he became assistant director of the Plague Research Laboratory in Bombay (Mumbai) and began working on plague, a topic to which he returned some 20 years later. In 1905, W.B. Bannerman, the director of the laboratory, wrote that, "Capt. Mackie has served under me for the past 6 months. He has good intelligence, ability and self-reliance and is very pleasant to work with. His professional efficiency is of a high order and he is tactful in his dealings with his subordinates. He is zealous and diligent in the discharge of his professional duties and his conduct is excellent."<ref>Director of the Plague Research Laboratory, Bombay (later the Haffkine Institute), "Confidential reports on Indian Medical Service Officers for 1905," L/MIL/7/482, India Office Records (IRO) now at the British Library.</ref> Throughout his life, so far as his administrative duties permitted, Mackie devoted himself to the study of plague and other tropical disease. As he later put it in his presidential address to the Medical Research Section of the Indian Science Congress "For nearly twenty years my principal interest has been in the relationship of insects to the transmission of disease, having devoted successive periods of time to fleas and plague, bugs and lice and relapsing fever, mosquitoes and malaria, tse-tse flies and sleeping sickness, and to the insect side of the kala-azar problem."<ref>Mackie, F. P. "The insect menace," Ind. Med. Gaz. 1925 Apr; 60(4):172–179.</ref><br />
<br />
===Relapsing fever===<br />
<br />
While at the Plague Research Laboratory he made what was probably his chief contribution to medicine, the discovery that the body louse, a blood-sucking insect, might serve as a vector for the transmission of relapsing fever. In August 1907 Mackie was sent to investigate an outbreak of relapsing fever that had broken out at a mission settlement in Nasik (now Nashik), in the state of Maharashtra. The boys and girls residing at the settlement were housed in separate, similar bungalows but many more of the boys than the girls were taken ill with the disease and Mackie's investigation pointed to the cause. The boys were found to be infested with body lice, while the girls were almost free of them. Confirmation of the body louse as vector came from microscopic examination of the lice, which showed they were carrying large numbers of the spirochetes characterizing the human disease and that they were multiplying within the insects' stomachs. It was subsequently found that transmission occurs when the louse is crushed against the victim's skin.<ref>F. Percival Mackie, "The Part Played by Pediculus Corporis in the Transmission of Relapsing Fever," ''Br Med J''. 1907 Dec 14; 2(2450): 1706–1709; F.P. Mackie, "The Transmission of Relapsing Fever," ''Br Med J''. 1920 Mar 13; 1(3089): 380–381</ref><br />
<br />
===Royal Society Sleeping Sickness Commission===<br />
[[File:FPM 2. Percival Mackie Uganda, 1908. L-R Percival Mackie, Lady Bruce, Sir David Bruce, H.R. Bateman, A.E. Hamerton. Photo courtesy of Peter and Joanna Mackie.jpg|thumb|L-R Percival Mackie, Lady Bruce, Sir David Bruce, H. R. Bateman, A. E. Hamerton. Photo courtesy of Peter and Joanna Mackie]]<br />
A pressing issue at the time was the possibility of African sleeping sickness (trypanosomiasis) spreading to India via similar blood-sucking insect vectors. In September 1908, at the request of the Indian Government, Captain Mackie was attached to the Royal Society's Sleeping Sickness Commission headed by Sir David Bruce F.R.S. Based at Mpumo, Uganda. Mackie was one of Bruce's youthful "Three Musketeers," the others being Captains H.R. Bateman and Albert Ernest Hamerton. The accompanying photo shows (L to R) Mackie, Lady Bruce, Bruce, Bateman and Hamerton at their lab in Uganda, 1908. The work in Africa represented a huge step forward in the understanding of trypanosome-related diseases not only in humans (using monkeys as models) but in domestic cattle and wild animals, including elephants. Some 17 publications arose from this work in which Mackie was a co-author. Of the many species of ''Trypanosoma'' studied only ''T. gambiense'' (now ''T. brucei gambiense'') causes sleeping sickness in humans. The disease is spread by blood sucking insects of the genus ''Glossina'', which include tse-tse flies. The researchers studied the length of time tse-tse flies retained the parasite, how long it took to mature, how long the flies remained capable of transmitting the infection, what proportion of flies were infected, how many were required to cause sickness, whether transmission could occur "mechanically" by surface contact of the fly's mouthparts, and many other aspects. In a critical series of experiments it was found that the flies remained infective for up to 75 days after becoming infected themselves and that a tiny drop of fluid taken from the gut of the 75-day-old fly injected under the skin of a monkey gave rise to sleeping sickness after an incubation period of eight days.<ref>Bruce, D; Hamerton, AE; Bateman, HR; Mackie FP; 1909. Proc. Roy. Soc. B: 81, 405–414</ref> The commission's work served to reassure the Indian government that there was no risk of sleeping sickness spreading to India as it was clear that only ''Glossina'' could carry the infection and no species of this genus were native to India.<br />
<br />
===Kala-Azar===<br />
<br />
Mackie was recalled to India in 1909 and appointed Special Research Officer ([[Government of India]]) for the investigation of kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis). In 1914 he studied cases of kala-azar in Nowgong, Assam, where there were many cases of the disease among the local population. He noted that anopheline mosquitoes were rare, but species of ''Culex'' and ''Phlebotomus'' (sand flies) were common. Examination of 273 patients showed an abundance of LD bodies (cells infected with a non-motile stage of the parasite ''Leishmania donovani'') in the blood and in splenic biopsies. Mackie captured insects on fly papers and examined them for stages of the parasite. He found flagellated forms of the parasite in sand flies of the genus ''Phlebotomus''. The topographical distribution of kala-azar closely matched the distribution of the sand flies. This pointed to sand flies as the blood-sucking insects that serve as vectors for the disease. Other workers were engaged in similar investigations elsewhere in India, and it was unclear who had priority, but it was eventually accepted that "F.P. Mackie was probably the first to note this association. The only insect which has given any return for the work put into it is the sandfly."<ref>Scott, H.H. 1939. ''A History of Tropical Medicine: Based on the FitzPatrick Lectures, Delivered before the Royal College of Physicians of London: 1937–38''. Edward Arnold & Co.; Laboratory Records from Mesopotamia, F. P. Mackie, George Traseer, ''Ind Med Gaz''. 1921 Nov; 56(11): 411–418; ''Ind Med Gaz''. 1922 Mar; 57(3): 85–92; ''Ind Med Gaz''. 1922 Apr; 57(4): 121–125.</ref><br />
<br />
===War service in Mesopotamia===<br />
<br />
At the outbreak of war in 1914, Mackie returned to active military service in Baluchistan, Persia, Mesopotamia, and France. We know most about his time in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) from a series of laboratory records<ref>Laboratory Records from Mesopotamia, F. P. Mackie, George Traseer, ''Ind Med Gaz''. 1921 Nov; 56(11): 411–418; Ind Med Gaz. 1922 Mar; 57(3): 85–92; ''Ind Med Gaz''. 1922 Apr; 57(4): 121–125.</ref> and articles he himself wrote for newspapers.<ref>F. Percival Mackie, "In Mesopotamia. Up the Tigris to Amara" (''Times of India'', 4 February 1916) and "The Road to Mosul" (''The Baghdad Times'', 7 and 8 February 1919).</ref><br />
<br />
Late in 1915, the British campaign to end Ottoman control of Mesopotamia was focussed on relief of the besieged British forces at Kut, where the British 6th Army Division was engaging Turkish forces, with heavy casualties on both sides. Mackie brought a fully equipped laboratory from France to Basra. From there he was directed to proceed to Amara where there were thousands of British and Indian military personnel in hospitals, few of which had adequate pathology backup. Rather than equipping every hospital with fully equipped testing laboratories, the British established central laboratories, first in Amara and, after it was liberated, Baghdad. The larger hospitals were gradually provided with the necessary materials and trained staff to become more self-sufficient. Furthermore, mobile units were established which could be rapidly despatched to areas experiencing sudden disease outbreaks.<br />
[[File:Per1918.tif|left|thumb|F.P. Mackie, Major, IMS, 1918]]<br />
Mackie, now Major, was Commanding Officer of the Central Bacteriological Laboratory in Amara from 1916 to 1918, when he took charge of the much larger one in Baghdad, with supervisory responsibilities over all clinical testing units in the city along with those concerned with water quality testing and veterinary pathology.<br />
<br />
The principle diseases encountered were enteric fever and dysentery, both bacterial and amoeboid. There were several outbreaks of cholera, in one of which [[Stanley Maude|General Sir Stanley Maude]] (whose forces had captured Baghdad) succumbed. Malaria was also prevalent and there were villages where "practically every child was diseased." Plague epidemics had to be dealt with in all the major cities.<br />
<br />
In a 1919 address, Mackie emphasized the importance of close cooperation between pathologists in their labs and physicians on the hospital floor. At the same time, on the basis of his observations in India and Mesopotamia, he stressed that while much of the work in pathology labs was routine, the pathologist's "greatest work is to discover the beginnings of disease and to study the underlying processes..."<br />
<br />
Mackie was twice [[mentioned in dispatches]] for his war work and the award of O.B.E. was conferred upon him on 3 June 1918.<br />
<br />
===1920–1931 administrative work===<br />
<br />
In 1920 Mackie was professor of pathology at Calcutta University, but after a year took up the position of Director of the Pasteur Institute in Shillong, Assam, and was simultaneously appointed Honorary Surgeon to the Viceroy (VHS). Two years later, promoted to Lieutenant Colonel, he became Director of the [[Haffkine Institute]] in Bombay (previously the Plague Research Laboratory), a position he held until his retirement from the IMS in 1932.<br />
<br />
In a letter written in 1923 to his future wife Mary Owen, Mackie summarized his main responsibilities as Director of the Haffkine Institute as (a) overseeing the preparation of an anti-plague vaccine which was sent all over the Eastern world from Cape Town to Japan, about a million doses a year (b) supervision of a Pasteurian section for anti-rabies treatment (c) overseeing collection of snake venom from snakes held at the institute's own snake farm for production of antivenoms (d) conducting his own individual research, e.g. working closely with [[Neil Hamilton Fairley]] on [[schistosomiasis]] and sprue (e) serving, effectively, as the court of appeal in all matters for the Province as regards epidemiology, pathology etc.<ref>See further in [http://web.uvic.ca/~mackie/Far-Cathay.pdf Far Cathay]</ref><br />
<br />
In 1928, Mackie was appointed chairman of the plague committee of the League of Nations and public health commissioner to the Government of India. He repeatedly represented the Government of India at the [[Office International d'Hygiène Publique]] between 1919 and 1930 and at the League of Nations between 1926 and 1931. Mackie was President of the tropical diseases section at the centenary meeting of the British Medical Association in 1925 and President of the medical and veterinary section of the Indian Science Congress in 1925.<br />
<br />
These administrative jobs doubtless involved much tedious paperwork and attendance at meetings, but they also offered opportunities for travel to interesting places, including trips to distant countries, which he much enjoyed. In 1926, for instance, he visited Japan and China under the auspices of the League of Nations and came away very impressed with the quality and organization of the health care system in Japan, comparing it favourably with health care and staff training in India. One hospital in Osaka "would be credit to any great city in Europe or America." Not so in China: "It may be of some consolation to India to know that she is as far ahead of China in matters of public health as Japan is ahead of India."<ref>Mackie, F.P. 1927. "The Interchange of Health Personnel in Japan." ''Ind Med Gaz'' 62 (3) 158–164.</ref> His travels took him around the world on two separate occasions. In 1942 he recalled that he had "Represented the Government on International Commissions in Paris, Warsaw, Rangoon, Bangkok, Singapore, Tokio and Peking, returning from the last by the Trans-Siberian Railway."<ref>Typescript biography or press release of Col. F.P. Mackie, prepared for Public Relations Division of BOAC, circa 1942. Private Collection.</ref><br />
<br />
Mackie retired from the IMS after 29 years and returned to England in 1932. As his colleague A.E. Hamerton notes, though he did much important primary research, his major contributions lay in the administrative sphere of tropical hygiene: "Neither fads nor fancies nor self interest obscured his professional or social affairs. He was a good speaker, lucid, balanced and brief.... he was always gay and of ready wit, especially in difficulties."<ref>Colonel A.E. Hamerton, "Colonel F.P. Mackie. An Appreciation," ''The Times'' 19 August 1944.</ref> His work in India was recognized in the award of Companion of the Star of India (CSI) in 1932, and he was appointed K.H.S (King's Honorary Surgeon) in the same year. When his Indian colleagues at the Pasteur Institute heard of his receipt of the CSI, they wrote to congratulate him. "We beg respectfully to congratulate you.... We very much wish we could still have you in our midst. A very kind heart peeping through a stern front is what we lovingly remember of you. May your service for India and Mankind have such recognition!"<ref>Staff of the Pasteur Institute, Shillong, Assam, to F.P. Mackie, 8 June 1932. Letter in private collection.</ref><br />
<br />
===Back in England===<br />
<br />
Soon after leaving India, in 1932, he joined the staff of the London School of Tropical Medicine (now the London Hospital for Tropical Diseases) as pathologist and remained there for five years. He was also lecturer at the University of London. In this period he published a paper on the pathology of the brain in trypanosomiasis, and he continued to collaborate with Hamilton Fairley on a form of sprue occurring in Britain and seemingly distinct from 'tropical sprue' they had worked on earlier.<br />
<br />
In 1937 Mackie joined Imperial Airways as Medical Advisor, becoming Chief Medical Officer two years later with the fusion of Imperial and British Airways into the British Overseas Airways Corporation. An obituarist noted that "he surprised his friends by taking, despite his age, the appointment of chief medical officer of the British Overseas Airways Corporation. In this capacity he travelled thousands of miles from one end of Africa to the other, not apparently in any way affected by heat or fatigue, and was able to his great delight to view from the air herds of game in those vast wild regions where, as a young man, he hunted them on foot."<br />
<br />
While at BOAC, one of his main preoccupations was to minimize the risk of insect-borne disease transmission by aeroplanes. He journeyed by air to tropical colonies in Africa and Asia to supervise the sanitary requirements of the chain of airports then being established. His particular interest was the prevention of yellow fever, and he introduced thorough fumigation of aircraft against all bloodsucking and disease-carrying insects.<ref>In January 1939, as Medical Advisor of Imperial Airways, Mackie and C.B. Symes authored a map entitled "Air Traffic in Africa, with Special Reference to Yellow Fever." Private collection.</ref> In 1942, he wrote that "During his five years with Airways he has (with Mr. Crabtree) effected a method of destroying mosquitoes in aircraft, and has been a persistent advocate for using oxygen in the Corporation's aircraft on high altitude flying. After repeated flying tours he is personally acquainted with almost all stations on the Horseshoe and Trans-African routes."<ref>Typescript biography of Col. F.P. Mackie, 1942. See also F.P. Mackie and H.S. Crabtree, "Destruction of Mosquitoes in Aircraft," ''Lancet'' 447 (20 August 1938).</ref><br />
<br />
==Marriages and children==<br />
<br />
Percival Mackie married Gladys Ball in November 1913 at St. Paul's Cathedral, Calcutta, but with the outbreak of war in 1914 the couple saw little of each other. He calculated that in the four years they had been married up to 1917, he and Gladys had spent only 19 months and 19 days together. In April 1920, Gladys gave birth to a son, Lawrence Percival, but the following year she fell seriously ill with multiple sclerosis and had to be taken back to England for treatment. After her death in 1922, Mackie took an extended leave and returned to India via the western route, visiting the United States, Canada (where two of his brothers had settled),<ref>For his 1922 visit to the Okanagan, see George Mackie, Peter Mackie, and Richard Mackie, editors, "Okanagan Impressions: The 1922 Diary of Percival Mackie," ''Okanagan History'' 68 (2004), pp. 11–27.</ref> Japan, China, Mongolia, Korea, the Philippines, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Burma. His account of this trip has been edited and combined with his photographs in a memoir entitled ''Far Cathay''. In 1926, he married Mary Elizabeth Haddon Owen, daughter of a Lincolnshire solicitor, who bore him two children, Richard Ernest (1927) and [[George Owen Mackie]] (1929).<br />
<br />
===Last years and death===<br />
<br />
During the height of the air raids in Bristol during the 1939–45 war, Percival Mackie was an active ARP (air raid precautions) warden and first-aid rescue worker in the streets. He died in a nursing home in Bristol after a series of heart attacks on 15 July 1944, and was buried at Thornbury Cemetery. A.E. Hamerton, who described himself as Mackie's "best friend," suggested to his widow Mary Mackie that "well known & distinguished ... people," friends and former colleagues like [[Philip Manson-Bahr|Sir Philip Manson-Bahr]], [[Leonard Rogers|Sir Leonard Rogers]], J.W.D. Megaw, [[Neil Hamilton Fairley|Sir Neil Hamilton Fairley]], and [[Sir Rickard Christophers Medal|Sir Rickard Christophers]] should "contribute an obituary note on his career & work."<ref>A.E. Hamerton to Mary Mackie, 18 July 1944, and 4 August 1944, private collection.</ref><br />
<br />
Appreciations of his life and work duly appeared in ''The Lancet'', 19 August 1944 (co-written by Manson-Bahr and Hamerton); ''The Times'', 19 August 1944; ''Nature''; the ''British Medical Journal''; ''The Indian Medical Gazette''; (vol LXXX, 1945); and the Royal College of Surgeons, which concluded that, "Mackie was one of the most distinguished medical scientists who have served in India, and after retirement from the Indian Medical Service his abilities were in demand at home. His work on plague, relapsing fever, sleeping sickness, kala-azar, enteric dysentery, cholera, schistosomiasis, hydrophobia, and sprue was original and of first rate quality; but his administrative gifts and their contribution to tropical hygiene were of almost higher value."<br />
<br />
A scholarship in Mackie's name has been established at Bristol University. The Grübler stains he used for his histological work and for identifying blood parasites are now in the permanent collection of the Royal College of Surgeons Museum in London.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Mackie, Frederick Percival}}<br />
[[Category:20th-century English medical doctors]]<br />
[[Category:1944 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century English medical doctors]]<br />
[[Category:1875 births]]<br />
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]<br />
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre]]<br />
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of England]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Bristol]]<br />
[[Category:Civil Defence Service personnel]]<br />
[[Category:British military personnel of the British expedition to Tibet]]</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_plate&diff=504252Indian plate2025-12-06T11:38:45Z<p>MatthewEbner: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|Minor plate that separated from Gondwana}}<br />
{{About|the geological term|the large plated meal in Indian restaurants|Thali}}<br />
{{Distinguish|Indian subcontinent}}<br />
{{Infobox tectonic plate<br />
| image = File:IndianPlate.png<br />
| type = [[List of tectonic plates#Minor plates|Minor]]<br />
| area = {{cvt|11900000|km2|||}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geology.about.com/library/bl/blplate_size_table.htm |title=Sizes of Tectonic or Lithospheric Plates |publisher=Geology.about.com |date=2014-03-05 |access-date=2016-01-13 |archive-date=2016-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605161523/http://geology.about.com/library/bl/blplate_size_table.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
| move_direction = North-east<br />
| move_speed = {{cvt|26-36|mm/year|in/year||}}{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}<br />
| geo_features = [[Indian subcontinent]], [[Indian Ocean]], [[Arabian Sea]], [[Himalayas]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Indian plate''' is a [[List of tectonic plates#Minor plates|minor tectonic plate]] straddling the [[equator]] in the [[Indian Ocean]]. Originally a part of the ancient continent of [[Gondwana]], the Indian plate broke away from the other fragments of Gondwana {{Mya|100}} and began moving north, carrying [[Insular India|Insular India (Now called '''South Asia''')]] with it.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.livescience.com/37991-gondwana-breakup-detailed.html |title=New Look at Gondwana's Breakup |first=Becky |last=Oskin |publisher=Livescience.com |date=2013-07-05 |access-date=2016-01-13}}</ref> It was once fused with the adjacent [[Australian plate]] to form a single [[Indo-Australian plate]], but recent studies suggest that India and Australia may have been separate plates for at least 3 million years.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.earth.northwestern.edu/public/emile/PDF/EAO147.pdf |last1=Stein |first1=Seth |first2=Giovanni F. |last2=Sella |first3=Emile A. |last3=Okai |title=Plate Boundary Zones |chapter=The January 26, 2001 Bhuj Earthquake and the Diffuse Western Boundary of the Indian Plate |series=Geodynamics Series |publisher=American Geophysical Union |date=2002 |doi=10.1029/GD030p0243 |access-date=2015-12-25 |pages=243–254 |isbn=9781118670446}}</ref> The Indian plate includes most of modern [[South Asia]] (the [[Indian subcontinent]]) and a portion of the basin under the [[Indian Ocean]], including [[Tibet|parts of Tibet]], [[Sumatra]],<ref>Sinvhal, ''Understanding Earthquake Disasters'', p. 52, Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2010, {{ISBN|978-0-07-014456-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=M. Ravi |last2=Bhatia |first2=S. C. |title=A new seismic hazard map for the Indian plate region under the global seismic hazard assessment programme |journal=Current Science |date=1999 |volume=77 |issue=3 |page=447 |jstor=24102967}}</ref> and extending up to but not including [[Ladakh]], [[Kohistan District, Pakistan|Kohistan]], and [[Balochistan]] in Pakistan.<ref>M. Asif Khan, ''Tectonics of the Nanga Parbat syntaxis and the Western Himalaya'', p. 375, Geological Society of London, 2000, {{ISBN|978-1-86239-061-4}}</ref><ref>Srikrishna Prapnnachari, ''Concepts in Frame Design'', page 152, Srikrishna Prapnnachari, {{ISBN|978-99929-52-21-4}}</ref><ref>[[Şengör|A.M. Celâl Şengör]] (1989). ''Tectonic evolution of the Tethyan Region'', Springer {{ISBN|978-0-7923-0067-0}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plate movements==<br />
[[Image:Himalaya-formation.gif|thumb|upright|left|Due to [[plate tectonics]], Insular India, situated over the Indian plate, split from Madagascar and collided (c.&nbsp;55&nbsp;Mya) with the [[Eurasian plate]], resulting in the formation of the [[Himalayas]].]]<br />
<br />
Until roughly {{Mya|140}}, the Indian plate formed part of the [[supercontinent]], [[Gondwana]], together with modern Africa, Australia, Antarctica, and South America. Gondwana fragmented as these continents drifted apart at different velocities;<ref name="second">{{Harvnb|Kind|2007}}</ref> a process which led to the opening of the [[Indian Ocean]].<ref name="Kumar-etal">{{Harvnb|Kumar|Yuan|Kumar|Kind|2007}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the late [[Cretaceous]] approximately {{Mya|100}}, and subsequent to the splitting from [[Gondwana]] of conjoined [[Madagascar]] and [[India]], the Indian plate split from Madagascar and formed [[Insular India]]. It began moving north, at about {{cvt|20|cm}} per year,<ref name="second" /> and is believed to have begun colliding with Asia as early as {{Mya|55}},<ref name="Scotese">{{Harvnb|Scotese|2001}}</ref> in the [[Eocene]] epoch of the [[Cenozoic]]. However, some authors suggest the collision between India and Eurasia occurred much later, around {{Mya|35}}.<ref name="fast">{{Harvnb|Aitchison|Ali|Davis|2007}}</ref> If the collision occurred between 55 and 50 Mya, the Indian plate would have covered a distance of {{cvt|3000|to(-)|2000|km}}, moving more quickly than any other known plate. In 2012, [[Paleomagnetism|paleomagnetic]] data from the Greater Himalaya was used to propose two collisions to reconcile the discrepancy between the amount of crustal shortening in the Himalaya (~{{cvt|1300|km|disp=or|-2|}}) and the amount of convergence between India and Asia (~{{cvt|3600|km|disp=or||}}).<ref>{{cite journal |last=van Hinsbergen |first=D. |author2=Lippert, P. |author3=Dupont-Nivet, G. |author4=McQuarrie, N. |author5=Doubrivine, P. |author6=Spakman, W. |author7=Torsvik, T. |title=Greater India Basin hypothesis and a two-stage Cenozoic collision between India and Asia |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |year=2012 |volume=109 |issue=20 |pages=7659–7664 |bibcode=2012PNAS..109.7659V |doi=10.1073/pnas.1117262109 |pmid=22547792 |pmc=3356651|doi-access=free}}</ref> These authors propose a continental fragment of northern Gondwana rifted from India, traveled northward, and initiated the "soft collision" between the Greater Himalaya and Asia at ~50 Mya. This was followed by the "hard collision" between India and Asia occurred at ~25 Mya. [[Subduction]] of the resulting ocean basin that formed between the Greater Himalayan fragment and India explains the apparent discrepancy between the crustal shortening estimates in the Himalaya and paleomagnetic data from India and Asia. However, the proposed ocean basin was not constrained by paleomagnetic data from the key time interval of ~120 Mya to ~60 Mya. New paleomagnetic results of this critical time interval from southern Tibet do not support this Greater Indian Ocean basin hypothesis and the associated dual collision model.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Qin |first1=Shi-Xin |last2=Li |first2=Yong-Xiang |last3=Li |first3=Xiang-Hui |last4=Xu |first4=Bo |last5=Luo |first5=Hui |date=2019-01-17 |title=Paleomagnetic results of Cretaceous cherts from Zhongba, southern Tibet: New constraints on the India-Asia collision |journal=Journal of Asian Earth Sciences |volume=173 |pages=42–53 |doi=10.1016/j.jseaes.2019.01.012 |bibcode=2019JAESc.173...42Q |s2cid=134469511 |issn=1367-9120}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2007, German geologists<ref name="second" /> suggested the reason the Indian plate moved so quickly is that it is only half as thick ({{cvt|100|km|disp=or}}) as the other plates<ref>The lithospheric roots in South Africa, Australia, and Antarctica are {{cvt|300|to|180|km}} thick. ({{Harvnb|Kumar|Yuan|Kumar|Kind|2007}}) See also {{Harvnb|Kumar|Yuan|Kumar|Kind|2007| loc=[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v449/n7164/fig_tab/nature06214_F1.html figure 1]}}</ref> which formerly constituted Gondwana. The [[mantle plume]] that once broke up Gondwana might also have melted the lower part of the [[Indian subcontinent]], which allowed it to move both more quickly and farther than the other parts.<ref name="second" /> The remains of this plume today form the [[Marion hotspot]] ([[Prince Edward Islands]]), the [[Kerguelen hotspot]], and the [[Réunion hotspot]]s.<ref name="Kumar-etal" /><ref name="Gondwana Research, vol 10 3-4">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.gr.2006.04.008 |volume=10 |issue=3–4 |title=Paleomagnetic evidence for a stationary Marion hotspot: Additional paleomagnetic data from Madagascar |year=2006 |journal=Gondwana Research |pages=340–348 |last1=Meert |first1=J.G. |last2=Tamrat |first2=Endale |bibcode=2006GondR..10..340M}}</ref> As India moved north, it is possible the thickness of the Indian plate degenerated further as it passed over the hotspots and magmatic extrusions associated with the [[Deccan Traps|Deccan]] and [[Rajmahal Traps]].<ref name="Kumar-etal" /> The massive amounts of [[volcanic gas]]es released during the passage of the Indian plate over the hotspots have been theorised to have played a role in the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event]], generally held to be due to a [[Alvarez hypothesis|large asteroid impact]].<ref name="schulte">{{cite journal |last=Schulte |first=Peter |date=5 March 2010 |title=The Chicxulub Asteroid Impact and Mass Extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary |journal=Science |publisher=AAAS |volume=327 |issue=5970 |pages=1214–1218 |issn=1095-9203 |doi=10.1126/science.1177265 |pmid=20203042 |bibcode=2010Sci...327.1214S |s2cid=2659741|display-authors=etal |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/210367/files/PAL_E4389.pdf}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2020, however, geologists at the [[University of Oxford]] and the [[Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research|Alfred Wegener Institute]] found that new plate-motion models displayed increased movement speeds in all [[mid-ocean ridge]]s during the late Cretaceous, a result irreconcilable to current theories of plate tectonics and a refutation of the plume-push hypothesis. Pérez-Díaz concludes that the accelerated movement of the Indian plate is an illusion wrought by large errors in [[Geomagnetic reversal#Geomagnetic polarity time scale|geomagnetic reversal timing]] around the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary]], and that a recalibration of the time scale shows no such acceleration exists.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pérez-Díaz |first1=L. |last2=Eagles |first2=G. |last3=Sigloch |first3=K. |title=Indo-Atlantic plate accelerations around the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary: A time-scale error, not a plume-push signal |journal=[[Geology (journal)|Geology]] |year=2020 |volume=48 |issue=12 |pages=1169–1173 |doi=10.1130/G47859.1 |bibcode=2020Geo....48.1169P |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Andrews |first=Robin George |url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/the-new-historian-of-the-smash-that-made-the-himalayas-20210414/ |title=The New Historian of the Smash That Made the Himalayas |work=[[Quanta Magazine]] |date=14 April 2021 |access-date=15 April 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
The collision with the [[Eurasian plate]] along the boundary between India and [[Nepal]] formed the [[orogeny|orogenic belt]] that created the [[Tibetan Plateau]] and the [[Himalaya]] Mountains, as sediment bunched up like earth before a [[Plough|plow]].<br />
<br />
The Indian plate is currently moving north-east at {{cvt|5|cm|spell=in}} per year, while the Eurasian plate is moving north at only {{cvt|2|cm|spell=in}} per year. This is causing the Eurasian plate to deform, and the Indian plate to compress at a rate of {{cvt|4|mm|spell=in}} per year.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
The westerly side of the Indian plate is a transform boundary with the [[Arabian plate]] called the [[Owen fracture zone]], and a [[divergent boundary]] with the [[African plate]] called the [[Central Indian Ridge]] (CIR). The northerly side of the plate is a [[convergent boundary]] with the [[Eurasian plate]] forming the [[Himalaya]] and [[Hindu Kush]] [[mountain]]s, called the [[Main Himalayan Thrust]].{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|Geology|India}}<br />
*[[Historical geology]]<br />
*[[List of tectonic plate interactions]]<br />
*[[List of tectonic plates]]<br />
*[[Palaeogeography]]<br />
*[[Seychelles microcontinent]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Refbegin}}<br />
*{{Cite journal |title=When and where did India and Asia collide? |last1=Aitchison |first1=Jonathan C. |last2=Ali |first2=Jason R. |last3=Davis |first3=Aileen M. |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |year=2007 |volume=112 |issue=B5 |pages=B05423 |doi=10.1029/2006JB004706 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234040005 |access-date=January 12, 2016 |bibcode=2007JGRB..112.5423A |hdl=10722/72794 |issn=0148-0227 |citeseerx=10.1.1.1008.2522 }}<br />
*{{cite web |last=Chen |first=Ji |url=https://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/2004/eq_041226/neic_slav_ff.html |access-date=28 December 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050305144745/http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/2004/eq_041226/neic_slav_ff.html |archive-date=March 5, 2005 |url-status=dead |title=Magnitude 9.0 off W coast of northern Sumatra Sunday, December 26, 2004 at 00:58:49 UTC: Preliminary rupture model |publisher=United States Geological Survey |date=January 4, 2005 }}<br />
*{{cite press release |last=Kind |first=Rainer |title=The fastest continent: India's truncated lithospheric roots |publisher=Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres |date=17 October 2007 |url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-10/haog-tfc101507.php |access-date=2 October 2019 |archive-date=18 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618124156/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-10/haog-tfc101507.php |url-status=dead }}<br />
*{{Cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Prakash |last2=Yuan |first2=Xiaohui |last3=Kumar |first3=M. Ravi |last4=Kind |first4=Rainer |last5=Li |first5=Xueqing |last6=Chadha |first6=R. K. |title=The rapid drift of the Indian tectonic plate |journal=Nature |volume=449 |issue=7164 |pages=894–897 |date=18 October 2007 |issn=0028-0836 |doi=10.1038/nature06214 |bibcode=2007Natur.449..894K |pmid=17943128 |s2cid=4339656 |url=http://gfzpublic.gfz-potsdam.de/pubman/item/escidoc:236014 }}<br />
*{{cite web |last=Scotese |first=Christopher R. |title=The collision of India and Asia (90 mya&nbsp;– present) |publisher=Paleomap Project |date=January 2001 |url=http://www.scotese.com/indianim.htm |access-date=28 December 2004 }}<br />
{{Refend}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{Commons category-inline|Indian tectonic plate}}<br />
<br />
{{Geography of India}}<br />
{{Geography of Sri Lanka}}<br />
{{Himalayan earthquakes}}<br />
{{Tectonic plates}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Geology of India]]<br />
[[Category:Geology of Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:Geology of the Indian Ocean]]<br />
[[Category:Tectonic plates]]</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sankata_Devi_Mandir&diff=532840Sankata Devi Mandir2025-11-27T07:46:42Z<p>MatthewEbner: starting new bio</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Hindu Temple in Uttar Pradesh, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox Hindu temple<br />
| name = Sankata Devi Mandir<br />
| image = Varanasi 110m - tree shrines (34892136202).jpg<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption =<br />
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh Varanasi<br />
| map_caption = Temple location on [[Varanasi district]] map<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|25.312687|83.015277|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}<br />
| native_name =<br />
संकटा देवी मंदिर<br />
| country = {{flag|India}}<br />
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| district = [[Varanasi district|Varanasi]]<br />
| location = [[Sankata Ghat]], [[Varanasi]], India<br />
| elevation_m = 86.392<br />
| deity =<br />
[[Sankata Devi]]<br />
<br />
| facade_direction = <br />
| temple_tank = <br />
| tower = <br />
| festivals= [[Navratri]]<br />
| architecture = [[Nagara architecture|Nagara]]<br />
| temple_quantity =<br />
| monument_quantity=<br />
| inscriptions =<br />
| year_completed = 18th century<br />
| creator = [[Baroda State|King of Baroda]]<br />
| website = <!--{{URL|example.com}} --><br />
}}<br />
{{Hinduism}}<br />
'''Sankata Devi Mandir''' ({{langx|hi|संकटा देवी मंदिर}}), also known as '''Sankata Mata Mandir''' or simply '''Sankata Mandir'''; often referred to with prefix of '''Sri''', is one of the most famous temples in the holy city of [[Varanasi]]. This temple has great religious importance in [[Hinduism]] and is dedicated to the goddess [[Sankata Devi]] (Goddess of danger). The Mandir was constructed in 18th century by [[Baroda State|King of Baroda]]. It is believed that this is the only temple in India dedicated to Sankata Devi.<ref name="Sankata Ghat history">{{cite news|title=Sankata Ghat history|publisher=Superb India Tours|access-date=25 May 2015|url=http://www.superbindiatours.com/UP/varanasi-tourism/sankata-ghat.html|archive-date=25 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525105918/http://www.superbindiatours.com/UP/varanasi-tourism/sankata-ghat.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Sankata Devi">{{cite news|title=Sankata Devi|publisher=Om Jai|access-date=25 May 2015|url=http://www.omjai.org/Sankata%20Devi%20Namashtakam|archive-date=25 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525102958/http://www.omjai.org/Sankata%20Devi%20Namashtakam|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Religious significance">{{cite news|title=Religious significance|publisher=Karm Jyotish|access-date=25 May 2015|url=http://karmjyotish.blogspot.in/2011/01/mystical-encounter-with-shree-sankata.html}}</ref><ref name=" Coordinates ">{{cite news|title=Coordinates|publisher=latlong.net|access-date=25 May 2015|url=http://www.latlong.net/|archive-date=7 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807151635/http://www.latlong.net/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=" Elevation ">{{cite news|title=Elevation|publisher=daftlogic.com|access-date=25 May 2015|url=http://www.daftlogic.com/sandbox-google-maps-find-altitude.htm}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
In the late 18th century, the King of Baroda constructed the [[Sankata Ghat]]. At the same time, the Sankata Devi Mandir was also constructed. In the year 1825, the [[Ghat#Along the rivers Ganges and Narmada|ghat]] was made [[Pucca housing|pucca]] by the widow of [[Brahmin priest|Brahmin Pandit]].<ref name="Sankata Ghat history"/><br />
<br />
==Religious importance==<br />
[[File:Varanasi 110m - tree shrines (34892136202).jpg|thumb|left|Shrines in Sankata Devi temple courtyard]]<br />
The name "Sankata" has been derived from the [[Sanskrit]] word "sankat" ({{langx|hi|संकट}}) which means "danger". Goddess Sankata Devi was originally a [[Matrikas|Matrika]]. In [[Puranas]], she is referred to as "Vikat Matrika" ('the fierce mother'). Sankata Devi is believed to have ten hands and the power to protect faraway husbands and to ensure their safe return.<br />
<br />
During the [[Navratri]], the eighth day is dedicated to Goddess Sankata Devi. The devotees pray to the deity to avoid any danger in life or to alleviate any present crisis. It is also believed that the [[Pandavas]], during their exile, paid homage to Sankata Devi.<ref name="Sankata Ghat history"/><ref name="Sankata Devi"/><ref name="Religious significance"/><ref name=" Religious importance ">{{cite news|title=Religious importance|publisher=Temple Travel|access-date=25 May 2015|url=http://www.templetravel.net/2013/04/sankatha-temple-in-varanasi-uttar.html|archive-date=5 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405202456/http://www.templetravel.net/2013/04/sankatha-temple-in-varanasi-uttar.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=" Pandavas paid homage ">{{cite news|title=Pandavas paid homage|publisher=Eastern UP Tourism|access-date=25 May 2015|url=http://www.easternuptourism.com/Sankatha-Temple.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525104905/http://www.easternuptourism.com/Sankatha-Temple.jsp|archive-date=25 May 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Hindu temples in Varanasi]]<br />
* [[Mata Mawai Dham]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}<br />
<br />
{{Temples in Varanasi}}<br />
{{Hindu Culture and Epics}}<br />
{{Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
{{Portal bar|India|Hinduism|Religion}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:18th-century Hindu temples]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu temples in Varanasi]]<br />
[[Category:18th-century establishments in India]]</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bijbehara&diff=450157Bijbehara2025-11-26T02:36:15Z<p>MatthewEbner: Page updated with relevant improvements</p>
<hr />
<div>{{multiple issues|<br />
{{more citations needed|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{original research|date=March 2019}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Bijbehara<br />
| native_name = Vejibror<br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| settlement_type = Town<br />
| image_skyline = Bijbehara.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| image_caption = View of central Bijbehara<br />
| nickname = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India<br />
| pushpin_relief = yes<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|33.80|N|75.10|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]<br />
| subdivision_name = <br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Government of Jammu and Kashmir.svg}} [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Anantnag district|Anantnag]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 1591<br />
| population_total = 22,789 Excluding - Takia Bal And Ghad Hanjipora<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Gojri]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken<br />
| demographics1_info2 = <br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[192124]] --><br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = JK-03<br />
| website = {{URL|anantnag.nic.in}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
| official_name = Bijbiara<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Bijbehara''' ({{IPA|ur|biːd͡ʒbɪɦɑːɽɑː}}), known as '''Vejibror''' ({{IPA|ks|ʋed͡ʒibroːr}} or {{IPA|ks|ʋed͡ʒibʲoːr|}}) in [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], is a town and a [[Nagar Panchayat (Notified Area Council)|notified area committee]] in [[Anantnag district]] of the [[India]]n administered [[States and union territories of India|union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It is located on [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH 44]], and [[Jhelum River|jehlum]] bank. Bijbehara town is also known as "Town of Chinars" because of a number of Chinars there especially two Chinar gardens (Paadshaahi Bagh and [[Dara Shikoh Garden]]). Bijbehara is the home to oldest [[Platanus orientalis|chinar]] tree in the region.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} The town is situated about {{cvt|45|km}} from the summer capital of union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Srinagar]].<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
[[File:Plate 21. Bij-Beara, between Islamabad and the city of Kashmir - Part 2. Recollections of India (FIRST EDITION) 5588 021 (cropped).jpg|thumb|''Bij-Beara'' in 1846, as sketched by [[Charles Hardinge, 2nd Viscount Hardinge|Charles Hardinge]]]]<br />
The word '''Bijbehara or Vijbor or Vijbror''' has been derived from Sanskrit word '''Vijayeshwar'''. It was an ancient site of ''Shiva Vijayeshwar''.<ref>Cultural Heritage of Jammu and Kashmir, p.161</ref><br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
[[File:Apples of tribjee arwani, Bijbehara 4.jpg|thumb|Apples of tribjee arwani, Bijbehara]]<br />
Bijbehara is located at {{Coord|33.80|N|75.10|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/12/Bijbiara.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Bijbiara, India|access-date=19 September 2016}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 1,591&nbsp;metres (5,223&nbsp;feet). It is situated to the north of district headquarters on the banks of [[Jhelum River]] popularly known locally as "Veth". Bijbehara lies four miles north of Anantnag town.<br />
<br />
The town is surrounded and intersected by plateaus,{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} including the Totak Shah, from where the whole town can be seen. There are many other plateaus which are being urbanised.<br />
<br />
The town localities of Bijbehara include: Goriwan chowk, Old town, Ziyarat road, Baba Mohalla, Zirpara chowk, Sadar Bazar, Vaid Mohalla, Dobighat, Khar Mohalla, Eidgah, Pandit Hamaam, Pomposh Mohalla, Saraf Mohalla, Peershah Mohalla, Ahanger Mohalla, Feroze Shah Mohalla, Sheikh Mohalla and GH pora.<br />
<br />
The town has recently expanded to include new housing colonies such as: New Colony Bijbehara, Eidgah basti, Qazi Mohalla, Sicop Colony, Padshahi Bagh Colony, Friends Colony, Deewan Bagh, Eidgah Colony and Tehsil Road-Baghandar.<br />
<br />
===Divisions===<br />
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2021}}<br />
The areas which come under the constituency of Bijbehara are as follows:<br />
*Mattan<br />
*Nanil<br />
*Kanelwan<br />
*Push Kriri<br />
*Khiram<br />
*Akura<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
|thumb = right<br />
|caption = Religion in Bijbehara Town (2011)<ref name="Bijbehara Town population">{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/jammu-kashmir/anantnag/bijbehara/bijbehara-mc-population.html|title=Bijbehara Town Population|work=Census India|accessdate=12 July 2021}}</ref><br />
|label1 = [[Islam]]<br />
|value1 = 95.84<br />
|color1 = Green<br />
|label2 = [[Hinduism]]<br />
|value2 = 3.87<br />
|color2 = DarkOrange<br />
|label3 = [[Sikhism]]<br />
|value3 = 0.06<br />
|color3 = Yellow<br />
|label4 = [[Christianity]]<br />
|value4 = 0.16<br />
|color4 = Blue<br />
|label5 = [[Buddhism]]<br />
|value5 = 0.06<br />
|color5 = Gold<br />
|label6 = Not stated<br />
|value6 = 0.02<br />
|color6 = Black<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The [[town]] had a [[population]] of 22,789 (12,057 men and 10,732 women) per the report released by Census India 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/800030-bijbehara.html|title=Bijbehara City Population Census 2011 - Jammu and Kashmir|website=www.census2011.co.in|access-date=8 June 2016}}</ref> Children aged 0–6 made up 14.97% (3,411) of the total population of Bijbehara.<br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|<br />
<br />
*[[Government Degree College, Bijbehara]]<br />
*Islamia High School Bijbehara<br />
*Public School English Medium Bijbehara <br />
*Delhi Public School, Sangam, Bijbehara<br />
*Gov. Boys Model Hr. Sec. School <br />
*Gov. Girls Model Hr. Sec. School<br />
*Oxford Public School<br />
*Crescent Public School<br />
*Gems Public School<br />
*Cambridge Public School<br />
*Kashmir Public School<br />
*Zenith Institute Of Education<br />
*Zaiba Aapa Inst. Of Inclusive Edu.<br />
*Kashmir Public School<br />
*Big Bang School Sicop<br />
*Sky Touch School<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Religious places==<br />
*[[Baba Naseeb-ud-Din Ghazi]] shrine, Bijbehara<br />
*Totak shah Sahib shrine, Hill Station New colony Bijbehara<br />
*Vijayeshwar Mahadev Temple, Bijbehara<br />
<br />
==List of villages in Bijbehara Tehsil==<br />
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2021}}<br />
There are about 52 villages in Bijbehara:<br />
<br />
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|<br />
*Ader<br />
*Arwani <br />
*Aswara <br />
*Bander Pora <br />
*Bewora<br />
*Batagund<br />
*Chini Gund <br />
*Chunda Pora <br />
*Dari Gund <br />
*Dupathyar <br />
*Gadhanji Pora <br />
*[[Gantali Pora]] <br />
*[[Gadiseer Bijbehara]] <br />
*Guree <br />
*Gund Chel <br />
*Gund Nasir <br />
*Gund Nowroze <br />
*Hamzeh Pora <br />
*Hatigam <br />
*Haussan Pora Bagh <br />
*Hafizabad Laktipora<br />
*Hayar <br />
*Inder Mooni <br />
*Jabli Pora <br />
*Joibal <br />
*Kanalwan <br />
*Kandi Pora <br />
*Katu <br />
*Khiram <br />
*Khush Roi Kalan <br />
*Kitriteng <br />
*Krandi Gam <br />
*Laribal <br />
*Mahind <br />
*Marhama <br />
*Meera Gund <br />
*Niyana Gund Baba Khalil <br />
*Nowshehra<br />
*Wopzan <br />
*Rakh Hassain Pora <br />
*Rakh Moman Dangit Pora <br />
*Rakhi Kitri Teng <br />
*Sangam <br />
*[[Semthan]] <br />
*Shala Gam <br />
*Shiti Pora <br />
*Sirhama <br />
*Sither Satghar <br />
*Sotki Pora <br />
*Subhan Pahari <br />
*Takia Bal <br />
*Thaji War <br />
*Trubji <br />
*Tula Khan <br />
*Vedai <br />
*Veeri <br />
*Waghama<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Transportation==<br />
===Road===<br />
Bijbehara is connected to other places in Jammu and Kashmir and India by the [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH 44]] which passes through Bijbehara and other intra-district roads.<br />
<br />
===Rail===<br />
[[Bijbehara railway station]] in the town is part of the 119&nbsp;km long Kashmir Railway that runs from Baramulla to Banihal.<br />
<br />
===Air===<br />
The nearest airport is [[Sheikh ul-Alam International Airport|Srinagar International Airport]] located 51 kilometres from Bijbehara.<br />
<br />
==Notable people==<br />
* [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]], politician from erstwhile [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|State of Jammu and Kashmir]] and founder of [[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party|Jammu & Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP). He served as [[List of chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister of India]].<br />
* [[Mehbooba Mufti]], president of PDP, served as the [[Chief minister (India)|Chief Minister]] of erstwhile Jammu and Kashmir State. She is the daughter of Mufti Mohammad Sayeed.<br />
* [[Parvez Rasool]], Indian [[cricket]]er.<br />
* [[Javed Ahmad Tak|Javed Ahmed Tak]], social work.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[1993 Bijbehara massacre|Bijbehara Massacre]]<br />
*[[Anantnag]]<br />
*[[Kokernag]]<br />
*[[Parvez Rasool]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
{{Jammu and Kashmir topics}}<br />
{{Kashmir Valley}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Anantnag district]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Indian cities]]<br />
[[Category:Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]]</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atti&diff=471736Atti2025-11-24T00:51:22Z<p>MatthewEbner: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Wikt|atti}}<br />
'''Atti''' may refer to:<br />
<br />
*[[Atti, Jalandhar]], a village in Punjab, India<br />
*[[Atti (film)|''Atti'']], a 2016 Tamil film<br />
*[[Atti Aboyni]] (1946), Hungarian-born Australian soccer player and manager<br />
*[[Isotta degli Atti]] (1433–1474), Italian noble and regent<br />
*Atti family, lords of [[Sassoferrato]], Italy, in the 13th–15th centuries<br />
<br />
{{dab|surname}}</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ataur_Rahman_Khan_(Tangail_politician)&diff=455140Ataur Rahman Khan (Tangail politician)2025-11-23T12:23:46Z<p>MatthewEbner: improved lead for accuracy</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Bangladeshi politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Ataur Rahman Khan<br />
| native_name = আতাউর রহমান খান<br />
| image = Ataur Rahman Khan 03.jpg<br />
| native_name_lang = bn<br />
| office = [[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|Member of Parliament]]<br />
| term_start = 30 January 2019<br />
| predecessor = [[Amanur Rahman Khan Rana]]<br />
| party = [[Bangladesh Awami League]]<br />
| relatives = [[Shamsur Rahman Khan Shahjahan]] (brother)<br />
| children = 5, including [[Amanur Rahman Khan Rana]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/not-politics-crime-his-forte-1291813 |title=Not politics but crime his forte |date=2016-09-30 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |access-date=2019-09-30}}</ref><br />
| honorific_suffix = [[Member of parliament#Bangladesh|MP]]<br />
| term_end = 29 January 2024<br />
| successor = [[Amanur Rahman Khan Rana]]<br />
| constituency = [[Tangail-3]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Ataur Rahman Khan''' is a [[Bangladesh Awami League]] politician and former [[Jatiya Sangsad]] member from the [[Tangail-3]] constituency.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tangail-3, Tangail-6 Constituencies: AL campaign everywhere, BNP almost nowhere |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/country/news/tangail-3-mymensingh-6-constituencies-al-campaign-everywhere-bnp-almost-nowhere-1679305 |access-date=5 August 2019 |work=The Daily Star |date=27 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref> His brother, [[Shamsur Rahman Khan Shahjahan]], and his son, [[Amanur Rahman Khan Rana]], were members from the same constituency.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bodi's wife, Rana's father to get Awami League tickets |url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/bodi-s-wife-rana-s-father-to-get-awami-league-tickets |access-date=5 August 2019 |work=bdnews24.com |date=20 November 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Khan was elected to parliament from Tangail-3 as a Bangladesh Awami League candidate on 30 December 2018. He is also the grandfather of Zilan Ar Rahman Khan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/en/get-involved/contact-an-mp?layout=edit&id=3692 |title=Constituency 132_11th_En |website=Bangladesh Parliament |access-date=2019-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822051629/http://parliament.gov.bd/index.php/en/get-involved/contact-an-mp?layout=edit&id=3692 |archive-date=2022-08-22}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Commons category|Ataur Rahman Khan}}<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Ataur Rahman}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Awami League politicians]]<br />
[[Category:11th Jatiya Sangsad members]]<br />
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:People from Tangail District]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Dhaka Division]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]<br />
<br />
{{Dhaka-AL-politician-stub}}</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dil_Jeetegi_Desi_Girl&diff=448233Dil Jeetegi Desi Girl2025-11-05T12:36:43Z<p>MatthewEbner: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{One source|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| alt_name = '''Desi Girl'''<br />
| genre = [[Reality television|Reality]]<br />
| based_on = {{Based on|[[The Simple Life]]|[[Mary-Ellis Bunim]]|[[Jonathan Murray]]}}<br />
| presenter = [[Rohit Roy]]<br />
| judges = Sialba Majri Panchayat<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_episodes = 20<br />
| location = Sialba Majri<br />
| company = [[BBC Worldwide]]<br />
| channel = [[Imagine TV]]<br />
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2010|5|21}}<br />
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2010|7|4}}<br />
}}<br />
'''''Dil Jeetegi Desi Girl''''' (''Desi Girl Will Win Hearts'') is an Indian reality television series based on the American show ''[[The Simple Life]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Chicks with chickens|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/chicks-with-chickens/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623152715/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/chicks-with-chickens/ |archive-date=2020-06-23 |access-date=|website=The Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first season of the series aired on [[Imagine TV]].<br />
<br />
==Series==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:70%;"<br />
|-<br />
! style="width:1%;" | Season<br />
! style="width:1%;" | Host<br />
! style="width:1%;" | Launch Date<br />
! style="width:1%;" | Finale Date<br />
! style="width:1%;" | Contestants<br />
! style="width:1%;" | Winner<br />
! style="width:1%;" | Runner-up<br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
| [[Rohit Roy]]<br />
| {{start date|df=yes|2010|5|21}}<br />
| {{end date|df=yes|2010|7|4}}<br />
| 8<br />
| [[Roshni Chopra]]<br />
| [[Kashmera Shah]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Season 1==<br />
'''''Dil Jeetegi Desi Girl 1''''' premiered on 21 May 2010 on [[Imagine TV]]. Hosted by [[Rohit Roy]], the season ended on 4 July 2010 with [[Roshni Chopra]] emerging as the winner.{{fact|date=November 2023}}<br />
<br />
===Contestants===<br />
<br />
* [[Roshni Chopra]] | '''Winner'''<br />
* [[Kashmera Shah]] | '''First Runner Up'''<br />
* [[Ishitta Arun|Ishita Arun]] | '''Second Runner Up'''{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
* Aushima Sawhney<br />
* [[Monica Bedi]] <br />
* [[Sambhavna Seth]] <br />
* Anmol Singh<br />
* [[Rucha Gujarathi]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://hdtvking.me Dil Jeetegi Desi Girl Official Site on Imagine TV] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922211513/https://hdtvking.me/ |date=2018-09-22 }}<br />
{{Imagine Programmes}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Imagine TV original programming]]<br />
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]<br />
[[Category:2010 Indian television series endings]]<br />
[[Category:2010 Indian television series debuts]]</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahto&diff=445465Mahto2025-10-20T23:59:42Z<p>MatthewEbner: updated page</p>
<hr />
<div>{{pp|small=yes}}<br />
'''Mahto''' or '''Mahato''' is a surname used by several castes and communities in Nepal and the states of Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and Odisha in India.<ref name="PG_2008">{{cite book |author=Papiya Ghosh |title=Civil disobdience movement in Bihar, 1930–1934 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tH8MAQAAMAAJ |year=2008 |publisher=Manak |isbn=978-81-7827-000-5 |page=94 |quote=... the surname 'Mahto' was used by Dhanuks, Dusadhs, Goalas, Koeris, Sunris, Tharus, Dhobis, etc, and 'Raut' was used by Amats, Chamars, Dusadhs, Dhanuks, Goalas etc. }}</ref><ref name="Sach_1988">{{cite book |author=Sachchidananda |title=Social Change in Village India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEwut4Ax-3QC&pg=PA12 |year=1988 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-206-4 |page=12 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FuGPAAAAMAAJ |title=Human Rights: Theory and Practice |editor1=Debi Chatterjee |editor2=Sucheta Ghosh |editor3=Sumita Sen |publisher=South Asian Publishers |year=2002 |isbn=9788170032472 |page=128 |quote=But a person having 'Mahato' surname may belong to any caste which is included in the prescribed... |access-date=2020-09-20 |archive-date=2023-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922094743/https://books.google.com/books?id=FuGPAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Historically, Mahato was the hereditary title of the village headman, whose duties were to maintain peace in his area, and collect revenue for the ''[[zamindar]]'' (feudal landlord).<ref name="Sach_1988"/><ref name="JPSR">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hK-FjcbMH0wC&pg=PA215 |title=Marriage and Customs of Tribes of India |author=J. P. Singh Rana |publisher=M.D. |year=1998 |page=215 |isbn=9788175330870 |access-date=2020-11-30 |archive-date=2022-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610192956/https://books.google.com/books?id=hK-FjcbMH0wC&pg=PA215 |url-status=live }}</ref> In multi-caste villages of [[Bihar]], the zamindar used to give the title of ''Mahato'' to one person each from the [[Bhumihar]], [[Yadav]], and [[Beldar]] caste.<ref name="Sach_1988"/> The traditional [[Oraon people|Oraon]] villages had a similar role for the ''Mahato'', who served as the secular head of the village and jointly held the administrative authority with a priest (''pahan'').<ref name="JPSR"/><br />
<br />
In Bihar, the surname Mahto is also used by people belonging to [[Kushwaha]] caste.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-controversial-statement-of-rabri-devi-on-making-samrat-chaudhary-bihar-bjp-state-president-7934807.html|title=बनिया से मन भरा तो महतो को बनाया, सम्राट चौधरी को बीजेपी प्रदेश अध्यक्ष बनाने पर राबड़ी देवी का विवादित|website=LiveHindustan|accessdate=23 March 2023|language=Hindi|quote=Samrat Chaudhary has got the command of state BJP president in Bihar. People have started congratulating Samrat Chaudhary. Meanwhile, Rabri Devi, wife of former state CM and RJD chief Lalu Yadav, while taunting the BJP said that if the mind is filled with the Baniya people, then now the mind has to be filled with the Mahato people. Samrat Chaudhary comes from Kushwaha caste and people of Kushwaha caste also use Mahato surname.|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324043443/https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-controversial-statement-of-rabri-devi-on-making-samrat-chaudhary-bihar-bjp-state-president-7934807.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/politics/part-of-nitishs-core-luv-kush-votebank-on-bjp-radar-why-kushwahas-are-sought-after-in-bihar-politics/1490546/|title=Part of Nitish's core 'Luv-Kush' votebank & on BJP radar — why Kushwahas are sought after in Bihar politics|website=the print|accessdate=4 March 2023|archive-date=9 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409054839/https://theprint.in/politics/part-of-nitishs-core-luv-kush-votebank-on-bjp-radar-why-kushwahas-are-sought-after-in-bihar-politics/1490546/|url-status=live}}</ref> In Jharkhand, it is a term most often associated with [[Koeri]] and [[Kurmi]] caste.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/in-hazaribagh-they-still-talk-of-the-mahto-meeting/article5832263.ece|title=In Hazaribagh, they still talk of the Mahto meeting|website=The Hindu|date=25 March 2014 |accessdate=18 April 2023|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418190004/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/in-hazaribagh-they-still-talk-of-the-mahto-meeting/article5832263.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>{{qn|date=December 2024}}<br />
<br />
The castes and communities that use Mahto, Mehto or Mahato as a surname, clan name or title include:<br />
<br />
{{columns-list|colwidth=10em|<br />
* [[Beldar]]<ref name="Sach_1988"/><br />
* [[Bhumihar]]<ref name="Sach_1988"/><br />
* [[Chamar]]<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-NinRMPp1cUC&pg=PA131 |title=Scheduled Castes Today |author=Makhan Jha |publisher=M.D. |year=1997 |isbn=9788175330603 |page=131 }}</ref><br />
* [[Dhanuk]]<ref name="PG_2008"/><br />
* [[Dhobi]]<ref name="PG_2008"/><br />
* [[Dusadh]]<ref name="PG_2008"/><br />
* [[Gowala (caste)|Goala]]<ref name="PG_2008"/><br />
* [[Khairaha|Khairwar]]<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EZ9ABRcHNuoC&pg=PA12 |title=Genetic Consequent of Child Growth |author=K.K.N. Sharma |publisher=Northern Book Centre |year=1998 |isbn=9788172110987 |page=12 }}</ref><br />
* [[Koeri]]<ref name="PG_2008"/><br />
* [[Kudmi Mahato]] (Kurmi)<ref>{{cite book <br />
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9qrmTdshzKQC&pg=PA114 |title=The Unrest Axle: Ethno-social Movements in Eastern India |author=Gautam Kumar Bera |publisher=Mittal |year=2008 |page=114 |isbn=9788183241458 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1nqYqBBf_IC&pg=PA340 |title=Issues in Indian Politics |author=Lalan Tiwari |publisher=Mittal |year=1995 |isbn=9788170996187 |page=340 }}</ref><br />
* [[Oraon people|Oraons]]<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=scgz0Uzn64YC&pg=PA206 |title=The Tribal Culture of India |editor1=Lalita Prasad Vidyarthi |editor2=Binay Kumar Rai |publisher=Concept |year=1977 |page=206 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmDRNTYw49EC&pg=PA246 |title=Encyclopaedic Profile of Indian Tribes |volume=1 |author=Sachchidananda |publisher=Discovery |year=1996 |isbn=9788171412983 }}</ref><br />
* [[Bedia (caste)|Bedias]]<ref>{{cite book |author=K.S.Singh |title=People of India: The scheduled castes |year=1992 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |quote="Mahato, Bedia, and in a few cases, Majhi, are also used as surnames. The Bedia use Mahato, Majhi, Par gohit, Deshmondel as titles." |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1GxHJav8MuUC |page=215 |isbn=9788185579092 |access-date=2023-03-22 |archive-date=2023-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325193955/https://books.google.com/books?id=1GxHJav8MuUC |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* [[Shunri|Sunris]]<ref name="PG_2008"/><br />
* [[Tharu people|Tharus]]<ref name="PG_2008"/><br />
* [[Yadav]]s<ref name="Sach_1988"/><br />
* [[Brahmins]]<ref name="Sach_1988"/>}}<br />
<br />
== Notable people ==<br />
<br />
Notable people with the surname Mahto or Mahato include:<br />
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Bharatpedia ♦♦♦---> <br />
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦---> <br />
*[[Abha Mahato]] (born 1964), Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Aklu Ram Mahto]] (1940–2020), Indian politician from Jharkhand, served as Minister of Finance in undivided Bihar<br />
*[[Amit Mahto]], Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Anand Mahato]], Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Ashwamedh Devi|Ashwamedh Mahto]] (born 1967), Indian politician from Bihar<br />
*[[Bablu Mahato]], Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Bhabini Mahato]] (1925–2014), Bengali freedom fighter and activist<br />
*[[Baidyanath Prasad Mahto]] (born 1947), Indian politician from Bihar<br />
*[[Bandhu Mahto]], Indian politician from Bihar<br />
*[[Baneswar Mahato]], Indian politician from West Bengal<br />
*[[Banshilal Mahto]] (1940–2019), Indian politician from Chhattisgarh<br />
*[[Baby Devi|Bebi Mahto]], Member of Jharkhand Legislative Assembly, minister in Government of Jharkhand<br />
*[[Bhajahari Mahato]] (1911–2003), Indian politician from West Bengal<br />
*[[Bidyut Baran Mahato]] (born 1963), Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Binod Bihari Mahato]] (1923–1991), Indian politician and advocate from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Bir Singh Mahato]] (1945–2021), Indian politician from West Bengal<br />
*[[Birendra Prasad Mahato]], Nepalese politician <br />
*[[Buli Mahato]] (Died 14 June 1834), A revolutionary leader of the anti-British Rebellion from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Chhatradhar Mahato]] (born 1964), Indian political activist from West Bengal<br />
*[[Chanku Mahato]] (1816–1856), Indian freedom fighter<br />
*[[Chittaranjan Mahata|Chitta Mahato]], Indian politician from West Bengal<br />
*[[Dhananjay Mahato]] (1919–2014), Indian freedom fighter, social activist, and politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Dulu Mahato]], Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Indrajit Mahato]], Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Jairam Kumar Mahato]], Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Jagannath Mahto]], Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Jagdish Mahto]], communist activist and founder of [[Naxalism]] in Bihar <br />
*[[Jaleshwar Mahato]], Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Julie Kumari Mahato]], Nepalese politician, former minister <br />
*[[Jyotirmay Singh Mahato]], Indian politician from West Bengal<br />
*[[Keshav Mahto Kamlesh]], Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Khiru Mahto]] (born 1953), Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Kishor Mahato]] (born 2000), Nepalese fast bowler cricketer<br />
*[[Lambodar Mahto]], Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Laxmi Mahato Koiri]], Nepalese politician<br />
*[[Lok Nath Mahato]], Indian politician from Jharkhand <br />
*[[Mriganko Mahato]], (born 1963) Indian politician from West Bengal<br />
*[[Muga Lal Mahato]], Nepalese politician<br />
*[[Nagendra Mahto]], Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Narahari Mahato]] (born 1956), Indian politician from West Bengal<br />
*[[Nepal Mahato]], Indian politician from West Bengal<br />
*[[Nirmal Mahto]] (1950–1987), Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Pradeep Mahto]], Indian politician from Bihar<br />
*[[Puja Mahato]] (born 2006), Nepalese all-rounder cricketer<br />
*[[Purnima Mahato]], Indian archer and archery coach from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Rabindra Nath Mahato]], India Politician from Jharkhand, Speaker of Jharkhand Vidhan Sabha<br />
*[[Raghunath Mahato]], Indian freedom fighter (Chuar Rebellion)<br />
*[[Raj Banshi Mahto]], Indian politician from Bihar<br />
*[[Raj Kishore Mahato]], Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Rajendra Mahato]] (born 1958), Former Deputy Prime Minister of Nepal<br />
*[[Ramdeo Verma|Ramdeo Mahto]], CPI(M) leader and six time MLA from Bihar<br />
*[[Ramdev Mahato]], former Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly<br />
*[[Ram I. Mahato]], Professor, scientist and chairman of the Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, USA<br />
*[[Ram Lakhan Mahato]] (1947–2020), Indian politician from Bihar<br />
*[[Ram Padarnath Mahto]], former minister in Government of Bihar<br />
*[[Ram Prakash Mahto]], politician from Bihar<br />
*[[Rambalak Mahto]],(born 1924), Advocate General of the state of Bihar<br />
*[[Rameshwar Mahto]], Indian politician from Bihar<br />
*[[Ramdeo Mahto]], one of the founder leaders of Bhartiya Jana Sangh, the parent organisation of Bharatiya Janata Party in Bihar, former member of Bihar Legislative Assembly<br />
*[[Sabita Mahato]], Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Sagina Mahato]], Indian social activist and leader of labour movement 1942–43 from West Bengal<br />
*[[Sahdeo Mahato]], (Born 1922), Indian politician and independence activist from Bihar<br />
*[[Santiram Mahato]], Indian politician from West Bengal<br />
*[[Satrudhan Mahato]], Nepalese politician<br />
*[[Shatrughan Mahto]], Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Shailendra Mahato]], Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Shiva Mahto]], three time Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly<br />
*[[Sitaram Mahato]], Nepalese politician<br />
*[[Sudesh Mahto]], Indian politician, former deputy chief minister of Jharkhand<br />
*[[Sudhir Mahato]], Indian politician, former deputy chief minister of Jharkhand<br />
*[[Suman Mahato]] (born 1964), Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Sunil Kumar Mahato]] (1966–2007), Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Sushanta Mahato]], member of West Bengal Legislative Assembly<br />
*[[Tek Lal Mahto]], Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Tooni Mahto]], British marine biologist<br />
*[[Yogeshwar Mahto]], Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Bharatpedia ♦♦♦---> <br />
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦---><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{surname}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Surnames of Nepalese origin]]<br />
[[Category:Surnames of Hindu origin]]<br />
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahto&diff=445376Mahto2025-10-20T23:59:42Z<p>MatthewEbner: updated page</p>
<hr />
<div>{{pp|small=yes}}<br />
'''Mahto''' or '''Mahato''' is a surname used by several castes and communities in Nepal and the states of Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and Odisha in India.<ref name="PG_2008">{{cite book |author=Papiya Ghosh |title=Civil disobdience movement in Bihar, 1930–1934 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tH8MAQAAMAAJ |year=2008 |publisher=Manak |isbn=978-81-7827-000-5 |page=94 |quote=... the surname 'Mahto' was used by Dhanuks, Dusadhs, Goalas, Koeris, Sunris, Tharus, Dhobis, etc, and 'Raut' was used by Amats, Chamars, Dusadhs, Dhanuks, Goalas etc. }}</ref><ref name="Sach_1988">{{cite book |author=Sachchidananda |title=Social Change in Village India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEwut4Ax-3QC&pg=PA12 |year=1988 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-206-4 |page=12 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FuGPAAAAMAAJ |title=Human Rights: Theory and Practice |editor1=Debi Chatterjee |editor2=Sucheta Ghosh |editor3=Sumita Sen |publisher=South Asian Publishers |year=2002 |isbn=9788170032472 |page=128 |quote=But a person having 'Mahato' surname may belong to any caste which is included in the prescribed... |access-date=2020-09-20 |archive-date=2023-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922094743/https://books.google.com/books?id=FuGPAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Historically, Mahato was the hereditary title of the village headman, whose duties were to maintain peace in his area, and collect revenue for the ''[[zamindar]]'' (feudal landlord).<ref name="Sach_1988"/><ref name="JPSR">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hK-FjcbMH0wC&pg=PA215 |title=Marriage and Customs of Tribes of India |author=J. P. Singh Rana |publisher=M.D. |year=1998 |page=215 |isbn=9788175330870 |access-date=2020-11-30 |archive-date=2022-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610192956/https://books.google.com/books?id=hK-FjcbMH0wC&pg=PA215 |url-status=live }}</ref> In multi-caste villages of [[Bihar]], the zamindar used to give the title of ''Mahato'' to one person each from the [[Bhumihar]], [[Yadav]], and [[Beldar]] caste.<ref name="Sach_1988"/> The traditional [[Oraon people|Oraon]] villages had a similar role for the ''Mahato'', who served as the secular head of the village and jointly held the administrative authority with a priest (''pahan'').<ref name="JPSR"/><br />
<br />
In Bihar, the surname Mahto is also used by people belonging to [[Kushwaha]] caste.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-controversial-statement-of-rabri-devi-on-making-samrat-chaudhary-bihar-bjp-state-president-7934807.html|title=बनिया से मन भरा तो महतो को बनाया, सम्राट चौधरी को बीजेपी प्रदेश अध्यक्ष बनाने पर राबड़ी देवी का विवादित|website=LiveHindustan|accessdate=23 March 2023|language=Hindi|quote=Samrat Chaudhary has got the command of state BJP president in Bihar. People have started congratulating Samrat Chaudhary. Meanwhile, Rabri Devi, wife of former state CM and RJD chief Lalu Yadav, while taunting the BJP said that if the mind is filled with the Baniya people, then now the mind has to be filled with the Mahato people. Samrat Chaudhary comes from Kushwaha caste and people of Kushwaha caste also use Mahato surname.|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324043443/https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-controversial-statement-of-rabri-devi-on-making-samrat-chaudhary-bihar-bjp-state-president-7934807.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/politics/part-of-nitishs-core-luv-kush-votebank-on-bjp-radar-why-kushwahas-are-sought-after-in-bihar-politics/1490546/|title=Part of Nitish's core 'Luv-Kush' votebank & on BJP radar — why Kushwahas are sought after in Bihar politics|website=the print|accessdate=4 March 2023|archive-date=9 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409054839/https://theprint.in/politics/part-of-nitishs-core-luv-kush-votebank-on-bjp-radar-why-kushwahas-are-sought-after-in-bihar-politics/1490546/|url-status=live}}</ref> In Jharkhand, it is a term most often associated with [[Koeri]] and [[Kurmi]] caste.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/in-hazaribagh-they-still-talk-of-the-mahto-meeting/article5832263.ece|title=In Hazaribagh, they still talk of the Mahto meeting|website=The Hindu|date=25 March 2014 |accessdate=18 April 2023|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418190004/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/in-hazaribagh-they-still-talk-of-the-mahto-meeting/article5832263.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>{{qn|date=December 2024}}<br />
<br />
The castes and communities that use Mahto, Mehto or Mahato as a surname, clan name or title include:<br />
<br />
{{columns-list|colwidth=10em|<br />
* [[Beldar]]<ref name="Sach_1988"/><br />
* [[Bhumihar]]<ref name="Sach_1988"/><br />
* [[Chamar]]<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-NinRMPp1cUC&pg=PA131 |title=Scheduled Castes Today |author=Makhan Jha |publisher=M.D. |year=1997 |isbn=9788175330603 |page=131 }}</ref><br />
* [[Dhanuk]]<ref name="PG_2008"/><br />
* [[Dhobi]]<ref name="PG_2008"/><br />
* [[Dusadh]]<ref name="PG_2008"/><br />
* [[Gowala (caste)|Goala]]<ref name="PG_2008"/><br />
* [[Khairaha|Khairwar]]<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EZ9ABRcHNuoC&pg=PA12 |title=Genetic Consequent of Child Growth |author=K.K.N. Sharma |publisher=Northern Book Centre |year=1998 |isbn=9788172110987 |page=12 }}</ref><br />
* [[Koeri]]<ref name="PG_2008"/><br />
* [[Kudmi Mahato]] (Kurmi)<ref>{{cite book <br />
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9qrmTdshzKQC&pg=PA114 |title=The Unrest Axle: Ethno-social Movements in Eastern India |author=Gautam Kumar Bera |publisher=Mittal |year=2008 |page=114 |isbn=9788183241458 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1nqYqBBf_IC&pg=PA340 |title=Issues in Indian Politics |author=Lalan Tiwari |publisher=Mittal |year=1995 |isbn=9788170996187 |page=340 }}</ref><br />
* [[Oraon people|Oraons]]<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=scgz0Uzn64YC&pg=PA206 |title=The Tribal Culture of India |editor1=Lalita Prasad Vidyarthi |editor2=Binay Kumar Rai |publisher=Concept |year=1977 |page=206 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmDRNTYw49EC&pg=PA246 |title=Encyclopaedic Profile of Indian Tribes |volume=1 |author=Sachchidananda |publisher=Discovery |year=1996 |isbn=9788171412983 }}</ref><br />
* [[Bedia (caste)|Bedias]]<ref>{{cite book |author=K.S.Singh |title=People of India: The scheduled castes |year=1992 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |quote="Mahato, Bedia, and in a few cases, Majhi, are also used as surnames. The Bedia use Mahato, Majhi, Par gohit, Deshmondel as titles." |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1GxHJav8MuUC |page=215 |isbn=9788185579092 |access-date=2023-03-22 |archive-date=2023-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325193955/https://books.google.com/books?id=1GxHJav8MuUC |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* [[Shunri|Sunris]]<ref name="PG_2008"/><br />
* [[Tharu people|Tharus]]<ref name="PG_2008"/><br />
* [[Yadav]]s<ref name="Sach_1988"/><br />
* [[Brahmins]]<ref name="Sach_1988"/>}}<br />
<br />
== Notable people ==<br />
<br />
Notable people with the surname Mahto or Mahato include:<br />
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Bharatpedia ♦♦♦---> <br />
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦---> <br />
*[[Abha Mahato]] (born 1964), Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Aklu Ram Mahto]] (1940–2020), Indian politician from Jharkhand, served as Minister of Finance in undivided Bihar<br />
*[[Amit Mahto]], Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Anand Mahato]], Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Ashwamedh Devi|Ashwamedh Mahto]] (born 1967), Indian politician from Bihar<br />
*[[Bablu Mahato]], Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Bhabini Mahato]] (1925–2014), Bengali freedom fighter and activist<br />
*[[Baidyanath Prasad Mahto]] (born 1947), Indian politician from Bihar<br />
*[[Bandhu Mahto]], Indian politician from Bihar<br />
*[[Baneswar Mahato]], Indian politician from West Bengal<br />
*[[Banshilal Mahto]] (1940–2019), Indian politician from Chhattisgarh<br />
*[[Baby Devi|Bebi Mahto]], Member of Jharkhand Legislative Assembly, minister in Government of Jharkhand<br />
*[[Bhajahari Mahato]] (1911–2003), Indian politician from West Bengal<br />
*[[Bidyut Baran Mahato]] (born 1963), Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Binod Bihari Mahato]] (1923–1991), Indian politician and advocate from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Bir Singh Mahato]] (1945–2021), Indian politician from West Bengal<br />
*[[Birendra Prasad Mahato]], Nepalese politician <br />
*[[Buli Mahato]] (Died 14 June 1834), A revolutionary leader of the anti-British Rebellion from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Chhatradhar Mahato]] (born 1964), Indian political activist from West Bengal<br />
*[[Chanku Mahato]] (1816–1856), Indian freedom fighter<br />
*[[Chittaranjan Mahata|Chitta Mahato]], Indian politician from West Bengal<br />
*[[Dhananjay Mahato]] (1919–2014), Indian freedom fighter, social activist, and politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Dulu Mahato]], Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Indrajit Mahato]], Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Jairam Kumar Mahato]], Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Jagannath Mahto]], Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Jagdish Mahto]], communist activist and founder of [[Naxalism]] in Bihar <br />
*[[Jaleshwar Mahato]], Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Julie Kumari Mahato]], Nepalese politician, former minister <br />
*[[Jyotirmay Singh Mahato]], Indian politician from West Bengal<br />
*[[Keshav Mahto Kamlesh]], Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Khiru Mahto]] (born 1953), Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Kishor Mahato]] (born 2000), Nepalese fast bowler cricketer<br />
*[[Lambodar Mahto]], Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Laxmi Mahato Koiri]], Nepalese politician<br />
*[[Lok Nath Mahato]], Indian politician from Jharkhand <br />
*[[Mriganko Mahato]], (born 1963) Indian politician from West Bengal<br />
*[[Muga Lal Mahato]], Nepalese politician<br />
*[[Nagendra Mahto]], Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Narahari Mahato]] (born 1956), Indian politician from West Bengal<br />
*[[Nepal Mahato]], Indian politician from West Bengal<br />
*[[Nirmal Mahto]] (1950–1987), Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Pradeep Mahto]], Indian politician from Bihar<br />
*[[Puja Mahato]] (born 2006), Nepalese all-rounder cricketer<br />
*[[Purnima Mahato]], Indian archer and archery coach from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Rabindra Nath Mahato]], India Politician from Jharkhand, Speaker of Jharkhand Vidhan Sabha<br />
*[[Raghunath Mahato]], Indian freedom fighter (Chuar Rebellion)<br />
*[[Raj Banshi Mahto]], Indian politician from Bihar<br />
*[[Raj Kishore Mahato]], Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Rajendra Mahato]] (born 1958), Former Deputy Prime Minister of Nepal<br />
*[[Ramdeo Verma|Ramdeo Mahto]], CPI(M) leader and six time MLA from Bihar<br />
*[[Ramdev Mahato]], former Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly<br />
*[[Ram I. Mahato]], Professor, scientist and chairman of the Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, USA<br />
*[[Ram Lakhan Mahato]] (1947–2020), Indian politician from Bihar<br />
*[[Ram Padarnath Mahto]], former minister in Government of Bihar<br />
*[[Ram Prakash Mahto]], politician from Bihar<br />
*[[Rambalak Mahto]],(born 1924), Advocate General of the state of Bihar<br />
*[[Rameshwar Mahto]], Indian politician from Bihar<br />
*[[Ramdeo Mahto]], one of the founder leaders of Bhartiya Jana Sangh, the parent organisation of Bharatiya Janata Party in Bihar, former member of Bihar Legislative Assembly<br />
*[[Sabita Mahato]], Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Sagina Mahato]], Indian social activist and leader of labour movement 1942–43 from West Bengal<br />
*[[Sahdeo Mahato]], (Born 1922), Indian politician and independence activist from Bihar<br />
*[[Santiram Mahato]], Indian politician from West Bengal<br />
*[[Satrudhan Mahato]], Nepalese politician<br />
*[[Shatrughan Mahto]], Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Shailendra Mahato]], Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Shiva Mahto]], three time Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly<br />
*[[Sitaram Mahato]], Nepalese politician<br />
*[[Sudesh Mahto]], Indian politician, former deputy chief minister of Jharkhand<br />
*[[Sudhir Mahato]], Indian politician, former deputy chief minister of Jharkhand<br />
*[[Suman Mahato]] (born 1964), Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Sunil Kumar Mahato]] (1966–2007), Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Sushanta Mahato]], member of West Bengal Legislative Assembly<br />
*[[Tek Lal Mahto]], Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
*[[Tooni Mahto]], British marine biologist<br />
*[[Yogeshwar Mahto]], Indian politician from Jharkhand<br />
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Bharatpedia ♦♦♦---> <br />
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦---><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{surname}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Surnames of Nepalese origin]]<br />
[[Category:Surnames of Hindu origin]]<br />
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gajender_Yadav&diff=499645Gajender Yadav2025-10-03T04:33:09Z<p>MatthewEbner: creating page!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Gajainder Yadav<br />
| term_start = 2025<br />
| constituency = [[Mehrauli Assembly constituency|Mehrauli]]<br />
| office = [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Member of Delhi Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| predecessor = [[Naresh Yadav]]<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Gajender Yadav''' (born 1977)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Gajender Singh Yadav(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- MEHRAULI(SOUTH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Delhi2025/candidate.php?candidate_id=53 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Delhi]]. He was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] in the [[8th Delhi Assembly]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from [[Mehrauli Assembly constituency]] in South Delhi district.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08 |title=Mundka, Delhi Vidhan Sabha Chunav Results 2025 Highlights: Mundka विधानसभा सीट के नतीजे सामने आए, BJP ने AAP को दी शिकस्त |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/mundka-delhi-assembly-election-results-2025-live-updates-aap-bjp-congress-chunav-parinam-daelb-2161320-2025-02-08 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mehrauli Election Result Highlights: BJP Gajender Singh Yadav Wins By 1782 Votes |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/live-updates/mehrauli-vidhan-sabha-chunav-result-2025-live-winner-and-looser-candidate-mahender-chaudhary-vs-gajainder-yadav-vs-pushpa-singh-total-votes-margin-bjp-aap-congress-delhi-assembly-election-result-2855321.html/amp |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=zeenews.india.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08 |title=Mehrauli, Delhi Assembly Election Results 2025 Highlights: BJP's Gajender Singh Yadav defeats AAP's Mahender Chaudhary with 1782 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/mehrauli-delhi-assembly-election-results-2025-live-updates-aap-bjp-congress-daelb-2676413-2025-02-08 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Mehrauli election results 2025 highlights: BJP's Gajainder Yadav wins with margin of 1,782 votes">{{cite news |title=Mehrauli election results 2025 highlights: BJP's Gajainder Yadav wins with margin of 1,782 votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/mehrauli-election-results-2025-highlights-mahender-chaudhary-gajainder-yadav-pushpa-singh/articleshow/118044784.cms |access-date=19 March 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319101255/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/mehrauli-election-results-2025-highlights-mahender-chaudhary-gajainder-yadav-pushpa-singh/articleshow/118044784.cms |archive-date=19 March 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Yadav is from Mehrauli, Delhi. He is the son of Mohlad Singh. He completed his masters degree in political science in 2018 at a college affiliated with Swami [[Swami Vivekanand Subharti University]], Meerut. Earlier, he did a post graduate diploma in management at [[Makhanlal Chaturvedi National University of Journalism and Communication]], Bhopal in 2006. He declared assets over Rs.30,000,000 before the 2025 election.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Yadav won from [[Mehrauli Assembly constituency]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08 |title=Mehrauli Election Results 2025 Live: Winner, Runner-up, Candidates List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/mehrauli-delhi-assembly-election-results-2025-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-9823033/ |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He polled 48,349 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Mahender Chaudhary of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]], by a margin of 1,782 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08 |title=Delhi Election Results: How the Jat factor tipped the scales in BJP's favour - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/delhi-election-results-jat-factor-bjp-victory-19555405.htm |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mehrauli Election Result Highlights: BJP Gajender Singh Yadav Wins By 1782 Votes |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/live-updates/mehrauli-vidhan-sabha-chunav-result-2025-live-winner-and-looser-candidate-mahender-chaudhary-vs-gajainder-yadav-vs-pushpa-singh-total-votes-margin-bjp-aap-congress-delhi-assembly-election-result-2855321.html |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mehrauli Election Result 2025: Gajender Singh Yadav of BJP Wins, Defeats Mahender Chaudhary of AAP |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/mehrauli-election-result-2025-live-updates-highlights-winner-leading-mla-margin-9218852.html |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Mehrauli">{{cite news |date=8 February 2025 |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Mehrauli |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0545.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319100937/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0545.htm |archive-date=19 March 2025 |access-date=19 March 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name="Mehrauli Constituency Election Results 2025">{{cite news |date=8 February 2025 |title=Mehrauli Constituency Election Results 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/mehrauli |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319101031/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/mehrauli |archive-date=19 March 2025 |access-date=19 March 2025 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Gajender}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2025–2030]]<br />
[[Category:1977 births]]<br />
<br />
{{Delhi-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anantapur_railway_station&diff=455229Anantapur railway station2025-08-25T13:07:22Z<p>MatthewEbner: added article to improve readability</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Railway station in Andhra Pradesh, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox station<br />
| name = Anantapur<br />
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station<br />
| style = Indian Railways<br />
| image = File:Anatapur Railway station board.jpg<br />
| image_caption = Anantapur railway station<br />
| address = [[Anantapur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| country = {{flagu|India}}<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|14.686|N|77.595|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br />
| elevation = {{convert|453|m|ft|1}}<br />
| line = [[Guntakal–Bangalore section]]<br />
| other = <br />
| structure = Standard on ground<br />
| platform = 4<br />
| tracks = 4<br />
| entrances = <br />
| parking = Yes<br />
| bicycle = No<br />
| opened = 1892–93<br />
| closed = <br />
| rebuilt = <br />
| electrified = Yes<br />
| accessible = <br />
| code = {{Indian railway code<br />
| code = ATP<br />
| division = Guntakal<br />
}}<br />
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]<br />
| operator = [[South Coast Railway zone|South Coast Railway]]<br />
| status = Functioning<br />
| former = <br />
| passengers = <br />
| pass_year = <br />
| pass_percent = <br />
| pass_system = <br />
| map_type =India Andhra Pradesh#India<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Anantapur railway station''' (station code:ATP<ref>{{cite web |title=Distances in kilometers between stations on the ZangalaPalle – Kalluru section |url=http://rbs.indianrail.gov.in/ShortPath/Rbs_pdf/LdtPart-i/ldtpart-i_scr.pdf |website=Indian Railways |accessdate=1 May 2019 |page=116 |date=12 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414150809/http://rbs.indianrail.gov.in/ShortPath/Rbs_pdf/LdtPart-i/ldtpart-i_scr.pdf |archive-date=14 April 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>) is located in [[Anantapur district]] in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and serves [[Anantapur]] city. It lies on [[Guntakal–Bangalore section]].<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
The Guntakal–Bangalore line was opened in 1892–93.<ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_RG2x2xDQ5UC&q=South+Indian+Railway+Gazetteer&pg=PA76| title=Gazetteer of South India| volume=II| page=479| last=W. Francis| year=1988| publisher=Mittal Publications| location=New Delhi| accessdate=30 December 2013| via=Google Books}}</ref> The metre-gauge Guntakal–Mysore Frontier Railway was opened in 1893. It was operated by Southern Mahrata Railway.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Guntakal-Mysore_Frontier_Railway | title =Guntakal–Mysore Frontier Railway | publisher =fibis | accessdate =9 December 2013 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060009/http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Guntakal-Mysore_Frontier_Railway | archive-date =4 March 2016 | url-status =dead }}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=November 2016}}<br />
Anantapur railway station was officially opened to traffic in 1892 as part of the Guntakal–Bangalore line. It played an important role in connecting Rayalaseema with Karnataka and became one of the key junctions for trade and passenger movement in the region.<ref>South Central Railway. "History of South Central Railway". scr.indianrailways.gov.in. Retrieved 25 August 2025.</ref><br />
<br />
== Electrification ==<br />
The Gooty-Bangalore railway line was fully electrified and commissioned on 14 July 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/infrastructure/single-view/view/bangalore-electrification-commissioned.html|title = Bangalore electrification commissioned}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Classification ==<br />
Anantapur is classified as an ''NSG-3'' station in the [[Guntakal railway division]].<ref name="categories">{{cite web|title=Category of Stations over Guntakal Division |url=http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,291,353,1280,1349 |website=South Central Railway zone |publisher=Indian Railways |accessdate=8 November 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501162856/http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1%2C291%2C353%2C1280%2C1349 |archivedate= 1 May 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Anantapur has been selected for the ''Adarsh Station Scheme'', a scheme for upgradation of stations by the [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Adarsh Railway Station Scheme |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=160499 |website=Press Information Bureau |accessdate=24 May 2019 |date=5 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Adarsh Stations |url=https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1527591252494-ADARSH%20STATIONS.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |accessdate=24 May 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Amenities ==<br />
* Anantapur railway station has computerized reservation counters, waiting room, retiring room, non-vegetarian refreshment stall, light refreshment stall, tea stall and book stall.<br />
* Anantapuram has 4 platforms and each can handle a train with more than 21 coaches. Daily 41 pairs of passenger trains pass through this station with halt times more than 2 minutes.<br />
* The station is equipped with Automatic Ticket Vending Machines (ATVMs) and has been provided with free Wi-Fi under the Digital India initiative of Indian Railways. CCTV surveillance has also been installed for passenger safety.<ref>Press Information Bureau. "Railways provide free Wi-Fi at stations under Digital India". pib.gov.in. Retrieved 25 August 2025.</ref><br />
==Passenger traffic==<br />
Anantapur railway station handles over 18,000 passengers daily, making it one of the busiest stations in the Guntakal division.<ref>Indian Railways. "Passenger Statistics Report 2018–19". indianrailways.gov.in. Retrieved 25 August 2025.</ref><br />
==Connectivity==<br />
The station is well connected by express and passenger trains to major cities such as Bangalore, Hyderabad, Chennai, Mumbai, and New Delhi. Prominent trains halting here include the Prasanthi Express, Karnataka Express, and Kondaveedu Express.<ref>India Rail Info. "ATP/Anantapur Railway Station". indiarailinfo.com. Retrieved 25 August 2025.</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/anantapur-atp/139|publisher=indiarailinfo.com|title=ATP/Anantapur Station – 82 Train Departures SCR/South Central Zone – Railway Enquiry|accessdate=8 November 2016}}<br />
<br />
{{Railway stations in Andhra Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1872]]<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in Anantapur district]]<br />
[[Category:Guntakal railway division]]</div>MatthewEbnerhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fashion_Factory&diff=498938Fashion Factory2025-08-10T04:17:57Z<p>MatthewEbner: creating a info!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Chain of retail stores operated by Reliance Retail}}<br />
{{Primary sources|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = Fashion Factory<br />
| logo = Fashion_Factory_Logo.png<br />
| logo_size = 295px<br />
| image = Brand Factory - 3B Ram Mohan Mullick Garden Lane - Beleghata - Kolkata 20180223150147.jpg<br />
| image_caption = A Brand Factory (now Fashion Factory) store in Kolkata<br />
| former_name = Brand Factory<br />
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]<br />
| genre = <br />
| foundation = 2006<br />
| location_city = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra<br />
| location_country = [[India]]<br />
| location = <br />
| locations = 81<br />
| area_served = India<br />
| key_people = <br />
| industry = [[Retailing]]<br />
| products = Apparel, Footwear<br />
| services = <br />
| market cap = <br />
| revenue = <br />
| operating_income = <br />
| net_income = <br />
| aum = <br />
| assets = <br />
| equity = <br />
| owner = <br />
| num_employees = <br />
| parent = [[Reliance Retail]]<br />
| divisions = <br />
| subsid = <br />
| homepage = {{URL|https://reliancefashionfactorystores.com//}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
| intl = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Fashion Factory''', formerly Brand Factory, is a chain of [[Retail format|retail stores]] operated by [[Reliance Retail]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fashion Factory |url=https://relianceretail.com/fashion-factory.html#:~:text=Fashion%20Factory%20is%20Reliance%20Retail's,and%20accessories,%20at%20unbeatable%20prices. |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=relianceretail.com}}</ref> It was formerly operated by [[Future Group]]. It offers a wide range of apparel brands in different categories for men, women, infants, accessories, cosmetics, footwear, sportswear, and luggage. Launched in September 2006 as Brand Factory, it had 100 stores across 50 cities in [[India]] in December 2018.<ref name="w205">{{cite web | last=Govind | first=Deepti | title=Brand Factory plans aggressive expansion, to focus on small towns | website=mint | date=December 18, 2017 | url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/fBmNuyTH7UDpWDHPzQaNSK/Brand-Factory-plans-aggressive-expansion-to-focus-on-small.html | access-date=July 2, 2024}}</ref> It was India's largest discount retail chain at the time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://trendandoffers.com/brand-factory-3-day-denim-deals/|title=trendandoffers.com|website=trendandoffers.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://newssuperfast.com/2014/12/31/brand-factory-offers-biggest-clearance-sale-this-new-year/ |title=Brand Factory offers 'Biggest Clearance Sale' this New Year |accessdate=2015-03-18 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402173805/http://newssuperfast.com/2014/12/31/brand-factory-offers-biggest-clearance-sale-this-new-year/ |archivedate=2015-04-02 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/article/print/news-sector-retail/brand-factory-unleashes-its-ethnic-wear-collection-114111500034_1.html|title=Brand Factory unleashes its Ethnic Wear collection|website=www.indiainfoline.com}}</ref> The chain had planned to expand its number of outlets to 100 by 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/fBmNuyTH7UDpWDHPzQaNSK/Brand-Factory-plans-aggressive-expansion-to-focus-on-small.html|title=Brand Factory plans aggressive expansion, to focus on small towns|date=18 December 2017|publisher=Livemint|first=Deepti|last=Govind}}</ref> In 2022, it was acquired by [[Reliance Industries]] and rebranded as Fashion Factory.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kalra |first=Aditya |date=2022-02-28 |title=India's Reliance to take over operations of 250 more Future Retail stores-sources |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indias-reliance-take-over-operations-250-more-future-retail-stores-sources-2022-02-28/ |access-date=2023-02-10}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Outlets ==<br />
The outlets are between 10,000 and 150,000 square feet in size and hosted several Indian and International fashion brands like Buffalo, [[Jack and Jones|Jack & Jones]], [[Levi's|Levis]], [[Pepe Jeans]], [[Wrangler (jeans)|Wrangler]], [[Provogue]], [[The Arrow Collar Man|Arrow]], [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]], [[Adidas]], [[Reebok]], [[Raymond Group|Raymond]], [[Louis Philippe (brand)|Louis Phillippe]], [[Ed Hardy (clothing line)|Ed Hardy]], Allen Solly, [[Lee Cooper]], [[Wrogn|WROGN]], and [[Gini & Jony]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://instantpublish.blogspot.in/2014/12/brand-factory-offers-biggest-clearance.html|title=Brand Factory offers 'Biggest Clearance Sale' this New Year|website=instantpublish.blogspot.in}}</ref> It has 81 outlets across India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/brand-factory-launches-2-new-stores-in-hyderabad/article5599672.ece|title=Brand Factory launches 2 new stores in Hyderabad|date=20 January 2014|publisher=Hindu Businessline}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/retail/200703122203.htm|title=Future Group launches "Brand Factory" in Ahmedabad|website=www.indiaprwire.com|access-date=20 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129024448/http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/retail/200703122203.htm|archive-date=29 November 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fashion Factory Locator/Finder {{!}} Clothing Stores |url=https://location.reliancefashionfactorystores.com/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=location.reliancefashionfactorystores.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2006]]<br />
[[Category:Retail companies established in 2006]]<br />
[[Category:Retail companies of India]]<br />
[[Category:2006 establishments in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Future Group]]<br />
[[Category:Reliance Retail]]</div>MatthewEbner