Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Northeast Christian University

2026-05-05T12:45:20Z

MattPinto5: adding - done

{{Short description|Private Christian university in Dimapur, Nagaland, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox university
| name = North East Christian University
| native_name =
| image =
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| latin_name =
| other_name = NECU
| motto =
| established = 2013
| type = [[Private university]]
| affiliation = [[Christianity|Christian]] ([[Baptist]])
| endowment =
| chancellor =
| vice_chancellor = Dr. Darlando Thanmi Khathing
| president =
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| principal =
| rector =
| dean =
| director =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
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| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| city = [[Dimapur]]
| state = [[Nagaland]]
| country = India
| campus = Urban (city centre); Main campus at Medziphema Village ({{convert|250|acre|ha}})
| language = [[English language|English]]
| free_label =
| free =
| colors =
| nickname =
| mascot =
| athletics =
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| website = {{url|necu.ac.in}}
| logo =
| footnotes =
}}
The '''North East Christian University''' ('''NECU''') is a private [[Christian]] [[university]] located in [[Dimapur]], [[Nagaland]], [[India]]. It was established under the North East Christian University Act 2012 (Act No. 4 of 2013), passed by the [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]] and enacted with the assent of the [[Governor of Nagaland]] on 10 May 2013.<ref name="mo">{{cite news |title=North East Christian University: Towards 'Truth and Liberty' |url=https://morungexpress.com/north-east-christian-university-towards-truth-and-liberty |newspaper=Morung Express |date=4 September 2018 |access-date=4 May 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123162349/https://morungexpress.com/north-east-christian-university-towards-truth-and-liberty|archive-date=23 January 2025}}</ref> The university operates as a ministry of the [[Council of Baptist Churches in North East India]] (CBCNEI), whose theological seminary principals had unanimously resolved in March 2010 to establish a full-fledged Baptist university.<ref name="mo"/> NECU is recognised by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC) under Section 2(f). Its city centre is situated at Burma Camp, Dimapur, while the Government of Nagaland has made available approximately {{convert|250|acre|ha|abbr=on}} at Medziphema Village for a permanent campus.<ref name="mo"/> The [[Governor of Nagaland]], in the capacity of Visitor, presided over the university's first convocation ceremony, at which [[Chief Minister of Nagaland|Chief Minister]] [[Neiphiu Rio]], recognised by NECU's Governing Council for his role in advancing the university's legislative establishment, was conferred an honorary [[Doctor of Letters]].<ref>{{cite news |title=CM Rio conferred honorary D.Litt by North East Christian University |url=https://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/cm-rio-conferred-honorary-dlitt-by-north-east-christian-university |newspaper=Eastern Mirror |location=Nagaland |access-date=4 May 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250225160752/https://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/cm-rio-conferred-honorary-dlitt-by-north-east-christian-university|archive-date=25 February 2025}}</ref>

NECU commenced its first academic session in August 2018 and functions primarily as a [[liberal arts]] institution, offering undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programmes across disciplines including English, Political Science, International Relations, Management, Computer Science, and Psychology.<ref name="mo"/> The university has hosted collaborative academic initiatives with international partners, including [[Dallas Baptist University]] (United States) and the human rights organisation 21Wilberforce, through a joint workshop on human rights research and policy.<ref>{{cite news |title=North East Christian University organises workshop on human rights research and policy |url=https://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/north-east-christian-university-organises-workshop-on-human-rights-research-and-policy |newspaper=Eastern Mirror |location=Nagaland |date=10 October 2025 |access-date=4 May 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260505124337/https://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/north-east-christian-university-organises-workshop-on-human-rights-research-and-policy|archive-date=5 May 2026}}</ref> NECU has also held an annual International Naga Culture Symposium, convening scholars, researchers, and indigenous knowledge practitioners to address questions of Naga identity, cultural heritage, and globalisation.<ref>{{cite news |title=NECU hosts 7th Intl. Naga Culture Symposium on identity, globalization |url=https://nagalandpost.com/nagaland-necu-hosts-7th-intl-naga-culture-symposium-on-identity-globalization/ |newspaper=Nagaland Post |date=5 December 2025 |access-date=4 May 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260118045022/https://nagalandpost.com/nagaland-necu-hosts-7th-intl-naga-culture-symposium-on-identity-globalization/|archive-date=18 January 2026}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* {{official website|https://necu.ac.in}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Christian universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Private universities in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2013]]
[[Category:Dimapur]]
[[Category:Baptist universities and colleges]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Nagaland]]

{{India-university-stub}}

Mushtaq Ahmad Shah

2026-05-03T10:06:38Z

MattPinto5: Added new info

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1955)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
'''Mushtaq Ahmad Shah''' (born 1955) is an Indian politician from [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://ceojk.nic.in/LAEAFF2014/AC31AFF/Mushtaq-Ahmad-Shah.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218031029/http://ceojk.nic.in:80/LAEAFF2014/AC31AFF/Mushtaq-Ahmad-Shah.pdf | archive-date=2014-12-18}}</ref> He was an MLA from [[Tral Assembly constituency]] in [[Pulwama district]]. He won the [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-23 |title=Jammu and Kashmir Assembly election winners list |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2015/jammu-and-kashmir/story/jammu-kashmir-election-winners-list-assembly-polls-results-bjp-congress-pdp-nc-232557-2014-12-23 |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Shah is from [[Tral]], Pulwama district, Jammu and Kashmir. He is the son of Abdul Majeed Shah. His wife is a teacher. He completed his M.A. in Urdu at [[Kashmir University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mushtaq Ahmad Shah(JKPDP):Constituency- TRAL(PULWAMA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/jk2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=493 |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %|| Ref
|-
|[[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]||[[Tral Assembly constituency|Tral]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}||{{Won}}||38.56%||Mohammed Ashraf Bhat||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||25.80%||<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]||[[Tral Assembly constituency|Tral]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}||{{Won}}||28.47%||Mohammed Ashraf Bhat||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||18.04%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
|}
== Career ==
Shah won from Tral Assembly constituency representing [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]] in the 2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election. He polled 12,415 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Mohd Ashraf Bhat of the [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]], by a margin of 4,110 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jammu and Kashmir Assembly Election Results 2014: Complete list of winning candidates {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-results-2014-complete-list-of-winning-candidates-230461/ |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Jammu & Kashmir 2014 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2014/jammu-&-kashmir/242/32 |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Mushtaq Ahmad}}

[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party politicians]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:People from Pulwama district]]
[[Category:University of Kashmir alumni]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2008–2014]]

{{JammuKashmir-politician-stub}}

Jagadish Chandra Bose

2026-05-01T04:11:36Z

MattPinto5: put up entry

{{short description| Physicist, biologist and botanist (1857–1937)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox scientist
| honorific_prefix = [[Sir]]
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|size=100%|CSI|CIE|FRS}}
| image = J.C.Bose.JPG
| caption = J. C. Bose in 1897
| native_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1858|11|30}}
| birth_place = [[Mymensingh]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1937|11|23|1858|11|30}}
| death_place = [[Giridih]], [[Bihar Province]], British India
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[St. Xavier's College, Calcutta]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])|[[Christ's College, Cambridge]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])|[[University College London]] ([[BSc]], [[DSc]])}}
| known_for = {{ubl|[[Crescograph]]|[[Crystal detector]]|[[Microwave]]s}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Abala Bose|Abala Das]]|1887}}
| awards = {{ubl|[[Order of the Indian Empire]] (Companion, 1903)|[[Order of the Star of India]] (Companion, 1911)|[[Knight Bachelor]] (1917)}}
| fields = [[Biology]] [[Physics]]
| work_institutions = {{ubl|[[University of Calcutta]]|[[University of Cambridge]]|[[University of London]]}}
| academic_advisors = [[John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh|Lord Rayleigh]]
| notable_students = {{ubl|[[Debendra Mohan Bose]]|[[Satyendra Nath Bose]]|[[Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis]]|[[Sisir Kumar Mitra]]|[[Meghnad Saha]]}}
| signature = Jagadish-Chandra-Bose-sign.svg
}}
Sir '''Jagadish Chandra Bose'''<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/30022/pages/3597 Page 3597 of Issue 30022]. ''The London Gazette'' (17 April 1917). Retrieved 1 September 2010.</ref> ({{IPAc-en|b|oʊ|s}};<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bose "Bose"]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref> {{IPA|bn|d͡ʒɔɡod̪iʃ t͡ʃɔn̪d̪ro boʃu|IPA}}; 30 November 1858 – 23 November 1937)<ref name=":0" /> was a [[polymath]] with interests in [[biology]], [[physics]] and writing science fiction.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=20 November 2019 |title=A versatile genius |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2124/stories/20041203003009100.htm |magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |publisher=The Hindu |volume=21 |issue=24}}</ref> He was a pioneer in the investigation of radio [[microwave]] [[optics]], made significant contributions to botany, and was a major force behind the expansion of experimental science on the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Santimay |last2=Chatterjee |first2=Enakshi |title=Satyendra Nath Bose |year=1976 |location=New Delhi |publisher=National Book Trust |oclc=3017431 |page=6}}</ref> Bose is considered the father of [[Bengali science fiction]]. [[Bose (crater)|A crater on the Moon]] was named in his honour.<ref>[[Bose (crater)]]</ref> He founded the [[Bose Institute]], a premier research institute in India and also one of its oldest. Established in 1917, the institute was the first interdisciplinary research centre in Asia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bose Institute {{!}} History|url=http://jcbose.ac.in/history|access-date=29 July 2020|website=jcbose.ac.in}}</ref> He served as the Director of Bose Institute from its inception until his death.

Born in [[Mymensingh]], [[Bengal Presidency]] (present-day [[Bangladesh]]), during [[British Raj|British governance of India]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = Sir Jagdish Chandra Bose|last = Editorial Board|publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]]|year = 2013|isbn = 978-1-59339-292-5|location = [[Edinburgh]], Scotland|url = https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/74631/Sir-Jagdish-Chandra-Bose}}</ref> Bose graduated from [[St. Xavier's College, Calcutta]] (now [[Kolkata, West Bengal]], India). Prior to his enrollment at St. Xavier's College, Calcutta, Bose attended [[Pabna Zilla School]] and [[Dhaka Collegiate School]], where he began his educational journey. He attended the [[University of London]] to study medicine, but had to give it up due to health problems. Instead, he conducted research with [[Nobel Laureate]], [[Lord Rayleigh]] at the [[University of Cambridge]]. Bose returned to India to join the [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College]] of the [[University of Calcutta]] as a professor of physics. There, despite [[racial discrimination]] and a lack of funding and equipment, Bose carried on his scientific research. He made progress in his research into radio waves in the microwave spectrum and was the first to use [[semiconductor]] junctions to detect radio waves.

Bose made pioneering discoveries in plant physiology. He used his own invention, the [[crescograph]], to measure plant response to various [[Stimulus (physiology)|stimuli]] and proved parallelism between animal and plant tissues. Bose filed for a patent for one of his inventions because of peer pressure, but he was generally [[Criticism of patents|critical of the patent system]]. To facilitate his research, he constructed automatic recorders capable of registering extremely slight movements; these instruments produced some striking results, such as quivering of injured plants, which Bose interpreted as a [[Plant perception (physiology)|power of feeling in plants]]. His books include ''Response in the Living and Non-Living'' (1902) and ''The Nervous Mechanism of Plants'' (1926). In a 2004 [[BBC]] poll to name the ''[[Greatest Bengali of All Time]]'', Bose placed seventh.<ref name="ISB1" />

== Early life and education ==
Jagadish Chandra Bose was born on 30 November 1858 to a [[Bengali Kayastha]] family of [[Brahmo]]s in [[Mymensingh]], [[Bengal Presidency]] (now part of [[Bangladesh]]).<ref name=":0" /><ref name="dgosling">{{cite book|title=Science and the Indian Tradition: When Einstein Met Tagore| author=David L. Gosling| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aL98AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT143|publisher=Routledge|year=2007|page=143| isbn=978-1-134-14332-0}}</ref> His family was originally from the village of [[Sreenagar Upazila|Rarhikhal]] in [[Munshiganj District|Munshiganj]], [[Dhaka Division|Dacca district]].<ref name=bosebpedia>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Bose, Sir Jagadish Chandra|author=Murshed, Muhammad Mahbub}}</ref> His father was a leading member of the [[Brahmo Samaj]] and worked as a civil servant with the title Deputy Magistrate and Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP) in several places, including [[Faridpur, Bangladesh|Faridpur]] and [[Bardhaman]].<ref name="vigyanprasar">{{cite web|last=Mahanti|first=Subodh|title=Acharya Jagadis Chandra Bose|url=http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/JCBOSE.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511111810/http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/JCBOSE.htm|archive-date=11 May 2012|access-date=12 March 2007|work=Biographies of Scientists|publisher=Vigyan Prasar, Department of Science and Technology, [[Government of India]]}}</ref><ref name="Mukherji3-10">Mukherji, pp. 3–10.</ref>

Bose's father sent Bose to a [[Bengali language|Bengali-language]] school for his early education, as it was important to him that his son should study in his [[First language|native language]] and culture before studying in English. Speaking at the [[Bikrampur]] Conference in 1915, Bose described the effect this early education had on him:
{{blockquote|At that time, sending children to English schools was an aristocratic status symbol. In the vernacular school, to which I was sent, the son of the Muslim attendant of my father sat on my right side, and the son of a fisherman sat on my left. They were my playmates. I listened spellbound to their stories of birds, animals, and aquatic creatures. Perhaps these stories created in my mind a keen interest in investigating the workings of Nature. When I returned home from school accompanied by my school fellows, my mother welcomed and fed all of us without discrimination. Although she was an orthodox old-fashioned lady, she never considered herself guilty of impiety by treating these 'untouchables' as her own children. It was because of my childhood friendship with them that I could never feel that there were 'creatures' who might be labeled 'low-caste', I never realized that there existed a 'problem' common to the two communities, Hindus and Muslims.<ref name="Mukherji3-10" />|author=|title=|source=}}

Bose joined the [[Hare School]] in Kolkata in 1869, followed by SFX Greenherald International School, also in Dhaka. In 1875, he passed the entrance examination of the [[University of Dhaka]] and was admitted to [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata|St Xavier's College, Calcutta]]. There, he met [[Jesuit]] Father [[Eugene Lafont]], who played a significant role in developing his interest in natural sciences.<ref name="Mukherji3-10" /><ref name="bosepedia">{{cite book |last=Murshed |first=Md Mahbub |year=2012 |chapter=Bose, Sir Jagdish Chandra |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bose,_Sir_Jagadish_Chandra |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> He received a BA from the University of Dhaka in 1879.<ref name=vigyanprasar />

Bose wanted to follow his father into the [[Indian Civil Service]], but his father forbade it, saying his son should be a scholar who would "rule nobody but himself."<ref>{{cite web|title=Pursuit and Promotion of Science : The Indian Experience|url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/insa/ch2.pdf|access-date=1 October 2013|publisher=Indian National Science Academy|archive-date=2 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202085123/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/insa/ch2.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bose went to England to study medicine at the [[University of London]], but had to quit because of ill health, possibly worsened by the chemicals used in the dissection rooms.<ref name=vigyanprasar />

Through the recommendation of [[Anandamohan Bose]], his brother-in-law and the first Indian [[Wrangler (University of Cambridge)|Wrangler]] at the [[University of Cambridge]], Bose secured admission in [[Christ's College, Cambridge|Christ's College]], Cambridge to study [[natural science]]s. In 1884 he received a BA ([[Natural Sciences Tripos]]) from the University of Cambridge<ref name="bosepedia" /> as well as a BSc from the [[University College London]] affiliated under University of London in 1883.<ref name="Project Gutenberg eBook">Jagadis Chandra Bose, Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose, His Life and Speeches, The Cambridge Press, Madras ([https://gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22085/pg22085-images.html Project Gutenberg eBook])</ref><ref name="Venn">{{acad|id=BS881JC|name=Bose, Jagadis Chandra}}</ref>

Among Bose's teachers at Cambridge were [[John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh|Lord Rayleigh]], [[Michael Foster (physiologist)|Michael Foster]], [[James Dewar]], [[Francis Darwin]], [[Francis Maitland Balfour|Francis Balfour]], and Sidney Vines. While at Cambridge, he met [[University of Edinburgh]] student [[Prafulla Chandra Roy]], with whom he became close friends.<ref name="vigyanprasar" /><ref name="Mukherji3-10" /> In February 1887, Bose married feminist and social worker [[Abala Bose]].<ref name="Bose23">{{cite encyclopedia |editor1-last=Sengupta |editor1-first=Subodh Chandra |editor2-last=Basu |editor2-first=Anjali |year=1998 |orig-year=First published 1976 |script-title=bn:অবলা বসু |trans-title=Abla Bose |script-encyclopedia=bn:সংসদ বাঙালি চরিতাভিধান |encyclopedia=Saṃsada bāṅāli caritābhidhāna |trans-encyclopedia=Parliament Bengali Biographical Dictionary |language=bn |volume=1 |edition=4th |location=Kolkata |publisher=Sahitya Samsad |isbn=81-85626-65-0 |page=23 |script-quote=bn:স্বামী-বৈজ্ঞানিক জগদীশচন্দ্র। ... ১৮৮৭ খ্রী- ২৭ ফেব্রুয়ারী বিবাহ হয়। |trans-quote=Husband-Scientist Jagadish Chandra. ... Married on 27 February 1887 AD.}}</ref>

== Professorship at Presidency College ==

After obtaining a degree from the University of Cambridge Bose returned to India. [[Henry Fawcett]] had given Bose an introduction to [[Lord Ripon]], the [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India]], who recommended him for a post to the Director of Public Instruction in Kolkata. In those days such posts in the Imperial Education Service were usually reserved for Europeans. Bose was appointed as an officiating professor of physics at [[Presidency College Calcutta|Presidency College]]. Although the principal [[Charles Henry Tawney]] and Director of Education [[Alfred Woodley Croft]] were reluctant to appoint him, Bose took up his post in January 1885.<ref name="Project Gutenberg eBook"/><ref name="S. Ramaseshan 1937 pp. 172-175">S. Ramaseshan, The centennial of the discovery of millimetre waves by Jagadis Chandra Bose (1858–1937), Current Science, Vol. 70, No. 2 (25 January 1996), pp. 172-175</ref>

At that time, an Indian professor was paid two thirds the salary of a European and since his appointment was considered temporary, his salary was further halved, making his salary one-third that of his European peers. As a protest, Bose did not accept his salary and worked without remuneration for the first three years at Presidency College.

He was popular among the students for his teaching style and demonstration of experiments. He got rid of the roll call. After three years in this temporary post, the value of his professorial work was recognized by Tawney and Croft, who made Bose's appointment permanent with retrospective effect.{{sfn|Geddes|1920|pages=33-39}} Bose received his full pay for the last three years in a lump sum. However, another source states that his appointment was made permanent on 21 September 1903, some 8 years after his joining the college.{{sfn|Bose|p=7}}

Bose used his own money to fund his research projects as well as receiving funding and support from the social activist nun [[Sister Nivedita]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Scientist and the Nun: How Sister Nivedita Made Sure J.C. Bose Never Gave Up|url=https://thewire.in/173096/scientist-nun-sister-nivedita-made-sure-j-c-bose-never-gave/|via=thewire.in}}</ref>

=== Microwave radio research ===
[[File:Microwave Apparatus - Jagadish Chandra Bose Museum - Bose Institute - Kolkata 2011-07-26 4051.JPG|thumb|Bose's 60 GHz microwave apparatus at the Bose Institute, Kolkata, India. His receiver ''(left)'' used a [[galena]] [[crystal detector]] inside a horn antenna and galvanometer to detect microwaves. Bose invented the crystal radio detector, [[waveguide]], [[horn antenna]], and other apparatus used at microwave frequencies.]]
[[File:Jagadish Chandra Bose microwave apparatus.png|thumb|Diagram of microwave receiver and transmitter apparatus, from Bose's 1897 paper.]]
{{See also|Invention of radio}}

Bose became interested in radio following the 1894 publication of British physicist [[Oliver Lodge]]'s demonstrations on how to transmit and detect radio waves.<ref name="Mukherji14-25">Mukherji, pp. 14–25</ref> He began his own research in the new field in November 1894, setting up his equipment in small 20 ft sq room at Presidency College.<ref name="S. Ramaseshan 1937 pp. 172-175"/> Wanting to study the light-like properties of radio waves which were hard to study using [[long radio waves]], he managed to reduce the waves to the millimetre level (in the microwave range of about 5 mm wavelength).<ref name="Mukherji14-25" />

Bose's research was not initially appreciated by his department at the college. They felt he should focus only on teaching and that research involved neglect of his duties as a teacher, in spite of Bose giving 26 hours of weekly lectures. Later, when interest was generated in the wider scientific community, the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal proposed a research post to help Bose. But this scheme was withdrawn when Bose voted against the government's stance during a university meeting. The Lieutenant-Governor persevered to have a Rs.2500 annual grant issued. Despite this, Bose struggled to find time for research due to his teaching duties.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

Bose submitted his [[s:On Polarisation of Electric Rays by Double Refracting Crystals|first scientific paper]], "On polarisation of electric rays by double-refracting crystals," to the [[The Asiatic Society|Asiatic Society of Bengal]] in May 1895. He submitted [[s:Collected Physical Papers/On A New Electro-Polariscope|his second paper]], "On a new electro-polariscope," to the [[Royal Society of London]] in October 1895, and it was published by ''[[Electrician (journal)|The Electrician]]'' in December 1895. This may have been the first paper to be published by an Indian in Western scientific periodicals.<ref name="vigyanprasar.gov.in">https://vigyanprasar.gov.in/bose-jagdish-chandra/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604000305/https://vigyanprasar.gov.in/bose-jagdish-chandra/ |date=4 June 2023 }} Bose Jagdish Chandra, igyanprasar.gov.in</ref> The paper described Bose's plans for a ''coherer'', a term coined by Lodge referring to [[radio wave]] [[Radio receiver|receivers]], which he intended to "perfect" but never patented. The paper was well received by ''The Electrician'' and ''[[The Englishman]]'', which in January 1896 (commenting on how this new type of wall and fog penetrating "invisible light" could be used in [[lighthouse]]s) wrote:<ref name="Mukherji14-25" />

{{blockquote|Should Professor Bose succeed in perfecting and patenting his 'Coherer', we may in time see the whole system of coast lighting throughout the navigable world revolutionised by a Bengali scientist working single handed in our Presidency College Laboratory.}}

In November 1895 at a public demonstration at the [[Kolkata Town Hall|Town Hall]] of Kolkata, Bose showed how the millimetre range wavelength microwaves could travel through the human body (of Lieutenant Governor Sir William Mackenzie), and over a distance of 23 metres through two intervening walls to a trigger apparatus he had set up to ring a bell and ignite gunpowder in a closed room.<ref>Savneet kaur, Great Scientists of the World : Jagdish Chandra Bose, Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd - 2022, page 45</ref><ref name="S. Ramaseshan 1937 pp. 172-175"/><ref>Subal Kar, Physics and Astrophysics - Glimpses of the Progress, CRC Press · 2022, 1.5.4 - Fallout of Maxwell and Faraday's Electromagnetism</ref>

Wanting to meet other scientists in Europe, Bose was given a six month scientific deputation in 1896.{{sfn|Geddes|1920|pages=41-44}} Bose went to London on a lecture tour and met Italian inventor [[Guglielmo Marconi]], who had been developing a radio wave [[wireless telegraphy]] system for over a year and was trying to market it to the British post service. He was also congratulated by [[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin]] and received an honorary Doctor of Science ( DSc) from the University of London.<ref name="vigyanprasar.gov.in"/><ref name="bosepedia" /> In an interview, Bose expressed his disinterest in commercial telegraphy and suggested others use his research work.

In 1899, Bose announced the development of an "''iron-mercury-iron [[coherer]] with telephone detector''" in a [[s:On a Self-recovering Coherer and the Study of the Cohering Action of different Metals|paper]] presented at the [[Royal Society]], London.<ref name="pkbandyo">{{cite journal
| last = Bondyopadhyay
| first = P.K.
|date=January 1998
| title = Sir J. C. Bose's Diode Detector Received Marconi's First Transatlantic Wireless Signal of December 1901 (The "Italian Navy Coherer" Scandal Revisited)
| journal = [[Proceedings of the IEEE]]
| volume = 86
| issue = 1
| pages = 259–285
| doi = 10.1109/5.658778
| bibcode = 1998IEEEP..86..259B
| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1232181
}}</ref>

In 1900, he presented his research at the first [[International Congress of Physics]] in Paris.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Poskett |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6m8XEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22International+Congress+of+Physics%22+lebedev&pg=PT160 |title=Horizons: A Global History of Science |date=2022-03-24 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-0-241-39411-3 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Place in radio development ====
Bose's work in radio microwave optics was specifically directed towards studying the nature of the phenomenon and was not an attempt to develop radio into a communication medium.<ref>Sungook Hong, Wireless: From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion, MIT Press – 2001, page 199</ref> His experiments took place during the same period (from late 1894 on) when Marconi was making breakthroughs on a radio system specifically designed for wireless telegraphy<ref>Sungook Hong, Wireless: From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion, MIT Press – 2001, page 21</ref> and others were finding practical applications for radio waves, such as Russian physicist [[Alexander Stepanovich Popov]]'s radio wave based lightning detector, also inspired by Lodge's experiment.<ref name=emerson /> Although Bose's work was not related to communication he, like Lodge and other laboratory experimenters, probably had an influence on other inventors trying to develop radio as communications medium.<ref name=emerson>{{cite journal
| last = Emerson
| first = D. T.
| title = The work of Jagadis Chandra Bose: 100 years of mm-wave research
| journal = IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Research
| volume = 45
| issue = 12
| pages = 2267–2273
| year = 1997
| doi = 10.1109/22.643830
| bibcode = 1997ITMTT..45.2267E
}} reprinted in Igor Grigorov, Ed., ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=09Zsv97IH1MC Antentop]'', Vol. 2, No.3, pp. 87–96.</ref><ref>Sungook Hong, Wireless: From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion, MIT Press – 2001, page 22</ref><ref>[http://web.mit.edu/varun_ag/www/bose_real_inventor.pdf Jagadish Chandra Bose: The Real Inventor of Marconi's Wireless Receiver] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616085529/http://web.mit.edu/varun_ag/www/bose_real_inventor.pdf |date=16 June 2015 }}; Varun Aggarwal, NSIT, Delhi, India</ref> Bose was not interested in patenting his work, and openly revealed the operation of his galena crystal detector in his lectures. A friend in the US persuaded him to take out a US patent on his detector, but he did not actively pursue it and allowed it to lapse.<ref name=vigyanprasar />

Bose was the first to use a semiconductor junction to detect radio waves, and he invented various now-commonplace microwave components.<ref name=emerson /> In 1954, Pearson and Brattain gave priority to Bose for the use of a semi-conducting crystal as a detector of radio waves.<ref name=emerson /> In fact, further work at millimetre wavelengths was almost non-existent for the following 50 years. In 1897, Bose described to the Royal Institution in London his research carried out in Kolkata at millimetre wavelengths. He used waveguides, horn antennas, dielectric lenses, various polarisers and even semiconductors at frequencies as high as 60 GHz.<ref name=emerson /> Much of his original equipment is still in existence, especially at the [[Bose Institute]] in Kolkata. A 1.3 mm multi-beam receiver now in use on the NRAO 12  Metre Telescope, Arizona, US, incorporates concepts from his original 1897 papers.<ref name=emerson />

[[Sir Nevill Mott]], Nobel Laureate in 1977 for his own contributions to solid-state electronics, remarked that "J.C. Bose was at least 60 years ahead of his time. In fact, he had anticipated the existence of [[P-type semiconductor|P-type]] and [[N-type semiconductor|N-type]] semiconductors."<ref name=emerson />[[File:M N Saha, J C Bose, J C Ghosh, Snehamoy Dutt, S N Bose, D M Bose, N R Sen, J N Mukherjee, N C Nag.jpg|thumb|Jagadish Chandra Bose with other prominent scientists from Calcutta University.]]

Bose's 1898 experiment on the [[optical rotation]] of microwaves in a twisted [[jute]] structure<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bose |first1=Jagadis Chunder |author1-link=Jagadish Chandra Bose |title=On the rotation of plane of polarisation of electric wave by a twisted structure |journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society]] |date=1898 |volume=63 |issue=389–400 |pages=146–152 |doi=10.1098/rspl.1898.0019}}</ref> pioneered the study of [[chiral media]], and preceded the fields of [[artificial dielectrics]] and [[metamaterials]] by decades and a century, respectively.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Engheta |first1=Nader |last2=Ziolkowski |first2=R. W. |journal=[[IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques]] |title=A positive future for double-negative metamaterials |date=April 2005 |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=1535–1556 |doi=10.1109/TMTT.2005.845188 |author-link1=Nader Engheta |author-link2=Richard W. Ziolkowski}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Caloz |first1=Christophe |last2=Sihvola |first2=Ari |author1-link=Christophe Caloz |title=Electromagnetic Chirality, Part 1: The Microscopic Perspective |journal=IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine |date=February 2020 |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=58–71 |doi=10.1109/MAP.2019.2955698 |url=https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/handle/123456789/43275 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Iyer |first1=Ashwin K. |last2=Alù |first2=Andrea |last3=Epstein |first3=Ariel |title=Metamaterials and Metasurfaces—Historical Context, Recent Advances, and Future Directions |journal=[[IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation]] |date=March 2020 |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=1223–1231 |doi=10.1109/TAP.2020.2969732 |bibcode=2020ITAP...68.1223I |author-link2=Andrea Alù}}</ref>

==== Development of the Mercury Coherer Detector ====

Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose developed the self-recovering mercury coherer, a pioneering solid-state diode detector, which significantly advanced early wireless telegraphy. On 27 April 1899, Bose presented a paper to the [[Royal Society]] describing an iron-mercury-iron or iron-mercury-carbon contact device, later recognized as the first patented solid-state diode detector (British Patent No. 7555, 1901; U.S. Patent 755840, 1904).<ref name="Bose1899">{{cite journal |last1=Bose |first1=Jagadis Chunder |title=On a Self-Recovering Coherer and the Study of the Cohering Action of Different Metals |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London |date=1899 |volume=65 |issue=413–422 |pages=166–172 |doi=10.1098/rspl.1899.0020 |jstor=116117}}</ref><ref name="Bose1904">{{cite patent |country=US |number=755840 |title=Detector for electrical disturbances |inventor=Bose, J. C. }}</ref> This apparatus, capable of detecting radio signals without mechanical decohering, was integral to [[Guglielmo Marconi]]’s transatlantic wireless transmission on 12 December 1901, which successfully received the [[Morse code]] letter "S" at [[Signal Hill, St. John's|Signal Hill]], [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's, Newfoundland]].<ref name="Baker1984">{{cite book |last=Baker |first=W. J. |title=A History of the Marconi Company |publisher=Macmillan |location=New York |year=1984 |chapter=6 |pages=61–73}}</ref><ref name="Dunlap1937">{{cite book |last=Dunlap |first=O. E., Jr. |title=Marconi—The Man and His Wireless |publisher=Macmillan |location=New York |year=1937 |chapter=VIII |page=95}}</ref><ref name="Vyvyan1933">{{cite book |last=Vyvyan |first=R. N. |title=Wireless Over Thirty Years |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=1933 |pages=29–30}}</ref>

In mid-1901, Marconi obtained a modified version of Bose’s detector from Lieutenant Luigi Solari of the [[Royal Italian Navy]]. Solari’s adaptation encased a mercury droplet between carbon or iron electrodes within a glass tube.<ref name="Phillips1993">{{cite journal |last=Phillips |first=V. J. |title=The Italian Navy coherer affair—A turn of the century scandal |journal=Proc. Inst. Electr. Eng. |volume=140 |issue=3 |pages=175–185 |date=May 1993}}</ref> Marconi filed a British patent (No. 18105, September 1901), subsequently amended to acknowledge Solari’s contribution.<ref name="Marconi1901">{{cite patent |country=GB |number=18105 |title=Improvements in Coherers or Detectors for Electrical Waves |inventor=Marconi, G. }}</ref><ref name="ElectrRev1902">{{cite journal |title=The Castelli coherer |journal=Electr. Rev. |volume=51 |issue=1307 |pages=967–968 |date=December 12, 1902}}</ref> The use of this device led to the "Italian Navy Coherer" controversy when Professor Angelo Banti, editor of ''L’Elettricista'', claimed in May 1902 that naval signalman Paolo Castelli was its inventor. This assertion prompted debates in British publications, including ''The Electrician'' and ''Saturday Review''.<ref name="Banti1902">{{cite journal |last=Banti |first=A. |title=La telegrafia senza fili e la R. Marina Italiana |journal=L'Elettricista |series=II |pages=113–119 |date=May 1, 1902}}, translated in {{cite journal |title=The Castelli coherer |journal=Electrician |date=June 27, 1902}}</ref><ref name="Thompson1902a">{{cite journal |last=Thompson |first=S. P. |title=The inventor of wireless telegraphy |journal=Saturday Rev. |volume=93 |pages=424–425 |date=April 5, 1902}}</ref><ref name="Marconi1902a">{{cite journal |last=Marconi |first=G. |title=The inventor of wireless telegraphy: A reply |journal=Saturday Rev. |volume=93 |pages=556–557 |date=May 3, 1902}}</ref><ref name="Thompson1902b">{{cite journal |last=Thompson |first=S. P. |title=Wireless telegraphy: A rejoinder |journal=Saturday Rev. |volume=93 |pages=598–599 |date=May 10, 1902}}</ref><ref name="Marconi1902b">{{cite journal |last=Marconi |first=G. |title=The inventor of wireless telegraphy |journal=Saturday Rev. |volume=93 |pages=666–667 |date=May 24, 1902}}</ref> Solari countered that his design drew from English scientific literature, likely referencing Bose’s 1899 paper.<ref name="Solari1902">{{cite journal |last=Solari |first=L. |title=Mr. Marconi and the Italian government |journal=The Times |date=July 3, 1902}}</ref><ref name="Solari1903">{{cite journal |last=Solari |first=L. |title=The real inventor of the mercury coherer |journal=Electrician |date=July 10, 1903}}</ref>

In 1903, Emilio Guarini attributed priority to Professor Tommaso Tommasina of [[Genoa]], citing his 1899–1900 experiments with mercury-based coherers.<ref name="Guarini1903">{{cite journal |last=Guarini |first=E. |title=The real inventor of the mercury coherer |journal=Electrician |date=June 19, 1903}}</ref><ref name="Tommasina1899">{{cite journal |last=Tommasina |first=T. |title=Electrolytic coherers |journal=Comptes Rendus |date=May 1, 1899}}, reprinted in {{cite journal |journal=Electrician |date=May 19, 1899}}</ref> Marconi’s lecture at the [[Royal Institution]] on 13 June 1902 distinguished Tommasina’s work from the detector used, and Solari confirmed he was unaware of Tommasina’s research until after the lecture.<ref name="Marconi1902c">{{cite journal |last=Marconi |first=G. |title=The progress of electric space telegraphy |journal=Electrician |pages=388–392 |date=June 27, 1902}}, lecture delivered before the Royal Institution, June 13, 1902.</ref><ref name="Solari1903" /> Historical analysis indicates Tommasina’s experiments followed Bose’s and did not incorporate telephone integration, a key feature of the transatlantic reception.<ref name="Phillips1993" /> Marconi’s communications with [[John Ambrose Fleming]] and subsequent accounts omitted reference to Bose, possibly due to patent-related concerns.<ref name="Fleming1934">{{cite book |last=Fleming |first=J. A. |title=Memories of a Scientific Life |publisher=Marshall, Morgan and Scott |location=London |year=1934 |page=124}}</ref><ref name="Dunlap1937" />

Bose’s mercury coherer was a cornerstone of early radio technology, yet its attribution was obscured by the controversy and ambiguous acknowledgments in Marconi’s narratives.<ref name="Bose1927">{{cite book |last=Bose |first=J. C. |title=Collected Physical Papers |publisher=Longmans Green |location=New York |year=1927}}</ref><ref name="Bondyopadhyay1995">{{cite conference |last=Bondyopadhyay |first=P. K. |title=Guglielmo Marconi—The father of long distance radio communication—An engineer's tribute |conference=Proc. 25th European Microwave Conf., Special Historical Session |location=Bologna, Italy |date=September 4–7, 1995 |volume=2 |pages=879–885}}</ref> A detailed examination by Probir K. Bondyopadhyay, published by the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE), clarifies the historical and technical significance of Bose’s contribution to the development of wireless communication.<ref name="Bondyopadhyay1998">{{cite journal |last=Bondyopadhyay |first=Probir K. |title=Sir J. C. Bose's diode detector received Marconi's first transatlantic wireless signal of December 1901 (The "Italian Navy Coherer" Scandal Revisited) |journal=IETE Technical Review |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=377–406 |year=1998 |doi=10.1080/02564602.1998.11416773 }}</ref><ref name="Phillips1993" /><ref name="Dam1897">{{cite journal |last=Dam |first=H. J. W. |title=Telegraphing without wires. A possibility of electrical science |journal=McClure's Magazine |volume=VIII |issue=5 |pages=383–392 |date=March 1897}}</ref>

=== Plant research ===
[[File:Crescograph - Jagadish Chandra Bose Museum - Bose Institute - Kolkata 2011-07-26 4040 Cropped.JPG|thumb|Crescograph, Bose Institute, Kolkata]]

Bose conducted most of his studies in plant research on ''[[Mimosa pudica]]'' and ''[[Codariocalyx motorius|Desmodium gyrans]]'' plants. His major contribution in the field of biophysics was the demonstration of the electrical nature of the conduction of various stimuli (e.g., wounds, chemical agents) in plants, which were earlier thought to be of a chemical nature.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} In order to understand the [[Heliotropism|heliotropic]] movements of plants (the movement of a plant towards a light source), Bose invented a torsional recorder. He found that light applied to one side of the sunflower caused turgor to increase on the opposite side.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shepherd |first1=V. A. |title=From semi-conductors to the rhythms of sensitive plants: the research of J.C. Bose. |journal=Cellular and Molecular Biology |date=14 December 2005 |volume=51 |issue=7 |pages=607–19 |issn=1165-158X |pmid=16359611 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261556038}}</ref> He was also the first to study the action of microwaves in plant tissues and corresponding changes in the cell membrane potential. He researched the mechanism of the seasonal effect on plants, the effect of chemical inhibitors on plant stimuli and the effect of temperature.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

{{Multiple image
| image1 = 1920 Jagadish Chandra Bose.jpg
| image2 = 1920 Lady Abala Bose.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption_align = center
| caption1 = [[Autochrome]] of Jagadish Chandra Bose by [[Georges Chevalier (photographer)|Georges Chevalier]], 1920.
| caption2 = [[Autochrome]] of Lady Abala Bose by Georges Chevalier, 1920.
}}

=== Study of metal fatigue and cell response ===

Bose performed a comparative study of the fatigue response of various metals and organic tissue in plants. He subjected metals to a combination of mechanical, thermal, chemical, and electrical stimuli and noted the similarities between metals and cells. Bose's experiments demonstrated a cyclical fatigue response in both stimulated cells and metals, as well as a distinctive cyclical fatigue and recovery response across multiple types of stimuli in both living cells and metals.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

Bose documented a characteristic electrical response curve of plant cells to electrical stimulus, as well as the decrease and eventual absence of this response in plants treated with anaesthetics or poison. The response was also absent in metal treated with [[oxalic acid]].{{sfn|Geddes|1920|pp=94–96}}

== Science fiction ==

In 1896, Bose wrote ''Niruddesher Kahini (The Story of the Missing One)'', a short story that was later expanded and added to ''Abyakta (অব্যক্ত)'' collection in 1921 with the new title ''Palatak Tuphan (Runaway Sea-Storm)''. It was one of the first works of [[Bengali science fiction]].<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/bengal |chapter=Bengal |title=The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction |access-date= 5 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.cam.ac.uk/news/symposium-at-christ%E2%80%99s-college-to-celebrate-a-genius
| title = Symposium at Christ's College to celebrate a genius
| work = University of Cambridge
| publisher = [[University of Cambridge]]
| date = 27 November 2008
| access-date =26 January 2009}}</ref>

== Bose Institute ==
[[File:Jagadish Chandra Bose 1926.jpg|thumb|upright|Bose lecturing on the "nervous system" of plants at the Sorbonne in Paris in 1926]]
{{Main|Bose Institute}}
In 1917 Bose established the Bose Institute in [[Kolkata, West Bengal]], India. Bose served as its director for its first twenty years until his death. Today it is a public research institute of India and also one of its oldest. Bose in his inaugural address on 30 November 1917 dedicated the institute to the nation saying:

{{Blockquote
|text=I dedicate today this Institute—not merely a Laboratory but a Temple. The power of physical methods applies to the establishment of that truth which can be realised directly through our senses, or through the vast expansion of the perceptive range by means of artificially created organs... Thirty-two years ago I chose the teaching of science as my vocation. It was held that by its very peculiar constitution, the Indian mind would always turn away from the study of Nature to metaphysical speculations. Even had the capacity for inquiry and accurate observation been assumed to be present, there were no opportunities for their employment; there were neither well-equipped laboratories nor skilled mechanicians. This was all too true. It is not for man to complain of circumstances, but bravely to accept, to confront and to dominate them; and we belong to that race which has accomplished great things with simple means.<ref>''Jagadish Chandra Sera Rachana Sambhar'', Patra Bharati, Kolkata, 1960, p 251,252</ref>{{sfn|Geddes|1920|p=227}}
}}

== Later life ==
He spent the last years of his life in [[Giridih]]. Here he lived in the house located near Jhanda Maidan. This building was named Jagdish Chandra Bose Smriti Vigyan Bhavan. It was inaugurated on 28 February 1997 by then Governor of Bihar [[Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai]].{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

== Personal views ==
=== Philosophical views ===
[[Jatra (theatre)|Jatras]], which were popular ancient plays, sparked his interest in the stories of the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and ''[[Ramayana]]''. In the latter, he was particularly impressed by the character of [[Rama]] and even more so by the soldierly devotion of his brother [[Lakshmana]].{{sfn|Geddes|1920|pages=16}} However, he found that most of the characters in these stories seemed too good and perfect. It was the elderly warriors of the ''Mahabharata'', with their flaws and qualities that were both human and superhuman, who appealed more to his imagination as a boy.

Impressed by [[Karna]], Bose said: <blockquote>Always in struggle for the uplift of the people, yet with so little success, such frequent failures, that to most he seemed a failure. All this too gave me a lower and lower idea of all worldly success - how small its so-called victories are! - and higher and higher idea of conflict and defeat; and of true success born of defeat. In such ways I have come to feel one with the highest spirit of my race; with every fibre thrilling with the emotion of the past. That is its noblest teaching - that the only real and spiritual advantage is to fight fair, never to take crooked ways, but keep to the straight path, whatever be in the way.{{sfn|Geddes|1920|pages=17-18}}</blockquote>

== Legacy and honors ==

[[File:Acharya Bhavan - Kolkata 2009-11-07 2938.JPG|thumb|right|upright|Acharya Bhavan, the residence of J C Bose built in 1902, was turned into a museum.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120107040553/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-03/kolkata/29732718_1_acharya-bhavan-jagadish-chandra-bose-heritage-building Acharya Bhavan Opens Its Doors to Visitors]. ''The Times of India''. 3 July 2011.</ref>]]

Bose's place in history is now being re-evaluated. His work may have contributed to the development of radio communication.<ref name=pkbandyo /> He is also credited with discovering millimetre length electromagnetic waves and being a pioneer in the field of biophysics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://resources.boseinst.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/75|title=Collected Physical Papers|year=1927|access-date=30 April 2017|archive-date=2 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302090623/http://resources.boseinst.ernet.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/75|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Many of his instruments are still on display and remain largely usable over 100 years later. They include various antennas, polarisers, and waveguides.

To commemorate his birth centenary in 1958, the '''JBNSTS''' scholarship programme was started in [[West Bengal]]. In the same year, India issued a postage stamp bearing his portrait.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://philamirror.info/2010/11/30/j-c-bose-the-scientist-who-proved-that-plants-too-can-feel/ |title=J C Bose: The Scientist Who Proved That Plants Too Can Feel |date=30 November 2010 |work=Phila Mirror: The Indian Philately Journal |access-date=3 August 2012}}</ref> The same year ''Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose'', a documentary film directed by Pijush Bose, was released. It was produced by the [[Government of India]]'s [[Films Division]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose (LV) |url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/acharya-jagdish-chandra-bose-lv |website=Films Division}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ImqC7O0oCg |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/4ImqC7O0oCg| archive-date=12 December 2021 |url-status=live|publisher=Films Division |date=10 September 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Films Division also produced another documentary film, again titled ''Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose'', this time directed by the prominent Indian filmmaker [[Tapan Sinha]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Jag Mohan|title=Documentary films and Indian Awakening|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DfgADgAAQBAJ&pg=PT128|year=1990|publisher=[[Publications Division (India)|Publications Division]]|isbn=978-81-230-2363-2|page=128}}</ref>

On 14 September 2012, Bose's experimental work in millimetre-band radio was recognised as an [[IEEE Milestone]] in Electrical and Computer Engineering, the first such recognition of a discovery in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://theinstitute.ieee.org/tech-history/technology-history/first-ieee-milestones-in-india/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305002133/http://theinstitute.ieee.org/tech-history/technology-history/first-ieee-milestones-in-india/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 March 2017 |title=First IEEE Milestones in India: The work of J.C. Bose and C.V. Raman to be recognized |date=7 September 2012 |work=the Institute |access-date=14 September 2012}}</ref>

On 30 November 2016, Bose was celebrated in a [[Google Doodle]] on the 158th anniversary of his birth.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://doodles.google/doodle/jagadish-chandra-boses-158th-birthday/ |title=Jagadish Chandra Bose's 158th Birthday |date=30 November 2016 |access-date=30 November 2016}}</ref>

In 2018, the [[Bank of England]] decided to redesign the [[50 pound note]] with a prominent scientist. Jagadish Chandra Bose was featured in that nomination list for his pioneering work on technology that would enable later development of [[Wi-Fi]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.indiatimes.com/technology/news/new-uk-50-pound-note-may-feature-india-s-sir-jc-bose-who-did-pioneering-work-for-wi-fi-357535.html|title=Proud Moment For India As Scientist Sir JC Bose May Get Featured On New UK 50 Pound Note|date=28 November 2018|work=The Times of India|access-date=28 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/world/report-jagadish-chandra-bose-may-become-face-of-uk-s-new-50-pound-note-2689573|title=Jagadish Chandra Bose may become face of UK's new 50-pound note|date=26 November 2018|work=dna|access-date=28 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/business/2018/11/26/fes71-uk-banknote-bose.html|title=Jagadish Chandra Bose among nominees to become face of UK's new 50-pound note|work=The Week|access-date=28 November 2018}}</ref> However, he was not shortlisted.

===Honors===
* [[Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (CIE) – ''1903'' – in the [[1903 Durbar Honours]].<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Durbar Honours |date=1 January 1903 |page=8 |issue=36966}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27511|date=1 January 1903 |page=3 |supp=y}}</ref>
* [[Companion of the Order of the Star of India]] (CSI) – ''1912''
* [[Knight Bachelor]] (1917)
* [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] (FRS, 1920)<ref name="frs">{{Cite journal
| last1 = Saha | first1 = M. N.
| title = Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose. 1858–1937
| doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1940.0001
| doi-access = free| journal = [[Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society]]
| volume = 3
| issue = 8
| pages = 2–12
| year = 1940
| s2cid = 176697911
}}</ref>
* Member of the [[Vienna Academy of Sciences]], 1928
* President of the 14th session of the [[Indian Science Congress Association#Indian Science Congress sessions|Indian Science Congress]] in 1927.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Past General Presidents|url=http://www.sciencecongress.nic.in/past_general_presidents.php|publisher=Indian Science Congress Association|access-date=28 February 2018}}</ref>
* Member of [[Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters]] in 1929.
* Member of the League of Nations' [[International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation|Committee for Intellectual Cooperation]] (from 1924 to 1931)<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Grandjean |first=Martin |date=2018 |title=Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres |trans-title=The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period |url=https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903 |language=fr |location=Lausanne |publisher=Université de Lausanne|type=phdthesis }}</ref>
* Founding fellow of the National Institute of Sciences of India (now the [[Indian National Science Academy]])

===Legacy===
* 2025: The [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE) instituted IEEE Jagadish Chandra Bose Medal in Wireless Communications to recognize contributions to wireless communications technologies with a global impact.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://corporate-awards.ieee.org/award/ieee-jiagadish-chandra-bose-medal/ | title=IEEE Jagadish Chandra Bose Medal in Wireless Communications }}</ref> The medal is funded by donations from the [[Indian Americans|Indian-American]] physicist [[Mani Lal Bhaumik]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/science/indian-american-scientist-funds-award-in-honour-of-jc-bose/articleshow/106603590.cms | title=Indian-American scientist funds award in honour of JC Bose | newspaper=The Times of India | date=7 January 2024 }}</ref>
* One of the 12 donor levels of the IEEE Heritage Circle is named after Bose.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ieeefoundation.org/our-supporters/heritage-circle/ | title=IEEE Heritage Circle – IEEE Foundation, Inc | date=22 June 2022 }}</ref>
* The [[J.C. Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA]] was named in his honour.
* The ''Indian Botanic Garden'' was renamed in his honour as the ''[[Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden]]'' on 25 June 2009.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/26/stories/2009062657280500.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121108143744/http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/26/stories/2009062657280500.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 8 November 2012 | title = A new name now for grand old Indian Botanical Gardens | date = 26 June 2009 | work = [[The Hindu]] | access-date =26 June 2009}}</ref>
* In 2004, Bose was ranked number 7 in BBC's poll of the [[Greatest Bengali of all time]].<ref name="ISB1">—{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3623345.stm|title=Listeners name 'greatest Bengali'|date=14 April 2004|access-date=16 April 2018|work=BBC}} —{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/04/17/stories/2004041703001700.htm|title=International : Mujib, Tagore, Bose among 'greatest Bengalis of all time'|date=17 April 2004|last1=Habib|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|first1=Haroon}} —{{Cite news|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2004/04/16/d4041601066.htm|title=Bangabandhu judged greatest Bangali of all time|work=The Daily Star|date=16 April 2004|access-date=19 August 2018|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225011711/http://archive.thedailystar.net/2004/04/16/d4041601066.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Publications ==
[[File:JC Bose bust BITM.JPG|thumb|upright|Bust of Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose which is placed in the garden of [[Birla Industrial & Technological Museum]]]]
[[File:Jagadish Chandra Bose 1958 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|upright|Jagadish Chandra Bose 1958 stamp of India]]
'''Journals'''
* ''Nature'' published about 27 papers.
* {{Cite journal |last1=Bose |first1=Jagadis Chunder |date=September 1902 |title=On Electromotive Wave accompanying Mechanical Disturbance in Metals in Contact with Electrolyte |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspl.1902.0029 |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London |language=en |volume=70 |issue=459–466 |pages=273–294 |bibcode=1902RSPS...70..273C |doi=10.1098/rspl.1902.0029 |issn=0370-1662 |s2cid=97371107 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Bose |first=J.C. |date=August 1902 |title=Sur la réponse électrique de la matière vivante et animée soumise à une excitation. - Deux procédés d'observation de la réponse de la matière vivante |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044089553465&seq=517 |journal=Journal de Physique Théorique et Appliquée |volume=1 |pages=481–491 |doi=10.1051/jphystap:019020010048100}}

'''Books'''
* Response in the Living and Non-living, 1902<ref>[https://archive.org/details/responseinliving00boseuoft Response in the Living and Non-living, 1902]</ref>
* Plant response as a means of physiological investigation, 1906<ref>[https://archive.org/details/plantresponseasm00boseuoft Plant response as a means of physiological investigation, 1906]</ref>
* Comparative Electro-physiology: A Physico-physiological Study, 1907<ref>[https://archive.org/details/comparativeelect00boseuoft Comparative Electro-physiology: A Physico-physiological Study, 1907]</ref>
* Researches on Irritability of Plants, 1913<ref>[https://archive.org/details/researchesonirri1913bose Researches on Irritability of Plants, 1913]</ref>
* Life Movements in Plants (vol.1), First Published 1918, Reprinted 1985<ref>[https://www.gutenberg.org/files/48280/48280-h/48280-h.htm Life Movements in Plants (vol.1), First Published 1918, Reprinted 1985]</ref>
* Life Movements in Plants, Volume II, 1919<ref>[https://www.gutenberg.org/files/40050/40050-h/40050-h.htm Life Movements in Plants, Volume II, 1919]</ref>
* Physiology of the Ascent of Sap, 1923<ref>[https://archive.org/details/physiologyofasce00bose Physiology of the Ascent of Sap, 1923]</ref>
* The physiology of photosynthesis, 1924<ref>[https://archive.org/details/physiologyofphot00bose The physiology of photosynthesis, 1924]</ref>
* [[The Nervous Mechanism of Plants]], 1926
* Plant Autographs and Their Revelations, 1927
* Growth and tropic movements of plants, 1929<ref>[https://archive.org/details/growthtropicmove00bose Growth and tropic movements of plants, 1929]</ref>
* Motor mechanism of plants, 1928

'''Other'''
* {{Cite book |last=Bose |first=Jagadis Chunder |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.502305 |title=Collected Physical Papers |date=1926 |publisher=N.Y.: Longmans, Green and Co |language=}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.scoerat.3652abyakta |title=Abyakta |year=1922 |language=bn}}
{{Clear}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* {{cite book|first=Mukherji|last=Visvapriya|title=Jagadish Chandra Bose, second edition|url=https://archive.org/details/jagadischandrabo00mukh|date=1994|publisher=Builders of Modern India series, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|isbn=81-230-0047-2}}.
* {{cite book|first=Patrick|last=Geddes|title=The Life and Work of Sir Jagadis C. Bose|publisher=Longmans|location=London |date=1920 |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeandworksirj00geddgoog}}
* {{cite book|first=Jagadish Chandra|last=Bose|title=Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose His Life and Speeches|url=https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/22085}}

== Further reading ==
* Ghosh, Kunal (2022). Unsung Genius : A Life of Jagadish Chandra Bose. India. Aleph Book Company.
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1109/JRPROC.1955.278042 |author=Pearson G.L., Brattain W.H. |title=History of Semiconductor Research |journal=[[Proc. IRE]] |volume=43 |issue=12 |pages=1794–1806 |year=1955|bibcode=1955PIRE...43.1794P |s2cid=51634231 }}
* J.M. Payne & P.R. Jewell, "The Upgrade of the NRAO 8-beam Receiver," in Multi-feed Systems for Radio Telescopes, D.T. Emerson & J.M. Payne, Eds. San Francisco: ASP Conference Series, 1995, vol. 75, p. 144
* Fleming, J. A. (1908). [https://archive.org/details/principleselect00flemgoog The principles of electric wave telegraphy]. London: New York and.
* Yogananda, Paramahansa (1946). [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/7452 Autobiography of a Yogi]. New York. Chapter 8, "India's Great Scientist, J.C. Bose"
* Bose, Jagadish Chandra: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140905235504/http://strangehorizons.com/2013/20130930/3bose-f.shtml Runaway Cyclone (1921)] (science fiction book translated into English)
* {{Cite journal |last=Ghoshal |first=Nababrata |date=2022 |title=A Revisit to the Double-prism Experiment of J. C. Bose |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12045-022-1326-1 |journal=Resonance |language=en |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=353–367 |doi=10.1007/s12045-022-1326-1 |issn=0973-712X|url-access=subscription }}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wikisource|Author:Jagadish Chandra Bose|Jagadish Chandra Bose}}
{{Commons category|Jagadish Chandra Bose}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060615190004/http://www.boseinst.ernet.in/home.html Bose Institute website]
* [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jagadish-Chandra-Bose Jagadish Chandra Bose] at the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Jagadish Chandra Bose}}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=8388| name=Jagadis Chandra Bose}}
* {{gutenberg|no=22085|name=Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose by Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose}} (Project Gutenberg)
* {{gutenberg|no=18986|name=Response in the Living and Non-Living by Jagadis Chandra Bose}} (Project Gutenberg)
* [http://web.mit.edu/varun_ag/www/bose.html J. C. Bose, The Unsung hero of radio communication] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415211726/http://web.mit.edu/varun_ag/www/bose.html |date=15 April 2008 }}, web.mit.edu
* [http://www.tuc.nrao.edu/~demerson/bose/bose.html JC Bose: 60 GHz in the 1890s]
* [http://ethw.org/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose Jagadish Chandra Bose] at Engineering and Technology History Wiki
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20160303193025/http://www.infinityfoundation.com/ECITboseframeset.htm ECIT Bose article] at www.infinityfoundation.com
* [http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/entity/jagadis-chandra-bose Jagadish Chandra Bose materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)]
* [http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/bengal Entry on Bangla science fiction by Bodhisattva Chattopadhyay in The Science Fiction Encyclopedia]
* {{PM20|FID=pe/002230}}

{{Telecommunications}}
{{Bengal Renaissance}}

{{Authority control}}

{{West Bengal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bose, Jagadish}}
[[Category:1858 births]]
[[Category:1937 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Rarikhal]]
[[Category:Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]
[[Category:Alumni of University College London]]
[[Category:Bengali chemists]]
[[Category:Bengali physicists]]
[[Category:Bengali scientists]]
[[Category:Bengali nationalists]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Brahmos]]
[[Category:Das family (Telirbagh)]]
[[Category:Hare School alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Presidency University, Kolkata]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:Bengali-language science fiction writers]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:History of radio]]
[[Category:Radio pioneers]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:People from Dhaka]]
[[Category:Mymensingh Zilla School alumni]]
[[Category:Pabna Zilla School alumni]]
[[Category:Scientists from British India]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Bengali knights]]
[[Category:Radiophysicists]]
[[Category:Indian fellows of the Royal Society]]

Farman Haider

2026-04-30T20:17:59Z

MattPinto5: Made new entry...

{{Short description|Television actor}}

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Farman Haider|timestamp=20260430201759|year=2026|month=April|day=30|substed=yes|help=off}}


{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Farman Haider
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1991|12|23}}
| nationality =
| education =
| years_active = 2017–present
| known_for = ''[[Saavi Ki Savaari]]'' ''[[Jagadhatri (TV series)|Jagadhatri]]''
}}
'''Farman Haider''' is an Indian actor who primarily works in [[Hindi]] television. Haider is best known for his portrayal of Nityam Dalmiya in ''[[Saavi Ki Savaari]]'' and Shivaay Singh Deshmukh in ''[[Jagadhatri (TV series)|Jagadhatri]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kundali Bhagya actress Mansi Srivastava and Farman Haider to feature in the Hindi remake of the Marathi show Jeev Majha Guntala - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kundali-bhagya-actress-mansi-srivastava-and-farman-haider-to-feature-in-the-hindi-remake-of-the-marathi-show-jeev-majha-guntala/articleshow/92673496.cms |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Farman Haider shares his experience of shooting in Ujjain for new show Saavi Ki Savaari - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/farman-haider-shares-his-experience-of-shooting-in-ujjain-for-new-show-saavi-ki-savaari/articleshow/93456370.cms |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Haider started his career with show [[Rakshabandhan... Rasal Apne Bhai Ki Dhal]].

== Education ==
He had studied Bachelor of Legislative Law.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

== Filmography ==
=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2021–2022
|''[[Rakshabandhan... Rasal Apne Bhai Ki Dhal]]''
|Samar Kamal Pratap Choudhary
|
|
|-
|2022–2023
|''[[Saavi Ki Savaari]]''
|Nityam Dalmiya
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2022-07-18 |title=Samridhii Shukla and Farman Haider to star in lead roles in Colors' upcoming romance drama Saavi Ki Savaari : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/samridhii-shukla-farman-haider-star-lead-roles-colors-upcoming-romance-drama-saavi-ki-savaari/ |access-date=2022-09-08 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive! Farman Haider bags his next show Saavi Ki Savaari, says he's excited about playing a positive role for the first time - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-farman-haider-bags-his-next-show-saavi-ki-savaari-says-hes-excited-about-playing-a-positive-role-for-the-first-time/articleshow/93085415.cms |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Farman Haider shares his experience of shooting in Ujjain for new show Saavi Ki Savaari - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/farman-haider-shares-his-experience-of-shooting-in-ujjain-for-new-show-saavi-ki-savaari/articleshow/93456370.cms |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kundali Bhagya actress Mansi Srivastava and Farman Haider to feature in the Hindi remake of the Marathi show Jeev Majha Guntala - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kundali-bhagya-actress-mansi-srivastava-and-farman-haider-to-feature-in-the-hindi-remake-of-the-marathi-show-jeev-majha-guntala/articleshow/92673496.cms |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023–2024
|''[[Aaina - Roop Nahin, Haqeeqat Bhi Dikhaye]]''
|Naman Singh
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|last=Doshi|first=Hasti|date=27 November 2023|title=Farman Haider joins the cast of Aaina; actor says, 'My character is a cheerful person, so keeping a smile all the time is tough'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/farman-haider-joins-the-cast-of-aaina-actor-says-my-character-is-a-cheerful-person-so-keeping-a-smile-all-the-time-is-tough/articleshow/105535782.cms|access-date=6 December 2023|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Pocket Mein Aasmaan]]''
|Dr. Digvijay "Digu" Gandhi
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=25 January 2025|title=Farman Haider enjoying his role in Pocket Mein Aasmaan|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/farman-haider-enjoying-his-role-in-pocket-mein-aasmaan/|access-date=26 January 2025|work=[[The Tribune India]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025–present
|''[[Jagadhatri (TV series)|Jagadhatri]]''
|Shivaay Singh Deshmukh [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=5 October 2025|title=Jagadhatri: Bold new heroine emerges
|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/jagadhatri-bold-new-heroine-emerges/|access-date=2 October 2024|work=[[The Tribune India]]|language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Instagram|id=farman_haider_official}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haider, Farman}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:People from Moradabad]]

Miss Vietnam 2018

2026-04-28T19:31:40Z

MattPinto5: Added a details

{{Infobox beauty pageant
|image = File:Vinfast-D.Beckham-Miss Vietnam.jpg
|caption = Miss Vietnam 2018 [[Trần Tiểu Vy]] and [[David Beckham]]
|date = September 16, 2018
|presenters = Vũ Mạnh Cường Tuấn Tú Thụy Vân Diễm Trang
|acts = [[Hồ Ngọc Hà]]
|venue = [[Phú Thọ Indoor Stadium|Phu Tho Indoor Stadium]], [[District 11 (Ho Chi Minh city)|District 11]], [[Ho Chi Minh City]]
|broadcaster = {{Hlist|[[VTV1]]| VTV9}}
|entrants = 44
|placements = 25
|before = [[Miss Vietnam 2016|2016]]
|next = [[Miss Vietnam 2020|2020]]
|winner = '''[[Trần Tiểu Vy]]'''
|represented = '''[[Quảng Nam]]'''
}}

'''Miss Vietnam 2018''' ([[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]: ''Hoa hậu Việt Nam 2018'') was the 16th edition of the [[Miss Vietnam]] pageant. It was held on September 16, 2018 at [[Phú Thọ Indoor Stadium|Phu Tho Indoor Stadium]], [[Ho Chi Minh City]], [[Vietnam]]. [[Miss Vietnam 2016]] [[Đỗ Mỹ Linh]] crowned her successor [[Trần Tiểu Vy]] at the end of the event.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://thethaovanhoa.vn/giai-tri/tran-tieu-vy-len-ngoi-hoa-hau-viet-nam-2018-n20180916113531260.htm |title= Trần Tiểu Vy lên ngôi Hoa hậu Việt Nam 2018 |accessdate=September 17, 2018 |work=Báo Thể thao & Văn hóa - Thông tấn xã Việt Nam}}</ref>

The pageant crowned the Vietnam representatives to compete in the following international beauty pageants: [[Miss World 2018]], [[Miss Grand International 2018]], [[Miss Grand International 2021]], [[Miss Intercontinental 2019]] and [[Miss International 2018]].

==Results==
===Placements===
Source:<ref>{{cite web|url = https://giaitri.vnexpress.net/tuong-thuat/trong-nuoc/tran-tieu-vy-dang-quang-hoa-hau-viet-nam-2018-3809855.html |title= Trần Tiểu Vy đăng quang Hoa hậu Việt Nam 2018 |accessdate=September 17, 2018 |work=VnExpress Giải Trí}}</ref>
;Color keys
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{{plainlist|
* {{Color box|#50C878|border=darkgray}} Declared as the winner in an International pageant.
* {{Color box|#89CFF0|border=darkgray}} Ended as Runner-up in an International pageant.
* {{Color box|#F2CECE|border=darkgray}} Ended as finalist or semifinalist in an International pageant.
* {{Color box|#FFFACD|border=darkgray}} Unplaced.
}}
{{col-end}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;"| Final result
! style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;"| Contestant
! style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;"| International pageant
! style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;"| International placement
|-style="background:#F2CECE;"
| '''Miss Vietnam 2018'''
|
* '''[[Trần Tiểu Vy]]'''
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Miss World 2018]]
| style="text-align:center;" |'''Top 30'''
|-style="background:#F2CECE;"
| '''1st Runner-Up'''
|
* [[Bùi Phương Nga]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Miss Grand International 2018]]
| style="text-align:center;" |'''Top 10'''
|-style="background:#FFFACD;"
|'''2nd Runner-Up'''
|
* Nguyễn Thị Thúy An
| style="text-align:center;" |Miss Intercontinental 2019
| style="text-align:center;" |Unplaced
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''Top 5'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#50C878;" font-weight: bold" |
* [[Nguyễn Thúc Thùy Tiên]] §
| style="background:#FFFACD; text-align: center;" |[[Miss International 2018]]
| style="background:#FFFACD; text-align: center;" |Unplaced
|-style="background:#50C878; font-weight: bold"
|style="text-align:center;" |[[Miss Grand International 2021]]
|style="text-align:center;" |Winner
|-
|
* Nguyễn Thị Hồng Tuyết
|-
| '''Top 10'''
|
* Bùi Thị Yến Nhi
* Phạm Ngọc Linh
* Huỳnh Phạm Thủy Tiên
* Vũ Thị Tuyết Trang
* Nguyễn Hoàng Bảo Châu
|-
| '''Top 15'''
|
* Hà Lương Bảo Hằng
* Lê Thanh Tú
* Hà Thanh Vân
* Phạm Ngọc Hà My
* Đinh Phương Mỹ Duyên
|-
| '''Top 25'''
|
* Chu Thị Minh Trang
* Lê Hoàng Bảo Trân
* Nguyễn Thị Khánh Linh
* Đặng Thị Trúc Mai
* Vũ Hoàng Thảo Quyên
* Vũ Hương Giang
* Vũ Hoàng Thảo Vy
* Lê Thị Hà Thu Chiêu
* Nguyễn Hoài Phương Anh
* Trần Thị Ngọc Bích
|}
'''§''' Winner Beauty with a Purpose Vietnam automatically advanced to Top 5

'''Note''': Nguyễn Thị Thúy An was not able to compete in [[Miss International 2018]] because of unexpected health problems. For this reason, [[Nguyễn Thúc Thùy Tiên]] replaced her to become Vietnam's representative at pageant.

===Special Awards===
Source:<ref>{{cite web|url= http://plo.vn/van-hoa/co-gai-quang-nam-tran-tieu-vy-dang-quang-hoa-hau-viet-nam-2018-792524.html |title= Cô gái Quảng Nam Trần Tiểu Vy đăng quang hoa hậu Việt Nam 2018 |accessdate=September 17, 2018 |work=Báo điện tử Pháp Luật thành phố Hồ Chí Minh}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;"| Special Award
! style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;"| Contestant
|-
|'''Winner Beauty with a Purpose Vietnam '''
|
* [[Nguyễn Thúc Thùy Tiên]]
|-
|'''Miss [[Áo dài]]'''
|
* Lê Thanh Tú
|-
|'''Best Face'''
|
* Nguyễn Thị Hồng Tuyết
|-
|'''Best Skin'''
|
* Bùi Thị Yến Nhi
|-
|'''Best Interview'''
|
* Phạm Ngọc Linh
|-
|'''Miss Tourism'''
|
* Hà Lương Bảo Hằng
|-
|'''Miss Sport'''
|
* Huỳnh Phạm Thủy Tiên
|-
|'''Miss Talent'''
|
* Đinh Phương Mỹ Duyên
|-
|'''Top Model'''
|
* Nguyễn Hoài Phương Anh
|-
|'''Beach Beauty'''
|
* Nguyễn Hoàng Bảo Châu
|}

===Order of announcements===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-4}}

====Top 25====
#Bùi Thị Yến Nhi
#Nguyễn Thị Thúy An
#Chu Thị Minh Trang
#Nguyễn Thúc Thùy Tiên
#Trần Tiểu Vy
#Nguyễn Thị Hồng Tuyết
#Lê Hoàng Bảo Trân
#Nguyễn Thị Khánh Linh
#Hà Lương Bảo Hằng
#Lê Thanh Tú
#Đặng Thị Trúc Mai
#Phạm Ngọc Linh
#Vũ Hoàng Thảo Quyên
#Huỳnh Phạm Thủy Tiên
#Hà Thanh Vân
#Bùi Phương Nga
#Vũ Hương Giang
#Phạm Ngọc Hà My
#Đinh Phương Mỹ Duyên
#Vũ Hoàng Thảo Vy
#Lê Thị Hà Thu Chiêu
#Vũ Thị Tuyết Trang
#Nguyễn Hoàng Bảo Châu
#Nguyễn Hoài Phương Anh
#Trần Thị Ngọc Bích

{{col-4}}

====Top 15====
#Nguyễn Thị Hồng Tuyết
#Bùi Thị Yến Nhi
#Nguyễn Thị Thúy An
#Hà Lương Bảo Hằng
#Lê Thanh Tú
#Phạm Ngọc Linh
#Nguyễn Thúc Thùy Tiên
#Huỳnh Phạm Thủy Tiên
#Hà Thanh Vân
#Bùi Phương Nga
#Phạm Ngọc Hà My
#Đinh Phương Mỹ Duyên
#Vũ Thị Tuyết Trang
#Nguyễn Hoàng Bảo Châu
#Trần Tiểu Vy

{{col-4}}

====Top 10====
#Nguyễn Thị Hồng Tuyết
#Bùi Thị Yến Nhi
#Nguyễn Thị Thúy An
#Phạm Ngọc Linh
#Nguyễn Thúc Thùy Tiên
#Huỳnh Phạm Thủy Tiên
#Bùi Phương Nga
#Vũ Thị Tuyết Trang
#Nguyễn Hoàng Bảo Châu
#Trần Tiểu Vy

{{col-4}}

====Top 5====
#Nguyễn Thúc Thùy Tiên
#Nguyễn Thị Thúy An
#Trần Tiểu Vy
#Nguyễn Thị Hồng Tuyết
#Bùi Phương Nga
{{col-end}}

==Contestants==
44 contestants in the final.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
!Contestants
!Age
!No.
!Hometown
|-
|Nguyễn Thị Hồng Tuyết
|24
|052
|[[Ho Chi Minh City]]
|-
|Bùi Thị Yến Nhi
|21
|096
|[[Đồng Tháp]]
|-
|Lê Hoàng Bảo Trân
|19
|322
|[[Ho Chi Minh City]]
|-
|Phan Thị Diễm Trinh
|19
|305
|[[An Giang]]
|-
|Trịnh Thanh Châm
|20
|045
|[[Nam Định]]
|-
|Nguyễn Thị Khánh Linh
|21
|088
|[[Hà Nội]]
|-
|Nguyễn Thị Thu Tâm
|18
|378
|[[Ho Chi Minh City]]
|-
|Lâm Thị Bích Tuyền
|19
|171
|[[An Giang]]
|-
|Phan Cẩm Nhi
|18
|077
|[[Đà Nẵng]]
|-style="background:silver;"
|'''Nguyễn Thị Thúy An'''
|'''21'''
|'''457'''
|'''[[Kiên Giang]]'''
|-
|Hà Lương Bảo Hằng
|21
|216
|[[Đắk Lắk]]
|-
|Lê Thanh Tú
|22
|146
|[[Hà Nội]]
|-
|Đặng Thị Trúc Mai
|20
|295
|[[Bến Tre]]
|-
|Chu Thị Minh Trang
|25
|018
|[[Hải Phòng]]
|-
|Phạm Ngọc Linh
|23
|569
|[[Hà Nội]]
|-
|Nguyễn Thị Nhật Minh
|19
|151
|[[Ho Chi Minh City]]
|-
|Vũ Hoàng Thảo Quyên
|21
|400
|[[Lâm Đồng]]
|-
|Trần Ngọc Lâm
|22
|548
|[[Yên Bái]]
|-
|[[Nguyễn Thúc Thùy Tiên]]
|20
|068
|[[Ho Chi Minh City]]
|-
|Huỳnh Phạm Thủy Tiên
|20
|031
|[[Ho Chi Minh City]]
|-
|Hà Thanh Vân
|25
|356
|[[Cao Bằng]]
|-
|-style="background:silver;"
|'''Bùi Phương Nga'''
|'''20'''
|'''486'''
|'''[[Hà Nội]]'''
|-
|Vũ Hương Giang
|23
|462
|[[Hải Phòng]]
|-
|Phạm Thị Luyến
|23
|202
|[[Quảng Ninh]]
|-
|Phạm Ngọc Hà My
|22
|127
|[[Hà Nội]]
|-
|Lê Đoàn Hạ My
|19
|499
|[[Long An]]
|-
|Đinh Phương Mỹ Duyên
|22
|069
|[[Nghệ An]]
|-
|Phạm Thị Thu Hà
|21
|182
|[[Ho Chi Minh City]]
|-
|Vũ Thị Thanh Thanh
|21
|245
|[[Phú Thọ (town)|Phú Thọ]]
|-
|Vũ Hoàng Thảo Vy
|22
|121
|[[Đồng Nai]]
|-
|Trương Thị Thanh Bình
|21
|005
|[[Tiền Giang]]
|-
|Lê Thị Hà Thu Chiêu
|20
|116
|[[Lâm Đồng]]
|-
|Phạm Thị Minh Châu
|22
|335
|[[Hải Phòng]]
|-
|Vũ Thị Tuyết Trang
|24
|392
|[[Hà Nội]]
|-
|Đinh Thị Triều Tiên
|20
|535
|[[Phú Yên]]
|-
|Hoàng Thị Bích Ngọc
|19
|232
|[[Phú Thọ (town)|Phú Thọ]]
|-
|Nguyễn Hoàng Bảo Châu
|18
|169
|[[Hà Nội]]
|-style="background:gold;"
|'''[[Trần Tiểu Vy]]'''
|'''18'''
|'''138'''
|'''[[Quảng Nam]]'''
|-
|Nguyễn Phương Anh
|19
|118
|[[Quảng Ninh]]
|-
|Nguyễn Hoài Phương Anh
|19
|256
|[[Hà Nội]]
|-
|Lại Quỳnh Giang
|22
|278
|[[Hà Nội]]
|-
|Dương Huyền Chân
|19
|267
|[[Cà Mau]]
|-
|Trần Thị Ngọc Bích
|19
|008
|[[Hà Tĩnh]]
|-
|Lê Thị Mỹ Duyên<ref name="ReferenceB"> Withdrew before coronation night because of personal reasons.</ref>
|19
|382
|[[Ho Chi Minh City]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Miss Vietnam}}
{{Miss World countries and territories}}

[[Category:Beauty pageants in Vietnam]]
[[Category:2018 beauty pageants]]
[[Category:Vietnamese awards]]
[[Category:September 2018 in Vietnam]]

MSME & Startups Forum - Bharat

2026-04-26T20:10:24Z

MattPinto5: Added stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Promotional tone|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = MSME & Startups Forum - Bharat
| logo =
| abbreviation =
| mapframe = no
| formation = {{start date and age |2020}}
| type = [[Nonprofit organization|Non-profit]]
| status =
| purpose = Facilitate entrepreneurs and businesses to Self-Reliant India policy framework
| location = [[Varanasi]], [[India]]
| region_served = India
| services =
| num_members =
| num_members_year =
| key_people = Mr. Manoj Kumar Shah (founder and CEO)
| affiliations =
| funding =
| num_staff =
| num_staff_year =
| website = {{URL|https://msmestartupsforum.org}}
}}

'''MSME & Startups Forum – Bharat''' is an Indian nonprofit organization founded in 2020 to facilitate entrepreneurs and businesses to heed the [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]]'s call for [[Atmanirbhar Bharat|AtmaNirbharBharat]] (Self reliant India) and #VocalForLocal campaign.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises |url=https://msme.gov.in |website=msme.gov.in}}</ref>

It is an Indian [[non-governmental organization]] that provides a platform for Indian [[Small and medium-sized enterprises|Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]] (MSMEs) & [[Startup company|startups]].<ref>{{cite news |title=अर्थव्यवस्था को मजबूती दे सकते हैं यूपी के पेट्रोल पंप : नितिन गडकरी |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/up-s-petrol-pumps-can-strengthen-economy-nitin-gadkari |work=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=रचनात्मकता, नए प्रयोगों से एमएसएमई सेक्टर की सुलझेंगी समस्या |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/story-creativity-new-experiments-will-solve-the-problem-of-msme-sector-3928741.html |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref>

The founder and national president Mr. Manoj Kumar Shah called on the union of the [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|minister of Road Transport & Highways]] and [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|the Minister of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME)]], Mr. [[Nitin Gadkari]] on 1 March 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dewan |first1=Neha |title=Nitin Gadkari {{!}} MSME: Technology to play a key role in the success of MSMEs: Nitin Gadkari |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/sme-sector/technology-to-play-a-key-role-in-the-success-of-msmes-nitin-gadkari/articleshow/82084275.cms |website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

The Forum has an expansive presence. It has 145 chapters in India, across 27 states and 5 union territories, covering a total of 90 cities. It also has 10 cross-border chapters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} MSME & STARTUPS FORUM - BHARAT |url=https://www.msmestartupsforum.org/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |language=en}}</ref>

== Events ==
*Forum organised online webinar on 9 June 2021 with [[Om Prakash Sakhlecha]] Ji- Hob. Minister – MSME & IT, [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]] [[Madhya Pradesh]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Government of India, Department of Sciences |url=https://dst.gov.in/sites/default/files/Annual%20Report%202020-21%20in%20English.pdf |website=Dst.gov.in}}</ref>
*Forum organised online [[webinar]] on 27 March 2021 with union [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|minister of Road Transport & Highways]] and [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|the Minister of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME)]], Sri. [[Nitin Gadkari]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Govt Looking At New Plans, Laws To Solve MSME Receivables Issue: Nitin Gadkari |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/economy/govt-looking-at-new-plans-laws-to-solve-msme-receivables-issue-nitin-gadkari-6279771.html |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:MSME and Startups Forum - Bharat}}
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]

Rangasthalam

2026-04-26T19:57:50Z

MattPinto5: stub

{{short description|2018 Indian film by Sukumar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rangasthalam
| image = Rangasthalam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sukumar]]
| producer = Naveen Yerneni Yalamanchili Ravi Shankar Mohan Cherukuri
| writer = Sukumar
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Ram Charan]]
*[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha Akkineni]]
*[[Jagapathi Babu]]
*[[Aadhi Pinisetty]]
*[[Prakash Raj]]
*[[Anasuya Bharadwaj]]
*[[Pooja Hegde]]
}}
| music = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cinematography = [[R. Rathnavelu]]
| editing = [[Naveen Nooli]]
| studio = [[Mythri Movie Makers]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|03|30}}
| runtime = 174 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR|link=yes}}60 crore<ref name="budget">{{Cite news |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=3 April 2018 |title='Rangasthalam' box office collections day one: Ram Charan and Samantha starrer is expected to have crossed Rs 40 Cr mark worldwide |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/rangasthalam-box-office-collections-day-one-ram-charan-and-samantha-starrer-is-expected-to-have-crossed-rs-40-cr-mark-worldwide/articleshow/63555892.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728203737/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/rangasthalam-box-office-collections-day-one-ram-charan-and-samantha-starrer-is-expected-to-have-crossed-rs-40-cr-mark-worldwide/articleshow/63555892.cms |archive-date=28 July 2019 |access-date=28 July 2019 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR}}216 crore<ref name="gross">{{Cite news |last=Hooli |first=Shekhar H |date=23 November 2018 |title=Tollywood box office report of 2018: highest grossing Telugu movies of year; List of hits and flops |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/2018s-tollywood-movies-box-office-collection-list-highest-grossing-telugu-films-year-780150 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920215058/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/2018s-tollywood-movies-box-office-collection-list-highest-grossing-telugu-films-year-780150 |archive-date=20 September 2020 |access-date=7 July 2020 |work=International Business Times India}}</ref>
}}

'''''Rangasthalam''''' ({{translation|Stage/Theatre}}) is a 2018 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Period piece|period]] [[action drama film]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2018 |title=Rangasthalam Box Office Collection: Big feat! Ram Charan, Samantha movie earns Rs 100 in just 4 days |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/rangasthalam-box-office-collection-big-feat-ram-charan-samantha-movie-earns-rs-100-in-just-4-days/1120361/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810214129/https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/rangasthalam-box-office-collection-big-feat-ram-charan-samantha-movie-earns-rs-100-in-just-4-days/1120361/ |archive-date=10 August 2019 |access-date=11 August 2019 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]|quote=Rangasthalam, a period action drama narrates the story of Chitti Babu (Ram Charan) who views the world from a different perspective until he decides to fight for the villagers and stand against the village President.}}</ref> written and directed by [[Sukumar]]. Produced by Y. Naveen, Y. Ravi Shankar and C. V. Mohan for the company [[Mythri Movie Makers]], the film stars [[Ram Charan]] and [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]] with, [[Jagapathi Babu]], [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Sunil Barve]], [[Aadhi Pinisetty]], and [[Anasuya Bharadwaj]] in key supporting roles. ''Rangasthalam'' is set in the [[eponym]]ous fictional village in the 1980s. It narrates the story of two brothers, Chittibabu (Charan) and Kumar Babu (Pinisetty) who oppose the village's local government and the corrupt [[Cooperative|co-operative society]] led by its president Phanindra Bhupathi (Babu).

Sukumar started working on the film's script after completing ''[[Nannaku Prematho]]'' (2016), and collaborated with [[R. Rathnavelu]], who served as the director of photography. [[Devi Sri Prasad]] composed the film's soundtrack and score; [[Naveen Nooli]] edited the film. One of the first few Indian films to be entirely shot using Red Helium 8K cameras, ''Rangasthalam''{{'s}} [[principal photography]] began in April 2017 with the working title ''RC11'' and lasted until March 2018. Majorly filmed in a village set worth {{INR|5}} crore erected in [[Hyderabad]], ten percent of the film's footage was shot in and around [[Rajahmundry]].

The film was made on a budget of {{INR|60}} [[crore]], and was released globally on 30 March 2018. ''Rangasthalam'' received positive reviews from the critics who were particularly appreciative of Sukumar's writing and the performances of the [[ensemble cast]], especially of Ram Charan and Jagapathi Babu although they criticized the length. The film was commercially successful, grossing a total of {{INR|216}} crore, and became Ram Charan's highest grossing film until [[RRR]](2022). It is among [[List of highest-grossing Telugu films|the highest-grossing Telugu films]]. It also won the [[National Film Award for Best Audiography]]. A Kannada-dubbed version of the film titled ''Rangasthala'' was released on 12 July 2019. The film is considered one of the "25 Greatest Telugu Films Of The Decade" by [[Film Companion]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=25 Greatest Telugu Films Of The Decade {{!}} Film Companion |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/fc-decades/pages/telugu.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017163531/https://www.filmcompanion.in/fc-decades/pages/telugu.html |archive-date=17 October 2019 |access-date=2021-06-26 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref> It also won the state Gaddar Award for Second Best Feature Film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 30, 2025 |title=Gaddar Telangana Film Awards: Adivi Sesh Thanks Telangana Government For Honouring Major, Expresses Gratitude To Mahesh Babu |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/gaddar-telangana-film-awards-adivi-sesh-thanks-telangana-government-for-honouring-major-expresses-gratitude-to-mahesh-babu-article-151755732 |website=Times Now}}</ref>

== Plot ==
In the 1980s, Chittibabu, a [[Hearing loss|partially deaf]] and grumpy resident of Rangasthalam, irrigates fields using Kolli Rangamma's [[electric motor]]. Phanindra Bhupathi, the feared and respected [[Sarpanch|President]] of Rangasthalam's [[Gram panchayat|Panchayat]], controls the village's [[Cooperative|cooperative society]] aka 'Society'. The Society seizes Erra Srinu's [[maize]] crops over a delayed loan repayment, leading to Srinu's apparent suicide by drowning.

Chittibabu's life changes when his elder brother Kumar Babu returns from working in the [[Persian Gulf]]. Kumar Babu is disturbed by the society's high-interest loans and property seizures, which exploit the [[Functional illiteracy|illiterate]] villagers. Chittibabu often escorts Kumar Babu to [[Rajahmundry]] so he can meet his love interest, Padma. Meanwhile, Chittibabu encounters Ramalakshmi and falls in love with her, though he conceals his hearing impairment.

Chittibabu clashes with Kasi's brothers for misbehaving with Ramalakshmi. She proposes marriage, but he pretends not to hear and leaves immediately. Realizing her proposal later, he sneaks into her home at midnight but accidentally alerts her family due to his impairment. Ramalakshmi denies loving Chittibabu to her family and villagers, leading to misunderstandings and Chittibabu breaking ties with her. Eventually, after protecting a villager from suicide, Ramalakshmi understands Chittibabu's disability and offers to reconcile, but he doesn't relent.

Ramalakshmi, educated enough to grasp the society's deception, protests with Kumar Babu. During a confrontation, Kumar Babu inadvertently assaults a Society employee, leading to a Panchayat hearing. Intimidated, Ramalakshmi's father drags her away, and Bhupathi fines Kumar Babu heavily. Seshu Naidu, the society's president, humiliates Chittibabu and Kumar Babu's father, but everyone represses it from Chittibabu. Upon discovering it, an outraged Chittibabu smacks Naidu and is arrested, though he reconciles with Ramalakshmi before being taken away. Bhupathi refuses to help, prompting Kumar Babu to consult Dakshina Murthy, the local [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]. Kumar Babu decides to contest the Panchayat elections against Bhupathi, aiming to end his 30-year unopposed reign.

Kumar Babu exposes the society's fraudulent deeds, gaining the villagers' support and persuading them to nominate themselves as ward members, including Kasi and his brothers. However, Rangamma mysteriously denies support, upsetting Chittibabu. Upon confrontation, Rangamma reveals that Bhupathi had murdered several villagers, including her husband Ramprasad and Erra Srinu, for opposing him. Concerned for his brother, Chittibabu accepts a bribe from Bhupathi to undermine Kumar Babu's campaign but repents and returns the bribe, confronting Bhupathi instead. Erra Srinu's father, a loyal servant to Bhupathi despite his family's exploitation, overhears Bhupathi admitting to his son's murder. Bhupathi kills Seshu Naidu in a fit of rage after Naidu advises him to step down.

While returning home after meeting Padma, Kumar Babu is ambushed and fatally wounded by Bhupathi's men. Chittibabu uncovers the conspiracy and rushes to protect him, subduing the assassins. However, Kumar Babu is killed by a veiled man while Chittibabu goes to procure first aid. Before dying, Kumar Babu tries to name the perpetrator, but Chittibabu fails to hear it.

Devastated, Chittibabu leads the villagers to Bhupathi's house, but they find he has fled. With a [[hearing aid]], Chittibabu, along with a gang including Kasi, hunts for Bhupathi following the directions of a [[Fortune-telling|soothsayer]]. After Kumar Babu's cremation, Rangamma is unanimously elected as the President of Panchayat. Chittibabu deduces that his brother's dying word was "[[Vishnu|Srimannarayana]]" and races to meet Dakshina Murthy, witnessing him being hit by a truck and hospitalizing him.

Chittibabu tends to a [[coma]]tose Dakshina Murthy for two years, volunteering to care for him despite everyone else giving up on his recovery. Murthy finally recuperates, and Chittibabu goes to meet him at his residence, where celebrations are underway for Murthy’s upcoming minister position. Upon inquiry about Bhupathi, Chittibabu confesses to murdering him but reveals that Kumar Babu's real killer was Dakshina Murthy, who had his henchman Srimannarayana kill Kumar Babu due to his relationship with Padma, Murthy's youngest daughter. Murthy admits his contempt for the relationship, as Kumar Babu belonged to a lower caste. Chittibabu reveals he spared Murthy while he was in coma to murder him when he has aspiration to live. Chittibabu quietly eliminates him, and leaves with his wife Ramalakshmi, spotting Padma and her husband approaching.

== Cast ==

{{cast listing|
* [[Ram Charan]] as Chelluboina Chitti Babu
* [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]] as Ramalachimi, Chitti Babu’s love interest 
* [[Jagapathi Babu]] as President Phanindra Bhupathi
* [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] as Koteswara Rao
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Dakshina Murthy, The Local [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
* [[Sunil Barve]] as Surya, MLA's brother.
* [[Aadhi Pinisetty]] as Chelluboina Kumar Babu, Chitti Babu’s elder brother
* [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] as Kantham, mother of Chittibabu, Kumar Babu and Chinni
* [[Rajeev Kanakala]] as Ramprasad, Rangamma's late husband
* [[Anasuya Bharadwaj]] as Kolli Rangamma, later becomes President
* [[Pujita Ponnada]] as Padma, Kumar Babu's love interest
* [[Annie (Telugu actress)|Annie]] as Chinni, sister of Chittibabu and Kumar Babu
* [[Brahmaji]] as [[Tehsildar]]
* [[Prudhvi Raj]]
* [[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]] as Dr. Seetharam, Dakshina Murthy's doctor
* [[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]] as Veera Babu, a grey-shaded villager
* [[Ajay Ghosh]] as Seshu Naidu
* Kadambari Kiran
* Jogi Naidu
* Krishnamraju
* Shaking Seshu as Somaraju
* Mahesh Achanta as Mahesh
* [[Shatru (actor)|Shatru]] as Kaasi, well-wisher of Kumar Babu and Chittibabu
* [[Noel Sean]] as Erra Srinu
* [[Chatrapathi Sekhar]] as Ganapathi, a saint who warns Chittibabu about Bhupathi
* [[Getup Srinu]]
* Pammi Sai
* Naveen Neni as Kaasi's brother
* Amit Sharma as Srimannarayana, Dakshina Murthy's close confidant
* FM Babai
* Sudhakar Mishra as Businessman
* Vajja Venkata Giridhar as Abbulu
* [[Muralidhar Goud]]
* Naga Mahesh as Ramalachimi's father
* [[Pooja Hegde]] in a special appearance in the song "[[Jigelu Rani]]"
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
Writer and filmmaker [[Sukumar]] discussed the possibility of directing a rural drama with his regular collaborator, cinematographer [[R. Rathnavelu]] before the production of the former's directorial ''[[1: Nenokkadine]]'' (2014). After completing ''[[Nannaku Prematho]]'' (2016), Sukumar narrated two story lines to Rathnavelu: a contemporary film with an [[Green Revolution in India|Indian green revolution]] backdrop, and a rural drama. Rathnavelu chose the latter and suggested to make it a period drama as it would give them an opportunity to showcase the local culture more effectively.<ref name="TNM making">{{Cite news |last=Hemanth Kumar |first=C R |date=4 April 2018 |title='Rangasthalam': Director Sukumar and cinematographer Rathnavelu on the making of the film |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rangasthalam-director-sukumar-and-cinematographer-rathnavel-making-film-78979 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030062933/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rangasthalam-director-sukumar-and-cinematographer-rathnavel-making-film-78979 |archive-date=30 October 2018 |access-date=30 October 2018 |work=The News Minute}}</ref> He felt more like a member of the direction team than being a cinematographer during the film's production: "You’ve to think like him [Sukumar] while working with him, and getting into the psychology of the characters helps a lot."<ref name="TNM making" />

Sukumar approached [[Mythri Movie Makers]] in October 2016, and the latter agreed to bankroll the film.<ref name="TNM making" /> The production team wanted to shoot the film in [[Araku Valley]], but Rathnavelu was opposed to the idea. He opined that ''Rangasthalam'' is a film which "drew a lot from the locations that it was going to be shot in".<ref name="TNM making" /> The film's crew scouted to locations near [[Rajahmundry]] and the Godavari region, and found areas near [[Kolleru Lake]] apt for the film's periodic setting. Rathanavelu found acres of grasslands by the riverside. They made it the entrance of the village, a "killing field" where people are murdered, to create an "eerie" mood in the film.<ref name="TNM making" /> Rathnavelu opted for a "muted and earthy" colour palette with no bright shades of yellow, red and blue.<ref name="TNM making" />

[[Naveen Nooli]], who earlier collaborated with Sukumar for ''Nannaku Prematho'', was signed as the editor.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chowdary |first=Y Sunita |date=24 February 2018 |title=Editor Naveen Nooli: A name to reckon with |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/editor-naveen-nooli-a-name-to-reckon-with/article22844192.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721143724/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/editor-naveen-nooli-a-name-to-reckon-with/article22844192.ece |archive-date=21 July 2019 |access-date=21 July 2019 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Impressed with their work in ''[[Jyo Achyutananda]]'' (2016), Sukumar chose Ramakrishna and Mounika to handle both art direction and production design.<ref name="Art int TH">{{Cite news |last=Chowdary |first=Y Sunita |date=28 February 2018 |title=Rangasthalam: The stage is set |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rangasthalam-the-stage-is-set/article22878272.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714151454/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rangasthalam-the-stage-is-set/article22878272.ece |archive-date=14 July 2019 |access-date=14 July 2019 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> The film's production formally commenced on 26 February 2017 with the working title ''RC11''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 February 2017 |title=Chiranjeevi launches Ram Charan-Sukumar's 'RC11' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/chiranjeevilaunches-ram-charan-sukumars-rc11/articleshow/56871543.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181030064016/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/chiranjeevilaunches-ram-charan-sukumars-rc11/articleshow/56871543.cms |archive-date=30 October 2018 |access-date=30 October 2018 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Sukumar fine tuned the script until April 2017.<ref name="TNM making" /> Though the film was initially named ''Rangasthalam 1985'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jayakrishnan |date=9 June 2017 |title=Ram Charan — Sukumar period saga named Rangasthalam 1985 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/ram-charan-sukumar-period-saga-named-rangasthalam-1985/articleshow/59071951.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181030065144/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/ram-charan-sukumar-period-saga-named-rangasthalam-1985/articleshow/59071951.cms |archive-date=30 October 2018 |access-date=30 October 2018 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> it was later rechristened to ''Rangasthalam''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |date=9 December 2017 |title=Rangasthalam first look poster released, film to hit screens on March 30, 2018 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/rangasthalam-first-look-poster-released-film-to-hit-screens-on-march-30-2018/story-VGx4LNk06zSv5e9tSj1h3L.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030065220/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/rangasthalam-first-look-poster-released-film-to-hit-screens-on-march-30-2018/story-VGx4LNk06zSv5e9tSj1h3L.html |archive-date=30 October 2018 |access-date=30 October 2018 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The film was produced on a budget of {{INRConvert|60|c}}.<ref name="budget" />

=== Casting ===
Sukumar met [[Ram Charan]] through a common friend Ranga during the filming of ''Nannaku Prematho'' and got his approval for the script.<ref name="TNM making" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ram Charan stuns in new film |url=https://www.pressreader.com/uae/gulf-news/20180401/283274573301929 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112042906/https://www.pressreader.com/uae/gulf-news/20180401/283274573301929 |archive-date=12 January 2021 |access-date=2021-01-10 |website=PressReader}}</ref> Charan played Chittibabu, a "partially hearing impaired innocent guy" whose disorder was used to convey all the emotions the character goes through.<ref name="Charan int TNIE">{{Cite news |last=Murali Krishna |first=CH |date=27 March 2018 |title=Ram Charan underplayed Chitti Babu in 'Rangasthalam' to make him look real |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2018/mar/27/ram-charan-underplayed-chitti-babu-in-rangasthalam-to-make-him-look-real-1792833.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723052931/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2018/mar/27/ram-charan-underplayed-chitti-babu-in-rangasthalam-to-make-him-look-real-1792833.html |archive-date=23 July 2019 |access-date=23 July 2019 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> He sported a bearded look in the film and underplayed the character to make it feel real.<ref name="Charan int TNIE" /> Charan also had to master the accent spoken in the Godavari regions, and struggled to match the villagers' speed.<ref name="Charan int TNIE" /> Charan was styled by his sister Sushmita Konidela,<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 March 2017 |title=Ram Charan to be styled by sister Sushmita |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-charan-to-be-styled-by-sister-sushmita/articleshow/57512457.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723053242/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-charan-to-be-styled-by-sister-sushmita/articleshow/57512457.cms |archive-date=23 July 2019 |access-date=23 July 2019 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> who had to source fabrics with typical prints that were used in the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Neha |date=17 December 2017 |title=Styling for Sibling |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/171217/styling-for-sibling.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723053926/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/171217/styling-for-sibling.html |archive-date=23 July 2019 |access-date=23 July 2019 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> She also had to refer the looks sported by their father, actor [[Chiranjeevi]] in his earlier films.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Paul |first=Papri |date=17 December 2017 |title=Chiranjeevi inspired Ram Charan's rustic look in 'Rangasthalam' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/chiranjeevi-inspired-ram-charans-rustic-look-in-rangasthalam/articleshow/62107124.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723060729/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/chiranjeevi-inspired-ram-charans-rustic-look-in-rangasthalam/articleshow/62107124.cms |archive-date=23 July 2019 |access-date=23 July 2019 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

A screen test was conducted on [[Anupama Parameswaran|Anupama]] in January 2017 before selecting her as the female lead,<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 January 2017 |title=Anupama didn't demand high remuneration for Charan-Sukumar film, clarifies production house |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/anupama-parameswaran-didnt-demand-high-remuneration-for-ram-charan-sukumar-film-clarifies-production-house-4494785/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030070609/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/anupama-parameswaran-didnt-demand-high-remuneration-for-ram-charan-sukumar-film-clarifies-production-house-4494785/ |archive-date=30 October 2018 |access-date=30 October 2018 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> though [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]] was finalised later for the same.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 April 2017 |title=Samantha starts shooting for Ramcharan-Sukumar's project at Rajahmundry |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/samantha-starts-shooting-for-ramcharan-sukumars-project-at-rajuhmundry/articleshow/57985269.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030071021/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/samantha-starts-shooting-for-ramcharan-sukumars-project-at-rajuhmundry/articleshow/57985269.cms |archive-date=30 October 2018 |access-date=30 October 2018 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> She played Ramalakshmi, a "typical village belle",<ref name="Ranga char TOI">{{Cite news |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=29 March 2018 |title=The ordinary characters that inhabit the extraordinary world of Rangasthalam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/the-ordinary-characters-that-inhabit-the-extraordinary-world-of-rangasthalam/articleshow/63489798.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723074119/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/the-ordinary-characters-that-inhabit-the-extraordinary-world-of-rangasthalam/articleshow/63489798.cms |archive-date=23 July 2019 |access-date=23 July 2019 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> and her lines were dubbed by Jyothi Varma.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Ananya |date=30 May 2018 |title=Is Jyothi Varma, Samantha's voice in 'Rangasthalam', the new Chinmayi? |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2018/may/30/is-jyothi-varma-samanthas-voice-in-rangasthalam-the-new-chinmayi-1821641.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723074348/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2018/may/30/is-jyothi-varma-samanthas-voice-in-rangasthalam-the-new-chinmayi-1821641.html |archive-date=23 July 2019 |access-date=23 July 2019 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Most of Samantha's portions were filmed during the early mornings and late hours, as she did not like to work in the noon.<ref name="TNM making" /> In an interview with ''Firstpost'', she said that everything about her role in the film was on a different tangent, and that she initially struggled to adjust with the rural environment, as she grew up in the urban areas of [[Chennai]].<ref name="Samantha int FP">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Hemanth |date=1 April 2018 |title=Samantha opens up on Rangasthalam and how she transformed herself to play a villager in the film |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/samantha-opens-up-on-rangasthalam-and-how-she-transformed-herself-to-play-a-villager-in-the-film-4412097.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727092314/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/samantha-opens-up-on-rangasthalam-and-how-she-transformed-herself-to-play-a-villager-in-the-film-4412097.html |archive-date=27 July 2019 |access-date=27 July 2019 |work=Firstpost}}</ref> To prepare for her role, she observed and spent some time with the women in the villages near Rajahmundry, and took inputs from Sukumar who wanted her portrayal of Ramalakshmi seem unrestrained.<ref name="Samantha int FP" />

[[Jagapathi Babu]] was cast as the antagonist; his inclusion was confirmed by the film's crew in January 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 January 2017 |title=Ram Charan goes fully rural for his next movie |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2017/jan/31/ram-charan-goes-fully-rural-for-his-next-movie-1565433.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713192148/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2017/jan/31/ram-charan-goes-fully-rural-for-his-next-movie-1565433.html |archive-date=13 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref> He played the role of the village head who speaks less and conveys more through his eyes, gestures and body language.<ref name="Ranga char TOI" /> [[Aadhi Pinisetty]] was cast as the protagonist's brother Kumar Babu, whom Sukumar described as the "personification of the innocence of the [1980s]".<ref name="Ranga char TOI" /> Sukumar approached Pinisetty during the shoot of ''[[Ninnu Kori]]'' (2017) to cast him for the character, which the latter termed as one of his easiest portrayals.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chowdary |first=Y Sunita |date=27 March 2018 |title=On a positive note |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/on-a-positive-note/article23363186.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727093641/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/on-a-positive-note/article23363186.ece |archive-date=27 July 2019 |access-date=28 July 2019 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> [[Pujita Ponnada]], who made her debut with Sukumar's production ''[[Darsakudu]]'' (2017), was cast as Pinisetty's love interest in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jonnalagedda |first=Pranita |date=27 March 2018 |title=Sukumar is my mentor: Pujita Ponnada |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/120318/sukumar-is-my-mentor-pujita-ponnada.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728023048/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/120318/sukumar-is-my-mentor-pujita-ponnada.html |archive-date=28 July 2019 |access-date=28 July 2019 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

Television presenter [[Anasuya Bharadwaj]] was cast as Rangammatha, a 28-year-old woman with a mindset of the 1990s.<ref name="Anasuya int TH">{{Cite news |last=Chowdary |first=Y Sunita |date=22 March 2018 |title=In her own SPACE |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/in-her-own-space/article23318755.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728014003/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/in-her-own-space/article23318755.ece |archive-date=28 July 2019 |access-date=28 July 2019 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Sukumar cast her after she successfully auditioned for the role, adding that she had a "divine face".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sriram |first=Purnima |date=4 April 2018 |title=I came as a surprise: Anasuya Bharadwaj |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2018/apr/04/i-came-as-a-surprise-anasuya-bharadwaj-1797065.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728014155/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2018/apr/04/i-came-as-a-surprise-anasuya-bharadwaj-1797065.html |archive-date=28 July 2019 |access-date=28 July 2019 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> For the role, she sported no makeup and instead opted for a turmeric-smeared look.<ref name="Anasuya int TH" /> [[Prakash Raj]] and [[Brahmaji]] were cast in supporting roles; the latter played the role of a [[Tehsildar]].<ref name="honour">{{Cite web |last=Keramalu |first=Karthik |date=9 June 2018 |title='Kaala': Decoding Rajinikanth's Nemesis, Nana Patekar as Hari Dada |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/indian-cinema/nana-patekar-hari-dada-in-rajinikanth-kaala-pa-ranjith-film |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728021503/http://www.thequint.com/entertainment/indian-cinema/nana-patekar-hari-dada-in-rajinikanth-kaala-pa-ranjith-film/ |archive-date=28 July 2019 |access-date=28 July 2019 |website=The Quint}}</ref><ref name="Brahmaji int TH">{{Cite news |last=Chowdary |first=Y Sunita |date=26 April 2018 |title=Brahmaji is revelling in recognition that's long due |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-brahmaji-is-glad-to-be-part-of-superhits-rangasthalam-and-bharat-ane-nenu/article23682453.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728021746/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-brahmaji-is-glad-to-be-part-of-superhits-rangasthalam-and-bharat-ane-nenu/article23682453.ece |archive-date=28 July 2019 |access-date=28 July 2019 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Some of Brahmaji's portions in the film were edited out due to excessive length.<ref name="Brahmaji int TH" /> In October 2017, [[Pooja Hegde]] was signed to perform an [[item number]] song "[[Jigelu Rani]]" in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2017 |title=Rangasthalam: Pooja Hegde to do a song |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/rangasthalam-pooja-hegde-to-do-a-song-news-telugu-rkgl2qgicfiah.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728095622/https://www.sify.com/movies/rangasthalam-pooja-hegde-to-do-a-song-news-telugu-rkgl2qgicfiah.html |archive-date=28 July 2019 |access-date=28 July 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
''Rangasthalam'' was majorly filmed in a village set worth {{INRConvert|50|m}} erected in Hyderabad,<ref name="5 CR set TOI">{{Cite news |last=Shalini |first=S R |date=19 July 2017 |title=Ram Charan starrer 'Rangasthalam 1985' team to shoot in a 5 Crore worth set! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-charan-starrer-rangasthalam-1985-team-to-shoot-in-a-5-crore-worth-set/articleshow/59668558.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190713111059/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-charan-starrer-rangasthalam-1985-team-to-shoot-in-a-5-crore-worth-set/articleshow/59668558.cms |archive-date=13 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2019 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> with only ten percent of the footage shot in real locations.<ref name="Art int TH" /> 400 people worked on the village set for two months.<ref name="Art int TNIE">{{Cite news |last=Murali Krishna |first=CH |date=9 March 2018 |title=Reliving the memoirs of Rangasthalam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/travel/2018/mar/09/reliving-the-memoirs-of-rangasthalam-1784648.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713110557/http://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/travel/2018/mar/09/reliving-the-memoirs-of-rangasthalam-1784648.html |archive-date=13 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2019 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The props were procured from a few antique shops in Rajahmundry and from the old buildings in the nearby villages.<ref name="Art int TNIE" /> Sukumar and Rathnavelu wanted to shoot the film in harsh sunlight, planning to complete by July 2017: "In April and May, the river appears dry and sand looks burnt. People haven't seen Godavari in this angle, in an angry mood. The same river looks different, romantic if the treatment is different."<ref name="Rathnavelu int TH">{{Cite news |last=Chowdary |first=Y Sunita |date=19 February 2018 |title=R Rathnavelu on making dual headway |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/r-rathnavelu-rangasthalam-telugu-tamil-films/article22796045.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714191933/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/r-rathnavelu-rangasthalam-telugu-tamil-films/article22796045.ece |archive-date=14 July 2019 |access-date=14 July 2019 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> ''Rangasthalam'' is one of the first few Indian films to be entirely shot using Red Helium 8K cameras; it was chosen for its "great dynamic range" and for filming sequences under extremely low light conditions.<ref name="TNM making" /> A [[Gimbal#Film and video|gimbal]] was used to support 90% of the film's shoot as the script was conversation-based and involved multiple actors. Rathnavelu also opted to shoot longer takes to capture sequences in real time without being "intrusive".<ref name="TNM making" />

[[Principal photography]] commenced in April 2017; Charan and Samantha joined the film's sets at Rajahmundry where a song on the duo was filmed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 April 2017 |title=RC 11: Ram Charan starts shooting for Sukumar film in Rajahmundry |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/rc-11-ram-charan-starts-shooting-for-sukumar-film-in-rajahmundry-4596431/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713190654/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/rc-11-ram-charan-starts-shooting-for-sukumar-film-in-rajahmundry-4596431/ |archive-date=13 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2019 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 April 2017 |title=Samantha starts shooting for Ramcharan-Sukumar's project at Rajuhmundry |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/samantha-starts-shooting-for-ramcharan-sukumars-project-at-rajuhmundry/articleshow/57985269.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190713190853/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/samantha-starts-shooting-for-ramcharan-sukumars-project-at-rajuhmundry/articleshow/57985269.cms |archive-date=13 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2019 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The first schedule was wrapped on 27 April 2017, in which scenes featuring Charan, Samantha and Pinisetty were filmed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 April 2017 |title=Ram Charan- Sukumar upcoming flick's first schedule to wrap up soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-charan-sukumar-upcoming-flicks-first-schedule-to-wrap-up-soon/articleshow/58324389.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190713191445/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-charan-sukumar-upcoming-flicks-first-schedule-to-wrap-up-soon/articleshow/58324389.cms |archive-date=13 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2019 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Unable to bear the heat, Samantha fainted on the sets, which resulted in the first schedule being wrapped up a day in advance.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=28 April 2017 |title=Samantha faints on the sets! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/280417/samantha-faints-on-the-sets.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713195014/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/280417/samantha-faints-on-the-sets.html |archive-date=13 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2019 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Filming was postponed further by a month, concerned with the rising temperatures in the Godavari belt.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=2 May 2017 |title=Ram Charan's film shoot cancelled |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/200517/ram-charans-film-shoot-cancelled.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713202615/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/200517/ram-charans-film-shoot-cancelled.html |archive-date=13 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2019 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> The film's crew left for Hyderabad in mid-May 2017, where Prakash Raj joined the sets.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=17 May 2017 |title=Ram Charan sweats it out |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/170517/ram-charan-sweats-it-out.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713202953/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/170517/ram-charan-sweats-it-out.html |archive-date=13 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2019 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> By the end of June 2017, two major schedules were wrapped up and filming continued near the [[Papikonda National Park]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Rinku |date=24 June 2017 |title=Straddling two worlds |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2017/jun/24/straddling-two-worlds-1619778--1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714150930/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2017/jun/24/straddling-two-worlds-1619778--1.html |archive-date=14 July 2019 |access-date=14 July 2019 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Some filming locations, scheduled to be submerged under the [[Polavaram Project]], were either deserted or had limited inhabitation.<ref name="Art int TNIE" /> Due to lack of proper communication and facilities, the equipment and the crew traveled in boats to Rajahmundry everyday post wrapping the day's shoot.<ref name="Art int TH" />

In mid-July 2017, the construction of the village set was completed and principal photography resumed at Hyderabad.<ref name="5 CR set TOI" /> Key scenes on the film's principal cast were filmed in a 35-day schedule.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jonnalagedda |first=Pranita |date=20 July 2017 |title=A huge set for Ram Charan's next 'Rangasthalam' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/200717/a-huge-set-for-ram-charans-next-rangasthalam.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714153906/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/200717/a-huge-set-for-ram-charans-next-rangasthalam.html |archive-date=14 July 2019 |access-date=14 July 2019 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Due to the rains, M90 Lights were used to bring the harsh burnt-out look.<ref name="TNM making" /> As the grass turned green, Ramakrishna replaced the soil and planted dry grass to maintain the initially planned colour palette.<ref name="Art int TH" /> A song on Charan and majority of the supporting cast was filmed in October 2017, which was choreographed by Shobhi.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=27 October 2017 |title=Ram Charan is back to song and dance! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/271017/ram-charan-is-back-to-song-and-dance.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713201939/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/271017/ram-charan-is-back-to-song-and-dance.html |archive-date=13 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2019 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> In November 2017, a key action sequence featuring Charan and other supporting actors was shot in a village fair set. By then, majority of the principal photography was wrapped up.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=8 November 2017 |title=Ram Charan's village action |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/071117/ram-charans-village-action.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713200819/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/071117/ram-charans-village-action.html |archive-date=13 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2019 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

The final schedule commenced in mid-January 2018 near Rajahmundry.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |date=19 January 2018 |title=Rangasthalam team heads to Rajamundhry, Ram Charan thrilled to feel closer to river Godavari |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/rangasthalam-team-heads-to-rajamundhry-ram-charan-thrilled-to-feel-closer-to-river-godavari/story-ljU0iFg2mpZWdvyf3qVHgL.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713192532/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/rangasthalam-team-heads-to-rajamundhry-ram-charan-thrilled-to-feel-closer-to-river-godavari/story-ljU0iFg2mpZWdvyf3qVHgL.html |archive-date=13 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2019 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> A song, choreographed by [[Prem Rakshith]], was filmed on Charan and Samantha on the banks of the [[Godavari River|Godavari river]] in the beginning of the schedule.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=19 January 2018 |title=Ram Charan back to Godavari banks |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/190118/ram-charan-back-to-godavari-banks.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713195833/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/190118/ram-charan-back-to-godavari-banks.html |archive-date=13 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2019 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Samantha completed filming for her portions in February 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 February 2018 |title=Samantha Akkineni wraps up shoot for Ram Charan's Rangasthalam |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/samantha-akkineni-ram-charan-rangasthalam-5051082/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190713191928/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/samantha-akkineni-ram-charan-rangasthalam-5051082/ |archive-date=13 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2019 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> The item number "[[Jigelu Rani]]" featuring Pooja Hegde and choreographed by [[Jani Master]] was filmed in a set erected at a private studio in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jonnalagedda |first=Pranita |date=6 February 2018 |title=Pooja Hegde commences shoot for special number |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/060218/pooja-hegde-commences-shoot-for-special-number.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714194451/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/060218/pooja-hegde-commences-shoot-for-special-number.html |archive-date=14 July 2019 |access-date=14 July 2019 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> In March 2018, Charan completed filming for his portions, and the principal photography was wrapped.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=19 February 2018 |title=Ram Charan wraps up shoot for Sukumar's 'Rangasthalam' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/ram-charan-wraps-up-shoot-for-sukumars-rangasthalam/articleshow/63168314.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714195138/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/ram-charan-wraps-up-shoot-for-sukumars-rangasthalam/articleshow/63168314.cms |archive-date=14 July 2019 |access-date=14 July 2019 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Themes and influence ==
Sukumar drew inspiration from the lives of people he knew personally, and incorporated the themes of a corrupt co-operative society controlled by few influential men in the village, and that of young men leaving for the [[Persian Gulf|Persian Gulf region]] to secure employment.<ref name="TNM making" /> Phanindra Bhupathi, being the most powerful man in the village, is shown at least 4–5 feet above everyone else. His house is built on a pedestal, signifying his authority over others.<ref name="TNM making" /> Priyanka Sundar, writing for ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', noted that the film focuses on the theme of good versus evil, by making the antagonist display signs of [[god complex]].<ref name="HT Review">{{Cite news |last=Sundar |first=Priyanka |date=30 March 2018 |title=Rangasthalam movie review: Ram Charan, Samantha Akkineni film beats the formula |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/rangasthalam-movie-review-ram-charan-samantha-akkineni-film-beats-the-formula/story-ZRI3xfomD9P5tk9lqbPTyM.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710161755/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/rangasthalam-movie-review-ram-charan-samantha-akkineni-film-beats-the-formula/story-ZRI3xfomD9P5tk9lqbPTyM.html |archive-date=10 July 2018 |access-date=10 July 2018 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

Film critic [[Baradwaj Rangan]] noted that ''Rangasthalam'' exists in the feudal realm of [[Shyam Benegal]]{{'s}} ''[[Ankur (film)|Ankur]]'' (1974) and ''[[Nishant (film)|Nishant]]'' (1975), and [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]]{{'s}} ''[[Mana Voori Pandavulu]]'' (1978). He added that the film is both political and personal drama, with a "morally uplifting social uprising" and "carefully nurtured vigilante justice".<ref name="BR Review">{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=31 March 2018 |title=Rangasthalam Movie Review |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/rangasthalam-movie-review-ram-charan-sukumar-baradwaj-rangan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419015050/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/rangasthalam-movie-review-ram-charan-sukumar-baradwaj-rangan |archive-date=19 April 2023 |access-date=10 July 2018 |work=Film Companion}}</ref> Sankeertana Varma, writing for Film Companion, called ''Rangasthalam'' an upgraded version of ''Mana Voori Pandavulu'' set in a "village where caste is everywhere".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Varma |first=Sankeertana |date=16 October 2019 |title=25 Greatest Telugu Films Of The Decade |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/fc-decades/pages/telugu.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191020144151/https://www.filmcompanion.in/fc-decades/pages/telugu.html |archive-date=20 October 2019 |access-date=20 October 2019 |website=Film Companion}}</ref>

Film critic Karthik Keramalu noted that ''Rangasthalam'' explores the themes of caste-based [[Honor killing#India|honour killings]] and so called [[brahminical patriarchy]] through Dakshina Murthy's character, a soft-spoken politician.<ref name="honour" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Keramalu |first=Karthik |date=27 December 2018 |title=The 5 Best And The 5 Worst Telugu Films Of 2018 |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/telugu-features/the-5-best-and-the-5-worst-telugu-films-of-2018/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015211336/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/telugu-features/the-5-best-and-the-5-worst-telugu-films-of-2018/ |archive-date=15 October 2021 |access-date=28 July 2019 |website=Film Companion}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=29 May 2018 |title=After Agnyathaavaasi, Ram Charan's Rangasthalam faces plagiarism charges |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ram-charan-rangasthalam-is-plagiarised-says-writer-m-gandhi-1244750-2018-05-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721223249/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ram-charan-rangasthalam-is-plagiarised-says-writer-m-gandhi-1244750-2018-05-29 |archive-date=21 July 2019 |access-date=21 July 2019 |magazine=India Today}}</ref> Sukumar added that he was also inspired from the ethics followed while implementing [[capital punishment]], where the officials would wait until the person recovers from illness and is healthy.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sekar |first=Raja |date=31 May 2018 |title=Rangasthalam in fresh plagiarism row with parallels drawn to Anjaam, Sidney Sheldon's A Stranger in the Mirror |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rangasthalam-in-fresh-plagiarism-row-with-parallels-drawn-to-anjaam-sidney-sheldons-a-stranger-in-the-mirror-4489389.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721230622/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rangasthalam-in-fresh-plagiarism-row-with-parallels-drawn-to-anjaam-sidney-sheldons-a-stranger-in-the-mirror-4489389.html |archive-date=21 July 2019 |access-date=21 July 2019 |work=Firstpost}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Rangasthalam (soundtrack)}}

[[Devi Sri Prasad]] composed the film's [[soundtrack album|soundtrack]] and [[background score|score]]. The former consists of six songs, all written by [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]].<ref name="CB int TH">{{Cite news |last=Chowdary |first=Y Sunita |date=15 February 2018 |title=Chandra Bose: good words make his music |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rangasthalam-chandra-bose-good-words-make-his-music/article22762376.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909075204/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rangasthalam-chandra-bose-good-words-make-his-music/article22762376.ece |archive-date=9 September 2018 |access-date=9 September 2018 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Chandrabose wrote the lyrics at Puducherry after holding discussions with Sukumar and Prasad.<ref name="Ranga TT SPL">{{Cite news |last=Ravichander |first=L. |last2=Dasagrandhi |first2=Maruthi |last3=Tanmayi |first3=Bhawana |last4=Prasad |first4=Ramakrishna |date=15 April 2018 |title=Setting a grand sepia stage |url=https://telanganatoday.com/setting-grand-sepia-stage |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909075510/https://telanganatoday.com/setting-grand-sepia-stage |archive-date=9 September 2018 |access-date=9 September 2018 |work=Telangana Today}}</ref> He completed writing five songs out of six in four days,<ref name="DSP int TOI">{{Cite news |last=Sridhar |first=Adivi |date=29 March 2018 |title=Music of Rangasthalam has become a rage in Chennai too: Devi Sri Prasad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/music-of-rangasthalam-has-become-a-rage-in-chennai-too-devi-sri-prasad/articleshow/63518699.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180909080048/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/music-of-rangasthalam-has-become-a-rage-in-chennai-too-devi-sri-prasad/articleshow/63518699.cms |archive-date=9 September 2018 |access-date=9 September 2018 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> with each one taking half an hour to complete.<ref name="Ranga TT SPL" /> The tunes were composed after Chandrabose completed writing the lyrics.<ref name="CB int TH" />

The first single "Yentha Sakkagunnave", sung by Prasad himself, was released by [[Lahari Music]] on 13 February 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |last=H Hooli |first=Shekhar |date=14 February 2018 |title=Rangasthalam first song review: Yentha Sakkagunnaave is a soulful song and enchants all with its melody |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rangasthalam-first-song-review-yentha-sakkagunnaave-soulful-song-enchants-all-its-melody-760556 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909081711/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rangasthalam-first-song-review-yentha-sakkagunnaave-soulful-song-enchants-all-its-melody-760556 |archive-date=9 September 2018 |access-date=9 September 2018 |work=International Business Times India}}</ref> Two other tracks, "Ranga Ranga Rangasthalana" and "Rangamma Mangamma", were released on 2 and 8 March 2018 respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |last=H Hooli |first=Shekhar |date=2 March 2018 |title=Rangasthalam second single released: Will it break Yentha Sakkagunnaave's record? |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rangasthalam-second-single-release-will-it-break-yentha-sakkagunnaaves-record-762486 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909082013/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rangasthalam-second-single-release-will-it-break-yentha-sakkagunnaaves-record-762486 |archive-date=9 September 2018 |access-date=9 September 2018 |work=International Business Times India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=H Hooli |first=Shekhar |date=8 March 2018 |title=Rangasthalam 3rd song Rangamma Mangamma unveiled as Women's Day treat |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rangasthalam-3rd-song-rangamma-mangamma-be-unveiled-today-womens-day-treat-763147 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909082203/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rangasthalam-3rd-song-rangamma-mangamma-be-unveiled-today-womens-day-treat-763147 |archive-date=9 September 2018 |access-date=9 September 2018 |work=International Business Times India}}</ref> "[[Jigelu Rani]]" was released on 15 March 2018 and Lahari Music released the soundtrack on 15 March 2018 in YouTube and all other digital platforms.<ref name="initial tracklist">{{Cite news |last=H Hooli |first=Shekhar |date=15 March 2018 |title=Rangasthalam jukebox hits internet: Song album crosses half-million views in 12 hours |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rangasthalam-jukebox-hits-internet-song-album-crosses-half-million-views-12-hours-763911 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909082423/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rangasthalam-jukebox-hits-internet-song-album-crosses-half-million-views-12-hours-763911 |archive-date=9 September 2018 |access-date=9 September 2018 |work=International Business Times India}}</ref> The initial release contained only five tracks; the sixth one was excluded as it contained spoilers about the film's plot.<ref>{{Cite news |last=H Hooli |first=Shekhar |date=26 March 2018 |title=Rangasthalam 6th song: Ram Charan reveals the reason why it's not released |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rangasthalam-6th-song-ram-charan-reveals-reason-why-its-not-released-764992 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712081940/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rangasthalam-6th-song-ram-charan-reveals-reason-why-its-not-released-764992 |archive-date=12 July 2018 |access-date=12 July 2018 |work=International Business Times India}}</ref>

The sixth track, titled "Orayyo", was a song used in the score for the scenes depicting Kumar Babu's funeral in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 April 2018 |title=కంటతడి పెట్టిస్తున్న రంగస్థలం 'ఓరయ్యో' సాంగ్ |trans-title='Orayyo' from Rangasthalam making listeners emotional |url=http://www.andhrajyothy.com/pages/cinema_article?SID=559249 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712082659/http://www.andhrajyothy.com/pages/cinema_article?SID=559249 |archive-date=12 July 2018 |access-date=12 July 2018 |work=Andhra Jyothy |language=te}}</ref> Sung by Chandrabose himself, "Orayyo" was released on 3 April 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 April 2018 |title=రంగ‌స్థ‌లం నుండి ఓర‌య్యో సాంగ్ విడుద‌ల‌ |trans-title=Orayyo from Rangasthalam released today |url=https://www.ntnews.com/cinema-news-telugu/orayyo-song-releasd-today-1-1-562023.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712082503/https://www.ntnews.com/cinema-news-telugu/orayyo-song-releasd-today-1-1-562023.html |archive-date=12 July 2018 |access-date=12 July 2018 |work=Namaste Telangana |language=te}}</ref> The soundtrack received positive reviews from the critics, who were appreciative of the lyrics and Prasad's instrumentation in tune with the film's periodic setting.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramadugu |first=Mridula |date=30 March 2018 |title=Rangasthalam music review: Devi Sri Prasad's soundtrack perfectly reflects rural essence of Ram Charan-starrer |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rangasthalam-music-review-devi-sri-prasads-soundtrack-perfectly-reflects-rural-essence-of-ram-charan-starrer-4410363.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910113303/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rangasthalam-music-review-devi-sri-prasads-soundtrack-perfectly-reflects-rural-essence-of-ram-charan-starrer-4410363.html |archive-date=10 September 2018 |access-date=10 September 2018 |work=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2018 |title=Devi Sri Prasad is the other hero of the Telugu hit 'Rangasthalam' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/music-review-rangasthalam/articleshow/63334439.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910115239/https://scroll.in/reel/873969/devi-sri-prasad-is-the-other-hero-of-the-telugu-hit-rangasthalam |archive-date=10 September 2018 |access-date=10 September 2018 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sundar |first=Priyanka |date=15 March 2018 |title=Rangasthalam audio review: The music of Ram Charan, Samantha Akkineni film offers rustic charm |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/rangasthalam-audio-review-the-music-of-ram-charan-samantha-akkineni-film-offers-rustic-charm/story-wj9NwtaQ84WSZ2YvhGBz2O.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910113946/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/rangasthalam-audio-review-the-music-of-ram-charan-samantha-akkineni-film-offers-rustic-charm/story-wj9NwtaQ84WSZ2YvhGBz2O.html |archive-date=10 September 2018 |access-date=10 September 2018 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Yellapantula |first=Suhas |date=17 March 2018 |title=Music review: Rangasthalam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/music-review-rangasthalam/articleshow/63334439.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180910114520/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/music-review-rangasthalam/articleshow/63334439.cms |archive-date=10 September 2018 |access-date=10 September 2018 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Release==
===Theatrical===
In December 2017, the makers announced that ''Rangasthalam'' would release globally on 30 March 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |date=9 December 2017 |title=Rangasthalam first look poster released, film to hit screens on March 30, 2018 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/rangasthalam-first-look-poster-released-film-to-hit-screens-on-march-30-2018/story-VGx4LNk06zSv5e9tSj1h3L.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803221020/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/rangasthalam-first-look-poster-released-film-to-hit-screens-on-march-30-2018/story-VGx4LNk06zSv5e9tSj1h3L.html |archive-date=3 August 2019 |access-date=3 August 2019 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The global theatrical rights were sold for {{INRConvert|80|c}},<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hooli |first=Shekhar H |date=26 March 2018 |title=Rangasthalam pre-release business: Ram Charan starrer beats Chiranjeevi's Khaidi No. 150 record |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rangasthalam-pre-release-business-ram-charan-starrer-beats-chiranjeevis-khaidi-no-150-record-765019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803221632/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rangasthalam-pre-release-business-ram-charan-starrer-beats-chiranjeevis-khaidi-no-150-record-765019 |archive-date=3 August 2019 |access-date=3 August 2019 |work=International Business Times India}}</ref> and the film was scheduled to release in 1200 screens.<ref name="screens">{{Cite news |last=Hooli |first=Shekhar H |date=28 March 2018 |title=Rangasthalam set for record release: Ram Charan starrer gets huge advance booking |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rangasthalam-set-record-release-ram-charan-starrer-gets-huge-advance-booking-765182 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190803222327/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rangasthalam-set-record-release-ram-charan-starrer-gets-huge-advance-booking-765182 |archive-date=3 August 2019 |access-date=3 August 2019 |work=International Business Times India}}</ref> ''Rangasthalam'' was released across 600 screens in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, 200 screens in the rest of India, and 350 screens in the overseas markets.<ref name="screens" /> In April 2018, the makers announced that the film would be dubbed into Tamil, Malayalam, Bhojpuri and Hindi languages with the same name.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 April 2018 |title=Following its stupendous success, 'Rangasthalam' to be dubbed in four languages |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/following-its-stupendous-success-rangasthalam-be-dubbed-four-languages-79589 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190803223932/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/following-its-stupendous-success-rangasthalam-be-dubbed-four-languages-79589 |archive-date=3 August 2019 |access-date=3 August 2019 |work=The News Minute}}</ref> In March 2019, a Kannada-dubbed version of the film titled ''Rangasthala'' was announced, making ''Rangasthalam'' the second Telugu film after ''[[Mayabazar]]'' (1957) to have a dubbed release in Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 March 2019 |title=Kannada version of Ram Charan-Sukumar's Rangasthalam to be released by Jack Manju |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/mar/03/jack-manju-to-release-ram-charan-sukumars-rangasthalam-in-karnataka-10364.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190803224125/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/mar/03/jack-manju-to-release-ram-charan-sukumars-rangasthalam-in-karnataka-10364.html |archive-date=3 August 2019 |access-date=3 August 2019 |work=Cinema Express}}</ref> It was released in 150 screens on 12 July 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 July 2019 |title=Kannada version of Rangasthalam to release on July 12 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/jul/01/kannada-version-of-rangasthalam-to-release-on-july-12-1997616.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190803224545/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/jul/01/kannada-version-of-rangasthalam-to-release-on-july-12-1997616.html |archive-date=3 August 2019 |access-date=3 August 2019 |work=The News Minute}}</ref> The film's Tamil dubbed version was later released on 30 April 2021. The film's Hindi dubbed version was skipped theatrical release and directly premiered on television in 2025.

===Home media===
[[Star Maa]] purchased the satellite rights. The film registered a TRP rating of 19.5 on its television premiere.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hooli |first=Shekhar H |date=16 November 2018 |title=Geetha Govindam TRPs: Vijay starrer beats Rangasthalam, Bharat Ane Nenu to be at Top 1 in 2018 |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/geetha-govindam-trps-vijay-starrer-beats-rangasthalam-bharat-ane-nenu-be-top-1-2018-785706 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190803232619/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/geetha-govindam-trps-vijay-starrer-beats-rangasthalam-bharat-ane-nenu-be-top-1-2018-785706 |archive-date=3 August 2019 |access-date=3 August 2019 |work=International Business Times India}}</ref> [[Amazon Prime Video]] acquired the film's digital rights, and made it available online on 12 May 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hooli |first=Shekhar H |date=1 July 2019 |title=Watch Rangasthalam, Bharat Ane Nenu on this website, if you missed them in theatres |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/watch-rangasthalam-bharat-ane-nenu-this-website-if-you-missed-them-theatres-770528 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190803232809/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/watch-rangasthalam-bharat-ane-nenu-this-website-if-you-missed-them-theatres-770528 |archive-date=3 August 2019 |access-date=3 August 2019 |work=International Business Times India}}</ref>Its [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] dubbed version was premiered on [[Goldmines Telefilms|Goldmines]] TV channel on 24 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-29 |title='Rangasthalam': Ram Charan and Samantha Ruth Prabhu starrer to make its Hindi debut - deets inside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rangasthalam-ram-charan-and-samantha-ruth-prabhu-starrer-to-make-its-hindi-debut-deets-inside/articleshow/122969931.cms |access-date=2025-08-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
''Rangasthalam'' opened to a 100% occupancy in some areas of India, including districts of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, earning {{INRConvert|43.8|c}} globally.<ref name="day 1">{{Cite news |last=Hooli |first=Shekhar H |date=31 March 2018 |title=Rangasthalam first day box office collection: Ram Charan starrer crosses Rs 43.80 crore mark |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rangasthalam-first-day-box-office-collection-ram-charan-starrer-receives-humongous-response-765403 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190803235227/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rangasthalam-first-day-box-office-collection-ram-charan-starrer-receives-humongous-response-765403 |archive-date=3 August 2019 |access-date=4 August 2019 |work=International Business Times India}}</ref> At the United States box office, the film debuted with earnings of US$640,000 from its premieres in 160 locations,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hooli |first=Shekhar H |date=30 March 2018 |title=Rangasthalam US premieres box-office collection: Sukumar scores biggest opener for Ram Charan |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rangasthalam-us-premieres-box-office-collection-sukumar-scores-biggest-opener-ram-charan-765374 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190803235328/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rangasthalam-us-premieres-box-office-collection-sukumar-scores-biggest-opener-ram-charan-765374 |archive-date=3 August 2019 |access-date=4 August 2019 |work=International Business Times India}}</ref> and of US$1,204,578 in two days.<ref name="day 1" /> The film benefited from the then ongoing strike in Tamil Nadu against digital service providers, and earned {{INRConvert|1.01|c}} in its first weekend at Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=2 April 2018 |title=Rangasthalam, Baaghi 2 gain from Kollywood strike, rule Chennai box office |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rangasthalam-baaghi-2-gain-kollywood-strike-rule-chennai-box-office-765580 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190803235843/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rangasthalam-baaghi-2-gain-kollywood-strike-rule-chennai-box-office-765580 |archive-date=3 August 2019 |access-date=4 August 2019 |work=International Business Times India}}</ref> ''Rangasthalam'' grossed {{INRConvert|90.5|c}} globally, with a distributor share of {{INRConvert|56.96|c}} in its first weekend.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hooli |first=Shekhar H |date=3 April 2018 |title=Rangasthalam 4-day box office collection: Ram Charan's film crosses Rs 100 crore |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rangasthalam-4-day-box-office-collection-ram-charans-film-crosses-rs-100-crore-765666 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190804000501/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rangasthalam-4-day-box-office-collection-ram-charans-film-crosses-rs-100-crore-765666 |archive-date=4 August 2019 |access-date=4 August 2019 |work=International Business Times India}}</ref> ''Rangasthalam''{{'s}} earnings exceeded US$2 million on its third day of theatrical release in the US, becoming the ninth Indian Telugu-language film to do so.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hooli |first=Shekhar H |date=1 April 2018 |title=Rangasthalam US box office collection: Ram Charan film crosses $2 million |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rangasthalam-us-box-office-collection-ram-charan-film-crosses-2-million-765540 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190804000623/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rangasthalam-us-box-office-collection-ram-charan-film-crosses-2-million-765540 |archive-date=4 August 2019 |access-date=4 August 2019 |work=International Business Times India}}</ref>

By the end of its first week, the film grossed {{INRConvert|127.1|c}} and a distributor share of {{INRConvert|79.89|c}}, achieving break-even.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hooli |first=Shekhar H |date=7 April 2018 |title=Rangasthalam 8-day box office collection: Ram Charan film beats JLK's lifetime record |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rangasthalam-7-day-box-office-collection-ram-charan-film-beats-sarainodus-lifetime-record-765945 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190804001810/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rangasthalam-7-day-box-office-collection-ram-charan-film-beats-sarainodus-lifetime-record-765945 |archive-date=4 August 2019 |access-date=4 August 2019 |work=International Business Times India}}</ref> After earning more than US$3 million in 9 days in the US, ''Rangasthalam'' became the all-time third highest grossing Telugu film in that country.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hooli |first=Shekhar H |date=8 April 2018 |title=Rangasthalam 9-day US box office collection: Ram Charan movie crosses $3 million |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rangasthalam-9-day-us-box-office-collection-ram-charan-movie-crosses-3-million-766092 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190804001437/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rangasthalam-9-day-us-box-office-collection-ram-charan-movie-crosses-3-million-766092 |archive-date=4 August 2019 |access-date=4 August 2019 |work=International Business Times India}}</ref> In 31 days, it had grossed a worldwide total of {{INRConvert|200|c}} and a distributor share of {{INRConvert|117|c}}, becoming the third-highest grossing Telugu film of all time. In 33 days, the film crossed US$3.5 million mark in the US.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hooli |first=Shekhar H |date=2 May 2018 |title=Rangasthalam box-office collection: Ram's film crosses $3.5 million in US, Rs 200 crore worldwide |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rangasthalam-box-office-collection-rams-film-crosses-3-5-million-us-rs-200-crore-worldwide-768271 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190804002103/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rangasthalam-box-office-collection-rams-film-crosses-3-5-million-us-rs-200-crore-worldwide-768271 |archive-date=4 August 2019 |access-date=4 August 2019 |work=International Business Times India}}</ref> In its complete global theatrical run, ''Rangasthalam'' grossed a total of {{INRConvert|216|c}} and earned a distributor share of {{INRConvert|123.6|c}}, becoming the [[List of Telugu films of 2018|highest grossing Telugu film of that year]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Top 5 highest grossing Telugu films of 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/top-5-highest-grossing-telugu-films-of-2018/articleshow/67301018.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531030133/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/top-5-highest-grossing-telugu-films-of-2018/articleshow/67301018.cms |archive-date=31 May 2019 |access-date=2020-07-28 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
{{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
|align = right
|image1 = Ram Charan at the grand finale of Indian Idol Junior.jpg
|width1 = 195
|height1 = 160
|image2 = Jagapathi Babu at 62nd Filmfare awards south.jpg
|width2 = 198
|height2 = 160
|footer = The performances of Charan and Babu were praised by critics.<ref name="IBTRR">{{Cite news |last=H Hooli |first=Shekhar |date=30 March 2018 |title=Rangasthalam review: Critics wowed by Sukumar's script, Ram Charan & Samantha's performances |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rangasthalam-review-critics-wowed-by-sukumars-script-ram-charan-samanthas-performances-765378 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710165711/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rangasthalam-review-critics-wowed-by-sukumars-script-ram-charan-samanthas-performances-765378 |archive-date=10 July 2018 |access-date=10 July 2018 |work=International Business Times India}}</ref><ref name="ITRR">{{Cite magazine |date=30 March 2018 |title=Rangasthalam movie reviews: This Ram Charan film is a winner |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rangasthalam-review-ram-charan-samantha-1201052-2018-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710165900/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rangasthalam-review-ram-charan-samantha-1201052-2018-03-30 |archive-date=10 July 2018 |access-date=10 July 2018 |magazine=India Today}}</ref>
|alt1 = Ram Charan promoting his film Zanjeer in 2013.
|alt2 = Jagapathi Babu at the 62nd Filmfare Awards South ceremony in 2015.
}}
''Rangasthalam'' received positive reviews from the critics who were particularly appreciative of Sukumar's writing and the performances of the ensemble cast; they were critical of the film's slow pace and runtime nearing three hours.<ref name="IBTRR" /><ref name="ITRR" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |date=18 May 2018 |title=Rangasthalam completes 50 days at theatres, emerges as one of the biggest grossers of 2018 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/rangasthalam-completes-50-days-at-theatres-emerges-as-one-of-the-biggest-grossers-of-2018/story-HDCixTqGKtd0KQEgW0s2uK.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710170045/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/rangasthalam-completes-50-days-at-theatres-emerges-as-one-of-the-biggest-grossers-of-2018/story-HDCixTqGKtd0KQEgW0s2uK.html |archive-date=10 July 2018 |access-date=10 July 2018 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=100|count=7|average=7.4|ref=yes}}

[[Baradwaj Rangan]] called ''Rangasthalam'' an "unusual [[masala film|masala]] movie" whose punch moments "arise organically from the screenplay" which aren't just "a shot or a line set up simply to get the pulse pounding at regular intervals". Rangan added that Sukumar "works with a larger vision", and "leaves behind his fingerprints" in what he called the "most hodgepodge of genres".<ref name="BR Review" /> Subhash K. Jha, in his review for the [[Indo-Asian News Service]], called ''Rangasthalam'' a film "from the heart" and wrote that it "plays itself out with a karmic velocity giving the main characters a chance to grow without revelling in their dazzle [sic]". Jha praised the performances of Charan and Babu, in particular, adding that the former "remains almost flawlessly in character," which was "diffident and disarmingly disingenuous, valiant but not fearless".<ref>{{Cite news |last=K. Jha |first=Subhash |author-link=Subhash K. Jha |date=30 March 2018 |title=Ram Charan Teja transforms in 'Rangasthalam' (Review: Rating ***) |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/ram-charan-teja-transforms-in-rangasthalam-review-rating-118033000599_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710154133/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/ram-charan-teja-transforms-in-rangasthalam-review-rating-118033000599_1.html |archive-date=10 July 2018 |access-date=10 July 2018 |work=Business Standard |agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref>

Sangeetha Devi Dundoo, in her review for ''[[The Hindu]]'', likened ''Rangasthalam'' to a novel: "In its first few pages, this fictitious dusty village of the [1980s] reveals itself gradually. The dialect is rooted, not a generic one that mainstream films present in a broad brushstroke for instant appeal." Dundoo opined that it was the most defining film for both Sukumar and Charan, adding that it marked the latter's rise as an actor.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=30 March 2018 |title='Rangasthalam' review: Several aspects to savour |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sukumars-ambitious-film-unfolding-in-the-rural-landscape-of-the-80s-is-an-immersive-experience/article23391835.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708173951/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sukumars-ambitious-film-unfolding-in-the-rural-landscape-of-the-80s-is-an-immersive-experience/article23391835.ece |archive-date=8 July 2018 |access-date=8 July 2018 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Neeshita Nyayapati of ''The Times of India'' called Charan's performance "stupendous"; she wrote, "Be it in the scenes where he oozes childishness or the ones when you see a broken man that no one can heal, you can see it all in the way his eyes emote."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=30 March 2018 |title=Rangasthalam Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/rangasthalam/movie-review/63543810.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180708174754/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/rangasthalam/movie-review/63543810.cms |archive-date=8 July 2018 |access-date=8 July 2018 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Manoj Kumar R, reviewing for ''[[The Indian Express]]'', called ''Rangasthalam'' a "well-crafted canvas" which was made with "honesty and high regard for the audience". He found Babu's portrayal of the village's president "convincing".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=R Manoj |date=31 March 2018 |title=Rangasthalam movie review: Ram Charan Teja delivers a career-best performance |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/rangasthalam-movie-review-ram-charan-samantha-akkineni-star-rating-5117080/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708175310/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/rangasthalam-movie-review-ram-charan-samantha-akkineni-star-rating-5117080/ |archive-date=8 July 2018 |access-date=8 July 2018 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

Hemanth Kumar was particularly appreciative of Sukumar's writing in his review for ''Firstpost''. He wrote, "To narrate a political drama is one thing, but to create such an universe within the parameters of a revenge drama is sheer brilliance. The more you dig into ''Rangasthalam'', the more rewarding it is." Kumar called the climax "explosive" and remarked, "Adjectives don’t do enough justice to what [the film] manages to achieve in the end."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Hemanth |date=30 March 2018 |title=Rangasthalam movie review: Ram Charan, Samantha and ensemble cast shine in Sukumar's gritty film |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rangasthalam-movie-review-ram-charan-samantha-and-ensemble-cast-shine-in-sukumars-gritty-film-4412341.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710151550/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rangasthalam-movie-review-ram-charan-samantha-and-ensemble-cast-shine-in-sukumars-gritty-film-4412341.html |archive-date=10 July 2018 |access-date=10 July 2018 |work=Firstpost}}</ref> Murali Krishna CH of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' too praised the climax, stating that Sukumar "weaves his magic wand" towards the end with an "interesting" twist. However, he was critical of the film's narrative, opining that it "lingers too long" in certain sequences, which made them look staged.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Murali Krishna |first=CH |date=30 March 2018 |title='Rangasthalam' movie review: A visual extravaganza with strong performances |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/mar/30/rangasthalam-movie-review-a-visual-extravaganza-with-strong-performances-1794875.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710152338/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/mar/30/rangasthalam-movie-review-a-visual-extravaganza-with-strong-performances-1794875.html |archive-date=10 July 2018 |access-date=10 July 2018 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Calling the film a "well designed mass entertainer" with a "clearly and adamantly rural" narrative, K Naresh Kumar of ''[[The Hans India]]'' wrote, "As the disunited denizens slowly unite under the saviour, the story takes its interesting twists and turns with a very gripping climax to elevate the film altogether."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naresh Kumar |first=K |date=31 March 2018 |title=Ram Charan rules the stage |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2018-03-31/Ram-Charan-rules-the-stage-/370764 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710164123/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2018-03-31/Ram-Charan-rules-the-stage-/370764 |archive-date=10 July 2018 |access-date=10 July 2018 |work=The Hans India}}</ref> In contrast, Nagarjuna Rao, in his review for ''[[Gulf News]]'', found ''Rangasthalam'' a "gripping" tale with a "predictable" end. He called Babu's performance "domineering" and added that the film "could well be" Charan's career best.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Nagarjuna |date=31 March 2018 |title='Rangasthalam' film review: Ram Charan is a powerhouse |url=https://gulfnews.com/leisure/movies/reviews/rangasthalam-film-review-ram-charan-is-a-powerhouse-1.2197196 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710152909/https://gulfnews.com/leisure/movies/reviews/rangasthalam-film-review-ram-charan-is-a-powerhouse-1.2197196 |archive-date=10 July 2018 |access-date=10 July 2018 |work=Gulf News}}</ref> Similarly, Latha Srinivasan opined that the climax was "a bit of a let-down". In her review for [[NewsX]], she felt that the ending "could have been better written" to "pack a punch rather than just add a twist".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=30 March 2018 |title=Rangasthalam Movie Review: Ram Charan steals the show! |url=https://www.newsx.com/entertainment/rangasthalam-movie-review-ram-charan-steals-the-show |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712060804/https://www.newsx.com/entertainment/rangasthalam-movie-review-ram-charan-steals-the-show |archive-date=12 July 2018 |access-date=12 July 2018 |work=NewsX}}</ref>

Krishna Sripada was critical of the climax as well. Reviewing the film for ''[[The News Minute]]'', he wrote, "''Rangasthalam'' gives you likable characters in a screenplay that aims to touch dizzying heights without packing enough fuel. A story that makes you wait and wait should offer more when it eventually comes to a close."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishna |first=Sripada |date=30 March 2018 |title='Rangasthalam' review: Ram Charan is the show-stealer in this watchable affair |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rangasthalam-review-ram-charan-show-stealer-watchable-affair-78741 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008162258/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rangasthalam-review-ram-charan-show-stealer-watchable-affair-78741 |archive-date=8 October 2024 |access-date=10 July 2018 |work=The News Minute}}</ref> Priyanka Sundar called Prakash Raj the film's game changer towards the end. Sunder wrote that Raj stuns the viewers in the scene "because of the way all of it is presented".<ref name="HT Review" /> [[Sify]], in its review, noted that the film holds the viewers' attention till the end despite the lengthy runtime and slow pace. It praised the performances of the ensemble cast, the cinematography, and the music but was critical of the film's plot for lacking novelty.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 March 2018 |title=Rangasthalam review: Ram Charan steals the show! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/rangasthalam-review-ram-charan-steals-the-show-review-telugu-sd4oxBdihjiee.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710162226/http://www.sify.com/movies/rangasthalam-review-ram-charan-steals-the-show-review-telugu-sd4oxBdihjiee.html |archive-date=10 July 2018 |access-date=10 July 2018 |work=Sify}}</ref> Suresh Kavirayani of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' too opined that ''Rangasthalam'' had a regular storyline but was presented by Sukumar in a unique way.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=1 April 2018 |title=Rangasthalam movie review: A village tale well set for Ram Charan |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/010418/rangasthalam-movie-review-a-village-tale-well-set-for-ram-charan.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710162859/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/010418/rangasthalam-movie-review-a-village-tale-well-set-for-ram-charan.html |archive-date=10 July 2018 |access-date=10 July 2018 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> ''[[Film Companion]]'' while compiling the ''25 Greatest Telugu Films of the Decade'', called this movie as an updated version of ''[[Mana Voori Pandavulu]]'' (1978).<ref>{{Cite web |title=25 Greatest Telugu Films of the Decade | Film Companion |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/fc-decades/pages/telugu.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017163531/https://www.filmcompanion.in/fc-decades/pages/telugu.html |archive-date=17 October 2019}}</ref> Nagarjuna Rao of ''[[Gulf News]]'' gave the film 3.5 stars out of 5 and stated, "There comes a career best for all actors at some point of time. ''Rangasthalam'' could well be Ram Charan’s, though he’s not been in the showbiz for too long, and there’s still a long innings ahead of him. ''Rangasthalam'' may not set the cash registers ring like some of Charan’s successful movies — and he’s had a few failures, too — but the film will remain as one of his best."<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2018 |title='Rangasthalam' film review: Ram Charan is a powerhouse |url=https://gulfnews.com/going-out/movie-reviews/rangasthalam-film-review-ram-charan-is-a-powerhouse-1.2197196 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008162259/https://gulfnews.com/going-out/movie-reviews/rangasthalam-film-review-ram-charan-is-a-powerhouse-1.2197196 |archive-date=8 October 2024 |access-date=2021-01-10 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{{Main|List of accolades received by Rangasthalam}}

At the [[66th National Film Awards]], the film won the [[National Film Award for Best Audiography|Best Audiography]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2019 |title=66th National Film Awards for 2018 announced |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=192564 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190810033848/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=192564 |archive-date=10 August 2019 |access-date=10 August 2019 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref> It won ten awards at [[Zee Cine Awards Telugu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-25 |title=Tollywood's first and biggest Awards event of the Year on Zee Telugu. |url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/tollywoods-first-and-biggest-awards-event-of-the-year-on-zee-telugu-2173969.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209204146/https://zeenews.india.com/regional/tollywoods-first-and-biggest-awards-event-of-the-year-on-zee-telugu-2173969.html |archive-date=9 February 2019 |access-date=2019-12-23 |website=Zee News}}</ref> The film won many awards at [[Filmfare Awards South]] and [[South Indian International Movie Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2019 |title=SIIMA 2019: Vijay Deverakonda and Keerthy Suresh win big. See pics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/siima-2019-vijay-deverakonda-and-keerthy-suresh-win-big-see-pics-1581463-2019-08-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816191920/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/siima-2019-vijay-deverakonda-and-keerthy-suresh-win-big-see-pics-1581463-2019-08-16 |archive-date=16 August 2019 |access-date=17 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222020917/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html |archive-date=22 December 2019 |access-date=23 December 2019 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|7392212}}
* [https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/rangasthalam ''Rangasthalam''] on [[Rotten Tomatoes]]
{{Sukumar (director)}}

[[Category:2018 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2018 action drama films]]
[[Category:2010s historical action films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Devi Sri Prasad]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films that won the Best Audiography National Film Award]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]
[[Category:Films set in 1985]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sukumar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajahmundry]]
[[Category:Mythri Movie Makers films]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Films about brothers]]
[[Category:Films set in Konaseema]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:2018 films]]

Badri Nath Prasad

2026-04-26T12:23:49Z

MattPinto5:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Badri Nath Prasad
| image =
| image_size =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 3 April 1964
| term_end = 18 January 1966
| predecessor =
| successor =
| constituency = [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|Nominated]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 12 January 1899
| birth_place =
| death_date = 18 January 1966
| citizenship =
| relations =
| children =
| parents =
| alma_mater =
| profession = [[Mathematician]]
}}

'''Badri Nath Prasad''' (12 January 1899 – 18 January 1966) was an Indian parliamentarian. He wrote many books on mathematics and was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1963.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=July 21, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=October 15, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Brief Biodata |url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/p.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20220122154022/https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/p.pdf |archive-date=22 January 2022 |access-date=26 April 2026 |website=rajyasabha.nic.in}}</ref> He was a [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|nominated member]] of the [[Rajya Sabha]] from 1964 till his death in 1966.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External link ==

*[https://insaindia.res.in/BM/BM7_8304.pdf BADRI NATH PRASAD] at the [[Indian National Science Academy]] website.
*[https://www.amsallahabad.org/bnprasad.html Professor B. N. Prasad] at the Allahabad Mathematical Society website.

{{Padma Bhushan Award Recipients 1960–1969}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Badri Nath}}
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:1966 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha]]

Sebastian P.C. 524

2026-04-24T04:44:46Z

MattPinto5: adding some entry basic info

{{Short description|2022 Indian Telugu-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sebastian P.C. 524
| image = Sebastian P.C. 524.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Balaji Sayyapureddy
| producer = Siddha Reddy B Raju Pramod
| starring = [[Kiran Abbavaram]] Nuveksha
| music = [[Ghibran]]
| editing = Viplav Nyshadam
| cinematography = Raj K. Nalli
| studio = Jovitha Cinemas
| distributor = Primeshow Films
| released = {{Film date|2022|03|04|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Sebastian P.C. 524''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Crime thriller]] film written and directed by Balaji Sayyapureddy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sebastain P.C. 524 to release on Feb 24 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sebastian-p-c-524-kiran-abbavarams-bilingual-film-to-release-on-feb-25/articleshow/89290452.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=2 February 2022}}</ref> The film stars [[Kiran Abbavaram]] and Nuveksha in the lead roles. The film is produced by Siddha Reddy B, Raju, Pramod under the banner Jovitha Cinemas. The film's soundtrack is composed by [[Ghibran]] and the editing is done by Viplav Nyshadam.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sebastian P.C. 524 is based on a novel concept:Kiran Abbavaram |website=[[Telangana Today]] |date=4 February 2022 |url=https://telanganatoday.com/sebastian-p-c-524-is-based-on-a-novel-concept-kiran-abbavaram/amp |access-date=18 February 2022}}</ref> The film was theatrically released on 4 March 2022. The film received negative reviews form critics on release.

==Plot==
Sebastian (Kiran Abbavaram) is a well-meaning youngster whose late mother (Rohini) is his world. Before she died, his mother asked him to safeguard his cop job securely by concealing the fact about his Night-blindness.

Just as he gets posted in Madanapalle in Chittoor district, a young housewife named Neelima (Komalee Prasad) gets murdered. In this case the suspects are Dr.Chakravathy ([[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]]), Neelima's father in law who lusts on her and treats Seba for his night-blindness, Heli(Nuveksha) who loves Rahul a NRI but can't marry him because of there religion later marries Neelima because of that she owes to kill her but the fate turns out she became Seba's fiance, and Teja (Raja Vikram) who loves Neelima because of caste differences they drops from their relationship and he is the best friend of Seba. All the 3 knows his condition.

Sebastian is assigned night duty to protect evidence in the murdered house. But, the suspects take advantage of him to destroy the evidence. Sebastian gets suspended but later manages to trap the people and arrest them. However due to fear of losing his job if the suspects reveal his night-blindness, he releases them and the case is closed. Sebastian later regrets his decision and suffers because of him the criminal is still walking free.

Two years later he finds a minor clue which is a rare poison which aborts of pregnant women. Later Sebastian manages to trap the criminal who happened to be the Neelima's lover and his best friend Teja. he killed her because he forced Neelima to leave her husband Rahul and marry him in that process Neelima became pregnant of Rahul's child after knowing this Teja decided to abort her child for that he gives a poisoned cake which aborts a pregnant but the dosage became high and Neelima also died in the course of events. While arresting, Teja reveals his night blindness to the higher officials, but they support Sebastian and offer promotion but Sebastian rejects the promotion and resigns his job and decides to leave according to his concise and marries Heli who is now reformed.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Kiran Abbavaram]] as P.C. Sebastian
*Nuveksha as Heli, Rahul's former lover and Seba's fiance.
*[[Komalee Prasad]] as Neelima
*[[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] as Mary, Sebastian’s mother
*[[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] as Dr. Chakravarthy, Rahul’s father and Sebastian's personal Doctor.
*[[Srikanth Iyengar]] as S.I. Ambaram
*[[George Maryan]] as Father Sree Paul
*[[Adarsh Balakrishna]] as Rahul, Neelima’s husband
* Raja Vikram as Teja, Neelima's former lover and Seba's best friend.
* Ravi Teja Nannimala as P.C. Niranjan, Seba's colleague.
* Namrata Darekar
}}

== Production ==
The film was launched with a pooja ceremony on 1 December 2021.<ref>{{cite web |date=2 December 2021 |title=Sebastian PC 524: Kiran Abbavaram's next with Balaji Sayyapureddy starts rolling |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sebastian-pc-524-kiran-abbavarams-next-with-balaji-sayyapureddy-starts-rolling/articleshow/79533038.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Filming took place in [[Madanapalle]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]] over 32 days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2022 |title=Sebastian P.C. 524: Kiran Abbavaram Shares Promotional Video Amid Release Date Confusion |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sebastian-p-c-524-kiran-abbavaram-shares-promotional-video-amid-release-date-confusion-4775411.html |website=News18}}</ref>

Digital streaming rights are obtained by [[Aha (streaming service)|aha]]

== Release ==
''Sebastian P.C. 524'' was released on 4 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2022 |title=Kiran Abbavaram's Sebastian P.C 524's release pushed to March 4 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kiran-abbavarams-sebastian-p-c-524s-release-pushed-to-march-4/articleshow/89704360.cms |access-date= |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Initially, the release date was 25 February, but it was pushed back by a week in order to avoid clashing with ''[[Bheemla Nayak]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2022 |title=Sebastian P.C. 524: Kiran Abbavaram's bilingual film to release on Feb 25 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sebastian-p-c-524-kiran-abbavarams-bilingual-film-to-release-on-feb-25/articleshow/89290452.cms |access-date= |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Murali Krishna CH of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave the film a rating of 2.5/5 and wrote, "Sebastian PC 524 settles for being an average, half-hearted drama, despite having a promising story. Had Balaji Sayyapureddy invested equal efforts in the screenplay, the film would have been a memorable outing".<ref>{{cite web |title=A half-hearted crime drama |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/Mar/05/a-half-hearted-crime-drama-2426461.html |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=5 March 2022}}</ref> Thadhagath Pathi of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film a rating of 2/5 and wrote, "The story of Sebastian PC 524 has scope for so much more but the makers seem to hardly try. Even the short duration of the film feels long – and that says it all".<ref name="4 Mar 2022">{{cite news |title=Sebastian PC 524 Movie Review : A lifeless investigation that fails to engage |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/sebastian-pc-524/movie-review/89990498.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> Y. Sunita Chowdhary of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated, "A crime comedy following a constable with night blindness, suffers from poor narration".<ref>{{cite news |title='Sebastian P.C. 524' movie review: No emotional connect |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/sebastian-pc-524-movie-review-no-emotional-connect/article65189549.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |first=Y. Sunita |last=Chowdhary |date=4 March 2022 |access-date=1 September 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2022 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]

Ministry of Special Backward Classes Welfare (Maharashtra)

2026-04-23T07:42:29Z

MattPinto5: Added stub

{{Short description|Maharashtra government ministry responsible for Special Backward Classes Welfare}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox government agency
| native_name_a = '''मंत्रालय विशेष मागासवर्गीय कल्याण विभाग, महाराष्ट्र शासन'''
| type = ministry
| name = Ministry of Special Backward Classes Welfare [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| native_name =
| seal = File:Seal of Maharashtra.svg
| seal_width = 200
| seal_caption = [[Emblem of Maharashtra|Seal of the state of Maharashtra]]
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| picture = Mantralay of Mumbai, Administrative Headquarters 03.jpg
| picture_caption = Building of Administrative Headquarters of Mumbai
| picture_width =
| jurisdiction = {{flagicon|India}} [[Maharashtra]]
| headquarters = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai|Mantralay]], [[Mumbai]]
| minister1_name = '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]'''
| minister1_pfo = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]
| deputyminister1_name = '''Vacant, TBD'''
since 29 June 2022
| deputyminister1_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Minister of State]]
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website =
| formed =
| employees =
| budget =
| chief1_name = ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
| chief1_position =
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| parent_department = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
}}

The '''Ministry of Special Backward Classes Welfare''' is a Ministry of the [[Government of Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-28 |title=Maharashtra Cabinet to setup separate ministry for development of OBCs |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/maharashtra-cabinet-to-setup-separate-ministry-for-development-of-obcs-4448058/ |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The Ministry is headed by a [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet level]] Minister. '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' is Current [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]] and Minister of Special Backward Classes Welfare [[Government of Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-28 |title=Maharashtra Cabinet to setup separate ministry for development of OBCs |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/maharashtra-cabinet-to-setup-separate-ministry-for-development-of-obcs-4448058/ |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Head office==
{{Infobox political post
| insignia = Seal of Maharashtra (1).svg
| insigniasize = 150px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of India]]
| department = '''Ministry of Special Backward Classes Welfare (Maharashtra)'''
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| post = {{big|Minister of Special Backward Classes Welfare}} '''मंत्री विशेष मागासवर्गीय कल्याण विभाग'''
| image =
| incumbent = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| member_of = State Cabinet
| reports_to = '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]''', 
'''[[Maharashtra Legislature]]'''
| seat = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]
| appointer = '''[[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]]''' on the advice of the '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]'''
| termlength = 5 years
| inaugural = '''D. S. Palaspagar''' 
(1960-1962)
| precursor = * '''[[Atul Save]]'''
(2022- 2023)
| deputy = * '''Vacant, TBD'''
since 29 June 2022
| formation = 1 May 1960
| body =
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| flagborder = yes
| website =
| abbreviation = Cabinet Minister
| incumbentsince = 05 December 2024
}}

==Cabinet Ministers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Special Backward Classes Welfare - SBCW
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''B. G. Gadhe''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Jalna North Constituency No. 101]]- [[Jalna District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 May}} 1960
|{{small|07 March}} 1962
!{{ayd|1960|05|01|1962|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)|'''Yashwantrao I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''D. S. Palaspagar''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - [[Bhandara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 March}} 1962
|{{small|19 November}} 1962
!{{ayd|1962|03|08|1962|11|19}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry|'''Yashwantrao II''']]
|-
|03
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Keshavraoji_Sonawane.png|75px]]
|'''[[Keshavrao Sonawane]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|20 November}} 1962
|{{small|24 November}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|20|1963|11|24}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Kannamwar ministry|'''Kannamwar l''']]
|[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
|-
|04
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Interim Chief Minister)
|{{small|25 November}} 1962
|{{small|04 December}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|25|1962|12|04}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[P. K. Sawant ministry|'''Sawant''']]
|[[P. K. Sawant]]
|-
|05
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Nirmala Raje Bhosale''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Satara Constituency No. 268]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|05 December}} 1963
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
!{{ayd|1963|12|05|1967|03|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao I''']]
|rowspan="6" |[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]] [[Vasantrao Naik]]
|-
|06
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Gopalrao Bajirao Khedkar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Akot Assembly constituency|Akot Constituency No. 28]]- [[Akola District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
!{{ayd|1967|03|01|1969|10|27}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao II''']]
|-
|07
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Nirmala Raje Bhosale''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Satara Constituency No. 268]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
!{{ayd|1969|10|27|1972|03|13}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|08
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Hari Govindrao Vartak]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Bassein-Vasai Constituency No. 180]]- [[Palghar district|Palghar District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
!{{ayd|1972|03|13|1973|04|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao III''']]
|-
|09
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Abdul Rahman Antulay]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan Constituency No. 193]]- [[Raigad District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
!{{ayd|1973|04|04|1974|03|17}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|10
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''M. B. Popat''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Dhobitalao Constituency No. 160]]- [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
!{{ayd|1974|03|17|1975|02|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|11
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantdada Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 20 - [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
|{{small|16 April}} 1977
!{{ayd|1975|02|21|1977|04|16}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao I''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|12
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Madhukar Dhanaji Chaudhari''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Raver Assembly constituency|Raver Constituency No. 11]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 April }} 1977
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
!{{ayd|1977|04|17|1979|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#88CEEB"|[[First Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|13
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Nashikrao Tirpude]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhandara Assembly constituency|Bhandara Constituency No. 61]]- [[Bhandara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
!{{ayd|1978|03|07|1978|07|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="#A3A3FF"|[[Second Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada II''']]
|-
|14
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}"|
|
|'''Bhausaheb Surve''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur Central Assembly constituency|Nagpur Central Constituency No. 55]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
|{{small|17 February}} 1980
!{{ayd|1978|07|18|1980|02|17}}
|[[Indian Congress (Socialist)]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#66FF66"| [[First Pawar ministry|'''Pawar I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|15
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Jawaharlal Darda 2022 stamp of India cr.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Jawaharlal Darda]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 June}} 1980
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
!{{ayd|1980|06|09|1982|01|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Antulay ministry|'''Antulay''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]
|-
|16
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur Constituency No. 04]]- [[Nandurbar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
|{{small|02 February}} 1983
!{{ayd|1982|01|21|1983|02|02}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Bhosale ministry|'''Bhosale''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|75px]] [[Babasaheb Bhosale]]
|-
|17
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Shantaram Gholap''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Murbad Assembly constituency|Murbad Constituency No. 139]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 February}} 1983
|{{small|05 March}} 1985
!{{ayd|1983|02|07|1985|03|05}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|18
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Balachandra Bhai Sawant''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 09 - [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1985
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
!{{ayd|1985|03|12|1985|06|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada IV''']]
|-
|19
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Jawaharlal Darda 2022 stamp of India cr.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Jawaharlal Darda]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
!{{ayd|1985|06|03|1986|03|12}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Nilangekar ministry|'''Nilangekar''']]
|[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]
|-
|20
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Solapur City Central Assembly constituency|Solapur City Central Constituency No. 249]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
!{{ayd|1986|03|12|1988|06|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1"bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao II''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|21
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
!{{ayd|1988|06|26|1990|03|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Pawar ministry|'''Pawar II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|22
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[N. M. Kamble|Narendra Marutrao Kamble]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by Governor Nominated No. 10 - [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
!{{ayd|1990|03|03|1991|06|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Pawar ministry|'''Pawar III''']]
|-
|23
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Solapur City Central Assembly constituency|Solapur City Central Constituency No. 249]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
|{{small|22 February}} 1993
!{{ayd|1991|06|25|1993|02|22}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sudhakarrao Naik ministry|'''Sudhakarrao''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[Sudhakarrao Naik]]
|-
|24
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Chagan Bhujbal.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Mazgaon constituency No. 210]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|06 March}} 1993
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
!{{ayd|1993|03|06|1995|03|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Pawar ministry|'''Pawar IV''']]
|[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|25
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Gopinath Munde.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Gopinath Munde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Renapur Assembly constituency|Renapur Constituency No. 236]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
!{{ayd|1995|03|14|1999|02|01}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Manohar Joshi ministry|'''Joshi''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[File:Manohar Joshi cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Manohar Joshi]]
|-
|26
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Babanrao Gholap]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Deolali Assembly constituency|Deolali Constituency No. 126]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|02|01|1999|05|11}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Narayan Rane ministry|'''Rane''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Narayan Rane]]
|-
|27
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Gopinath Munde.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Gopinath Munde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Renapur Assembly constituency|Renapur Constituency No. 236]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
|{{small|17 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|05|11|1999|10|17}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|28
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Jaywantrao Awale]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vadgaon Maval Constituency No. 192]]- [[Pune District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|19 October}} 1999
|{{small|16 January}} 2003
!{{ayd|1999|10|19|2003|01|16}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|29
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur Constituency No. 04]]- [[Nandurbar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 January}} 2003
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2003|01|11|2004|11|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sushilkumar Shinde ministry|'''Sushilkumar''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|-
|30
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:R. R. Patil.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[R. R. Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency|Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Constituency No. 287]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2004|11|01|2004|11|09}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|31
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Jayant Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Walva Assembly constituency|Walva Constituency No. 283]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
|{{small|01 December}} 2008
!{{ayd|2004|11|09|2008|12|01}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|32
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Ganesh Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Belapur Assembly constituency|Belapur Constituency No. 151]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 December}} 2008
|{{small|06 November}} 2009
!{{ayd|2008|12|08|2009|11|06}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok I''']]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]] [[Ashok Chavan]]
|-
|33
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Shivajirao Moghe]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Arni Assembly constituency|Arni Constituency No. 80]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 November}} 2009
|{{small|10 November}} 2010
!{{ayd|2009|11|07|2010|11|10}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok II''']]
|-
|34
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shirdi Assembly constituency|Shirdi Constituency No. 218]]- [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 November}} 2010
|{{small|26 September}} 2014
!{{ayd|2010|11|11|2014|09|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Prithviraj Chavan ministry|'''Prithviraj''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|80px]] [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|-
|35
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister)
|{{small|31 October}} 2014
|{{small|04 June}} 2016
!{{ayd|2014|10|31|2016|06|04}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[First Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis I''']]
|rowspan="4" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|36
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:The Guardian Minister, Maharashtra, Shri Chandrakantdada Patil addressing at the inauguration of the Public Information Campaign, at Gadhinglaj, Dist. Kolhapur, Maharashtra on November 06, 2015.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Chandrakant Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Pune Graduates Constituency No. 05 - [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|04 June}} 2016
|{{small|16 June}} 2019
!{{ayd|2016|06|04|2019|06|16}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|37
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Sanjay Kute]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Jalgaon (Jamod) Assembly constituency|Jalgaon (Jamod) Constituency No. 27]]- [[Buldhana District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|16 June}} 2019
|{{small|12 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|06|16|2019|11|12}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|38
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|-
|39
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Nitin Raut.jpeg|75px]]
|'''[[Nitin Raut]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur North Assembly constituency|Nagpur North Constituency No. 57]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|28|2019|12|30}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|40
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Vijay wadettiwar.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vijay Namdevrao Wadettiwar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bramhapuri Assembly constituency|Bramhapuri Constituency No. 73]]- [[Chandrapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|41
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2022|08|14}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|42
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Atul Save]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Aurangabad East Assembly constituency|Aurangabad East Constituency No. 109]]- [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar District]] Also Previously Known [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
|{{small|14 July}} 2023
!{{ayd|2022|08|14|2023|07|14}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|43
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|14 July}} 2023
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2023|07|14|2024|11|26}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|-
|44
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|05 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|05}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|}

==Ministers of State ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Deputy Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Minister
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="11"| Deputy Minister of Special Backward Classes Welfare - SBCW
|-
!colspan="04"| ''''' Vacant'''''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Prahar Janshakti Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Omprakash Babarao Kadu]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Achalpur Assembly constituency|Achalpur Constituency No. 42]]- [[Amravati District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|27 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|27}}
|[[Prahar Janshakti Party]] Supported Party [[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
| rowspan="2"|[[Vijay Namdevrao Wadettiwar]]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Dattatray Bharane.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Dattatray Vithoba Bharne]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Indapur Assembly constituency|Indapur Constituency No. 200]]- [[Pune District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} ''Additional_Charge''
|{{small|27 June}} 2022
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|27|2022|06|29}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''Vacant'''''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2024|11|26}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|
*[[Eknath Shinde]] (2022 - 2022)
*[[Atul Save]] (2023 – 2023)
*[[Eknath Shinde]] (2023 – 2024)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
!colspan="04"| ''''' Vacant'''''
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|NA
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
| rowspan="1"| [[Devendra Fadnavis]] (2024 – Present)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-

|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{State agencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Government of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Government ministries of Maharashtra]]

Ambrish Sharma

2026-04-17T18:49:10Z

MattPinto5: Started New Biography

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1975)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox office holder
| name = Ambrish Sharma
| native_name = अंबरीश शर्मा
| birth_name = Ambrish Sharma
| birth_date = 1975
| citizenship = India
| occupation = Politician
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| constituency = Lahar
| office = Member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly
| term_start = 2023
| preceded = Govind Singh
| image = Ambrish-Sharma-Guddu.jpg
}}

'''Ambrish Sharma''' (also known as '''Ambrish Sharma Guddu'''; born 1975) is an Indian politician from Madhya Pradesh, India. He is a Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] representing the Lahar Assembly constituency in Bhind district as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].

He was elected to the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly in the 2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, receiving 75,347 votes and defeating senior Indian National Congress leader Govind Singh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2023 |title=Lahar Election Result 2023 Live: BJP Candidate Ambrish Sharma "Guddu" Wins From Lahar |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/lahar-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-bsp-mp-assembly-election-results-news-1646789 |website=ABP Live}}</ref>

== Political career ==

Sharma previously contested the 2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election from Lahar constituency as a candidate of the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] but was unsuccessful. He later joined the Bharatiya Janata Party and won the seat in the 2023 election.

=== 2023 election and Dr. Govind Singh ===

In the 2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, Sharma contested against veteran Congress leader '''Dr. Govind Singh''', who had represented the Lahar constituency multiple times since 1990 and had also served as Leader of the Opposition in the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly.

The 2023 contest was considered significant due to Singh's long political tenure in the constituency. Sharma secured 75,347 votes and won by a margin of 12,397 votes, marking a change in representation for the Lahar Assembly constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2023 |title=7-term MLA, MP LoP Govind Singh loses from Lahar seat in MP's Bhind |url=https://www.business-standard.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-elections/7-term-mla-mp-lop-govind-singh-loses-from-lahar-seat-in-mp-s-bhind-123120300975_1.html |website=Business Standard}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Constituency !! Party !! Result
|-
| 2018 || Lahar || Bahujan Samaj Party || Lost
|-
| 2023 || Lahar || Bharatiya Janata Party || Elected
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Ambrish}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]

Somesh Chandra Soren

2026-04-12T12:52:29Z

MattPinto5: adding the details first draft

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Somesh Chandra Soren
| office = Member of the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Ghatsila Assembly constituency|Ghatsila]]
| term_start = 14 November 2025
| predecessor = [[Ramdas Soren]]
| term_end = 
| successor = 
| education =
| occupation = Politician
| father = [[Ramdas Soren]]
| party = [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| image = File:Somesh Chandra Soren 01.jpg
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| birth_name =
| alma_mater =
| image_size = 200
}}
'''Somesh Chandra Soren''' is an Indian politician and the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Ghatsila Assembly constituency]] in [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mandhani |first=Apoorva |last2=ThePrint |date=2025-11-14 |title=Battle of the Sorens in Ghatsila: Somesh Chandra leads in JMM stronghold, BJP's Babu Lal trails |url=https://theprint.in/elections/battle-of-the-sorens-in-ghatsila-somesh-chandra-leads-in-jmm-stronghold-bjps-babulal-trails/2783938/ |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2025-11-14 |title=घाटशिला उपचुनाव में फिर नहीं खिल सका कमल, जेएमएम प्रत्याशी सोमेश चंद्र सोरेन जीते |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/state/jmm-candidate-somesh-chandra-soren-won-the-ghatsila-by-election-jharkhand-news-jhs25111404162 |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref> He is the son of [[Ramdas Soren]], former Cabinet Minister in the [[Government of Jharkhand]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-15 |title=Stage set for Ghatshila battle as INDIA bloc and NDA announce candidates |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/stage-set-for-ghatshila-battle-as-india-bloc-and-nda-announce-candidates/articleshow/124587656.cms |access-date=2025-11-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He belongs to the [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]] party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-16 |title=Battle of Ghatshila: Next gen of two key Santhali political families to slug it out as BJP, JMM announce bypoll faces |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/battle-of-ghatshila-next-gen-of-two-key-santhali-political-families-to-slug-it-out-as-bjp-jmm-announce-bypoll-faces-10309694/ |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2025-11-14 |title=JMM's Somesh Chandra Soren wins Ghatshila by-poll by a big margin |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/jmms-somesh-chandra-soren-wins-ghatshila-by-poll-by-a-big-margin-1503512148.html |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-11-14 |title=Ghatshila bypoll results: JMM's Somesh Chandra Soren wins by 38,524 votes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jharkhand/ghatshila-bypoll-results-2025-jharkhand/article70278288.ece |access-date=2025-11-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Electoral history==
=== Jharkhand Legislative Assembly elections ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
! Constituency
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
!%
!Result
|-
|[[2025 elections in India#Jharkhand|2025]]^
|[[Ghatsila Assembly constituency|Ghatsila]]
| {{party name with colour|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|104,794
|54.78
|{{Won}}
|-
|}

^by-election

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Jharkhand Mukti Morcha politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Jharkhand-politician-stub}}

Ahmednagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:17:15Z

MattPinto5: Started A Data.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ahmednagar
| type = SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1952 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) – Archive Delimitation Orders |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=9 December 2020 |pages=52–124}}</ref>
| abolished = 1952
| electors = 60,982
| mla = Kute Vital Ganpat
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district = Ahmednagar district<ref>{{cite book |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay State – Ahmednagar District |publisher=Government of Bombay |year=1954 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467401 |access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref>
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}

'''Ahmednagar Assembly constituency''' was a former assembly constituency in the [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra]].

It was created under the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1951]] and existed only for the first general election held after Indian independence in 1952.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IndiaVotes PC: Ahmednagar South 1952|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha-details/1952/bombay/ahmednagar-south/68/3/www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha-details/1952/bombay/ahmednagar-south/68/3/1|website=IndiaVotes|access-date=2026-01-31}}</ref> The constituency was part of the erstwhile [[Bombay State]] and was abolished later in the same year following subsequent administrative reorganisation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1951 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Kute Vital Ganpat || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Ahmednagar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kute Vital Ganpat |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,778 |percentage = 56.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Karandikar Kashinath Shankar |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 5,589 |percentage = 18.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhapkar Hirabai Prabhakar |party = Kamgar Kisan Paksha |votes = 5,065 |percentage = 17.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaikaiwari Gopal Ramchandra |party = Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha |votes = 1,396 |percentage = 4.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pathan Sardarkha Amirkha |party = Independent politician |votes = 344 |percentage = 1.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nisal Ramchandra Vithal |party = Forward Bloc (Marxist Group) |votes = 323 |percentage = 1.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Parkhe Haribhau Ganesh |party = Independent politician |votes = 193 |percentage = 0.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,189 |percentage = 37.69% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 29,688 |percentage = 48.68% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,688}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,982 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Ahmednagar district]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Dance Jodi Dance Juniors

2026-04-05T03:10:36Z

MattPinto5: Made new article...

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name =
| image =
| genre = [[Dance show]] [[Reality]]
| creator =
| based_on = [[Dance Jodi Dance]]
| presenter = [[Deepak Dinkar]]
| judges = {{ubl|
* [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]]
* [[Sudha Chandran]]
* [[Laila (actress)|Laila]]
}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 45
| producer =
| company =
| theme_music_composer =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx. 55-60 minutes per episode
| channel = [[Zee Tamil]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2018|11|25}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2019|5|4}}
| related = [[Dance Jodi Dance]]
}}

'''Dance Jodi Dance Juniors''' is a 2018-2019 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language children's [[dance competition]] reality television show, that aired on [[Zee Tamil]] from 25 November 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.medianews4u.com/zee-tamil-announces-launch-dance-reality-show-dance-jodi-dance-juniors-24th-november/|title=Zee Tamil announces launch of dance reality show 'Dance Jodi Dance Juniors' on 24th November|website=www.medianews4u.com|date=23 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref> to 4 May 2019 on every Saturday and Sunday at 6:30PM and streamed on [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/zee-tamil-launches-new-dance-reality-show-dance-jodi-dance-juniors-93098.html|title=Zee Tamil launches new dance reality show – Dance Jodi Dance Juniors |website=www.exchange4media.com|date=23 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref> This is the junior version of the [[Dance Jodi Dance]] show, which premiered in 2016. The show about two children's contestants were going to dance together to win the trophy of Dance Jodi Dance Juniors. The show was judged by [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/dance-jodi-dance-juniors-judge-sneha-is-a-fitness-freak-heres-the-proof/articleshow/68956104.cms|title=Dance Jodi Dance Juniors judge Sneha is a fitness freak; Here's the proof|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=19 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/dance-jodi-dance-junior-show-rocks-343976.html|title=புன்னகை அரசி... குல்பி ஐஸ்... நடுவுல மயங்க வைக்கும் மயூரி!|website=tamil.oneindia.com|date=14 March 2019 |language=ta}}</ref> [[Sudha Chandran]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.arcattoscana.org/tv/news/tamil/laila-sneha-and-sudha-chandran-have-a-blast-on-the-sets-of-dance-jodi-dance-juniors-see-video/articleshow/68499669.cms|title=Laila, Sneha and Sudha Chandran have a blast on the sets of Dance Jodi Dance Juniors; see video|website=www.arcattoscana.org|language=en}}</ref> and [[Laila (actress)|Laila]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/907912/i-make-a-good-mom-but-i-also-havent-aged-a-day-laila-on-why-she-wont-do-mother-roles|title=Laila on why she isn't doing mother roles: 'My fans tell me that I haven't aged a day'|website=scroll.in|date=19 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-show-dance-jodi-dance-juniors-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/66772928.cms|title=New show Dance Jodi Dance Juniors to premiere soon|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=23 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref> [[Deepak Dinkar]] as the host and featured a guest every week. The winner of the season was Nowfal and Darshan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/dance-jodi-dance-juniors-finale-darshan-and-nowfal-win-the-show|title=Dance Jodi Dance Juniors Finale: Darshan And Nowfal Win The Show|website=www.zee5.com|language=en}}</ref>

==Judges and hosts==
===Judges===
{| class="wikitable" width="55%"
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #8FBC8F ;color:black"| Judges
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #8FBC8F ;color:black"| Notes
|-
|[[Sudha Chandran]]
|Indian [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer and actress who appears in Indian television and films.
|-
|[[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]]
|Indian actress who works primarily in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film industry and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film industry.
|-
|[[Laila (actress)|Laila]]
|Indian actress. She has acted predominantly in Tamil films.
|-
|}

===Host===
{| class="wikitable" width="55%"
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #8FBC8F ;color:black"| Host
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #8FBC8F ;color:black"| Notes
|-
|[[Deepak Dinkar]]
|Tamil actor and [[television presenter]].
|-
|}

==Contestants==
;Finalists
The grand finale took place on 4 May 2019, [[Radhika Sarathkumar]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-radhika-sarathkumar-to-appear-as-special-guest-in-dance-jodi-dance-juniors-grand-finale/articleshow/69116858.cms?from=mdr|title=Actress Radhika Sarathkumar to appear as special guest in Dance Jodi Dance Juniors Grand Finale|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=30 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref> was the special guest at the grand finale of the show. Nowfal and Darshan<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/dance-jodi-dance-juniors-winners-darshan-and-nowfal-bag-the-trophy-get-cash-prize-worth-rs-5-lakh/articleshow/69193834.cms|title=Dance Jodi Dance Juniors winners; Darshan and Nowfal bag the trophy, get cash prize worth Rs. 5 lakh|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=6 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref> emerged as the winner while Santosh and Dhanush emerged as the runner up of the season.

{| class="wikitable" width="55%"
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #8FBC8F ;color:black"|Finalists
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #8FBC8F ;color:black"|Winners
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #8FBC8F ;color:black"|Amount won
|-
| Nowfal & Darshan
| Title winners
| ₹5,00,000
|-
| Santosh & Dhanush
| Second runner-up
| ₹3,00,000
|-
| Rajesh & Dheeraj
| Third runner-up
| ₹2,00,000
|-
|}

;Contestants
{| class="wikitable" width="25%"
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #8FBC8F ;color:black"| #
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #8FBC8F ;color:black"| Contestants
|-
|1
|Rajesh & Dheeraj
|-
|2
|Jayaseelan & Surya Teja
|-
|3
|Janani & Ruth
|-
|4
|Arman-Rohan
|-
|5
|Tamilalake & Amirtha
|-
|6
|Seenu & Pawankalyan
|-
|7
|Dinesh & Naveen
|-
|8
|Dharshan & Nowfal
|-
|9
|Santhosh & Danush
|-
|10
|Dhanyasree & Megha
|-
|11
|Rakshith & Sree Sumanth
|-
|12
|Nithya & Dakshatha
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.zee5.com/global/kids/kids-shows/dance-jodi-dance-juniors-season-1/0-6-1140 ''Dance Jodi Dance Juniors''] at [[ZEE5]]

{{Zee Tamil shows}}
{{Dance Jodi Dance}}
[[Category:Zee Tamil original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language children's television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language dance television shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Dance Jodi Dance|Juniors]]
[[Category:Indian dance competition television shows]]

Jamalaye Jibonto Bhanu

2026-04-04T03:06:00Z

MattPinto5: put up new details - done

{{Short description|2024 Indian Bengali film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = File:Jamalaye Jibonto Bhanu poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| starring = [[Saswata Chatterjee]]
| director = [[Krishnendu Chatterjee]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|11|15}}
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| runtime = 129 minutes
| producer = Suman Kumar Das
| writer = [[Krishnendu Chatterjee]]
| screenplay = [[Krishnendu Chatterjee]]
| studio = Burima Chitram
| music = [[Raja Narayan Deb]]
| cinematography = Manas Ganguly
| editing = [[Arghyakamal Mitra]]
}}

'''''Jamalaye Jibonto Bhanu''''' is a 2024 Indian Bengali-language comedy drama film directed by [[Krishnendu Chatterjee]] and produced by Suman Kumar Das under the banner of Burima Chitram. The film stars [[Saswata Chatterjee]] in the title role. It was released theatrically on 15 November 2024.

The project was announced in 2022 on the occasion of legendary actor [[Bhanu Bandopadhyay]]'s 101st birth anniversary, inspired by the 1958 film ''[[Jamalaye Jibanta Manush]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/101st-birth-anniversary-celebration-of-the-legendary-actor-bhanu-bandopadhyay-with-the-first-look-poster-launch-of-jomaloye-jibonto-bhanu-915710 |title='Jomaloye Jibonto Bhanu' first look poster revealed |last=Ananda |first=ABP |date=2022-08-27 |website=bengali.abplive.com |access-date=2024-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/tollywood/1ccybu0h2x |title=Now coming: 'Jomaloye Jibonto Bhanu' |publisher=Prothom Alo |date=2022-08-26 |access-date=2024-10-28}}</ref> After portraying [[Ritwik Ghatak]] in ''[[Meghe Dhaka Tara (1960 film)|Meghe Dhaka Tara]]'' and [[Uttam Kumar]] in ''Ochena Uttam'', Saswata Chatterjee took on the role of Bhanu Bandopadhyay. Makeup artist Somnath Kundu transformed him into the late comedian, and composer [[Raja Narayan Deb]] provided the score.<ref name="Hindustan">{{cite web |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/jomaloye-jibonto-bhanu-starring-saswata-chatterjees-poster-is-out-now-will-release-on-this-winter-31693034091981.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902223421/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/jomaloye-jibonto-bhanu-starring-saswata-chatterjees-poster-is-out-now-will-release-on-this-winter-31693034091981.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 September 2023 |title=Saswata Chatterjee dons Bhanu's look for 'Jomaloye Jibonto Bhanu' |publisher=Hindustan Times Bangla |date=2023-08-26 |access-date=2024-10-26}}</ref>

A sequence from the 1953 film ''Saade Chuyattar'' was featured, with [[Darshana Banik]] portraying [[Suchitra Sen]].<ref name="SangbadPratidin">{{cite web |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/darshana-banik-as-suchitra-sen-in-jomaloye-jibonto-bhanu |title=Darshana Banik as Suchitra Sen in 'Jomaloye Jibonto Bhanu' |website=Sangbad Pratidin |access-date=2024-10-28}}</ref>

== Background ==
Renowned scientist Samyamoy Banerjee invented a device in his home laboratory capable of transporting people into their past. He announced his discovery at a morning press conference. That afternoon, he set out to demonstrate it before the governor, but the roads proved chaotic.

== Cast ==
* [[Saswata Chatterjee]] as Bhanu Bandopadhyay<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/saswata-chatterjee-debolina-dutta-starrer-jomaloy-jibanta-bhanu-will-release-on-bhanu-bandopadhyays-birth-anniversary-dgtl/cid/1526619 |title=Saswata Chatterjee on playing Bhanu on screen |publisher=Ananda Bazar Patrika |access-date=2024-10-28}}</ref>
* [[Basabdatta Chatterjee]] as Ruma Guhathakurta<ref name="AajKal">{{cite web |url=https://aajkaal.in/story/21009/tollywood_actress_basabdatta_chatterjee_playing_ruma_guhathakurtas_role_in_jomalowe_jibonto_bhanu_ent |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918213254/https://aajkaal.in/story/21009/tollywood_actress_basabdatta_chatterjee_playing_ruma_guhathakurtas_role_in_jomalowe_jibonto_bhanu_ent |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 September 2024 |title=Basabdutta Chatterjee to play Ruma Guhathakurta |website=Aajkaal.in |access-date=2024-10-28}}</ref>
* [[Ambarish Bhattacharya]] as Scientist Samyamay Banerjee
* [[Subhasish Mukhopadhyay]] as [[Chitragupta]]
* [[Saheb Chatterjee]] as Debaraj [[Indra]]
* [[Paran Bandopadhyay]] as Bidhata
* [[Debolina Dutta]] as Nilima Devi
* [[Darshana Banik]] as [[Suchitra Sen]]<ref name="SangbadPratidin"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/darshana-banik-potraying-suchitra-sen-at-jomaloye-jibonto-bhanu-sourav-das-and-raima-sen-reacts/articleshow/112322560.cms |title='Not saying this just because she is my wife...' Darshana Banik on playing Suchitra Sen |publisher=Ei Samay |date=2024-08-06 |access-date=2024-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/actress-darshana-banik-portraiyig-suchitra-sen-in-krishnendu-chatterjees-upcoming-movie-jomaloye-jibonto-bhanu-dgtl/cid/1536163 |title=Darshana Banik recalls Uttam Kumar while playing Suchitra Sen |publisher=Ananda Bazar Patrika |access-date=2024-10-29}}</ref>
* Sandeep Bhattacharya
* Soma Chakraborty
* Imon Chakraborty
* Tanmoy Banerjee
* Shubhadeep Chakraborty
* Biplab Dasgupta
* Debmoy Mukhopadhyay

== Production ==

=== Post-production ===
The first look of the film was unveiled on [[Bhanu Bandopadhyay]]'s 102nd birth anniversary, attended by his son Gautam Bandopadhyay and daughter Basabi Bandopadhyay.<ref name="Hindustan"/>

== Release ==
Though originally scheduled for 30 August 2024, the release was postponed due to the [[2024 Kolkata rape and murder|2024 R. G. Kar Medical College and Hospital rape and murder case]]. It was finally set for theatrical release on 15 November 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/jomaloye-jibonto-bhanu-release-postponed/tid/135707 |title='Jomaloye Jibonto Bhanu' release postponed |publisher=TheWall |date=2024-08-22 |access-date=2024-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/ei-raat-tomar-amar-jomaloye-jibonto-bhanu-and-other-films-are-postponed-amid-of-rg-kar-protest-31725068761113.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202191254/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/ei-raat-tomar-amar-jomaloye-jibonto-bhanu-and-other-films-are-postponed-amid-of-rg-kar-protest-31725068761113.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 December 2024 |title=Films postponed amid R. G. Kar protest |publisher=Hindustan Times Bangla |date=2024-08-31 |access-date=2024-10-28}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt27203513}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2024 comedy films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]

Janadeva Janaka

2026-04-03T17:03:19Z

MattPinto5: put up new stub - done

{{unreliable sources|date=May 2024}}
{{Related|[[King Mithi]]|[[Dharmadhwaja Janaka]]|[[Panchashikha]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Janadeva Janaka
| title = [[Janaka]]
| successor = Dharmadhwaja
| birth_name = Janadeva
| birth_place = [[Mithila region]]
| full name = King Janadeva Janaka
| religion = [[Sanatana]] [[Hinduism]]
| dynasty = Janaka
}}
'''Janadeva Janaka''' (Sanskrit: जनदेव जनक) was the king of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] Kingdom in the [[Janaka]] Dynasty of [[Videha]] in the [[Indian subcontinent|Indian Subcontinent]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mittal |first=J. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrh4tY3v2A4C |title=History of Ancient India (A New Version) |date=2006 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-269-0616-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Anonymous |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ygA2240G74kC&q=janadeva+janaka |title=The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa (Complete) |publisher=Library of Alexandria |isbn=978-1-4655-2637-3 |language=en}}</ref> In the [[Shanti Parva]] of Mahabharata, [[Bhishma]] had narrated the story of King Janadeva Janaka to [[Yudhishthira|Dharmaraj Yudhishthira]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bedekar |first=V. M. |date=1957 |title=Studies in Sāṁkhya: The Teachings of Pañcaśikha in the Mahābhārata |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44082823 |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=38 |issue=3/4 |pages=233–244 |jstor=44082823 |issn=0378-1143}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2021-08-17 |title=Section CCXVIII [Mahabharata, English] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-mahabharata-mohan/d/doc826176.html |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
''Janadeva'' is a [[Sanskrit]] compound word composed of two words ''Jana'' and ''Deva''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-02-19 |title=Janadeva, Jana-deva: 7 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/janadeva#purana |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> ''Jana'' means people and ''Deva'' means lord. Therefore, the literal meaning of ''Janadeva'' is lord of people.

== Description ==
In [[Shanti Parva]] of [[Mahabharata]], [[Bhishma]] told to [[Yudhishthira]] that once King ''Janadeva Janaka'' asked a philosophical question on salvation to the hundred [[acharya]]s in [[Court of King Janaka|his court]] but none of them could satisfactorily answer his questions about salvation.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Larson |first1=Gerald James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bqr_AwAAQBAJ&q=janadeva+janaka |title=The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 4: Samkhya, A Dualist Tradition in Indian Philosophy |last2=Bhattacharya |first2=Ram Shankar |date=2014-07-14 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-5353-3 |language=en}}</ref> Then a sage named as [[Panchashikha]] came to the court by chance advised the king about the means to attain salvation.<ref name=":0" /> The king got satisfied and impressed with the answer of the sage [[Panchashikha]], then the king appointed the sage [[Panchashikha]] as his teacher.<ref>{{Cite book |last=P C Ray |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283205 |title=The Mahabharata Of Krishna Dwaipayana Vyara 1891 |date=1891}}</ref> The sage [[Panchashikha]] taught [[Brahmavidya|Brahman Vidya]] and [[Samkhya|Shamkhya]] philosophy to the king.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Aranya |first1=Hari Haranand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xvOiFgm8Iw0C&q=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95 |title=Patanjal Yogadarshan (Vyasbhashya, Uska Hindi Anuvad Tatha Suvishad Vyakhya) |last2=Bhattacharya (sampadak) |first2=Ram Shankar |date=2007 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publisher |isbn=978-81-208-2255-9 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Vaidya |first=Chintaman Vinayak |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dmOUq73LZLgC&q=Panchashikha |title=Epic India, Or, India as Described in the Mahabharata and the Ramayana |date=2001 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1564-9 |language=en}}</ref> It is said that once [[Mahavishnu]] in the guise of a [[Brahmin]] came to the King for testing, then being pleased with the king gave him some boons.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Mythological kings of Videha]]
[[Category:Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Mithila (region)]]
[[Category:Mahabharata]]

Vinay Anand

2026-03-31T05:52:26Z

MattPinto5: adding a stub initial version

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vinay Anand
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor
| known_for =
| spouse = Jyoti Anand
| parents = Pushpa Ahuja Anand (mother)
| relatives = [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] (maternal uncle) [[Krushna Abhishek]] (cousin) [[Ragini Khanna]] (cousin) 
| years active = 1999-2015
}}

'''Vinay Anand''' is an Indian actor, having featured in around 60 [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] and [[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri]] movies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agarwal |first=Varsha |title=Meet Krushna Abhishek's brother Vinay Anand, who turned to Bhojpuri cinema after losing work in Bollywood |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-meet-krushna-abhishek-s-brother-vinay-anand-who-turned-to-bhojpuri-cinema-after-losing-work-in-bollywood-3141136/amp |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> Known for his roles in movies like ''[[Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya (2001 film)|Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya]]'', ''Sautela'', ''[[Jahan Jaaeyega Hamen Paaeyega]]'' and ''[[Aamdani Atthani Kharcha Rupaiyaa]]'', he is also a nephew of Bollywood actor [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/vinay-anand-the-emerging-star-of-bhojpuri-cinema/articleshow/15117349.cms|title=Vinay Anand the Emerging Star Of Bhojpuri Cinema|publisher=[[The Times Of India]]|work=Mar 31, 2013}}</ref>

==Family life==

Born on 23 March 1978, Vinay Anand is the son of songwriter Ravi Anand and of Pushpa Ahuja Anand. Pushpa is Bollywood actor [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]]'s sister and the daughter of classical singer [[Nirmala Devi]] and of Bollywood actor [[Arun Kumar Ahuja]]. Vinay Anand is married to Jyoti Anand, sister of popular South Indian actress [[Simran (actress)|Simran]].

==Career==

Vinay Anand debuted with ''Lo Main Aagaya'', starring [[Prem Chopra]], Laxmikant Berde and [[Mohan Joshi]]. This film was directed by Mahesh Kothare. After the first film, Vinay was offered with several Hindi movies like ''[[Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya (2001 film)|Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya]]'', ''[[Sautela]]'', ''[[Jahan Jaaeyega Hamen Paaeyega|Jahan Jaaeyega Hume Paiyega]]'', ''[[Aamdani Atthani Kharcha Rupaiyaa]]'', etc. Vinay has acted in several Bhojpuri films,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jogira.com/i-love-doing-comedy-films-vinay-anand/|title=I love doing comedy films - Vinay Anand | जोगीरा|date=21 July 2013 }}</ref> in the lead role and has a huge fan following.

==Music album==

Vinay Anand is now gearing up to make a comeback with a pop album under his newly launched production house, Flying Horses.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/govindas-nephew-set-to-make-a-comeback-with-a-pop-album/16015150 | title=Govinda's nephew set to make a comeback with a pop album | date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> All the songs have been sung by Vinay himself while Durgesh Vishwakarma is the music composer. Jyoti Anand and Sanjay Kabir have worked as the lyricists on the album. Flying Horses will also produce Hindi films and regional cinema in the coming years.

==Filmography==
'''As Actor'''
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |1999
| ''Lo Main Aa Gaya''
| Ajay
|
|-
| ''[[Sautela]]''
| Raju
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2001
| ''[[Censor (2001 film)|Censor]]'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/|title = Censor Movie: Review | Release Date | Songs | Music | Images | Official Trailers | Videos | Photos | News - Bollywood Hungama| website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | date=13 August 2011 }}</ref>
| Hero of the film 'Aanewala Kal'
|
|-
| ''[[Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya (2001 film)|Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya]]''
| Rahul
|
|-
| ''[[Aamdani Atthani Kharcha Rupaiyaa]]''
| Vijay
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2002
| ''Angaar -The Fire''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/535144|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019001959/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/535144|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 October 2012|title=Angaar -The Fire Movie: Review | Release Date | Songs | Music | Images | Official Trailers | Videos | Photos | News - Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] }}</ref>
|
|
|-
| ''Mulaqat''
| Jas
|
|-

|2007
| ''[[Jahan Jaaeyega Hamen Paaeyega]]''
| Tito
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2008
| ''Kool Nahin Hot Hain Hum''
|
|
|-
|''Thause Pyar Ba''
|
| rowspan="2" |Bhojpuri films
|-
|''Khatailal Mithailal''
|
|-
|2011
| ''[[Trinetra]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2015
| ''[[Khuni Dangal]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Chhora Ganga Kinare Wala]]''
|
|Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Mangal Phera]]''
|
|
|-

| ''Maai Ke Karz''
|
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0025631}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|8206}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anand, Vinay}}
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]

Gummadi (actor)

2026-03-27T09:55:08Z

MattPinto5: updated details

{{Short description|Indian actor (1927–2010)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gummadi
| image = Gummadi-Venkateswara-Rao-pic.jpg
| birthname = Gummadi Venkateswara Rao
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1926|07|09}}
| birth_place = [[Ravikampadu]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2010|01|26|1926|07|09}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], Andhra Pradesh, India
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 1950–2010
| awards = {{ubl | [[Padma Shri]] | [[Rashtrapati Award]]}}
}}

'''Gummadi Venkateswara Rao''' (born 9 July 1926 – 26 January 2010), known [[Mononym|mononymously]] by his [[surname]] '''Gummadi''', was an Indian actor and producer, who worked predominantly in [[Telugu cinema]]. Known as one of the finest supporting/character actors in Telugu cinema, Gummadi acted in around five hundred feature films. He received critical recognition for his work in ''[[Thodu Dongalu (1954 film)|Thodu Dongalu]]'' (1954) and ''[[Mahamantri Timmarusu (film)|Mahamantri Timmarusu]]'' (1962), for which he received the erstwhile [[Rashtrapati Award]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Ramachandran|first=T.M.|title=Film world|year=1973|volume=9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Times of India directory and year book including who's who|year=1984|publisher=Times of India Press}}</ref> Gummadi was an official member of the Indian delegation from South India to the ''Tashkent Film Festival'' in 1978 and 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/profile-gummadi.html|title=Profile of Gummadi - Telugu film actor}}</ref>

Gummadi served as a jury member thrice for the [[28th National Film Awards|28th]], [[33rd National Film Awards|33rd]] and [[39th National Film Awards]].<ref name="28thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/28th_nff_1981.pdf|title=28th National Film Awards (PDF)|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="33rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/33nfa.pdf|title=33rd National Film Awards (PDF)|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=7 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="39thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/39nd_nff_1985.pdf|title=39th National Film Awards (PDF)|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=27 February 2012}}</ref> He served twice on the state [[Nandi Awards]] Committee.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/actor-gummadi-passes-away/article692806.ece|title=Actor Gummadi passes away|work=The Hindu|date=27 January 2010 }}</ref>

In 1977, he was awarded India's fourth-highest civilian honor [[Padma Shri]] for his contribution to [[Indian cinema]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/article411771.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210085939/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/article411771.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 December 2014|title=Gummadi never forgot his mentor|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://telugumoviepedia.com/artist/award/1483/gummadi-awards.html|title=Gummadi Awards|date=9 May 2023|access-date=21 October 2014|archive-date=10 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810135704/https://telugumoviepedia.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is widely known for his roles in films such as ''[[Mayabazar]]'' (1957), ''[[Maa Inti Mahalakshmi]]'' (1959), ''Kula Daivam'' (1960), ''[[Kula Gotralu|Kula Gothralu]]'' (1962), ''[[Jyothi (1976 film)|Jyothi]]'' (1976), ''[[Nelavanka]]'' (1981), ''[[Maro Malupu]]'' (1982), ''Ekalavya'' (1982), ''Ee Charitra Ye Siraatho?'' (1982), ''Gaaju Bommalu'' (1983) and ''[[Pelli Pustakam (1991 film)|Pelli Pustakam]]'' (1991).

In 2008, he starred in ''Jagadguru Sree Kasinayana Charitra'', which would be his last film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/starsprofile/tribute_gummadi2010_2.php |title=Stars : Star Profiles : Gummadi passed away: A tribute |access-date=2010-01-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131150114/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/starsprofile/tribute_gummadi2010_2.php |archive-date=31 January 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Early career==

===Characters played by him===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
* [[Balarama]]
* [[Bhishma]]
* [[Maharishi Bhrigu]]
* [[Chief Minister]]
* [[Dasharatha]]
* [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]]
* [[Durvasa]]
* [[Jamadagni]]
* [[Kabir]]
* [[Karna]]
* [[Kasinayana]]
{{col-2}}
* [[Nanda (mythology)|Nanda]]
* [[Parashurama]]
* [[Pothana]]
* [[Principal (school)|Principal]]
* [[Timmarusu]]
* [[Vishwamitra]]
* [[Yudhishthira]]
* [[Zamindar]]
{{col-2}}
{{col-end}}

==Personal life==
[[File:Gummadi Venkateswara Rao memorial.jpg|thumb|Gummadi Venkateswara Rao memorial near Potharlanka.]]
Gummadi was married and had five daughters and two sons. He died of [[multiple organ failure]] at Care hospital, [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] on 26 January 2010.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100129012653/http://www.breakingnewsviews.com/01/gummadi-venkateswara-rao-died.html Gummadi Venkateswara Rao died] Breaking News Views. Retrieved on 26 January 2010.</ref> His last public appearance was at the screening of ''[[Mayabazar|Maya Bazar]]'', which had been colourised. Here he expressed his happiness and said, "Watching this great movie in colour probably could have been the only reason for me to have stayed alive for so long."<ref>{{YouTube|pOQugN6z57w|Gummadi on Mayabazar}}</ref>

==Written works==
Gummadi wrote his memoirs of Telugu cinema in ''Teepi Gurthulu and Chedu Gnapakalu''.{{cn|date=October 2022}}

==Awards==
;Civilian honors
*[[Padma Shri]] - [[Government of India]] - 1977 <ref>{{Cite web|title=List Of Telugu Actors Who Received Civilian Awards From The Government Of India |website=Wirally|date=3 June 2020|url=https://wirally.com/list-of-telugu-actors-who-received-civilan-awards-from-the-government-of-india/|access-date=2021-09-18|language=en-US}}</ref>

;[[Rashtrapati Award]]s
*Best acting for ''[[Mahamantri Timmarusu (film)|Mahamantri Timmarusu]]'' (1963)

;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
* [[Raghupathi Venkaiah Award]] for contribution to Telugu cinema (1998)
* [[Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actor]] - ''[[Maro Malupu]]'' (1982)

;Other Honors
*1963 - Honorary Doctorate - [[Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University]]
*1976 - [[Filmfare Special Award - South|Filmfare Special Award for Excellent Performance]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8kQAQAAMAAJ&q=gummidi | title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who| year=1979}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/1976-filmfare-telugu-winners | title=1976 Filmfare Telugu Winners | date=15 November 2022 }}</ref> - ''[[Jyothi (1976 film)|Jyothi]]''

==Selected filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Gummadi film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
| 1950
| ''Adrushta Deepudu''
|
|
|-
|1951
|''[[Navvite Navaratnalu]]''
|
|
|-
| 1953
| ''[[Pichi Pullayya]]''
| Bhopala Rao
|
|-
| 1954
| ''[[Thodu Dongalu (1954 film)|Thodu Dongalu]]''
| Lokanatham
|
|-
| rowspan="5"|1955
| ''[[Kanyasulkam (film)|Kanyasulkam]]''
| Sowjanya Rao Pantulu
|
|-
| ''[[Ardhangi]]''
| Zameendaar
|
|-
| ''[[Jayasimha (1955 film)|Jayasimha]]''
| Ranadhir
|
|-
| ''[[Missamma]]''
| Employer (guest role)
|
|-
| ''[[Rani Ratnaprabha]]''
|Dharmapala
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1956
| ''[[Chiranjeevulu (1956 film)|Chiranjeevulu]]''
| Dr. Krishna
|
|-
| ''[[Edi Nijam]]''
| Munusabu
|
|-
| ''[[Ilavelpu]]''
| Sekhar's father
|
|-
| rowspan="12"|1957
| ''[[Suvarna Sundari]]''
| rowspan="2"|Tata
|
|-
| ''[[Manaalane Mangaiyin Baakkiyam]]''
| Tamil film; uncredited
|-
| ''[[Maya Bazaar]]''
| [[Balarama]]
|
|-
| ''[[Dampatyam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Dongallo Dora]]''
| Inspector Ram Murthy
|
|-
| ''[[M.L.A. (1957 film)|MLA]]''
| Damodaram
|
|-
| ''[[Premada Putri]]''
|
|Kannada film
|-
| ''Preme Daivam''
|
|
|-
| ''Sarangadhara''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sati Anasuya]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Veera Kankanam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Vinayaka Chaviti]]''
| [[Satrajit]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5"|1958
| ''Aadapettanam''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Chenchu Lakshmi (1958 film)|Chenchu Lakshmi]]''
| [[Durvasa]]
|
|-
| ''Dongalunnaru Jagratha''
|
|
|-
| ''Ettuku Pai Ettu''
| Govindaiah
|
|-
| ''[[Intiguttu (1958 film)|Intiguttu]]''
|Tirumala Rao
|
|-
| rowspan="10"|1959
| ''[[Illarikam]]''
| Zamindar
|
|-
| ''[[Jayabheri]]''
| Viswanatha Sastri
|
|-
| ''[[Krishna Leelalu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krishna Leelalu (1959) |url=https://indiancine.ma/JDP |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|[[Vasudeva]]
|
|-
| ''[[Maa Inti Mahalakshmi]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Nammina Bantu]]''
| Zamindar Bhujanga Rao
|
|-
| ''[[Pelli Sandadi (1959 film)|Pelli Sandadi]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Raja Makutam]]''
| Prachandudu
|
|-
| ''[[Sabhash Ramudu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Sati Tulasi''
|
|
|-
| ''Sipayi Kooturu''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7"|1960
| ''Deepavali''
| Nagadattudu
|
|-
| ''[[Harishchandra]]''
| [[Vishvamitra|Vishwamitra Maharshi]]
|
|-
| ''Pelli Kaanuka''
|
|
|-
| ''Renukadevi Mahatyam''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sahasra Siracheda Apoorva Chintamani]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-02-25 |title=Sahasra Siracheda Apoorva Chintamani (1960) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/sahasra-siracheda-apoorva-chintamani-1960/article8280717.ece |access-date=2024-02-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|Evil sorcerer
|
|-
| ''Shantinivasam''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sri Venkateswara Mahatyam]]''
| [[Bhrigu]] Maharshi
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |1961
| ''[[Bharya Bharthalu]]''
| Anand's father
|
|-
| ''[[Iddaru Mitrulu (1961 film)|Iddaru Mitrulu]]''
| Bhanoji Rao
|
|-
| ''Rishyashringar''
|
|
|-
| ''Rushyashrunga''
|
|
|-
| ''Santa''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sri Seetha Rama Kalyanam]]''
| [[Visvamitra|Vishwamitra Maharshi]]
|
|-
| ''Tandrulu Kodukulu''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Vagdanam]]''
| Ranganatham
|
|-
|''[[Velugu Needalu]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="8"|1962
| ''[[Aradhana (1962 film)|Aradhana]]''
| Principal
|
|-
| ''[[Bhishma (1962 film)|Bhishma]]''
| [[Karna]]
|
|-
| ''[[Constable Koothuru]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kalimilemulu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Khaidi Kannaiah]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kula Gothralu]]''
| Bhushaiah
|
|-
| ''[[Mahamantri Timmarusu (film)|Mahamantri Timmarusu]]''
| [[Mahamantri Timmarusu]]
|
|-
| ''[[Siri Sampadalu]]''
|Jagapati Naidu
|
|-
| rowspan="9"|1963
| ''[[Chaduvukunna Ammayilu]]''
| Venkat Rangayya
|
|-
| ''Irugu – Porugu''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Lakshadhikari]]''
| Seetayya
|
|-
| ''[[Mooga Manasulu]]''
| Zamindar
|
|-
| ''Paruvu Prathishta''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Punarjanma (1963 film)|Punarjanma]]''
| Zamindar
|
|-
| ''Savati Koduku''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sri Krishnarjuna Yudham]]''
| [[Yudhishthira]]
|
|-
| ''Tirupathamma Katha''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |1964
| ''[[Aatmabalam]]''
| Psychiatrist
|
|-
| ''[[Aggimeedha Guggilam]]''
| as king
|
|-
| ''[[Dr. Chakravarthy]]''
| Inspector Sridhar
|
|-
| ''[[Manchi Manishi]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Murali Krishna (film)|Murali Krishna]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Pooja Phalam]]''
| Diwan Ramakrishnaiah
|
|-
| ''Ramadasu''
| [[Kabir]]
|
|-
| ''Varasatwam''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |1965
| ''[[Pandava Vanavasam]]''
| [[Yudhishthira]]
|
|-
| ''[[Aatma Gowravam]]''
| Ramaiah
|
|-
| ''[[Antastulu]]''
| Zamindar
|
|-
| ''Chandrahasa''
|
|
|-
| ''[[C.I.D. (1965 film)|CID]]''
| Chalapathi
|
|-
| ''[[Keelu Bommalu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Naadi Aada Janme''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Preminchi Choodu (1965 film)|Preminchi Choodu]]''
| Subbarayudu
|
|-
| ''[[Satya Harishchandra (Telugu film)|Satya Harishchandra]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Visala Hrudayalu]]''
|Viswanatham
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |1966
| ''[[Aastiparulu]]''
| Zamindar
|
|-
| ''[[Bhakta Potana]]''
| [[Pothana]]
|
|-
|''[[Loguttu Perumallukeruka]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Loguttu Perumaallu Keruka (1966) |url=https://indiancine.ma/MBF/info |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Chidambaram
|
|-
| ''Kanne Manasulu''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Navarathri (1966 film)|Navarathri]]''
| Radha's father
|
|-
| ''[[Palnati Yudham (1966 film)|Palnati Yuddham]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Shri Krishna Pandaviyam''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1967
| ''Kambojaraju Katha''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Poola Rangadu (1967 film)|Poola Rangadu]]''
| Chalapathi
|
|-
| ''Prana Mithrulu''
| Diwan
|
|-
|''[[Pattukunte Padivelu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pattukunte Padivelu (1967) |url=https://indiancine.ma/MPR |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Satyamurthy
|
|-
| ''[[Private Master]]''
| Sundari's father
|
|-
| ''[[Rahasyam (1967 film)|Rahasyam]]''
| Sriganda Prabhu
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |1968
| ''[[Bandhipotu Dongalu]]''
| Doctor
|
|-
| ''[[Sudigundalu]]''
| Defence Lawyer
|
|-
| ''[[Bangaru Gaajulu]]''
| Chandra Shekaram
|
|-
| ''Bangaru Sankellu''
|
|
|-
| ''Chuttarikalu''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt1429332/|title=Chuttarikalu on IMdb|website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref>
|
|
|-
| ''[[Govula Gopanna]]''
| Chairman Nagaraju
|
|-
| ''Mana Samsaram''
|
|
|-
|''[[Aggi Meeda Guggilam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aggi Meeda Guggilam (1968) |url=https://indiancine.ma/MTN |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|
|
|-
| ''Pala Manasulu''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |1969
|''[[Sri Rama Katha]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Rama Katha (1969) |url=https://indiancine.ma/NQE |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Makaradhwaja Maharaju
|
|-
| ''Adrushtavanthalu''
|
|
|-
| ''Aadarsa Kutumbam''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Aatmiyulu]]''
| Jagannadham
|
|-
|''[[Bhale Abbayilu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhale Abbailu (1969) |url=https://indiancine.ma/NGY |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Koteswara Rao
|
|-
| ''Bhale Rangadu''
|
|
|-
|''[[Jagath Kiladeelu]]''
|Commissioner Sinha
|
|-
| ''[[Buddhimanthudu]]''
| D.E.O
|
|-
| ''[[Manushulu Marali]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Shri Rama Katha''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Tara Sasankam]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |1970
| ''Agni Pareeksha''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Akka Chellelu]]''
| Dharmayya
|
|-
| ''[[Jai Jawan]]''
| Madhava Rao
|
|-
|''[[Jagath Jetteelu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jagath Jetteelu (1970) |url=https://indiancine.ma/NWS |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|[[Superintendent of police (India)|S.P.]] Chandrashekhar
|
|-
|''[[Amma Kosam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amma Kosam (1970) |url=https://indiancine.ma/NSW |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Raghurama Rao
|
|-
| ''[[Maro Prapancham]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Sridevi''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kathanayika Molla]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="14" |1971
| ''Amayakuralu''
|
|
|-
| ''Bhagyavanthudu''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Bharya Biddalu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Dasara Bullodu]]''
| Vasu
|
|-hi
| ''[[Mosagallaku Mosagadu (1971 film)|Mosagallaku Mosagadu]]''
| Daanala Dharmayya
|
|-
| ''Nenu Manishine''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Prem Nagar (1971 film)|Prem Nagar]]''
| Lata's father
|
|-
| ''[[Sampoorna Ramayanam (1971 film)|Sampoorna Ramayanam]]''
| [[Dasharatha|Dasharadha]]
|
|-
| ''[[Shri Krishna Satya]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Shrimanthudu''
|
|
|-
| ''Sisindri Chittibabu''
|
|
|-
| ''Suputhrudu''
|
|
|-
| ''Vichithra Dampathyam''
|
|
|-
|''[[Pavitra Hrudayalu]]''
|Nagendra Babu
|
|-
| rowspan="12" |1972
| ''[[Bangaru Babu (1973 film)|Bangaru Babu]]''
| Ranganatham
|
|-
| ''[[Bala Mitrula Katha]]''
| Kotaiah
|
|-
| ''Iddaru Ammayilu''
| Ramanujam
|
|-
|''[[Kalavari Kutumbam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalavari Kutumbam {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/kalavari_kutumbam |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|Madhava Rao
|
|-
|''[[Manchirojulu Vachayi|Manchi Rojulu Vachayi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manchirojulu Vachayi (1972) |url=https://indiancine.ma/PDB |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Seethanna
|
|-
| ''[[Kalam Marindi]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Koduku Kodalu]]''
| Srihari Rao
|
|-
| ''Neethi Nijayathi''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Pandanti Kapuram]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Tata Manavadu]]''
| Paramatma Rao
|
|-
| ''[[Vichitra Bandham]]''
| Ahobila Rao
|
|-
|''Attanu Diddina Kodalu''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |1973
| ''[[Jeevana Tarangalu]]''
| Venugopal Rao
|
|-
| ''Kannavari Kala''
|
|
|-
| ''Mallamma Katha''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Marapurani Manishi]]''
| Ananda Rao
|
|-
| ''Minaru Babu''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Samsaram Sagaram]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Vichitra Vivaham''
|
|
|-
| ''Vintha Katha''
|
|
|-
|''[[Meena (Telugu Film)|Meena]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meena (1973) |url=https://indiancine.ma/PUB |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Hanumantha Rao
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |1974
| ''[[Alluri Seetharama Raju (1974 film)|Alluri Seetharama Raju]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ammayi Pelli]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Anaganaga Oka Thandri''
|
|
|-
| ''Bhoomikosam''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Devadasu (1974 film)|Devadasu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Dora Babu''
|
|
|-
| ''Gali Patalu''
|Inspector Sekhar
|
|-
| ''Intinti Katha''
|
|
|-
|''Khaidi Babai''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Manushullo Devudu]]''
| Father
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |1975
|''Moguda Pellama''
|Dharma Rao
|
|-
| ''[[Babu (1975 film)|Babu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Samsaram (1975 film)|Samsaram]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Saubhagyavati''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Soggadu (1975 film)|Soggadu]]''
| Simhadri
|
|-
| ''[[Yashoda Krishna]]''
| Nanda
|
|-
| ''[[Zamindarugari Ammayi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zamindaru gari Ammayi (1975) |url=https://indiancine.ma/RGS/info |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Zamindar Srikrishna Rajendra Mahipathi
|-
|''Lakshmana Rekha''
| Lawyer
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |1976
|''[[Padi Pantalu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padi Pantalu (1976) |url=https://indiancine.ma/RAZ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Seshayya
|
|-
| ''Ramarajyamlo Rakthapasam''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Neram Nadi Kadu Akalidi]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Manchiki Maro Peru]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Oka Deepam Veligindhi''
|
|
|-
|[[America Ammayi (film)|''America Ammayi'']]
|
|
|-
| ''Padavoyi Bharatheeyuda''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Secretary (1976 film)|Secretary]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Seetha Kalyanam (1976 film)|Sita Kalyanam]]''
| [[Dasharatha|Dasaradh]]
|
|-
| ''Yavanam Katesindi''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |1977
| ''Aalu Magalu''
| Ranga Rao
|
|-
| ''[[Chakradhari (1954 film)|Chakradhari]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Eetharam Manishi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eetharam Manishi (1977) |url=https://indiancine.ma/SFC |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Vishwanatham
|
|-
| ''[[Janma janmala bandham]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Daana Veera Soora Karna]]''
| [[Parashurama|Parasu Ramudu]]
|
|-
| ''Indradhanusu''
|
|
|-
| ''Kalpana''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kurukshetram (1977 film)|Kurukshetram]]''
| [[Bhishma]]
|
|-
| ''[[Seetha Rama Vanavasam]]''
|
|
|-
|Savasagallu<ref>{{Cite web|title=Savasagallu (1977)|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt11069028/|access-date=2021-07-19|website=IMDb|language=en-US}}</ref>
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |1978
|''[[Indradhanussu 1978 film|Indradhanussu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indradhanusu (1978) |url=https://indiancine.ma/SGU |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Rajasekharam
|
|-
| ''Chal Mohana Ranga''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sati Savitri (1978 film)|Sati Savitri]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Akbar Saleem Anarkali''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Devadasu Malli Puttadu]]''
| Sripathi Raja
|
|-
| ''Sahasavanthudu''
|
|
|-
|''Dudu Basavanna''
|Yadaiah
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |1979
| ''Captain Krishna''
|
|
|-
| ''Ganga Bhavani''
|
|
|-
| ''Intinti Ramayanam''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Karthika Deepam (film)|Karthika Deepam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Khiladi Krishnudu''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mande Gundelu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Muddula Koduku''
| Raobahadoor Ranga Rao
|
|-
| ''Heema Hemeelu''
|
|
|-
| ''Naa Illu Naa Vaalu''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Shri Tirupati Venkateswara Kalyanam]]''
| [[Hathiram Bhavaji]]
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |1980
| ''Mosagadu''
|
|
|-
|''Bhola Shankarudu''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Chandipriya]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Buchi Babu (film)|Buchi Babu]]''
| Buchi Babu's grandfather
|
|-
|''[[Gharana Donga]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gharana Donga (1980) |url=https://indiancine.ma/USK |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Raghupathi, Devi's father
|
|-
| ''Gajadonga''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Gopala Krishnudu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kaksha]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sardar Papa Rayudu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Shri Vasavi Kannika Parameshwari Mahatyam''
|
|
|-
| ''Sreevari Muchatlu''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |1981
| ''[[Agni Poolu (film)|Agni Poolu]]''
| Rajeshwari's father
|
|-
| ''Alludugaru Zindabad''
|Raja Bhupathi Rao
|
|-
| ''Asha Jyoti''
|
|
|-
| ''Bhoga Bhagyalu''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Premabhishekam (1981 film)|Premabhishekam]]''
| Dr. Venkateswarulu
|
|-
| ''[[Kotha Jeevithalu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Prema Mandiram]]''
| Bhupati Raja
|
|-
| ''Sandhya Ragam''
|
|
|-
|''Jathagadu''
|Rangaiah
|
|-
| rowspan="12" |1982
|''[[Bangaru Bhoomi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangaru Bhoomi (1982) |url=https://indiancine.ma/WJC |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Dharma Rao
|
|-
| ''[[Mondi Ghatam|Mondighatam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Gruha Pravesam (1982 film)|Gruha Pravesam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Anuraga Devatha]]''
| Priest
|
|-
| ''[[Bangaru Kanuka]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Ee Charitra Ae Siratho''
|
|
|-
| ''Ekalavya''
|
|
|-
| ''Jagannatha Rathachakralu''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kaliyuga Ramudu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Maro Malupu]]''
|
| [[Nandi Award for Best Actor]]
|-
| ''Raga Deepam''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Swayamvaram (1982 film)|Swayamvaram]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="13" |1983
| ''[[Sangharshana]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Idhi Kaadu Mugimpu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Idhi Kaadu Mugimpu cast |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/idi-kaadu-mugimpu-1983}}</ref>
|Defence Counsel
|
|-
| ''[[Prema Pichollu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Adavalle Aligithe|Adavallu Aligithe]]''
|
|
|-
|''Ikanaina Marandi''
|
|
|-
| ''Ee Pillaku Pellavuthundha''
|
|
|-
| ''[[M. L. A. Yedukondalu|MLA Yedukondalu]]''
|Gopalakrishnaiah
|
|-
| ''[[Mundadugu]]''
| Lawyer
|
|-
| ''[[Nelavanka (film)|Nelavanka]]''
| Sitarama Raju
|
|-
| ''[[Pelli Choopulu (1983 film)|Pelli Choopulu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Police Venkataswamy''
|
|
|-
| ''Rudrakali''
|
|
|-
|''Dharma Poratam''
|Justice Jagannath
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |1984
| ''[[Rustum (1984 film)|Rustum]]''
| Brahmaiah Naidu
|
|-
|''Bharatamlo Sankharavam''
|
|
|-
| ''Rojulu Marayi''
|
|
|-
|''[[Devanthakudu (1984 film)|Devanthakudu]]''
|Bapineedu
|
|-
|''Adigo Alladigo''
|
|
|-
|''Dandayatra''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kanchu Kagada]]''
|Rangaiah Panthulu
|
|-
|''[[E Chaduvulu Makodu]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1985
| ''[[Raktha Sindhuram]]''
| Jagannatham
|
|-
| ''[[Shri Datta Darshanam]]''
| [[Jamadagni]]
|
|-
|''[[Bangaru Chilaka]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest Telugu News, Movies, Celebrities, Images & Videos {{!}} V CINEMA |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/bangaru-chilaka-1985 |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=www.vcinema.com |language=en}}</ref>
|Lawyer Madhava Rao
|
|-
|''[[Kattula Kondayya]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Jwala (1985 film)|Jwala]]''
|IG
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |1986
|''[[Driver Babu]]''
|Narayana Rao
|
|-
| ''[[Vikram (1986 Telugu film)|Vikram]]''
| Commissioner
|
|-
|''Muddula Manavarallu''
|
|
|-
|''Challani Ramayya Chakkani Seethamma''
|
|
|-
|''[[Prathibhavanthudu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kirathakudu|Kiraathakudu]]''
| Dharmateja
|
|-
|''[[Vijrumbhana]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijrumbana (1986) |url=https://indiancine.ma/BJLE |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Dharma Rao
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1987
| ''[[Pasivadi Pranam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Thene Manasulu (1987 film)|Thene Manasulu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Majnu (1987 film)|Majnu]]''
| Alekhya's grandfather
|
|-
|''[[Ajeyudu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Muddu Bidda (film)|Muddu Bidda]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Makutamleni Maharaju]]''
| Sivaram Prasad
|
|-
| rowspan=2|1988
|''[[Marana Mrudangam]]''
|
|
|-
|''Anna Chellelu''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1989
|''[[State Rowdy]]''
|
|
|-
|''Krishna Gari Abbayi''
|
|
|-
|''[[Simha Swapnam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Rajakeeya Chadarangam]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1990
| ''Mamasri''
| Sundara Ramaiah
|
|-
|''[[Inspector Rudra]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Bobbili Raja]]''
| Sundaraiah
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1991
| ''[[Pelli Pustakam (1991 film)|Pelli Pustakam]]''
| Sridhar Rao
| [[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film]]
|-
|''Bhargav''
|
|
|-
|''[[Brahmarshi Viswamitra]]''
|Vashista
|
|-
| ''[[Talli Tandrulu]]''
| Venkataramaiah
|
|-
| rowspan="1"|1992
| ''[[Brundavanam]]''
| Jagannadham
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |1993
| ''[[Muta Mesthri]]''
| Chief Minister
|
|-
| ''[[Gaayam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Major Chandrakanth (1993 film)|Major Chandrakanth]]''
|
|
|-
|''Naga Jyothi''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Rajendrudu Gajendrudu]]''
| Elephant's Master
|
|-
| ''[[Rajeswari Kalyanam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Varasudu]]''
| Principal
|
|-
|''[[Srinatha Kavi Sarvabhowmudu]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1994
| ''[[Govinda Govinda (1994 film)|Govinda Govinda]]''
| Doorvasa Maharshi
|
|-
|''Neram''
|
|
|-
|''[[Subhalagnam]]''
| Lawyer
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|1995
| ''Maya Bazaar''
| [[Balarama]]
|
|-
| ''[[Aayanaki Iddaru]]''
| Krishna Mohan's father
|
|-
| rowspan="1"|1996
| ''[[Dharma Chakram]]''
|
|
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Repallelo Radha]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="1"|2008
| ''Jagadguru Sri Kasinayana Charitra''
| [[Kasinayana]]
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Pratibimbalu]]''
|
| Posthumous film
|}

==See also==
* [[Raghupathi Venkaiah Award]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Gummadi Venkateswara Rao}}
*{{IMDb name}}

{{Raghupathi Venkaiah Award Recipients}}{{Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actor}}{{Authority control}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gummadi}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rashtrapati Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Deaths from multiple organ failure]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Actors from Guntur district]]

Padmasali (caste)

2026-03-19T21:39:03Z

MattPinto5: General improvements and edits

{{short description|Hindu weavers caste found in various Indian states}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Padmasali
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| popplace = [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| langs = [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Tulu language|Tulu]]
| rels = [[Hinduism]]
| related = [[Devanga]], [[Pattusali]], [[Pattariyar]], [[Saliya]]
}}

'''Padmasali''' (also spelt as '''Padmashali, Padmasale''') is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Caste system in India|caste]] residing in the [[Indian people|Indian]] [[States and union territories of India|states]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/scrolls-masks-how-telanganas-400-yr-old-cheriyal-paintings-have-evolved-87843|title=From scrolls to masks: how Telangana's 400 years old cheriyal paintings have evolved|website=www.thenewsminute.com|date=5 September 2018|access-date=2019-08-25}}</ref> [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]] and [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ|title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles|last=Singh|first=Kumar Suresh|date=1996|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-0-19-563357-3|location=|page=1654|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L3YMAQAAMAAJ|title=Identity, ecology, social organization, economy, linkages and development process: a quantitative profile|last1=Singh|first1=Kumar Suresh|last2=India|first2=Anthropological Survey of|date=1996|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-0-19-563353-5|location=|page=109|language=en}}</ref> In coastal [[Karnataka]] they are called Shettigar. Their traditional occupation is [[weaving]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FH_tAAAAMAAJ|title=Indian silk industry|last=Shivappa|first=H. V.|date=2001|publisher=Ganga Kaveri Pub. House|isbn=9788185694351|location=|page=67|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kMyAAAAAMAAJ|title=Man in India|last=Roy|first=Sarat Chandra|date=1992|publisher=A. K. Bose|isbn=|location=|page=143|language=en}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The term ''Padmasali'' is derived from two words ''Padma'' and ''Sali''; [[Padma (attribute)|Padma]] means [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus]] and Sali means [[Weaving|weaver]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DAb2jb5redYC|title=The Indian Textile Journal|last=|first=|date=1984|publisher=Business Press|isbn=|location=|page=63|language=en}}</ref> The word Padma refers to the myth of the thread that was a lotus which sprang from the navel of [[Vishnu]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-lY6AAAAMAAJ|title=The loom of interdependence: silkweaving cooperatives in Kanchipuram|last=Arterburn|first=Yvonne J.|date=1982|publisher=Hindustan Pub. Co.|isbn=9780391027497|location=|page=46|language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The Padmasalis are part of the wider community of Telugu weavers, who are known as "[[Saliya|Sale]]" or "[[Saliya]]". Historically, they were also referred to by other castes as "Julai".{{Sfn|Kumaran|1992|p=141, 153}}

The Padmasalis follow their historical origins and ''[[Puranas]]'' such as ''Kulapurana'' and ''[[Markandeya Purana]]''.<ref name="world" />

The Padmasalis and the [[Devanga]]s, who are another caste of weavers, were originally a single caste in ancient times and followed [[Vaishnavism]]. The caste then split due to differences in faith, with the Devangas being influenced by [[Lingayatism]] and accepting Chamundeswari, the fierce form of [[Durga]] as their [[kuladevata|kuladevi]]. The Padmasalis maintained their belief in Vaishnavism. The Padmasalis eventually specialised in weaving clothes of all varieties.<ref name="world">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t5XlI91kP3YC&pg=PA31|title=The World of the Weaver in Northern Coromandel, C.1750-C.1850|last1=Swarnalatha|first1=P.|publisher=Orient Longman Private Limited|year=2005|isbn=978-8-12502-868-0|edition=2005|location=Hyderabad|pages=31–41}}</ref>

The Padmasalis are of [[Shudra]] origin,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Evans-Pritchard|first=Edwards Evans|title=Peoples of the Earth: The Indian subcontinent (including Ceylon)|publisher=Danbury Press|year=1973|pages=53}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhargav |first=Nimmagadda |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Stringers_and_the_Journalistic_Field/NAymEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=padmasali+shudra&pg=PT32&printsec=frontcover |title=Stringers and the Journalistic Field: Marginalities and Precarious New Labour in Small-Town India |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2023}}</ref> but through the process of [[Sanskritisation]] they claim to be of [[Brahmin]] status. They created various myths in order to reconcile their low-status in the [[Caste system in India|Hindu caste-system]] with their claims to high-caste Sanskritic Brahmin status. In one myth, for example, the [[Rishi|sage]] [[Markandeya]] performed a sacrifice and out of the sacrifice came Bhavanarishi, who married two daughters of the sun god [[Surya]] and had 101 sons. The Padmasalis claim to be the descendants of these 101 sons and claim that they followed Brahmin rites and customs until [[Kali Yuga]], the last of the four ages in Hindu chronology. According to the myth, one member of the caste refused to reveal the secrets of the caste gem, the Padmaksha, to the god [[Ganapati]]. Angered, Ganapati cursed them to be of low status.<ref name="Kumaran">{{Cite book|last=Kumaran|first=K. P.|title=Migration Settlement and Ethnic Associations|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1992|pages=142–145, 153}}</ref>

The 101 children correspond to the 101 gotras of the Padmasalis. These gotras are used to regulate marriages, however Husan noted in 1920 that the many illiterate Padmasalis were unaware that their caste had gotras. Only a few Padmasalis have the [[Brahmin gotra]]s. The guru of the Padmasalis, Tata Acharya, and his deputy, Pattabhai Ramaswamy, traveled throughout regions where the Padmasalis lived and tried to raise their social and religious status. They along with the Padmasali Mahasabha advised the Padmasalis to become vegetarians, to not drink liquor, to prohibit the re-marriage of widows, to prohibit child-marriage, to wear the sacred thread, and perform Brahmanical rites. This was done as the previous religious customs of the Padmasalis were seen as being indicative of their low status in the Hindu caste system, and so sought to erase them in order to obtain greater socio-religious status.<ref name="Kumaran"/>

Members of the Padmasali community migrated into [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-speaking regions from Andhra Pradesh.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=20 March 2000 |title=The 'soft' corner for silks |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/article29056071.ece |access-date=2020-03-26 |website=[[Business Line]] |language=en |quote=Born into the Padmasaliyar weaving community, which has a hoary tradition going back to the Chola period, Nalli Kuppusami Chettiar is proud of his lineage.}}</ref> Their descendants continue to speak [[Telugu language|Telugu]] at home. After migration, the Padmasalis lived in ''Saliya Teru'' (weavers' street) specially assigned to them by royal patrons in the temple town of Kanchipuram.<ref name=":1" /> Major silk retail houses like [[Nalli (wardrobe store)|Nalli]] are owned by Padmasali families.<ref name=":1" />

== Present ==
The Padmasalis are further divided into two groups based on [[Sampradaya]], being the Shaivas and the Vaishnavas. While the Shaivas give preference to worshipping [[Shiva]], the Vaishnavas give preference to worship of [[Vishnu]]. These religious and occupational distinctions are no bar to interdining and intermarriage.<ref name="world" /> They worship local goddesses such as Chamundeswari and Yellamma. The latter is traditionally considered to be the mother of [[Parasurama]] and is identified with [[Renuka]].<ref name="world" /> The Padmasalis wear the sacred thread.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Subrahmanyam|first=Y. Subhashini|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=es4iAAAAMAAJ|title=Social Change in Village India: An Andhra Case Study|date=1975|publisher=Prithvi Raj Publishers|isbn=|location=|pages=76|language=en}}</ref> However, this practice has declined in recent years, along with desires of [[Sanskritisation]] and high caste status.<ref name="Kumaran"/>

== Notable people ==
* [[Pragada Kotaiah]]<ref>{{cite news |date=20 July 2011 |title=Pragada Kotaiah birth anniversary on July 27 |work=The Hindu |location=Vijayawada |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/pragada-kotaiah-birth-anniversary-on-july-27/article2261646.ece |accessdate=2 March 2016}}</ref>
* [[Konda Laxman Bapuji]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-27 |title=KCR unveils Konda Lakshman Bapuji's statue at Padmashali Bhavan |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2014-09-27/KCR-unveils-Konda-Lakshman-Bapujis-statue-at-Padmashali-Bhavan/109373 |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJczAQAAIAAJ&q=konda+laxman+bapuji+padmasali |title=Census of India, 1971: Series 1: India |date= |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |pages=198 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Gosikonda |first=Sreeramulu |date=2022-11-02 |title=Padmashalis in Telangana: Lack of political representation hurts traditional weaving community |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/telangana/padmashalis-in-telangana-lack-of-political-representation-hurts-traditional-weaving-community/ |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=The South First |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* [[Nalli Kuppuswami Chetti]]<ref name=":1" />
* [[Ale Narendra]]<ref name=":2" />
* [[Panchumarthi Anuradha]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Basani |first=Shivakumar |date=24 March 2023 |title=MLC Elections: అనూహ్య రీతిలో విజయం.. ఎవరీ పంచుమర్తి అనురాధ? |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/andhra-pradesh/vijayawada/who-is-this-panchumarthi-anuradha/articleshow/98949463.cms |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=[[Samayam]] |language=te |quote=విజయవాడకు చెందిన, పద్మశాలి సామాజిక వర్గానికి చెందిన అనురాధ ...... గత 15 సంవత్సరాలుగా పద్మశాలి ఇంటర్నేషనల్‌ వెల్ఫేర్‌ అసోసియేషన్‌ ఆధ్వర్యంలో తీరప్రాంతంలోని చేనేత సామాజిక వర్గానికి సేవలందిస్తున్నారు.}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Puttapaka Saree]]
*[[Kaikalas|Kaikala]]
* [[Pattusali]]
* [[Telugu castes]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://www.markandeyaSangam.com Padmasali (Markandeya) Sangam, Padmashali Directory is available here, Hyderabad]
* [http://www.padmashaliinternational.org/ Padmashali International Welfare Association, Vijayawada]

{{Portal bar|India}}

[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Telangana]]
[[Category:Social groups of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Weaving communities of South Asia]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Social groups of Karnataka]]
[[Category:South Indian communities]]
[[Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu]]

Shihan Hussaini

2026-03-12T19:10:15Z

MattPinto5: adding first article more to come

{{Short description|Indian actor (1958–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shihan Hussaini
| image =Shihan_hussaini.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1958|12|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Madurai]], [[Madras State]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2025|03|25|1958|12|28|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India
| othername =
| yearsactive = 1986–2025
| spouse =
| family = [[Ishaq Hussaini]] (brother)
| website = {{URL|www.shihanhussaini.com}}
| occupation = Actor, karate expert, sculptor, artist, poet
}}

'''Shihan Hussaini''' (28 December 1958 – 25 March 2025) was an Indian martial artist and actor in who appeared in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language films. His brother [[Ishaq Hussaini]] has also appeared in Tamil films.<ref name="rediff">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/freedom/08hus.htm|publisher=Rediff|title=Rediff On The NeT: Fifty Years of Freedom|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref> He was also widely covered in Indian media for his acts of devotion towards politician [[Jayalalithaa]] and for his world record attempts.<ref name="newslaundry">{{cite web|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2015/02/23/the-shihan-hussaini-guide-to-winning-a-womans-heart|publisher=newslaundry.com|title=Newslaundry|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref>

==Career==
===Acting career===
Shihan Hussaini rose to fame by his achievements as a karate instructor and set up a school to help young martial arts fighters.<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/He-fought-all-odds-on-his-way-to-karate-black-belt/articleshow/4139272.cms|work=The Times of India|title=He fought all odds on his way to karate black belt — Times of India|date=17 February 2009 |accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref> Hussaini made his acting debut through [[K. Balachander]]'s romantic drama ''[[Punnagai Mannan]]'', where he played a dancer who treats [[Revathi]]'s character harshly as a result of her Sri Lankan heritage. The success of the film prompted filmmakers to sign him on to play the antagonist in [[Rajinikanth]]'s ''[[Velaikkaran (1987 film)|Velaikaran]]'' (1987) and in [[R. K. Selvamani]]'s shelved ''Moongil Kottai'', which featured him alongside [[Vijayakanth]]. During the period in the late 1980s and early 1990s, he also worked on the Hollywood production ''[[Bloodstone (1988 film)|Bloodstone]]'' (1988), the [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]]-starrer ''[[Unnai Solli Kutramillai]]'' (1990) and the [[Sarathkumar]]-starrer ''[[Vedan]]'' (1993). Other films he worked on included ''Naadodigal'' featuring [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] and [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]]'s ''Santharpangal'', though neither film was released.

Furthermore, he appeared in a film titled ''My India'' where he played the lead role alongside actresses [[Swathi (actress)|Swathi]] and [[Vani Viswanath]]. His last on-screen appearance was in ''[[Badri (2001 film)|Badri]]'', where he played [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]'s fitness coach and helped contribute to the making of the "Travelling Soldier" song.<ref name="indiatimes2">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Shihan-Hussaini-quits-drinking/articleshow/45774099.cms|work=The Times of India|title=Shihan Hussaini quits drinking — Times of India|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref> In March 2014, he revealed that he was working on the pre-production of a film titled ''Mudivu'', while denying rumours that he was approached to act in [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]'s ''[[Yennai Arindhaal]]'' (2015).<ref name="behindwoods">{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/is-shihan-hussaini-doing-a-role-in-thala-55.html|publisher=Behindwoods|title=Is Shihan Hussaini doing a role in Thala 55?|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref>

===Other===
In 1998, he helped coordinate security for actor [[Kamal Haasan]] during the making of ''[[Marudhanayagam]]'', and during the premiere shows of [[S. Shankar|Shankar]]'s ''[[Jeans (1998 film)|Jeans]]'' (1998).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/gossip/25-5-98/hussainy.htm |title=Dinakaran |website=www.dinakaran.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041023130446/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/gossip/25-5-98/hussainy.htm |archive-date=23 October 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/nov/10ss.htm|title = Rediff on the NeT, Movies: Gossip from the southern film industry}}</ref> As a devoted follower of politician [[Jayalalithaa]], Shihan Hussaini painted 56 portraits of her using his blood to mark her 56th birthday in 2004.<ref name="indiatimes3">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Jayalalithaa-helps-woman-who-sliced-off-tongue-to-celebrate-her-poll-victory/articleshow/8561385.cms|work=The Times of India|title=Jayalalithaa helps woman who sliced off tongue to celebrate her poll victory — Times of India|date=25 May 2011 |accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref> In February 2013, Hussaini unveiled a bust of Jayalalithaa's face using frozen blood. Hussaini claimed he had collected 11 litres of blood, and that his own was added to blood donated by his archery disciples, including women. Unruffled by critics who accused him of sycophancy, he maintained that his admiration for the politician was normal.<ref name="rediff2">{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-man-who-made-jayalalithaa-s-sculpture-in-blood/20130325.htm|publisher=Rediff|title=The man who made Jayalalithaa's sculpture in BLOOD|accessdate=1 June 2019}}</ref> In February 2015, Hussaini crucified himself wearing a T-shirt with ‘Amma’ on it, praying that Jayalalithaa won her upcoming elections. He remained hanging for more than six minutes after his associates pounded six-inch (15.24 cm) nails into his hands and feet. After the four nails were slowly pulled out, Hussaini was put in a waiting ambulance and taken to the ICU of a nearby hospital.<ref name="thequint">{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/india/2016/10/05/painful-devotion-man-hangs-on-hooks-from-crane-for-tamil-nadu-chief-minister-ammas-health|publisher=thequint.com|title=Painful Devotion: Man Hangs on Hooks From Crane for Amma's Health — The Quint|date=5 October 2016|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref> His actions were widely described by commentators as "foolish".<ref name="hindustantimes">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/man-nails-himself-to-cross-to-pray-for-jayalalithaa-s-return-as-cm/story-qqmt2NjefYLU5n1RnZEU3I.html|publisher=Hindustan Times|title=Man nails himself to cross to pray for Jayalalithaa's return as CM | india | Hindustan Times|date=23 February 2015|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="nytimes">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/05/magazine/what-happens-when-a-state-is-run-by-movie-stars.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=What Happens When a State Is Run by Movie Stars?|date=July 2015 |accessdate=20 November 2016|last1=Romig |first1=Rollo }}</ref>

In 2016, Shihan Hussaini was working as an archery coach and as the founder and general secretary of the Archery Association of Tamil Nadu, the only state archery body recognised and affiliated with the Tamil Nadu Olympic Association and the Archery Association of India.<ref name="scroll">{{cite web|url=http://thefield.scroll.in/819473/shooting-for-an-olympic-win-these-tamil-nadu-archers-take-on-one-target-at-a-time|author=Vinita Govindarajan|publisher=thefield.scroll.in|title=Shooting for an Olympic win, these Tamil Nadu archers are taking on one target at a time|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/taats-the-way-to-go/article4335824.ece|publisher=thehindu.com|title=TAAT's the way to go! - The Hindu|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 January 2013|accessdate=20 November 2016|last1=Keerthivasan|first1=K.}}</ref>

Hussaini worked as a chef and hosted a television show in [[Mega TV (Tamil)|Mega TV]], called Athiradi Samayal.

==Death==
After suffering from blood cancer and a very rare condition called [[aplastic anaemia]], Hussaini died on 25 March 2025 in [[Chennai]], at the age of 66.<ref name="death">{{Cite web |date=25 March 2025 |title=Karate expert Shihan Hussaini passes away after battling blood cancer |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/karate-expert-shihan-hussaini-passes-away-after-battling-blood-cancer/articleshow/119455145.cms |access-date=25 March 2025 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

==Filmography==
=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! Year
! Film
! Role
!class=unsortable| Notes
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Punnagai Mannan]]'' || Sri Lankan Tamil ||
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Velaikkaran (1987 film)|Velaikkaran]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1988 || ''[[Bloodstone (1988 film)|Bloodstone]]'' || || English film
|-
| ''[[Paravaigal Palavitham]]'' || ||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Unnai Solli Kutramillai]]'' || Dharmaraj ||
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Vedan]]'' || ||
|-
| 1997 || ''My India'' || ||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Badri (2001 film)|Badri]]'' || Vetri's coach ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Kaathu Vaakula Rendu Kaadhal]]'' || Karate trainer ||
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Chennai City Gangsters]]'' || Psycho Salim || Posthumous film
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|- style="text-align:centre;"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Role
! scope="col" |Channel
! scope="col" |Notes
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
|2008
|''Athiradi Samayal''
| Anchor
|[[Mega TV (India)|Mega TV]]
|Reality show
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Vellum Thiramai]]''
|Judge
|[[Colors Tamil]]
|Reality show
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name| 3586605}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hussaini, Shihan}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian chefs]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Madurai]]
[[Category:Male actors from Madurai]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian male martial artists]]
[[Category:Deaths from blood cancer in India]]

Vishwanath Shahdeo

2026-03-10T21:18:49Z

MattPinto5: updated information to improve readability and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|King of Barkagarh and Freedom fighter}}
{{Infobox royalty
|name=Vishwanath Shahdeo
|image=Statue of Thakur Vishwanath Shadeo.jpg
|birth_date= {{birth date|1817|08|12|df=yes}}
|death_date= {{death date and age|df=yes|1858|04|16|1817|08|12}}
|birth_place= Satranji, [[Ranchi]], Barkagarh estate
|death_place=[[Ranchi]], [[Chota Nagpur Division]], [[British India]]
|title = [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]]
|succession1 = King of [[Barkagarh estate]]
|predecessor1 = Raghunath Shahdeo
|reign = c.1840 - 1858
| dynasty = [[Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur|Nagvanshi]]
| spouse = Baneshwari Kunwar
| issue = {{hlist|Kapilnath Shahdeo}}
| mother = Chaneshwari Kunwar
| father = Raghunath Shahdeo
}}

'''Vishwanath Shahdeo''' (12 August 1817 – 16 April 1858) was the king of the [[Barkagarh estate]] and a rebel in the [[Indian rebellion of 1857]]. In 1855, he declared himself independent and defeated British forces in Hatia. He led rebels of Ramgarh Battalion in 1857. But defeated by Company forces with the help of king of Pithoria [[Jagatpal Singh]]. He was eventually caught and was hung from a tree along with his accomplices in 1858.<ref name="news8plus2022">{{Cite web|url=https://news8plus.com/my-soil-thakur-vishwanath-shahdev-took-iron-from-the-british-after-leaving-the-royal-palace/|title=My soil: Thakur Vishwanath Shahdev took iron from the British after leaving the royal palace|publisher=news8plus|date=12 August 2022|access-date=26 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/hindi/sudarshan+tv-epaper-sudarsan/16+aprail+balidan+divas+1857+ke+mahanayak+vishvanath+shahadev+ji+vo+yoddha+jo+riyasat+ka+raj+chod+yuddh+kiye+aur+prapt+ki+amarata-newsid-85802441|title=16 अप्रैल- बलिदान दिवस 1857 के महानायक विश्वनाथ शाहदेव जी. वो योद्धा जो रियासत का राज छोड़ युद्ध किये और प्राप्त की अमरता|website=dailyhunt.in}}</ref>

==Life==
===Early life===
He was born on 12 August 1817 in Satranji, the capital of Barkagah estate in then [[Lohardaga district|Lohardaga]] present [[Ranchi district]]. He was a member of the [[Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur|Nagvanshi]] family. Barkagarh state was granted to Nathan Shah who was grand father of Vishwanath Shahdeo for maintenance by the Nagvanshi maharaja of Chhotanagpur. He married Baneswari Kunwar, the sister of King of [[Gangpur State|Rajgangpur]]. He succeeded his father as king of Barkagarh in 1840.<ref name=Ustad1997>{{cite journal | jstor=44143953 | title=The Role of Bishwanath Sahi of Lohardaga district, During the Revolt of 1857 in Bihar | author= Mathur Das Ustad | journal= Proceedings of the Indian History Congress | year=1997 | volume=58 | pages=493–500}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hamarjharkhand.com/2017/04/16/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF/|title=झारखंड के प्रमुख व्यक्तित्व – राजा ठाकुर विश्वनाथ शाहदेव 1817 -1858 ( 16 अप्रैल )|website=hamarjharkhand.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hi.vikaspedia.in/education/91d93e93091692394d921-93093e91c94d92f/91d93e93091692394d921-915947-936939940926/92e91d947-91c93e924947-939948902964-93593f936947937-92494c930-92a930|title=अमर शहीद ठाकुर विश्वनाथ शाहदेव|website=vikaspedia.in}}</ref>

===Independent from Company rule===
Thakur Vishwanath Shahdeo was anti-British and anti-missionaries.
The British had established civil headquarters in Ranchi, and military headquarters of the Ramgarh Battalion at Doronda, without the consent or approval of the [[zamindar]] of Barkagarh. Later German missionaries also established a church, thus the sanctity of the [[Jagannath Temple, Ranchi|Jagannath]] temple was believed to be violated and the zamindar of Barkagarh was virtually surrounded by outsiders.<ref name="MishraPaty2010">{{cite book|author1=Asha Mishra|author2=Chittaranjan Kumar Paty|title=Tribal Movements in Jharkhand, 1857-2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ul6fWJQOfzwC&pg=PA85|year=2010|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-686-2|pages=85–}}</ref> He disliked the authoritarian way of functioning of the officials. The Christian [[Kol people|Kol]] tribals had forcibly taken possession of his lands, encouraged by the [[Christian mission]]aries. When he complained to British officials, they paid no heed and simply ignored him.<ref name=Ustad1997/> He then refused to obey British orders in 1855. This shook British authorities. The British dispatched a military force of Ramgarh Battalion from Doronda to punish him. The British force attacked [[Hatia]], the capital of Barkagarh. In a fierce battle many british soldiers were killed and the British got defeated. Vishwanath Shahdeo won the battle. Unable to do anything for two years, the British administration remained silence.<ref name="news8plus2022"/>

===Role in 1857 rebellion===
{{see also|Battle of Chatra}}
In July 1857, during [[rebellion of 1857]], infantry of Hazaribagh revolted who were infantry and 30 cavalry sliders with rifles. When follower of British tried to seize them near [[Pithoria]], they went through trail of Lohardaga. Jamadar Madhav Singh revolted against Graham. In 1 August 1857, people took over property of Graham. The rebels dispatched a letter to Vishwanath Shahdeo to lead the rebellion and he readily accepted this offer. The 600 rebels of Ramgarh Battalion and forces of Viswanath Shahdeo joined. He organised a ''Mukti Vahini'' (peoples army) with the assistance of nearby zamindars including [[Pandey Ganpat Rai]], [[Tikait Umrao Singh]], [[Sheikh Bhikhari]], Jaimangal Singh, Nadir Ali Khan, Brij Bhusan Singh, Chama Singh, Shiva Singh, Ram Lal Singh and Bijai Ram Singh. They burnt down houses of British in Doronda. British had to flee from Ranchi.
In 11 September 1857, they went to [[Sherghati]]. Major English attacked rebels in Chatra with soldiers of [[Madras Regiment]] and [[Sikh Regiment]] which resulted in defeat of rebels. Vishwanath Shahdeo and Pandey Ganpat Rai flee and came to Ranchi and continued their struggle against Company rule.<ref name=Jha1983>{{cite journal | title=Ganpat Rai of Bhunra | author= Pratap Narayan Jha | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume = 44| year=1983 | pages= 370–371|jstor = 44139860}}</ref>

King of [[Pithoria]], [[Jagatpal Singh]] helped British forces. Viswanath Shahdeo attacked Jagatpal Singh in Pithoria. A fierce battle ensured in Pithoria for several days which resulted in defeat of rebels. He was caught and hanged in Ranchi in 16 April 1858. Pandey Ganpat Rai was hanged in 21 April 1858.<ref name="news8plus2022"/>

===Aftermath===
British captured 97 villages of Barkagarh estate. They demolished Satranji Garh and Hatiagarh fort. They confiscated all properties of Viswanath Shahdeo.<ref name="news8plus2022"/><ref name=Ustad1997 />

The wife of Viswanath Shahdeo Baneswari Kunwar fled to forest of Rani Khorha in [[Gumla district]] with her one year son Kapil Nath Shahdeo and trusted individuals. She knew that British can kill her and her son. She lived 12 years in exile in Khora village. After 12 year, Baneswari Kunwar demanded return of property of Barkagarh estate by forwarding her son. But British stated that the Barkagarh estate run by council created by British which run estate of Jagirdar, Jamindar who have no inheritors and it will continue. But they agreed to pay Rani Baneswari Kunwar Rs.30 per month from tax collected by Barkagarh property.<ref name="news8plus2022"/>

==Commemoration==
A statue of Thakur Viswanath Shahdeo is installed in Ranchi and every year on his birth anniversary, people gather to tribute him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jharkhandstatenews.com/article/top-stories/1409/tributes-paid-to-pitthoriya-martyr-thakur-vishwanth-sahdev|title=Tributes paid to Pitthoriya martyr Thakur Vishwanth Sahdev|website=jharkhandstatenews.com|date=5 January 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/raghubar-pays-tributes-to-thakur-vishwnanth-sahdeo-on-his-birth-anniversary/other/news/958378.html|title=Raghubar pays tributes to Thakur Vishwnanth Sahdeo on his birth anniversary|website=uniindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.avenuemail.in/ranchi/cm-pays-tribute-thakur-vishwanath-sahdeo-birth-anniversary/111524/|title=CM pays tribute to Sahdeo on his birth anniversary|website=avenuemail.com|access-date=2019-02-14|archive-date=2018-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107010404/https://www.avenuemail.in/ranchi/cm-pays-tribute-thakur-vishwanath-sahdeo-birth-anniversary/111524/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shahdeo, Vishwanath}}
[[Category:1817 births]]
[[Category:1858 deaths]]
[[Category:Revolutionaries of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Bihar]]
[[Category:History of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:People from Ranchi district]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian royalty]]
[[Category:Nagpuria people]]

En Bommukutty Ammavukku

2026-03-09T13:55:13Z

MattPinto5: refined intro also and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = En Bommukutty Ammavukku.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]]
| writer = Fazil [[Gokula Krishnan]] (dialogues)
| producer = R. D. Bhaskar
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sathyaraj]]|[[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]]|[[Raghuvaran]]|[[Rekha Harris|Rekha]]|[[Geetu Mohandas]]}}
| cinematography = Ananda Kuttan
| editing = T. R. Shekharr
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Pavalar Creations
| released = {{film date|1988|4|15|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''En Bommukutty Ammavuku''''' ({{translation|My doll is for mother}}) is a 1988 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by Fazil, starring [[Sathyaraj]], [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]], [[Raghuvaran]], [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] and [[Geetu Mohandas]]. It is a remake of Fazil's own [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Ente Mamattukkuttiyammakku]]'' (1983).<ref>{{Cite web |date=1989 |title=Indian Cinema 1988 |url=https://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/136_IPCatalogue1988.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131153025/https://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/136_IPCatalogue1988.pdf |archive-date=31 January 2020 |access-date=28 October 2021 |website=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |pages=75–76}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Simon |first=Litty |date=7 October 2018 |title=35 years of Baby Shalini's 'Ente Mamattykkuttiyammakku' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/10/07/ente-mamattukkuttiyammakku-fazil-shalini-gopy-movie.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808105311/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/10/07/ente-mamattukkuttiyammakku-fazil-shalini-gopy-movie.html |archive-date=8 August 2021 |access-date=8 August 2021 |website=[[Onmanorama]]}}</ref> The film was released on 15 April 1988.<ref>{{Cite web |title=என் பொம்முக்குட்டி அம்மாவுக்கு / En Bommukutty Ammavukku (1988) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/en-bommukutty-ammavukku |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119120935/https://screen4screen.com/movies/en-bommukutty-ammavukku |archive-date=19 November 2023 |access-date=28 October 2021 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=October 2021}}
Lakshmi and Vinod, a couple who lost their daughter in an accident, decide to adopt a girl from the local orphanage. But problems arise when the child's biological parents Mercy and Alex seek to find her.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Sathyaraj]] as Vinod
* [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] as Lakshmi
* [[Raghuvaran]] as Alex
* [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] as Mercy<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pannerselvam |first=Kanimozhi |date=31 May 2020 |title="புன்னகை மன்னன்" ரேகாவின் மகளை பார்த்திருக்கீங்களா?... அழகில் அம்மாவையே ஓரங்கட்டும் க்யூட் போட்டோஸ்...! |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/actress-rekha-daughter-photo-going-viral-qb75bk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620191033/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/actress-rekha-daughter-photo-going-viral-qb75bk |archive-date=20 June 2020 |access-date=28 October 2021 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=ta}}</ref>
* [[M. S. Thripunithura]] as Fr Joseph Epstein
* [[Janagaraj]] as Lawyer
* [[Geetu Mohandas]] as Tinnu
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=En Bommu Kutti Ammaavukku (1988) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0002680 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130204756/http://raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0002680 |archive-date=30 January 2013 |access-date=8 January 2013 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=En Bommukkutti Ammavukku Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/en-bommukkutti-ammavukku-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808105311/https://mossymart.com/product/en-bommukkutti-ammavukku-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=8 August 2021 |access-date=8 August 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Chitra Chittugal
| lyrics1 = [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]]
| extra1 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length1 = 4:32
| title2 = Uyire
| lyrics2 = [[Piraisoodan]]
| extra2 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], K. S. Chithra
| length2 = 4:33
| title3 = Kuyile
| note3 = duet
| lyrics3 = [[Gangai Amaran]]
| extra3 = K. J. Yesudas, K. S. Chithra
| length3 = 4:25
| title4 = Patharamathu
| lyrics4 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaalee]]
| extra4 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]
| length4 = 3:48
| title5 = Yaiyaiya Yaiyaiya
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 = [[Ilaiyaraaja]], K. S. Chithra, [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| length5 = 1:50
| title6 = Kuyile
| note6 = female
| lyrics6 = Gangai Amaran
| extra6 = K. S. Chithra, [[Bhavatharini]]
| length6 = 4:22
| title7 = Bommu Kutti
| lyrics7 = Vaalee
| extra7 = K. J. Yesudas
| length7 = 4:30
| title8 = Nallorgal Unnai
| lyrics8 = Gangai Amaran
| extra8 = K. S. Chithra
| length8 = 0:46
| title9 = Kuyile
| note9 = male
| lyrics9 = Gangai Amaran
| extra9 = K. J. Yesudas
| length9 = 4:17
| total_length = 33:03 
}}

== Reception ==

''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "The script moves ever so gracefully plumbing the depths of a bereaved couple's predicament." The reviewer went on to say, "Fazil seems to have given a great deal of thought to every scene. The only drawback of the film ironically contributed by music director Ilayaraja, whose brother Baskar is the film's producer. The one man who is allowed to indulge himself is Ilayaraja (too many songs). After all, it's as good as being his own film".<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 May 1988 |title=En Bommukutti Ammavukku |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19880506&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=11 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0214666}}

{{Fazil (director)}}

[[Category:1988 Indian films]]
[[Category:1988 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1988 drama films]]
[[Category:1988 films]]
[[Category:Films about adoption]]
[[Category:Films directed by Fazil]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Anand (2004 film)

2026-03-06T02:36:55Z

MattPinto5:

{{Short description|2004 Telugu film}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Hook|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Anand 2004 poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Sekhar Kammula]]
| writer = Sekhar Kammula
| producer = Sekhar Kammula
| starring = [[Raja Abel|Raja]] [[Kamalinee Mukherjee]] [[Satya Krishnan]] [[Anish Kuruvilla]]
| music = [[K. M. Radha Krishnan]]
| cinematography = [[Vijay C Kumar]]
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| studio = [[Amigos Creations]] [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]]
| distributor = Amigos Creations
| released = {{Film date|2004|10|15|df=y}}
| runtime = 180 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = ₹30 Lakhs<ref name="BSI">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=1 January 2005 |title=When Tollywood tunes didn't mesmerise box-office |work=Business Standard India |url=http://www.business-standard.com:80/article/Companies/When-Tollywood-tunes-didn-t-mesmerise-box-office-105010101062_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312105938/http://www.business-standard.com:80/article/Companies/When-Tollywood-tunes-didn-t-mesmerise-box-office-105010101062_1.html |archive-date=12 March 2013 |access-date=18 July 2022 |quote=One of the year's biggest surprises was Anand, a film made on a shoestring budget of less than Rs 1 crore.}}</ref>
| gross = ₹8-10 crore [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributors' share]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Tollywood Top 10 Box Office Collection Movies In 2004 |url=https://t2blive.com/tollywood-top-10-box-office-collection-movies-in-2004/ |website=T2BLive |language=en |date=19 February 2019 |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref>
}}
'''''Anand'''''{{efn|Taglined ''Manchi Coffee Lanti Cinema'' ({{translation|Film as good as a coffee}})}} is a 2004 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama film]] written and directed by [[Sekhar Kammula]].<ref>{{cite web|work=Rediff.com |last=Kausar Alam |first=Hina |access-date=4 October 2007 |title=I'm not here to transport people to fantasy land |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2000/apr/24doll.htm| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071020052115/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2000/apr/24doll.htm| archive-date= 20 October 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> Produced jointly by [[Amigos Creations]] and [[National Film Development Corporation of India]], the film stars [[Raja Abel|Raja]] and [[Kamalinee Mukherjee]]. The film's basic story was also chosen as the subject for [[Sekhar Kammula]]'s [[thesis]] screenplay, which was a requirement for his Master of [[Fine Arts]] at [[Howard University]].<ref>{{cite web|work=Howard University |access-date=4 October 2007 |title=Master of Fine Arts in Film Program |url=http://www.howard.edu/SchoolCommunications/RTVF/MFAprogram.htm| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071101054924/http://www.howard.edu/SchoolCommunications/RTVF/MFAprogram.htm| archive-date= 1 November 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Farida |first=Syeda |access-date=5 October 2007 |title= A different reverie |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/08/03/stories/2004080300710100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825181435/http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/08/03/stories/2004080300710100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 August 2010 |location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 August 2004}}</ref>

The film was screened at the [[International Film Festival of India]] in the mainstream section.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm36IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=36IIFA.pdf|title=Directorate of Film Festival|work=iffi.nic.in|access-date=12 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323225446/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm36IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=36IIFA.pdf|archive-date=23 March 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The film was well received by critics and became a major success at the box office. It was remade in [[Tamil films|Tamil]] as ''[[Ninaithaley]]''.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=4 October 2007 |work=Chennaivision.com |title=Love beats – Ninathale |url=http://www.chennaivision.com/cinevision/movie_reviews/ninaithale.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071003044311/http://www.chennaivision.com/cinevision/movie_reviews/ninaithale.asp |archive-date=3 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|work=Musicmazaa.com |access-date=4 October 2007 |title=Ninaithale Movie Cinema Review |date=23 February 2007 |url=http://musicmazaa.com/tamil/review/movie/Ninaithale.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071101043450/http://musicmazaa.com/tamil/review/movie/Ninaithale.html |archive-date=1 November 2007}}</ref> The film went on to win the [[Nandi Awards]] among several other [[Anand (2004 film)#Awards|prominent awards]]. The film's [[Anand (2004 film)#Soundtrack|soundtrack]] was well appreciated for its soft melodies.<ref>{{cite web |work=Idlebrain.com |last=Sunil |first=Sreya |access-date=6 October 2007 |title=Anand has soft melodies |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/audio/areviews/anand.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026040405/http://www.idlebrain.com/audio/areviews/anand.html |archive-date=26 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Plot==
Roopa is a woman with self-respect, determined at her decisions, and yet lovable and sensitive. She works in an [[ad agency]] along with teaching [[classical music]] part-time. Along with Anita, she also works on weekends at a nursery. After losing her parents at a young age, she fends for herself.

She is engaged to Rahul, a rich [[Marwari people|Marwari]] whom she fell in love with. On the night of the wedding, she is confronted with Rahul's mother who insists Roopa to wear a [[North Indian]] dress. Roopa, however, has always desired to wear her mother's [[sari]] for her wedding. The argument turns ugly while Rahul keeps mum tacitly supporting his mother. Roopa finally decides to call off the marriage after realizing that her freedom and individuality are not being respected by them.

Anand is the son of a rich industrialist who unintentionally killed Roopa's parents in a car accident, thereby losing mental stability. Anand brings his father to Roopa's wedding hoping that his blessings for the wedded couple would bring solace to his soul. At the wedding, however, Anand witnesses the turn of events and finds that Roopa is the woman for him. In order to try his luck in wooing Roopa, he drops his studies in the US and decides to move into a room next to her house. They frown, fight, argue with each other all through his stay there. Anita who is aware of Anand's love for Roopa helps him by giving tips to get closer to her.

A few months later, Rahul's mother dies and Roopa is the one he approaches to seek solace. She gives all the support as a friend to Rahul during his difficult days. On the other hand, the affection between Anand and Roopa is on and off, with arguments on trivial issues. Anand continues to put in his efforts till one day drunken Rahul appears at Roopa's house only to forcibly convince her to marry him. Anand gets frustrated and kicks him out of the house and blames her for choosing Rahul over him. Trying to win back the love of Anand, she cooks for him. Anand rejects and leaves the house. After a few days, they both meet again at a [[Dandiya]] night, where Roopa confesses her love to him. Later, Anand reveals that his father is responsible for her parents' death. Though she was shocked by learning this, she decides to forgive that event and move on with her life and agrees to marry Anand.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Raja Abel|Raja]] as Anand Singaraju
* [[Kamalinee Mukherjee]] as Roopa (voice-over by [[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]])
* [[Anuj Gurwara]] as Rahul, Roopa's ex-fiancée
* [[Anish Kuruvilla]] as Raju, Anand's cousin (voice-over by Sekhar Kammula)
* [[Satya Krishnan]] as Anita, Roopa's friend
* Bakhitha Francis as Samatha, Anand's friend
* Chandana Chakrabarti as Rahul's mother
* [[Gopichand Lagadapati]] as Ram
* Gururaj Manepalli as Anand's father
* [[Shankar Melkote]] as Roopa's boss
* [[Sekhar Kammula]] as auto driver (cameo appearance)
}}

==Production==

===Financing===
After Sekhar Kammula's first venture, ''[[Dollar Dreams]]'' (2000), he began meeting producers with his stories. When he initially told them a story, they felt that it was too simple. Then, he began giving them a bound script of ''Anand''. Unfortunately, none came forward to produce it. Upon someone's suggestion, Kammula approached [[National Film Development Corporation of India|National Film Development Corporation]] (NFDC) and they came forward to fund a part of the project.<ref>{{cite news|last=Verma |first=Sujatha |access-date=7 October 2007 |title=Freshly Ground |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/11/10/stories/2004111000380100.htm |location=Chennai, India |date=10 November 2004| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071101053149/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/11/10/stories/2004111000380100.htm| archive-date= 1 November 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] | url-status= dead}}</ref> This set a precedent because it was the first time that NFDC entered into commercial [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{cite web|work=Amigos Creations |title=About the Film |access-date=10 October 2007 |url=http://www.amigoscreations.net/Homepage.swf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211184047/http://www.amigoscreations.net/Homepage.swf |archive-date=11 February 2007 }}</ref>

Anish Kuruvilla, who played Anand's cousin in the film, was the executive producer for the film and Kammula's following film, ''[[Godavari (2006 film)|Godavari]]'' (2006).<ref>{{cite web|last=Jeevi |access-date=10 October 2007 |work=Idlebrain.com |title=Movie review – Godavari |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-godavari.html| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071015074718/http://idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-godavari.html| archive-date= 15 October 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref>

===Casting and locations===
Kammula preferred actors who suit the roles than writing characters for established actors. Hence, the choice of the cast were non-established actors.<ref>{{cite news|last=Narasimhan |first=M.L. |access-date=10 October 2007 |title=Happy as can be |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/08/23/stories/2007082350180400.htm |location=Chennai, India |date=23 August 2007| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071101053155/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/08/23/stories/2007082350180400.htm| archive-date= 1 November 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] | url-status= dead}}</ref> The search process lasted 3 months.<ref name="Interview">{{cite web|work=Idlebrain.com |last=Jeevi |access-date=9 October 2007 |title=Interview with Sekhar Kammula by Jeevi |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/inter_sekharkammula.html| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071009004722/http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/inter_sekharkammula.html| archive-date= 9 October 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> The casting for Raja was simple. Kammula wanted someone without melodrama in acting and it just came as a plus when Raja appreciated Kammula's directorial abilities.<ref name="Interview"/> The choice for an actress made Kammula visit [[Mumbai]] and [[Bangalore]], but he could not get the appropriate one. On knowing about [[Kamalinee Mukherjee]], he subjected her to a [[screen test]]. After the test, he selected her as the actress in the lead role.<ref name="Interview"/> The choice of location was first thought as [[Ramoji Film City]] and Nanakramguda in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]. So, these thoughts were quashed because the need was for a suitably big house and an outhouse situated adjacent to it. Since Kammula stayed in ''Padmarao Nagar'', a prominent locality in Hyderabad, a location there made it all the more accessible for him.<ref name="Interview"/>

===Miscellaneous===
Kammula's primary inspiration came from the Indian middle class. He was of the thought that this section of people were wrongly represented in films. He wanted to represent them appropriately and this was achieved with ''Anand''.<ref name="TotaltollywoodIntw">{{cite web|work=Totaltollywood.com |last=Phani |access-date=11 October 2007 |title=An exclusive interview with Sekhar Kammula |url=http://www.totaltollywood.com/interviews/Sekhar-Kammula_2090.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106011119/http://totaltollywood.com/interviews/Sekhar-Kammula_2090.html |archive-date= 6 January 2009 }}</ref>

Kammula sat with [[Veturi]] for writing songs for the film. Kammula said that he could see thousands of expressions expressed as a couple of words in lyrics. Eventually, they ended up with six beautiful songs penned by Veturi. For ''Anand'', Veturi took a month to come up with the lyrics as against his usual penchant of coming up with lyrics spontaneously.<ref name="Interview"/>

Being a [[Bengali people|Bengali]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Idlebrain.com |last=Jeevi |access-date=10 October 2007 |title=Interview with Kamalinee Mukherjee by Jeevi |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/interview-kamalineemukherjee.html| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071028192323/http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/interview-kamalineemukherjee.html| archive-date= 28 October 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> there was a need for someone to [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dub]] [[Kamalinee Mukherjee]]'s voice for the film.<ref>{{cite web|work=Idlebrain.com |access-date=10 October 2007 |title=Anand – Press Meet |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/anand-pressmeet.html| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071101052808/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/anand-pressmeet.html| archive-date= 1 November 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> This was provided by a well-known singer and television host, [[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]]. The voice of Sunitha blended so well with the screen presence of Kamalinee that she went on to win an award for it.<ref name="Nandi2004">{{cite web|work=Idlebrain.com |access-date=10 October 2007 |title=Nandi Awards 2004 Response |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2004response.html| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071011071937/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2004response.html| archive-date= 11 October 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref>

With most of the cast not well-versed in speaking [[Telugu language|Telugu]], Kammula faced challenges in their [[dialogue]] delivery. It just happened that most of the cast couldn't speak ''Telugu''. The crew had to face a slight loss of the performance owing to this fact. To overcome this handicap, the dialogues were altered slightly to improve the actors' diction.<ref name="TotaltollywoodIntw"/>

==Release==

===Critical acclaim and reviews===
''Anand'' had a relatively low-profile release unlike the huge banner releases of the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film industry. It was made with a modest budget of less than {{INR}}1 [[crore]].<ref name="BSI" /> Kammula wasn't sure of the outcome of the film and said "I knew that it would either be a huge hit or a huge flop".<ref>{{cite web|access-date=11 October 2007 |url=http://www.nriinternet.com/Section1/12Movies%20and%20Music/2004/Telgu_Films/Anand_and_Dollar/index.htm |title=Don't call me an NRI: Sekhar Kammula |agency=Indo-Asian News Service| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071031073630/http://www.nriinternet.com/Section1/12Movies%20and%20Music/2004/Telgu_Films/Anand_and_Dollar/index.htm| archive-date= 31 October 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> It evoked a decent response from the critics. [[Idlebrain.com]] gave the film a 3.75/5.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jeevi |access-date=11 October 2007 |work=Idlebrain.com |title=Movie review – Anand |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-anand.html| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071010113624/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-anand.html| archive-date= 10 October 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> The website review goes on to recommend this film to the film-going audiences. On the other hand, ''IndiaGlitz'' said that the film was "good, but could have been better".<ref>{{cite web|work=Indiaglitz.com |title=Anand Movie Review |access-date=11 October 2007 |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/review/7194.html| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071027090805/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/review/7194.html| archive-date= 27 October 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> It also figured among the top five grossers in the Telugu film industry for the year 2004.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sridhar |access-date=12 October 2007 |title=Year 2004 – a flashback |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/12/31/stories/2004123101620100.htm |location=Chennai, India |date=31 December 2004| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071101053200/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/12/31/stories/2004123101620100.htm| archive-date= 1 November 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] | url-status= dead}}</ref> The success of the films in India being measured in the number of days the film has been screened in the theatres, Anand completed 100 days of screening on 28 January 2005.<ref>{{cite web|work=Totaltollywood.com |title=Anand 100 days – Celebrations |access-date=12 October 2007 |url=http://totaltollywood.com/gallery/function/anand100days/pics60.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717075726/http://totaltollywood.com/gallery/function/anand100days/pics60.html |archive-date=17 July 2011 }}</ref> Another website says that the film was realistic in its depiction and goes on to given instances in the film that do happen (unlike some of the fictitious and dreamy Indian films).<ref>{{cite web |work=Passionforcinema.com |last=Om |access-date=12 October 2007 |title=Sekhar Kammula: Passion for cinema? |url=http://passionforcinema.com/sekhar-kammula-passion-for-cinema/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011014056/http://passionforcinema.com/sekhar-kammula-passion-for-cinema/ |archive-date=11 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The film has six songs composed by [[K.M. Radha Krishnan]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Raaga.com |access-date=8 October 2007 |title=Anand – Telugu Movie Songs |url=http://telugu.surli.in/movie/anand/| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071011012130/http://www.raaga.com/channels/telugu/movie/A0000416.html| archive-date= 11 October 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="MIO">{{cite web |work=Musicindiaonline.com |access-date=8 October 2007 |title=Anand (2004) Songs – Music india Online |url=http://www.musicindiaonline.com/music/telugu/s/movie_name.7310/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030201954/http://www.musicindiaonline.com/music/telugu/s/movie_name.7310/ |archive-date=30 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and according to one repository of Indian songs, "all the songs but for one assume classical and [[Carnatic music]] in it".<ref name="MIO"/> All songs were written by [[Veturi]].

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| longer_column = Length(s)
| title1 = Vachhe Vachhe | extra1 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]] | length1 = 4:37
| title2 = Yamunatheeram | extra2 = [[K.S.Chithra]], [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] | length2 = 4:10
| title3 = Nuvvena Naa Nuvvena | extra3 = Shreya Ghoshal, K.M. Radha Krishnan | length3 = 4:54
| title4 = Charumati I Love You | extra4 = [[Lucky Ali]] | length4 = 4:09
| title5 = Telisi Telisi | extra5 = Shreya Ghoshal | length5 = 4:28
| title6 = Yedalo Ganam | extra6 = K.S.Chithra, Hariharan | length6 = 4:55
}}

==Awards==
;[[Nandi Awards]] - 2004<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
* [[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Second Best Feature Film - Silver]] – [[Sekhar Kammula]]
* [[Nandi Award for Best Director|Best Director]] – Sekhar Kammula
* [[Nandi Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] – [[Kamalinee Mukherjee]]
* [[Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] – [[Satya Krishnan]]
* [[Nandi Award for Best Child Actress|Best Child Artiste]] – Bakhita
* [[Nandi Award for Best Female Dubbing Artist|Best Female Dubbing Artist]] – [[Sunitha Upadrashta]]

;[[Filmfare Awards South]]
{| class="wikitable"
! Ceremony
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
! {{tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[52nd Filmfare Awards South]]
| Best Film
| [[Sekhar Kammula]]
| {{Nominated}}
| rowspan="5" |
|-
| Best Director
| [[Sekhar Kammula]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| Best Actor – Female
| [[Kamalinee Mukherjee]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| Best Music
| [[K. M. Radha Krishnan]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actress
| [[Satya Krishnan]]
| {{Nominated}}
|}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0857300|Anand}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130723021806/http://www.amigoscreations.com/movies-anand Anand – Amigos Creations]

{{Sekhar Kammula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anand}}
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2004 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. M. Radha Krishnan]]
[[Category:2000s romantic musical films]]
[[Category:2004 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sekhar Kammula]]
[[Category:2004 musical films]]

Sathya (Kannada TV series)

2026-03-05T03:02:37Z

MattPinto5: adding basic entry more to come

{{Short description|2020 Indian Kannada language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Sathyaaa.png
| image_size =
| company =
| last_aired = {{End date|2024|8|10|df=y}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|12|7|df=y}}
| network = [[Zee Kannada]]
| num_episodes = 987
| language = Kannada
| num_seasons =
| editor =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| writer =
| producer =
| country = India
| director = Swapna Krishna
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| genre = [[Drama]]
| caption =
| location = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| related = ''Sindura Bindu''
}}

'''''Sathya''''' is an Indian [[Kannada]] language television series aired on [[Zee Kannada]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sathya, featuring Gowthami Jadhav and Sagar Biligowda, goes on air from tonight - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/sathya-featuring-gowthami-jadhav-and-sagar-biligowda-goes-on-air-from-tonight/articleshow/79603928.cms |access-date=2020-12-07 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 December 2020 }}</ref> It premiered from 7 December 2020 and ended on 10 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daily soap Sathya to feature a major twist in Karthik's wedding sequence; deets inside - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/daily-soap-sathya-to-feature-a-major-twist-in-karthiks-wedding-sequence-deets-inside/articleshow/91542087.cms |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 May 2022 |archive-date=18 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718112818/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/daily-soap-sathya-to-feature-a-major-twist-in-karthiks-wedding-sequence-deets-inside/articleshow/91542087.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The show is an official remake of Zee Sarthak's TV series ''Sindura Bindu''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daily soap Sathya completes two years on Kannada TV - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/daily-soap-sathya-completes-two-years-on-kannada-tv/articleshow/96128548.cms |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 December 2022 |archive-date=3 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103182725/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/daily-soap-sathya-completes-two-years-on-kannada-tv/articleshow/96128548.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> It was an essence remake of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] TV series ''[[Sathya (Tamil TV series)|Sathya]]''. It stars Gauthami Jadav and Sagar Biligowda in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kannada daily soap 'Sathya' celebrates 900 episodes with captivating storyline - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kannada-daily-soap-sathya-celebrates-900-episodes-with-captivating-storyline/articleshow/109908140.cms |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 May 2024 }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Sathya, a rebellious girl, falls in love with Karthik, who is attracted to Sathya's sister, Divya. As fate would have it, Sathya and Karthik get married.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sathya gears up for an action-packed episode; here's what to expect - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/sathya-gears-up-for-an-action-packed-episode-heres-what-to-expect/articleshow/92393298.cms |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 June 2022 |archive-date=18 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718112817/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/sathya-gears-up-for-an-action-packed-episode-heres-what-to-expect/articleshow/92393298.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Gauthami Jadav as Sathya<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karthik and Sathya recreate an iconic scene from the movie 'Mungaru Male' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/sathya-karthik-and-sathya-recreate-an-iconic-scene-from-the-movie-mungaru-male/articleshow/98858838.cms |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 March 2023 |archive-date=18 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718112818/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/sathya-karthik-and-sathya-recreate-an-iconic-scene-from-the-movie-mungaru-male/articleshow/98858838.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Sagar Biligowda as Karthik<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagar Biligowda signs new serial Sathya - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/sagar-biligowda-signs-new-serial-sathya/articleshow/78761759.cms |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 October 2020 |archive-date=18 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718112815/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/sagar-biligowda-signs-new-serial-sathya/articleshow/78761759.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Recurring ===
* Malathi Sardeshpande as Seetha<ref>{{Cite web |title=New serial Sathya celebrates womanhood in a unique way - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/new-serial-sathya-celebrates-womanhood-in-a-unique-way/articleshow/79546463.cms |access-date=2020-12-03 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 December 2020 }}</ref>
* Girija Lokesh as Girija
* Srinivasa Murthy as Ramchandra
* Abhijeeth as Lakshman
* Priyanka as Divya
* Shashi as Bala
* Shalini Rao as Urmila
* Anushree Janardhan / Rashmi as Keerthana<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anu Janardhan Quits Daily Soap Sathya, Says, "Keerthana-A Character I Cherished" - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/anu-janardhan-quits-sathya-keerthanas-departure-leaves-fans-saddened/articleshow/107285148.cms |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 January 2024 }}</ref>
* Rakshita as Ritu
* Ramesh Bhat<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramesh Bhat bags a pivotal role in Sathya serial - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/ramesh-bhat-bags-a-pivotal-role-in-the-kannada-tv-show-sathya/articleshow/86804034.cms |access-date=2021-10-06 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 October 2021 }}</ref>
* Seerunde Raghu as Manja

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt18329762}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/sathya/0-6-3120 ''Sathya''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Kannada-language television shows]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee Kannada original programming]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]

Duryodhana

2026-03-04T14:31:07Z

MattPinto5: general cleaned up formatting for consistency and improved wording per sources

{{Short description|Eldest Kaurava in the epic Mahabharata}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox character
| affiliation = [[Kaurava]]
| info-hdr = Information
| name = Duryodhana
| image = File:Duryodhana—Raja Ravi Varma.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Duryodhana in the Kuru Court insulting [[Krishna]] before the [[Kurukshetra War]], painting by [[Raja Ravi Varma]]
| aliases = Suyodhana
| weapon = [[Gada (mace)]]
| spouse = *[[Wife of Duryodhana#Kalinga Princess|Princess of Kalinga]]
* [[Wife of Duryodhana#Kashi Princess|Princess of Kashi]]
| children = *[[Lakshmana Kumara]] (son)
* [[Lakshmanaa]] (daughter, in [[Puranas|''Puranic'' scriptures]])
| family = *[[Dhritarashtra]] (father)
*[[Gandhari (character)|Gandhari]] (mother)
*[[Dushasana]], [[Vikarna]], and 97 more (younger brothers)
*[[Dushala]] (sister)
*[[Yuyutsu]] (half-brother)
| relatives = *[[Pandavas]] (paternal half cousins)
*[[Shakuni]] (maternal uncle)
*[[Pandu]] and [[Vidura]] (paternal uncles)
| home = [[Hastinapur]], [[Kuru kingdom]]
}}

'''Duryodhana''' ({{langx|sa|दुर्योधन}}, {{IAST3|Duryodhana}}), also known as '''Suyodhana''', is the primary antagonist of the Hindu epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''. He is the eldest of the [[Kaurava|Kauravas]], the hundred sons of King [[Dhritarashtra]] and Queen [[Gandhari (Mahabharata)|Gandhari]] of [[Kuru dynasty]]. Born through a miraculous manner, his birth is accompanied by ill-omens. Duryodhana grows up in [[Hastinapur|Hastinapura]] and later becomes its crown prince. Driven by innate selfishness, jealousy, and hostility towards his cousins—the five [[Pandava]] brothers—Duryodhana frequently plots against them, aided by his principal allies: his trickster uncle [[Shakuni]], his loyal friend [[Karna]], his devoted brother [[Dushasana]] and his blind and indulgent father Dhritarashtra.

Duryodhana's envy culminates in the infamous dice game, where he humiliates [[Draupadi]], the queen of the Pandavas. This incident provokes [[Bhima]], the second Pandava, to vow that he will one day smash Duryodhana's thigh. Later, with the help of Shakuni, Duryodhana tricks the Pandavas into relinquishing their kingdom and forces them into exile. Even after the Pandavas complete their thirteen-year exile, he refuses to restore their kingdom, directly triggering the outbreak of the [[Kurukshetra War]].{{sfn|Buitenen|Fitzgerald|1973|p=617}}<ref name=":3">[https://ia802901.us.archive.org/15/items/JamesLochtefeldTheIllustratedEncyclopediaOfHinduism/James%20Lochtefeld%20The%20Illustrated%20Encyclopedia%20of%20Hinduism.pdf The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism (2 Vol Set)]</ref>

During the war, Duryodhana is supported by renowned warriors such as [[Bhishma]], [[Drona]], [[Karna]] and [[Shalya]]. As the conflict reaches its climax and most of his key supporters have fallen, Duryodhana flees the battlefield and hides within a magically fortified lake. When the Pandavas discover him, he agrees to a final duel, selecting his main rival Bhima as his opponent. Although Duryodhana has superior skills, he is ultimately defeated when Bhima strikes him illegally on the thigh. Gravely wounded and humiliated, Duryodhana remains defiant to the end, appointing his friend [[Ashwatthama|Ashvatthaman]] as commander of the remaining Kaurava forces. Following a final act of vengeance orchestrated by Ashvatthaman, Duryodhana succumbs to his injuries.{{sfn|Buitenen|Fitzgerald|1973|p=617}}

Duryodhana is regarded as an incarnation of the personification of strife, [[Kali (demon)|Kali]] (distinct from the goddess [[Kali]]). He is noted for his bravery, ambition, martial skills and adherence to ''[[kshatriya dharma]]'' (the warrior's code); however, he is also portrayed in the epic as an arrogant and envious man of poor judgment, who refuses to acknowledge [[Krishna]]'s divinity.{{sfn|Buitenen|Fitzgerald|1973|p=617}}<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> Duryodhana has been prominently adapted in numerous derivative works, such as ''[[Urubhanga]]'' and ''Venisamhara'', where his character is expanded and portrayed with elements of pathos and tragedy.<ref name=":1" />

==Etymology and epithets==
The name "''Duryodhana''" is derived from [[Sanskrit]], combining the term "''yodhana''" (योधन), meaning "to fight" or "warrior", with the prefix "''dur''" (दुर्). The prefix ''dur''- carry a pejorative sense, meaning “badly” or “difficult to-.” This leads to interpretations such as “one who fights badly” or “one who is difficult to fight.” However, dur- can also signify a formidable quality, making the meaning more complex.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Gitomer |first=David |date=1992 |title=King Duryodhana: The Mahābhārata Discourse of Sinning and Virtue in Epic and Drama |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/603702 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=112 |issue=2 |pages=222–232 |doi=10.2307/603702 |jstor=603702 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Conversely, ''Suyodhana'' serves as an alternate name, with ''su''- as a laudatory prefix meaning “well” or “easy to-.” This allows for interpretations such as “one who fights well” or “one who is easy to fight.” Indologist [[Monier Monier-Williams|Monier-Williams]] identifies Suyodhana as a [[euphemism]] for Duryodhana, meaning “fighting well.” However, as author David Gitomer notes, if the [[Pandava|Pāṇḍavas]] used this name, they could be invoking its alternative sense of “easy to fight,” undermining its intended praise.<ref name=":1" />

Gitomer further observes that in mediaeval adaptations such as the play ''[[Bhatta Narayana|Veṇīsaṃhāra]]'', the Pāṇḍavas generally call him Suyodhana, whereas his kin and partisans refer to him as Duryodhana. This pattern appears in the ''Mahābhārata'' as well, though both sides occasionally use the opposing term. Such shifts suggest that speakers are deliberately evoking the secondary meaning of each name, highlighting the epic’s deep ambivalence toward Duryodhana’s character—acknowledging both his strengths and his moral ambiguity.<ref name=":1" />

Duryodhana, like many prominent figures in the ''Mahābhārata'', is known by several epithets that highlight his lineage, status, and qualities. Some of these epithets include:<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Mani|first=Vettam|url=https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/670/mode/1up|title=Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature|date=1975|publisher=Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass|others=Robarts - University of Toronto|page=[https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241570.html ''Duryodhana'']|isbn=9780842608220 |author-link=Vettam Mani}}</ref>
{{div col begin|colwidth=12em}}
''{{bulleted list|Ājamīḍha|Bhārata|Bhārataśārdūla|Bhārataśreṣṭha|Bhāratāgrya|Bharatarṣabha|Bhāratasattama|Dhārtarāṣṭra|Dhṛtarāṣṭraja|Gāndhārīputra|Kaurava|Kauravanandanā|Kauravendra|Kauravya|Kauraveya|Kurukuladhāma|Kurumukhya|Kurunandana|Kurupati|Kurupravīra|Kurupuṅgava|Kurusattama|Kururāja|Kurusiṃha|Kurūttama}}''
{{div col end}}

== Literary Background ==
Duryodhana is a central character in the ''[[Mahābhārata]]''. The ''Mahābhārata'' is one of the two major [[Sanskrit epics]] of ancient India, traditionally attributed to [[Vyasa]]. Comprising approximately 100,000 verses, it is the longest epic poem in world literature.<ref>Brockington, J. (1998). ''The Sanskrit Epics''. Brill, p. 23.</ref> The epic primarily deals with the succession conflict between the [[Pandavas]] and the [[Kauravas]], whom Duryodhana leads, culminating in the great [[Kurukshetra War|war of Kurukshetra]].<ref>Hiltebeitel, A. (2001). ''Rethinking the Mahābhārata''. University of Chicago Press, p. 17.</ref>

The text has multiple recensions, broadly categorized into the ''Northern Recension'' and the ''Southern Recension''.<ref>Sukthankar, V. S. (1933). ''On the Meaning of the Mahābhārata''. Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, p. xii.</ref> These versions differ in length, theological content, and certain narrative elements, with the Southern Recension often including additional devotional aspects.<ref>Rocher, L. (1986). ''The Puranas''. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, p. 91.</ref>

To establish a standardized version, the ''Critical Edition (CE)'' was compiled at the [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]], Pune, under the guidance of Vishnu S. Sukthankar. Completed in 1966, the CE collates nearly 1,259 manuscripts to reconstruct the core text while identifying later interpolations.<ref>Sukthankar, V. S. (1944). ''The Mahābhārata: Critical Edition Prolegomena''. Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, p. xxv.</ref>

== Biography ==

=== Birth ===
[[File:Duryodana-kl.jpg|thumb|Duryodhana in Javanese [[Wayang]]]]
According to the ''[[Adi Parva]]'', Duryodhana is born from a portion of [[Kali (demon)|Kali]], the personification of strife. Duryodhana and his ninety-nine brothers are born through an extraordinary process. After being blessed by the sage [[Vyasa]], [[Gandhari (Mahabharata)|Gandhari]] conceives but remains pregnant for two years without delivering. During this period, [[Yudhishthira]], the eldest of the [[Pandava|Pandavas]] and acknowledged son of Dhritarashtra's younger brother [[Pandu]], is born. In distress and envy, Gandhari attempts to abort the foetus, resulting in the birth of a large mass of flesh. Vyasa instructs that the mass be divided into one hundred parts, each about the size of a thumb, and placed into pots filled with clarified butter. A smaller fragment is also preserved separately. After two years, from these pots, one hundred sons and a daughter, [[Dushala|Dusshala]], are born. Duryodhana emerges as the eldest among them.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

The moment of Duryodhana's birth is accompanied by a series of evil omens. He cries with the voice of a donkey, prompting the donkeys in the royal stables to respond. Jackals howl, vultures and crows shriek, and fierce storms sweep across the land. Alarmed, [[Dhritarashtra]] consults his advisers, including [[Bhishma]], [[Vidura]], and scholars. After interpreting the signs, they warn that Duryodhana's birth will bring ruin to the kingdom and its people, and advise that he be abandoned. However, Dhritarashtra, overcome by paternal affection, refuses to follow their counsel, thereby setting the course for the eventual conflict of the Kurukshetra War.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01116.htm |title=The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section CXV |publisher=Sacred-texts.com |access-date=2014-08-15}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

=== Early years ===
Duryodhana grows up in the royal palace of [[Hastinapur|Hastinapura]] as the eldest son of King Dhritarashtra and Queen Gandhari. After the death of [[Pandu]], his surviving widow [[Kunti]] brings his five acknowledged sons, the [[Pandava|Pandavas]], to Hastinapura, where they are welcomed by Dhritarashtra. The young Kauravas and Pandavas live together, but frequent quarrels and rivalries soon emerge. Duryodhana is mentored by his maternal uncle, [[Shakuni]].<ref name=":3" />

[[Bhima]], known for his immense strength, often bullies the Kauravas, tossing them about and subjecting them to various humiliations. This fosters deep resentment among the Kauravas, particularly in Duryodhana. Driven by hatred, Duryodhana attempts to poison Bhima during a water-sports outing by mixing deadly poison into his food. Bhima is thrown unconscious into the [[Ganges|Ganga]] but survives after being rescued by the [[Nāga|nagas]], who neutralise the poison and bestow upon him great strength.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" />

As the princes train under [[Drona|Dronacharya]], tensions continue. Duryodhana proves to be extremely skilled with the [[Gada (mace)|mace]] and later goes to specialize in mace fighting under [[Balarama]], becoming his favourite pupil. During a public exhibition, Bhima and Duryodhana clash fiercely, requiring intervention to stop them. Later during an archery contest in the same exhibition, when [[Karna]]’s lineage is questioned by the Pandavas, Duryodhana crowns him King of [[Anga]] to defend his honour and secure an important ally.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{cite book |last=McGrath |first=Kevin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkmXk3-1j7UC |title=The Sanskrit Hero: Karna in Epic Mahābhārata |publisher=Brill Academic |year=2004 |isbn=90-04-13729-7 |access-date=25 November 2013}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

Duryodhana’s bitterness deepens when he fails to capture King [[Drupada]] of [[Pañcāla|Panchala]], a feat accomplished by [[Arjuna]].<ref name=":2" />

=== Usurping the Kingdom ===
Duryodhana arranges for the Pandavas to live in a [[Lakshagriha|palace made of lac]] at Varanavata, intending to burn them alive. However, the Pandavas escape through a secret tunnel. Believing the Pandavas to have perished in the fire at the palace of lac, Duryodhana and his brothers live in contentment at Hastinapura and even participates in the [[svayamvara]] of Panchala princess, [[Draupadi]]. However, their satisfaction turns to resentment when news arrives that the Pandavas, disguised as brahmins, have survived and won Draupadi at her svayamvara.<ref name=":2" />

Following their marriage, the Pandavas remain at Drupada’s court, while the Kauravas return to Hastinapura. Duryodhana grows increasingly jealous of the Pandavas’ rising power and influence. Seeking once more to destroy them, Duryodhana proposes a plan to create divisions among the brothers through women. [[Karna]], however, criticises the idea as impractical and suggests defeating Drupada to weaken the Pandavas. Ultimately, [[Bhishma]] and [[Drona]] advise reconciliation, proposing that the Pandavas be granted half the kingdom. Dhritarashtra accepts this counsel, and the Pandavas are invited back to Hastinapura.<ref name=":2" />

The kingdom is divided, and the Pandavas establish their rule at [[Indraprastha]]. There, with the help of the architect Maya, they construct a magnificent palace. Yudhishthira performs the [[Rajasuya]] sacrifice, asserting his imperial status. Duryodhana attends the ceremony but is humiliated during a tour of the new palace, where he fall victim to visual illusions, mistaking floors for water and water for floors. Bhima openly mocks Duryodhana’s missteps, intensifying Duryodhana’s humiliation and deepening his hatred.<ref name=":2" />

In popular culture, television shows and post-modern novels on Mahabharata attribute this blame to [[Draupadi]] with an added statement "the son of the blind man also is blind", but the scene in the canonical text is absent.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02046.htm | title=The Mahabharata, Book 2: Sabha Parva: Sisupala-badha Parva: Section XLVI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-19|title=Did Draupadi Insult Duryodhana during Rajasuya, Karna in Swayamvara?|url=https://www.myindiamyglory.com/2020/05/19/did-draupadi-insult-duryodhana-during-rajasuya-karna-in-swayamvara/|access-date=2020-09-09|website=myIndiamyGlory|language=en-GB}}</ref>

===The game of dice===
[[File:Draupadi Vastraharan, Raja Ravi Varma.jpg|thumb|A painting by [[Raja Ravi Varma]] depicting the disrobing of Draupadi, with Duryodhana (in green) commanding Dushasana.]]
Following the humiliation he experiences at [[Indraprastha]], Duryodhana becomes consumed by jealousy and hatred towards the Pandavas, turning weak. Resolving to destroy them, he conspires with [[Shakuni]], an expert in dice, to challenge [[Yudhishthira]] to a gambling match. Despite warnings from [[Dhritarashtra]] and [[Vidura]], Duryodhana persists, threatening to commit suicide, and Dhritarashtra reluctantly allows the game to proceed.<ref name=":2" />

Shakuni, skilled in deceitful play, manipulates the game in Duryodhana’s favour. Yudhishthira, though unwilling, agrees to participate. At first, precious gems are wagered and lost, followed by gold coins, chariots, servants, horses, and weapons. Gradually, Yudhishthira loses all his material possessions. In desperation, he stakes his brothers one by one and loses them. Finally, he wagers himself and loses again.<ref name=":2" />

Left with no alternative, Yudhishthira stakes [[Draupadi]]. Upon losing, Duryodhana sends his messenger Pratikami to summon her to the court, but she refuses to come. Duryodhana then orders his brother, [[Dushasana]], who forcibly drags Draupadi by her hair into the royal assembly. There, she is publicly humiliated, and Duryodhana exposes his bare thigh (a [[euphemism]] for the genitals) and mockingly invites her to sit on it. Bhima, seething with rage, vows before all assembled to kill Duryodhana by breaking his thigh and to slay Dushasana. Dhritarashtra, fearing divine wrath and public disgrace, intervenes and grants Draupadi two boons, through which she secures the freedom of her husbands and herself. The Pandavas are thus released and return to Indraprastha.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

However, Duryodhana, resentful of this outcome, conspires again with Shakuni to challenge Yudhishthira to a second game. This time, the stakes are harsher: the losers must spend twelve years in exile in the forest and a thirteenth year in concealment. If discovered during the final year, the exile must begin anew. Persuaded against his better judgment, Yudhishthira accepts and is defeated once more. The Pandavas prepare for exile, vowing vengeance. Bhima swears to kill Duryodhana and Dushasana, Arjuna vows to kill Karna, and [[Sahadeva]] promises to kill Shakuni.<ref name=":2" />

=== During Pandava's exile ===
During the Pandavas’ exile, the sage [[Maitreya]] visits [[Hastinapur|Hastinapura]] to counsel [[Dhritarashtra]] and Duryodhana. He urges them to recall the Pandavas from the forest and seek a peaceful resolution. However, Duryodhana dismisses the advice with arrogance, tapping his thigh and drawing on the ground with his foot in open disdain. Offended by this disrespect, Maitreya curses Duryodhana, prophesying that Bhima will one day break the same thigh Duryodhana had tapped in pride. Dhritarashtra pleads for forgiveness, and Maitreya declares that the curse may be averted only if Duryodhana pursues peace, otherwise the prophecy will inevitably come true.<ref name=":2" />

Later, Duryodhana sets out on a pleasure expedition, the [[Ghoshayatra Parva|Ghosha Yatra]], under the pretext of inspecting cattle. During this journey, he and his allies are captured by the [[Gandharva|Gandharvas]], celestial beings, after Duryodhana abducts few Gandharva women. The Pandavas, despite their ongoing enmity with Duryodhana, intervene and rescue him and his retinue. Humiliated by this incident, Duryodhana contemplates suicide and proposes that Dushasana be crowned king in his place, but Dushasana refuses.<ref name=":2" />

Overcome by shame, Duryodhana lies on the ground intending to end his life. To prevent this, the anti-gods, [[Danava (Hinduism)|danavas]], perform a Vaitana Yajna in [[Patala]] (underworld realm) and summon a [[Rakshasa|Rakshasi]] named Kritya, who transports Duryodhana to the netherworld. There, the danavas reveal that through their penance to [[Shiva]], they have rendered Duryodhana’s body above the waist invulnerable, as hard as a diamond and impervious to weapons. Revived by this boon and reassured by the promise of allies such as [[Bhagadatta]] and [[Karna]], Duryodhana regains his confidence and returns to Hastinapura, treating the entire experience as if it were a vivid dream.<ref name=":2" />

Inspired by Yudhishthira’s Rajasuya sacrifice, Duryodhana aspires to perform a similar grand ritual. Advised by brahmins that he cannot undertake a Rajasuya while Dhritarashtra and Yudhishthira are still alive, he instead performs the Vishnu Yajna, an alternative ceremony of comparable prestige. Through this sacrifice, Duryodhana garners further recognition and support from monarchs aligned with the Kaurava cause<ref name=":2" />

=== Virata battle ===
After twelve years in exile, the Pandavas begin their thirteenth year of [[Ajnatavasa|incognito life]] at the court of King [[Virata]] in [[Matsya]]. Despite deploying spies across the kingdom, Duryodhana fails to locate the Pandavas during their year of concealment.<ref name=":2" />

Toward the end of the incognito period, [[Susharma|Susharman]], King of [[Trigarta]], informs Duryodhana that King Virata has grown weak after the general [[Kichaka]]’s death, suggesting it is an opportune moment to attack. Encouraged by [[Karna]], Duryodhana mobilises the Kaurava army. As part of the plan, Susharman seizes the cattle of King Virata to provoke a confrontation. The incident occurs precisely as the Pandavas' period of concealment comes to an end. The young Virata prince, [[Uttara (Mahabharata)|Uttara]], ventures out to confront the raiders, with [[Arjuna]], disguised as the eunuch Brihannala, acting as his charioteer. Upon seeing the might of the Kaurava forces, Uttara loses his nerve, and Arjuna retrieves his hidden bow, [[Gandiva]]. With his true identity revealed, Arjuna enters the battle and routs the Kaurava army.<ref name=":2" />

With the successful defense of Virata’s kingdom, the Pandavas' period of exile and concealment officially ends. Duryodhana, realising that the Pandavas have fulfilled the conditions of their exile, grows increasingly anxious about the shifting balance of power.<ref name=":2" />

=== Peace talks and buildup of war ===
[[File:Arjuna chooses Krishna.jpg|thumb|Duryodhana and Arjuna approach Krishna, Pahari miniature]]
After the [[Pandavas]] complete their twelve years of exile and one year of incognito life, they request the return of their share of the kingdom. Duryodhana refuses, leading to both sides to gather armies of an impending war.<ref name=":2" />

Duryodhana moves quickly to gather allies. When he learns that [[Arjuna]] has gone to [[Dvaraka]] to seek the support of powerful leader of the [[Yadava]]s, [[Krishna]], he rushes there as well. Krishna, pretending to be asleep, sees Arjuna first upon waking. Duryodhana and Arjuna both state their intentions, and Krishna offers a choice: one may have his vast [[Narayani Sena|''Narayani'' army]], while the other may have Krishna himself, unarmed and not participating in battle. Arjuna chooses Krishna, leaving Duryodhana satisfied to receive the powerful ''Narayani'' army. Duryodhana also approaches [[Balarama]], who declines to take part in the war. Other than relatives, Duryodhana secures alliance with [[Kritavarma]]—belonging to Andhaka faction of Yadavas—and tricks [[Shalya]], king of [[Madra]] and maternal uncle of Pandavas, into joining him. In total, Duryodhana assembles eleven ''[[Akshauhini|akshauhinis]]''.<ref name=":2" />

Peace talks follow, with both factions sending envoys. During Krishna’s diplomatic visit, he proposes a settlement in which the Pandavas would accept just five villages. Duryodhana rejects the offer, declaring that he will not give them even as much land as could hold the tip of a needle. Krishna refuses Duryodhana’s hospitality and firmly sides with the Pandavas. In a final act of defiance, Duryodhana attempts to have Krishna taken captive, but the plan is opposed by others in the court and ultimately fails when Krishna reveals himself to be the Supreme God by showing his [[Vishvarupa]] form. Duryodhana refuses to acknowledge this despite persuasion from [[Dhritarashtra]] and other Kuru elders. Sage [[Kanva]] later advises Duryodhana to seek peace, but he ignores the counsel and proceeds with the war effort.<ref name=":2" />

Duryodhana organises the Kaurava army by appointing veteran warriors including [[Bhishma]], [[Drona]], [[Kripa]], [[Karna]], [[Ashwatthama]], [[Jayadratha]], Hardika, [[Shakuni]], [[Bahlika (king)|Bahlika]] and [[Kambojas|Kamboja]] as commanders. Bhishma is made commander-in-chief, and [[Dushasana]] is appointed as his personal bodyguard. [[Uluka]]—the son of Shakuni—sent as Duryodhana’s envoy, delivers warnings to Krishna, the Pandavas, and their key allies.<ref name=":2" />

The Kaurava forces march to [[Kurukshetra]], where Duryodhana’s banner, bearing a serpent emblem and fixed to a gem-studded staff, is raised. Before the battle begins, Duryodhana consults Drona to assess the strength and key warriors on both sides. Duryodhana is classified as ''maharathi'' class of warrior.<ref name=":2" />

===Kurukshetra war===
====Day 1–11 (''[[Bhishma Parva]]'')====
[[File:Bhima vs duryodhana.png|thumb|A folio from ''Razmnama'' depicting a duel between Bhima and Duryodhana]]
At the onset of battle, Duryodhana takes an active role in the fighting.On the first day, [[Bhima]] strikes him with arrows, causing him to faint. He retaliates with the support of the elephant division, momentarily incapacitating Bhima. However, Bhima confronts him again, and Duryodhana faints once more. He also suffers defeat at the hands of [[Dhrishtadyumna]].<ref name=":2" />

As the battle progresses, Bhima kills eight of Duryodhana’s brothers in quick succession, leading him to weep before [[Bhishma]]. Duryodhana later fights [[Ghatotkacha]], killing four of his rakshasa attendants.<ref name="sacred-texts.com"/> Later, he kills Visharada, son of [[Kunti-Bhoja]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Mahabharata, Book 6: Bhishma Parva: Bhagavat-Gita Parva: Section XCV|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06095.htm|website=sacred-texts.com|access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref> In another encounter, he overpowers Bhima to the point of unconsciousness.<ref name="sacred-texts.com">{{Cite web|title=The Mahabharata, Book 6: Bhishma Parva: Bhagavat-Gita Parva: Section LXIV|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06064.htm|website=sacred-texts.com|access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

Duryodhana directs Shalya to engage Yudhishthira and repeatedly visits Bhishma in anguish over mounting losses. He clashes with several Pandava allies, including [[Satyaki]], [[Abhimanyu]], [[Yudhishthira]], [[Uttamaujas and Yudhamanyu|Yudhamanyu, and Uttamaujas]], facing defeat in multiple instances.<ref name=":2" />

====Day 12–15 (''[[Drona Parva]]'')====

With Bhishma fallen, Duryodhana appoints [[Drona]] as commander-in-chief. During Drona’s leadership, he openly criticises him for his lack lustre performance, prompting Drona to become enraged and destroy large parts of Pandava army the following day. During these days, he also prays for Drona’s blessing to capture Yudhishthira alive and later embraces him after seeing the Pandava forces falter. After [[Lakshmana (Mahabharata)|Lakshmana]]—Duryodhana's son—is killed by Abhimanyu, Duryodhana incites his warriors to kill Abhimanyu and encourages [[Karna]] to engage him directly.<ref name=":2" />

Duryodhana later consoles [[Jayadratha]] after the latter flees in fear of [[Arjuna]]. Acknowledging his own inability to face Arjuna, he accepts a protective talisman from Drona, but still flees when defeated. He suffers further losses against Satyaki, and eventually, after continued defeats and the death of Jayadratha, begins to lose morale. In frustration, he accuses Drona of failure, is defeated again by Yudhishthira and Bhima, and attempts a covert assault by deputing [[Shakuni]] to target the Pandavas. He prompts [[Alambusha]] to battle Ghatotkacha and personally engages [[Nakula]], only to be defeated.<ref name=":2" />

Following Drona’s death on the fifteenth day, Duryodhana flees the battlefield in panic. Despite this setback, he appoints Karna as the new commander of the Kaurava forces.<ref name=":2" />

====Day 16–17 (''[[Karna Parva]]'')====
[[File:Duryodhana and Salya (cropped).jpg|thumb|Duryodhana requests [[Shalya]] to become [[Karna]]'s charioteer, folio from [[Razmnama]]]]
Under Karna’s leadership, Duryodhana resumes offensive operations. He requests [[Shalya]] to serve as Karna’s charioteer, but the proposal initially angers Shalya, who eventually agrees after being appeased. Duryodhana challenges Yudhishthira but is defeated. But, he defeats Nakula and [[Sahadeva]], though he ultimately suffers further defeat at Bhima’s hands.<ref name=":2" />

In the continued fighting, Duryodhana kills the [[Kuninda kingdom|Kulinda]] king (a panadava ally) Additionally, he alone managed to resist all the Pandavas and he repelled the Pandavas' group attack single-handedly.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Mahabharata, Book 9: Shalya Parva: Section 3|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m09/m09003.htm|access-date=2020-06-04|website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref> When [[Ashwatthama]] proposes compromise, Duryodhana rejects it. Dushasana's and Karna’s deaths on the seventeenth day leaves Duryodhana overwhelmed with grief and shaken.<ref name=":2" />

====Day 18 (''[[Shalya Parva]]'')====
With Karna dead, Duryodhana refuses final peace offers from [[Kripa]] and resolves to continue the war. He appoints Shalya as commander-in-chief.<ref name=":2" />

However, the Pandavas kill Shalya, Shakuni, Uluka, and all of the remaining brothers of Duryodhana. The Pandavas together attack Duryodhana but are unsuccessful as Duryodhana alone resists and defeats all of them.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Mahabharata, Book 9: Shalya Parva: Section 17|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m09/m09017.htm|access-date=2020-06-04|website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Mahabharata, Book 9: Shalya Parva: Section 22|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m09/m09022.htm|access-date=2020-06-04|website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref> Duryodhana also kills a Yadava warrior named [[Chekitana]] on that day. Later, he tries to defeat Dhrishtadyumna who is destroying the retreating Kaurava army. However, Dhrishtadyumna kills Duryodhana's charioteer and destroys his chariot, forcing Duryodhana to flee.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Mahabharata, Book 9: Shalya Parva: Section 12|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m09/m09012.htm|access-date=2020-06-04|website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

==== Gada Yuddha ====
[[File:Duel between Duryodhan and Bhima. Illustrated folio from Razmnama (Persian translation of Mahabharata). 1598 A.D.jpg|thumb|Duel between Duryodhan and Bhima. Illustrated folio from Razmnama (Persian translation of Mahabharata). 1598 A.D.]]
After suffering repeated defeats and with his army reduced to a few survivors, Duryodhana flees the battlefield and conceals himself in a lake and remain hidden beneath its surface. [[Ashwatthama]], [[Kripa]], and [[Kritavarma]] locate his hiding place and urge him to return to the field, but Duryodhana expresses a strong disinclination to continue the war.<ref name=":2" />

[[Yudhishthira]] later visits the lake and calls out to Duryodhana, who initially replies from underwater. On Yudhishthira’s insistence, Duryodhana emerges and agrees to a final confrontation. Yudhishthira offers him a last opportunity to claim victory: he may choose any one of the Pandava brothers to fight in single combat with a weapon of his choice. Despite his mastery of the mace and potential advantage against others, Duryodhana chooses to face [[Bhima]]—his long-standing rival.

As Duryodhana prepares for the duel, ominous signs appear—storms, thunder, dust clouds, and lightning signal impending doom. The two warriors, both trained by [[Balarama]], engage in a brutal mace fight. Duryodhana displays superior technique and gradually wears Bhima down, nearly causing him to faint. Observing the battle, [[Krishna]] reminds Bhima of his oath—made after the dice game—by clapping his thigh. Reinvigorated, Bhima targets Duryodhana’s thigh and delivers a decisive blow, shattering it and bringing his rival to the ground.

As Duryodhana lies mortally wounded, he protests that Bhima’s strike below the waist violates the rules of mace fighting. Bhima further insults him by placing his foot on Duryodhana’s face. Enraged by what he sees as an unfair act, Balarama raises his weapon to punish Bhima, but Krishna intervenes. He reminds Balarama of Duryodhana’s misdeeds throughout the war and rebukes him for attempting to influence a conflict he chose not to join.<ref>K M Ganguly(1883-1896) [http://sacred-texts.com/hin/m09/m09060.htm Balarama curses Bhima and came to aid of Duryodhana] October 2003, Retrieved 2015-03-08</ref>

Fallen, Duryodhana exchanges harsh words with Krishna but answers each one calmly.<ref name=":2" /> Duryodhana delivers a final speech that reaffirms his commitment to [[ksatriya]] ideals: courage, loyalty, and the refusal to yield even in death, as well as embraces ''martyadharma'' (the law of mortality) as ordained by Dhātr, a cosmic force devoid of personal divinity.<ref name=":1" />

=== Death and aftermath===
[[File:Canvas1.png|thumb|Duryodana defeated by Bhima – A scene from Razmanama]]
After the duel between Bhima and Duryodhana ends and the Pandavas depart, [[Ashwatthama]], [[Kripacharya]], and [[Kritavarma]]—who have observed the fight from a distance—approach Duryodhana's broken body. Out of respect for his honour, they refrain from interfering during the combat. Ashwatthama, grieving the fall of his friend and determined to avenge the Kauravas, vows to continue the war. With Duryodhana’s permission, he is appointed as the new commander of the Kaurava army and sets out to annihilate the remaining Pandava forces.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 9: Shalya Parva: Section 65 |url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m09/m09065.htm |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref>

That night, Ashwatthama enters the Pandava camp and massacres the [[Upapandavas]]—the sons of the Pandavas—and the last surviving warriors of the [[Pañcāla|Panchalas]]. He returns to the dying Duryodhana and reports. Duryodhana dies in peace, satisfied that his enemies have suffered in return.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 10: Sauptika Parva: Section 9 |url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m10/m10009.htm |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref>

Later, the sage [[Vyasa]] uses his mystical powers to raise the souls of fallen heroes from the [[Ganga]], among them the soul of Duryodhana. After the Pandavas retire from the world, only Yudhishthira reaches heaven in his physical body. There, to his astonishment, he finds Duryodhana residing in splendour, shining like the sun and surrounded by divine beings. When Yudhishthira questions this, [[Narada]] explains that Duryodhana, despite his earthly flaws, fulfilled his religious and warrior duties and thus attained a place in heaven.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m18/m18001.htm|title = The Mahabharata, Book 18: Svargarohanika Parva: Section 1}}</ref>

=== Personal life ===
{{Further information|Wives of Duryodhana|Lakshmana (Mahabharata)|Samba (Krishna's son)}}
In the ''[[Shanti Parva]]'', the divine sage [[Narada]] narrates the marriage of Duryodhana with the daughter of King Chitrangada of [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalinga]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Arvind |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnCxH85Vra4C&q=duryodhana+wife&pg=PA298 |title=Essays on the Mahābhārata |date=2007 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |isbn=978-81-208-2738-7 |language=en}}</ref> Duryodhana abducts her from her [[swayamvara]] (self-choice ceremony) with the help of [[Karna]] in the wake of having been rejected by her. On reaching Hastinapur, Duryodhana justifies his act by giving the example of his grandfather [[Bhishma]] abducting three princesses of Kashi for his stepbrother.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vanita |first=Ruth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oSRXEAAAQBAJ&dq=duryodhan+abducts+princess&pg=PT157 |title=The Dharma of Justice in the Sanskrit Epics: Debates on Gender, Varna, and Species |date=2021-12-31 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-267601-6 |language=en}}</ref>

In addition to the Kalinga princess, the Southern Recension and [[Gita Press|Gita Press translation]] records his chief wife as the princess of [[Kāśi|Kashi]], the daughter of King Kashiraja, who is noted for welcoming [[Draupadi]] when she first arrives in [[Hastinapura]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahabharata - Southern Recension - Kumbhaghonam Edition - Sanskrit Documents |url=https://sanskritdocuments.org/mirrors/mahabharata/mahabharata-sarit.html |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=sanskritdocuments.org |pages=Chapter 227, Adi Parva |quote=''Duryodhanasya mahiṣī Kāśirājasutā tadā. Dhṛtarāṣṭrasya putrāṇāṃ vadhūbhiḥ sahitā tadā. Pāñcālīṃ pratijagrāha sādhvīṃ śriyam ivāparām. Pūjayām āsa pūjārhāṃ Śacīdevīm ivāgatām.''}}</ref>

In the ''Mahabharata'', [[Lakshmana Kumara|Lakshmana]] is mentioned as Duryodhana's son. Little is revealed about him other than his death in the Kurukshetra War.<ref name=":2" />

In the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', a daughter—Lakshmanā—is introduced, who was abducted from her svayamvara by [[Krishna]]'s son, [[Samba (Krishna's son)|Samba]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Vanamali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LFwoDwAAQBAJ&q=lakshmana+daughter+of+duryodhana&pg=PT171 |title=The Complete Life of Krishna: Based on the Earliest Oral Traditions and the Sacred Scriptures |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=2012 |isbn=9781594776908 |access-date=22 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Myth and Legend: Chapter XVIII. The Battle of Eighteen Days |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/iml/iml23.htm |publisher=Sacred-texts.com}}</ref>

==Assessment==
Duryodhana is prominently recognized as the primary antagonist in the ''Mahabharata'', with his negative qualities frequently emphasized. According to [[James L. Fitzgerald]], the epic portrays him as lacking sound judgment and bringing dishonor to the [[Kuru kingdom|Kuru lineage]]. He is described as a divisive figure, detested universally, who inflamed conflict to catastrophic proportions, ultimately leading to widespread destruction across the earth.{{sfn|Buitenen|Fitzgerald|1973|p=617}} Metaphorically, the ''[[Adi Parva]]'' calls Duryodhana as the 'tree of wrath', with [[Shakuni]] being called his 'branches', [[Karna]] its 'trunk', [[Dushasana]] its 'fruits' and [[Dhritarashtra]] its 'roots'.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Brodbeck |first=Simon Pearse |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wapBDgAAQBAJ&dq=M%C4%81dr%C4%AB&pg=PT163 |title=The Mahabharata Patriline: Gender, Culture, and the Royal Hereditary |date=2017-03-02 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-88630-7 |language=en|page=5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Narasimhan |first=Chakravarthi V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-P56leXRgAYC&dq=ul%C5%ABka+%C5%9Bakuni&pg=PA168 |title=The Mahābhārata: An English Version Based on Selected Verses |date=1999 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1673-2 |language=en}}</ref>

However, James G. Lochtefeld offers a more nuanced interpretation, suggesting that while the central conflict of the ''Mahabharata'' revolves around Duryodhana’s hostility toward the [[Pandavas]], it is reductive to view him as wholly evil. Instead, Lochtefeld characterizes Duryodhana as a proud and obstinate individual, whose inability to acknowledge his faults and his refusal to yield any ground to the Pandavas contribute to his downfall. These flaws, he notes, were exacerbated by the absence of firm guidance from his father, [[Dhritarashtra]], whose judgement is blinded by fatherly love.<ref name=":3" />

David Gitomer classifies Duryodhana as an anti-hero rather than an evil villain. He argues that Duryodhana embodies not merely villainy but an older, this-worldly heroism rooted in [[kshatriya dharma]], which stands in opposition to the emerging [[bhakti]]-oriented worldview centered around [[Krishna]]. Gitomer sees the ''Mahabharata'' as a "repository of crisis" in classical Indian discourse, a text where various ideological and dharmic tensions were debated. Within this framework, Duryodhana emerges as a problematic figure: while he is remembered for his misdeeds—including the gambling episode, Draupadi’s humiliation, and attempts on Bhima’s life—he is also persistently referred to as 'King' Duryodhana, or even an ''ati-kṣatriya'' (super-warrior). He resists Krishna’s divinely sanctioned intervention, refusing to submit to the theocratic model of kingship represented by the Pandavas. Gitomer notes that for Duryodhana, who does not accept Krishna’s divine status, Krishna's tactics appear as unfair, undermining kshatriya values of honour and open combat. This opposition becomes the basis of his “trans-ethical” sin: resisting not merely the Pandavas, but the metaphysical order Krishna represents.<ref name=":1" />

Beyond his role in the dynastic conflict, Duryodhana's relationship with [[Karna]] is often cited as a profound example of friendship and loyalty.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|last1=Vignesh|first1=Inba|title=The Greatest friends ever lived - Karna and Duriyoudan|url=http://www.hearty-india.com/2011/10/karan-and-dhuriyoudan-greatest-friends.html|website=India - The Land of Hearts|access-date=15 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Friendship|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/religion/friendship/article2296494.ece|access-date=15 June 2017|agency=The Hindu|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Karna evolves into a character who shares Duryodhana's view that Pandavas are bad and enemies, though for different reasons. Karna participates with Duryodhana in schemes to effect the downfall of the Pandavas.{{sfn|McGrath|2004|pp=115–117 with footnotes}} Duryodhana provides the goals, Karna conspires the means to get there.{{sfn|McGrath|2004|pp=116–118 with footnotes}} Duryodhana has resentful intentions and is a bad king, but it is Karna who fuels Duryodhana's ambitions and fights his battles.{{sfn|McGrath|2004|pp=116–120 with footnotes}}

==Derivative works==
[[File:Kondadakuli.jpg|thumb|A [[Yakshagana]] actor dressed as Duryodhana]]
Gitomer points out that the tension between the older martial ethos and the newer devotional ethos persists not only in the epic’s multiple strata but also in derivative Sanskrit dramas such as [[Bhāsa|Bhasa]]'s plays and [[Bhatta Narayana]]’s ''Venīsaṃhāra''. Interestingly, even in texts composed by avowed [[Vaishnava]] authors, Duryodhana is not uniformly portrayed as a tyrant. Instead, he is often granted tragic legitimacy, particularly in scenes where his downfall is accompanied by stoic affirmations of martial valour and personal dignity.<ref name=":1" />

[[Urubhanga]]m is a [[Sanskrit]] play written by [[Bhasa]] in the 2nd or 3rd century AD with Duryodhana as its primary protagonist. Written as a tragedy, the drama focuses on his point of view of the events of Mahabharata. His portrayal as a tragic hero is especially unique within the body of works in [[Sanskrit drama]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parmar |first=Himanshu |date=May–June 2023 |title=Canonical Indian Literature and Bhasa: A Study in Texts and their Aesthetics |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/104475862/3907.pdf |journal=International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research |volume=5 |issue=3 |via=academia.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parmar |first=Himanshu |date=6 June 2022 |title=Re-presenting The Mahabharata: Select Plays of Bhasa and their Contemporary Relevance |url=http://www.languageinindia.com/june2022/v22i6june2022.pdf#page=39 |journal=Strength for Today and Bright Hope for Tomorrow |volume=22 |pages=35–45}}</ref>

Beyond Sanskrit plays, Duryodhana is a key part in folklores and regional cultures across the sub-continent. The story of Duryodhana is one of the central topics of ''[[Yakshagana]]'', a traditional dance-play practised in Karnataka and ''[[Terukkuttu]]'', a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[street theatre]] form practised in [[Tamil Nadu]] state of [[India]] and Tamil-speaking regions of [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite book
| last = Sarachchandra
| first = Ediriweera R.
| title = The Folk Drama of Ceylon
| publisher = Department of Cultural Affairs, Ceylon
| location = Colombo
| oclc = 63859810
| pages = 116
| year = 1966
}}</ref><ref name="MLVardapande_history">{{cite book
| last = Varadpande
| first = Manohar Laxman
| title = History of Indian Theatre
| publisher = Abhinav Publications
| orig-year = 1987
| year = 1990
| isbn = 978-81-7017-278-9
| oclc = 18270064
| pages = 39–44
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| last = Srinivas
| first = Smriti
| title = Landscapes of Urban Memory
| publisher = Orient Longman
| orig-year = 2001
| year = 2004
| isbn = 81-250-2254-6
| oclc = 46353272
| pages = 23
}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Kaurava]]
*[[Kali (demon)]]
*''[[Mahabharata]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{Cite book |last1=Buitenen |first1=Johannes Adrianus Bernardus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p9SzCuLIlQ0C&q=book+of+women+mahabharata |title=The Mahabharata, Volume 7: Book 11: The Book of the Women Book 12: The Book of Peace, Part 1 |last2=Fitzgerald |first2=James L. |date=1973 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-25250-6 |language=en}}
* {{cite journal |title=Reviewed Work: The Sanskrit Hero: Karṇa in Epic Mahābhārata by Kevin McGrath |first=Pradip |last=Bhattacharya |journal=International Journal of Hindu Studies |volume=10 |number=3 |year=2006 |publisher=Springer |jstor=20106984}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{commons category|Duryodhana}}

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100205123023/http://ancientindians.wordpress.com/duryodhana/ Duryodhana Temples and Lineage]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170304200505/http://www.freeindia.org/biographies/greatpersonalities/karna/page8.htm karna great personalities]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140317194726/http://newzfeaturez.com/2014/03/17/the-relevance-of-karna-and-duryodhanas-friendship-in-the-modern-indian-society/ THE RELEVANCE OF "KARNA AND DURYODHANA'S" FRIENDSHIP IN THE MODERN INDIAN SOCIETY]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20171108140058/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/from-duryodhanas-perspective/article7530151.ece From Duryodhana's perspective]

{{Mahābhārata}}
{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Forms of Kali (demon)]]
[[Category:Princes in Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:Kauravas]]

Mattilo Manikyam

2026-03-03T20:24:46Z

MattPinto5: added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mattilo Manikyam
| image =

| caption =
| director = [[B. V. Prasad]]
| producer = [[Chalam (actor)|Chalam]]
| writer = [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[P. Bhanumathi]] [[Chalam (actor)|Chalam]] [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] [[Dhulipala]] [[Prabhakar Reddy]]
| music = [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1971}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}

'''''Mattilo Manikyam''''' ({{Langx|te|మట్టిలో మాణిక్యం}}) is a 1971 Telugu [[drama film]] directed by B. V. Prasad. It is produced by actor [[Chalam (actor)|Chalam]].<ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/mattilo-manikyam-1971/article30291555.ece|title=Mattilo Manikyam (1971)|last=Narasimham|first=M. L.|date=2019-12-13|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2020-02-03}}</ref> The film won [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]] in 1971.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000467/1972 National Film Awards, India (1972)]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindilyrics.net/awards/national-film-awards-1972.html |title=National Film Awards – 1972 |access-date=26 March 2014 |archive-date=4 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504010756/http://www.hindilyrics.net/awards/national-film-awards-1972.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Cast==
''Source''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mattilo Manikyam (1971) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ONG |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
{{Cast listing|
*[[P. Bhanumathi]] as Lalitha<ref name="thehindu" />
* [[Chalam (actor)|Chalam]] as Manikyam<ref name="thehindu" />
* [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] as Lakshmi<ref name="thehindu" />
*[[Dhulipala Seetarama Sastry|Dhulipala]] as Mallayya<ref name="thehindu" />
*[[M. Prabhakar Reddy|Prabhakar Reddy]] as Raghavaiah<ref name="thehindu" />
* [[Padmanabham (actor)|Padmanabham]] as Namam, Manikyam's friend
* [[Geetanjali (actress)|Geetanjali]] as Subbulu
* [[Rajanala (actor)|Rajanala]] as Bhujanga Rao
* [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] as Bheemayya
* [[Valluri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]] as Drunkard
* [[Rushyendramani]] as Lalitha's grandmother
* [[Sakshi Ranga Rao]] as Seethapathi aka Panthulu, Mallayya's accountant
* [[Potti Prasad]] as Ramayya, Manikyam's friend
* [[Sarathi (comedian)|Sarathi]] as Manikyam's friend
* [[P. J. Sarma|P.J. Sarma]] as Father of Lakshmi's best friend
* [[Mohana (actress)|Mohana]] as Damayanthi
* [[Venkateswara Rao (actor)|Venkateswara Rao]] as Ranganayakulu
* [[K.V. Chalam]] as Lakshmi's collegemate
* [[Jagga Rao]] as Kodandam
* [[Prasanna Rani]] as Manga
* [[Nalla Ramamurthy]] as Polayya, Lalitha's househelp
* [[Modhukuri Satyam]] as Govindu, Lion Dance Performer
}}

==Soundtrack==
* "Saranam Nee Divya Charanam Nee Naamamento Madhuram" (Singer: [[P. Bhanumathi|Bhanumathi]])
* "Malli Malli Padali Ee Paata" (Lyrics: [[Mylavarapu Gopi]]; Singer: [[P. Susheela]])
* "Naa Maate Nee Maatai Chadavali" (Lyrics: [[Aathreya]]; Singers: [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] and P. Susheela)
* "Rimjhim Rimjhim Hyderabad" (Lyrics: [[C. Narayana Reddy]]; Singer: S. P. Balasubrahmanyam)
* "Vasthe Istha Naa Moogamanasu" (Lyrics: [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]]Singers: [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]] and [[L. R. Eswari]])
* "Palletoori Baithugadu" (Lyrics: [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]] Singers: S. P. Balasubrahmanyam and P. Susheela)

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=0259428}}
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Telugu}}

[[Category:1971 films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Satyam (composer)]]
[[Category:1971 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1971 Indian films]]
[[Category:Best Telugu Feature Film National Film Award winners]]

{{1970s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Varisu

2026-03-03T02:30:46Z

MattPinto5: formatting fix

{{Short description|2023 Indian film directed by Vamshi Paidipally}}
{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Varisu
| image = Varisu poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vamshi Paidipally]]
| writer =
| screenplay = Vamshi Paidipally Vivek
| story = Vamshi Paidipally Hari Ashishor Solomon
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]
}}
| producer = {{ubl|[[Dil Raju]]|Sirish}}
| starring = {{ubl||[[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]|[[Rashmika Mandanna]]|[[R. Sarathkumar]]|[[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]]|[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]|[[Prakash Raj]]|[[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]]}}
| cinematography = [[Karthik Palani]]
| editing = [[Praveen K. L.]]
| music = [[Thaman S]]
| studio = {{ubl|[[Sri Venkateswara Creations]]|[[PVP Cinema]]}}
| distributor = [[Seven Screen Studio]] 
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|1|11}}
| runtime = 175 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Varisu |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/varisu-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdewmzkx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106174647/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/varisu-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdewmzkx |archive-date=6 January 2023 |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{estimation}} {{INR|200-280}} crore{{efn|The film was made on a budget of {{INR}}200 crore according to ''[[News18]]'',<ref name="news18">{{Cite web |date=13 September 2022 |title=Thalapathy Vijay's Varisu Predicted To Make Big Money At The Box Office; Here's Why |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/thalapathy-vijays-varisu-predicted-to-make-big-money-at-the-box-office-heres-why-5951401.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114123649/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/thalapathy-vijays-varisu-predicted-to-make-big-money-at-the-box-office-heres-why-5951401.html |archive-date=14 November 2022 |access-date=14 November 2022 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> whereas ''[[The Times of India]]'' stated that the film cost {{INR}}280 crore to make.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2023 |title='Thunivu' and Varisu' leaked online within hours of their releases |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thunivu-and-varisu-leaked-online-within-hours-of-their-releases/articleshow/96905034.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111141443/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thunivu-and-varisu-leaked-online-within-hours-of-their-releases/articleshow/96905034.cms |archive-date=11 January 2023 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |quote='Thunivu' is reportedly made on a budget of Rs 200 crores, while Vijay's 'Varisu' is estimated to be around Rs 280 crores.}}</ref> The budget also includes actor Vijay's remuneration of ₹120 crore.<ref name="news18" />}}
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|290{{ndash}}293 crore}}{{efn|name="BO"}}
}}

'''''Varisu''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|v|ɑː|ˌ|r|i|s|ʊ}} {{Translation|Heir}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film|action drama film]] directed by [[Vamshi Paidipally]], who co-wrote the film with Hari, Ashishor Solomon and [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek Velmurugan]]. Produced jointly by [[Dil Raju]] and Sirish under the banner of [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]] and [[PVP Cinema]]. The film stars [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] in the main lead role alongside [[Rashmika Mandanna]], [[R. Sarathkumar]], [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Srikanth (actor, born 1968)|Srikanth]], [[Jayasudha]], [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]], Samyuktha Shanmughanadhan, [[Nandini Rai]], [[Yogi Babu]], [[Ganesh Venkatraman]] and [[Suman (actor)|Suman]]. It focuses on an entrepreneur's youngest son being named the chairman of his father's business, much to the dismay of his two brothers.

The film was announced in September 2021 under the tentative title ''Thalapathy 66'', as it is Vijay's 66th film in a leading role. Principal photography began in April 2022 and concluded in December. The film was shot mostly in [[Chennai]] and [[Hyderabad]], with sporadic schedules in [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Ballari]] and [[Ladakh]]. The music was composed by [[Thaman S]], cinematography handled by [[Karthik Palani]] and editing was by [[Praveen K. L.|Praveen K. L]]. The film was subject to numerous leaks during production, despite the efforts of the producers to contain them.

''Varisu'' was released in theatres worldwide on 11 January 2023, in the week of [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]]. It received mixed reviews from critics with praise for Vijay's performance, music, action sequences and entertainment value but received criticism for the screenplay and melodramatic approach. It grossed around {{INR}}290–293 crore at the box office.{{Efn|''[[The New Indian Express]]'' stated that ''Varisu'' grossed {{INR}}290 crore worldwide.<ref name="BOnumber">{{Cite web |date=21 June 2023 |title=Thalapathy Vijay gets featured on NYC's Times Square billboard ahead of his birthday |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2023/jun/21/thalapathy-vijay-gets-featured-on-nycs-times-square-billboard-ahead-of-his-birthday-50166.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824100339/https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2023/jun/21/thalapathy-vijay-gets-featured-on-nycs-times-square-billboard-ahead-of-his-birthday-50166.html |archive-date=24 August 2023 |website=Indulge Express |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> ''[[Box Office India]]'' stated that the film grossed {{INR}}293 crore worldwide in its lifetime.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2023 |title=The 300 Crore Worldwide Films Post Pandemic Across India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7783 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>|name="BO"}}

A Kerala-based distributor, Roy Augustine, has claimed that ''Varisu'' grossed only around ₹ 6.8 crore in Kerala — notably lower than the widely circulated figure of ₹ 13 crore for the state. In a letter to Vijay, Augustine alleged that the film resulted in a loss for him, and requested the return of the “excess advance amount” he had paid. He also accused the actor of evading tax by not paying GST on the amount he received. This claim has sparked discussion in film industry circles and among fans, with some questioning whether the publicly reported box office numbers for Varisu were inflated.<ref>{{cite web| title=A Kerala distributor claims Vijay's 'Varisu' is a loss| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/a-kerala-distributor-claims-vijays-varisu-is-a-loss/articleshow/102874185.cms}}</ref>

Following its release, some theatre owners contested the reported box office figures for Varisu. Tirupur Subramaniam, President of the Tamil Nadu Theatre and Multiplex Owners Association, publicly disputed the claim that the film had grossed ₹210 crore worldwide, suggesting that the figure was inflated.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chauhan |first=Gaurang |title=Vijay's 'Varisu' ₹210 Crore Box Office Claim Disputed by Tamil Nadu Theatre & Multiplex Association President |work=Men’s XP |url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/regional/127352-vijay-varisu-makers-claim-rs-210-crore-box-office-disputed-by-tamil-nadu-theater-association-president.html
|access-date=2025-12-26}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Vijay is the youngest son of an eminent billionaire [[Entrepreneurship|entrepreneur]], Rajendran Palanisamy. Vijay is disowned and thrown out of the house as he refuses to join the family business, instead deciding to launch a food delivery [[startup company|startup]]. Seven years later, Rajendran is diagnosed with [[stage IV]] [[pancreatic cancer]] with only 8 to 10 months to live. He decides to reveal his terminal condition and appoint one of his two elder sons, Jai or Ajay, as his successor before his impending death.

Rajendran plans to celebrate his 60th birthday and decides to announce both matters afterwards. Vijay gets invited at the behest of his mother, Sudha, who still considers him her son. Vijay arrives to find his house in disarray; Jai is cheating on his wife, Aarthi, and has an [[extramarital affair]] with another woman, Smita, while neglecting his spoilt daughter, Ria. Ajay is in a [[Usury|debt trap]] when he owes over {{INRConvert|550|c|year=2023}} to Mukesh, a [[Investor#Role of the financier|financier]]. When Ajay could not repay the money to Mukesh, he offered to leak his company's secrets to his father's business rival, Jayaprakash "JP". Once Rajendran learns that his tender details were leaked to JP, he swears to give that traitor hell. The two elder brothers do not speak with each other and try to sabotage each other to be their father's successor.

Meanwhile, Vijay meets Divya. She is Aarthi’s younger sister, From the very first time she saw Vijay at her sister’s wedding—though he was younger than her—she had a crush on him. After a few incidents, the duo fall for each other. During Rajendran's birthday celebration, JP, through Smita and Mukesh, reveals the duplicity of Jai and Ajay, which devastates the entire family. Aarthi decides to file for divorce from Jai when she learns of his affair with Smitha, and Rajendran loses a business deal to JP due to Ajay's treason. Realising that he cannot rely on his elder sons to run his business empire, Rajendran reaches out to Vijay, who initially refuses but later agrees to take over the business after learning about Rajendran's illness.

Jai and Ajay leave the house in jealousy and dismay and join hands with JP and Mukesh to get rid of Vijay as the chairman, but Vijay manages to cross the hurdles and neatly handles the family business. After Vijay rescues Ria from a human trafficking gang, Jai realises his mistakes and reconciles with Vijay, Aarthi, and the rest of the family. Vijay and Jai then team up to stop Ajay from selling their company's shares to JP and make him realise his mistakes. The entire family, now reunited, have a hearty meal together, much to the happiness of Rajendran and Sudha. When Rajendran dies, the three brothers perform his funeral together and scatter his ashes in [[Varanasi]].

== Cast ==
{{castlist|* [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] as Vijay Rajendran
* [[Rashmika Mandanna]] as Divya
* [[R. Sarathkumar]] as Rajendran Palanisamy
* [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] as Ajay Rajendran
* [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Dr. Anand Padmanabhan
* [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] as Jai Rajendran
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Jayaprakash Amarendran "JP"
* [[Jayasudha]] as Sudha Rajendran
* [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]] as Aarthi Jai
* [[Yogi Babu]] as Kicha
* [[Ganesh Venkatraman]] as Mukesh Krishnan
* [[Murali Sharma]] as Raghuram
* Samyuktha Shanmuganathan as Swetha Ajay
* Sanjana Tiwari as Riya Jai
* Advaith Vinod as Prashant Ajay
* Harshitha Karthik as Harshitha "Harshu" Ajay
* [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as Gautham
* [[Mime Gopi]] as Raju
* [[Pondy Ravi]] as Eeshwar
* [[Nandini Rai]] as Smitha
* Matthew Varghese as Mathew
* Nimisha Nambiar as Gautham's wife
* [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]] as Thambi Durai
* [[VTV Ganesh]] as Velraj
* [[Bharath Reddy (actor)|Bharath Reddy]] as Police Officer
* [[D. R. K. Kiran]] as Anthony
* Boys Rajan as IAS officer
* [[Supergood Subramani]] as Police Officer
* Keerthi Shanthanu as herself

'''Cameo appearances'''
* [[S. J. Suryah]] as Adithya Mittal
* [[Khushbu Sundar]] as Deleted Scene
* [[Jani Master]] as himself in the song "Thee Thalapathy"
* [[Sathish]] as Vijay's friend
* [[Gemini Ganesan]] as Palanisamy (photo presence)
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
On 26 September 2021, [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]'s 66th film as lead actor was announced with the [[working title]] ''Thalapathy 66''. Directed by [[Vamshi Paidipally]], it is the first Tamil film produced by [[Dil Raju]] and Sirish under [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=26 September 2021 |title=Thalapathy Vijay to join hands with director Vamshi Paidipally. Official announcement out |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-to-join-hands-with-director-vamshi-paidipally-official-announcement-out-1857428-2021-09-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114142854/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-to-join-hands-with-director-vamshi-paidipally-official-announcement-out-1857428-2021-09-26 |archive-date=14 November 2021 |access-date=25 January 2022 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref name="floors" /> and Paidipally's second Tamil film after ''[[Oopiri|Thozha]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2021 |title=Vijay to team up with director Vamshi Paidipally for Tamil-Telugu bilingual |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/vijay-to-team-up-with-director-vamshi-paidipally-7329362/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615174837/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/vijay-to-team-up-with-director-vamshi-paidipally-7329362/ |archive-date=15 June 2021 |access-date=15 April 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Paidipally said the makers initially intended to announce the project early that year, but had to postpone their plans due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India#2021: Second wave|second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=30 September 2021 |title=It's destiny that I'm doing a film with Thalapathy Vijay sir, says Vamshi Paidipally |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/its-destiny-that-im-doing-a-film-with-thalapathy-vijay-sir-says-vamshi-paidipally/articleshow/86647826.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120213510/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/its-destiny-that-im-doing-a-film-with-thalapathy-vijay-sir-says-vamshi-paidipally/articleshow/86647826.cms |archive-date=20 November 2021 |access-date=26 January 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Vijay was reported to receive a payment of {{INRconvert|110|c}} for the film.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Did Vijay charge Rs. 110 crores for 'Varisu'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/did-vijay-charge-rs-110-crores-for-varisu/articleshow/96877856.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110173610/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/did-vijay-charge-rs-110-crores-for-varisu/articleshow/96877856.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=10 January 2023 |access-date=4 February 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He was also reported to be sporting two looks as the film would be set in two different time periods.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2022 |title=Vijay will be sporting two looks in 'Thalapathy 66' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-will-be-sporting-two-looks-in-thalapathy-66/articleshow/88735731.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107004349/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-will-be-sporting-two-looks-in-thalapathy-66/articleshow/88735731.cms |archive-date=7 January 2022 |access-date=25 January 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Paidipally wrote the story and screenplay along with Hari and Ashishor Solomon.<ref name="floors" /> [[Raju Murugan]] was signed as the dialogue writer but he opted out of the project due to other film commitments.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2022 |title=National Award-winning director Raju Murugan to pen Tamil dialogues for 'Thalapathy 66' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/national-award-winning-director-raju-murugan-to-pen-tamil-dialogues-for-thalapathy-66/articleshow/89149229.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127080135/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/national-award-winning-director-raju-murugan-to-pen-tamil-dialogues-for-thalapathy-66/articleshow/89149229.cms |archive-date=27 January 2022 |access-date=27 January 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2022 |title=Here's why director Raju Murugan opted out of 'Thalapathy 66' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/heres-why-director-raju-murugan-opted-out-of-thalapathy-66/articleshow/90727449.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408103150/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/heres-why-director-raju-murugan-opted-out-of-thalapathy-66/articleshow/90727449.cms |archive-date=8 April 2022 |access-date=11 April 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Murugan was replaced by [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]] for additional screenplay and dialogues.<ref name="floors" /> Cinematographer [[Karthik Palani]], editor [[Praveen K. L.]] and production designers Sunil Babu and Vaishnavi Reddy, were part of the film's technical crew.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2022 |title='Adipurush' fame Kharthik Palani to crank the camera for 'Thalapathy 66' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/adipurush-fame-kharthik-palani-to-direct-thalapathy-66/articleshow/89948855.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304050948/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/adipurush-fame-kharthik-palani-to-direct-thalapathy-66/articleshow/89948855.cms |archive-date=4 March 2022 |access-date=4 March 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Dil Raju described the film as "family-centric" like most of Vijay's films from the 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2022 |title=Vijay's Thalapathy 66 will be a heart-touching family entertainer, says producer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-thalapathy-66-will-be-a-heart-touching-family-entertainer-says-producer/articleshow/89149807.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127080110/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-thalapathy-66-will-be-a-heart-touching-family-entertainer-says-producer/articleshow/89149807.cms |archive-date=27 January 2022 |access-date=27 January 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> While several reports anticipated the film to be a Tamil-[[Telugu language|Telugu]] bilingual, the makers clarified that the film would be shot only in Tamil.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |date=27 September 2021 |title=Thalapathy 66: Vijay, Vamshi Paidipally join hands for the first time with Dil Raju bankrolling |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/sep/27/31467/thalapathy-66-vijay-vamshi-paidipally-join-hands-for-the-first-time-with-dil-raju-bankrolling |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423023936/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/sep/27/31467/thalapathy-66-vijay-vamshi-paidipally-join-hands-for-the-first-time-with-dil-raju-bankrolling |archive-date=23 April 2022 |access-date=22 April 2022 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9IVrw7A7no0 |title=VIJAYudan Nerukku Ner – Exclusive Interview {{!}} Full Show {{!}} Thalapathy Vijay {{!}} Nelson {{!}} BEAST {{!}} Sun TV |date=11 April 2022 |last=Nelson |author-link=Nelson Dilipkumar |language=ta |publisher=[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] |time=43:03 |access-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412012421/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9IVrw7A7no0&ab_channel=SunTV |archive-date=12 April 2022 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> The title ''Varisu'' was announced on 21 June 2022, the eve of Vijay's 48th birthday.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 June 2022 |title=Vijay's Thalapathy 66 is Varisu, first-look poster out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijays-thalapathy-66-is-varisu-first-look-poster-out/article65548633.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621134223/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijays-thalapathy-66-is-varisu-first-look-poster-out/article65548633.ece |archive-date=21 June 2022 |access-date=21 June 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

In an interview with ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'', Vamshi claimed that the film is a family entertainer in the baseline and not specific to the genre, as he felt necessary to include several elements that would cater to the target audience, especially while writing for a big star like Vijay. He did the same, keeping in mind with the star and his image, which he felt that every section of the audience — including children and seniors — would enjoy the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=காந்தி |first=உ சுதர்சன் |date=27 October 2022 |title=உங்களில் ஒருவன்... குடும்பத்தின் தலைவன்! – 'வாரிசு' விஜய் Exclusive |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/director-vamshi-paidipally-interview-about-varisu-movie |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222073948/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/director-vamshi-paidipally-interview-about-varisu-movie |archive-date=22 December 2022 |access-date=22 December 2022 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
The story for the film was written keeping [[Mahesh Babu]] in mind and when the actor could not sign up for the film, the makers approached [[Allu Arjun]], [[Prabhas]] and [[Ram Charan]] before finalising Vijay.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2022 |title=Before Vijay, 4 Tollywood stars were approached to play lead in 'Varisu' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/before-vijay-4-tollywood-stars-were-approached-to-play-lead-in-varisu/articleshow/96277301.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216151815/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/before-vijay-4-tollywood-stars-were-approached-to-play-lead-in-varisu/articleshow/96277301.cms |archive-date=16 December 2022 |access-date=16 December 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In October 2021, [[Prakash Raj]] was reported to play a key role in the film, collaborating with Vijay after over a decade since ''[[Villu (film)|Villu]]'' (2009).<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2021 |title='விஜய் 66' படத்தில் இணையும் நடிகர் பிரகாஷ் ராஜ் |trans-title=Prakash Raj joins ''Thalapathy 66'' |url=https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/newsview/118008/Actor-Prakash-Raj-has-confirmed-that-He-is-part-of-Thalapathy66 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006133030/https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/newsview/118008/Actor-Prakash-Raj-has-confirmed-that-He-is-part-of-Thalapathy66 |archive-date=6 October 2021 |access-date=7 April 2022 |website=[[Puthiya Thalaimurai]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2021 |title=Prakash Raj to reunite with Vijay after a decade for Thalapathy 66? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/prakash-raj-to-reunite-with-vijay-after-a-decade-for-thalapathy-66/articleshow/86814352.cms?frmapp=yes&from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415044533/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/prakash-raj-to-reunite-with-vijay-after-a-decade-for-thalapathy-66/articleshow/86814352.cms?frmapp=yes&from=mdr |archive-date=15 April 2022 |access-date=15 April 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 5 April 2022, the birthday of [[Rashmika Mandanna]], it was announced that she would be the lead actress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2022 |title=Rashmika Mandanna joins Vijay for Vamshi Paidipally's Thalapathy 66. Official announcement out |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rashmika-mandanna-joins-vijay-for-vamshi-paidipally-s-thalapathy-66-official-announcement-out-1933821-2022-04-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405163015/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rashmika-mandanna-joins-vijay-for-vamshi-paidipally-s-thalapathy-66-official-announcement-out-1933821-2022-04-05 |archive-date=5 April 2022 |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> It is her second Tamil film after [[Sulthan (2021 film)|''Sulthan'']] (2021).<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2022 |title=Rashmika Mandanna has a fangirl moment as she joins Vijay for their first film together, takes his 'nazar' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/rashmika-mandanna-has-a-fangirl-moment-as-she-joins-vijay-for-their-first-film-together-takes-his-nazar-101649318557367.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414042124/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/rashmika-mandanna-has-a-fangirl-moment-as-she-joins-vijay-for-their-first-film-together-takes-his-nazar-101649318557367.html |archive-date=14 April 2022 |access-date=15 April 2022 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> The makers initially wanted [[Pooja Hegde]] as the lead actress, but ultimately desisted since she was doing consecutive films with stars; Hegde had previously starred with Vijay in ''[[Beast (2022 Indian film)|Beast]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2022 |title=Dil Raju reveals that Pooja Hegde was the first choice for 'Thalapathy 66' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dil-raju-reveals-that-pooja-hegde-was-the-first-choice-for-thalapathy-66/articleshow/90775727.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419052506/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dil-raju-reveals-that-pooja-hegde-was-the-first-choice-for-thalapathy-66/articleshow/90775727.cms |archive-date=19 April 2022 |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[R. Sarathkumar]] joined the cast the day after Mandanna's announcement.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2022 |title=Sarath Kumar joins the cast of Thalapathy 66 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sarath-kumar-joins-the-cast-of-thalapathy-66/articleshow/90685918.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406142625/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sarath-kumar-joins-the-cast-of-thalapathy-66/articleshow/90685918.cms |archive-date=6 April 2022 |access-date=6 April 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

On 26 April 2022, [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] confirmed being a part of the film, collaborating with Vijay after ''[[Kushi (2000 film)|Kushi]]'' (2000), in which film he acted in a minor role,<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2022 |title=Shaam joins cast of Thalapathy 66, to play Vijay's brother |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/shaam-joins-cast-of-thalapathy-66-to-play-vijay-s-brother-1941977-2022-04-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426113134/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/shaam-joins-cast-of-thalapathy-66-to-play-vijay-s-brother-1941977-2022-04-26 |archive-date=26 April 2022 |access-date=26 April 2022 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> and the following week, [[Yogi Babu]] also confirmed his presence in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2022 |title=Yogi Babu confirms being a part of Vijay and Rashmika Mandanna's Thalapathy 66 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/yogi-babu-confirms-being-a-part-of-vijay-and-rashmika-mandannas-thalapathy-66-10632871.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504125332/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/yogi-babu-confirms-being-a-part-of-vijay-and-rashmika-mandannas-thalapathy-66-10632871.html |archive-date=4 May 2022 |access-date=9 May 2022 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> Five days later, the production house confirmed [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] and [[Jayasudha]] as part of the cast,<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2022 |title=#Thalapathy 66 planned for Pongal 2023 release |url=https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2022/05/08/thalapathy-66-planned-for-pongal-2023-release |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508155444/https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2022/05/08/thalapathy-66-planned-for-pongal-2023-release |archive-date=8 May 2022 |access-date=8 May 2022 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref> and two days later, Telugu actor [[Srikanth (actor, born 1968)|Srikanth]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2022 |title=Telugu actor Srikanth joins the team of #Thalapathy66 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/telugu-actor-srikanth-joins-the-team-of-thalapathy66/articleshow/91469649.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510163103/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/telugu-actor-srikanth-joins-the-team-of-thalapathy66/articleshow/91469649.cms |archive-date=10 May 2022 |access-date=10 May 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Sangeetha Krish]] and Samyuktha Shanmughanathan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2022 |title=Sangeetha, Samyuktha join the cast of #Thalapathy66 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sangeetha-samyuktha-join-the-cast-of-thalapathy66/articleshow/91495274.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511133905/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sangeetha-samyuktha-join-the-cast-of-thalapathy66/articleshow/91495274.cms |archive-date=11 May 2022 |access-date=11 May 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In early June, a photograph of [[Khushbu Sundar]] on the sets was leaked.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2022 |title=Vijay's picture from 'Thalapathy 66' leaked, popular actress joins the film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-picture-from-thalapathy-66-leaked-popular-actress-joins-the-film/articleshow/92095525.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609104502/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-picture-from-thalapathy-66-leaked-popular-actress-joins-the-film/articleshow/92095525.cms |archive-date=9 June 2022 |access-date=9 June 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Though she initially denied being part of the cast,<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2022 |title=Here's Khushbu's response to whether she is a part of 'Varisu' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/heres-khushbus-response-to-whether-she-is-a-part-of-varisu/articleshow/94659034.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005084443/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/heres-khushbus-response-to-whether-she-is-a-part-of-varisu/articleshow/94659034.cms |archive-date=5 October 2022 |access-date=5 October 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> her presence was confirmed on 26 October.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2022 |title=Khushbu finally confirms being part of Thalapathy Vijay's Varisu. See pic |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/khushbu-finally-confirms-being-part-of-thalapathy-vijays-varisu-see-pic-2290118-2022-10-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225125838/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/khushbu-finally-confirms-being-part-of-thalapathy-vijays-varisu-see-pic-2290118-2022-10-27 |archive-date=25 December 2022 |access-date=25 December 2022 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> According to Vijay, her role was minor.<ref name="Vijay's Speech" /> Khushbu's scenes were excluded from the theatrical cut due to length issues.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2024 |title=Khushbu on her deleted scenes in 'Varisu': Had emotional sequences with Vijay |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/khushbu-sundar-on-her-deleted-scenes-in-varisu-had-emotional-sequences-with-thalapathy-vijay-2568512-2024-07-18 |access-date=29 September 2024 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> On 23 August, [[Ganesh Venkatraman]] confirmed his presence in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2022 |title=Varisu: விஜய்யின் வாரிசு படத்தில் இணைந்த பிக் பாஸ் பிரபலம்! |url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/cinema-varisu-bigg-boss-ganesh-venkatraman-joined-in-thalapathy-vijay-varisu-790211.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823113635/https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/cinema-varisu-bigg-boss-ganesh-venkatraman-joined-in-thalapathy-vijay-varisu-790211.html |archive-date=23 August 2022 |access-date=23 August 2022 |website=[[News18]] |language=ta}}</ref> In September, [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]] was confirmed to be a part of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2022 |title=விஜய்யின் 'வாரிசு' படத்தில் புதிதாக இணைந்திருக்கிறார், ஸ்ரீமன் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/869332-sriman-joins-vijays-varisu-movie.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926193358/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/869332-sriman-joins-vijays-varisu-movie.html |archive-date=26 September 2022 |access-date=5 October 2022 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> At the film's audio launch on 24 December, Vijay announced that [[S. J. Suryah]] would play a cameo role.<ref name="Vijay's Speech" />

=== Filming ===
The inaugural [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] ceremony for the film's shooting was held on 6 April 2022 in [[Chennai]], and was followed by filming of the first schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2022 |title=Vijay-Rashmika Mandanna's Thalapathy 66 begins shoot. See photos |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/vijay-rashmika-mandanna-thalapathy-66-shoot-begins-see-photos-7855895/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406091155/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/vijay-rashmika-mandanna-thalapathy-66-shoot-begins-see-photos-7855895/ |archive-date=6 April 2022 |access-date=6 April 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> It took place at a specially constructed set at a film city in [[East Coast Road]], Chennai and was completed on 15 April.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2022 |title=Makers of Vijay's 'Thalapathy 66' erect a gigantic set in Chennai film city |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/makers-of-vijays-thalapathy-66-erect-a-gigantic-set-in-chennai-film-city/articleshow/90763431.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410143045/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/makers-of-vijays-thalapathy-66-erect-a-gigantic-set-in-chennai-film-city/articleshow/90763431.cms |archive-date=10 April 2022 |access-date=11 April 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2022 |title='Thalapathy 66' first schedule wrapped up, director Vamshi Paidipally takes a pledge |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-66-first-schedule-wrapped-up-director-vamshi-paidipally-takes-a-pledge/articleshow/90859971.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415075940/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-66-first-schedule-wrapped-up-director-vamshi-paidipally-takes-a-pledge/articleshow/90859971.cms |archive-date=15 April 2022 |access-date=16 April 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Initially, 75% of the shoot was planned to take place in [[Hyderabad]] but Vijay requested the production to remain in Chennai to benefit the local [[Film Employees Federation of South India|FEFSI]] members, and the makers reportedly agreed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2022 |title=Vijay requests 'Thalapathy 66' makers to shift the shoot location of the film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-requests-thalapathy-66-makers-to-shift-the-shoot-location-of-the-film/articleshow/90911642.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418105303/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-requests-thalapathy-66-makers-to-shift-the-shoot-location-of-the-film/articleshow/90911642.cms |archive-date=18 April 2022 |access-date=19 April 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Despite this, the Hyderabad schedule began on 3 May,<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2022 |title=Vijay spotted at Hyderabad airport as he resume Thalapathy 66 shooting today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-spotted-at-hyderabad-airport-as-he-resume-thalapathy-66-shooting-today/articleshow/91284098.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503145928/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-spotted-at-hyderabad-airport-as-he-resume-thalapathy-66-shooting-today/articleshow/91284098.cms |archive-date=3 May 2022 |access-date=3 May 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and concluded by 23 May.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2022 |title=Vijay Wraps 2nd Schedule Of Thalapathy 66 In Hyderabad, Returns To Chennai |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/vijay-wraps-2nd-schedule-of-thalapathy66-in-hyderabad-returns-to-chennai-5242399.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526135904/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/vijay-wraps-2nd-schedule-of-thalapathy66-in-hyderabad-returns-to-chennai-5242399.html |archive-date=26 May 2022 |access-date=26 May 2022 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> The Chennai schedule resumed on 3 June, with the recurring portions also being shot at the film city. This includes a song sequence and few talkie portions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2022 |title='Thalapathy 66' Chennai schedule to start rolling |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-66-chennai-schedule-to-start-rolling/articleshow/91976734.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626235206/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-66-chennai-schedule-to-start-rolling/articleshow/91976734.cms |archive-date=26 June 2022 |access-date=14 September 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Despite stringent measures taken by the production team, pictures taken from the sets were leaked onto the internet and by 15 June, the team planned to shift the shooting location to a private spot, resulting in the halt of filming.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2022 |title=Pictures from the sets of 'Thalapathy 66' gets leaked; makers change the shoot location |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pictures-from-the-sets-of-thalapathy-66-gets-leaked-makers-change-the-shoot-location/articleshow/92248407.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731123743/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pictures-from-the-sets-of-thalapathy-66-gets-leaked-makers-change-the-shoot-location/articleshow/92248407.cms |archive-date=31 July 2022 |access-date=14 September 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> By 23 June 45% of filming was over, with another schedule to begin in July.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CR |first=Sharanya |date=23 June 2022 |title=Vijay works on his birthday after a gap of 10 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-works-on-his-birthday-after-a-gap-of-10-years/articleshow/92401401.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623075826/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-works-on-his-birthday-after-a-gap-of-10-years/articleshow/92401401.cms |archive-date=23 June 2022 |access-date=23 June 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The fourth schedule began on 5 July in Hyderabad,<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2022 |title=Thalapathy Vijay heads to Hyderabad for the next schedule of 'Varisu' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-vijay-heads-to-hyderabad-for-the-next-schedule-of-varisu/articleshow/92669409.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714050846/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-vijay-heads-to-hyderabad-for-the-next-schedule-of-varisu/articleshow/92669409.cms |archive-date=14 July 2022 |access-date=14 September 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and completed within three weeks.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2022 |title=Vijay's' Varisu' Hyderabad schedule wrapped up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-varisu-hyderabad-schedule-wrapped-up/articleshow/93156623.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806225036/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-varisu-hyderabad-schedule-wrapped-up/articleshow/93156623.cms |archive-date=6 August 2022 |access-date=14 September 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

The team headed to [[Visakhapatnam]] for the fifth schedule in late-July; Paidipally planned to shoot the film in live locations in the city, and the details of the venue were undisclosed, in order to avoid fans gathering.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2022 |title=The next schedule of Thalapathy Vijay's 'Varisu' to take place in Vizag |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-next-schedule-of-thalapathy-vijays-varisu-to-take-place-in-vizag/articleshow/93252906.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812033857/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-next-schedule-of-thalapathy-vijays-varisu-to-take-place-in-vizag/articleshow/93252906.cms |archive-date=12 August 2022 |access-date=14 September 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Despite the Telugu Film Producers Guild's (TFPG) decision to halt shootings of Telugu films from 1 August 2022, Dil Raju, the head of TFPG, assured that the shooting of ''Varisu'' would continue as it was a Tamil-language film and not a bilingual.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2022 |title=After Suggesting Strike, Dil Raju Continues Shooting For Vijay's Varisu; Courts Criticism |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/after-suggesting-strike-dil-raju-continues-shooting-for-vijays-varisu-courts-criticism-5673367.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914154604/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/after-suggesting-strike-dil-raju-continues-shooting-for-vijays-varisu-courts-criticism-5673367.html |archive-date=14 September 2022 |access-date=14 September 2022 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2022 |title=Producer Dil Raju clarifies whether Varisu will halt shooting following producer's strike |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/aug/01/producer-dil-raju-clarifies-whether-varisu-will-halt-shooting-following-producers-strike-33316.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914170525/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/aug/01/producer-dil-raju-clarifies-whether-varisu-will-halt-shooting-following-producers-strike-33316.html |archive-date=14 September 2022 |access-date=14 September 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> During the production in Hyderabad, several stills from the film were leaked, and fans criticised the supposed carelessness of the production house.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2022 |title=Vijay and Rashmika's romantic pictures from the sets of 'Varisu' get leaked |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-and-rashmikas-romantic-pictures-from-the-sets-of-varisu-get-leaked/articleshow/93730564.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824090410/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-and-rashmikas-romantic-pictures-from-the-sets-of-varisu-get-leaked/articleshow/93730564.cms |archive-date=24 August 2022 |access-date=14 September 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In mid-August 2022, a song shoot was held featuring Vijay and Mandanna, and is choreographed by [[Jani Master]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2022 |title=After 'Master' & 'Beast', Jani Master choreographs for Vijay's Varisu too |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/after-master-beast-jani-master-choreographs-for-vijays-varisu-too/articleshow/93775543.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906204659/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/after-master-beast-jani-master-choreographs-for-vijays-varisu-too/articleshow/93775543.cms |archive-date=6 September 2022 |access-date=14 September 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The team moved to Hyderabad for filming another song, with the lead pair and choreographer in September.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2022 |title=Vijay and Rashmika Mandanna shooting a song for Varisu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-and-rashmika-mandanna-shooting-a-song-for-varisu/articleshow/94093249.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910080340/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-and-rashmika-mandanna-shooting-a-song-for-varisu/articleshow/94093249.cms |archive-date=10 September 2022 |access-date=14 September 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

The final schedule commenced on 25 September, with two fight sequences and two songs left to be shot in this schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2022 |title=The final schedule of Vijay's Varisu kicks off; details inside |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/the-final-schedule-of-vijays-varisu-kicks-off-details-inside/4704ee4c0b621 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928053424/https://www.ottplay.com/news/the-final-schedule-of-vijays-varisu-kicks-off-details-inside/4704ee4c0b621 |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=28 September 2022 |website=[[OTTplay]]}}</ref> The filming was completed on 27 October 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2022 |title=Reports: Vijay to complete shooting for 'Varisu' on October 27 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/reports-vijay-to-complete-shooting-for-varisu-on-october-27/articleshow/94756616.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203064720/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/reports-vijay-to-complete-shooting-for-varisu-on-october-27/articleshow/94756616.cms |archive-date=3 December 2022 |access-date=3 December 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> except for patchwork sequences and a final song, which was shot from 14 to 19 November in [[Bellary]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2022 |title=Vijay returns to Chennai; shoots for the final song for 'Varisu' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-returns-to-chennai-shoots-for-the-final-song-for-varisu/articleshow/95500857.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212094753/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-returns-to-chennai-shoots-for-the-final-song-for-varisu/articleshow/95500857.cms |archive-date=12 December 2022 |access-date=3 December 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It was followed by the ongoing shooting of the climax sequences in Hyderabad, taking place for nearly 10 days.<ref name="climax" /> During the schedule, a reporter and his team flew drone camera over the shooting location, but was seized by the fans, preventing the reporter from getting footage from the sets.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2022 |title=Fans of Vijay prevent media from filming unauthorized videos from the sets of 'Varisu' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/fans-of-vijay-prevent-reporters-from-filming-unauthorized-videos-from-the-sets-of-varisu/articleshow/95743581.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220040517/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/fans-of-vijay-prevent-reporters-from-filming-unauthorized-videos-from-the-sets-of-varisu/articleshow/95743581.cms |archive-date=20 December 2022 |access-date=3 December 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Post-production for the film went simultaneously in mid-November, and full-fledged post-production works would begin by December, once filming is wrapped. The technical team also travelled to [[Ladakh]] to capture montage sequences.<ref name="climax" /> Filming was completed in December.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2022 |title=Ganesh Venkatram wraps up 'Varisu' shooting |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/dec/13/ganesh-venkatram-wraps-up-varisu-shooting-2527766.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226172740/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/dec/13/ganesh-venkatram-wraps-up-varisu-shooting-2527766.html |archive-date=26 December 2022 |access-date=10 January 2023 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Varisu (soundtrack)}}
In his first collaboration with Vijay, the music is composed by [[Thaman S]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2022 |title=Thaman to compose music for Thalapathy 66 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/apr/05/thaman-to-compose-music-for-thalapathy-66-30703.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406145459/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/apr/05/thaman-to-compose-music-for-thalapathy-66-30703.html |archive-date=6 April 2022 |access-date=6 April 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The album consists of five songs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vinothkumar |first=S |date=12 May 2022 |title=தளபதி 66 படத்தின் கதையை கேட்டவுடன் எனக்கு தோன்றிய விஷயம் இதுதான் : தமன் |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/music-director-thaman-about-vijay-thalapathy-66-movie/articleshow/91506177.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512061114/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/music-director-thaman-about-vijay-thalapathy-66-movie/articleshow/91506177.cms |archive-date=12 May 2022 |access-date=12 May 2022 |website=[[Samayam]] |language=ta}}</ref> The first single "Ranjithame" was released on 5 November 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2022 |title=Ranjithame, the first single from Varisu to be out on November 5 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/nov/03/ranjithame-the-first-single-from-varisu-to-be-out-on-november-5-36234.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104235714/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/nov/03/ranjithame-the-first-single-from-varisu-to-be-out-on-november-5-36234.html |archive-date=4 November 2022 |access-date=4 November 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> the second single "Thee Thalapathy" on 4 December,<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2022 |title=Varisu second single out. Vijay, Simbu set the screen on fire in Thee Thalapathy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/varisu-second-single-out-vijay-simbu-set-the-screen-on-fire-in-thee-thalapathy-2305204-2022-12-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204125011/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/varisu-second-single-out-vijay-simbu-set-the-screen-on-fire-in-thee-thalapathy-2305204-2022-12-04 |archive-date=4 December 2022 |access-date=4 December 2022 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> and the third single "Soul of Varisu" on 20 December.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1604801236381110273 |user=SVC_official |title=#SoulOfVarisu – #VarisuThirdSingle is releasing Tomorrow at 5 PM |author=Sri Venkateswara Creations |author-link=Sri Venkateswara Creations |date=19 December 2022 |access-date=19 December 2022}}</ref>

The audio launch was held on 24 December.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2022 |title=Varisu audio launch has Vijay's fans cheering, singing in unison. See photos, videos |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/varisu-audio-launch-vijay-fans-cheering-singing-see-photos-videos-8342349/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224163158/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/varisu-audio-launch-vijay-fans-cheering-singing-see-photos-videos-8342349/ |archive-date=24 December 2022 |access-date=24 December 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The original soundtrack was released on 17 August 2023.

== Marketing ==
''Varisu''<nowiki/>'s first poster released on 21 June 2022, was criticised by a section of social media users, alleging to be plagiarised from the advertisements of the Otto clothing board,<ref name="otto" /> and also edited the poster to strengthen their claims.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2022 |title='வாரிசு' ஃபர்ஸ்ட் லுக் போஸ்டர் காப்பி அடிக்கப்பட்டதுதானா? – Otto நிறுவனம் என்ன சொல்கிறது? |url=https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/newsview/142029/otto-announcement-over-varisu-poster-controversy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222073715/https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/newsview/142029/otto-announcement-over-varisu-poster-controversy |archive-date=22 December 2022 |access-date=22 December 2022 |website=[[Puthiya Thalaimurai]] |language=ta}}</ref> Replying to the trolls, the company had claimed that the image is not in any way related to the company.<ref name="otto" /> Outdoor promotions for the film began in early-December 2022, with the film's poster being [[Wrap advertising|wrapped]] in [[Chennai Metro]] trains,<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2022 |title=Varisu Vijay: சென்னை மெட்ரோ ரயிலில் வாரிசு விஜய்! |url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/cinema-thalapathy-vijay-varisu-posters-in-chennai-metro-rail-854386.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222072159/https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/cinema-thalapathy-vijay-varisu-posters-in-chennai-metro-rail-854386.html |archive-date=22 December 2022 |access-date=22 December 2022 |website=[[News18]] |language=ta}}</ref> and in the [[Uzhavan Express]] train.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1605819824885698560 |user=7screenstudio |title=Uzhavan Express Train Carries #Varisu from Now 🚃🔥🔥 #Varisu in theatres near you from Pongal 2023 😊 |author=Seven Screen Studio |date=22 December 2022 |access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref>

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''Varisu'' was released on 11 January 2023, in the week of [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]], clashing with ''[[Thunivu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=5 January 2023 |title=Not January 12, Thalapathy Vijay's Varisu and Ajith Kumar's Thunivu to clash at the theatres on THIS date |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijays-varisu-and-ajith-kumars-thunivu-to-clash-at-the-theatres-on-january-11-2317469-2023-01-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126164119/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijays-varisu-and-ajith-kumars-thunivu-to-clash-at-the-theatres-on-january-11-2317469-2023-01-05 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |access-date=5 January 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2023 |title=Varisu release date out; clash with Thunivu confirmed |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jan/05/varisu-release-date-out-clash-with-thunivu-confirmed-38399.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126164119/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jan/05/varisu-release-date-out-clash-with-thunivu-confirmed-38399.html |archive-date=26 January 2021 |access-date=5 January 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The film has dubbed versions in Telugu (titled ''Vaarasudu'') and in Hindi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2022 |title=Thalapathy Vijay's Varisu titled Vaarasudu in Telugu |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/thalapathy-vijays-varisu-titled-vaarasudu-in-telugu/1926a23021369 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622041741/https://www.ottplay.com/news/thalapathy-vijays-varisu-titled-vaarasudu-in-telugu/1926a23021369 |archive-date=22 June 2022 |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2022 |title='Varisu' non-theatrical rights sold for Rs 150 crore along with Hindi dubbing rights |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/varisu-non-theatrical-rights-sold-for-rs-150-crore/articleshow/94174603.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913101417/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/varisu-non-theatrical-rights-sold-for-rs-150-crore/articleshow/94174603.cms |archive-date=13 September 2022 |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The Telugu version's release was initially in risk of being moved to an earlier date than the Tamil version as the Telugu Film Producers Council urged theatre owners to give first preference to release only direct Telugu films releasing in the states of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] during the week of [[Makar Sankranti|Sankranti]] festival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2022 |title=Telugu producers urge theatres to not give preference to dubbed films on festivals; move may affect Varisu, Thunivu |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/telugu-producers-urge-theatres-to-not-give-preference-to-dubbed-films-101668340901348.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113131615/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/telugu-producers-urge-theatres-to-not-give-preference-to-dubbed-films-101668340901348.html |archive-date=13 November 2022 |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> ''[[Veera Simha Reddy]]'' and ''[[Waltair Veerayya]]'' were scheduled for the release on the festival on 12 and 13 January 2023 respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2022 |title=Chiranjeevi's Waltair Veerayya, Nandamuri Balakrishna's Veera Simha Reddy get release dates |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/chiranjeevi-waltair-veerayya-nandamuri-balakrishna-veera-simha-reddy-get-release-dates-8311726/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212210454/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/chiranjeevi-waltair-veerayya-nandamuri-balakrishna-veera-simha-reddy-get-release-dates-8311726/ |archive-date=12 December 2022 |access-date=22 December 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Despite this, the Tamil Nadu Film Producers Association announced that the Telugu version would release as planned after talks with the Telugu Film Producers Council.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2022 |title='Varisu' to release in Telugu as planned: TN Producers' Association |url=https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2022/11/23/varisu-to-release-in-telugu-as-planned-tn-producers-association |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123121635/https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2022/11/23/varisu-to-release-in-telugu-as-planned-tn-producers-association |archive-date=23 November 2022 |access-date=26 November 2022 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref> However, the Telugu version was later pushed to 14 January 2023 due to Raju choosing to let ''Veera Simha Reddy'' and ''Waltair Veerayya'' release first.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2023 |title=Vijay's Vaarasudu to release on January 14; Dil Raju says 'audience will wait for good cinema' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/vijays-vaarasudu-to-release-on-january-14-dil-raju-says-audience-will-wait-for-good-cinema-8369945/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109123118/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/vijays-vaarasudu-to-release-on-january-14-dil-raju-says-audience-will-wait-for-good-cinema-8369945/ |archive-date=9 January 2023 |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

=== Distribution ===
In November, it was announced that Seven Screen Studios had acquired the Tamil Nadu theatrical rights for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2022 |title=Official: 7 Screen Studio to release Vijay's Varisu in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/nov/20/official-7-screen-studio-to-release-vijays-varisu-in-tamil-nadu-36827.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217143949/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/nov/20/official-7-screen-studio-to-release-vijays-varisu-in-tamil-nadu-36827.html |archive-date=17 December 2022 |access-date=17 December 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> They will further distribute the film through their sub-distributors: Shri Sai Combines (Tirunelveli and Kanyakumari), Five Star Films (Madurai), Radhu Infotainment (Tiruchirappalli and Tanjore) and distributor Senthil (Salem).<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1603985908948406274 |user=7screenstudio |title=We are making this a memorable #VarisuPongal for you! Happy to announce our TN Distributors of #Thalapathy @actorvijaySir's #Varisu 😊 |author=Seven Screen Studio |author-link=Seven Screen Studio |date=17 December 2022 |access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> [[Red Giant Movies]] will distribute the film in North Arcot, South Arcot, Chennai, Coimbatore and Chengalpet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2022 |title=Udhayanidhi Stalin steps in to distribute Vijay's Varisu |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/udhayanidhi-stalin-steps-in-to-distribute-vijays-varisu-in-these-regions-of-tamil-nadu/688916d0a3119 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217160508/https://www.ottplay.com/news/udhayanidhi-stalin-steps-in-to-distribute-vijays-varisu-in-these-regions-of-tamil-nadu/688916d0a3119 |archive-date=17 December 2022 |access-date=17 December 2022 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref> Ahimsa Entertainment released the film in Tamil and Telugu in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1593230950544334848 |user=ahimsafilms |title=Pakka celebration vibes! #AhimsaEntertainment is proud to announce our next distribution – #Varisu & #Vaarasudu in UK cinemas from Pongal 2023 ❤️😍 |author=Ahimsa Entertainment |date=17 November 2022 |access-date=24 November 2022}}</ref> 4 Seasons Creations acquired the rights for distributing the film in European countries such as France, Norway and Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1594329638632914945 |user=4SeasonsCreati1 |title=Mass Celebrations Loading...! #Varisu & #Vaarasudu in European cinemas from Pongal 2023 |author=4Seasons Creations AS |date=20 November 2022 |access-date=27 November 2022}}</ref> DMY Creations bought the distribution rights for Malaysia,<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1598989167111065600 |user=dmycreationoffl |title=Malaysia 🇲🇾 Theatrical Rights of Thalapathy Vijay's Varisu Bagged by #DMY😎🔥Tag and mention your Thalapathy Veriyars!Lot More To Come ! 😎 |author=DMY Creation (Official) |date=3 December 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022}}</ref> and Home Screen Entertainment did so for Singapore.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1598641107419951104 |user=homescreenent |title=Aamaanga Aamaanga. Vaaraaru Vaaraaru. 😍 We're excited to announce that we have acquired the SINGAPORE distribution rights for #ThalapathyVijay's most-awaited film #Varisu 🔥 |author=Home Screen Entertainment |date=2 December 2022 |access-date=25 March 2023}}</ref>

=== Pre-release business ===
The film's non-theatrical rights were sold for {{INRConvert|150|c}} including satellite, digital, audio and dubbing rights.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2022 |title=Thalapathy Vijay's Varisu Non-Theatrical Rights Sold For A WHOPPING Amount; Find out |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/thalapathy-vijays-varisu-non-theatrical-rights-sold-for-a-whopping-amount-find-out-5946757.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222081325/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/thalapathy-vijays-varisu-non-theatrical-rights-sold-for-a-whopping-amount-find-out-5946757.html |archive-date=22 December 2022 |access-date=22 December 2022 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=12 September 2022 |title=Thalapathy Vijay's Varisu non-theatrical rights sold for Rs 150 crore. Wait, what? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-s-varisu-non-theatrical-rights-stands-at-rs-350-crore-wait-what-1999358-2022-09-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222081320/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-s-varisu-non-theatrical-rights-stands-at-rs-350-crore-wait-what-1999358-2022-09-12 |archive-date=22 December 2022 |access-date=22 December 2022 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Seven Screen Studios acquired the Tamil Nadu theatrical rights for {{INRConvert|70|c}} in minimum-guarantee basis.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2022 |title=Seven Screen Studio Acquires Tamil Nadu Theatrical Rights Of Thalapathy Vijay's Varisu |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/seven-screen-studio-acquires-tamil-nadu-theatrical-rights-of-thalapathy-vijays-varisu-6436555.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222081338/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/seven-screen-studio-acquires-tamil-nadu-theatrical-rights-of-thalapathy-vijays-varisu-6436555.html |archive-date=22 December 2022 |access-date=22 December 2022 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> The Hindi-dubbing rights of the film were sold for over {{INRConvert|34|c}} crore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=5 January 2023 |title=Varisu vs Thunivu, Thalapathy Vijay film earns more than Ajith Kumar's in pre-release business: Report |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/varisu-vs-thunivu-thalapathy-vijay-film-earns-more-than-ajith-kumars-in-pre-release-business-report-2317859-2023-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222081320/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/varisu-vs-thunivu-thalapathy-vijay-film-earns-more-than-ajith-kumars-in-pre-release-business-report-2317859-2023-01-05 |archive-date=22 December 2022 |access-date=5 January 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The digital streaming rights were acquired by [[Amazon Prime Video]], and the satellite rights were sold to [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Llewellyn |first=Tom |date=11 January 2023 |title=Varisu fans delighted as OTT streaming rights sold pre-premiere |url=https://www.hitc.com/en-gb/2023/01/11/varisu-ott-streaming-platform-confirmed-release-date-predictions/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111151144/https://www.hitc.com/en-gb/2023/01/11/varisu-ott-streaming-platform-confirmed-release-date-predictions/ |archive-date=11 January 2023 |access-date=21 January 2023 |website=[[HITC]]}}</ref> The film premiered on Amazon Prime Video from 22 February 2023 in Tamil and dubbed versions of Telugu, Malayalam and Kannada languages.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 February 2023 |title=Vijay and Rashmika Mandanna starrer 'Varisu' set for its OTT premiere on February 22 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vijay-and-rashmika-mandanna-starrer-varisu-set-for-its-ott-premiere-on-february-22/articleshow/98008315.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421141429/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vijay-and-rashmika-mandanna-starrer-varisu-set-for-its-ott-premiere-on-february-22/articleshow/98008315.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=21 April 2023 |access-date=17 February 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film received mixed reviews from critics. On the [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], 66% of 8 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 5.9/10.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2023 |title=Varisu vs Thunivu box office collection Day 11: Vijay's film maintains edge over Ajith's heist drama, even as the latter finally makes it to the Rs 100 cr club |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/varisu-vs-thunivu-box-office-collection-day-11-vijays-film-maintains-edge-over-ajiths-heist-drama-thunivu-thunivu-box-office-collections-ajith-vijay-8396921/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122055927/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/varisu-vs-thunivu-box-office-collection-day-11-vijays-film-maintains-edge-over-ajiths-heist-drama-thunivu-thunivu-box-office-collections-ajith-vijay-8396921/ |archive-date=22 January 2023 |access-date=22 January 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

M Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 3.5 out of 5 and wrote "Vijay is in terrific form, cracking one-liners that have us break out into a smile, make self-referential punches and show earnestness in the sentimental moments".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M |date=11 January 2023 |title=Varisu Movie Review : Vijay and Rashmika starrer Varisu is a potent commercial cocktail |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/varisu/movie-review/96892695.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111062741/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/varisu/movie-review/96892695.cms |archive-date=11 January 2023 |access-date=11 January 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Prem Udayabhanu of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' narrated Varisu as "A throwback to the formula era – a mix of traditional family values a prodigal heir and a fortune awaiting business inheritance".<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2023 |title=Varisu Movie Review : Vijay's Varisu is a throwback to family formula |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/01/11/vijay-varisu-release-rashmika-mandanna.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111063021/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/01/11/vijay-varisu-release-rashmika-mandanna.html |archive-date=11 January 2023 |access-date=11 January 2023 |website=[[Onmanorama]]}}</ref> Latha Srinivasan of ''[[India Today]]'' gave the film 3 out of 5 and wrote "Though the film is reminiscent of some Telugu films, Vijay keeps us engaged with his comedy and action".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=11 January 2023 |title=Varisu Movie Review: Thalapathy Vijay's film is high on comedy and family sentiment |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/varisu-movie-review-thalapathy-vijays-film-is-high-on-comedy-and-family-sentiment-2319911-2023-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111061732/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/varisu-movie-review-thalapathy-vijays-film-is-high-on-comedy-and-family-sentiment-2319911-2023-01-11 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |access-date=11 January 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

Srinivasa Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Beyond Varisu's staid plot and saccharine emotional beats, that's what stays in your mind in this Vamshi Paidipally directorial".<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2023 |title='Varisu' movie review: Vijay returns to his throwback '90s self in this familiar emotional entertainer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/varisu-movie-review-vijay-returns-to-his-throwback-90s-self-in-this-familiar-emotional-entertainer/article66362591.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111080315/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/varisu-movie-review-vijay-returns-to-his-throwback-90s-self-in-this-familiar-emotional-entertainer/article66362591.ece |archive-date=11 January 2023 |access-date=11 January 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Priyanka Thirumurthy of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "In short, Varisu is a predictable but enjoyable family drama. After all, the fact that 'family is difficult' is a universal emotion".<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2023 |title=Varisu Review: This Vijay entertainer is high on energy but falters on emotions |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/varisu-review-vijay-entertainer-high-energy-falters-emotions-171797 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111141445/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/varisu-review-vijay-entertainer-high-energy-falters-emotions-171797 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |access-date=11 January 2023 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> Haricharan Pudipeddi of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote "As a viewer if you had walked in with your expectations in place after watching the trailer, you won't be disappointed".<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2023 |title=Varisu movie review: Predictable family drama that works only due to Vijay's presence |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/varisu-movie-review-predictable-family-drama-that-works-only-due-to-vijay-s-presence-101673404624806.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111141444/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/varisu-movie-review-predictable-family-drama-that-works-only-due-to-vijay-s-presence-101673404624806.html |archive-date=11 January 2023 |access-date=11 January 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

Kirubhakar Purushothaman of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film 3 out of 5 and wrote "There's no novelty to the experience. We wait for one mass moment after the other or one joke after the other. That makes Varisu more of a product than a film".<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2023 |title=Varisu movie review: Conviction and self-awareness win it for Vijay's generic masala product |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/varisu-movie-review-rating-vijay-rashmika-8373366/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111142519/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/varisu-movie-review-rating-vijay-rashmika-8373366/ |archive-date=11 January 2023 |access-date=11 January 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Navneet Vyasan of ''[[News18]]'' gave the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "The screenplay has enough elements of a family entertainer. It has enough twists and turns too. In all this drama, Vijay excels in a perfect popcorn film that will see theatres come alive again".<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2023 |title=Varisu Movie Review: A Popcorn Entertainer That Compliments Vijay's Mass Appeal |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/varisu-movie-review-a-popcorn-entertainer-that-compliments-vijays-mass-appeal-6808417.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111142504/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/varisu-movie-review-a-popcorn-entertainer-that-compliments-vijays-mass-appeal-6808417.html |archive-date=11 January 2023 |access-date=11 January 2023 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> Priyanka Sundar of ''[[Firstpost]]'' wrote "Not that they aren't valid, but they are so used to the subliminal messaging of women treated as nothing but trophies, and belonging in the kitchen that they don't see a point is calling it out".<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2023 |title=Varisu movie review: Exploitation of emotions, mainly that of women in an archaic set-up still gets its claps, whistles |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/varisu-movie-review-exploitation-of-emotions-mainly-that-of-women-in-an-archaic-set-up-still-gets-its-claps-whistles-11967202.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111142502/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/varisu-movie-review-exploitation-of-emotions-mainly-that-of-women-in-an-archaic-set-up-still-gets-its-claps-whistles-11967202.html |archive-date=11 January 2023 |access-date=11 January 2023 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>

Navein Darshan of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "The best among them is Vijay casually taking a dig at family dramas while making a confident statement".<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2023 |title=Varisu Movie Review: An in-form Vijay and self-aware writing elevate this conventional family drama |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/jan/11/varisu-movie-reviewan-in-form-vijay-and-self-aware-writing-elevate-this-conventional-family-drama-38631.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111142506/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/jan/11/varisu-movie-reviewan-in-form-vijay-and-self-aware-writing-elevate-this-conventional-family-drama-38631.html |archive-date=11 January 2023 |access-date=11 January 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Vivek MV of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave the film's rating 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "[[Beast (2022 Indian film)|''Beast'']] from Nelson's was a misfire, yes, but it was at least encouraging to see Vijay collaborating with a youngster. He took that path with ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'' first, where he responded to the sensibility and style of a new-gen filmmaker. With 'Varisu', it seems that the actor has played it safe".<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2023 |title='Varisu' movie review: The '90s melodrama we didn't ask for |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/varisu-movie-review-the-90s-melodrama-we-didnt-ask-for-1180073.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609080916/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/varisu-movie-review-the-90s-melodrama-we-didnt-ask-for-1180073.html |archive-date=9 June 2022 |access-date=11 January 2023 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> Lakshmi Subramanian of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' gave the film's rating 1.5 out of 5 and wrote "Although the music is sufficiently peppy and there are some emotional scenes, the movie has nothing new to offer and may disappoint even hardcore Vijay fans".<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2023 |title='Varisu' review: An overly preachy family drama |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2023/01/11/varisu-review-an-overly-preachy-family-drama.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120192743/https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2023/01/11/varisu-review-an-overly-preachy-family-drama.html |archive-date=20 January 2023 |access-date=11 January 2023 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref>
=== Accolades ===
{{Expand section|June 2025|date=June 2025}}

== Controversies ==
Sri Venkateswara Creations was accused by the [[Animal Welfare Board of India]] (AWBI) of using elephants in the film, violating the Performing Animal (Registration) Rules 2001 by not seeking permission from the AWBI before filming. The AWBI ordered Sri Venkateswara Creations to submit an explanation to them for their violation within seven days, or face legal action.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2022 |title=Varisu: Animal Welfare Board issues show cause notice to Vijay's upcoming film. Deets inside |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/varisu-animal-welfare-board-issues-show-cause-notice-to-vijays-upcoming-film-deets-inside-8287037/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124095928/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/varisu-animal-welfare-board-issues-show-cause-notice-to-vijays-upcoming-film-deets-inside-8287037/ |archive-date=24 November 2022 |access-date=26 November 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="floors">{{Cite web |date=6 April 2022 |title=#Thalapathy66 with Vamshi Paidipally goes on floors, pooja today |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2022/04/06150756/1361149/Thalapathy66-with-Vamshi-Paidipally-goes-on-floors-.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406145457/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2022/04/06150756/1361149/Thalapathy66-with-Vamshi-Paidipally-goes-on-floors-.vpf |archive-date=6 April 2022 |access-date=6 April 2022 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Vijay's Speech">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Q-WrXKzIM8 |title=Thalapathy Vijay's Speech {{!}} Varisu Audio Launch {{!}} Sun TV |date=2 January 2023 |language=ta |publisher=[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] |time=9:40 to 10:20 |time-caption=From |access-date=2 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109153041/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Q-WrXKzIM8 |archive-date=9 January 2023 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
<ref name="climax">{{Cite web |date=18 November 2022 |title=Vijay to shoot for 'Varisu' climax |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-to-shoot-for-varisu-climax/articleshow/95596653.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213104405/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-to-shoot-for-varisu-climax/articleshow/95596653.cms |archive-date=13 December 2022 |access-date=3 December 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
<ref name="otto">{{Cite web |date=24 June 2022 |title=வாரிசு போஸ்டர் காப்பி சர்ச்சை: OTTO நிறுவனம் கொடுத்த அதிரடி பதில் |url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/otto-company-comments-on-varisu-movie-poster-copied-issue-399110 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222072159/https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/otto-company-comments-on-varisu-movie-poster-copied-issue-399110 |archive-date=22 December 2022 |access-date=22 December 2022 |website=[[Zee News]] |language=ta}}</ref>
</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Vamshi Paidipally}}

[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2023 action drama films]]
[[Category:2023 controversies]]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:AA Films films]]
[[Category:Animal cruelty incidents in film]]
[[Category:Films about adultery in India]]
[[Category:Films about businesspeople]]
[[Category:Films about dysfunctional families]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vamshi Paidipally]]
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]
[[Category:Films set in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ladakh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Varanasi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian business films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Indian films about cancer]]
[[Category:Sri Venkateswara Creations films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]

Rupa Rani Tirkey

2026-02-27T14:52:30Z

MattPinto5: new

{{Short description|Indian lawn bowler (born 1987)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Rupa Rani Tirkey
| image = Rupa Rani Tirkey.jpg
| nationality = Indian
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1987|09|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]], India
| sport = lawn bowls
| coach = Madhukant Patak
| highestranking = '''50''' (February 2026)
| medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry |{{IND}} }}
{{MedalComp|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[Lawn bowls at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]]|[[Lawn bowls at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's fours|fours]]}}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Asia Pacific Bowls Championships]] }}
{{MedalBronze|2009 Kuala Lumpur|triples}}
{{MedalBronze|2009 Kuala Lumpur|fours}}
{{MedalBronze|2019 Gold Coast|triples}}
{{MedalComp|[[Asian Lawn Bowls Championship]]}}
{{MedalGold | 2009 Shenzhen |fours}}
{{MedalBronze|2014 Shenzhen|triples}}
{{MedalSilver|2016 Brunei|triples}}
{{MedalBronze|2016 Brunei|fours}}
{{MedalGold | 2023 Kuala Lumpur |fours}}
{{MedalGold | 2025 Clark |triples}}
}}

'''Rupa Rani Tirkey''' (born 27 September 1987) is a female international [[lawn bowler]] from India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.gc2018.com/en/lawn-bowls/athlete-profile-n6026479-rupa-rani-tirkey.htm|title=profile|publisher=2018 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> She reached a career high ranking of world number 50 in February 2026.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://worldbowlsseries.com/female-rankings/ |title=Female rankings |publisher=World Bowls Series }}</ref>

== Bowls career ==
=== World Championships ===
In 2020, she was selected for the [[2020 World Outdoor Bowls Championship]] in Australia, which resulted in cancellation following the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bowls.com.au/2020-world-bowls-championships-competing-countries/|title=2020 WORLD BOWLS CHAMPIONSHIPS: COMPETING COUNTRIES|date=12 February 2020 |publisher=Bowls Australia}}</ref> She was selected by the Indian national team, to represent them at the sport's blue riband event, the [[2023 World Outdoor Bowls Championship|2023 World Bowls Championship]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bowlingfederationofindia.com/a-homepage-section/ |title=Team India for the World Championship 2023 |website=Bowling Federation of India |access-date=13 August 2023}}</ref> She participated in the [[2023 World Outdoor Bowls Championship – Women's Triples|women's triples]] and the [[2023 World Outdoor Bowls Championship – Women's Fours|women's fours]] events.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://world2023.bowls.com.au/event-info/schedule/ |title=SCHEDULE & DRAWS |work=2023 World Bowls Championships |publisher=Bowls Australia |access-date=13 August 2023}}</ref>

=== Commonwealth Games ===
Tirkey has represented India at four [[Commonwealth Games]] in the triples at the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]], the triples and fours at the [[2014 Commonwealth Games]], in the pairs and fours at the [[2018 Commonwealth Games]] and in the triples and fours at the [[2022 Commonwealth Games]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rupa Rani Tirkey - Birmingham 2022 Results |url=https://results.birmingham2022.com/#/athlete-details/43240 |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=results.birmingham2022.com}}</ref> In the 2018 competition the [[Lawn bowls at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Women's fours|Women's fours]] won section B and just failed out on winning a medal after losing to Malta in the quarter finals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thecgf.com/results/athletes/65011|title=Athletes and results|publisher=Commonwealth Games Federation|access-date=30 June 2019|archive-date=6 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206090723/https://thecgf.com/results/athletes/65011|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the 2022 competition, she was part of the [[Lawn bowls at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's fours|Women's fours]] Indian team, along with ([[Lovely Choubey]], [[Pinki Singh (bowls)|Pinki Singh]] and [[Nayanmoni Saikia]]) which won the gold medal beating South Africa in the final, 17-10.<ref>{{cite web |title=Result: Women's Fours - Gold Medal Match |url=https://results.birmingham2022.com/#/h2h-result/LBO/W/TEAM4-------------/FNL-/000100-- |website=results.birmingham2022.com |publisher=Commonwealth Games Federation}}</ref>

=== Asia Pacific Championships ===
Tirkey has won three medals at the [[Asia Pacific Bowls Championships]]; the latest medal success was a [[bronze medal]] at the 2019 Asia Pacific Bowls Championships in the [[Gold Coast, Queensland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportsdesq.sportstg.com/portal/index.cfm?fuseaction=main&OrgID=16084|title=Results Portal|publisher=Bowls Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bowls.com.au/2019-asia-pacific-championships-friday-finals-wrap/|title=2019 ASIA PACIFIC CHAMPIONSHIPS: FRIDAY FINALS WRAP|date=28 June 2019 |publisher=World Bowls}}</ref>

=== Asian Championships ===
In the [[Asian Lawn Bowls Championship]], Tirkey has won bronze medal in women's triples in 2014 followed by silver in women's triples and bronze in women's fours, both in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Results - Bowling Federation of India |url=https://bowlingfederationofindia.com/contact/ |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=Bowling Federation of India}}</ref>

In 2023, she won the fours gold medal at the 14th [[Asian Lawn Bowls Championship]] in Kuala Lumpur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/sport/story/assams-nayan-moni-saikia-makes-winning-contribution-as-india-secures-gold-in-14th-asian-lawn-bowls-championship-517497-2023-02-23|title=Assam's Nayan Moni Saikia makes winning contribution as India secures gold in 14th Asian Lawn Bowls Championship |website=India Today NE |date=23 February 2023 |access-date=14 March 2023}}</ref> In 2025 she won a gold medal in the triples at the 16th Asian Lawn Bowls Championship in [[Clark Freeport and Special Economic Zone|Clark City]], Philippines.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bernama.com/en/news.php?id=2419472 |title=Malaysian Lawn Bowlers Reign Again at Asian Championships |publisher=Bernama |date=4 May 2025 |access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bowls.org.hk/16th-asian-lawn-bowls-championships-14th-u25-asian-lawn-bowls-championships/ |title=16th Asian Lawn Bowls Championships & 14th U25 Asian Lawn Bowls Championships |publisher=Hong Kong Lawn Bowls Association |date=4 May 2025 |access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{2010 Commonwealth Games profile|827656|Rupa Tirkey}}
* {{2014 Commonwealth Games profile|table_tennis/1008006/rupa_rani_tirkey|Rupa Rani Tirkey}}
* {{2018 Commonwealth Games profile|lawn-bowls/athlete-profile-n6026479-rupa-rani-tirkey|Rupa Rani Tirkey}}
* {{2022 Commonwealth Games profile|43240|Rupa Rani Tirkey}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tirkey, Rupa Rani}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian bowls players]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games competitors for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for India]]
[[Category:Bowls players at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Bowls players at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Bowls players at the 2018 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Bowls players at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Ranchi]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists in lawn bowls]]

1986 Indian Air Force Antonov An-32 disappearance

2026-02-19T22:14:00Z

MattPinto5: Started Page

{{Short description|Airplane disappearance}}
{{Infobox aircraft occurrence
| name = 1986 Indian Air Force Antonov An-32 disappearance
| image = K2717 Antonov An.32 Indian Air Force (8414615752).jpg
| caption = An Indian Air Force [[Antonov An-32]], similar to the missing aircraft.
| alt =
| date = {{start date|1986|03|25|df=y}}
| summary = Disappeared over Arabian Sea<ref>{{cite web |title=Accident description |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19860325-1 |website=aviation-safety.net |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref>
| occurrence_type = Disappearance
| site = [[Arabian Sea]]
| origin = [[Muscat International Airport|Muscat-Seeb Airport]], Oman
| destination = [[Jamnagar Airport]], [[Gujarat]], India<ref name="IS-1">{{cite web | url = http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories3291_MH370_Rekindling_Memories_IAF_AN-32.htm | title = MH370: Rekindling Memories of IAF's AN-32 | website = India Strategic | date = 27 October 2017 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160716045112/http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories3291_MH370_Rekindling_Memories_IAF_AN-32.htm | archive-date = 16 July 2016}} </ref>
| occupants = 7
| passengers = 3
| crew = 4
| fatalities = 7 (presumed)
| survivors = 0 (presumed)
| missing = 7
| aircraft_type = [[Antonov An-32]]
| operator = {{air force|IND}}
| tail_number = K2729
}}

On 25 March 1986, an [[Antonov An-32]] twin engine turboprop transport aircraft of the Indian Air Force disappeared while flying over the Arabian Sea.<ref name="IS-1"/> The aircraft was on a three-aircraft [[Ferry flying|ferry flight]]<ref name="IS-1"/> from the Soviet Union en route to India from [[Muscat International Airport|Muscat-Seeb Airport]], Oman, to [[Jamnagar]], Gujarat, in India.<ref name="IS-1"/> There were 7 people on board. The last contact with the aircraft was 1 hour and 18 minutes after takeoff.

The Indian Air Force has suffered other similar incidents, mainly involving Antonov An-32 aircraft in [[2016 Indian Air Force An-32 disappearance|2016]] and [[2019 Indian Air Force An-32 crash|2019]] (both later found).{{citation needed| date=August 2025}}

==See also==
* [[List of missing aircraft]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Aviation accidents and incidents in 1986}}
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Air Force An-32 disappearance, 1986}}
[[Category:Missing aircraft]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents involving the Antonov An-32]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1986]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in India]]
[[Category:1986 disasters in India]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents involving military aircraft]]
[[Category:March 1986 in Asia]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in the Arabian Sea]]

{{aviation-accident-stub}}

XXX: Return of Xander Cage

2026-02-18T23:40:20Z

MattPinto5: cleanup

{{Short description|2017 American thriller film by D. J. Caruso}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = XXX: Return of Xander Cage
| image = Xxx return of xander cage film poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[D.J. Caruso]]
| producer = {{plainlist|
* [[Joe Roth]]<ref name=variety>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2016/film/news/xxx-vin-diesel-deepika-padukone-return-xander-cage-1201685078/|title=Deepika Padukone Joins Vin Diesel in 'xXx: The Return of Xander Cage'|last=Kroll|first=Justin|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=January 21, 2016|access-date=October 24, 2016}}</ref>
* [[Jeff Kirschenbaum]]<ref name=variety/>
* [[Vin Diesel]]<ref name=variety/>
* Samantha Vincent<ref name=variety/>
}}
| writer = F. Scott Frazier
| based_on = {{based on|Characters|[[Rich Wilkes]]}}
| starring = {{plainlist| 
* [[Vin Diesel]]
* [[Donnie Yen]]
* [[Deepika Padukone]]
* [[Kris Wu]]
* [[Ruby Rose]]
* [[Tony Jaa]]
* [[Nina Dobrev]]
* [[Toni Collette]]
* [[Samuel L. Jackson]]
}}
| music = {{plainlist|
* [[Brian Tyler]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmmusicreporter.com/2016/10/12/brian-tyler-scoring-xxx-return-of-xander-cage/|title=Brian Tyler Scoring 'xXx: Return of Xander Cage'|author=|work=Film Music Reporter|access-date=November 2, 2016}}</ref>
* Robert Lydecker<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmmusicreporter.com/2016/11/26/robert-lydecker-co-scoring-xxx-return-of-xander-cage/|title=Robert Lydecker Co-Scoring 'xXx: Return of Xander Cage'|work=Film Music Reporter|date=November 26, 2016|access-date=January 11, 2017}}</ref>
}}
| cinematography = [[Russell Carpenter]]
| editing = {{ubl|Jim Page|Vince Filippone}}
| studio = {{plainlist|
* [[Paramount Pictures]]<ref name=insight>{{cite web|url=http://www.varietyinsight.com/print_featurefilm_releases.php |title=Film Releases |work=[[Variety Insight]] |access-date=March 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026183041/http://www.varietyinsight.com/print_featurefilm_releases.php |archive-date=October 26, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Revolution Studios]]<ref name=insight/>
* [[One Race Films]]<ref name=insight/>
* [[Roth/Kirschenbaum Films]]<ref name=insight/>
}}
| distributor = Paramount Pictures<ref name=insight/>
| released = {{Film date|2017|1|5|[[Mexico City]]|2017|1|20|United States}}
| runtime = 107 minutes<ref name=BOM/>
| country = United States<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/xxx-the-return-of-xander-cage-v653582|title=xXx: The Return of Xander Cage (2017)|work=[[AllMovie]]|access-date=October 24, 2016}}</ref>
| language = English
| budget = $85 million<ref name=BOM/>
| gross = $346.1 million<ref name=BOM>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=xxx3.htm|title=xXx: The Return of Xander Cage (2017)|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=April 22, 2017}}</ref>
}}

'''''XXX: Return of Xander Cage''''' (released as '''''XXX: Reactivated''''' in some countries) is a 2017 American [[action film|action]] [[spy film]] directed by [[D.J. Caruso]] and written by F. Scott Frazier. The third installment in the [[XXX (film series)|XXX film series]] and a sequel to both ''[[XXX (2002 film)|XXX]]'' (2002) and ''[[XXX: State of the Union]]'' (2005), it stars [[Vin Diesel]] in the title role along with [[Donnie Yen]], [[Deepika Padukone]], [[Kris Wu]], [[Ruby Rose]], [[Tony Jaa]], [[Nina Dobrev]], [[Toni Collette]], [[Ariadna Gutiérrez]], [[Hermione Corfield]], and [[Samuel L. Jackson]].

Released on January 20, 2017, in 2D, [[RealD 3D]] and [[IMAX 3D]] by Paramount Pictures, the film received mixed reviews from critics but was commercially successful, grossing over $346 million worldwide against a production budget of $85 million and subsequently becoming both the franchise's and Revolution Studios' highest-grossing film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2017/02/13/box-office-china-just-turned-xxx-return-of-xander-cage-into-a-hit/#1424399f4fa5|title=Box Office: China Just Turned 'xXx: Return Of Xander Cage' Into A Hit |website=[[Forbes]] |access-date= February 13, 2017}}</ref>

==Plot==

In Brazil, a satellite that had fallen out of orbit crashes on [[National Security Agency|NSA]] Agent Augustus Gibbons who is attempting to recruit footballer [[Neymar]] for the Triple-X (xXx) program, seemingly killing them both.

In [[New York City]], Xiang's team infiltrates a CIA office to recover "[[Pandora's Box]]", a device that can crash satellites as warheads. CIA Agent Jane Marke finds ex-operative Xander Cage, who faked his death and lives in the [[Dominican Republic]]. She persuades Xander to return and retrieve the device.

In [[London]], Xander enlists his old friend Ainsley's help and tracks attackers to the [[Philippines]]. At an [[RAF]] outpost in [[Lakenheath]], a [[Special Forces]] unit led by Paul Donovan is assigned to assist Xander, but he rejects them for his own team: sharpshooter Adele Wolff, DJ Harvard "Nicks" Zhou, getaway driver Tennyson "The Torch," and weapons expert Becky Clearidge.

The team finds Xiang and his teammates Serena, Talon, and Hawk. Xander meets Xiang in an underground nightclub on a remote island, where Xiang reveals that his team are also xXx agents recruited by Gibbons. Xiang says he stole Pandora's Box to prevent misuse, but Serena wanted to destroy it. Russian soldiers then raid the island. The group fights them off, while Xiang escapes with the device. Xander chases him to a nearby beach. Serena betrays Xiang, destroys the Box, and joins Xander, while Xiang escapes to regroup with Talon and Hawk.

After another satellite crash in the [[Olympic Stadium (Moscow)|Olympic Stadium in Moscow]], Marke determines that the device Serena destroyed was only a prototype. Xander discovers CIA Director Anderson is involved and possesses the actual Pandora's Box. Xander's and Xiang's teams race to reach Anderson first in [[Detroit]], tracking the unique signal emitted by Pandora's Box, with Xander and Xiang reluctantly cooperate to fight Anderson's men. Xander confronts Anderson, who admits to causing the satellite crash that killed Gibbons, before Wolff shoots him dead. Xander reluctantly allows the CIA to arrest Xiang in an attempt to frame him for the Moscow attack, and they secure the box. En route back to headquarters, Marke announces that the CIA has shuttered the program and shoots Xander to keep it for herself. She then sends a hitman squad to eliminate the others to tie up loose ends. They join forces to fend off their attackers, assisted by former xXx operative Darius Stone.

Xander, saved by Becky's bulletproof vest, teams up with Xiang to fight Donovan and his men. Marke uses the box to send a satellite towards the warehouse, aiming to kill both groups. Donovan uses bionic gloves to punch equipment as Xander dodges. In a bathroom fight, Donovan punches the toilet, creating an opening for Xander to eject him. Xiang causes Marke to fall to her death and parachutes out with the box. After Serena reports Becky's failed signal stop, Xander crashes the plane into the satellite to protect everyone, then jumps out and lands safely. Xiang gives him the device, which he destroys by stomping. Darius arrives in Xander's old car, and they introduce themselves.

The team attends Gibbons' funeral, where Gibbons, who faked his death and is rebuilding the program, approaches Xander, now recruiting Neymar. Gibbons compliments Xander, who chooses to stay in service.

==Cast==

*[[Vin Diesel]] as Xander Cage, an extreme athlete turned xXx field agent who was believed to have died.
*[[Donnie Yen]] as Xiang, a xXx agent who heads a team trying to secure Pandora's Box
*[[Deepika Padukone]] as Serena Unger, formerly supported Xiang
*[[Kris Wu]] as Nicks, full name Nicky Zhou, a guy who supports Cage; he is also a DJ nicknamed "The Hood"
*[[Ruby Rose]] as Adele Wolff, a main sharpshooter who supports Cage
*[[Tony Jaa]] as Talon, supports Xiang
*[[Nina Dobrev]] as Becky Clearidge, former assistant of Gibbons and weapons specialist assigned by Marke to provide technical weapons and equipment support to Cage.
*[[Toni Collette]] as Jane Marke, [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] agent lead who brings in Cage for the job

*[[Samuel L. Jackson]] as Augustus Gibbons, founder of the xXx program and also [[National Security Agency|NSA]] field agent who originally recruited Cage

*[[Rory McCann]] as Tennyson Torch, a getaway driver who supports Cage; he keeps a record of the number of times he drives a vehicle to crash into things (which reaches 200)

*[[Hermione Corfield]] as Ainsley, a close ally of Cage who lives in London.
*[[Tony Gonzalez]] as Paul Donovan, Special Forces operative working for Marke<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2016/film/news/tony-gonzalez-xxx-sequel-vin-diesel-1201724254/|title=Former NFL Star Tony Gonzalez Joins 'xXx' Sequel |last=Kroll|first=Justin |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=March 7, 2016|access-date=December 3, 2016}}</ref>
*[[Michael Bisping]] as Hawk, supports Xiang

[[Ice Cube]] reprises his role from ''[[XXX: State of the Union|State of the Union]]'' as xXx agent Darius Stone. Professional [[Association football|footballer]] [[Neymar]] appears as himself.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-footie-neymar-will-debut-with-deepika-padukone-in-xxx-the-return-of-xander-cage-2221640|title=Footie Neymar will debut with Deepika Padukone in 'xXx: The Return of Xander Cage'|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=June 9, 2016|access-date=December 3, 2016}}</ref> [[Al Sapienza]] plays CIA Director Anderson. [[Nicky Jam]] plays Lazarus, [[Ariadna Gutiérrez]] plays Lola, [[Shawn Roberts]] plays Jonas, [[Daniel Kash]] plays Russian Spymaster, and Andrey Ivenchko plays Red Erik.

==Production==
===Development===
Following the release of ''[[XXX (2002 film)|xXx]]'' in 2002, director [[Rob Cohen]] revealed his plans to make it a franchise, but an "anarchistic" one with different settings in each film, without anyone from the original film returning except [[Vin Diesel]] as Xander Cage. Working on a sequel and planning as well a third and fourth film, Cohen had two scripts in development, one taking place in [[Southeast Asia]] and involving [[Malacca strait]] pirates and the other taking place in [[Washington, D.C.]], and involving the [[United States Secret Service]].<ref name="bbchome">{{cite news | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2002/10/15/rob_cohen_xxx_interview.shtml | work=[[BBC Online]] | title=Rob Cohen ''xXx'' Interview | first=Stella | last=Papamichael | date=October 15, 2002 | access-date=May 21, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030312192340/http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2002/10/15/rob_cohen_xxx_interview.shtml | archive-date=March 12, 2003 | url-status=live }}</ref> Diesel explained that one of the two scripts was written by [[Rich Wilkes]] and the other was written by an unnamed writer, but Wilkes' script was the one he wanted as it excited him the most.<ref name="usatoday">{{cite news | url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/people/2004-06-10-vin-diesel-cool_x.htm | work=[[USA Today]] | title=Vin Diesel, driving on a tankful of cool | first=Susan | last=Wloszcyna | date=June 10, 2004 | access-date=May 21, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626015317/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/people/2004-06-10-vin-diesel-cool_x.htm | archive-date=June 26, 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref> However, Diesel ultimately opted out from making a second ''xXx '' film, which was titled ''[[XXX: State of the Union|xXx: State of the Union]]'', due to disliking the script, feeling that it "didn't feel ''xXx''" for him.<ref name="themovieblog">{{cite news | url=https://www.themovieblog.com/2004/06/good-move-vin-diesel-turns-down-xxx-2-state-of-the-union/ | work=The Movie Blog | title=Good Move! Vin Diesel turns down 'xXx 2: State of the Union' | first=John | last=Campea | date=June 16, 2004 | access-date=May 21, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516052304/https://www.themovieblog.com/2004/06/good-move-vin-diesel-turns-down-xxx-2-state-of-the-union/ | archive-date=May 16, 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Although the character of Xander Cage was supposedly killed in the sequel to explain his absence, Vin Diesel announced in 2006 that he would be returning as Xander Cage in a sequel, entitled ''xXx: The Return of Xander Cage'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://celebrifi.com/gossip/Rob-Cohen-Speaks-on-XXX-The-Return-of-Xander-Cage-413126.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012205947/http://celebrifi.com/gossip/Rob-Cohen-Speaks-on-XXX-The-Return-of-Xander-Cage-413126.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=October 12, 2019|title=Rob Cohen Speaks on XXX: The Return of Xander Cage|website=CelebriFi}}</ref> with the character's death being [[retconned]] for the film. Initially, not only Diesel was set to return, but also Cohen. Diesel has said that the style and music will also be similar to that of the original film, more of what the fans want, with an emphasis on extreme stunts and with a heavy metal soundtrack. [[Joe Roth]] was in talks to produce.<ref name="variety.com">{{cite news | url=https://variety.com/2008/film/markets-festivals/columbia-revs-up-another-xxx-1117992178/ | work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | title=Columbia revs up another 'XXX' | first=Michael | last=Fleming | date=September 14, 2008 | access-date=March 7, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831101230/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117992178.html?categoryid=1236&cs=1 | archive-date=August 31, 2010 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> According to Cohen, he has also approached [[Sony]], and "now we're writing a script with the guys who wrote ''[[Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines|Terminator 3]]'' and ''[[Terminator Salvation]]''. So we'll do another Xander Cage xXx. We'll bring it up to speed a bit and bring back the extreme sports guy who's drafted to be a spy."<ref name="uk.movies.ign.com">{{cite web|url=http://uk.movies.ign.com/articles/937/937738p1.html|title=Cohen Talks XXX3|author=Chris Monfette|website=IGN|access-date=March 7, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713004801/http://uk.movies.ign.com/articles/937/937738p1.html|archive-date=July 13, 2011|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> On June 10, 2009, Cohen dropped out of the production, instead moving to direct the action film ''Medieval''. On August 26, 2009, SlashFilm announced that [[Ericson Core]] would be directing and production would start in early 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.slashfilm.com/2009/08/26/xxx-the-return-of-xander-cage-finds-a-new-director|title=XXX: The Return of Xander Cage Finds A New Director|website=/Film|access-date=March 7, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113130819/http://www.slashfilm.com/2009/08/26/xxx-the-return-of-xander-cage-finds-a-new-director/|archive-date=January 13, 2010|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

In April 2010, it was revealed that the third film would be financed by [[Paramount Pictures]] instead of Sony, and would also be shot in [[3-D film|3D]]. Meanwhile, Rob Cohen had returned as director.<ref>[https://deadline.com/2010/04/3d-xxx-moves-from-sony-to-paramount-rob-cohen-and-vin-diesel-back-in-fold-30452/ 3D 'XXX' Moves From Sony To Paramount; Rob Cohen And Vin Diesel Back In Fold], ''Deadline'', Mike Fleming, April 1, 2010
</ref> Vin Diesel will produce, among others, while Gloria S. Borders, Scott Hemming, Ric Kidney and Vince Totino will serve as executive producers.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Edmundson|first1=David|title=''XXX: The Return of Xander Cage'' Trailer Brings Vin Diesel Back|url=http://www.geeklegacy.com/xxx-the-return-of-xander-cage-trailer-brings-vin-diesel-back/|website=Geek Legacy|date=July 19, 2016|access-date=July 19, 2016}}</ref>

===Casting===
In January 2014, [[Vin Diesel]] confirmed work on a sequel tentatively titled ''xXx: The Return of Xander Cage''. On August 23, 2015, Vin Diesel announced on his Instagram page that "While I was filming xXx, guys on set called me Air Diesel... The time to return has come. Filming starts December in the Philippines. #ILiveForThisShit...".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://instagram.com/p/6vVGJImPkq/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/vindiesel/1058157218556868906 |archive-date=2021-12-23 |url-access=subscription|title=Vin Diesel on Instagram|website=Instagram}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On October 10, 2015, it was reported that director [[D. J. Caruso]] would direct the film.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Osborn|first1=Alex|title=Vin Diesel: XXX 3 Will Be Directed by D.J. Caruso|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2015/10/10/vin-diesel-xxx-3-will-be-directed-by-dj-caruso|website=IGN.com|date=October 10, 2015 |access-date=November 23, 2015}}</ref> Diesel announced that [[Ultimate Fighting Championship|UFC]] fighter [[Conor McGregor]] was cast in a role and that Jackson will be reprising his role as Gibbons.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/_SRyqemPhR/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/_SRyqemPhR |archive-date=2021-12-23 |url-access=subscription|title=Vin Diesel on Instagram |website=Instagram}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/VinDiesel/photos/a.101465923312.101581.89562268312/10153907283683313/?type=3|title=Vin Diesel – Timeline Photos |website= [[Facebook]]}}</ref> However, in April 2016 it was announced McGregor had dropped out of his planned appearance to focus on training and the UFC; he was replaced by [[Michael Bisping]].<ref name="bisping">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/sports/news/michael-bisping-replaces-conor-mcgregor-in-xxx-sequel-thanks-nate-diaz-20160408|title=Michael Bisping Replaces Conor McGregor in 'XXX' Sequel – Thanks, Nate Diaz|first=Scott|last=Rafferty|date=April 8, 2016|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|access-date=October 8, 2016}}</ref> On January 1, 2016, [[Twitch Film]] reported that [[Tony Jaa]], [[Jet Li]] and [[Deepika Padukone]] were cast in roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://twitchfilm.com/2016/01/tony-jaa-jet-li-and-deepika-padukone-join-vin-diesel-in-xxx-the-return-of-xander-cage.html|title=Tony Jaa, Jet Li and Deepika Padukone Join Vin Diesel In ''XXX: The Return of Xander Cage''|website=Twitch Film|last=Brown|first=Todd|date=January 1, 2016|access-date=January 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121193204/http://twitchfilm.com/2016/01/tony-jaa-jet-li-and-deepika-padukone-join-vin-diesel-in-xxx-the-return-of-xander-cage.html|archive-date=January 21, 2016|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The following week, [[Nina Dobrev]] and [[Ruby Rose]] were also cast.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2016/film/news/nina-dobrevruby-rose-xxx-vin-diesel-1201674791/|title=Nina Dobrev, Ruby Rose in Talks to Join Vin Diesel for 'XXX: The Return of Xander Cage'|last=Kroll|first=Justin|date=January 7, 2016|magazine=Variety|access-date=January 11, 2016}}</ref> Dobrev would be playing a witty and sarcastic techie, while Padukone would play a huntress who happens to be Cage's former lover. Rose would play a sniper.<ref name="NDR">{{cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/nina-dobrev-ruby-rose-talks-853053|title=Nina Dobrev and Ruby Rose in Talks to Join Vin Diesel in 'XXX 3' |last=Kit|first=Borys|date=January 7, 2016|work=Hollywood Reporter|access-date=January 12, 2016}}</ref> Andrey Ivchenko was confirmed to be another villain in the film, given that earlier reports revealed Li to be playing an adversary as well.

It was rumored that [[Ice Cube]], who played the protagonist Darius Stone in the [[XXX: State of the Union|second film]] in 2005, would reprise his role,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flickeringmyth.com/2016/01/rumour-ice-cube-to-join-vin-diesel-in-xxx-the-return-of-xander-cage.html|title=Rumour: Ice Cube to join Vin Diesel in xXx: The Return of Xander Cage|website=Flickering Myth|last=Collinson|first=Gary|date=January 25, 2016|access-date=February 11, 2016}}</ref> which was confirmed in January 2017.<ref name="Cube">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/movies/7655077/ice-cube-xxx-the-return-of-xander-cage |title=Ice Cube to Reprise Role for 'xXx: The Return of Xander Cage' |last=Romaine |first=Jenna |date=January 18, 2017 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=January 18, 2017}}</ref> On February 6, 2016, Caruso revealed on his [[Twitter]] account that [[Kris Wu]] had joined the cast,<ref>{{cite tweet|user=Deejaycar|author=D.j. Caruso|number=695887048855519232|date=February 6, 2016|title=New cast members! #xandercagereturns #xxx3 Welcome to the Xander Zone @HermioneCorfield #KrisWu #HermioneCorfield}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Wrap: Chinese Superstar Kris Wu Joins Vin Diesel in 'xXx: The Return of Xander Cage'|date=February 17, 2016|url=https://www.thewrap.com/chinese-superstar-kris-wu-joins-vin-diesel-in-xxx-the-return-of-xander-cage/}}</ref> he also added that Wu would be playing a vital character.<ref>{{cite tweet|user=Deejaycar|author=D.j. Caruso|number=696469705591140352|date=February 7, 2016|title=@marsh_ling Big part. A few months shooting.}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|user=Deejaycar|author=D.j. Caruso|number=702740547203522560|date=February 25, 2016|title=@YifanIsMyGalaxy they are vital characters and play huge roles. The mentions seem generic without detail. We don't control them}}</ref> On February 12, 2016, reports brought in the news that Jet Li dropped out of the film and was replaced with [[Donnie Yen]] in the role of the main antagonist, Xiang.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://twitchfilm.com/2016/02/donnie-yen-in-jet-li-out-of-xxx-the-return-of-xander-cage.html|title=Donnie Yen In, Jet Li Out Of XXX: THE RETURN OF XANDER CAGE|publisher=Twitch|last=Marsh|first=James|date=February 12, 2016|access-date=February 12, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213091403/http://twitchfilm.com/2016/02/donnie-yen-in-jet-li-out-of-xxx-the-return-of-xander-cage.html|archive-date=February 13, 2016|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> On June 3, 2016, it was revealed that Brazilian footballer [[Neymar]] joined the film's cast.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.marca.com/en/football/barcelona/2016/06/04/5752984322601d403f8b462c.html|title=Neymar Conquers Hollywood|newspaper=Marca}}</ref>

===Filming===
[[Principal photography]] began on February 2, 2016, primarily at [[Cinespace Film Studios]]' [[Kipling Avenue]] facility in [[Toronto, Ontario]]. It was also filmed on location in Hamilton, Ontario.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/xxx-3/38440/xxx-3-starts-filming-this-month-samuel-l-jackson-joins-cast|title=xXx 3 starts filming this month, Samuel L Jackson joins cast|last=Brew|first=Simon|date=January 7, 2016|publisher=Den of Geek|access-date=January 11, 2016|archive-date=January 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109180425/http://www.denofgeek.com/movies/xxx-3/38440/xxx-3-starts-filming-this-month-samuel-l-jackson-joins-cast|url-status=dead}}</ref> Filming lasted until May 20, 2016, and also took place in [[Pinewood Studios|Pinewood Indomina Studios, Dominican Republic]] and the Philippines.<ref name=2017FFS>{{Cite journal|date=August 2018|title=2017 Feature Film Study|url=https://www.filmla.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/2017_film_study_v3-WEB.pdf|publisher=FilmL.A.|page=25|access-date=August 10, 2018|archive-date=August 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809153120/https://www.filmla.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/2017_film_study_v3-WEB.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Music==
[[Brian Tyler]] composed and wrote the film's original score alongside Robert Lydecker.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://filmmusicreporter.com/2016/10/12/brian-tyler-scoring-xxx-return-of-xander-cage/|title=Brian Tyler Scoring 'xXx: Return of Xander Cage' |work=Film Music Reporter|access-date=February 10, 2017}}</ref> The film's soundtrack contained songs and remixes of various artists, including songs by Kris Wu, [[Nicky Jam]] and Ice Cube who appear in the film.

xXx: Return of Xander Cage (Music from the Motion Picture)

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| headline = Motion Picture Soundtrack
| extra_column = Performer(s)
| title1 = In My Foreign
| length1 = 3:38
| extra1 = [[The Americanos]] featuring [[Ty Dolla Sign]], [[Lil Yachty]], [[Nicky Jam]] and [[French Montana]]
| title2 = [[All the Way Up (Fat Joe and Remy Ma song)|All the Way Up]] (Remix)
| length2 = 3:31
| extra2 = [[Fat Joe]], [[Remy Ma]] and [[David Guetta]]
| title3 = Divebomb
| length3 = 3:33
| extra3 = [[Brian Tyler|Madsonik]] and [[Kill The Noise|KILL THE NOISE]] featuring [[Tom Morello]]
| title4 = Anthem
| length4 = 5:17
| extra4 = [[Alesso]]
| title5 = Gunshy
| length5 = 3:54
| extra5 = ImanoS featuring [[Pusha T]] and [[Karen Harding]]
| title6 = Mercy
| length6 = 2:48
| extra6 = [[Bishop Briggs]]
| title7 = Burning Man
| length7 = 3:17
| extra7 = [[Andrew Watt (musician)|watt]] featuring [[Post Malone]]
| title8 = [[Blood in the Cut]]
| length8 = 3:08
| extra8 = [[K. Flay]]
| title9 = Juice
| length9 = 3:10
| extra9 = [[Kris Wu]]
| title10 = Take It to the Top
| length10 = 3:53
| extra10 = Madsonik
| title11 = Thank God
| length11 = 5:16
| extra11 = [[Ice Cube]]
| title12 =
| length12 =
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| title14 =
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| total_length =
}}

==Novelization==

[[Tim Waggoner]] wrote the official movie novelization for the film.

==Release==
===Theatrical===

The film [[premiered]] in [[Mexico City]] on January 5, 2017, and [[Paramount Pictures]] released the film on January 20, 2017, in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2016/film/news/xxxxvbix-the-return-of-xander-cage-release-date-vin-diesel-1201714207/|title=Vin Diesel's 'xXx: The Return of Xander Cage' Gets January 2017 Release|work=Variety|last=McNary|first=Dave|date=February 24, 2016}}</ref> The film was released on January 14, 2017, in India.

===Home media===

''xXx: Return of Xander Cage'' was released on [[Digital distribution|Digital HD]] May 2, 2017, [[Blu-ray]] and [[DVD]] on May 16, 2017.<ref>{{cite web |last=Staff |first=ComicBook |title=xXx: Return of Xander Cage Sets Its Home-Release Date |url=https://comicbook.com/popculturenow/2017/03/21/xxx-return-of-xander-cage-sets-its-home-release-date/ |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323232832/https://comicbook.com/popculturenow/2017/03/21/xxx-return-of-xander-cage-sets-its-home-release-date/ |archive-date=March 23, 2017 |access-date=March 22, 2017 |website=ComicBook.com}}</ref>

==Reception==

===Box office===

''xXx: Return of Xander Cage'' grossed $44.9 million in the United States and Canada and $301.4 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $346.3 million, against a production budget of $85 million.<ref name=BOM />

In North America, the film was released alongside ''[[Split (2016 American film)|Split]]'', ''[[The Founder (film)|The Founder]]'', ''[[The Resurrection of Gavin Stone]]'' and the wide expansion of ''[[20th Century Women]]'', and was expected to gross $16–20 million from about 3,651 theaters in its opening weekend.<ref name="preview">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2017/01/split-xxx-return-of-xander-cage-the-founder-box-office-preview-1201888052/ |title='Split' And 'xXx' Merge Into Market While 'The Founder' May Get Lost In Heavy Traffic – Box Office Preview |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=January 17, 2017 }}</ref> The film made $1.2 million from its Thursday night previews at 2,536 theaters.<ref name="Thursday">{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=4260&p=.htm |title='Split' Hauls in $2 Million from Thursday Previews, 'xXx 3' Delivers $1.2M |work=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> It ended up grossing $20 million, finishing second at the box office behind ''Split'' ($40.2 million) and ranking as the second-highest debut of the ''xXx'' franchise. Worldwide, the film had an opening weekend of $70.5 million, nearly totaling the amount [[XXX: State of the Union|its predecessor]] made during its entire theatrical run ($71.1 million).<ref name="opening">{{cite web|title=Uni/Blumhouse's 'Split' Is A Hit With High $39M To $40M+; 'Xander Cage' Falls Down|date=January 23, 2017|url=https://deadline.com/2017/01/split-xxx-return-of-xander-cage-the-founder-late-night-thursday-previews-box-office-1201889940/}}</ref>

In China, Paramount focused marketing efforts on [[Donnie Yen]], placing him at the front of some film posters ahead of Vin Diesel, and sharing clips of Yen's performance in the film on popular Chinese social media site [[Weibo (company)|Weibo]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://deadline.com/2017/02/fifty-shades-lego-batman-xxx-international-box-office-1201909605/|title= 'Fifty Shades' $97.7M Debut, 'xXx' Big In China, 'Lego Batman', 'John Wick' Open – International Box Office|first= Anita|last= Busch|date= February 12, 2017|access-date= February 13, 2017|work= [[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> These efforts proved successful as the film was [[List of 2017 box office number-one films in China|number one in China]] in its opening weekend, earning $61.9 million.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/china-box-office-xxx-return-xander-cage-opens-massive-61m-974887|title= China Box Office: 'xXx: Return of Xander Cage' Opens to Massive $61.9M|first= Patrick|last= Brzeski|date= February 12, 2017|access-date= February 13, 2017|work= [[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> The film crossed the $100 million mark in just six days, with $22.2 million coming from Valentine's Day alone after reviews praising Donnie Yen's performance swept through Chinese social media.<ref>{{cite web|title= V-Day Box Office: La La, xXx Win ♥♥♥, Earn $$$|date=February 14, 2017 |url=http://chinafilminsider.com/v-day-box-office/ |publisher=China Film Insider}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='xXx: Return Of Xander Cage' China Box Office Muscles Past $100M In First 6 Days|url=https://deadline.com/2017/02/xxx-return-of-xander-cage-vin-diesel-crosses-100-million-china-box-office-1201912386/ |website=Deadline Hollywood|date=February 15, 2017 }}</ref> Aside from Donnie Yen, the digital focused marketing was also credited for the film's success. [[Kris Wu]]'s popularity was also a key factor and his music video for his song in the ''xXx'' soundtrack garnered 40 million views ahead of the film's release in China.<ref>{{cite web|title=The surprising success of 'xXx' sequel in China offers marketing lessons forbajkugdkhab Hollywood|date=2017|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/hollywood/la-fi-ct-china-hollywood-marketing-20170209-story.html}}</ref> The film joined ''[[Terminator Genisys]]'' and ''[[Warcraft (film)|Warcraft]]'' as the only Hollywood releases to earn $100 million in China without making $100 million in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2016/06/08/warcraft-china-box-office-a-jaw-dropping-46-million-opening-day/#491093605711|title=Box Office: 'Warcraft' Snags Jaw-Dropping $46 Million Opening Day In China|author=Scott Mendelson|work=[[Forbes]]|date=June 8, 2016|access-date=June 8, 2016}}</ref> The largest territory for the film is China, with {{USD|164 million}}.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=xxx3.htm|title= xXx: The Return of Xander Cage|access-date= September 8, 2017|work= [[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref>

===Critical response===
On [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film has an approval rating of 46% based on 147 reviews, and an average rating of 4.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "''xXx: Return of Xander Cage'' should satisfy fans of the first two installments, but its preponderance of set pieces can't quite make up for a tired storyline that fails to take the franchise – or action fans – anywhere new."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/xxx_return_of_xander_cage |title=xXx: Return of Xander Cage (2017) |publisher= [[Fandango Media]] |website = [[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date= May 20, 2025 }}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film has a [[Weighted arithmetic mean|weighted average]] score 42 out of 100, based on 25 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/xxx-return-of-xander-cage |title=xXx: Return of Xander Cage reviews |website=[[Metacritic]]|access-date=February 1, 2017}}</ref> On [[CinemaScore]], audiences gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://cinemascore.com/publicsearch/index/title/ |title= CinemaScore Title Search |work= [[CinemaScore]] |access-date= May 22, 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180722041238/https://www.cinemascore.com/publicsearch/index/title/ |archive-date= July 22, 2018 |url-status= dead }}</ref>

Andrew Lapin of ''[[Uproxx]]'' gave the film a negative review, saying: "There is an intellectual argument to be made in favor of the [[Fast & Furious|''Fast & Furious'' franchise]], which features diverse casts, operatic plotlines, and cartoon setpieces that often look like a child assembled them out of Hot Wheels sets. ''xXx'' is aiming for a much lower bar, striving only to be marketable, not inventive. The series is no longer interested in aping James Bond, lacking as it does a decent gadget or supervillain and often highlighting the sidekicks at the expense of Xander himself."<ref>{{cite web |last=Lapin|first=Andrew|url=http://uproxx.com/movies/review-xxx-return-of-xander-cage/ |title=Vin Diesel Aims His Skateboard Low With 'xXx: Return Of Xander Cage' |website=Uproxx |date=January 20, 2017|access-date=January 20, 2017}}</ref> Mick LaSalle of the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' praises Vin Diesel as an action hero and also praises Collette for her performance but says "the action becomes repetitive and tiresome".<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/XXX-Return-of-Xander-Cage-OK-if-10869299.php |title = 'XXX: Return of Xander Cage' — OK if you're in on the joke| newspaper=Sfgate |date = January 20, 2017 | last1=Lasalle | first1=By Mick }}</ref> Leah Pickett of the ''[[Chicago Reader]]'' calls the film "only slightly less dumb and nonsensical than the previous films" and praises the action and stunt work from Diesel and Donnie Yen.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/xxx-return-of-xander-cage/Film?oid=24767066| title=XXX: Return of Xander Cage| date=January 20, 2017| access-date=May 22, 2019| archive-date=April 18, 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418062755/https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/xxx-return-of-xander-cage/Film?oid=24767066| url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Accolades===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Date of Ceremony
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Recipient(s)
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
! rowspan="7" |'''[[Teen Choice Awards]]'''
| rowspan="7" |[[2017 Teen Choice Awards|August 13, 2017]]
| [[Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie – Action|Choice Action Movie]]
| DJ Caruso, Joe Roth, Vin Diesel
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="5" |{{center|<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/deepika-padukone-is-in-teen-choice-awards-nomination-for-her-role-in-xxx-return-of-xander-cage/#.gvn130qrk|title=Deepika Padukone Nominated In Teen Choice Awards For Her Role In 'xXx: Return of Xander Cage'|last=ScoopWhoop|date=June 20, 2017|work=ScoopWhoop|access-date=June 27, 2017|language=En}}</ref>}}
|-
| Choice Action Movie Actor
| Vin Diesel
(also for ''The Fate of the Furious'')
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |Choice Action Movie Actress
| Ruby Rose
| {{nom}}
|-
| Nina Dobrev
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |Deepika Padukone
| {{nom}}
|-
| Choice Breakout Movie Star
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2" |{{center|<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/7865210/teen-choice-awards-2017-nominations-second-wave|title=Selena Gomez Leads Second Wave of Teen Choice Awards 2017 Nominations|magazine=Billboard|access-date=July 14, 2017}}</ref>}}
|-
| Choice Movie Ship
| Deepika Padukone and Ruby Rose
| {{nom}}
|}

==Sequel==
In January 2017, in an interview with ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'', Diesel revealed that Paramount has already contacted him about returning for a fourth film.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Vin Diesel Says Paramount Wants Another 'xXx' Movie |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/xxx-4-new-sequel-vin-diesel-1201958067/ |magazine=Variety|last=Jackson|first=Helen|date=January 12, 2017 |access-date=January 16, 2017}}</ref> Director D. J. Caruso has confirmed the news on Twitter that all of the major cast would be back for the fourth installment of the franchise.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/hollywood/report-deepika-to-be-a-part-of-xxx-4-filmmaker-dj-caruso-confirms-2470535|title=Deepika to be a part of 'xXx 4': Filmmaker Dj Caruso confirms |date=June 13, 2017|work=Daily News & Analysis |access-date=July 28, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> Film producer Joe Roth told ''Variety'', "In today's Hollywood, it requires strong partners to produce and finance such big-budget movies as the ''xXx'' series, and [[The H Collective]] is a welcome and exciting new company that we look forward to working with."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/xxx-4-vin-diesel-movie-xander-cage-a7798491.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/xxx-4-vin-diesel-movie-xander-cage-a7798491.html |archive-date=May 7, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Vin Diesel will play Xander Cage once again as xXx 4 finds funding|date=June 20, 2017|work=The Independent|access-date=July 28, 2017|language=en-GB}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On November 20, 2018, Deadline reported that both [[Jay Chou]] and Zoe Zhang were cast.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://deadline.com/2018/11/vin-diesel-xxx-4-the-green-hornet-jay-chou-1202503092/|title=Vin Diesel-Led 'xXx 4' Adds 'The Green Hornet's Jay Chou|magazine=Deadline|date=November 20, 2018|access-date=November 20, 2018|author=Amanda N'Duka}}</ref> In September 2023, it was reiterated that a fourth film was still in development, though production would not be able to start until Diesel completed his work on the upcoming eleventh ''[[Fast & Furious]]'' film.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://movieweb.com/xxx-4-vin-diesel-still-in-early-development/?mibextid=Zxz2cZ#Echobox=1694601376 | title=XXX 4 with Vin Diesel is Still in Early Development | date=September 13, 2023 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 2024, an article by ''[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]'' stated that the film has been [[Development hell|stalled]] due to The H Collective's financial problems and litigation with the ''xXx'' franchise film rights.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kanter |first=Jake |date=2024-04-29 |title=Investigation: How An Extravagant Chinese Financier Charmed Hollywood's Elite Before Vanishing, Owing People Millions |url=https://deadline.com/2024/04/kenny-huang-charmed-hollywood-then-vanished-1235893442/ |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.returnofxandercage.com/}}
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|xxx_the_return_of_xander_cage}}
* {{Metacritic film}}

{{XXX}}
{{D.J. Caruso}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:XXX: Return of Xander Cage}}
[[Category:XXX (film series)|*3]]
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 3D films]]
[[Category:2017 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2017 English-language films]]
[[Category:2010s spy action films]]
[[Category:2010s spy thriller films]]
[[Category:American 3D films]]
[[Category:American action thriller films]]
[[Category:American spy action films]]
[[Category:American spy thriller films]]
[[Category:American sequel films]]
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Cumbum, Tamil Nadu

2026-02-16T17:18:23Z

MattPinto5:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=December 2020}}
{{over-quotation|lengthy=y|date=December 2020}}
}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kambam
| other_name = Kambam Pallathakku (Valley), Kambam
| nicknames = Grape valley of South India, Centron

| settlement_type = Valley
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Cumbum, [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|9.7347|N|77.2844|E|display=inline,title}}[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cumbum,_Tamil_Nadu&params=9.7347_N_77.2844_E_type:city(68090)_region:IN-TN]
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Theni district|Theni]]
| subdivision_type3 = Zone
| subdivision_name3 = [[Madurai]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1958
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = First Grade Municipality
| governing_body = Cumbum Municipality
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 6.58
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 462
| population_total = 68,090
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]s
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 625516
| area_code_type = [[Telephone]] code
| area_code = +914554
| registration_plate = TN 60
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kambam''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.theni.tn.nic.in/statistics.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=26 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929152705/http://www.theni.tn.nic.in/statistics.pdf |archive-date=29 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> natively enunciated as '''Kambam'''{{refn|group=note|''Cumbum'' is the anglicized spelling used in [[British English]], and ''kambam'' is the [[ISO 15919|romanized]] spelling from [[Tamil script]] used in [[Indian English]].}} ({{audio|Ta-கம்பம்.ogg|pronunciation}}), is a [[town]] in the [[Theni district]] of the state of Tamilnadu in [[India]].

==Geography and Climate==
Cumbum is located at {{Coord|9.73|N|77.3|E|}}. It has an average elevation of 391meters (1282 feet). One can see the backdrop of Kodaikanal Hills from Cumbum.
Apart from that Cumbum has most vigorous activity in agriculture.

Cumbum Municipality (First Grade) is located in the Theni District of Tamil Nadu, near the [[Kerala]] State border. Geographically, it is situated between 9°30′N and 10°11′N latitude and between 77°E and 77°30′E longitude. It ranks as the third-largest town in the Theni district, following Theni itself. The region's soil primarily consists of red soil, and [[Agriculture]] plays a vital role for its developmental activities. Crops like Paddy, Coconut, Black Grapes, Groundnut and various kinds of fruits and vegetables are being cultivated in this area.

Cumbum boasts numerous places of worship, including Sri Kambaraya Perumal Kovil, Kasi Viswanathar Kovil (Sri Kambaraya Perumal Kovil Devasthanam), Sri. Gowmariyamman Kovil, Sri NandhaGopalan Kovil, Sri Suruli Vellappar Kovil, Sri Vasavi Ambal Kovil, Sri Ayyappan Kovil, Sri Ranganathar Kovil, Mosques, churches are situated. Sri Samandi Amman Temple is situated near village Samandipuram (Swamindipuram) which is 5 km by road, we can reach by car, Auto's and Buses.
The town is well connected by the district roads with nearby urban and rural towns and villages but not connected by [[Rail transport|Railways]]. Average maximum temperatures are 41.6 °C and 31.6 °C respectively. The average annual rainfall is around 836 mm with the town getting its share of rainfall during the Southwest [[Monsoon]].

The major source of water for drinking and agriculture comes from the [[Mullai Periyar River]] which flows Diverted from the state of Kerala. [[Suruli Falls]] which is 10 km from Cumbum, is surrounded by mountains. The nearest airport is [[Madurai Airport]] which is 115 km by road and [[Cochin International Airport |Cochin International Airport (Kerala)]] which is 175 km by road.
The nearest railway station is [[Teni Junction railway station|Teni Railway station]] which is 40 km by road and [[Bodinayakkanur railway station]] which is also 40 km by road.
Thekkady (Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary Kerala) which is a tourist destination in [[Kerala]] state, is 30 km from Cumbum, near [[Kumily]] which is a border town between the states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala.

[[Cumbum Valley|Cumbum is a valley]], surrounded by hills. The eastern side of the hills constituting seven dams on the hills. In the South, the famous tourist attraction, "Thekkady" is situated Kerala. Cumbum is famous for its coconut, Black Grapes & cardamom trading market.
{{Weather box/concise_C
| location=Cumbum, Tamil Nadu
| source=Climate-Data.org<ref name="Climate-Data.org">
"CLIMATE: KUMBAM, Tamil Nadu",
Climate-Data.org. Web: [http://en.climate-data.org/location/440680/].</ref>
| 29.1|30.7|32.5|32.8|32.7|31.0|29.9|30.1|30.4|29.6|28.5|28.4
| 19.7|20.5|22.1|23.3|23.8|23.2|22.6|22.5|22.3|22.0|21.3|20.1
| 22|30|55|108|113|139|181|123|117|241|175|71
}}

==History==
The name Cumbum is derived from Cumbaraya Perumal, the temple around which the town has been built. An article in the newspaper ''Dinamalar'' recounted the temple's origins:

<blockquote>"A [[List of Indian monarchs|king]] ruling this region then desired to build a temple for Lord Shiva and Lord Vishnu in a single premises, Perumal appeared in his dream and said that there was a stone post at the foot hills of western ghats and that His idol was there. The king found Perumal there and installed Him here. As the Lord was found under a stone post (Cumbam), He was named Kambaraya Perumal and the place Cumbum. He also brought a Sivalinga from Kasi-Varanasi and built the Shiva temple. He celebrated the consecration of the temples the same day. The Holy tree Vanni(வன்னி மரம்) is worshipped as Lord Brahma. People thus have the opportunity of worshipping Lords Shiva, Vishnu and Brahma in a single temple premises."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://temple.dinamalar.com/en/New_en.php?id=467|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731130731/http://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=467|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 July 2012|title=Kambaraya Perumal - Kasi Viswanathar Temple : Kambaraya Perumal - Kasi Viswanathar Temple Details | Kambaraya Perumal - Kasi Viswanathar - Cumbam | Tamil Nadu Temple | கம்பராயப்பெருமாள்}}</ref></blockquote>

During the British period, after the enactment of the Criminal Tribes Act, several settlements were created by the government. Members belonging to the notified communities were forced to remove to the Cumbum area.

The people of Cumbum and nearby villages played a vital role in the construction of Mullai Periyar Dam. When [[John Pennycuick (engineer)|John Pennycuick]] decided to divert the west-flowing Periyar River eastward so that it could irrigate acres of dry land, the construction works were disrupted by relentless rain. Large numbers of sand bags kept for the construction of the dam were destroyed due to flooding. Since he could not get adequate funds from the British government, Pennycuick went to England and sold his property to raise the money. Local landowners in Cumbum and Gudalur provided more money, along with manpower, to aid in the dam's construction. It was completed in 1895.

===Indian independence movement===

''[[The Hindu]]'' quotes, "Peer Mohammad was popularly known as Cumbum Pavalar. Born in 1888, Peer Mohammad was posted as Sub-Inspector of Police in Andipatti The Non-Cooperation Movement launched by Gandhiji in 1920 inspired Peer Mohammad. As a result, he resigned the police job. Inspired by the Gandhian ideals, he published a work entitled Gandhi Maaligai. The foreword to the book was written by Periyar E.V.R. This work of Peer Mohammad highlighted the importance and greatness of Gandhian principles. The Gandhi Maaligai contained songs on [[Hindu-Muslim unity]] and the Congress movement. Further, there were songs on Hakim Ajmal Khan, Pandit Motilal Nehru, C. R. Das, C. Rajagopalachari, Periyar E.V.R and Mattaparai Venkatramaier. Peer Mohammad’s songs on nationalists became very popular. His another work, Paa Manchari, contained songs on nationalists. He also established a reading room near the Cumbum Municipal Office."<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/madurais-very-own-freedom-fighters/article3671344.ece | title= Madurai's very own freedom fighters | date=23 July 2012 | first=P. B. | last=Gopalakrishnan | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=26 July 2018 }}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{bar box|title=Religious census|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=left|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|Orange|78.6}}{{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|19.05}}{{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|purple|2.26}}{{bar percent|[[Buddhism|Buddhist]]|Gold|0.01}}{{bar percent|Other|grey|0.07}}{{bar percent|[[Irreligion|No religion]]|violet|0.01}}}}

According to [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Cumbum had a population of 68,090 with a sex-ratio of 1,012 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kambam (Theni, Tamil Nadu, India) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/tamilnadu/theni/3342524000__kambam/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref> A total of 6,661 were under the age of six, constituting 5,417 males and 5,344 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 7.76% and .02% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 86.55%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="dashboard"/> The town had a total of 118567 households. There were a total of 26,623 workers, comprising 666 cultivators, 11,596 main agricultural labourers, 634 in household industries, 11,921 other workers, 1,806 marginal workers, 12 marginal cultivators, 1,110 marginal agricultural labourers, 62 marginal workers in household industries and 622 other marginal workers.<ref name=2011census>{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals - Kambam |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=688500|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref>

As per the religious census of 2011, Kambam had 78.6% [[Hindus]], 19.05% [[Muslims]], 2.26% [[Christians]], 0.01% [[Buddhists]], 0.07% following other religions and 0.01% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.<ref name=religion2011>{{cite web|title=Population By Religious Community - Tamil Nadu|year=2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|format=XLS|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=13 September 2015}}</ref>

==Politics==
[[Cumbum (state assembly constituency)]] is part of [[Theni (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title=List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|access-date=2008-10-11
|work=Tamil Nadu
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031131000/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date=31 October 2008
}}</ref> [[N. Eramakrishnan]] from the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] party is the MLA elected in the [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]. He has been elected five times from here.

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[https://web.archive.org/web/20091207111711/http://temple.dinamalar.com/New.aspx?id=467]

==External links==
* [https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cumbum,_Tamil_Nadu&params=9.7347_N_77.2844_E_type:city(68090)_region:IN-TN GeoHack - Cumbum, Tamil Nadu]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090517031445/http://cumbum.in/ Cumbum Website]
*[http://cumbum.wordpress.com/ Blog regarding Cumbum]

{{Theni district}}
{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Theni district]]
[[Category:Palayam]]

Pir Roshan

2026-02-09T08:04:32Z

MattPinto5: stub

{{Short description|Ormur Pashtun Sufi poet (c. 1525–1585)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pir Roshan
| native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|ps|پیر روښان}}}}
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Bāyazīd Khān Ansārī
| birth_date = {{circa|1525}}
| birth_place = [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab]], [[Lodi dynasty|Lodi Sultanate]]<ref name="Schimmel"/> {{small|(present-day [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India)}}
| death_date = {{circa|1585}}<ref name="Schimmel"/> (aged 60)
| death_place = [[Topi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Topi]], [[Kabulistan|Kabul Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]] {{small|(present-day [[Swabi District]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], Pakistan)}}
| resting_place = [[North Waziristan]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], Pakistan
| known_for = [[Pashto literature]] [[Roshani movement]] [[Pashto alphabet]]
| notable_works = ''[[Khayr al-Bayān]]''
| children = {{unbulleted list|Sheikh Omar|Nuruddin|Khairuddin|Kamaluddin|Jalaluddin|Allahdad|Dawlatullah}}<ref name=":1"/>
| father = Sheikh Abdullah<ref>{{cite book |others=Houtsma, M Th |title=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936, Volume 9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p5U3AAAAIAAJ |access-date=11 August 2013 |year=1987 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9004082654 |page=686}}</ref>
| spouse = {{unbulleted list|Shamso}}<ref name=":1"/>
}}

'''Bāyazīd Khān Ansārī''' ({{langx|ps|بایزید خان انصاري}}; {{circa|1525}} – 1585), commonly known as '''Pīr Rōshān''' or '''Pīr Rōkhān''', was an [[Ormur]] warrior, [[Sufism|Sufi]] [[Pir (Sufism)|Pir]] and revolutionary leader.<ref>{{cite book |author=Lee |first=Jonathan L. |title=Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present |date=2022 |page=58 |quote=Pir Roshan, was from the small Ormur or Baraki tribe, whose mother tongue was Ormuri}}</ref> He is best known for founding the [[Roshani movement]], which gained many followers in present-day [[Pakistan]] and [[Afghanistan]], and produced a number of Pashto poets and writers. Pir Roshan wrote ''[[Khayr al-Bayān]],'' one of the earliest known books containing Pashto prose, and also created the [[Pashto alphabet]], derived from the [[Arabic script]] with 13 new letters. A modified version of this alphabet continues to be used to write Pashto. He wrote mostly in [[Pashto language|Pashto]], but also in [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Urdu]] and [[Arabic language|Arabic]], while his own mother tongue was [[Ormuri]].

Pir Roshan assembled Pashtun tribesmen to fight against the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]] in response to Akbar's continuous military agitations. The Mughals referred to Pir Roshan as ''Pīr-e Tārīk'' ({{langx|en|Dark Sufi Master}}).<ref name=":0" /> Due to Pir Roshan's spiritual and religious hold over a large portion of Pashtuns, Akbar sought help of various religious figures into the struggle, most notably [[Pir Baba]] and [[Akhund Darweza]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Bilgrami |first=Fatima Zehra |date=1995 |title=The Roshanis and the Mughals |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158619 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=56 |pages=188–203 |issn=2249-1937 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The Mughals persecuted his followers and executed many of them. A Mughal army eventually killed Pir Roshan and most of his sons. Only his youngest son, Pir Jalala, survived and later took up arms against the Mughals as the new leader of the Roshani movement.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wynbrandt |first=James |title=A Brief History of Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xQGwgJnCPZgC|year=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-0816061846 |page=82}}</ref> The Roshani followers in [[Waziristan]], [[Kurram Valley|Kurram]], [[Tirah]], [[Loya Paktia]], [[Loy Kandahar]] (including [[Kasi (Pashtun tribe)|Kasi]] tribesmen), and [[Nangarhar Province|Nangarhar]] continued their struggle against the Mughals for about a hundred years after Pir Roshan's death.

==Background ==
Bayazid was born in 1525 just outside [[Jalandhar]] in [[Punjab region|Punjab]] (present-day India), but early in his childhood, he moved with his family to their ancestral homeland of [[Kaniguram]] in [[South Waziristan]] (present-day Pakistan).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kakar |first=Hasan Kawun |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgbYEAAAQBAJ&dq=bayazid+Afghan+1525&pg=PT14 |title=Government and Society in Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir 'Abd al-Rahman Khan |date=2014-08-27 |publisher=Univ of TX + ORM |isbn=978-0-292-76777-5 |language=en}}</ref> He descended from a prominent family of [[Medina]] which traced its ancestry from [[Abu Ayyub al-Ansari]], a companion of prophet [[Muhammad]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Bilgrami |first=Fatima Zehra |date=1999 |title=The 'Roshani' Family in the Mughal Nobility |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44144096 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |publisher=[[Indian History Congress]] |volume=60 |pages=293–305 |issn=2249-1937 |jstor=44144096 |url-access=subscription |jstor-access=}}</ref> His family was one of the many families who fled back to their ancestral land after the Turkic ruler [[Babur]] overthrew the Afghan [[Lodi dynasty]] in India in 1526.<ref name="Monash2">{{cite book |author1=Angelo Andrea Di Castro |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGGfCgAAQBAJ |title=Asian Horizons: Giuseppe Tucci's Buddhist, Indian, Himalayan and Central Asian Studies |author2=David Templeman |publisher=Monash University Publishing |year=2015 |isbn=978-1922235336 |pages=544–584}}</ref> His grandfather was from the [[Logar Province|Lohgar Valley]] near [[Kabul]] in the country of the [[Baraki Barak|Barkis]], but had immigrated to Waziristan, while his grandson was born in India.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tGTd9KKwKVwC&dq=pir+roshan+ormur&pg=PA201 |page=201 |author= G.P Tate |date=2001 |title=The Kingdom of Afghanistan: A Historical Sketch |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=9788120615861 }}</ref> His father, Abdullah, was an Islamic [[Qadi]] (judge). However, his father and relatives, and later Bayazid himself, also traded between Afghanistan and India.

== Roshani movement ==
{{main|Roshani movement}}
Bayazid began teaching at the age of 40. His message was well received by the [[Mohmand (tribe)|Mohmand]] and [[Shinwari]] tribesmen. He then went to the [[Peshawar]] valley and spread his message to the [[Khalil (Pashtun tribe)|Khalil]] and [[Muhammadzai]]. He sent missionaries (''khalifas'') to various parts of South and Central Asia. He sent one of his disciples, Dawlat Khan, along with his book ''Sirat at-Tawhid'' to Mughal Emperor Akbar. ''Khalifa'' Yusuf was sent along with his book ''Fakhr at-Talibin'' to the ruler of [[Badakhshan]], [[Mirza Sulayman]]. Mawdud Tareen was sent to propagate his message to [[Kandahar]], [[Balochistan]], and [[Sindh]]. Arzani Khweshki was sent to India to convey the message to common people there. Besides, he also sent his deputies to [[Kabul]], [[Balkh]], [[Bukhara]], and [[Samarkand]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Responses of Mysticism to Religious Terrorism: Sufism and Beyond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p3vGDwAAQBAJ |author1=Mahmoud Masaeli|author2=Rico Sneller|publisher=Gompel&Svacina|year=2020|page=91|isbn=978-9463711906}}</ref> However, when he and his followers started spreading their movement amongst the Yousafzais, Bayazid came into direct confrontation with the orthodox followers of [[Pir Baba]] in [[Buner]]. He established a base in the [[Tirah]] valley where he rallied other tribes. In ''Oxford History of India'', [[Vincent Arthur Smith|Vincent Smith]] describes this as the first "Pashtun renaissance" against Mughal rule.<ref>Vincent Smith; Oxford History of India volume Vol: VI; P- 325-40</ref> When Mughal Emperor Akbar proclaimed [[Din-i Ilahi|''Din-i Ilahi'']], Bayazid raised the flag of open rebellion. He led his army in several successful skirmishes and battles against Mughal forces, but they were routed in a major battle in [[Nangarhar]] by Mughal General Muhsin Khan.

During the 1580s, [[Yusufzai]]s rebelled against the Mughals and joined the [[Roshani movement]] of Pir Roshan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V19_154.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 19– Imperial Gazetteer of India|publisher=Digital South Asia Library|page=152|access-date=22 April 2015|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205202857/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V19_154.gif|url-status=dead}}</ref> In late 1585, Mughal Emperor Akbar sent military forces under [[Zain Khan Koka]] and [[Birbal]] to crush the Roshani rebellion. In February 1586, about 8,000 Mughal soldiers, including Birbal, were [[Battle of the Malandari Pass (1586)|killed near the Karakar Pass]] between Buner and Swat while fighting against the Yusufzai lashkar led by [[Kalu Khan Yousafzai|Kalu Khan]]. This was the greatest disaster faced by the Mughal army during Akbar's reign.<ref>{{cite book |first=John F. |last=Richards |author-link=John F. Richards |series=The New Cambridge History of India |title=The Mughal Empire |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1993 |pages=50–51 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA50|isbn=9780521566032 }}</ref> However, during the attack, Pir Roshan was himself killed by the Mughal army near [[Topi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Topi]]. In 1587, Mughal general [[Man Singh I]] defeated 20,000 strong Roshani soldiers and 5,000 horsemen.<ref name="Schimmel" /> Major [[Henry George Raverty]] transpired the account from Akhund Darweza about Pir Roshan's coffin was seized in the midst of a battle between the Roshaniyya and Mughal forces. Some of his bones were burnt, and cast into the Indus river.<ref name="Abubakar2014">{{cite book
|title=Singing with the Mountains; The Language of God in the Afghan Highland
|date=5 December 2023
|publisher= Fordham University Press
|page=27
|author= William Sherman
|isbn= 9781531505691
|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Singing_with_the_Mountains/2w7iEAAAQBAJ?hl=en
|chapter= 4 Vernacular Apocalypse: Poetic and Polemical Emergences of Pashto Literature
}}</ref> Pir Roshan's five sons, however, continued fighting against the Mughals until about 1640.<ref name="Schimmel">{{cite book|title=Islam in the Indian Subcontinent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TYImm1TnemwC |last=Schimmel|first=Annemarie|publisher=BRILL|year=1980|page=87|isbn=9004061177}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-16 |title=The Power Of Pen And Sword: How Pir Roshan United Pashtuns Against The Mughal Empire |url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/2022/02/16/the-power-of-pen-and-sword-how-pir-roshan-united-pashtuns-against-the-mughal-empire/ |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=The Friday Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Successors==

Bayazid's sons were put to death with the exception of his youngest, Jalala, who was pardoned by Akbar as he was only 14 years old when he was captured. He later took up arms as Pir Jalala Khan and successfully engaged the Mughal armies.<ref name=":1" />

As part of a concerted campaign to destroy the Roshanis around 1619 or 1620, [[Mahabat Khan]], under the Emperor Jahangir, massacred 300 Daulatzai Orakzai in the Tirah. Ghairat Khan was sent to the Tirah region to engage the Roshani forces with a large military force via Kohat.<ref name="Gazetteer_23_389">{{cite book |url= https://archive.org/details/TheImperialGazetteerOfIndia-Volume23
|title= Tīrāh–Imperial Gazetteer of India |volume= 23 |page= 389}}</ref> The Mughal forces were repulsed, but six years later Muzaffar Khan marched against Ahdad Khan. After several months of intense fighting, Ahdad Khan was killed. The death of Jahangir in 1627 led to a general uprising of the Pashtuns against Mughal forces.<ref name="Gazetteer_23_389"/> Ahdad's son Abdul Qadir returned to Tirah to seek vengeance. Under his command, the Roshani defeated Muzaffar Khan's forces en route from Peshawar to Kabul, killing Muzaffar. Abdul Qadir plundered Peshawar and invested the citadel.<ref name="Gazetteer_23_389"/> It was not until the time of Mughal Emperor [[Shah Jahan]] (1628–1658) that a truce was brokered – between Akbar's grandson and Bayazid's great grandson.

== Legacy and assessment ==
The religious view of Pir Roshan was considered heretical by his contemporaries of Pashtun tribes from [[Khattak]] and [[Yusufzai]].<ref name="Afghanistan:Ali Ahmad Jalali; 252" /> Roshan extended his dismissiveness to Shiʻism as well, deriding it as an inferior form of Islam invented by Iranian elites during the rise of Three Ottomans, as effort undermine it. Roshan claimed that Persians actually regards the Ottomans embodied the true Islam.<ref>{{Cite book
|last = Mirsepassi
|first = Ali
|title = The Discovery of Iran: Taghi Arani, a Radical Cosmopolitan
|trans-title =
|date = 2021
|publisher = Stanford University Press
|isbn = 9781503629806
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0_ZNEAAAQBAJ
|access-date = December 24, 2025}}, quote: "When the Ottoman Empire was undergoing formation, Iran stood against us as an opposing force. The Shia religion, which had just come into existence, took a political form, shedding much blood. The difference between the two religions led to much acrimony. But what is the difference? To love Ali and his sons? But is this not shared by all Muslims? Do we prefer Abubakr (May Allah be pleased with him), Omar or Othman (May Allah be pleased with them)? No! It is just that they were able to fulfill their duties in their right time and place. History has thus given them due respect and sanctity. We are therefore bound to fulfill our religious duty out of respect."</ref>

Pir Roshan also originally wrote his ''Khair al-Bayan'' in [[Pashto]], which meant that the text was more accessible to the Pashtuns than the [[Arabic]] [[Quran]] and that those followers took some measure of pride in its composition.<ref name="Nichols, Robert 1900">Nichols, Robert. Settling the frontier: Land, law and society in the Peshawar valley, 1500-1900. University of Pennsylvania, 1997</ref>

During the 19th century, [[oriental studies|orientalist]] scholars translating texts from Pashto and other regional texts termed his movement a "sect" which believed in the transmigration of souls and in the representation of God through individuals.<ref name="Monash">{{cite book |author1=Angelo Andrea Di Castro |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGGfCgAAQBAJ |title=Asian Horizons: Giuseppe Tucci's Buddhist, Indian, Himalayan and Central Asian Studies |author2=David Templeman |publisher=Monash University Publishing |year=2015 |isbn=978-1922235336 |pages=544–584}}</ref> Ideologically, history assessors with [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] view has regarded him as reformer who fight against conservative value among Pashtuns during his era.<ref name="Afghanistan:Ali Ahmad Jalali; 252">{{cite book |author1=Ali Ahmad Jalali |title=Afghanistan: A Military History from the Ancient Empires to the Great Game |year=2021 |publisher=University Press of Kansas |isbn=978-0700632633 |page=252 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NBGrEAAAQBAJ |access-date=23 July 2024}}</ref>

Aminullah Khan Gandapur, in his book ''Tārīkh-i-Sarzamīn-i-Gōmal'' (History of the Gomal Land; National Book Foundation-2008, 2nd Ed. ISBN 978-969-23423-2-2; P-57-63), ascribed a chapter to the Roshani movement and to their strife and achievement with the sword and the pen.

==See also==
* [[Mullah Powindah]]
* [[Rajwali Shah|Raj Wali Shah Khattak]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://pashtunhistory.com/desecration-of-pir-roshan-grave/ Desecration of Pir Roshan's grave and dead body]
* [https://pashtunhistory.com/pir-roshan-bayazid-ansari/ History of Pir Roshan]

{{Pashtun nationalism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roshan, Pir}}
[[Category:1520s births]]
[[Category:1580s deaths]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:16th-century rebels]]
[[Category:Pashtun people]]
[[Category:Writers from Jalandhar]]
[[Category:People from South Waziristan]]
[[Category:Shrines in Pakistan]]
[[Category:North Waziristan District]]
[[Category:Proto-socialists]]

Dharmakkan Dhanaraj

2026-02-07T18:43:42Z

MattPinto5: Made stub...

{{Short description|Indian Old Testament scholar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox clergy
| honorific_prefix = The Reverend Doctor
| name = D. Dhanaraj, [[Church of South India|CSI]]<ref name="Synod">[[Church of South India Synod]], ''Karnataka Southern Diocese Clergy''. [http://www.csisynod.com/Admin/ministerial/1_Karnataka%20Southern%20Diocese.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414180245/http://csisynod.com/Admin/ministerial/1_Karnataka%20Southern%20Diocese.pdf |date=14 April 2016 }}</ref>
| honorific_suffix = [[Doctor of Philosophy|Dr. Phil.]] ([[Osnabrück University|Osnabrück]])<ref name="Promotions">''[[University of Osnabrück]] Promotions 1988''.[http://www2.uni-osnabrueck.de/promhabil/promotionen.cfm?zeige=1988] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625132247/http://www2.uni-osnabrueck.de/promhabil/promotionen.cfm?zeige=1988 |date=25 June 2007 }}</ref>
| image = 
| image_size = 
| alt =
| caption = 
| birth_name = Dharmakkan Dhanaraj
| birth_date =18 December<ref name="Synod"/> 1950<ref name="DAAD">Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD), Deutscher Germanistenverband [http://www.germanistenverzeichnis.phil.uni-erlangen.de/institutslisten/files/in/02200_in/2222_in.html]</ref>
| birth_place = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2017|10|16|1950|12|18}}<ref name="DW">''Daijiworld Media Network'', Mangalore, Tuesday, October 17, 2017. Mangalore: Rev. D. Dhanaraj, CSI (67), Balmatta, Mangaluru. [http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/obituaryDisplay.aspx?obituaryID=9185]</ref>
| death_place = [[Mangalore]] ([[Karnataka]]), buried in [[Church of South India|CSI]]-Gorigudda Cemetery, [[Mangalore]].
| death_cause =
| other_names = ''Dhanaraj Ayyagaru''
| citizenship = [[India]]
| education =
*[[B.Sc.]] ([[Madurai Kamaraj University|Madurai]]),<ref name="Synod"/>
*[[Bachelor of Divinity|B. D.]] ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]]),<ref name="Senate"/>
*[[Master of Theology|M.Th.]] ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]]),<ref name="Senate"/>
*[[Doctor of Philosophy|Dr. Phil.]] ([[University of Osnabrück|Osnabrück]])<ref name="Senate"/>
| alma_mater =
*[[American College in Madurai|American College]], [[Madurai]] ([[Tamil Nadu]]),
*[[United Theological College, Bangalore|United Theological College]], [[Bangalore]] ([[Karnataka]]),<ref name="Hiwale"/>
*Missions academy at the [[University of Hamburg]], [[Hamburg]] ([[Germany]]),<ref name="Minutes"/>
*School of Educational and Cultural Studies<ref name="Promotions"/> at the [[University of Osnabrück]], [[Osnabrück]] ([[Germany]])<ref name="Augustin"/>
| occupation = [[Pastor]] and [[Teacher]]
| years_active = 1974-2015
| religion = [[Christianity]]
| parents =
| church = [[Church of South India]] (''A [[United and uniting churches|Uniting church]] comprising [[Wesleyan Church|Wesleyan Methodist]], [[Congregational]], [[Lutheran]], [[Calvinist]] and [[Anglican]] missionary societies – [[United Society|SPG]], [[English Wesleyan Mission|WMMS]], [[London Missionary Society|LMS]], [[Basel Mission]], [[Church Missionary Society|CMS]], and the [[Church of England]])''
| ordained =
| writings =
*'''1977,''' ''Towards a fruitful living'',<ref>D. Dhanaraj, ''Towards a fruitful living'' in ''[[United Theological College, Bangalore|United Theological College]] Magazine 1977'', Volume XLIV, 1977, pp.48-51 available at the Archives in the library of [[Karnataka Theological College]], [[Mangalore]].</ref>
*'''1978,''' ''The relationship of man to God as expressed in the piety of selected Psalms'',<ref name="Titles">D. Dhanaraj, ''The relationship of man to God as expressed in the piety of selected Psalms'' in ''Thesis Titles'', [[Board of Theological Education of the Senate of Serampore College]], Bangalore, 1991, p.2.</ref>
*'''1992,''' ''Theological significance of the motif of enemies in selected psalms of individual lament'',
*'''2007,''' ''Structural Approach to Psalm Exegesis: Psalm 8 and 54 as Examples,<ref>D. Dhanaraj, ''Structural Approach to Psalm Exegesis: Psalm 8 and 54 as Examples,'' BiBh 33/2, 2007, pp.18–35. Cited in ''Bibliography of Psalms and the Psalter In Conjunction with the History of Interpretation and Application of Psalms'' (since 1990), 2016, p.26. [http://www.kohlhammer.de/wms/instances/KOB/data/pdf/978-3-17-018676-7_O.pdf?wmsKOBSID=4k777lc4520ngsp0iauhvbjbjksfnt0c]</ref>''
*'''2008,''' ''A Survey of the History of Old Testament Theology''<ref>D. Dhanaraj, ''A Survey of the History of Old Testament Theology'' in C. I. David Joy (Edited), ''Biblical Theology: A Reader'', CSS, Tiruvalla, 2008, pp.15-27.[https://openlibrary.org/works/OL15416746W/Biblical_theology]</ref>
| congregations =[[Pollibetta]] and [[Kushalanagar]]
| offices_held =
*[[Teacher]] - in - [[Old Testament]], [[Karnataka Theological College]], [[Mangalore]] {{small|(1978-2015)}},
*[[Head teacher|Principal]], Moegling Institute of [[German Language]], [[Mangalore]] {{small|(1992-2015)}}
| title = The Reverend Doctor
| website = 
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
| child =
}}
'''Dharmakkan Dhanaraj''' (18 December 1950<ref name="Synod"/><ref name="DAAD"/>– 16 October 2017)<ref name="DW"/> was an Indian [[Old Testament]] scholar who taught at the [[Karnataka Theological College]], [[Mangalore]], a [[seminary]] established in 1965<ref>Vijaya Kumar, ''Ecumenical Cooperation of the Missions in Karnataka (India), 1834-1989: A Historical Analysis of the Evangelistic Strategy of the Missions'', ISPCK, New Delhi, 2005, p.132. [https://books.google.com/books?id=a_TrAAAACAAJ&q=ecumenical+cooperation+of+the+missions]</ref> and affiliated to the nation's first<ref name="UNESCO">[http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0017/001790/179035eb.pdf UNESCO Structures of University Education in India, 1952]</ref> university, the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]].

After serving more than 40 years for the cause of [[spiritual formation]] and the teaching of [[German language]] studies, through the [[Karnataka Theological College]] and the [[Hermann Mögling|Moegling]] Institute for German Language, both in [[Mangalore]], Dhanaraj died on Monday, 16 October 2017<ref name="DW"/> in [[Mangalore]]<ref name="DW"/> after a brief illness and his [[funeral mass]] was conducted at 16:00 hours<ref name="DW"/> on Tuesday, 17 October 2017, by [[Bishop emeritus]] [[John Sadananda]], [[Church of South India|CSI]], at the [[Church of South India|CSI]]-Shanthi Cathedral,<ref name="DW"/> Balmatta, [[Mangalore]] in the presence of [[Sydney Salins]], [[Church of South India|CSI]], [[H. R. Cabral]], [[Church of South India|CSI]], [[Annie Watson]], [[Church of South India|CSI]], [[F. Anilkumar]], [[Church of South India|CSI]], [[Bishop emeritus]] [[C. L. Furtado]], [[Church of South India|CSI]], [[D. R. Sadananda]], [[Church of South India|CSI]] and [[Mohan Manoraj]], [[Church of South India|CSI]], the present [[Mangalore Diocese|CSI Bishop - in - Mangalore]]. Dhanaraj's demise comes close on the heels of the notable [[Old Testament]] Scholar, [[Bishop emeritus]] [[Samuel Amirtham]], [[Church of South India|CSI]], who departed during the last week of September 2017.

==Contribution==
As a Scholar on [[Psalms]], Dhanaraj's work<ref name="Augustin">D. Dhanaraj, ''Theological significance of the motif of enemies in selected psalms of individual lament'', Augustin, Gluckstadt, 1992. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NlF2QgAACAAJ&q=dharmakkan+dhanaraj]</ref> was published in 1992<ref name="Augustin"/> and simultaneously reviewed in three [[Germany|German]] journals, namely the ''[[Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft]]'' (1994),<ref>[[:de:Jürgen van Oorschot]], ''Reviewed Work: Theological Significance of the Motif of Enemies in Selected Psalms of Individual Lament'' in ''[[Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft]]'', Volume 106, Issue 1, 1994, p.153.[https://doi.org/10.1515/zatw.1994.106.1.125]</ref> the ''{{ill|Verkündigung und Forschung|de|vertical-align=sup}}'' (1995)<ref>H. H. Schmid, "Reviewed Work: Theological Significance of the Motif of Enemies in Selected Psalms of Individual Lament" in ''[[:de:Verkündigung und Forschung]]'', Volume 40, Issue 1, 1995, pp.29, 43.[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXowAAAAYAAJ&q=dhanaraj]</ref> and the ''{{ill|Theologische Literaturzeitung|de|vertical-align=sup}}'' (1995)<ref name="ThLZ">Erhard S. Gerstenberger, ''Reviewed Work: Theological Significance of the Motif of Enemies in Selected Psalms of Individual Lament'' in ''[[:de:Theologische Literaturzeitung]]'', Volume 120, Issue 9, 1995, pp.779-781.[http://www.digizeitschriften.de/dms/resolveppn/?PID=urn:nbn:de:bsz:21-dt-21390%7Clog00659]</ref> followed by ''[[The Catholic Biblical Quarterly]]'' (1996)<ref name="CBQ">''[[The Catholic Biblical Quarterly]]'', ''Reviewed Work: Theological Significance of the Motif of Enemies in Selected Psalms of Individual Lament (Orientalia biblica et christiana 4)'' by Dharmakkan Dhanaraj, Review by: Mark S. Smith, Vol. 58, No. 2 (April 1996), pp. 308-310.[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43724280?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=dharmakkan&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Ddharmakkan%26amp%3Bfilter%3Diid%253A10.2307%252Fi40150109&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents]</ref> and has also been listed in three of the annual editions of ''[[Elenchus of Biblica]]'' ''(Volumes 8, 10, 12 of 1992, 1994, 1996).''<ref>''[[Elenchus of Biblica]] 1992'', Volume 8, 1995, p.276. [https://books.google.com/books?id=_q95BBARWqsC&q=Elenchus+of+Biblica+dharmakkan+dhanaraj%3B&pg=PA276]''[[Elenchus of Biblica]] 1994'', Volume 10, 1997, p.229. [https://books.google.com/books?id=O2zsAAAAMAAJ&q=dhanaraj];''[[Elenchus of Biblica]] 1996'', Volume 12, 2000, p.156.[https://books.google.com/books?id=bjv8e4K7hOIC&dq=dharmakkan+dhanaraj+hamburg&pg=PA156]</ref> [[Ellen T. Charry]] observes that Dhanaraj divided [[Psalm 3]] into three segments depending on point of view taken by the speaker,<ref name="Ellen"/> a fact reiterated by John J. Ahn.<ref name="John"/> Further, Dhanaraj's research work has been held in nearly 75<ref name="Worldcat">[[WorldCat]]. [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/804872268]</ref> library holdings ranging from [[Seminaries]] to [[State university (India)|state universities]]<ref name="Worldcat"/> and [[National libraries]]<ref name="Worldcat"/> across<ref name="Worldcat"/> [[Africa]], [[Asia]], [[Australia]],
[[Europe]], [[North America]] and [[South America]] and has been referred by many Scholars over the years' including his [[Doktorvater]],
*1989 ({{ill|Eckart Otto|de|vertical-align=sup}}), ''Rechtsgeschichte der Redaktionen im Kodex Ešnunna und im "Bundesbuch": Eine redaktionsgeschichtliche und rechtsvergleichende Studie zu altbabylonischen und altisraelitischen Rechtsuberlieferungen'',<ref>([[:de:Eckart Otto]]), ''Rechtsgeschichte der Redaktionen im Kodex Ešnunna und im "Bundesbuch": Eine redaktionsgeschichtliche und rechtsvergleichende Studie zu altbabylonischen und altisraelitischen Rechtsuberlieferungen'', Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 85, Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, [[Göttingen]]/[[University of Freiburg]], [[Freiburg]], 1989, p.78.[https://books.google.com/books?id=EjMof0-HppQC&dq=dhanaraj+osnabruck&pg=PP1]</ref>
*1989 (Edited by G. Johannes Botterweck, Helmer Ringgren, Heinz-Josef Fabry), ''Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, Volume 12'',<ref>Hebrew: צִיּוֹן{{lrm}}{{lrm}} Tsiyyon in G. Johannes Botterweck, Helmer Ringgren, Heinz-Josef Fabry (Edited), ''Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, Volume 12'', [[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]], [[Grand Rapids]], 1989, p.335.[https://books.google.com/books?id=LW8XieaBETIC&dq=dhanaraj+osnabruck&pg=PA335]</ref>
* 1998 (Ulrich Bail), ''Gegen das Schweigen klagen. Eine intertextuelle Studie zu Psalm 6, Psalm 55 und 2 Samuel 13,1-22'',<ref>Ulrich Bail, ''Gegen das Schweigen klagen. Eine intertextuelle Studie zu Psalm 6, Psalm 55 und 2 Samuel 13,1-22'', [[University of Bochum]], [[Bochum]], 1998.[http://www.ulrike-bail.de/Ulrike_Bail/Veroffentlichungen_files/UlrikeBailGegen%20das%20Schweigenklagen.pdf].</ref>
* 2005 (Daniel J. Estes), ''Handbook on the Wisdom Books and Psalms'',<ref>Daniel J. Estes, ''Handbook on the Wisdom Books and Psalms'', Baker Academic, Grand Rapids, p.30.[https://books.google.com/books?id=H4ARZdgdyAMC&dq=dharmakkan+dhanaraj&pg=PA203]</ref>
* 2011 (John J. Ahn), ''Exile as Forced Migrations: A Sociological, Literary, and Theological approach on the displacement and resettlement of the southern kingdom of Judah'',<ref name="John">John J. Ahn, ''Exile as Forced Migrations: A Sociological, Literary, and Theological approach on the displacement and resettlement of the southern kingdom of Judah'', Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 2011, p.102. [https://books.google.com/books?id=5Dzy1ocWGoUC&dq=dharmakkan+dhanaraj&pg=PA102]</ref>
* 2012 (Wilton Gerardo Sánchez Castelblanco), ''Que les caigan brasas de fuego'' (Sal 140,11) - Comentario exegético del salmo 140 ''(Let burning flames come down on them (Psalm 140,11) - Exegetical commentary of Psalm 140)'',<ref>Wilton Gerardo Sánchez Castelblanco, ''Que les caigan brasas de fuego (Sal 140,11) - Comentario exegético del salmo 140 ''(Let burning flames come down on them (Psalm 140,11) - Exegetical commentary of Psalm 140) in ''Franciscanum'', Volume 54, Issue 158, July–December 2012. [https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4562216.pdf]</ref>
* 2013 (D. Keith Campbell), ''Of Heroes and Villains: The Influence of the Psalmic Lament on Synoptic Characterization'',<ref>D. Keith Campbell, ''Of Heroes and Villains: The Influence of the Psalmic Lament on Synoptic Characterization'', Wipf and Stock, Oregon, 2013, p.185.[https://books.google.com/books?id=VcNNAwAAQBAJ&dq=dharmakkan+dhanaraj&pg=PA185]</ref>
* 2014 (W. Dennis Tucker Jr.), ''Constructing and Deconstructing Power in Psalms 107–150'',<ref>W. Dennis Tucker, Jr., ''Constructing and Deconstructing Power in Psalms 107–150'', SBL, Atlanta, 2015, p.13. [https://books.google.com/books?id=M0kCBAAAQBAJ&dq=dharmakkan+dhanaraj&pg=PA13]</ref>
* 2015 (Ellen T. Charry), ''Psalms 1-50 (Brazos Theological Commentary on the Bible)'',<ref name="Ellen">Ellen T. Charry, ''Psalms 1-50 (Brazos Theological Commentary on the Bible)'', Brazos, Grand Rapids, 2015. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3euiCgAAQBAJ&dq=dharmakkan+dhanaraj&pg=PT45]; Unser Gästebuch - Gästebucheintrag erstellen - Welche persönliche Beziehung haben Sie zur Basler Mission? [http://www.missionmoves.org/de/gaestebuch/comment-page-1/]</ref>

==General and spiritual studies==
After initial graduate studies at the [[Church of South India|CSI]]-[[American College in Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]] where Dhanaraj pursued studies in sciences leading to [[B.Sc.]]<ref name="Senate"/> in 1969, he discerned his avocation towards [[priesthood]] and became an aspirant with the [[Madurai-Ramnad Diocese of the Church of South India]], then under the bishopric of [[The Right Reverend]] George Devadas, [[Church of South India|CSI]] who became his [[Confessor|Spiritual Confessor]] and led Dhanaraj to take up seminary studies leading to [[Priesthood]].

===Spiritual studies===
Dhanaraj then underwent ministerial formation at the [[United Theological College, Bangalore]] between 1970 and 1974<ref name="Hiwale">K. M. Hiwale (Compiled), ''Directory of the [[United Theological College, Bangalore|United Theological College]] 1910-1997'', Bangalore, 1997. Past students of the college diploma course, p.44; Past students of the postgraduate course, p.112.</ref> during the Principalship of [[J. R. Chandran]], [[Church of South India|CSI]], studying for a [[Bachelor of Divinity]] ''([[B. D.]])'' under faculty comprising [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[G. D. Melanchthon]], [[Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church|AELC]], [[W. P. Peery]], [[Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church|AELC]], [[E. C. John]], [[Church of South India|CSI]] and others.

During Dhanaraj's study period between 1970 and 1974, his companions included [[D. I. Hans]], [[Church of South India|CSI]], [[P. J. Lawrence]], [[Church of South India|CSI]], [[J. W. Gladstone]], [[Church of South India|CSI]], [[Sydney Salins]], [[Church of South India|CSI]], [[John Sadananda]], [[Church of South India|CSI]], [[P. Surya Prakash]], [[Church of South India|CSI]] and others who were pursuing graduate courses while [[Regunta Yesurathnam|R. Yesurathnam]], [[Church of South India|CSI]], [[D. W. Jesudoss]], [[Tamil Evangelical Lutheran Church|TELC]], G. Babu Rao, [[CBCNC]],<ref name="Hiwale"/> [[Basil Rebera]][[Laity]], [[D. S. Satyaranjan]], [[Indian Pentecostal Church of God|IPC]], [[Nitoy Achümi]], [[Nagaland Baptist Church Council|NBCC]], [[Timotheas Hembrom]], [[Northern Evangelical Lutheran Church|NELC]], [[S. John Theodore]], [[Church of South India|CSI]] and others<ref name="Hiwale"/> were pursuing postgraduate courses at varying intervals including [[Gaddala Solomon|G. Solomon]], [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches|STBC]] who came there for a specialized course in [[Biblical Hebrew]].

In the ensuing convocation of the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]] held on February 1, 1975<ref name="Convocation">''Convocation Brochure'', February 1, 1975 Serampore College, Serampore.</ref> at the [[Serampore College]], [[Serampore]] under the Registrarship of [[C. Devasahayam]], [[CBCNC]], Dhanaraj was awarded a [[Bachelor of Divinity]] degree where the [[Commemoration (observance)|Convocation Commemoration]] [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] in [[Serampore]] was conducted by the [[Old Testament]] Teacher<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=txUnAQAAIAAJ&q=babu+rao+old+testament ''Guide to Indian Periodical Literature'', Volume 23, 1989, p.57]</ref> G. Babu Rao, [[CBCNC]]<ref name="Convocation"/> of [[Serampore College]]<ref>''The Story of Serampore and its College'', Council of Serampore College, Serampore (Fourth Edition), 2005, p.92.</ref> at the [[Church of North India|CNI]]-St. Olave's Church, [[Serampore]].

===Advanced spiritual studies===
Again from 1976 to 1978, Dhanaraj studied for a postgraduate course during the Principalship of [[J. R. Chandran]], [[Church of South India|CSI]] specialising in [[Old Testament]] under [[E. C. John]], [[Church of South India|CSI]], [[G. M. Butterworth]], [[Church of England|CoE]]<ref name="Hiwale"/> and [[Gerhard Wehmeier]], [[Evangelical Church of Hesse Electorate-Waldeck|EKD]]<ref name="Hiwale"/> and submitted a dissertation entitled ''The relationship of man to God as expressed in the piety of selected Psalms''<ref name="Titles"/> and was awarded a [[Master of Theology]] ([[M. Th.]]) degree by the university under the Registrarship of [[D. S. Satyaranjan]], [[Indian Pentecostal Church of God|IPC]] who had by that time become Registrar of the university succeeding [[J. T. Krogh]], [[Northern Evangelical Lutheran Church|NELC]]. The 1979<ref name="Rayan">[https://books.google.com/books?id=VO0nAAAAYAAJ&q=samuel+rayan ''Religion and Society'', Volume 26, Issue 2, Bangalore, 1979, p.77]</ref> convocation of the university was held at [[Secunderabad]] in February<ref name="Rayan"/> at the [[Andhra Christian Theological College]] led by the [[Old Testament]] Scholars, [[Victor Premasagar]], [[Church of South India|CSI]] and G. Babu Rao, [[CBCNC]]<ref>G. Babu Rao, ''Content Analysis of Theological Syllabi – [[Old Testament]]'' in ''Religion and Society'', Bangalore, 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?um=1&q=g.babu+rao+doctoral+studies&btnG=Search+Books]</ref> who had by that time moved from [[Serampore]] to [[Secunderabad]] and again conducted the [[Commemoration (observance)|Convocation Commemoration]] [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] at the St. Gregorious Malankara Orthodox Syrian Cathedral in the neighbourhood<ref>St. Gregorious Malankara Orthodox Syrian Cathedral, Gandhinagar, Hyderabad. [http://www.bangaloreorthodoxdiocese.org/index.php?view=directory&content=clergy]</ref> of the college.<ref>Convocation brochure of the University, 1979, Secunderabad</ref>

During Dhanaraj's second period of studies at Bangalore between 1976 and 1978, his graduate companions included S. W. Meshack, [[India Evangelical Lutheran Church|IELC]], [[M. Mani Chacko]], [[Church of South India|CSI]], [[K. David Udayakumar]], [[South Andhra Lutheran Church|SALC]] and others.<ref name="Hiwale"/>

===Research studies===
[[Image:Hamburg-university-2005-05.png|thumb|The [[University of Hamburg]] where Dhanaraj began his research studies in 1979.]]
After a period of [[German language]] studies at the [[Goethe Institute]], [[Pune]] during the final years of the 1970s, Dhanaraj moved to [[Germany]] enrolling as a student for the period 1980-1985 and began researching at the [[University of Hamburg]] under [[Prof.]] [[Klaus Koch]] and [[Prof.]] {{ill|Eckart Otto|de|vertical-align=sup}}<ref name="ThLZ"/> entitling his dissertation as ''Theological significance of the motif of enemies in selected psalms of individual lament''. Dhanaraj's other companions at the [[University of Hamburg]] included Godwin Shiri, [[Church of South India|CSI]]<ref name="Hamburg">Johann Anselm Steiger (Edited), ''500 Jahre Theologie in Hamburg: Hamburg als Zentrum christlicher Theologie und Kultur zwischen Tradition und Zukunft'', Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 2005, pp.451, 453.[https://books.google.com/books?id=4TRjk_Qt7WcC&q=rao&pg=PR4]
</ref> [[J. W. Gladstone]], [[Church of South India|CSI]]<ref name="Hamburg"/> Ofosu Adutwum, [[Presbyterian Church of Ghana|PCG]]<ref name="Hamburg"/> and also G. Babu Rao, [[CBCNC]]<ref name="Minutes">Minutes of the meeting of the executive board of the academy mission at the University of Hamburg (Protokoll der sitzung des vorstandes der missionsakademie an der [[University of Hamburg]]) 6 April 1983</ref> who went there on a 2½ years<ref name="Minutes"/> research exposure to the university.
[[Image:Schloss Osnabrueck Innenhof.jpg|thumb|University of Osnabrück in [[Lower Saxony]] which awarded the doctoral degree to Dhanaraj in 1988.]]

Dhanaraj later transferred himself to the [[University of Osnabrück]]<ref name="Augustin"/> in 1986 as his guide, [[Prof.]] {{ill|Eckart Otto|de|vertical-align=sup}} had moved out from the [[University of Hamburg]] to join the [[University of Osnabrück]]<ref name="ThLZ"/> and Dhanaraj continued his research there under [[Prof.]] {{ill|Eckart Otto|de|vertical-align=sup}}<ref name="ThLZ"/><ref name="Augustin"/> and was awarded a [[Doctorate of Philosophy]]<ref name="DAAD"/> in the year 1988<ref name="Promotions"/> by the [[University of Osnabrück]] and a couple of years later, his thesis was published in 1992<ref name="Augustin"/> by {{ill|J. J. Augustin|de|Druckerei J. J. Augustin|vertical-align=sup}} based in [[Glückstadt]], [[Germany]].

==Ecclesiastical ministry==
===Pastoral===
After completion of seminary studies by 1974<ref name="Hiwale"/> at the Protestant Regional Theologiate [[United Theological College, Bangalore|United Theological College]] in [[Bangalore]], Dhanaraj expressed interest to begin pastoral work in [[Karnataka]] and sought transfer from the [[Madurai-Ramnad Diocese of the Church of South India|Madurai-Ramnad Diocese]] (''headquartered in [[Madurai]] under the bishopric of [[The Right Reverend]] George Devadas, [[Church of South India|CSI]]'') to the [[Karnataka Southern Diocese]] (''headquartered in [[Mangalore]] under the bishopric of [[The Right Reverend]] [[S. R. Furtado]], [[Church of South India|CSI]]'') for which the process of [[Incardination and excardination]] was put in place leading to his [[Incardination and excardination|excardination]] from the [[Madurai-Ramnad Diocese of the Church of South India|CSI Madurai-Ramnad Diocese]] and subsequent [[Incardination and excardination|incardination]] into the [[Karnataka Southern Diocese|CSI Karnataka Southern Diocese]].

Dhanaraj then began pastoring parishes falling under the [[ecclesiastical]] purview of the [[Karnataka Southern Diocese]] of the [[Church of South India]] beginning with the Christ Church, [[Pollibetta]],<ref>''The [[United Theological College, Bangalore|United Theological College]] Year Book 1975'', Change of addresses of past students, 1975, p.32, available at the Archives in the library of [[Karnataka Theological College]], [[Mangalore]].</ref> and to the Maddock Memorial Church, [[Kushalanagar]],<ref>''The [[United Theological College, Bangalore|United Theological College]] Year Book 1976'', Change of addresses of past students, 1976, p.38, available at the Archives in the library of [[Karnataka Theological College]], [[Mangalore]].</ref> both falling under the civil jurisdiction of [[Kodagu district]] in south west [[Karnataka]].

===Seminary===
[[Image:Karnataka Theological College, Mangalore.JPG|thumb|left|[[Karnataka Theological College]], [[Mangalore]] where Dhanaraj taught for more than three decades.]]
Dhanaraj moved to [[Mangalore]] in 1978 after completing his postgraduate studies in [[Old Testament]] at the Protestant Regional Theologiate in [[Bangalore]] and began teaching at the [[Karnataka Theological College]] along with [[C. D. Jathanna]], [[Church of South India|CSI]] and also [[John Sadananda]], [[Church of South India|CSI]]. After two years' of teaching, Dhanaraj proceeded on a 5-year study leave for research studies to [[Germany]] in 1980 and returned in 1986 to resume teaching of the [[Old Testament]], [[Hebrew language]] and [[Aramaic language]] to ministerial candidates studying for [[Bachelor of Divinity]] course offered through the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]].<ref name="Senate">[[Senate of Serampore College (University)]], ''Directory of Teaching Staff''. [http://senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/faculty.php?college=Karnataka+Theological+College&spez=Old+Testament]</ref> In 2003, Dhanaraj went on sabbatical leave to the [[Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia]] and taught courses during spring semester.

==German language teaching==
With Dhanaraj's expertise in the [[German language]], the [[Hermann Mögling|Moegling]] Institute for German Language<ref>K. R. Gupta (Compiled), ''Directory of Libraries in India,'' Volume 1, Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, 2001, p.265.[https://books.google.com/books?id=qmc7oIo72wwC&q=moegling&pg=PR2]</ref> (permanently affiliated<ref name="AIU"/> to the [[University of Mangalore]]),<ref name="Moegling"/> the only<ref>Satshya Anna Tharien, ''For internet youth, there's nothing alien about foreign languages'', [[The Hindu]], [[Mangalore]], 27.5.2013. [http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/for-internet-youth-theres-nothing-alien-about-foreign-languages/article4755686.ece]</ref> [[German language]] institute in [[Mangalore]] set up within the premises of the [[Karnataka Theological College]] took Dhanaraj as one of its faculty members after his return from [[Germany]] in 1983 and after nearly a decade of teaching, Dhanaraj became Principal<ref name="AIU">''Universities Handbook 1997'', [[Association of Indian Universities]], New Delhi, 1997, p.619.[https://books.google.com/books?id=Lx15TT_PwBUC&q=moegling]</ref> of the institute in 1992.<ref name="Moegling"/> The institute has been notable for admitting students with basic school certificate<ref>Vinobha K. T., ''Mangalore varsity offers German course'', [[Times of India]], [[Mangalore]], 26.5.2011. [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Mangalore-varsity-offers-German-course/articleshow/8591141.cms]</ref> and metamorphose students into basic [[German language]] speakers within a year and also award them a proper [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] recognised certificate<ref name="AIU"/> from the [[Mangalore University]].<ref>Staff Correspondent, ''German institute celebrates silver jubilee'', [[The Hindu]], 29.9.2004.
[http://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/29/stories/2004092911650300.htm]{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

===Mangalore University Syndicate Member===
In 2004, when the [[University of Mangalore]] Syndicate was reconstituted during the term of [[Vice Chancellor]] B. Hanumaiah, the university included Dhanaraj as a representative of the [[Hermann Mögling|Moegling]] Institute of German Language in the newly reconstituted 22-member highest body of the university.<ref>Raviprasad Kamila, ''Varsity reconstitutes Syndicate, Academic Council'', [[The Hindu]], [[Mangalore]], 5.10.2004.[http://www.thehindu.com/2004/10/05/stories/2004100512710300.htm]{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

{{S-start}}
{{S-aca}}
{{Succession box
| before=[[C. D. Jathanna]], [[Church of South India|CSI]] 1961 - 1983, [[John Sadananda]], [[Church of South India|CSI]] 1974 - 2009 | title=[[Teacher]] - in - [[Old Testament]], [[Karnataka Theological College]], [[Mangalore]]|after=K. Sagar Sundar Raj, [[Church of South India|CSI]]<ref>''Daijiworld Media Network'', Mangalore, Wednesday, July 04, 2012. ''Mangalore: City Crime Branch Inspector to be Honoured on KACES Day''. [http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=142464]; ''Unser Gästebuch Gästebucheintrag erstellen - Welche persönliche Beziehung haben Sie zur Basler Mission?'' [http://www.missionmoves.org/de/gaestebuch/comment-page-1/] 2012-''Present''</ref> 2012-''Present''| years=1978-2015}}
{{Succession box
| before=F. S Furtado[[Laity]]<ref name="Moegling"/> 1979 - 1992| title=Principal,<ref name="Moegling">''[[Hermann Mögling|Moegling]] Institute of German Language''.[http://www.kaces.org/institutions/Moegling-Institute-for-German-Language]</ref> [[Hermann Mögling|Moegling]] Institute of German Language,<ref name="AIU"/> [[Mangalore]]|after=[[Fedric Anilkumar]], [[Church of South India|CSI]]<ref name="Moegling"/> 2015 -''Present''| years=1992 - 2015}}
{{s-end}}

==References==
{{reflist|3|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal
| editor=Zaihmingthanga
| title=Thesis Titles
| year=1991
| publisher=[[Board of Theological Education of the Senate of Serampore College]], Bangalore
}}
* {{cite book
| editor=Robert North
| title=Elenchus of Biblica 1992
| year=1995
| volume=8
| publisher=Gregorian Biblical BookShop
| issn=1123-5608| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_q95BBARWqsC&q=Elenchus+of+Biblica+dharmakkan+dhanaraj%3B&pg=PA276
| isbn=9788876536038
}}
* {{cite journal
| author=H. H. Schmid
| title=Reviewed Work: Theological Significance of the Motif of Enemies in Selected Psalms of Individual Lament
| journal={{ill|Verkundigung und Forschung|de|vertical-align=sup}}
| year=1995
| volume=40-41
| issue=1
| issn=0342-2410| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXowAAAAYAAJ&q=dhanaraj
}}
* {{cite journal
| author=Erhard S. Gerstenberger
| title=Reviewed Work: Theological Significance of the Motif of Enemies in Selected Psalms of Individual Lament
| journal={{ill|Theologische Literaturzeitung|de|vertical-align=sup}}
| year=1995
| volume=120
| issue=9
| issn=0040-5671| url=http://www.digizeitschriften.de/dms/resolveppn/?PID=urn:nbn:de:bsz:21-dt-21390%7Clog00659
}}
* {{cite journal
| author=Mark S. Smith in ''[[Catholic Biblical Quarterly]]''
| title=Reviewed Work: Theological Significance of the Motif of Enemies in Selected Psalms of Individual Lament
| journal=The Catholic Biblical Quarterly
| year=1996
| volume=58
| issue=2
| issn=0008-7912| jstor=43724280
}}
* {{cite book
| editor=Robert North
| title=Elenchus of Biblica 1994
| year=1997
| volume=10
| publisher=Gregorian & Biblical Press
| isbn=9788876536090
| issn=1123-5608| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2zsAAAAMAAJ&q=dhanaraj
}}
* {{cite book
| author=Ulrich Bail
| title=Gegen das Schweigen klagen. Eine intertextuelle Studie zu Psalm 6, Psalm 55 und 2 Samuel 13,1-22
| year=1998
| url=http://www.ulrike-bail.de/Ulrike_Bail/Veroffentlichungen_files/UlrikeBailGegen%20das%20Schweigenklagen.pdf
}}
* {{cite book
| editor=K. M. Hiwale
| title=Directory of the United Theological College 1910–1997
| year=1998
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=yCvXPgAACAAJ&q=Directory+of+the+United+Theological+College+1910%E2%80%931997
}}
* {{cite book
| editor=Robert Althann
| title=Elenchus of Biblica 1996
| year=2000
| volume=12
| publisher=Gregorian Biblical BookShop
| issn=1123-5608| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bjv8e4K7hOIC&q=dharmakkan+dhanaraj+hamburg&pg=PA156
| isbn=9788876536120
}}
* {{cite book
| editor=Johann Anselm Steiger
| title=500 Jahre Theologie in Hamburg: Hamburg als Zentrum christlicher Theologie und Kultur zwischen Tradition und Zukunft
| year=2005
| publisher=Walter de Gruyter
| isbn=978-3-1101-8529-4| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4TRjk_Qt7WcC&q=rao&pg=PR4
}}
* {{cite book
| author=John J. Ahn
| title=Exile as Forced Migrations: A Sociological, Literary, and Theological approach on the displacement and resettlement of the southern kingdom of Judah
| year=2011
| publisher=Walter de Gruyter
| isbn=978-3-11-024095-5| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Dzy1ocWGoUC&q=dharmakkan+dhanaraj&pg=PA102
}}
* {{cite journal
| author=Wilton Gerardo Sánchez Castelblanco
| title=Que les caigan brasas de fuego (Sal 140,11) - Comentario exegético del salmo 140
|trans-title=Let burning flames come down on them (Psalm 140,11) - Exegetical commentary of Psalm 140
|date=July–December 2012
|journal=Franciscanum
| volume=54
| issue=158
| issn=0120-1468
| url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4562216.pdf
|language=es
}}
* {{cite book
| author=Ellen T. Charry
| title=Psalms 1-50 (Brazos Theological Commentary on the Bible)
| year=2015
| publisher=Brazos Press
| isbn=978-1-4934-0005-8| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3euiCgAAQBAJ&q=dharmakkan+dhanaraj&pg=PT45
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhanaraj, Dharmakkan}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:People from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Senate of Serampore College (University) alumni]]
[[Category:Madurai Kamaraj University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Hamburg alumni]]
[[Category:Osnabrück University alumni]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Anglican priests]]
[[Category:Church of South India clergy]]
[[Category:Indian Christian theologians]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Senate of Serampore College (University)]]
[[Category:Old Testament scholars]]
[[Category:Indian biblical scholars]]

Roddam Narasimha

2026-02-07T17:47:03Z

MattPinto5: post

{{Short description|Indian scientist (1933–2020)}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Roddam Narasimha
| native_name =
| image = Rodham Narasimha.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|1933|7|20|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|2020|12|14|1933|7|20|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bangalore, Karnataka]], India
| field = [[Fluid dynamics]]
| work_institutions =
| alma_mater = [[Mysore University]] [[Indian Institute of Science]] [[California Institute of Technology]]
| thesis_title = Some Flow Problems in Rarefied Gas Dynamics<ref>{{Cite thesis|title=Some flow problems in rarefied gas dynamics|url=https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-11042003-095050|publisher=California Institute of Technology|date=1961|degree=phd|language=en|first=Roddam|last=Narasimha|access-date=15 December 2020|archive-date=15 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215173011/https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/4400/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Caltech Thesis Library - Roddam Narasimha|url=https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/4400/1/Narasimha_r_1961.pdf|access-date=15 December 2020|website=Caltech Library|archive-date=15 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215072942/https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/4400/1/Narasimha_r_1961.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| thesis_year = 1961
| doctoral_advisor = [[Hans W. Liepmann]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=121035 |title=Roddam Narasimha – The Mathematics Genealogy Project |publisher=Genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu |date=4 April 2017 |access-date=14 April 2018 |archive-date=9 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809104316/https://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=121035 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| doctoral_students = [[K. R. Sreenivasan]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=136929 | title=Katepalli R. Sreenivasan | publisher=Mathematics Genealogy Project | access-date=5 November 2018 | archive-date=6 November 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132159/https://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=136929 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Rama Govindarajan]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Desikan |first1=Shubashree |last2=Kulkarni |first2=Tanu |title=An intellect with a passion for learning, discussing and teaching |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/an-intellect-with-a-passion-for-learning-discussing-and-teaching/article33339048.ece |access-date=16 December 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 December 2020 |archive-date=16 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216020144/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/an-intellect-with-a-passion-for-learning-discussing-and-teaching/article33339048.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
'''Roddam Narasimha''' [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sreenivasan |first=Katepalli R. |date=2025 |title=Roddam Narasimha. 20 July 1933–14 December 2020 |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbm.2024.0025 |journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society |volume=78 |pages=373–391 |doi=10.1098/rsbm.2024.0025 |doi-access=free}}</ref> (20 July 1933{{spnd}}14 December 2020) was an Indian [[aerospace]] scientist and [[fluid dynamics|fluid dynamicist]]. He was a professor of Aerospace Engineering at the [[Indian Institute of Science]] (1962–1999), director of the [[National Aerospace Laboratories]] (1984–1993) and the chairman of the Engineering Mechanics Unit at [[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research]] (JNCASR, 2000–2014).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prof Roddam Narasimha, former Director of CSIR-National Aerospace Laboratories (from 1984 to 1993) is no more. – CSIR – NAL|url=https://www.nal.res.in/en/latestupdate?ar_id=209|access-date=15 December 2020|website=www.nal.res.in|archive-date=15 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215173000/https://www.nal.res.in/en/latestupdate?ar_id=209|url-status=live}}</ref> He was the DST Year-of-Science Chair Professor at JNCASR and concurrently held the Pratt & Whitney Chair in Science and Engineering at the [[University of Hyderabad]]. Narasimha was awarded the [[Padma Vibhushan]], India's second-highest civilian award, in 2013 for his contributions to advance India's aerospace technology.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 January 2013 |title=Padma Awards |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=91838 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104034429/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=91838 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |access-date=29 January 2013 |publisher=pib}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Narasimha was born on 20 July 1933. He was born in a Kannada family tracing its origins to [[Roddam, Anantapur district|Roddam]], a village in the [[Anantapur district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Aakaasha Raaya – Bhāvanā|url=https://bhavana.org.in/roddam-narasimha/|access-date=15 December 2020|language=en-US|archive-date=15 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215030327/http://bhavana.org.in/roddam-narasimha/|url-status=live}}</ref> His father, R.L. Narasimhaiah, was a professor of physics in Bangalore's [[Central College, Bangalore|Central College]], and was also a [[Kannada|Kannada language]] science writer with a focus on physics and astronomy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Roddam Narasimha: A keen scientific mind and scholar|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/12/15/roddam-narasimha-a-keen-scientific-mind-and-scholar.html|access-date=15 December 2020|website=The Week|language=en|archive-date=15 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215173025/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/12/15/roddam-narasimha-a-keen-scientific-mind-and-scholar.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Narasimha completed his schooling at [[Acharya Pathasala Public School|Acharya Pathasala]] in the [[Gandhi Bazaar]] neighbourhood of Bangalore.<ref name=":1" /> He obtained his graduate degree in mechanical engineering from [[University of Visvesvaraya College of Engineering]] in Bangalore, which was affiliated with [[Mysore University]]. During this time he visited the [[Tata Institute]] (now known as the Indian Institute of Science), where the [[Supermarine Spitfire|Spitfire aircraft]] displayed in the aeronautical department caught his interest. After his graduation in 1953, while he was encouraged by his family members to accept a job with the [[Indian Railways]] or with [[Burmah Shell]], but he went on to join the [[Indian Institute of Science]] in Bangalore for his master's degree in engineering, which he completed in 1955.<ref>{{cite web|title=Caltech Aerospace (GALCIT)|url=http://www.galcit.caltech.edu/about/history#1941|access-date=14 April 2018|publisher=Galcit.caltech.edu|archive-date=14 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114064710/http://www.galcit.caltech.edu/about/history#1941|url-status=live}}</ref> During this time he worked with [[Satish Dhawan]], who later chaired the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]. He then went to the United States to complete his PhD in 1961 under [[Hans Liepmann]] at the [[California Institute of Technology]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Flow Problems in Rarefied Gas Dynamics|url=http://desktop.jncasr.ac.in/uploaded/roddam/file/Narasimha_r_1961.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304132410/http://desktop.jncasr.ac.in/uploaded/roddam/file/Narasimha_r_1961.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

==Career==
Narasimha started his research career at [[California Institute of Technology|Caltech]], working on the problem of [[jet engine]] noise reduction. After the launch of the Russian [[Sputnik 1|''Sputnik'']] and the resulting interest in space programs, he shifted focus to [[rarefied]] gas and [[fluid dynamics]], working with [[Hans W. Liepmann]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Sandhya Ramesh|date=15 December 2020|title=Aerospace scientist Roddam Narasimha, 'an authority on fluid dynamics', dies at 87|url=https://theprint.in/science/aerospace-scientist-roddam-narasimha-an-authority-on-fluid-dynamics-dies-at-87/567020/|access-date=16 December 2020|website=[[ThePrint]]|language=en-US|archive-date=15 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215093439/https://theprint.in/science/aerospace-scientist-roddam-narasimha-an-authority-on-fluid-dynamics-dies-at-87/567020/|url-status=live}}</ref> He continued this research at the [[NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory]], where he went on to study aerodynamics and supersonic flows toward better understanding of the structure of shockwaves. During this time, he worked on one of the space agency's first computers.<ref name=":2" />

He returned to India in 1962, and joined the [[Indian Institute of Science]] as a professor in its aeronautical engineering department (1962–1999), where he continued his fluid dynamics research, studying [[Turbulent Flow|turbulent flow]] and relaminarisation, including the study of fluid flow from turbulent (chaotic) to [[Laminar flow|laminar]] (streamlined) forms.<ref name=":2" /> In 1970, he was a member of the investigation team under [[Satish Dhawan]] that studied the airworthiness of [[Indian Airlines]] [[Avro 748]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Above the Clouds – Bhāvanā|url=http://bhavana.org.in/roddam-narasimha-part2/|access-date=16 December 2020|language=en-US|archive-date=15 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215043815/http://bhavana.org.in/roddam-narasimha-part2/|url-status=live}}</ref>

He was the ISRO K. R. Ramanathan distinguished professor at the Indian Institute of Science (1994–1999), Director of the [[National Aerospace Laboratories]] (1984–1993), Director of the [[National Institute of Advanced Studies]] (1997–2004) and the Chairman of the Engineering Mechanics Unit at [[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research]] (JNCASR), [[Bangalore]] (2000–2014).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prof Roddam Narasimha, former Director of CSIR-National Aerospace Laboratories (from 1984 to 1993) is no more. - CSIR - NAL|url=https://www.nal.res.in/en/latestupdate?ar_id=209|access-date=15 December 2020|website=www.nal.res.in|archive-date=15 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215173000/https://www.nal.res.in/en/latestupdate?ar_id=209|url-status=live}}</ref> He was the DST Year-of-Science Chair Professor at JNCASR and also held the Pratt & Whitney Chair in Science and Engineering at the [[University of Hyderabad]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name="JNCASR_bio">{{Cite web|title=Narasimha Roddam - Academic profile|url=http://www.jncasr.ac.in/roddam/index.php?menu_id=2&user_id=12&page_id=560|access-date=15 December 2020|website=www.jncasr.ac.in|archive-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513232525/http://www.jncasr.ac.in/roddam/index.php?menu_id=2&user_id=12&page_id=560|url-status=live}}</ref> He was also a visiting member of the faculty at international universities including the University of Brussels, Caltech, [[University of Cambridge]], [[Langley Research Center]], [[University of Strathclyde]] and [[University of Adelaide]].<ref name=":2" /> He served former Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]]'s scientific advisory council.<ref name=":2" />

During his time at the [[National Aerospace Laboratories]], Narasimha led the research initiative into [[parallel computing]] as a means to solve fluid dynamics problems.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Basu|first1=A. J.|last2=Sinha|first2=U. N.|last3=Narasimha|first3=R.|date=1992-06-01|title=Direct Numerical Simulation of Turbulence on the Flosolver MK3 Parallel Computer|url=https://nal-ir.nal.res.in/1696/|access-date=2020-12-16|website=nal-ir.nal.res.in|language=en|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128201823/https://nal-ir.nal.res.in/1696/|url-status=live}}</ref> His efforts lead to first parallel computer in India and development of a code for weather prediction of tropical regions. He was also a contributing member to the team that designed the [[light combat aircraft]].<ref name=":3"/>

Over the course of his six decade long academic career he has made significant contributions to fundamental and applied fluid dynamics. At the Indian Institute of Science, his research included the 'bursting' phenomenon in a turbulent boundary layer,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rao|first1=K. Narahari|last2=Narasimha|first2=R.|last3=Narayanan|first3=M. A. Badri|date=1971-07-28|title=The 'bursting' phenomenon in a turbulent boundary layer|journal=Journal of Fluid Mechanics|volume=48|issue=2|pages=339–352|doi=10.1017/s0022112071001605|bibcode=1971JFM....48..339R|s2cid=55167124 |issn=0022-1120}}</ref> non-linear vibration of an elastic string,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Narasimha|first=R.|date=July 1968|title=Non-Linear vibration of an elastic string|journal=Journal of Sound and Vibration|volume=8|issue=1|pages=134–146|doi=10.1016/0022-460x(68)90200-9|bibcode=1968JSV.....8..134N|issn=0022-460X}}</ref> equilibrium and relaxation in turbulent wakes,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Narasimha|first1=R.|last2=Prabhu|first2=A.|date=1972-07-11|title=Equilibrium and relaxation in turbulent wakes|journal=Journal of Fluid Mechanics|volume=54|issue=1|pages=1–17|doi=10.1017/s0022112072000497|bibcode=1972JFM....54....1N|s2cid=120606921 |issn=0022-1120}}</ref> relaminarization,<ref>{{Citation|last1=Narasimha|first1=R.|title=Relaminarization of Fluid Flows|date=1979|work=Advances in Applied Mechanics|pages=221–309|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-12-002019-5|last2=Sreenivasan|first2=K.R.|volume=19|doi=10.1016/s0065-2156(08)70311-9|bibcode=1979aam....19..221N}}</ref> hydrodynamic instability,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Govindarajan|first1=Rama|last2=Narasimha|first2=R.|date=1997-12-08|title=A low-order theory for stability of non-parallel boundary layer flows|url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/abs/10.1098/rspa.1997.0135|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences|volume=453|issue=1967|pages=2537–2549|doi=10.1098/rspa.1997.0135|bibcode=1997RSPSA.453.2537G|s2cid=123579986|url-access=subscription}}</ref> wall jets<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Narayan|first1=K Yegna|last2=Narasimha|first2=R|date=August 1973|title=Parametric Analysis of Turbulent Wall Jets|journal=Aeronautical Quarterly|volume=24|issue=3|pages=207–218|doi=10.1017/s0001925900006600|issn=0001-9259}}</ref> and the study of clouds<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bhat|first1=G. S.|last2=Narasimha|first2=R.|date=1996-10-25|title=A volumetrically heated jet: large-eddy structure and entrainment characteristics|journal=Journal of Fluid Mechanics|volume=325|pages=303–330|doi=10.1017/s0022112096008130|bibcode=1996JFM...325..303B|s2cid=121860624 |issn=0022-1120}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=BASU|first1=A. J.|last2=NARASIMHA|first2=R.|date=1999-04-25|title=Direct numerical simulation of turbulent flows with cloud-like off-source heating|journal=Journal of Fluid Mechanics|volume=385|issue=1|pages=199–228|doi=10.1017/s0022112099004280|bibcode=1999JFM...385..199B|s2cid=122879395 |issn=0022-1120}}</ref> as volumetrically heated jets. At the Engineering Mechanics Unit of the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Narasimha continued his research on fluid dynamics of clouds via laboratory experiments<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Narasimha|first1=R.|last2=Diwan|first2=S. S.|last3=Duvvuri|first3=S.|last4=Sreenivas|first4=K. R.|last5=Bhat|first5=G. S.|date=2011-09-14|title=Laboratory simulations show diabatic heating drives cumulus-cloud evolution and entrainment|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=108|issue=39|pages=16164–16169|doi=10.1073/pnas.1112281108|pmid=21918112|pmc=3182732|issn=0027-8424|doi-access=free}}</ref> as well as numerical simulations.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Rao|first1=Samrat|title=A DNS Study of Bulk Flow Characteristics of a Transient Diabatic Plume that Simulates Cloud Flow|date=2020|work=Recent Advances in Theoretical, Applied, Computational and Experimental Mechanics|pages=387–396|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Singapore|isbn=978-981-15-1188-2|last2=Vybhav|first2=G. R.|last3=Prasanth|first3=P.|last4=Deshpande|first4=S. M.|last5=Narasimha|first5=R.|series=Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering |doi=10.1007/978-981-15-1189-9_31|s2cid=216430546 }}</ref> He also studied gas turbine blades,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ranjan|first1=Rajesh|last2=Deshpande|first2=S.M.|last3=Narasimha|first3=Roddam|date=August 2017|title=New insights from high-resolution compressible DNS studies on an LPT blade boundary layer|journal=Computers & Fluids|volume=153|pages=49–60|doi=10.1016/j.compfluid.2017.05.004|issn=0045-7930}}</ref> turbulent free shear layers<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Suryanarayanan|first1=Saikishan|last2=Narasimha|first2=Roddam|last3=Dass|first3=N. D. Hari|date=2014-01-14|title=Free turbulent shear layer in a point vortex gas as a problem in nonequilibrium statistical mechanics|journal=Physical Review E|volume=89|issue=1|article-number=013009|doi=10.1103/physreve.89.013009|pmid=24580322|bibcode=2014PhRvE..89a3009S|issn=1539-3755}}</ref> and proposed a novel wing design for turboprop aircraft.<ref>{{Cite patent|title=Optimal wing planforms for reducing the induced or total drag of the wing of an aircraft driven by wing-mounted tractor propellers/rotors|gdate=2010-07-05|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US8915467B2/en}}</ref>

He was the longest-serving member of the Indian Space Commission, a policy-making body for space exploration in India.<ref name=":2" /> He resigned from this position in February 2012, in protest at the blacklisting of three former ISRO technocrats including [[G. Madhavan Nair]], former ISRO chairman, for their perceived role in a controversial agreement between ISRO's commercial entity [[Antrix Corporation|Antrix]] and Devas Multimedia in 2005.<ref>{{cite news|title=Roddam Narasimha quits Space Commission|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/economy/article2928179.ece|publisher=TheHindu.com|access-date=30 May 2012|agency=Associated Press|date=24 February 2012|archive-date=29 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429094306/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/economy/article2928179.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Eminent Indian space scientist quits in protest|url=http://tdnpost.com/news/eminent-indian-space-scientist-quits-in-protest-14540.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229211802/http://tdnpost.com/news/eminent-indian-space-scientist-quits-in-protest-14540.html|archive-date=29 February 2012|publisher=TDNPost.com|access-date=30 May 2012|date=24 February 2012}}</ref>

==Honours==
[[File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Vibhushan Award to Prof. Roddam Narasimha, at an Investiture Ceremony-II, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on April 20, 2013.jpg|thumb|The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Vibhushan Award to Prof. Roddam Narasimha, at an Investiture Ceremony-II, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on 20 April 2013]]
Narasimha was an honorary member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]], and a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] of London, and also of the [[American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics]]. He was a distinguished alumnus of Caltech and the IISc.<ref>{{cite web|date=31 October 2009|title=Caltech Aerospace (GALCIT) | Distinguished Alumni|url=http://www.galcit.caltech.edu/people/distinguished|access-date=14 April 2018|publisher=Galcit.caltech.edu|archive-date=10 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410002859/http://galcit.caltech.edu/people/distinguished|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Distinguished Alumni List|publisher=[[Indian Institute of Science]]|url=http://www.aero.iisc.ernet.in/dalumni_list.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315002420/http://www.aero.iisc.ernet.in/dalumni_list.php|archive-date=15 March 2013|access-date=11 July 2012}}</ref> He was also a foreign associate of the [[National Academy of Engineering]] and the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|date=2 May 2000|title=2000 NAS New Member Elections|url=http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=05022000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013172400/http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=05022000|archive-date=13 October 2017|access-date=14 April 2018|publisher=.nationalacademies.org}}</ref>

Some of his honours and awards include:

* 1975{{Spaced en dash}}[[SS Bhatnagar Prize]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=INSA :: Indian Fellow Detail|url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/detail/N79-0510|access-date=16 December 2020|website=www.insaindia.res.in|archive-date=27 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227094235/http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N79-0510}}</ref><ref name=":3" />
* 1987{{Spaced en dash}}[[Padma Bhushan]], India's third highest civilian award.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|date=15 December 2020|title='Pained by his demise': PM Modi condoles death of Professor Roddam Narasimha|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/-pained-by-his-demise-pm-modi-condoles-death-of-aerospace-scientist-roddam-narasimha-11608014788602.html|access-date=16 December 2020|website=mint|language=en|archive-date=15 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215170532/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/-pained-by-his-demise-pm-modi-condoles-death-of-aerospace-scientist-roddam-narasimha-11608014788602.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 1990{{Spaced en dash}}[[Gujarmal Modi]] Award<ref name=":0" />
* 1998{{Spaced en dash}}[[S. Ramanujan]] Medal, Indian Science Congress<ref name=":0" />
* 2000{{Spaced en dash}}[[Fluid dynamics]] Award, [[American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics]]<ref name=":0" />
* 2008{{Spaced en dash}}Trieste Science Prize, [[The World Academy of Sciences]], [[Trieste]], Italy <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nature - Prize Winners of the Year (2008)|url=https://www.nature.com/news/2008/081217/pdf/456860a.pdf|access-date=15 December 2020|website=Nature|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305153710/http://www.nature.com/news/2008/081217/pdf/456860a.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2009{{Spaced en dash}}Lifetime Achievement Award, Science and Technology Congress, Gulbarga University<ref>{{cite news|date=22 September 2009|title=Honour for scientist Roddam Narasimha|publisher=The Hindu.com|agency=Associated Press|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Bangalore/article23619.ece|access-date=30 May 2012|archive-date=5 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505063345/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Bangalore/article23619.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2013{{Spaced en dash}}[[Padma Vibhushan]], India's second highest civilian award<ref>{{Cite web|title=Padma Vibhushan Awardee Aerospace Scientist Roddam Narasimha Dies At 87|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-padma-vibhushan-awardee-aerospace-scientist-roddam-narasimha-dies-at-87/367269|access-date=16 December 2020|website=Outlook India|date=15 December 2020 |archive-date=16 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216024523/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-padma-vibhushan-awardee-aerospace-scientist-roddam-narasimha-dies-at-87/367269|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|date=2015|title=Padma Awards|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf|archive-date=15 October 2015|access-date=21 July 2015|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>
*2019{{Spaced en dash}}Lifetime Achievement Award for Mentoring in Science, [[Nature (journal)|''Nature'']] Magazine<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dance|first=Amber|date=6 February 2020|title=What the best mentors do|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00351-7|journal=Nature|language=en|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00351-7|pmid=33542485|s2cid=214423534|access-date=16 December 2020|archive-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116084721/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00351-7|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=16 December 2020|title=Roddam Narasimha (1933-2020): 'Almost perfect guru, steeped in Indian tradition'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/roddam-narasimha-1933-2020-almost-perfect-guru-steeped-in-indian-tradition-7106467/|access-date=16 December 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=16 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216022739/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/roddam-narasimha-1933-2020-almost-perfect-guru-steeped-in-indian-tradition-7106467/|url-status=live}}</ref>

He was the author of more than 200 [[Publication|research publications]] and fifteen books.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jncasr.ac.in/roddam/index.php?menu_id=42&user_id=12&page_id=824 |title=Narasimha Roddam - Publications |publisher=Jncasr.ac.in |date=24 January 2012 |access-date=14 April 2018 |archive-date=5 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305025531/http://www.jncasr.ac.in/roddam/index.php?menu_id=42&user_id=12&page_id=824 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Narasimha died on 14 December 2020, from [[brain haemorrhage]] at the [[MS Ramaiah Medical College, Bangalore|MS Ramaiah Memorial Hospital]] in Bangalore. He was 87 and was survived by his wife and daughter.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 December 2020|title=Padma Vibhushan awardee and eminent aerospace scientist Roddam Narasimha dies|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/padma-vibhushan-awardee-and-eminent-aerospace-scientist-roddam-narasimha-dies/story-OjKQNQfgRGBgGU7mBzjMwM.html|access-date=15 December 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=15 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215173004/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/over-rs-100-lakh-cr-worth-infrastructure-projects-underway-by-2024-25-gadkari/story-Q1kb0cEQHy2oUE83Vbz5VO.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Books ==
* {{Cite book|last=Narasimha|first=Roddam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RbwKyAEACAAJ|title=Orifice Flow at High Knudsen Numbers|date=1961|publisher=Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Narasimha|first=Roddam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2_6xwEACAAJ|title=Collisionless Expansion of Gases Into Vacuum|date=1962|publisher=Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Narasimha|first1=Roddam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KlyNAQAACAAJ|title=Effect of Longitudinal Surface Curvature on Boundary Layers|last2=Ojha|first2=S. K.|date=1967|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Narasimha|first1=Roddam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpFxcweodqQC|title=The Dynamics of Technology: Creation and Diffusion of Skills and Knowledge|last2=Srinivasan|first2=J.|last3=Biswas|first3=S. K.|date=2003|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-0-7619-9670-5|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Kalam|first1=APJ Abdul|last2=Narasimha|first2=Roddam|last3=Dhawan|first3=Satish|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MWPlGwAACAAJ|title=Developments in Fluid Mechanics and Space Technology: Asian Congress of Fluid Mechanics|date=1988|language=en}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.jncasr.ac.in/roddam Homepage at JNCASR]
*[http://www.jncasr.ac.in/roddam/index.php?menu_id=2&user_id=12&page_id=560 Academic profile at JNCASR]
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1980–89}}
{{SSBPST recipients in Engineering Science}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Karnataka}}
{{FRS 1992}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narasimha, Roddam}}
[[Category:Engineers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Indian institute directors]]
[[Category:Indian fluid dynamicists]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:California Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:Indian aerospace engineers]]
[[Category:University of Mysore alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Academy of Engineering]]
[[Category:University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:Foreign associates of the National Academy of Engineering]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Engineering professors at the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:Indian fellows of the Royal Society]]

Indian Air Force ranks and insignia

2026-02-05T05:38:44Z

MattPinto5: put up a article

{{Short description|none}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2021}}
The [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF), the aerial component of the [[Indian Armed Forces]] follows a certain hierarchy of rank designations and insignia derived from the erstwhile [[Royal Indian Air Force]] (RIAF).<ref>{{Cite news |first=Man Aman Singh |last=Chhina |date=16 October 2023 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/military-digest-indian-navy-new-ranks-8983840/ |title=Military Digest: As Indian Navy looks to introduce new ranks, a look at foreign origins of Naval ranks |work=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124102518/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/military-digest-indian-navy-new-ranks-8983840/ |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Air Force Ensign of India (2023).svg|250px|right|thumb|The Indian Air Force Ensign.]]

=== 1947–1950 ===
Upon the [[Indian Independence Act 1947|establishment of India's independence in 1947]], the country became a [[Dominion of India|dominion]] within the British [[Commonwealth of Nations]]; nevertheless, the armed forces, namely, the [[British Indian Army]] (BIA), the [[Royal Indian Navy]] (RIN) and the Royal Indian Air Force (RIAF) - under the helm of [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|King]] [[George VI]] as the Commander-in-Chief, retained their respective pre-independence ranks and corresponding insignia.<ref name="Changes"/>

=== 1950–present ===
In May 1949, [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]], the inaugural [[Governor-General of India]] and himself a naval officer, dispatched a note to [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], titled ''Names and Insignia of Indian Armed Forces'', containing a list of suggestions regarding the nomenclature of the armed forces that were to be enforced upon the dominion's conversion to a republic.<ref name="Changes">{{Cite web |url=https://optimizeias.com/how-india-adopted-its-military-flags-and-badges-based-on-lord-mountbattens-suggestions/ |title=How India adopted its military flags and badges based on Lord Mountbatten's suggestions |website=optimizeias.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250213163008/https://optimizeias.com/how-india-adopted-its-military-flags-and-badges-based-on-lord-mountbattens-suggestions/ |archive-date=13 February 2025}}</ref>

In the note, Mountbatten proposed that the future IAF should retain its predecessor's nomenclature as much as possible - advocating the retention of the RIAF's ranks, insignia, and uniforms.<ref name="Changes"/> It was later decided that the rank braids of the officers cadre remained unchanged, whilst the ''three lions of Ashoka'' i.e., the [[State Emblem of India]] should replace the [[Tudor Crown (heraldry)|Tudor Crown]] on the insignia, flying badges and peak caps of airmen ranks.<ref name="Insignia Archive">{{Cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf |title=New Designs of Crests and Badges in the Service |date=5 January 1950 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808193914/http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2017}}</ref> Additionally, busts of the State Emblem and a [[Ashoka Chakra|''semi-Chakra'']] were incorporated as the main features on the badges corresponding to Master Warrant Officers (MWO) and Warrant Officers (WO); nonetheless, the MWO's badge was decided to be superimposed on the rank braids of the Pilot Officers.<ref name="Insignia Archive"/>

In September 1949, Nehru forwarded the proposals to the country's [[Minister of Defence (India)|minister of defence]], [[Baldev Singh]], recommending Mountbatten's suggestions, which were consequently enforced upon [[Republic Day (India)|India's emergence as a republic]] on 26 January 1950.<ref name="Changes"/>

=== Structure ===
Presently, the IAF's rank hierarchy is divided into three broad categories:
* Commissioned Officers (CO)
* [[Junior Commissioned Officers]] (JCO)
* Non-Commissioned Officers (NCO)

{{Equivalent ranks of Indian military}}

== Commissioned Officers ==
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"srkk
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/Blank}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| '''''Epaulette/Collar rank insignia'''''
| colspan=2| [[File:India-AirForce-OF-10-collected.svg|100px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:India-AirForce-OF-9-collected.svg|100px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:India-AirForce-OF-8-collected.svg|100px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:India-AirForce-OF-7-collected.svg|100px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:India-AirForce-OF-6-collected.svg|100px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:British RAF OF-5.svg|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:British RAF OF-4.svg|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:British RAF OF-3.svg|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:British RAF OF-2.svg|50px]]
| colspan=6| [[File:British RAF OF-1b.svg|50px]]
| colspan=12|
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Air Forces/OF/India}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|
| colspan=2|
|}

=== Command flags ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; text-align:center;"
| [[File:Flag of the Marshal of the Air Force (India).svg|120px]]
| [[File:Flag of the Chief of Air Staff of the Indian Air Force.svg|120px]]
| [[File:Flag of Air marshal (India).svg|120px]]
| [[File:Flag of Air vice marshal (India).svg|120px]]
| [[File:Flag of Air commodore (India).svg|120px]]
| [[File:Flag of Group Captain (India).svg|120px]]
| [[File:Flag of Wing Commander (India).svg|120px]]
|-
| MIAF
| ACM
| AM
| AVM
| Air Cdre
| Gp Capt
| Wg Cdr
|-
|}

The IAF has ten commissioned officer (CO) ranks, of which the highest is that of [[Marshal of the Indian Air Force]] (MIAF), a ceremonial [[five-star rank]].<ref name="Arjan">{{Cite news |date=25 January 2002 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020126/main5.htm |title=Arjan Singh made IAF Marshal |work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522163159/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020126/main5.htm |archive-date=22 May 2025}}</ref> The rank was awarded for the first, yet only time in January 2002 to then-retired Air Chief Marshal [[Arjan Singh]] {{post-nominals|country=UK|size=75%|sep=,|DFC}}, who served as the IAF's third [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]] (CAS) between 1964 and 1969, for his exceptional leadership of the IAF during the [[Indo-Pakistani air war of 1965|1965 Indo-Pakistan War]].<ref name="Arjan"/>

The highest operational rank in the IAF is the four-star rank of Air Chief Marshal, currently held exclusively by the CAS; coincidentally, the first time the rank was awarded was also to Singh in 1966, when he was then an Air Marshal.<ref name="Air Chf Mshl">{{Cite web |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/releases98/lyr2002/rjan2002/25012002/r250120024.html |title=India's First Marshal of the Air Force |website=archive.pib.gov.in |date=25 January 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201004641/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/releases98/lyr2002/rjan2002/25012002/r250120024.html |archive-date=1 December 2024}}</ref> Before him, CAS appointees belonged to the three-star rank of Air Marshal.<ref name="Air Chf Mshl"/>

===Collar tabs===
Sometime towards the end of Air Chief Marshal [[Satish Sareen|S. K. Sareen]]'s tenure in 1998, the IAF introduced a new series [[gorget patches]] for its CO cadre - blue collar tabs embossed with white stars denoting the rank of the particular wearer; five for MIAF, four for Air Chief Marshal, three for Air Marshal, two for Air Vice Marshal and one for Air Commodore.<ref name="Regalia">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/heraldry/uniform/collar-tabs/ |title=Uniforms, Badges and Other Regalia - Collar Tabs |website=www.bharat-rakshak.com |date=30 November 1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514112607/https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/heraldry/uniform/collar-tabs/ |archive-date=14 May 2025}}</ref> Initially, for the rank of Air Marshal, the collar tabs did not immediately distinguish between the positions of [[Vice Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Air Staff]] (VCAS), [[Air officer commanding|Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] (AOC-in-C) and other three-star designated positions; however, later three-star collar tabs were embossed with a wreath design to solely indicate the positions of VCAS and AOC-in-C.<ref name="Regalia"/>

== Junior commissioned officer and non-commissioned ranks ==
The rank of Master Warrant Officer was introduced in February 1950.<ref>{{cite web |title=First Batch of IAF Master Warrant Officers |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1950-JAN-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1950-02-14_076.pdf |website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive |date=14 February 1950 |access-date=21 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806224746/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1950-JAN-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1950-02-14_076.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2024}}</ref>

{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- style="background:#ccc;"
{{Ranks and Insignia of Indian forces/OR/Blank}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Air Forces/OR/India2}}
|}

== Former ranks ==
Effective from 16 May 1977, the rank of Flight Sergeant was abolished and replaced with the rank of Junior Warrant Officer; existing warrant officer rank insignia were modified accordingly.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timescontent.com/tss/showcase/preview-buy/119910/Feature/IAF-officers-badges-Old-and-new.html |title=IAF officers badges |date=15 May 1977 |access-date=23 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522091933/https://timescontent.com/tss/showcase/preview-buy/119910/Feature/IAF-officers-badges-Old-and-new.html |archive-date=22 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Flight Sergeants Become Junior Warrant Officers |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1977-JAN-JULY-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-PART-I/PDF/DEF-1977-05-15_097.pdf |website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive |date=15 May 1977 |access-date=21 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806102754/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1977-JAN-JULY-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-PART-I/PDF/DEF-1977-05-15_097.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The rank of [[Pilot Officer]] is no longer in use; all new officers are commissioned as Flying Officers.

{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|+ '''Former/Discontinued Ranks'''
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
!
! Officers
!
! colspan=3| Non-commissioned officers
|- align=center
| '''Shoulder Insignia'''
| [[File:Indian IAF OF-1a.svg|50px]]
| '''Arm'''
| [[File:India-Air-OR-9 old.svg|50px]]
| [[File:India-Air-OR-8 old.svg|50px]]
| [[File:India-Air-OR-7 old.svg|50px]]
|- align=center
|'''Rank'''
| [[Pilot officer|Pilot officer]] {{lang|hi|पायलट अफसर }}
|
| [[Warrant officer]] {{lang|hi|वारंट अफसर }}
| [[Warrant officer|Junior warrant officer]] {{lang|hi|जूनियर वारंट अफसर }}
| [[Flight sergeant|Flight sergeant]] {{lang|hi|फ्लाइट सार्जेंट }}
|}

== Specialisation badges==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width=50%|Badge
! width=20%|Description
! width=50%|Specialisation allowance(s)
|-
| [[File:IAF Pilot bagde.png|center|frameless|120x120px|IAF Pilot Badge]]
| [[Aircraft pilot#Military|Pilot]] Badge
|
* {{INRConvert|25000}} per month for officers
|-
| {{Center|[[File:IAF Police Arm Badge.png|70px]]}}
| [[Military police#Air force police|Police]] Badge
| {{NA}}
|-
| {{Center|[[File:IAF Para Instructor.png|80px]]}}
| Parachute instructor Badge
|
*{{INRConvert|3600}} per month for officers
*{{INRConvert|2700}} per month for airmen
|-
| {{Center|[[File:IAF Navigator Badge.png|70px]]}}
| [[Aircraft navigation|Navigator]] Badge
| {{NA}}
|-
| {{Center|[[File:IAF SAGW Badge.png|90px]]}}
| [[Anti-aircraft warfare|SAGW]] Badge
| {{NA}}
|-
| {{Center|[[File:IAF Air Signaler.png|70px]]}}
| [[Signals intelligence|Signaler]] Badge
| {{NA}}
|-
| {{Center|[[File:IAF Electronic Badge.png|70px]]}}
| [[Avionics|Electronics]] Badge
| {{NA}}
|-
| {{Center|[[File:IAF FC Badge.png|70px]]}}
| [[Aircraft flight control system|Flight Control]] & [[Military administration|Administration]] Badge
| {{NA}}
|-
| {{Center|[[File:IAF Gunner Badge.png|70px]]}}
| Gunner Badge
| {{NA}}
|-
| {{Center|[[File:IAF Para Wing badge.png|70px]]}}
| [[Parachutist Badge]]
| {{NA}}
|-
| {{Center|[[File:IAF ATC Badge.png|60px]]}}
| [[Air traffic control|Air Traffic Control]] (ATC) Badge
| {{NA}}
|-
|{{Center|[[File:IAF Engineer Badge.png|70px]]}}
|[[Aerospace engineering|Engineer]] badge
| {{NA}}
|-
|{{Center|[[File:IAF Medical Officer.png|100px]]}}
|[[Physician|Medical officer]] & [[Flight surgeon]] badge
|
*20% of basic pay for officers as Non-practising Allowance (NPA)
**{{INRConvert|11220}} to {{INRConvert|40000}} per month for medical officers
|-
|{{Center|[[File:Special forces.png|80px]]}}
|[[Garud Commando Force|Garud Commando]] badge (special forces)
|
*{{INRConvert|25000}} per month
|}

== Rank description ==
=== Commissioned Officers ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width=10%|Rank
! width=30%|Shoulder Insignia
! width=40%|Description
! width=30%|Appointments
! width=15%|Superannuation Age/Tenure
! width=40%|Rank flag
! width=10%|Pay level
|-
| [[Marshal of the Indian Air Force]]
| [[File:Indian IAF OF-10.svg|55px]]
| Five-star ceremonial rank; highest possible rank in the IAF, awarded only once for exceptional service during wartime
| Honorary position, therefore no active command
| Lifetime
| [[File:Flag of the Marshal of the Air Force (India).svg|100px]]
| {{NA}}
|-
| [[Air chief marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]
| [[File:Indian IAF OF-9.svg|55px]]
| Four-star rank; professional head of the Indian Armed Forces (when appointed), or commander of the Indian Air Force
| [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] (CDS) [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]] (CAS)
| 65 years (CDS) 62 years (CAS)
| [[File:Flag of the Chief of Air Staff of the Indian Air Force.svg|100px]]
| Level 18 (apex)
|-
| [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] (C-in-C grade)
| [[File:Indian IAF OF-8.svg|55px]]
| Three-star rank; authority over Air Commands
| Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief (AOC-in-C) of Western, Eastern, Central, Southern, South Western, Maintenance, and Training Commands; Vice Chief of Air Staff (VCAS); Commander-in-Chief Strategic Forces Command (tri-service nuclear command)
| 60 years
| [[File:Flag of Air marshal (India).svg|100px]]
| Level 17
|-
| Air marshal
| [[File:Indian IAF OF-8.svg|55px]]
| Three-star rank; senior operational and staff authority
| Deputy Chiefs of Air Staff, Air Officer-in-Charge (Personnel, Administration, Operations, etc.), Director General (Inspection, Flight Safety, etc.), Commandants of tri-service defence colleges like NDA, DSSC
| 60 years
| [[File:Flag of Air marshal (India).svg|100px]]
| Level 15
|-
| [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]]
| [[File:Indian IAF OF-7.svg|55px]]
| Two-star rank; middle-level senior leadership
| Senior Air Staff Officer, Senior Maintenance Staff Officer, Principal Directors, Air Defence Command roles, Air Attachés, Commandants of key training institutions
| 58 years
| [[File:Flag of Air vice marshal (India).svg|100px]]
| Level 14
|-
| [[Air commodore (India)|Air Commodore]]
| [[File:Indian IAF OF-6.svg|55px]]
| One-star rank; base-level leadership and strategic functions
| Air Officer Commanding (AOC) of Air Force Stations, Directors at Air HQ, Group Commanders, Air Defence Directors
| 57 years
| [[File:Flag of Air commodore (India).svg|100px]]
| Level 13A
|-
| [[Group captain (India)|Group Captain]]
| [[File:Indian IAF OF-5.svg|55px]]
| Senior field rank; comparable to Colonel in the Army
| Station Commanders, Staff roles at Air HQ, Commanding Officers of large operational units
| 54 years
| [[File:Flag of Group Captain (India).svg|100px]]
| Level 13
|-
| Wing Commander
| [[File:Indian IAF OF-4.svg|55px]]
| Mid-level field rank
| Commanding Officers of Squadrons, Flights, smaller bases, and key staff officers
| 52 years
| [[File:Flag of Wing Commander (India).svg|100px]]
| Level 12A
|-
| Squadron Leader
| [[File:Indian IAF OF-3.svg|55px]]
| Junior field rank
| Flight Commanders, Deputies to COs, operational staff positions
| 52 years
| {{NA}}
| Level 11
|-
| Flight Lieutenant
|[[File:Indian IAF OF-2.svg|55px]]
| Junior officer rank
| Flight leads, various operational & administrative duties
| 52 years
| {{NA}}
| Level 10B
|-
| Flying Officer
| [[File:Indian IAF OF-1b.svg|55px]]
| Entry-level commissioned officer rank
| Junior pilots, initial staff appointments
| 52 years
| {{NA}}
| Level 10
|}

=== Junior Commissioned Officers (JCOs)===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width=10%|Rank
! width=30%|Rank Insignia
! width=40%|Description
! width=30%|Appointments
! width=25%|Superannuation Age/Tenure
! width=10%|Pay level
|-
| Master Warrant Officer (MWO)
| [[File:Indian IAF OR-9.svg|55px]]
| Senior-most JCO rank; acts as a bridge between commissioned officers and airmen. Provides leadership, discipline, and professional guidance.
| Station Warrant Officer (SWO), senior advisory positions to Station Commander
| 56 years
| Level 8
|-
| Warrant Officer (WO)
| [[File:Indian IAF OR-8.svg|55px]]
| Second-highest JCO rank; supervises large units or sections, responsible for operational readiness and discipline.
| Unit Warrant Officer, Senior Trade Supervisor, Deputy SWO
| 56 years
| Level 7
|-
| Junior Warrant Officer (JWO)
| [[File:Indian IAF OR-7.svg|55px]]
| Entry-level JCO rank; experienced non-commissioned leader, responsible for mentoring and leading sergeants and other NCOs.
| Section In-Charge, Senior Instructor, Supervisory appointments in technical and administrative trades
| 52 years
| Level 6
|}
=== Non-commissioned officers (NCOs) and enlisted ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width=10%|Rank
! width=30%|Rank Insignia
! width=40%|Description
! width=30%|Appointments
! width=25%|Superannuation Age/Tenure
! width=10%|Pay level
|-
| Sergeant
| [[File:India-AirForce-OR-6.svg|55px]]
| Senior NCO rank; responsible for supervising corporals and airmen, maintaining discipline, and ensuring operational readiness of a flight or section.
| Flight Sergeant, Trade Section Leader, Training Supervisor
| 52 years
| Level 5
|-
| Corporal
| [[File:India-AirForce-OR-4.svg|55px]]
| Mid-level NCO rank; assists sergeants in supervision and training of junior airmen, performs technical and administrative duties.
| Deputy Flight Sergeant, Section 2IC, Senior Technician roles
| 52 years
| Level 4
|-
| Aircraftsman
| [[File:India-AirForce-OR-2.svg|55px]]
| experienced in trade duties and often acts as a mentor to junior recruits
| Senior Operator, Team Lead in trade-specific duties
| 52 years
| Level 3
|-
| Aircraftsman
| {{NA}}
| Entry-level rank for all airmen after basic training; performs basic operational, technical, and support duties under supervision.
| Junior technician, trainee roles, general duties
| 52 years
| Level 3
|}

== See also ==
* [[Comparative military ranks]]
* [[Indian Army ranks and insignia]]
* [[Indian Navy ranks and insignia]]
* [[Indian Coast Guard#Rank insignia|Coast Guard ranks and insignia of India]]
* [[Border Roads Organisation#Ranks|Border Roads Organisation ranks and insignia of India]]
* [[Paramilitary forces of India#Ranks and insignia|Paramilitary forces ranks and insignia of India]]
* [[Police ranks and insignia of India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Military ranks by country}}
{{Military of India}}

{{Indian Air Force}}

[[Category:Indian Air Force|Indian Air Force]]
[[Category:Military ranks of the Indian Air Force|Military ranks of the Indian Air Force]]
[[Category:Military ranks of India|A]]
[[Category:Military insignia|India, Air Force]]

Moila Danda

2026-02-01T06:39:42Z

MattPinto5:

{{Short description|Alpine pasture land in Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}{{Infobox mountain
| name = Moila Danda
| photo = File: Moila Bugyal Deoban.jpg
| photo_caption = Moila Danda
| elevation_m = 2699
| elevation_ref =
| coordinates = {{coord|30.7768200|77.7845050 }}
| location = [[Dehradun district]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]
| range = [[Himalaya|Garhwal Himalaya]]
}}
'''Moila Danda''' ([[Literal translation|lit.]] Moila Hill-top) also known as '''Moila Top''', (''Danda'' translates to pastures on higher peaks of the mountains in [[Mahasu (region)#Languages|Mahasuic]] languages)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ecotourism Society of Himachal Pradesh {{!}}|url=https://hpecotourism.com/Trekking/TrekkingDetails/O2zAT7HSYcHTMG42mW0BfQ==|website=hpecotourism.com|access-date=2026-02-01}}</ref> is situated in the [[Jaunsar-Bawar]] region of the [[Dehradun district]] of [[Uttarakhand]]. Moila Danda is a [[hiking]] and [[camping]] destination. The Bugyal has the highest elevation of 2759m{{Contradict-inline|section=infobox|date=March 2021}} and is around 40km from [[Chakrata]]. Moila Danda is situated between thousands of [[Cedrus deodara|Deodar]] trees. The trek to the Bugyal is of 3km and starts from Budher Forest Rest House, which is around 30km from Chakrata.<ref>{{cite web|title= Moila Top Trek |url=https://www.tripadvisor.in/ShowUserReviews-g2287388-d11691047-r482658700-Budher_Caves-Chakrata_Dehradun_District_Uttarakhand.html|publisher=tripadvisor.in}}</ref>

Budher Caves, situated at the corner of the Bugyal is also a place to visit. Also, an ancient temple built in traditional [[Koti Banal architecture]] of Uttarakhand, is situated at the centre of the bugyal, dedicated to the fairy goddesses known as 'Pari mata' or 'Matriya Mata' believed to be residing there according to the locals. The glorious views of the Garhwal Himalayas can be seen from here.<ref>{{cite web|title= Moila Top Chakrata |url=http://seekpeak.in/moila-top-chakrata/|publisher=seekpeak.in}}</ref>

[[File: Moila Bugyal Deoban 2.jpg|thumb|Moila Danda in late winters]]
[[File: Moila Bugyal Deoban 3.jpg|thumb|Moila Danda in Summers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Uttarakhand-geo-stub}}
[[Category:Dehradun district]]

Chuttamalle

2026-01-19T12:02:30Z

MattPinto5: Made a details

{{Short description|2024 song by Anirudh Ravichander, Ramajogayya Sastry and Shilpa Rao}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Chuttamalle
| type = single
| cover = Chuttamalle.jpg
| caption = Official song cover
| artist = [[Anirudh Ravichander]] and [[Ramajogayya Sastry]] featuring [[Shilpa Rao]]
| album = [[Devara: Part 1 (soundtrack)|Devara: Part 1]]
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| released = 5 August 2024
| recorded =
| studio = Albuquerque Records, [[Chennai]]
| genre = {{hlist|[[Dance music|Dance]]|[[Popular music|popular]]||[[soft rock]]}}
| length = {{Duration|m=3|s=42}}
| label = [[Super Cassettes Industries Private Limited]]
| writer =
| composer = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| lyricist = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| producer = Anirudh Ravichander
| tracks = # "Fear Song"
# "'''Chuttamalle'''"
# "Daavudi"
# "Ayudha Pooja"
| misc = {{External music video|type=single|{{YouTube|id=GWNrPJyRTcA|title="Chuttamalle"}}
}}
}}

"'''Chuttamalle'''" is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language song composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]], with lyrics by [[Ramajogayya Sastry]], and recorded by [[Shilpa Rao]], for the [[Devara: Part 1 (soundtrack)|soundtrack album]] of the 2024 film ''[[Devara: Part 1]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-09-06 |title=Exclusive: Shilpa Rao Looks Back on Journey from Stage Shows to Bollywood Stardom |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/exclusive-shilpa-rao-looks-back-on-journey-from-stage-shows-to-bollywood-stardom-enn24090601822 |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref> It was released on 5 August 2024 (released on [[YouTube]] as a lyrical video song) as the second single from the album, through [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-05 |title=Devara Song Chuttamalle: Jr NTR Romances Janhvi Kapoor In Breezy Love Ballad; Fans React {{!}} Watch |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/devara-song-chuttamalle-jr-ntr-romances-janhvi-kapoor-in-breezy-love-ballad-fans-react-watch-8991124.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831172633/https://www.news18.com/movies/devara-song-chuttamalle-jr-ntr-romances-janhvi-kapoor-in-breezy-love-ballad-fans-react-watch-8991124.html |archive-date=2024-08-31 |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> The full video song, featuring scenes directly from the film, was released on 26 October 2024 on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=ntv |date=2024-10-26 |title=Chuttamalle: చుట్టమల్లే చుట్టడానికి వచ్చేసింది.. చూశారా? |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/cinema-news/ntr-devara-chuttamalle-video-song-released-701114.html |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=NTV Telugu |language=te-IN}}</ref>

"Chuttamalle" experienced large amounts of commercial and critical success due to the vocals by Shilpa Rao, music composition by Anirudh Ravichander and the dance steps choreographed by [[Bosco Martis]].

The song was also released in [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Kannada]] languages with the title "Dheere Dheere", "Paththavaikkum", "Kanninathan Kamanottam" and "Swaathimutthe Sikkangaithe" respectively, and was included in the respective dubbed versions of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devara New Song Chuttamalle: Jr NTR Plus Janhvi Kapoor Equals Romance |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/devara-new-song-chuttamalle-jr-ntr-plus-janhvi-kapoor-equals-romance-6272951 |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> The Hindi and Tamil versions were also successful along with the original version.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-12 |title=Devara: Janhvi Kapoor Becomes Face Of Modern Telugu Leading Lady With Chuttamalle |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/devara-janhvi-kapoor-becomes-face-of-modern-telugu-leading-lady-with-chuttamalle-article-112467559 |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

== Production, lyrics and recording ==
[[Shilpa Rao]] has collaborated with [[Anirudh Ravichander]] for the third time after "[[Chaleya]]" (from Hindi film [[Jawan (film)|''Jawan'']]) and "[[Kaavaalaa]]" (from Tamil film [[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|''Jailer'']]).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakravorty |first=Reshmi |date=2024-09-26 |title=Music transcends boundaries: Shilpa Rao |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2024/Sep/26/music-transcends-boundaries-shilpa-rao |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She has recorded the song in Hindi, Malayalam and Kannada languages along with the original Telugu version. [[Deepthi Suresh]] has recorded the song in Tamil language. Unlike the other songs from the soundtrack, "Chuttamalle" is a romantic melody that is presented from the perspective of the female lead (Janhvi Kapoor).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-05 |title=Devara song Chuttamalle: Anirudh Ravichander's romantic melody explores NTR Jr, Janhvi Kapoor's dance skills, sizzling chemistry |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/devara-song-chuttamalle-anirudh-ravichander-romantic-melody-ntr-jr-janhvi-kapoor-dance-skills-sizzling-chemistry-9496373/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The song was compared with the Sri Lankan song "[[Manike Mage Hithe]]" for the similar instrumental arrangements and compositions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-06 |title=Internet draws comparisons between 'Chuttamalle' from 'Devara' and Yohani's hit 'Manike Mage Hithe' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/internet-draws-comparisons-between-chuttamalle-from-devara-and-yohanis-hit-manike-mage-hithe/articleshow/112305231.cms |access-date=2024-10-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anirudh Ravichander criticised for 'Chuttamalle' resemblance to 'Manike Mage Hithe' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/08/10/anirudh-ravichander-chuttamalle-copy-manike-mage-hithe-songs.html |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref> Anirudh received significant criticism over the music plagiarism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devara: Anirudh trolled viciously for Chuttamalle from Jr NTR's film; being called a copy cat |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/chuttamalle-from-devara-anirudh-trolled-for-copying-a-popular-sri-lankan-track/6a6a9355b5614 |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-09 |title=Chuttamalle-Janhvi Kapoor is thrilled with the response {{!}} Latest Telugu cinema news {{!}} Movie reviews {{!}} OTT Updates, OTT |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/chuttamalle-janhvi-kapoor-is-thrilled-with-the-response.html |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=123telugu.com |language=en}}</ref> Acknowledging the issue, original composer, Chamath Sangeeth, has responded through social media and wrote: "Always been an admirer of Anirudh’s work. I’m happy to see my song ‘Manike Mage Hithe’ has inspired him to create something similar".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-07 |title=NTR's Devara Song Copy Controversy: Original Sri Lankan Composer Chamath Sangeeth Responds |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/ntrs-devara-song-copy-controversy-original-sri-lankan-composer-chamath-sangeeth-responds-article-112337604 |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-07 |title='Chuttamalle' copy controvery: Original music director responds |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/chuttamalle-copy-controvery-original-music-director-responds |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=Telugu Cinema |language=en-US}}</ref> Anirudh Ravichander, Ramajogayya Sastry and Shilpa Rao have not responded to the controversy.

== Critical reception ==
Calling it a "glamourous number", [[Telugucinema.com]] praised Anirudh's work with a particular praise for Shilpa Rao's vocals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-05 |title=Devara's 'Chuttamalle': A glamorous number |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/devaras-chuttamalle-a-glamorous-number |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=Telugu Cinema |language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[India Today]]'' appreciated Shilpa Rao's vocals and the dance sequences writing that "The choreography, crafted by Bosco Martis, enhances the song's appeal, featuring dance moves that perfectly complement the song's sensual vibe", while also praising the performance of the lead cast in the music video.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-05 |title='Chuttamalle': Janhvi Kapoor, Jr NTR's electric chemistry shines in new 'Devara' song |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/chuttamalle-janhvi-kapoor-jr-ntrs-electric-chemistry-shines-in-new-devara-song-sung-by-shilpa-rao-composition-anirudh-ravichander-2577237-2024-08-05 |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Pratyusha Sista of ''[[Telangana Today]]'' wrote in her review that the song "composed by Anirudh Ravichander, with lyrics penned by Ramajogayya Sastry and vocals by Shilpa Rao, promises to be a chartbuster".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2024-08-06 |title="Chuttamalle" mesmerizes fans with visual splendor |url=https://telanganatoday.com/chuttamalle-mesmerizes-fans-with-visual-splendor |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Cinema Express]]'' called it a "sultry yet playful love song".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-05 |title='Chuttamalle' from Devara is a sultry romantic number |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Aug/05/chuttamalle-from-devara-is-a-sultry-romantic-number |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Music video ==
=== Background and production ===
As part of the film's production, the scenes involved in the music video of the song were shot in [[Krabi]], [[Thailand]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-11 |title=Chuttamalle BTS Videos: Janhvi Kapoor shares fun and stunning moments from Thailand's water dance shoot for Jr NTR starrer Devara |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/chuttamalle-bts-videos-janhvi-kapoor-shares-fun-and-stunning-moments-from-thailands-water-dance-shoot-for-jr-ntr-starrer-devara-1353125 |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2024-10-11 |title=Devara Part 1: Janhvi Kapoor gets 'nervous' as she dances in jellyfish-infested water; shares BTS videos from 'Chuttamalle' song shoot : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/devara-part-1-janhvi-kapoor-gets-nervous-dances-jellyfish-infested-water-shares-bts-videos-chuttamalle-song-shoot/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |language=en}}</ref> The scenes were shot in June 2024 after completing a schedule in [[Goa]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 June 2024 |title=Jr NTR heads to Thailand to shoot 'Devara: Part 1' romantic song with Janhvi Kapoor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jr-ntr-heads-to-thailand-to-shoot-devara-part-1-romantic-song-with-janhvi-kapoor/articleshow/111061984.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831153426/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jr-ntr-heads-to-thailand-to-shoot-devara-part-1-romantic-song-with-janhvi-kapoor/articleshow/111061984.cms |archive-date=31 August 2024 |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 June 2024 |title=Saif Ali Khan and Jr. NTR shoot for an intense action sequence of 'Devara' in Goa forest! See pic |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/saif-ali-khan-and-jr-ntr-shoot-for-an-intense-action-sequence-of-devara-in-goa-forest-see-pic/articleshow/111052240.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831153425/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/saif-ali-khan-and-jr-ntr-shoot-for-an-intense-action-sequence-of-devara-in-goa-forest-see-pic/articleshow/111052240.cms |archive-date=31 August 2024 |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

[[Bosco Martis]] has choreographed the dance sequences.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2023-12-30 |title=Kurchi Madathapetti song from Guntur Kaaram sets the stage for Sankranthi release |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/entertainment/movie/kurchi-madathapetti-song-from-guntur-kaaram-sets-the-stage-for-sankranthi-release/na20231230171649953953777 |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en |archive-date=4 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004124750/https://www.etvbharat.com/english/entertainment/movie/kurchi-madathapetti-song-from-guntur-kaaram-sets-the-stage-for-sankranthi-release/na20231230171649953953777 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Synopsis ===
The music video is a direct clip from the scenes in ''[[Devara: Part 1]]''. The scenes feature [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr]] and [[Janhvi Kapoor]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-02 |title=Fans rave over Jr. NTR and Janhvi Kapoor's chemistry in 'Chuttamalle' from 'Devara: Part 1'; theater clips go viral |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/fans-rave-over-jr-ntr-and-janhvi-kapoors-chemistry-in-chuttamalle-from-devara-part-1-theater-clips-go-viral/articleshow/113871351.cms |access-date=2024-10-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Credits and personnel ==
Credits adapted from [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Full Video: Chuttamalle - Devara |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GWNrPJyRTcA |work=[[YouTube]] |date=26 October 2024 |access-date=30 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
{{div col}}
* [[Anirudh Ravichander]] {{spaced ndash}} composer, keyboard, synth and rhythm
* [[Ramajogayya Sastry]] {{spaced ndash}} lyrics
* [[Shilpa Rao]] {{spaced ndash}} vocals
* Bosco Martis {{spaced ndash}} choreography
* Keba Jeremiah {{spaced ndash}} electric & acoustic guitar and charango
* Ananthakrrishnan {{spaced ndash}} solo violin and music advisor
* Shashank Vijay {{spaced ndash}} rhythm producer
* Karthik Vamsi {{spaced ndash}} additional rhythm and percussions programmer
* Arish {{spaced ndash}} additional keyboard programmer
* Beven {{spaced ndash}} additional keyboard programmer
* Narendar S {{spaced ndash}} additional keyboard programmer
* Sajith Satya {{spaced ndash}} creative consultant
* Srinivasan M {{spaced ndash}} engineer and mix engineer
* Shivakiran S {{spaced ndash}} engineer
* Vinay Sridhar {{spaced ndash}} mix engineer
* Luca Pretolesi {{spaced ndash}} mastering engineer
* Alistair {{spaced ndash}} assistant mastering engineer
* Velavan B {{spaced ndash}} music coordinator
{{div col end}}

== Charts ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ Weekly chat performance for "Chuttamalle"
! scope="col"| Chart (2024)
! scope="col"| Peak position
|-
! scope="row"| [[Billboard India Songs|India]] ([[Billboard (magazine)|''Billboard'']]) ({{small|"Dheere Dheere"}})<ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine |last=Cusson |first=Michael |date=2022-02-15 |title=India Songs |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref>
| 4
|-
! scope="row"| [[Billboard India Songs|India]] ([[Billboard (magazine)|''Billboard'']]) ({{small|"Chuttamalle"}})<ref name=":0" />
|18
|-
! scope="row"| [[Asian Music Chart|UK Asian Music Chart]] ([[Official Charts Company|OCC]]) ({{small|"Chuttamalle"}})<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Official Asian Music Chart on 18/10/2024 |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20241018/asian/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=Official Charts |language=en}}</ref>
|5
|-
! scope="row"| [[Asian Music Chart|UK Asian Music Chart]] ([[Official Charts Company|OCC]]) ({{small|"Paththavaikkum"}})<ref name=":1" />
| 20
|-
! scope="row"| [[Asian Music Chart|UK Asian Music Chart]] ([[Official Charts Company|OCC]]) ({{small|"Dheere Dheere"}})<ref name=":1" />
|21
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{YouTube|id=5vsOv_bcnhs|title="Chuttamalle" (lyrical)}}
* {{YouTube|id=GWNrPJyRTcA|title="Chuttamalle" (full video)}}
{{Anirudh Ravichander}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2024 songs]]
[[Category:Songs written for Telugu films]]
[[Category:Filmi songs]]
[[Category:Songs with music by Anirudh Ravichander]]
[[Category:Shilpa Rao songs]]
[[Category:Soft rock songs]]
[[Category:Dance-pop songs]]
[[Category:Dance music songs]]
[[Category:Electronic dance music songs]]
[[Category:Songs involved in plagiarism controversies]]

Trinity of Carnatic music

2026-01-15T09:01:56Z

MattPinto5: adjust information further and improved wording per sources

{{Short description|Three composers in 18th-century India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
The '''Trinity of Carnatic Music''', also known as the '''Three Jewels of Carnatic Music''', refers to the outstanding trio of [[composers|composer]]-musicians of [[Carnatic music]] in the 18th century{{Em dash}}[[Tyagaraja]], [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]], and [[Syama Sastri]]. Prolific in composition, the Trinity of Carnatic music is known for creating a new era in the history of carnatic music by bringing about a noticeable change in what was the existing carnatic music tradition.<ref name="panikkar44">[[#Panikkar2002|Panikkar (2002)]], p44</ref> Compositions of the Trinity of Carnatic music are recognized as being distinct in style, and original in handling [[ragas]].<ref name="panikkar44" /> All three composers were born in [[Thiruvarur]], a town formerly part of the [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur District]] in [[Tamilnadu]].<ref>http://travel.sulekha.com/thiruvarur-a-land-of-culture-and-carnatic-music_travelogue_600372 {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> [[M. S. Subbulakshmi|M. S. Subbalakshmi]], [[D. K. Pattammal]], and [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]], who are carnatic musicians of the 20th century, are popularly referred to as the female Trinity of Carnatic Music.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTVWAAAAYAAJ|title=India Today|date=2009|publisher=Thomson Living Media India Limited|volume=34|pages=16|language=en|quote=D.K. Pattammal 90, who along with M.S. Subbulakshmi and M.L. Vasanthakumar formed the female trinity' of Carnatic|issue=27–35}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Years !! Language of Compositions !! Mudra !! Known for
|-
| [[Syama Sastri]]|| 1762–1827 || Telugu and Sanskrit || Śyāma Krishna || Complex Talas, [[Swarajati]]
|-
| [[Tyagaraja]] || 1767–1847 || Telugu and Sanskrit || Tyagaraja || [[Pancharatna Kritis]]
|-
| [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] || 1775–1835 || Sanskrit; Some in [[Manipravalam]] || Guruguha || [[Nottuswara]], [[Navagraha Kritis]]
|}

==Compositions==
Muthuswami Dikshitar mainly composed mainly in Sanskrit and some in Manipravalam, while Tyagaraja and Syama Sastri mainly composed in Telugu and Sanskrit.<ref name="panikkar44"/>

===Ragas and talas===
The Trinity of Carnatic music<ref>{{Cite web |last=John |first=Serah |date=2025-12-03 |title=The Trinity of Carnatic Music Explained - Music Pandit |url=https://www.musicpandit.com/resources/articles/the-trinity-of-carnatic-music/ |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=Music Pandit Online Music School |language=en-US}}</ref> composed new ragas and talas, and had a remarkable ability to introduce innovations within the same raga.<ref name="panikkar44"/>

Compositions of Syama Sastri in 'apoorva' ragas like ''Chinthamani'', and ''Kalagada'' evidence his originality and genius in discovering new forms in Carnatic music.<ref name="panikkar44"/> The creative ability of Syama Sastri is possibly best exampled in his concert-contest against Kesavvaya, a great Carnatic musician from [[Bobbili]].<ref name="panikkar44"/> During this contest which took place at the court of the king of [[Thanjavur]], although Kesavayya sang a rare ''raga'' followed by a ''tana'' in different ''jathis'' and ''gathis'', Syama Sastri reproduced similar ''tana'' varieties, and to the delight of the audience, went further to introduce other varieties which were not known to Kesavvaya.<ref name="panikkar44"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Music}}

* [[List of Carnatic composers]]
* [[List of composers who created ragas]]
* [[List of Carnatic instrumentalists]]
* The [[Tamil Trinity]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* {{cite book|title=Culture, Ideology, Hegemony: Intellectuals and Social Consciousness in Colonial India|last=Panikkar|first=K N|year=2002|publisher=Anthem Press – Wimbledon Publishing Company|location=London|ref=Panikkar2002}}

[[Category:Carnatic music]]

{{Carnatic-music-stub}}

Patti, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency

2026-01-14T00:35:30Z

MattPinto5: post - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Patti
| map_image = 249-Patti, Uttar Pradesh.svg
| mla = [[Ram Singh Patel]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]]
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| electors = 3,66,452
| constituency_no = 249
}}
'''Patti''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Patti in the [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.

Patti is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Pratapgarh Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 249 amongst 403 constituencies. Patti has more than 350,000 voters. In the 2022 elections, this constituency was won by the Aam Aadmi party.<ref name="election2024">{{Cite web |title=Patti Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/patti-punjab-assembly-constituency |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Patti Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/patti.html |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Ram Kinkar
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|Harikesh Bahadur
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="3" |Ram Kinkar
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Prabhakar Nath Dwivedi
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Rajpati Mishra
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Vasudeo Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|1987^
|Ajit Pratap Singh
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|Ram Lakhan Yadav
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|[[Shivakant Ojha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Ram Lakhan Yadav
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Rajendra Pratap Singh]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Ram Singh Patel]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Rajendra Pratap Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Ram Singh Patel]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Patti<ref name="results2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Ram Singh Patel]]
|votes = {{formatnum:108070}}
|percentage = 48.73
|change = +13.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rajendra Pratap Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:86019}}
|percentage = 38.79
|change = +2.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Fulchandra
|votes = {{formatnum:21482}}
|percentage = 9.69
|change = -12.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1358}}
|percentage = 0.61
|change = -0.48
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:22051}}
|percentage = 9.94
|change = +9.23
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:221762}}
|percentage = 60.52
|change = -0.78
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate Rajendra Pratap Singh won in [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate Ram Singh by a margin of 1,476 votes.<ref name="election2021">{{Cite web|title=Patti Assembly constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly constituency|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/patti-punjab-assembly-constituency|access-date=2021-02-01|website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref name="election2017">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/patti.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Patt<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rajendra Pratap Singh Alias Moti
|votes = {{formatnum:75011}}
|percentage = 36.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Ram Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:73538}}
|percentage = 35.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kunwar Shakti Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:46427}}
|percentage = 22.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = NISHAD Party
|candidate = Vijay
|votes = {{formatnum:3025}}
|percentage = 1.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2244}}
|percentage = 1.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:1473}}
|percentage = 0.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:207923}}
|percentage = 61.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|25.92|82.20|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Sri Ganganagar Junction railway station

2025-12-16T07:38:51Z

MattPinto5: adding a details w/ infobox

{{Short description|Railway Station in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Shri Ganga nagar railway station
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|80px]]
| image_caption =
| address = State Highway 7B, [[Shriganganagar|Shri Ganganagar]], [[Rajasthan]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|29.9320|73.8718|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| line = [[Suratgarh–Bathinda line]] [[Shri Ganganagar–Sadulpur line]]
| other = Auto stand
| elevation = {{convert|178|m|ft}}
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| platform = 3
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 7
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = Yes
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = SGNR
| zone = [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Bikaner}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = 
| map_type = India#India Rajasthan
| map_dot_label = Sri Ganganagar railway station
| map_size = 300
}}
'''Sri Ganganagar railway station''' is a main railway station in [[Sri Ganganagar district|Sri Ganganagar District]], [[Rajasthan]]. Its code is '''SGNR'''. It serves [[Sri Ganganagar]] city. The station consists of three platforms, neither of which is well sheltered Lots Of facilities including water and sanitation.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/shri-ganganagar-sgnr/2104| title=SGNR/Shri Ganganagar| website=India Rail Info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Poor-score-No-railway-station-in-state-passes-cleanliness-test/articleshow/51486610.cms|title=No railway station in state passes cleanliness test|website=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/IRDBStationPDF.jsp?stncode=SGNR| title=SGNR:Passenger Amenities Details As on : 31/03/2018, Division : Bikaner| website=Raildrishti}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.patrika.com/amp-news/sri-ganganagar-news/power-failure-of-kota-sriganganagar-superfast-train-5113180/|title=कोटा-श्रीगंगानगर सुपरफास्ट ट्रेन का पावर फेल|website=Patrika}}</ref>

==History==

See [[Bikaner_Junction_railway_station|history of railways in Bikaner]] and [[Ganga_Canal_(Rajasthan)#Rajasthan|construction of Ganga Canal and railway]].<ref>* {{cite book |last=Sehgal |first=K.K. | title=Rajasthan [district Gazetteers].: Ganganagar | publisher=Printed at Government Central Press | series=Gazetteer of India | year=1972 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DCpuAAAAMAAJ |access-date=20 February 2022}}, p=129.</ref>

==Major trains==

Some of the important trains that runs from Shri Ganganagar are :

* 22497/98 [[Sri Ganganagar–Tiruchirappalli Humsafar Express|Shri Ganganagar–Tiruchirappalli Humsafar Express]]
* 14711/12 [[Haridwar–Shri Ganganagar Intercity Express|Shri Ganganagar–Haridwar Intercity Express]]
* 12481/82 [[Delhi–Sri Ganganagar Intercity Express|Shri Ganganagar–Delhi Intercity Express]]
* 12485/86 [[Hazur Sahib Nanded–Shri Ganganagar Express|Shri Ganganagar–Hazur Sahib Nanded Express (via Abohar)]]
* 17623/24 [[Hazur Sahib Nanded–Shri Ganganagar Weekly Express|Shri Ganganagar–Hazur Sahib Nanded Weekly Express (via Ahmedabad)]]
* 12439/40 [[Hazur Sahib Nanded–Shri Ganganagar Superfast Express via Hanumangarh|Shri Ganganagar–Hazur Sahib Nanded Superfast Express (via Hanumangarh)]]
* 14525/26 [[Ambala Cantonment–Shri Ganganagar Intercity Express|Shri Ganganagar–Ambala Cantonment Intercity Express]]
* 14713/14 [[Shri Ganganagar–Jammu Tawi Express]]
* 16311/12 [[Kochuveli–Shri Ganganagar Junction Express|Shri Ganganagar–Kochuveli Express]]
* 22981/82 [[Kota–Shri Ganganagar Superfast Express|Shri Ganganagar–Kota Superfast Express]]
* 22997/98 [[Jhalawar City–Shri Ganganagar Superfast Express|Shri Ganganagar–Jhalawar City Superfast Express]]
* 13007/08 [[Udyan Abha Toofan Express|Shri Ganganagar–Howrah Udyan Abha Toofan Express]]
* 19707/08 [[Aravali Express|Shri Ganganagar–Bandra Terminus Amarapur Aravali Express]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Sri Ganganagar district]]
[[Category:Bikaner railway division]]
[[Category:Transport in Sri Ganganagar]]

{{Rajasthan-railstation-stub}}

2023 Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation election

2025-12-15T13:51:40Z

MattPinto5: Creating a page needs work

#REDIRECT [[2026 Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation election]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Saroj Nalini Arambam Parratt

2025-11-23T04:26:43Z

MattPinto5:

{{Short description|Manipuri scholar}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Saroj Nalini Arambam Parratt
| image = Saroj Nalini Arambam Parratt.jpg
| caption = Saroj N. Parratt
| birth_date = 2 June 1933
| death_date = 6 January 2009
| occupation = Theologian, Scholar, Translator
| period = 1980-2009
| subject = Religion, royalty, culture, etc. of Manipur
| notable_works = The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur, The Pleasing of Gods: Meitei Lai Haraoba, Queen Empress vs. Tikendrajit, the Anglo-Manipuri Conflict of 1891
| honorific_prefix = Dr
| native_name = ꯁꯔꯣꯖ ꯑꯔꯥꯝꯕꯝ
| native_name_lang = mni
| nationality = Indian
| language = English
| spouse = John Parratt
| relatives = Ibohal Arambam (father)
| education = [[University of Calcutta]], [[London University]], [[Australian National University]]
| birth_place = Meino Leirak, [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]]
| birth_name = Saroj Arambam
}}

'''Saroj Nalini Arambam Parratt''' (2 June 1933-6 January 2009)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=PR EMA 20090128 |url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2009.PR_EMA_20090128 |access-date=2025-11-01 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> was a founding Manipuri scholar, theologian, and translator. She became the first Manipuri woman to earn a [[Bachelor of Divinity|Bachelor of Divinity (BD)]] from the [[University of London]] in 1961.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Parratt |first=John |date=July 2009 |title=Saroj Nalini Arambam Parratt (1933–2008) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/saroj-nalini-arambam-parratt-19332008/A547B7B882CB1E93E3C593D57764E162 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |language=en |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages= |doi=10.1017/S1356186309009882 |issn=1356-1863}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=CHANDRA |first=MADHU |date=2021-06-12 |title=Theological Scholars of Manipur Commemorate Saroj Nalini Arambam, First Theologian and First Woman BA, MA » Imphal Review of Arts and Politics |url=https://imphalreviews.in/theological-scholars-of-manipur-commemorate-saroj-nalini-arambam-first-theologian-and-first-woman-ba-ma/ |access-date=2025-11-01 |language=en-GB}}</ref> She is best known for her definitive three-volume English translation of the royal chronicle of Manipur, The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur: the Cheitharon Kumpapa, published by [[Routledge]] in 2005, 2009, and 2012 respectively.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Papers of Saroj Nalini Arambam and John Parratt - Royal Asiatic Society |url=https://royalasiaticarchives.org/index.php/papers-of-saroj-nalini-arambam-and-john-parratt |access-date=2025-11-01 |website=royalasiaticarchives.org}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Saroj N. Arambam Parratt was born on 2 June 1933 at the Meino Leirak of [[Imphal]], [[Manipur (princely state)|princely state of Manipur]]. She attended the [[University of Calcutta]] where she became the first Meitei woman to earn both the BA and MA degree in philosophy.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Saroj Nalini Arambam Parratt |url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=features.Profile_of_Manipuri_Personalities.Saroj_Nalini_Arambam_Parratt |access-date=2025-11-01 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Conversion to Christianity ==
While studying in [[Calcutta]] ([[Kolkata]]), she formed close friends with Christian Naga students and embraced Christianity. She was baptised at the Lower Circular Road Baptist church, whose minister, Walter Corlett had himself served in Imphal during the war years.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" />

Despite never working as a missionary, she maintained spiritual ties with Meitei Christian communities. A witness to Imphal churches in 1989, she reportedly wept upon seeing new converts—signalling her emotional connection to the community.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" />

== Academic career ==
In the late 1950s, Saroj Nalini traveled to the UK to pursue a theological education. She later married John Parratt shortly after graduating from the [[University of London]] in 1961 with a Bachelor of Divinity.<ref name=":3" /> They chose to work in developing nations after becoming disillusioned with their desire to work in Manipur. Following that, Saroj Nalini went to Nigeria to teach philosophy at the University of [[Ile-Ife]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> Later, at the Australian National University, Nalini worked with renowned Indologist [[Arthur Llewellyn Basham]] to pursue a PhD,<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Parratt |first=Saroj Nalini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2EUUngEACAAJ |title=The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur: 33-1763 CE |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-34430-2 |pages=i |language=en |quote=Saroj Nalini Arambam Parratt is a Manipuri born in Imphal, Manipur. She obtained her doctorate from the Australian National University under the supervision of the renowned Indologist the late A.L.Basham. She has lectured at several universities in Africa and has been visiting professor at the University of Manipur......}}</ref> completing a thesis titled, ''The Religion of Manipur'' (published in 1980).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parratt |first=Saroj Nalini |date=1974 |title=The religion of Manipur : beliefs, rituals, and historical development |url=http://hdl.handle.net/1885/11206 |journal=Open Research Repository of The Australian National University (ANU |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parratt |first=Saroj Nalini |date=1982 |title=The Religion of Manipur. Beliefs, Rituals and Historical Development |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/PARTRO-13 |journal=Religious Studies |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=240–242}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Allen |first=N. J. |author-link=Nicholas Allen (anthropologist) |date=1999 |title=South Asia - Saroj N. Arambam Parratt and John Parratt: The pleasing of the gods: Meitei Lai Haraoba. xvi, 200 pp. New Delhi: Vikas, 1997. Rs. 450. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0041977X00017973/type/journal_article |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |language=en |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=160–161 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00017973 |issn=0041-977X |url-access=subscription}}</ref> In 1972, she went back to Manipur to conduct fieldwork, and in the three years that followed, she finished her doctorate. Three years later, the doctorate was granted. One of Saroj's work examiners, Professor Suniti Kumar Chatterji, had a keen interest in Northeast India and assisted Saroj in getting her thesis published as a book by Firma KLM, Kolkata, in 1980.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" />

Saroj Nalini was a professor in several African nations, such as [[Malawi]] and [[Botswana]]. Her writings focused on Christian women in Botswana and Islam in Malawi. But her primary focus was still the Meetei, and she worked in the field for extended periods of time in Manipur.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" /> She made a good relationship with the [[University of Manipur]], and was appointed an honorary professor there in 2001.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Grafiati summary of BD and PhD |url=https://www.grafiati.com/en/literature-selections/church-and-state-india/journal/ |access-date=18 June 2025 |website=Grafiati}}</ref> She and John written a number of academic studies and research papers, including two books that they co-authored.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" />

Saroj Nalini’s two main books included ‘Queen Empress vs. Tikendrajit, the Anglo-Manipuri Conflict 1891’ and ‘The Pleasing of Gods: Meitei Lai Haraoba’ published by Vikas, [[New Delhi]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" />

== Literary and scholarly contributions ==
Saroj Nalini wanted to translate the [[Cheitharol Kumbaba]], the Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur, before departing Botswana in 2000. She had the chance to meet Meitei religious scholars when she visited Manipur. The Cheitharol Kumbaba, which was first composed in the [[Old Manipuri|Ancient Meitei language]], was available for her to pick up in photocopy. She quickly became proficient in the Ancient Meitei script.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" />

After receiving an honorary fellowship from the Institute for Textual Scholarship and Electronic Editing at the University of Birmingham, she began the translation that would occupy the remainder of her life. The [[Royal Asiatic Society]] sponsored the publication of ''The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur: the Cheitharol Kumpapa'', the first translation volume, which was published by Routledge in 2005.<ref name=":1" /> By then, Saroj had a terminal illness, and she completed the first draft of the second volume a week before she died. Saroj's work served as a guide for her husband, John Parratt, as he completed volumes two and three. The translated version of Cheitharol Kumbaba has greatly expanded the options available to future researchers.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" />

She died on 6 January 2009.<ref name=":0" />

== Legacy ==
Manipur's Christians have not acknowledged Saroj Nalini's contributions. Saroj Nalini, the first Christian theologian and woman of [[India]] to earn a BA and MA, will be a source of pride for Manipur's Christians as she translated the state's significant historical narrative.<ref name=":2" />

Saroj Nalini Arambam Parratt's work with her husband for the Mongoloids has made her well-known in North-East India, but she is not yet well-known among Christians. There is no historical record of her participation in the Christian mission, in contrast to the state's Christian theologians.<ref name=":2" />

Saroj Nalini Arambam Parratt gained a great deal of respect in northeastern India for her research and support of the unique identity of the Mongoloid peoples in the area in contrast to the subcontinent's Sanskritic tradition. The impact she has had on our comprehension of Meetei history and culture is likely unmatched.<ref name=":4" />

== Books ==

* {{Cite book |last=Parratt |first=Saroj Nalini Arambam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2EUUngEACAAJ |title=The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur: 33-1763 CE |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415344302 |ref={{sfnref|Parratt, The Court Chronicle: Volume 1|2005}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Parratt |first=Saroj Nalini Arambam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xZja9ZnSuakC |title=The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur: Volume 2, the Cheitharon Kumpapa |date=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9788175968547 |ref={{sfnref|Parratt, The Court Chronicle: Volume 2|2009}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Parratt |first=Saroj Nalini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rMzlnAEACAAJ |title=The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur: The Cheitharon Kumpapa Vol. 3, 1843-1892 Ce, Volume 3 |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press India Pvt. Limited |isbn=9789382264996 |volume=3}}
* {{Cite book |last=Parratt |first=Saroj Nalini Arambam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COCBAAAAMAAJ |title=The Pleasing of the Gods: Meitei Lai Haraoba |date=1997 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |isbn=978-81-259-0416-8 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Parratt |first=Saroj Nalini Arambam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WEQqAAAAYAAJ |title=The Religion of Manipur: Beliefs, Rituals, and Historical Development |date=1980 |publisher=Firma KLM |isbn=978-0-8364-0594-1 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Parratt |first=Saroj Nalini Arambam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rd_WMgEACAAJ |title=The History and Culture of Manipur |last2=Parratt |first2=John |date=2011 |publisher=Hayloft Pub. |isbn=978-1-904524-85-4 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Parratt |first=Saroj Nalini Arambam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mabGAAAACAAJ |title=Female Spirit-possession Rituals Among the Meiteis of Manipur |date=2002 |publisher=Religious Experience Research Centre, University of Wales |isbn=978-0-906165-43-0 |language=en}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian scholars]]
[[Category:Indian translators]]
[[Category:Indian theologians]]
[[Category:Meitei people]]
[[Category:Indian historians]]

A Life Apart (novel)

2025-11-12T06:47:28Z

MattPinto5: Started Entry

{{Short description|2008 novel by Neel Mukherjee}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox novel
| author = [[Neel Mukherjee (writer)|Neel Mukherjee]]
| country = India
| language = [[English language|English]]
| isbn = 978-0-393-35210-8
| pub_date = 2008
| image = File:A_Life_Apart_(novel).jpg
| caption = ''A Life Apart'', titled ''Past Continuous'' in the original release from 2008 in India
}}
'''''A Life Apart''''', titled '''''Past Continuous''''' in India, is a [[novel]] written by [[Neel Mukherjee (writer)|Neel Mukherjee]]. It was first published by [[Picador (imprint)|Picador]] in India in 2008. It was later published in the UK as ''A Life Apart'' by [[Constable & Robinson]] in 2010. The author began writing the book in 2001 while taking a course in creative writing at the [[University of East Anglia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Neel Mukherjee on Displacement and Desire |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/authors/profiles/article/75355-neel-mukherjee-on-displacement-and-desire.html |website=Publishers Weekly |access-date=15 March 2025 |date=10 Nov 2017}}</ref><ref name="news18">{{cite web |date=27 July 2009 |title=I wanted a gay protagonist in my novel: Neel Mukherjee |url=https://www.news18.com/news/books/i-wanted-a-gay-protagonist-in-my-novel-neel-mukherjee-321410.html |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=News18}}</ref>

It was published in the United States in 2016, by [[W. W. Norton & Company]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Acocella |first=Joan |date=2016-03-06 |title=Flight Patterns |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/03/14/a-life-apart-by-neel-mukherjee |access-date=2024-10-16 |work=The New Yorker |language= |issn=}}</ref>

A review in ''[[The New Yorker]]'' described the novel as a "powerful mixture of comedy, revulsion, and grief." The main character, Ritwik Ghosh, a student on a scholarship at [[Oxford University]], has a fetish for public toilets in [[St Giles', Oxford|St Giles]]. The contrasting narrative in the novel is of the other protagonist, Miss Gilby, an Englishwoman who goes to India in the early 20th century on a mission for the education of women. The two narratives are interleaved in alternating chapters till the end of the book.<ref name=":0" />

The novel uses a narration technique in which although the characters are referred to in third person, the reader only sees what the two protagonists see.<ref name=":0" /> ''[[Los Angeles Review]]'' described the language of the book as dazzling and rich in metaphors.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garland |first=Phillip |date=2016-06-14 |title=Book Review: A Life Apart by Neel Mukherjee |url=https://losangelesreview.org/book-review-a-life-apart-by-neel-mukherjee/ |access-date= |website=The Los Angeles Review}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* 2008 [[Vodafone Crossword Book Award]], English Fiction<ref name=news18/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite web |last1=Shamsie |first1=Kamila |title=A Life Apart by Neel Mukherjee |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/jan/30/life-apart-neel-mukherjee |website=The Guardian |date=30 January 2010}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Life Apart, The}}
[[Category:2008 Indian novels]]

{{india-book-stub}}

Rangan Banerjee

2025-10-19T02:32:21Z

MattPinto5: expand intro also and cleaned formatting for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian academic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
'''Rangan Banerjee''' currently holds the position of Director at [[IIT Delhi]]. As of February 2022, he is on lien from [[IIT Bombay]], where he was the Forbes Marshall Chair Professor in the Department of Energy Science and Engineering, a department he contributed to founding in 2007. His expertise encompasses energy management, system modeling, energy planning, policy, hydrogen energy, and fuel cells.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DELHI |first=IIT |title=Prof. Rangan Banerjee Takes Charge as New Director of IIT Delhi |url=https://home.iitd.ac.in/show.php?id=154&in_sections=News |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=home.iitd.ac.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-13 |title=IIT Delhi drops one set of mid-semester exams to reduce student stress: Director Rangan Banerjee |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/iit-delhi-drops-one-set-of-mid-semester-exams-to-reduce-student-stress-director-rangan-banerjee/articleshow/102695222.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-18 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==Academic career==
Prof Banerjee is an editorial board member for several international journals, including the International Journal of Sustainable Energy and International Journal of Thermodynamics. He played a pivotal role in establishing a megawatt-scale Solar Thermal Power Testing and Research Facility funded by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE).<ref>{{Cite web |title=PROF. RANGAN BANERJEE |url=https://icemf.niti.gov.in/prof-rangan-banerjee}}</ref> He also advises Team Shunya, the first Indian student team to reach the Solar Decathlon Europe finals. Prof. Banerjee has provided counsel to city and state energy entities, [[NITI Aayog|Niti Aayog]], and MNRE on energy topics and has collaborated with various national and international companies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vidwan {{!}} Profile Page |url=https://vidwan.inflibnet.ac.in/profile/51998 |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=vidwan.inflibnet.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-09 |title=UAE: Indian Institute Of Technology Delhi to open its Abu Dhabi campus in January 2024 |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/education/uae-indian-institute-of-technology-delhi-to-open-its-abu-dhabi-campus-in-january-2024-1.98012651 |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref>

In the past, he served as the Dean (R&D) at IIT Bombay, where he received the Excellence in Teaching Award and is recognized as a Fellow of the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]]. Additionally, Prof. Banerjee holds an honorary adjunct faculty position in the Department of Engineering & Public Policy at Carnegie Mellon University.<ref>{{Cite web |last=University |first=Carnegie Mellon |title=Adjunct Faculty - Engineering and Public Policy - College of Engineering - Carnegie Mellon University |url=http://www.cmu.edu/epp/people/adjunct-faculty/index.html |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=www.cmu.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37602695800|title=Rangan Banerjee |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=[[IEEE]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banerjee, Rangan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:IIT Bombay alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Technology directors]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian academic administrators]]
[[Category:Heads of universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]

Saifullah Mir

2025-10-10T14:22:35Z

MattPinto5: adding a post needs work

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Trehgam Assembly constituency|Trehgam]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor =
| party = [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
}}
'''Saifullah Mir''' is an Indian politician from Jammu and Kashmir. He is a member of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Trehgam Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Trehgam, J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: JKNC's Saifullah Mir wins Trehgam with 16426 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/trehgam-jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612868-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Trehgam Election Result 2024 LIVE Update: Assembly Winner, Leading, MLA, Margin, Candidates |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/trehgam-election-result-2024-live-update-9077387.html |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Margin|| Ref
|-
|1996||[[Kupwara Assembly constituency|Kupwara]]||[[File:JKNC-flag.svg|40px]]||[[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]||{{Won}}||37.9%|| [[Ch. Salam Ud Din]]
|
|
|1011
|
|-
|2002||[[Kupwara Assembly constituency|Kupwara]]||[[File:JKNC-flag.svg|40px]]||[[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]||{{Won}}||43,24%||[[Ghulam Qadir Mir]]
|
|
|132
|
|-
|2008||[[Kupwara Assembly constituency|Kupwara]]||[[File:JKNC-flag.svg|40px]]||[[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]||{{Won}}||30.07%
|[[Fayaz Ahmad Mir]]
|
|
|5182
|
|-
|2014||[[Kupwara Assembly constituency|Kupwara]]||[[File:JKNC-flag.svg|40px]]||[[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]||{{Lost}}
|24.21%
|[[Bashir Ahmad Dar]]
|
|
|7364 (Placed 3rd)
|
|-
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]||[[Trehgam Assembly constituency|Trehgam]] (New Delimitation)||[[File:JKNC-flag.svg|40px]]||[[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]||{{Won}}||33.74%||[[Bashir Ahmad Dar]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference}}
|3626||<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mir, Saifullah}}
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 1996–2002]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2002–2008]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2008–2014]]
[[Category:People from Kupwara district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{JammuKashmir-politician-stub}}

Baghnapara railway station

2025-10-04T14:16:58Z

MattPinto5: quick update

{{Short description|Railway station in West Bengal, India}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Baghnapara
| symbol = s
| symbol_location = kolkata
| system = [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]
| style = Kolkata Suburban Railway
| image = Baghnapara Railway stations in Purba Bardhaman district 05.jpg
| image_caption = Baghnapara railway station
| address = Krishnadebpur, Baghnapara, [[Purba Bardhaman district]], [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.241464|88.329471|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| line =
| other =
| elevation = {{cvt|15|m}}
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| platform = 2
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 2
| parking = No
| bicycle = No
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = BGRA
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Howrah}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| map_type = India West Bengal#India
| map_dot_label = Baghnapara
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in [[West Bengal]]##Location in India
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Kolkata Suburban Railway|line=Eastern|left=Ambika Kalna|right=Dhatrigram|to-left=Howrah Junction|to-right=Katwa Junction|type=[[Bandel–Katwa line]]}}
| route_map = {{Howrah–Bardhaman main line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}
'''Baghnapara railway station''' is a railway station on [[Bandel–Katwa line]] connecting from {{stnlnk|Bandel}} to [[Katwa Junction railway station|Katwa]], and under the jurisdiction of [[Howrah railway division]] of [[Eastern Railway zone]]. It is situated at Krishnadebpur, Baghnapara, [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/baghnapara-bgra/4130|title=BGRA/Baghnapara|access-date=April 30, 2019}}</ref> Number of [[EMU (train)|EMU]] and few Passenger trains stop at Baghnapara railway station.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/baghnapara-bgra-station|title=BAGHNAPARA (BGRA) Railway Station|publisher=NDTV|access-date=April 30, 2019}}</ref>

== History ==
The Hooghly–Katwa Railway constructed a line from [[Bandel Junction railway station|Bandel]] to [[Katwa Junction railway station|Katwa]] in 1913.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,441,737|title=HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE – THE FIRST JOURNEY|website=indianrailways.gov.in|access-date=April 30, 2019}}</ref> This line including Baghnapara railway station was electrified in 1994–96 with 25 kV overhead line.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.picasona.com/listofcompleatedwork.pdf|title=STATEMENT OF RECENTLY COMPLETED WORKS|access-date=April 30, 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kolkata Suburban Railway, Eastern}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Purba Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Kolkata Suburban Railway stations]]
[[Category:Howrah railway division]]

{{PurbaBardhaman-railstation-stub}}

Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited

2025-08-15T22:50:50Z

MattPinto5: further update intro per standard format also and corrected details for accuracy

{{short description|Subsidiary of Oil and Natural Gas Corporation}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited
| logo = MRPL official Logo.svg
| logo_size = 250px
| logo_alt = MRPL Logo
| type = [[Division (business)|Division]] of [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]]
| traded_as =
| industry = [[Oil and gas]]
| foundation = {{start date and years ago|1988|03|07|df=yes|p=yes}} <ref name=stake>{{Cite web|last=Limited|first=Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals|title=stake holders|url=https://www.mrpl.co.in/stake-holders}}</ref>
| location = Mudapadav, Kuthethoor P.O., Via Katipalla
| hq_location_city = [[Mangalore]]
| hq_location_country = India <ref name=stake/>
| key_people = Arun Kumar Singh, (Chairman) Mundkur Shyamprasad Kamath ([[managing director|MD]])
| products = [[Petroleum]], [[Petrochemical]]s and [[Natural gas]]
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|86161|c}} <ref name=pnl>{{Cite web|title=Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Consolidated Profit & Loss account, Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Financial Statement & Accounts|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/mangalorerefineryandpetrochemicals/consolidated-profit-lossVI/MRP|access-date=2020-07-29|website=www.moneycontrol.com|language=en}}</ref>
| revenue_year = 2022
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|2703|c}} <ref name=pnl/>
| income_year = 2022
| net_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|2950|c}} <ref name=pnl/>
| net_income_year = 2022
| assets = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|40071|c}} <ref name=bs>{{Cite web|title=Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Consolidated Balance Sheet, Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Financial Statement & Accounts|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/mangalorerefineryandpetrochemicals/consolidated-balance-sheetVI/MRP|access-date=2020-07-29|website=www.moneycontrol.com|language=en}}</ref>
| assets_year = 2022
| equity = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|7209|c}} <ref name=bs/>
| equity_year = 2022
| owner = [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]], [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas]], [[Government of India]]
| divisions = Shell MRPL Aviation
| homepage = {{url|www.mrpl.co.in}}
}}

'''Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited''' ('''MRPL'''), is a [[Division (business)|division]] of [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] (ONGC) which is under the [[ownership]] of the [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas]] of the [[Government of India]].<ref name=":0" /> Established in 1988, the refinery is located at [[Katipalla]], north from the centre of [[Mangalore]]. The refinery was established after displacing five villages, namely, Bala, Kalavar, Kuthetoor, [[Katipalla]], and [[Adyapady|Adyapadi]].<ref name="stake"/>

The refinery has a versatile design with high flexibility to process crudes of various [[API gravity|API gravities]] with a high degree of automation. MRPL has a design capacity to process 15 million metric tonnes per annum and is the only refinery in India to have two hydrocrackers producing premium diesel (high [[cetane]]).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Limited|first=Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals|title=Profile|url=https://mrpl.co.in/profile|access-date=29 July 2020|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920150657/https://mrpl.co.in/profile|url-status=dead}}</ref> It also has a [[polypropylene]] unit with a capacity of 0.44 million metric [[tonne]]s per year.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Limited|first=Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals|title=pp Unit|url=https://mrpl.co.in/pp_unit|access-date=29 July 2020|archive-date=25 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925185955/https://mrpl.co.in/pp_unit|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is one among the two refineries in India to have two CCRs producing high [[Octane rating|octane]] [[unleaded petrol]]. Currently, the [[Oil refinery|refinery]] processes around 14.65 million tonnes of crude per year. The company's revenues stood at ₹60,062.02 crore (US$8.4 billion) in 2020.<ref name="pnl"/>

MRPL, which was a joint sector company, became a [[Public sector undertakings in India|public-sector undertaking]] after the acquisition of a majority of its shares by ONGC. As of June 2020, 71.63% shares were held by ONGC, 16.95% shares were held by [[Hindustan Petroleum|Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited]] (HPCL), and the remaining shares were held by financial institutions and the general public.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Latest Shareholding Pattern - Mangalore Refinery And Petrochemicals Ltd.|url=https://trendlyne.com/equity/share-holding/885/MRPL/latest/mangalore-refinery-and-petrochemicals-ltd/|access-date=2020-07-29|website=trendlyne.com}}</ref> MRPL has been declared a [[Miniratnas|Miniratna]] (mini jewel), by the Government of India in 2007.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|title=Mangalore Refinery And Petrochemicals Ltd.|work=Business Standard|url=https://www.business-standard.com/company/m-r-p-l-2496/information/company-history|access-date=2020-07-29}}</ref>

Before its acquisition by ONGC in March 2003, MRPL was a joint venture oil refinery promoted by HPCL, a public sector company and IRIL & associates (AV Birla Group).<ref name=":2" /> MRPL was set up in 1988 with an initial processing capacity of 3.0 million metric tonnes per annum which was later expanded to the present capacity of 15 million metric tonnes per annum.<ref name=":1" />

The refinery was conceived to maximise middle distillates, with the capability to process light to heavy and sour to sweet crudes with 24 to 46 API gravity. On 28 March 2003, ONGC acquired A.V. Birla Group's stake and further infused equity capital of ₹600 crores, making MRPL a majority-held subsidiary of ONGC.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> The lenders also agreed to the [[debt restructuring]] package (DRP) proposed by ONGC, which included, ''inter alia'', conversion of up to ₹3,65,54,884 of the company's loans into equity. Subsequently, ONGC acquired the equity allotted to the lenders under the DRP, raising ONGC's holding in MRPL to 71.63%.<ref name=":0" />

On 30 August 2018, MRPL was approved a merger with HPCL by ONGC.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/mrpl-to-merge-with-hpcl/article24823487.ece|title = MRPL to merge with HPCL|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 30 August 2018|last1 = Pandey|first1 = Piyush}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-05-23|title=HPCL, Mangalore Refinery merger in FY'19: CMD Mukesh Kumar Surana|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/hpcl-mangalore-refinery-merger-in-fy19-cmd-mukesh-kumar-surana/articleshow/64286919.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2020-06-24}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]]
* [[List of oil refineries in India]]
* [[Economy of Mangalore]]
* [[Mangalore Special Economic Zone|Mangalore Special Economic Zone (MSEZ)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*http://newskarnataka.com/mangalore/20000-youths-to-benefit-from-plastic-and-polymer-park-in-mangaluru

==External links==
* [http://www.mrpl.co.in/ Official Website of the MRPL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021081220/https://www.mrpl.co.in/ |date=21 October 2019 }}

{{Energy companies and organisations in India}}
{{Oil refineries in India}}
{{Public Sector Undertakings in India}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Oil and gas companies of India]]
[[Category:Oil refineries in India]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mangalore]]
[[Category:Energy in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]]
[[Category:Petrochemical companies of India]]
[[Category:Non-renewable resource companies established in 1988]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1988]]
[[Category:Energy companies established in 1988]]
[[Category:ONGC buildings and structures]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Anjal Prakash

2025-07-06T17:16:03Z

MattPinto5: Started New Stub

{{Multiple issues|
{{orphan|date=February 2025}}
{{primary sources|date=February 2025}}
}}
{{Short description| Academic, scientist}}{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anjal Prakash
| image = Anjal Prakash at ISB.jpg
| birth_date = {{b-da|6 March 1972}}
| birth_place = [[Jamshedpur]], [[Jharkhand]], India
| citizenship = Indian
| education = (PhD) [[Wageningen University and Research Centre]], (Post Graduation) [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]] and (Under Graduation) Center for Research on New International Economic Order (Crenieo)
| occupation = [[Academician]], Researcher
| years_active =
| era =
| employer = [[Indian School of Business]], [[Hyderabad]]
| alma_mater = [[Wageningen University]]
| known_for =
| notable_works = 
| style =
| height = 
| television =
| title = [[Doctor (title)|Dr]]
| term =
| predecessor =
| party =
| movement =
| opponents =
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| criminal_charge = 
| criminal_penalty =
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| spouse =
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| children =
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| module =
| module2 =
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| module6 =
| signature =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Anjal Prakash''' is an academic, researcher, and science writer, currently working as a Clinical Associate Professor and Research Director at Bharti Institute of Public Policy, [[Indian School of Business]] (ISB), [[Hyderabad]], India. His research explores sustainability, urban resilience, water and climate challenges, and gender and social inclusion in South Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.isb.edu/en/research-thought-leadership/faculty/faculty-directory/anjal-prakash.html |title=Research Thought Leadership|author=|date=2024-07-13|website=ISB.edu|accessdate=2025-02-18}}</ref>

Recently, Anjal was selected as the lead author for the prestigious special report, a part of the [[United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|United Nation's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]]'s (IPCC) seventh assessment cycle. He is one of the four Indians in the 150 global climate experts group as a lead author for the special report on climate change and cities.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/isb-prof-to-be-lead-author-for-special-un-climate-report/articleshow/117214538.cms |title=ISB Professor to be a led author for special US climate change|author=|date=2025-01-14|website=Times of India News|accessdate=2025-02-18}}</ref>
He previously reported on gender bias in the IPCC.<ref name="Bias">{{cite journal |last1=Liverman |first1=Diana |last2=vonHedemann |first2=Nicolena |last3=Nying'uro |first3=Patricia |last4=Rummukainen |first4=Markku |last5=Stendahl |first5=Kerstin |last6=Gay-Antaki |first6=Miriam |last7=Craig |first7=Marlies |last8=Aguilar |first8=Lorena |last9=Bynoe |first9=Paulette |last10=Call |first10=Friedemann |last11=Connors |first11=Sarah |last12=David |first12=Laura |last13=Ferrone |first13=Andrew |last14=Hayward |first14=Bronwyn |last15=Jayawardena |first15=Shiromani |last16=Mai Touray |first16=Lamin |last17=Parikh |first17=Jyoti |last18=Pathak |first18=Minal |last19=Perez |first19=Rosa |last20=Pirani |first20=Anna |last21=Prakash |first21=Anjal |last22=Textor |first22=Christiane |last23=Tibig |first23=Lourdes |last24=Tignor |first24=Melinda |last25=Tuğaç |first25=Çiğdem |last26=Vera |first26=Carolina |last27=Wagle |first27=Radha |title=Survey of gender bias in the IPCC |journal=Nature |date=February 2022 |volume=602 |issue=7895 |pages=30–32 |doi=10.1038/d41586-022-00208-1 |pmid=35105992 |bibcode=2022Natur.602...30L |s2cid=246473566 |language=en|doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Education and work ==

He completed his master's degree from [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]], Mumbai, India, and PhD in Social/Environmental Sciences from [[Wageningen University & Research|Wageningen University]] in the Netherlands. Previously, he served as an Associate Professor and Associate Dean at [[TERI School of Advanced Studies]], and as a Programme Coordinator, Himalayan Water Adaptation and Resilience (HI-AWARE) Research, River Basin Programmes, [[International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development]]. He also served as the Director of SaciWATERs (South Asia Consortium for Interdisciplinary Water Resources Studies).

His contributions focus on water and climate issues in South Asia. He led research on glaciated rivers in the Himalayan region.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.orfonline.org/research/retreating-glaciers-and-water-flows-in-the-himalayas-implications-for-governance |title = Retreating glaciers and water flows in the Himalayas|author=|date=2023-05-11|website=Orfo Online|accessdate=2025-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/Feb/07/interview-damage-to-himalayas-can-have-severe-impactanjal-prakash-2545102.html|title = Interview Damage to Himalayas can have severe impact|author=Parvez Sultan|date=2023-02-07|website=New Indian Express|accessdate=2025-02-18}}</ref>

He is an elected member of [[Global Water Partnership]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gwp.org/en/gwp-SAS/WE-ACT/change-and-impact/News-and-Activities/2017/seminar-nepal|title = Change and Impact|author= |date=2017-04-19|website=GWP|accessdate=2025-02-18}}</ref>[[:de:Gender and Water Alliance|Gender and Water Alliance]],<ref>{{cite web|url= http://genderandwater.org/en/gwa-activities/capacity-building/training-workshops/WEBGWET2report_CS202.pdf |title = Workshop Report|author= |date=2009-05-01|website=GenderandWater|accessdate=2025-02-18}}</ref> and a member of Global Community of Practice for Sanitation and Hygiene promoted by [[Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council]], [[Geneva]], Switzerland.

As a professor and researcher, he spoke on climate science, climate justice, climate change, global warming, social policy, global sustainability initiatives and other similar topics in seminars, events, and conferences organized by reputed academic institutions.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/jharkhand-needs-persistent-efforts-to-combat-climate-change-anjal-prakash/cid/1868367#goog_rewarded |title = Efforts required to combat climate change: Anjal Prakash|author= Animesh Bisoee|date=2022-06-05|website=Telegraph India|accessdate=2025-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://terisas.ac.in/iae|title = Webinar on the recent UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 6th Assessment Reports: An exchange with the Lead Authors |author= IPCC Authors|date=2022-04-13|website=Telegraph India|accessdate=2025-02-18}}</ref> His columns on climate change, global warming, water crisis, and sustainable development appear in national newspapers and magazines such as [[Forbes India]], [[Hindustan Times]], [[The Indian Express|Indian Express]], [[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]], and others.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.forbesindia.com/article/isbinsight/brighter-burn-harsh-truth-about-californias-fires/95058/1|title = Brighter Burn: Harsh truth about California's fires |author= Anjal Prakash |date=2025-01-14|website=Forbes India|accessdate=2025-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/delhi-new-government-yamuna-clean-up-plan-9830183/|title = For new government in Delhi, a four-year plan to clean up the Yamuna |author= Anjal Prakash |date=2025-02-15|website=Indian Express|accessdate=2025-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/author/anjal-prakash-101654261269905|title = Anjal Prakash Author Profile |author= Anjal Prakash |date=2024-07-30|website=Hindustan Times|accessdate=2025-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.ndtvprofit.com/author/1723195/dr-anjal-prakash |title = Author Profile|author= Anjal Prakash |date=2025-02-15|website=Indian Express|accessdate=2025-02-18}}</ref>

He is on Editorial Board of leading scientific journal publications, serving as guest editor, associate editor for various reputed journals such as [[Environment and Urbanization ASIA|Environment and Urbanization Asia]] (published by [[Sage Publishing|Sage Publications]]), Current Research in Environmental Sustainability (published by [[Elsevier]]), Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences (published by [[Routledge]]), [[PLOS]], and other journals.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://journals.sagepub.com/editorial-board/eua|title = Editorial Board|author= Sage Publications |date=2025-02-18|website=Sage Publications|accessdate=2025-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/current-research-in-environmental-sustainability/about/editorial-board|title = Editorial Board|author= Science Direct |date=2025-02-18|website=Science Direct |accessdate=2025-02-18}}</ref> Together with Prof Ashwini Chhatre and Dr Aarushi Jain, he is also a series editor of Indian School of Business's Bharti Institute of Public Policy-Routledge Book Series titled - Innovations, Practice and Future of Public Policy in India.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.isb.edu/en/Innovations-Practice-and-Future-of-Public-Policy-in-India.html|title =Innovations, Practice, and the Future of Public Policy in India|author=ISB|date=2025-02-18|website= ISB |accessdate=2025-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.routledge.com/Innovations-Practice-and-the-Future-of-Public-Policy-in-India/book-series/PPI?srsltid=AfmBOopRq76bRXZUrseSJlDdAmh34QaGmV42y6nttWS8uPtsLVoIDx0m |title =Innovations, Practice, and the Future of Public Policy in India|author=Routledge|date=2025-02-18|website= Routledge |accessdate=2025-02-18}}</ref>

== Publications ==

Prakash has published more than 34 research papers and has co-edited nine books and 29 book chapters.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1190802/publications|title = Publications|author= |date=2025-02-18|website=Loop Frontiers|accessdate=2025-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/prof-anjal-prakash-is-lead-author-for-un-special-report-on-climate-change|title = Prof Anjal Prakash is lead author for UN special report on climate change|author= |date=2025-01-15|website=The Tribune|accessdate=2025-02-18}}</ref>

== Books ==

He has authored and edited the following books:
* The Dark Zone: Groundwater, Irrigation, Politics and Social Power in North Gujarat (published by Orient Longman, {{ISBN|978-81-250-2824-6}}
* Water Resources Policies in South Asia (Published by Routledge India, {{ISBN|978-0-415-81198-9}})
* Informing Water Policies in South Asia (published by Routledge India, {{ISBN|978-0-415-71059-6}})
* Water Resource Management in South Asia (published by Routledge India, {{ISBN|978-0-367-17670-9}})
* Water in Himalayan Towns: Lessons for Adaptive Water Governance (published by Iwa Pub, {{ISBN|978-1-78906-189-5}})
* Engendering Climate Change: Learning from South Asia (published by Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-8153-6165-7}}
* Technology, Policy, and Inclusion (published by Routledge India, {{ISBN|978-1-032-22545-6}})
* Narain, Vishal (2016), "Introduction: urbanization, Climate Change, and Peri-urban Water Security in South Asia - A framework for Analysis", in Narain, Vishal; Prakash, Anjal (eds.), WATER SECURITY in PERI-URBAN SOUTH ASIA, India: Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-946416-6}}
* Narain, Vishal (2014), "Urbanization and water: A conundrum and source of conflict?", in Narain, Vishal; Goodrich, Chanda Gurung; Chourey, Jayati; Prakash, Anjal (eds.), Globalization of Water governance in South Asia, India: Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-415-71066-4}}
* Hans, Asha; Rao, Nitya; Prakash, Anjal; Patel, Amrita (2021-02-25). Engendering Climate Change: Learnings from South Asia. Taylor & Francis. {{ISBN|978-1-000-33539-2}}
* Prakash, Anjal; Vs, Saravanan; Chourey, Jayati (2012-02-09). Interlacing Water and Human Health: Case Studies from South Asia. SAGE Publishing India. {{ISBN|978-81-321-1665-3}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Google Scholar|id=uxNtqTIAAAAJ&hl}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prakash, Anjal}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century scientists]]
[[Category:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change lead authors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian earth scientists]]
[[Category:ICIMOD people]]

Alinagar Kenjra

2025-05-27T15:41:04Z

MattPinto5: Started A Biography.

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Alinagar Kenjra
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Firozabad block Alinagar Kenjra.png
| map_caption = Map showing Alinagar Kenjra in Firozabad block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.18367|N|78.3484|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 3.185
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 11098
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Alinagar Kenjra''' ({{IAST|Alīnagar Keñjrā}}) is a large village in [[Firozabad]] block of [[Firozabad district]], Uttar Pradesh. It is located just northwest of the city of Firozabad. As of 2011, it had a population of 11,098, in 1,728 households.

== Geography ==
Alinagar Kenjra is located just northwest of Firozabad along [[National Highway 2 (India, old numbering)|the old NH 2]]. There is a prominent [[irrigation tank]] on the north side of the highway. There are a couple of outlying hamlets such as Nagla Sala and Nagla Jaunpal to the south as well as Nagla Gola to the north. The villages of [[Jarauli Khurd]] and [[Jalupura]] are located to the south; [[Jarauli Kalan]] is to the north, and [[Hirangaon]] and [[Nagau, Uttar Pradesh|Nagau]] are to the west.<ref name="Survey of India map G44A8">{{cite map |author=[[Survey of India]] |title=Open Series Map No. G44A8 |date=2005 |scale=1:50,000 |type=[[Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system|Universal Transverse Mercator]] projection |edition=1st}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Alinagar Kenjra had a population of 11,098, in 1,728 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|119}} This population was 54.5% male (6,048) and 45.5% female (5,050). The 0-6 age group numbered 1,656 (906 male and 750 female), making up 14.9% of the total population. 1,739 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 15.7% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|110-1}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Alinagar Kenjra (as "Alinagar Kejara") as having a population of 5,658 people (3,081 male and 2,577 female), in 869 households and 867 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|190-1}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Alinagar Kenjra as comprising 5 hamlets, with a total population of 3,194 people (1,750 male and 1,444 female), in 536 households and 402 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 786 acres and it had a post office and medical practitioner at that point.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|xciv}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Alinagar Kenjra had 1 primary health sub centre The village is known for its strong focus on primary education and has a total of five primary schools. Among these, Hubalaal Balika Vidyalaya holds a special distinction as the oldest girls' primary school in the entire Firozabad district. It was founded by Late Babu Ram Yadav, a respected figure known for his dedication to girls' education and social development in the region.. Drinking water was provided by hand pump; there were no public toilets. The village had a sub post office but no public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|119-24}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]

Premendu Bikash Chaki

2025-05-01T07:02:19Z

MattPinto5: new - done

{{Short description|Indian film director and cinematographer}}
{{unreliable sources|date=January 2025}}
{{Use British English|date = September 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Premendu Bikash Chaki
| image =
| caption = Chaki in 2023
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date |1964|10|09}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Cinematographer]] • [[Film Director]] • [[Screenwriter]]
| years_active =
| spouse = Rita Chaki
| children = Iranda Chaki
}}

'''Premendu Bikash Chaki''' (born 9 October 1964), popularly known as '''P. B. Chaki''', is an Indian cinematographer, director and screenwriter associated with [[Tollywood (Bengali cinema)]] based in West Bengal, India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=A. Chatterji |first1=Shoma |title='Everybody likes to laugh' |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/everybody-likes-laugh-1502598676.html |access-date=20 January 2025 |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=10 March 2018 |quote=Premendu Bikash Chaki is a veteran cinematographer who has shot every kind of film in contemporary Bengali cinema.}}</ref> He started his career as cinematographer in 1990. Known for his films ''[[Chirodini Tumi Je Amar]]'' as cinematographer and [[Alaap (2024 film)|''Alaap'']] as writer and director.<ref>{{cite news |title=INTERVIEW WITH PREMENDU BIKASH CHAKI |url=https://northeastfilmjournal.com/interview-with-premendu-bikash-chaki-on-his-film-love-marriage |access-date=20 January 2025 |work=North East Film Journal |date=15 April 2023 |archive-date=23 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123113425/https://northeastfilmjournal.com/interview-with-premendu-bikash-chaki-on-his-film-love-marriage |url-status=live }}</ref> He also has held several positions in the film fraternity, including being the former president of Eastern India Cinematographers' Association and vice president in the technical committee of [[Kolkata International Film Festival]] besides being a guest lecturer of film studies at the Information and Cultural Affairs Department, Government of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Ruman |title=Cast and crew of Premendu Bikash Chaki's upcoming rom-com commence shooting for the film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/cast-and-crew-of-premendu-bikash-chakis-upcoming-rom-com-commence-shooting-for-the-film/articleshow/107934511.cms |access-date=20 January 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=23 February 2024 |archive-date=22 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122071406/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/cast-and-crew-of-premendu-bikash-chakis-upcoming-rom-com-commence-shooting-for-the-film/articleshow/107934511.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Exclusive! Premendu Bikash Chaki: These days, the supply of Bengali films is more than the demand but the standard is not rising |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/exclusive-premendu-bikash-chaki-these-days-the-supply-of-bengali-films-is-more-than-the-demand-but-the-standard-is-not-rising/dcf18e1523322 |access-date=20 January 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=28 August 2022}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Premendu Bikash Chaki was born in Kolkata, India. He completed his school from [[Jodhpur Park Boys School]] and then went on to graduate with a B.Com. Honours degree from [[University of Calcutta]]. His passion for films led him to pursue further film studies at Chitrabani. He started his career as a photojournalist in 1985. He then went on to work as an assistant cinematographer until he started working independently as a cinematographer in the early 1990s. His first big recognition was after winning the [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]] for the film ''[[Mahulbonir Sereng]]'' (Bengali movie), directed by [[Sekhar Das]] in 2004. He directed his first reality TV show, ''Takkar'', in 2009. He went on to release his first feature film, [[Honeymoon (2018 film)|''Honeymoon'']], in 2018 for the big screen.<ref>{{cite news |title=মানিককাণ্ড |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/life-struggle-of-indias-got-talent-winner-manik-pal-1.170818 |access-date=20 January 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=6 July 2015 |language=bn |archive-date=23 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123113925/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/life-struggle-of-indias-got-talent-winner-manik-pal-1.170818 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=প্রয়াত দেবকুমার বসু, ওঁর 'বিবাহ অভিযান' শঙ্কর-শুভাশিসদের চিনিয়েছিল: প্রেমেন্দুবিকাশ চাকী |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/director-deb-kumar-badu-is-no-more-and-director-premendu-bikash-chaki-shares-his-memories-dgtl/cid/1553805 |access-date=20 January 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=18 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===As director===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
! {{refh}}
|-
|2018|| [[Honeymoon (2018 film)|''Honeymoon'']] || Director || ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Debolina |title=Honeymoon Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/honeymoon/movie-review/63065336.cms |access-date=20 January 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=25 February 2018 |archive-date=14 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914201522/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/honeymoon/movie-review/63065336.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2021|| ''Laptop – The Lockdown Film'' || Writer & Director ||Short Film||<ref>{{cite news |title=Rituparna in a lockdown short 'Laptop' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/rituparna-in-a-lockdown-short-laptop/articleshow/76827143.cms |access-date=26 January 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=7 July 2020 |archive-date=22 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122071407/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/rituparna-in-a-lockdown-short-laptop/articleshow/76827143.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2021|| ''Rayscope'' || Writer & Director ||Documentary Film (Tribute to [[Satyajit Ray]]) ||<ref>{{cite news |title=KIFF screens Rayscope, a tribute to Satyajit Ray by Premendu Bikash Chaki |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/showbiz/kiff-screens-rayscope-a-tribute-to-satyajit-ray-by-premendu-bikash-chaki/details |access-date=20 January 2025 |work=India Blooms |date=27 April 2022 |archive-date=23 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123112858/https://www.indiablooms.com/showbiz/kiff-screens-rayscope-a-tribute-to-satyajit-ray-by-premendu-bikash-chaki/details |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2022|| ''Paka Dekha'' || Director || ||<ref>{{cite news |title='Paka Dekha' trailer: Soham-Susmita's rom-com promises a fun-filled joyride |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/paka-dekha-trailer-soham-susmitas-rom-com-is-a-fun-filled-joyride/articleshow/93704023.cms |access-date=20 January 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=22 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2023|| [[Love Marriage (2023 film)|''Love Marriage'']] || Director || ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Premendu Bikash Chaki directed romantic comedy film 'Love Marriage' is ready to have its World Television Premiere soon. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/oindrila-sen-ankush-hazra-starrer-love-marriage-to-premiere-on-television/articleshow/101717296.cms |access-date=20 January 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=13 July 2023 |archive-date=22 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122071408/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/oindrila-sen-ankush-hazra-starrer-love-marriage-to-premiere-on-television/articleshow/101717296.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2023|| ''[[Palasher Biye]]'' || Director || Distributed by [[ZEE5]] ||<ref>{{cite news |title=জন্মদিনে পরিচালক প্রেমেন্দু বিকাশ চাকীর 'পলাশের বিয়ে'র শ্যুটিং! এটাই চেয়ে এসেছি, জানালেন মিমির 'নায়ক' সোমরাজ |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/somraj-maiti-busy-in-shooting-of-palasher-biye-on-his-birthday-dgtl/cid/1337130 |access-date=20 January 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=4 April 2022 |language=bn |archive-date=18 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218080749/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/somraj-maiti-busy-in-shooting-of-palasher-biye-on-his-birthday-dgtl/cid/1337130 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2024|| [[Alaap (2024 film)|''Alaap'']] || Writer & Director || ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ray |first1=Sramana |title=Glimpses from the trailer launch of Premendu Bikash Chaki's upcoming film Alaap |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/glimpses-from-the-trailer-launch-of-premendu-bikash-chakis-upcoming-film-alaap/cid/2014920 |access-date=20 January 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=22 April 2024}}</ref>
|}

===As cinematographer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! {{refh}}
|-
|2004 || ''[[Mahulbanir Sereng]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050419/asp/calcutta/story_4633958.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526003038/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050419/asp/calcutta/story_4633958.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 May 2011 |title=The Telegraph - Calcutta : Metro |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |date=2005-04-19 |access-date=2025-01-23}}</ref>
|-
| 2005 || [[Manik (2005 film)|''Manik'']] ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Mixed menu for Poila Baisakh platter |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/mixed-menu-for-poila-baisakh-platter/cid/1271803 |access-date=22 January 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=31 March 2005}}</ref>
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Shubhodrishti]]'' ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sengupta |first1=Reshmi |title=A match for screen |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/a-match-for-screen/cid/1653033 |access-date=22 January 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=1 November 2005}}</ref>
|-
|2007 || [[I Love You (2007 Bengali film)|''I Love You'']] ||<ref>
{{Cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070126/asp/etc/story_7309546.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203115349/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070126/asp/etc/story_7309546.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2013 |title=Fails to conquer: I LOVE YOU |publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |access-date=2025-01-22 |last=Bhattacharya |first=Arnab |date=2007-01-26}}</ref>
|-
|2007 || ''Pitribhumi'' ||<ref>{{cite news |title=A star shower of sorts! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/calcutta-times/a-star-shower-of-sorts/articleshow/2255512.cms |access-date=26 January 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=5 August 2007}}</ref>
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Chirodini Tumi Je Amar]]'' ||<ref>{{cite news |title=2008 blockbuster 'Chirodini Tumi Je Amar' completes 10 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/2008-blockbuster-chirodini-tumi-je-amar-completes-10-years/articleshow/65420565.cms |access-date=22 January 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=16 August 2018 |archive-date=27 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127084624/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/2008-blockbuster-chirodini-tumi-je-amar-completes-10-years/articleshow/65420565.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2010 || ''[[Handa and Bhonda]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-04-05 |title='Handa-Bhonda': Collage of inspired films |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/handa-bhonda-collage-of-inspired-films-336083.html |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=News18 |archive-date=25 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125202658/https://www.news18.com/news/india/handa-bhonda-collage-of-inspired-films-336083.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Bye Bye Bangkok]]'' ||<ref>{{cite news |title=TEAM BYE BYE BANGKOK |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/team-bye-bye-bangkok/cid/436980 |access-date=22 January 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=29 January 2011 |archive-date=23 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123180229/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/team-bye-bye-bangkok/cid/436980 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2012 || ''Koyekti Meyer Galpo'' ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Koyekti Meyer Golpo Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/koyekti-meyer-golpo/movie-review/13844134.cms |access-date=26 January 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=18 May 2016 |archive-date=8 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208225821/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/koyekti-meyer-golpo/movie-review/13844134.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Balukabela.com]]'' ||<ref>{{cite news|title=Racing to the top|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120513/jsp/graphiti/story_15483246.jsp#.UJ5EsGdqkoo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521142410/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120513/jsp/graphiti/story_15483246.jsp#.UJ5EsGdqkoo|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 May 2012|access-date=23 January 2025 |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=13 May 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 2013 || ''Kidnapper'' ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Biswas |first1=Jaya |title=Kidnapper Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/kidnapper/movie-review/18890240.cms |access-date=26 January 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=17 May 2016 |archive-date=28 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828203950/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/kidnapper/movie-review/18890240.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Mahapurush O Kapurush]]'' ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Biswas |first1=Jaya |title=Mahapurush O Kapurush Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/mahapurush-o-kapurush/movie-review/20134761.cms |access-date=20 January 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=19 May 2013 |archive-date=23 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123115420/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/mahapurush-o-kapurush/movie-review/20134761.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Room No. 103]]'' ||<ref>{{cite news |title=In Pics: Premiere of Jisshu, Soumitra starrer Room No. 103 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/in-pics-premiere-of-jisshu-soumitra-starrer-room-no-103/articleshow/47354997.cms |access-date=20 January 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=12 January 2017 |archive-date=23 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123115028/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/in-pics-premiere-of-jisshu-soumitra-starrer-room-no-103/articleshow/47354997.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Mahanayika]]'' ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Dola |title=Mahanayika |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/mahanayika-news-296706 |access-date=20 January 2025 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]] |date=20 February 2016 |archive-date=23 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123135815/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/mahanayika-news-296706 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Banchha Elo Phire]]'' ||<ref>{{cite news |title='বাঞ্ছা এলো ফিরে ' সিনেমা রিভিউ : নস্টালজিয়ায় মুড়ে বাঞ্ছা দেদার বিনোদন জুগিয়েছে! |url=https://bengali.oneindia.com/movies/reviews/movie-review-bengali-movie-banchha-elo-fire-011286.html |access-date=20 January 2025 |work=[[Oneindia]] |date=21 October 2016 |language=bn |archive-date=23 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123134247/https://bengali.oneindia.com/movies/reviews/movie-review-bengali-movie-banchha-elo-fire-011286.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2017|| ''Nimki Fulki'' ||<ref>{{cite news |title=আগে আস্তে সুস্থে ফ্লোরে যেতাম, এখন মেকআপ শেষ করেই বউ তাগাদা দেয়: অভিমন্যু |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/nimki-fulki-2-is-coming-soon-dgtl-1.1195984 |access-date=20 January 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=29 August 2020 |language=bn |archive-date=9 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209101151/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/nimki-fulki-2-is-coming-soon-dgtl-1.1195984 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2017|| ''[[Dekh Kemon Lage]]'' ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Ruman |title=Dekh Kemon Lage, starring Soham Chakraborty and Subhashree Ganguly is a romcom with a message in the end |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/subhashree-isnt-someone-whos-pretty-she-can-act-to-save-her-life-soham/articleshow/59679343.cms |access-date=20 January 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=20 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
|2018|| [[Naqaab (2018 film)|''Naqaab'']]||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Sankha |title=Sayantika Banerjee is happy to see 'Naqaab' getting an overwhelming response |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/sayantika-banerjee-is-happy-to-see-naqaab-getting-an-overwhelming-response/articleshow/65322529.cms |access-date=20 January 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=8 August 2018 |archive-date=23 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123113316/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/sayantika-banerjee-is-happy-to-see-naqaab-getting-an-overwhelming-response/articleshow/65322529.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Film
! Result
! {{refh}}
|-
| 2013
|[[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]
| Best Cinematographer
| ''Mayabazaar''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web| title = 71st Annual BFJA Awards| publisher = BFJA Awards| url = http://www.bfjaaward.com/award-winners.php?year=2012| access-date = 2025-01-20| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052325/http://www.bfjaaward.com/award-winners.php?year=2012| archive-date = 2016-03-04| url-status = dead}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm3354828}}
* Premendu Bikash Chaki at [https://www.moviebuff.com/premendu-bikash-chaki Moviebuff]

[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengali film directors]]
[[Category:Bengali film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Indian cinematographers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]