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Mayasandra, Magadi

2026-05-07T09:39:36Z

Matrika: creating a info

{{Orphan|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mayasandra
| native_name = [[Kannada]]
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Mayasandra, Magadi is in Ramanagara district
| pushpin_map = Karnataka#India#Asia
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.122|77.123|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bengaluru South district|Bengaluru South]]
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 561101
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Ramanagara]], [[Magadi]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Gram Panchayat
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mayasandra''' is a medium size village located in [[Bengaluru South district]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Revenue Villages {{!}} Ramanagara District {{!}} India |url=https://ramanagara.nic.in/en/villages/ |access-date=2022-05-18 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Census India 2001 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/23860}}</ref> approximately 15 km from [[Shivagange]]. Mayasandra is surrounded by places including Beechanahalli, [[Sankighatta]], Sugganahalli, [[Kudur]], etc. When [[Ramanagara]] was carved out of Bangalore Rural in 2007,<ref>{{Cite web |title=History Of Ramanagara - RAMANAGARA DISTRICT POLICE |url=https://ramanagarapolice.karnataka.gov.in/page/About+District/History+Of+Ramanagara/en |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=ramanagarapolice.karnataka.gov.in |archive-date=22 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622025710/https://ramanagarapolice.karnataka.gov.in/page/About+District/History+Of+Ramanagara/en |url-status=dead }}</ref> being part of [[Magadi]] taluk, Mayasandra became part of Ramanagara.

==Overview==
Around 150 families reside in Mayasandra. Literacy rate of Mayasandra is 57.4%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayasandra Village Population - Magadi, Ramanagara, Karnataka |url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/karnataka/ramanagara/magadi/mayasandra-population.html |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=Censusindia2011.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Geography==
Mayasandra shares a lake with its neighboring village, Beechanahalli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayasandra Lake · Karnataka 561101 |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Mayasandra+Lake/@13.1206659,77.1261958,18.33z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3bafd38c30a8ffc9:0xe260105b6c9a901c!8m2!3d13.1208496!4d77.129821?shorturl=1 |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=Mayasandra Lake · Karnataka 561101 |language=en-IN}}</ref> The main crops grown in this village includes [[Finger millet|ragi]], [[wheat]], [[banana]], [[coconut]], [[tomato]], etc.

The location is accessible from Solur (around 16 km) or from Marur handpost (around 12 km) or from Thippasandra Handpost (around 12 km) - all of these locations lie right on NH 75 (Bangalore-Mangalore Highway). The location is also accessible from Dobbaspet via [[Shivagange]] or from [[Tumkur]] via Honnudike, Sugganahalli.

<mapframe latitude="13.121652" longitude="77.125066" zoom="16" width="400" height="300" align="right" />

==See also==
* [[Bengaluru South district]]
* [[Ramanagara]]
* [[Districts of Karnataka]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Cite web |title=Mayasandra Pin Code of Bangalore Rural district Karnataka India - Citypincode.in |url=https://www.citypincode.in/karnataka/bangalore-rural/mayasandra-561101 |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=City Pincode Finder Tool |language=English}}
* {{Cite web |title=MAYASANDRA Pin Code - 561101, Magadi All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search BANGALORE RURAL Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/karnataka/bangalore-rural/mayasandra-pincode-561101.html |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=news.abplive.com}}

[[Category:Villages in Ramanagara district]]

Lokhimon

2026-05-07T00:53:37Z

Matrika: creating stub

{{Short description|Hindu religious reform movement among the Karbi people of Northeast India}}
{{Infobox religion
| name = Lokhimon
| native_name = Lokhimon Adhorom
| main_classification = New religious movement / Reform movement
| orientation = Syncretic Vaishnavite reform with Karbi elements
| founder = Kurusar Lokhon Engti Hensek
| founded_date = 4–5 February 1959
| founded_place = Karbi Anglong region, Northeast India
| area = Assam and Arunachal Pradesh
| language = Karbi, Assamese
}}

'''Lokhimon''' ('''''Lokhimon Adhorom''''' '''or ''Aronkimi''''') is a religious movement originating among the [[Karbi people]] of Northeast India in the mid-20th century. Scholars describe it as an indigenous reform tradition combining elements of Karbi ancestral religion with devotional (''bhakti'') practices strongly influenced by [[Vaishnavism]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bhattacharjee |first=S. |title=Tradition and Contemporary Changes in the Religious Belief of the Karbi People in Karbi Anglong, Assam |journal=Anthropologist |year=2020 |volume=40 |issue=1-3 |pages=16–33}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite thesis |last=Sangma |first=Racheal D. |title=Rediscovering the Significance of Totems among the Karbis of Assam |date=February 2020 |degree=Thesis |url=http://dspace.cus.ac.in/jspui/handle/1/6973 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
Lokhimon traces its beginning to 4–5 February 1959 under the leadership of Kurusar Lokhon Engti (also spelled Lokhon Engti Hensek).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2402135.pdf |title=A study on the Karbis of Arunachal Pradesh |publisher=JETIR |date=February 2024 |access-date=22 November 2025}}</ref> In subsequent decades, congregational centres and prayer houses were established in different Karbi settlements, particularly in [[Karbi Anglong district|Karbi Anglong]], and participation gradually expanded.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://journal.equinoxpub.com/IRT/article/view/26186 |title=New Karbi Religious Movements and Identity Formation |journal=International Review of Tribal Studies}}</ref>

==Beliefs and practices==
[[File:Wearing Karbi traditional dress in the lokhimon temple.jpg|thumb|a Lokhimon temple]]
The movement incorporates Karbi ancestral beliefs while adopting Vaishnavite themes centred on devotion and moral discipline. The founder occupies a revered role within the movement's theological framework, and hymns, prayers and narratives associated with him form an important textual and ritual corpus.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Swapan |title=Tradition and Contemporary Changes in the Religious Belief of the Karbi People in Karbi Anglong, Assam |journal=Anthropologist |year=2020 |volume=40 |issue=1–3 |pages=16–33 |doi=10.31901/24566802.2020/40.1-3.2054 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The place of worship, Lokhimon temples resembles the [[Shankha|shankh]] (''shonkho/pongot'') and it has a structure of snake on top of it, which are associated with Vishnu. In the temple, idol worship is not done instead a diya (single earthen lamp) is placed. The offeringsmade to Vishnu includes flowers, fruits etc. Thursday is considered very auspicious day and on that day Lokhimons visits the temple and observe a strict vegetarian diet.<ref name=":1" />

Among followers of Lokhimon, wearing a sacred thread called ''Legam'' or ''Sun-lek'' is an essential religious practice. This tradition is comparable to the sacred thread worn by Brahmins in mainstream Hinduism; however, unlike the Brahmanical system, the practice among Lokhimon followers is mandatory for all adherents including women.<ref name=":1" />

The movement about 114 worship centers called ''Lokhimon adovan (temples)'' and has four ashrams also called ''Dovan Longri Anei'':<ref name=":0" />

* Bapuram Tokbi village, Assam
* Japralangso, Assam
* Kokila, Arunachal Pradesh
* Rongnagar, Bakulia, Assam

==Festivals and observances==
The most significant annual event is the Foundation Day, commonly known as ''Karcho'' or ''Lokhimon Karcho'', held on or around 4–5 February to mark the origin of the movement in 1959 under Kurusar Lokhon Engti Hensek. The observance typically lasts several days and includes congregational prayer, the recitation of hymns connected to the founder, ritual cleaning and renewal of the prayer houses, and large community feasts.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thehillstimes.in/assam/lokhimon-karcho-observed-karbi-anglong-6-feb-2025 |title=Karbi Anglong Celebrates Lokhimon Karcho |date=6 February 2025 |access-date=22 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://thehillstimes.in/assam/66th-lokhimon-karcho-celebration |title=66th Lokhimon Karcho Celebration |date=4 February 2024 |access-date=22 November 2025}}</ref> Some of these observances take place at Dolamara Bokaram Tokbi village, which is closely associated with the early development of the movement and functions as one of its symbolic centres.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/TheDrongoExpress/posts/63rd-foundation-day-of-hemphu-lokhimon-religion-celebrated-across-karbi-anglongc/242961310711617/ |title=63rd Foundation Day of Hemphu Lokhimon Religion Celebrated Across Karbi Anglong |access-date=22 November 2025}}</ref>

Besides fixed commemorations, Lokhimon congregations regularly conduct community feasts and cultural gatherings, often featuring musical and dramatic performances that express the history and teachings of the movement. In many congregations these occasions have taken the place of earlier animal-sacrifice rituals, in line with the reformist and devotional ethos emphasised within Lokhimon.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thehillstimes.in/assam/lokhimon-adhorom-observes-76th-kuru-chingduk |title=Lokhimon Adhorom Observes 76th Kuru Chingduk |date=18 June 2022 |access-date=22 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Swapan |title=Tradition and Contemporary Changes in the Religious Belief of the Karbi People in Karbi Anglong, Assam |journal=Anthropologist |year=2020 |volume=40 |issue=1–3 |pages=16–33 |doi=10.31901/24566802.2020/40.1-3.2054|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Although Lokhimon has developed its own ritual calendar, several observances occur in proximity to cycles in the wider Karbi religious calendar; for example, Karcho frequently follows the traditional Karbi festival Rongker, reinforcing symbolism of renewal and community identity.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://assamtribune.com/rongker-58th-hemphu-lokhimon-karcho-festivals-celebrated/ |title=Rongker, 58th Hemphu Lokhimon Karcho Festival Celebrated |date=14 September 2010 |access-date=22 November 2025}}</ref>
==Demography==
Lokhimon is followed primarily among sections of the Karbi population of Assam and, to a smaller extent, Arunachal Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2402135.pdf |title=A study on the Karbis of Arunachal Pradesh |publisher=JETIR |date=February 2024}}</ref> In some settlements it is the predominant religious affiliation, while in others it coexists with Karbi ancestral religion and Christianity.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ingti |first=Ruth K. |title=New Karbi Religious Movements and Identity Formation |journal=International Review of Tribal Studies |year=2023 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=45–63 |publisher=Equinox Publishing |url=https://journal.equinoxpub.com/IRT/article/view/26186 |access-date=22 November 2025 }}</ref>

The movement has about 60,000<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-11-26 |title=Assam Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma announced on November 26 the construction of the Lokhiman temple in Karbi Anglong |url=https://pragnews.com/en/assam-cm-himanta-biswa-sarma-announces-rs-5-crore-for-the-construction-of-lokhimon-temple-in-karbi-anglong |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=pragnews.com |language=en}}</ref> to 1 lakh followers.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-02-06 |title=Karbi Anglong Celebrates Lokhimon Karcho - The Hills Times |url=https://thehillstimes.in/assam/karbi-anglong-celebrates-lokhimon-karcho |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250422132247/https://thehillstimes.in/assam/karbi-anglong-celebrates-lokhimon-karcho |archive-date=2025-04-22 |access-date=2025-11-22 |work=The Hills Times |language=en-US}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Karbi people]]
* [[Religion in Assam]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Religious syncretism]]
[[Category:New religious movements established in the 1950s]]
[[Category:Religion in Assam]]
[[Category:Culture of Assam]]
[[Category:Culture of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Vaishnavism]]

R. Nageswara Rao

2026-05-05T09:09:15Z

Matrika: put up biography

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = R. Nageswara Rao
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption = R Nageswara rao
| birth_name = Rajanala Nageswara Rao
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1928|07|01}}
| birth_place = [[Secunderabad]], [[Hyderabad State]], British India
| death_date = 1959
| death_place = Madras
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| spouse =
| awards =
}}
'''Rajanala Nageswara Rao''' (1928–1959) was an Indian actor known for his works in [[Telugu cinema]], and was one of the lead actors of his time.<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/starring-a-nageswara-rao-jamuna-girja-hemalatha-relangi-gummadi-ramana-reddy-csr-allu-ramalingaiah-r-nageswara-rao/article7685387.ece |title=Blast from the past: Illarikam (1959) |work=The Hindu |date=2015-09-24 |accessdate=2016-05-29|last1=Narasimham |first1=M. l. }}</ref><ref>telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/1953_Kanna_talli_printer.php</ref> He is best known for his works in award-winning hits such as ''[[Devadasu (1953 film)|Devadasu]]'' (1953), ''[[Kanna Talli]]'' (1953), ''Paropakaram'' (1953), ''[[Raju Peda]]'' (1954), ''[[Aggi Ramudu]]'' (1954), ''Ilavelupu'' (1954), ''[[Donga Ramudu (1955 film)|Donga Ramudu]]'' (1955), ''[[Maya Bazaar]]'' (1957), and ''[[Pelli Naati Pramanalu]]'' (1958).<ref name="thehindu1"/>

==Early life==
He was born in 1928. He has studied in the [[Aligarh Muslim University]]. He joined with the Paramount theater as a manager. He worked under the direction of [[P. Pullaiah]] in the film ''Sankranthi''.<ref name="thehindu1"/>

==Dialogues==
He is particularly good at delivering the dialogues with punch. Some of the memorable dialogues are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archives.eenadu.net/07-19-2012/Cinema/Cinemainner.aspx?qry=gnapaka |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-07-24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120725181312/http://archives.eenadu.net/07-19-2012/Cinema/Cinemainner.aspx?qry=gnapaka |archivedate=2012-07-25 }}</ref>
* ''ade debba, ade cheyyi'' - ''[[Appu Chesi Pappu Koodu]]''
* ''babulu gadi debba ante golkonda abba'' - ''[[Donga Ramudu (1955 film)|Donga Ramudu]]''
* ''bhale mama bhale, ade mana takshana kartavyam'' - ''[[Mayabazar]]''
* ''[[SMS Emden|emden!]]'' - ''[[Pellinaati Pramanalu]]''

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Notes
|-
| 1952
| ''Sankranti''
|
| Telugu
|
|-
| 1953
| ''[[Devadasu (1953 film)|Devadasu]]''
|
| Telugu
|
|-
| 1953
| ''[[Chandirani]]''
|
| Telugu Tamil Hindi
|-
| 1953
| ''[[Kanna Talli]]''
| Chalapathi
| Telugu
|
|-
| 1953
| ''[[Kanna Talli|Petra Thai]]''
| Chalapati
| Tamil
|
|-
| 1953
| ''Paropakaram''
|
| Telugu
|-
| 1954
| ''[[Aggi Ramudu]]''
|
| Telugu
|
|-
| 1954
| ''[[Raju Peda]]''
|
| Telugu
|
|-
|1954
|''[[Chandraharam]]''
|
|Telugu
|
|-
| 1955
| ''[[Donga Ramudu (1955 film)|Donga Ramudu]]''
| Babulu
| Telugu
|
|-
| 1955
| ''[[Cherapakura Chedevu]]''
|Dayanidhi
| Telugu
|
|-
| 1955
| ''[[Santosham (1955 film)|Santosham]]''
|
| Telugu
|
|-
| 1956
| ''Jayam Manade''
|
| Telugu
|
|-
| 1956
| ''[[Marma Veeran]]''
|
| Tamil
| guest appearance
|-
| 1957
| ''[[Maya Bazaar]]''
| [[Dushasana]]
| Telugu
|
|-
| 1957
| ''Sankalpam''
| Kondalu
| Telugu
|
|-
| 1957
| ''[[Vinayaka Chaviti]]''
|
| Telugu
|
|-
| 1957
| ''Dongallo Dora''
|
| Telugu
|
|-
| 1958
| ''[[Raja Nandini]]''
|
| Telugu
|
|-
| 1958
| ''[[Pelli Naati Pramanalu]]''
| Bheemasena Rao's son
| Telugu
|
|-
| 1958
| ''Mundadugu''
|
| Telugu
|
|-
| 1958
| ''Anna Tammudu''
|
| Telugu
|
|-
| 1958
| ''Bhuloka Ramba''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhuloka Rambha (1958) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ALAS |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Veerakesari
| Telugu
|
|-
| 1958
| ''Inti Guttu''
| Prabhakaram
| Telugu
|
|-
| 1958
| ''Shri Ramanjaneya Yuddham''
|
| Telugu
|
|-
| 1958
| ''[[Kadan Vaangi Kalyaanam]]''
| Bheeman
| Tamil
|
|-
| 1959
| ''[[Appu Chesi Pappu Koodu]]''
| Ramdin
| Telugu
|
|-
| 1959
| ''[[Illarikam]]''
| Seshagiri
| Telugu
|
|-
| 1959
| ''[[Sabhash Ramudu]]''
| Bhupathi
| Telugu
|
|-
| 1959
| ''Pelli Sandadi''
|
| Telugu
|
|-
| 1960
| ''[[Sri Venkateswara Mahatyam]]''
|
| Telugu
|
|-
| 1960
| ''Makkala Rajya''
|
|Telugu
|-
| 1960
| ''Anna Chellalu''
|
| Telugu
|
|-
| 1960
| ''Bhakta Shabari''
|
|Telugu
|
|-
| 1960
| ''Jagannatakam''
|
| Telugu
|
|-
| 1960
| ''Pillalu Techina Challani Rajyam''
|
| Telugu
|
|-
| 1966
| ''[[Paramanandayya Shishyula Katha]]''
|
| Telugu
| (final film role)
|}

==Death==
He died of [[Tuberculosis]] at the age of 31 on 5 August 1959.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/ntr-as-the-protagonist-ramu-displayed-subtle-emotions-with-impeccable-ease-underplaying-the-character/article7611376.ece |title= Sabhash Ramudu |work=The Hindu|date= 3 September 2015 |last1= Narasimham |first1= M. l. }}</ref> ''Sabhash Ramudu'' was his last major release. He finished the work on other unreleased films ''Bhaktha Sabari'' and ''Jagannatakam'' before his untimely death.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0704599}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Rajanala Nageswara}}
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:1959 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Date of death missing]]

Jalgaon City Municipal Corporation

2026-04-30T18:09:21Z

Matrika:

{{Short description|Local civic body in Jalgaon, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Tone|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Jalgaon City Municipal Corporation
| image =
| house_type = Municipal Corporation
| body = Jalgaon
| leader1_type = Mayor
| leader1 = Deepmala Kale
| party1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader2_type = Deputy Mayor
| leader2 = Manoj Chaudhary
| party2 = [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]]
| leader3_type = Commissioner
| leader3 = Dnyaneshwar Dattatray Dhere
| structure1 = India Maharashtra Jalgaon City Municipal Corporation Election 2026.svg
| structure1_res = 300px
| political_groups1 = '''Government (70)'''
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (46)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}}} [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]] (22)
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party|1}}
:*{{Party legend|Independent|1|shortname=IND}}<ref>https://www.loksatta.com/nashik/deepmala-kale-the-17th-mayor-of-jalgaon-and-manoj-chaudhary-the-deputy-mayor-dvr-99-5693500/</ref>
''' Opposition (5)'''
:*{{Party legend|Shiv Sena (UBT)|5}}
| seats = 75
| last_election1 = [[2025–26 Maharashtra local election|15 January 2026]]<ref>{{cite web |title=BMC, 28 other municipal corporations to go for polls on January 15; result on January 16 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/maharashtra/maharashtra-bmc-28-other-municipal-corporations-to-go-for-polls-on-january-15-result-on-january-16-latest-updates-2025-12-15-1021804 |publisher=India TV News |date=15 December 2025}}</ref>
| next_election1 = 2031
| website = [http://www.jcmc.gov.in http://www.jcmc.gov.in]
|coa_pic= |foundation=March 2003
}}
[[File:Jalgoan-Corporation.webp|thumb]]
'''Jalgaon City Municipal Corporation''' ('''JCMC''') is the local Urban administrative body of the [[Jalgaon]] city in the [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra]]. It is situated in [[North Maharashtra]] administrative–geographical region of the state.

Jalgaon municipality was established in the year 1864.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://censusindia.gov.in |title=District census handbook Jalgaon 1961 |publisher=The Maharashtra census office Bombay |year=1966 |language=en |format=PDF }}</ref> The [[Municipal Corporation|Municipal corporation]] is composed of [[democratically elected]] members and currently{{Peacock inline|date=March 2023}} headed by [[Mayor]] Deepmala Kale of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jcmc.gov.in/english/mayor.html|title=Jalgaon City Municipal Corporation|website=www.jcmc.gov.in|access-date=8 April 2021|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412160610/http://www.jcmc.gov.in/english/mayor.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> It administers the city's infrastructure and [[public service]]s. JMC was founded on 21 March 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jalgaon City Municipal Corporation |url=http://www.jcmc.gov.in/english/about_us.html|access-date=2021-04-13|website=www.jcmc.gov.in}}</ref> It serves an area of 68.78 km2 and provides [[civil service]]s and facilities for approximately 460,000 people.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jcmc.gov.in/|title=Jalgaon City Municipal Corporation |website=www.jcmc.gov.in}}</ref>

== History ==
The British government established the Jalgaon municipality in the year 1864, it had 35 municipal councils until 1961 census. In 1961 its population was 80,315.<ref name=":0" />

== Revenue sources ==

The following are the Income sources for the corporation from the central and state Government.<ref name="Ja11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ja12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ja13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Property tax
* Profession tax
* Entertainment tax
* Grants from Central and State Government like ''[[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax]]'' (GST)
* Advertisement tax

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the non-tax related revenue streams of the corporation :

* Water bills
* Fees from Documentation services
* Rent received from municipal property
* Funds from municipal bonds

===Budget===

Its budget for 2023-24 was 886 crore 70 lakh rupees.
Budget for 2024-25 is 981 crore 47 lakh 29 thousands rupees(11% higher than last year).

== Housing scam ==
{{Main |Jalgaon housing scam}}
In 1996, the officials of the corporation built 200 houses for individuals living [[Below Poverty Line|below the poverty line]]. The project tender attracted 11 responses. ''Khandesh Builders'' was awarded the contract.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Two former Maharashtra ministers convicted in Rs 110-crore Jalgaon housing scam case - The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/two-former-maharashtra-ministers-convicted-in-rs-110-crore-jalgaon-housing-scam-case/articleshow/70924125.cms|access-date=2021-03-03|website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

The Jalgaon Housing Scam (Marathi : ''Jalgaon Gharkul Ghotala or Gharkul Ghotala'', घरकुल घोटाळा) was publicized in 2012. It was alleged that documents were forged and deadlines illegally overridden by firms owned by [[Suresh Jain]] and [[Gulabrao Devkar]], the sitting ministers of Maharashtra.

The scam was exposed when [[Praveen Gedam]], the municipal commissioner of Jalgaon, filed a [[First information report|First Information Report]] against Jain and Devkar. [[Chandrakant Sonawane]], a member of the 13th [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] and the architect of the project, along with 90 others, were sued for providing forged documents and also for delaying and overriding multiple deadlines.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balajiwale |first=Vaishali |date=2012-03-11|title=MLA Suresh Jain arrested in housing scam |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mla-suresh-jain-arrested-in-housing-scam-1660949|access-date=2021-03-03|website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> After years of court proceedings, [[Dhule district|Dhule District]] Court sentenced Jain and Devkar to seven and five years in prison, respectively,<ref>{{Citation |title=Shiv Sena MLA arrested in Jalgaon Gharkul scam-NewsX|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cVrSokelGJg|language=en|access-date=2021-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-06-19|title=Jalgaon housing scam: State govt yet to grant sanction to hold trial|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/jalgaon-housing-scam-state-govt-yet-to-grant-sanction-to-hold-trial/story-yC6snpqueShCl7fmGtOtLK.html|access-date=2021-03-03|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> under the [[Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988]], [[Indian Penal Code]] Section [[Section 420 of the Indian Penal Code|420]], and many sections of [[corruption]], [[Embezzlement|misuse of office]], [[Cheating (law)|cheating]], theft of taxpayer money, submitting forged documents, [[fraud]], and [[confidence trick]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter|date=2012-05-22|title=Maharashtra Minister held for Jalgaon housing scam |language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/maharashtra-minister-held-for-jalgaon-housing-scam/article3443424.ece|access-date=2021-03-03|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=घरकुल घोटाळा प्रकरण: सुरेश जैन यांना सात वर्षांचा कारावास|language=mr|work=BBC News मराठी|url=https://www.bbc.com/marathi/india-49536359|access-date=2021-03-03}}</ref> The [[Jalgaon housing scam]] was one of the largest scams of Maharashtra, totaling Rs 110-crore. Investigation revealed that Minister Suresh Jain, Gulabrao Devkar, Khandesh Builders, the architects, and other corporates conspired to exploit the Government of India's affordable housing initiative, [[Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana]]–then called the ''Gharkul'' scheme.

A police investigation led by [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer Ishu Sindhu exposed that the owners of Khandesh Builders were friends with Suresh Jain and that the entity's headquarters were located at Jain's residence. The money given by Jalgaon Municipal Corporation to Khandesh Builders first advanced Rs 15-crore then Rs 45-crore routed to firms owned by Jain's friends and family members. Builders started work on 5,000 houses but completed only 1,500.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=PTI|date=Aug 31, 2019|title=Maharashtra housing scam: 7 years jail, Rs 100 crore fine for former minister Suresh Jain {{!}} Mumbai News-Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/maharashtra-housing-scam-7-years-jail-rs-100-crore-fine-for-former-minister-suresh-jain/articleshow/70925280.cms|access-date=2021-03-03|website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Mayors of Jalgaon ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sr. No.
! Year
! Mayor
! Political Party
! Notes
|-
|1
| 21 September 2003 – 20 March 2006
| Asha Kolhe
|{{legend2|#0000E7|[[Khandesh Vikas Aghadi]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|<ref name="dm2026"/>
|-
|2
| 21 March 2006 – 21 September 2008
| Tanuja Tadvi
|{{legend2|#0000E7|[[Khandesh Vikas Aghadi]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|<ref name="dm2026"/>
|-
|3
| 22 September 2008 - 29 November 2009
| Ramesh Jain
|{{legend2|#0000E7|[[Khandesh Vikas Aghadi]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|<ref name="dm2026"/>
|-
|4
| 30 November 2009 – 21 March 2011
| Pradip Raisoni
|{{legend2|#0000E7|[[Khandesh Vikas Aghadi]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|<ref name="dm2026"/>
|-
|5
| 22 March 2011 – 19 September 2011
| Ashok Sapkale
|{{legend2|#0000E7|[[Khandesh Vikas Aghadi]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|<ref name="dm2026"/>
|-
|6
| 20 September 2011 – 3 April 2012
| Sadashiv Dhekale
|{{legend2|#0000E7|[[Khandesh Vikas Aghadi]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|<ref name="dm2026"/>
|-
|7
| 4 April 2012 - 2 October 2012
| Vishnu Bhangale
|{{legend2|#0000E7|[[Khandesh Vikas Aghadi]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|<ref name="dm2026"/>
|-
|8
| 3 October 2012 - 27 March 2013
| Jayashri Dhande
|{{legend2|#0000E7|[[Khandesh Vikas Aghadi]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|<ref name="dm2026"/>
|-
|9
| 28 March 2012 - 19 September 2013
| Kishor Patil
|{{legend2|#0000E7|[[Khandesh Vikas Aghadi]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|<ref name="dm2026"/>
|-
|10
| 20 September 2013 - 9 March 2016
| Rakhi Sonawane
|{{legend2|#0000E7|[[Khandesh Vikas Aghadi]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|<ref name="dm2026"/>
|-
|11
| 10 March 2016 - 22 August 2017
| Nitin Laddha
|{{legend2|#0000E7|[[Khandesh Vikas Aghadi]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|<ref name="dm2026"/>
|-
|12
| 23 August 2017 - 9 July 2018
| [[Lalit Kolhe]]
|{{legend2|#5F2301|[[Maharashtra Navnirmaan Sena]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|<ref name="dm2026"/>
|-
|13
| 10 July 2018 - 19 September 2018
| Ganesh Sonawane
|{{legend2|#0000E7|[[Khandesh Vikas Aghadi]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|<ref name="dm2026"/>
|-
|14
| 20 September 2018 - 26 January 2020
| Seema Bhole
|{{legend2|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|<ref name="dm2026"/>
|-
|15
| 27 January 2020 - 17 March 2021
| Bharti Sonawane
|{{legend2|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|<ref name="dm2026"/>
|-
|16
| 18 March 2021 - 17 September 2023
| Jayshree Mahajan
|{{legend2|{{Party color|Shiv Sena}}|[[Shiv Sena]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|<ref name="dm2026"/>
|-
|\-\
| 18 September 2023 - 5 February 2026
| Administrative Rule Under Commissioner
|
|
|-
|17
| 6 February 2026 – present
| Deepmala Kale
|{{legend2|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|
|}

<ref name="dm2026">''Divya Marathi'', Jalgaon edition, April 2026.</ref>

== Deputy Mayors of Jalgaon ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Mayor
! Political Party
! Notes
|-
| 2016 – 2017
| [[Lalit Kolhe]]
|{{legend2|#5F2301|[[Maharashtra Navnirmaan Sena]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|
|-
| 2017 – 2018
| Ganesh Sonawane
|{{legend2|#0000E7|[[Khandesh Vikas Aghadi]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|
|-
| 2018 – 2021
| Ashwin Shantaram Sonawane
|{{legend2|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|
|-
| 2021 – 2022
| Kulbhushan Patil
|{{legend2|{{Party color|Shiv Sena}}|[[Shiv Sena]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|
|-
| 2026 – present
| Manoj Chaudhary
|{{legend2|{{Party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|
|}

==List of Chairman, Standing Committee==

{{Empty section|date=November 2022}}

== Alliance Composition ==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
!S.No.
!Party name
!Party flag or symbol
!Alliance
! colspan="2" |Number of Corporators
|-
|'''01'''
|'''[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)'''
|'''[[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|75x75px]]'''
|[[National Democratic Alliance]]
|'''46'''
|{{Composition bar|46|75|hex={{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|-
|'''02'''
|'''[[Shiv Sena (2022-present)]] (SS)'''
|'''[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Bow_And_Arrow.svg|75x75px]]'''
|[[National Democratic Alliance]]
|'''22'''
|{{Composition bar|22|75|hex={{Party color|Shiv Sena}}}}
|-
|03
|'''[[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP)'''
|'''[[File:NCP-flag.svg|75x75px]]'''
|[[National Democratic Alliance]]
|'''1'''
|{{Composition bar|1|75|hex={{Party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}}}
|-
|04
|'''Bharti Sagar Sonawane'''
|'''Independent'''
|[[National Democratic Alliance]]
|'''1'''
|{{Composition bar|1|75|hex=Gray}}
|-
|05
|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)]] (SS(UBT))
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Flaming Torch.png|75x75px|flameing torch]]
|
|05
|{{Composition bar|5|75|hex={{Party color|Shiv Sena (UBT)}}}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
[https://jalgaonlive.news/administration/municipal-corporation/ Jalgaon Municipal Corporation News]

{{Municipal Corporations in Maharashtra}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jalgaon City Municipal Corporation}}
[[Category:2003 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Jalgaon]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Maharashtra]]

Gulbarga Dakshin Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:26:57Z

Matrika: new a data - done

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gulbarga Dakshin
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 44
| map_image = 45-Gulbarga Dakshin constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Allamprabhu Patil]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| district = [[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Gulbarga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gulbarga]]
| established = 2008
| electors = {{formatnum:279251}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| reservation = None
}}
'''Gulbarga Dakshin Assembly constituency''' is one of the seats in [[Karnataka]] state assembly in India, established in 2008.<ref>{{cite news |title=List of elected members of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly |url=http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/14assemblymemberslist.htm |work=kar.nic|access-date=9 October 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= 9 October 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Gulbarga Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || Chandrashekhar Patil Revoor || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2010 elections in India#Karnataka|2010 By-election]] || Aruna C. Patil Revoor || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || rowspan="2" | [[Dattatraya C. Patil Revoor]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Allamprabhu Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gulbarga Dakshin <ref name=election2023/><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Gulbarga Dakshin">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Gulbarga Dakshin |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1044.htm?ac=44 |access-date=18 April 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250418182836/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1044.htm?ac=44 |archive-date=18 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Allamprabhu Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 87,345 |percentage = 54.74% |change = {{increase}}13.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Dattatraya C. Patil Revoor]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 66,297 |percentage = 41.55% |change = {{decrease}}3.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishna Reddy |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,409 |percentage = 0.88% |change = {{decrease}}9.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,284 |percentage = 0.80% |change = {{increase}}0.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sharanabasappa. Pappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,050 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,048 |percentage = 13.19% |change = {{increase}}9.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 159,789 |percentage = 57.22% |change = {{increase}}2.42 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 159,567}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 279,251 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.91 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}9.86 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gulbarga Dakshin <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election -2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=7 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=karCeoResults2018>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/GenELC_2018/ResultsACWise.PDF |title=Karnataka 2018 - Candidate-wise Votes Details |date=2018-05-16 |access-date=7 September 2021 |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Election Office - Karnataka}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Dattatraya C. Patil Revoor]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 64,788 |percentage = 44.88% |change = {{increase}}9.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Allamprabhu Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 59,357 |percentage = 41.12% |change = {{increase}}20.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basavaraj Diggavi |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 14,359 |percentage = 9.95% |change = {{decrease}}15.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suryakant Nimbalkar |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,853 |percentage = 1.28% |change = {{decrease}}0.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,114 |percentage = 0.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,431 |percentage = 3.76% |change = {{decrease}}5.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 144,480 |percentage = 54.80% |change = {{decrease}}1.14 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 144,362}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 263,662 |ref = |change = {{increase}}24.37 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}9.73 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gulbarga Dakshin <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Dattatraya C. Patil Revoor]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 36,850 |percentage = 35.15% |change = {{increase}}4.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shashil. G. Namoshi |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 26,880 |percentage = 25.64% |change = {{decrease}}8.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kailash Veerendra Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,074 |percentage = 21.06% |change = {{decrease}}9.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. K. Kanta |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 22,065 |percentage = 21.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vasudev Rao Bheemrao |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,444 |percentage = 1.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Poojari Dharmaveer. S. Pattan |party = Independent politician |votes = 708 |percentage = 0.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,970 |percentage = 9.51% |change = {{increase}}6.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 118,588 |percentage = 55.94% |change = {{increase}}1.06 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 104,839}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 212,000 |ref = |change = {{increase}}0.83 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}0.98 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 2010 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2010 elections in India#Karnataka|2010 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Gulbarga Dakshin <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15622-bye-elections-july-to-dec-2024/ |title= Bye-Elections, July to Dec, 2024 - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Aruna C. Patil Revoor |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 39,430 |percentage = 34.17% |change = {{increase}}20.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. G. Namoshi |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 35,898 |percentage = 31.11% |change = {{decrease}}14.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Dharamasingh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 35,567 |percentage = 30.83% |change = {{decrease}}0.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Dorepalli |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,282 |percentage = 1.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. M. S. Hussaini |party = Independent politician |votes = 950 |percentage = 0.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,532 |percentage = 3.06% |change = {{decrease}}11.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 115,378 |percentage = 54.88% |change = {{increase}}3.98 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 115,378}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 210,255 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.27 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}11.84 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gulbarga Dakshin <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Chandrashekhar Patil Revoor |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 45,380 |percentage = 46.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basawaraj Bhimalli |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,090 |percentage = 31.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. K. Kanta |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 13,876 |percentage = 14.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gulam Rabbani |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,467 |percentage = 3.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sayyad Sajjad Ali |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,630 |percentage = 1.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ambaray Mahamuni |party = Rashtriya Hindustan Sena Karnataka |votes = 656 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,290 |percentage = 14.49% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 98,845 |percentage = 50.90% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 98,634}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 194,199 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|17.31|76.82|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kalaburagi]]
[[Category:Kalaburagi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Shannon B. Olsson

2026-04-14T01:25:26Z

Matrika: Started a article

{{Short description|Chemical Ecologist (born 1977)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Shannon B. Olsson
| honorific_suffix =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1977|07|18|df=y}}
| image = Shannon Olsson - 1.png
| caption = Shannon Olsson at the INK Conference in Goa, India 2016.
| alma_mater = {{hlist|[[Nazareth College (New York)]]|[[Cornell University]]}}
| awards = {{hlist|[[Fulbright Program]]|[[INK Fellow]]|[[Ramanujan Fellowship]]}}
| field = Chemical Ecology
| thesis_title = The scent of speciation
| thesis_url = https://catalog.library.cornell.edu/catalog/5867959
| thesis_year = 2005
| doctoral_advisor = {{hlist|[[Thomas Eisner]]|[[Wendell L. Roelofs]]}}
| doctoral_students =
| website = {{URL|https://www.shannonolsson.com}}
}}

'''Shannon B. Olsson''' (born Bice,<ref name="Birth">{{cite news |last1=Parish |first1=Grace |date=27 July 1977 |title=Baby Girl Born to Joyce and Norman Bice |volume=90 |page=22 |publisher=Tribune Press |issue=48 |location=Gouvernor, NY |url=https://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&d=trp19770727-01.1.22 |access-date=23 April 2023}}</ref> 18 July 1977) is a scientist working on [[chemical ecology]]<ref name="Nature">{{cite journal |last1=Lemming |first1=Jack |title=This ecologist uses fake flowers to study India's insects |journal=Nature |date=13 December 2022 |volume=612 |issue=582 |page=582 |doi=10.1038/d41586-022-04427-4 |pmid=36510016 |bibcode=2022Natur.612..582L |s2cid=254619216 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and [[sustainability]],<ref name="ET Insights">{{cite web |last1=Nair |first1=Queenie |title=The Global Director of The Echo Network discusses the future of sustainability in India and globally |url=https://etinsights.et-edge.com/a-fresh-approach-or-an-indian-model-of-sustainability-is-the-future/ |website=ET Insights |date=12 January 2023 |publisher=Economic Times |access-date=24 April 2023}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Elizabeth |first=Shilpa |date=3 August 2023 |title='Sustainability is not just about reduction of consumption, but also about uplifting those in the bottom of the pyramid' |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/sustainability-is-not-just-about-reduction-of-consumption-but-also-about-uplifting-those-in-the-bottom-of-the-pyramid/article67150456.ece |access-date=27 August 2023}}</ref> particularly in the context of Indian ecosystems. Olsson is the founder and Global Director<ref name="EchoBioScience">{{cite web |last1=Krishnan |first1=Anusha |title=The echo network – raising voices for a better future |url=https://indiabioscience.org/columns/indian-scenario/the-echo-network-raising-voices-for-a-better-future |website=India Bioscience |access-date=24 April 2023 |date=2020-10-07}}</ref><ref name="echoPIB">{{cite press release |last1=Delhi |first1=PIB |title=EChO Network launched to catalyze cross-disciplinary leadership in India; will train educators and students in interdisciplinary manner |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1597013 |access-date=24 April 2023 |agency=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Government of India |date=2019-12-20}}</ref> of the echo network, a "science with society" network crossing 45 countries. She serves through the echo network's international hub as Special Scientific Envoy to India<ref name="ATV Report">{{cite report |title=Akademiet For De Tekniske Videnskaber Årsrapport 2021 |date=2022-04-01 |publisher=Danish Academy of Technical Sciences |url=https://atv.dk/files/media/document/17318_ATV__%C3%A5rsrapport%202021_small.pdf |access-date=24 April 2023}}</ref> with the Danish Academy of Technical Sciences (ATV) in close collaboration with the [[Innovation Centre Denmark]] in
India (under the auspices of the [[MFA Denmark]] and the [[Ministry of Higher Education and Science (Denmark)]]).<ref name="NNF">{{cite web |title=ATV will be a central focal point for Danish research's contribution to India's green transition |url=https://atv.dk/nyheder/nyhed/atv-bliver-centralt-omdrejningspunkt-dansk-forsknings-bidrag-til-indiens-groenne |website=Akademiet for de Tekniske Videnskaber |date=24 January 2022 |publisher=ATV |access-date=24 April 2023}}</ref> She previously served as a project leader at the [[Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology]] in Jena, Germany,<ref name="iChem">{{cite journal |last1=Olsson |first1=Shannon |display-authors=etal |title=Biosynthetic infochemical communication |journal=Bioinspiration & Biomimetics |date=2015-07-10 |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=043001 |doi=10.1088/1748-3190/10/4/043001 |pmid=26158233 |bibcode=2015BiBi...10d3001O |s2cid=21749064 |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-3190/10/4/043001/meta}}</ref> and then a faculty member of the [[National Centre for Biological Sciences]], [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] in Bangalore, India.<ref name="NCBS Join">{{cite web |title=NCBS welcomes new faculty member – Shannon Olsson |url=https://news.ncbs.res.in/archivednews/story/ncbs-welcomes-new-faculty-member-shannon-olsson |website=NCBS News |publisher=National Centre for Biological Sciences |access-date=23 April 2023 |date=2014-06-09}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Olsson was born '''Shannon Bryn Bice''' to Norman Allen Bice and Joyce Elaine Parish in [[De Peyster, New York]].<ref name="Birth" /> Olsson was educated at Heuvelton Central School in [[Heuvelton, New York]].<ref name="HCS Alumni">{{cite web |last1=Herron |first1=Tessa |title=HCS Alumni Newletter |url=https://issuu.com/therron1/docs/hcs_alumni_newsletter_spring_2017_- |website=issuu.com |access-date=23 April 2023 |date=2017-08-11}}</ref> She went on to study at [[Nazareth College (New York)]] where she received her [[Bachelor of Science]] degree in chemistry with secondary science education in 1999.<ref name="Naz Fulbright">{{cite web |title=Student Fulbright Scholars |url=https://www2.naz.edu/academics/fulbright/student-fulbright-scholars/ |website=Nazareth College |access-date=23 April 2023}}</ref> Olsson was awarded a PhD in 2005 in the Department of Neurobiology and Behavior at [[Cornell University]] with a specialization in Chemical Ecology under the supervision of Professors [[Thomas Eisner]] and [[Wendell L. Roelofs]].<ref name="Thesis">{{cite thesis|degree=PhD|publisher=Cornell University|title=The scent of speciation – The chemosensory basis for behavioral divergence involved in sympatric host shifts|first=Shannon Bryn|last=Olsson|year=2005|url=https://catalog.library.cornell.edu/catalog/5867959}}</ref> Her dissertation research examined the chemosensory basis for sympatric host shifts in ''[[Rhagoletis pomonella]]''.<ref name="Thesis" /> She was awarded the "Distinguished Alumni Award" from Heuvelton Central School,<ref name="HCS Alumni" /> the "Graduate of the Last Decade" by Nazareth College,<ref name="GOLD">{{cite magazine |last1=Geib |first1=Alan |title=Shannon Bice Olsson Receives GOLD Award |date=2010-03-21 |publisher=Nazareth College |location=Rochester NY, US |page=32 |edition=Vol. 22, No. 2 |url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/31170976/connections-spring-2010-nazareth-college |access-date=23 April 2023}}</ref> and her summer research at [[Clarkson University]] with Professor Yuzhuo Li was featured at the [[United States Capitol]] for the [[Council on Undergraduate Research]] "Posters on the Hill" event.<ref name="Clarkson">{{cite web |title=Clarkson Prof And Mentor From De Peyster Present Research At U.S. Capitol Tomorrow |url=https://www.clarkson.edu/news/clarkson-prof-and-mentor-de-peyster-present-research-us-capitol-tomorrow |website=Clarkson |publisher=Clarkson University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428234551/https://www.clarkson.edu/news/clarkson-prof-and-mentor-de-peyster-present-research-us-capitol-tomorrow |access-date=23 April 2023|archive-date=28 April 2023 }}</ref> Following her undergraduate studies, Olsson was awarded a [[Fulbright]] Fellowship to [[Lund University]] where she conducted research in neuroethology<ref name="Pachnoda 1">{{cite journal |last1=Stensmyr |first1=Marcus C. |display-authors=etal|title=Detection of fruit- and flower-emitted volatiles by olfactory receptor neurons in the polyphagous fruit chafer Pachnoda marginata (Coleoptera: Cetoniinae) |journal=Journal of Comparative Physiology A |date=2001-09-01 |volume=187 |issue=7 |pages=509–519 |doi=10.1007/s003590100222 |pmid=11730298 |s2cid=26010823 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s003590100222 |access-date=24 April 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Pachnoda 2">{{cite journal |last1=Larsson |first1=Mattias C. |display-authors=etal |title=Attractiveness of Fruit and Flower Odorants Detected by Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Fruit Chafer Pachnoda marginata |journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology |date=2003-05-01 |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=1253–1268 |doi=10.1023/A:1023893926038 |pmid=12857034 |bibcode=2003JCEco..29.1253L |s2cid=10444335 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1023893926038|url-access=subscription }}</ref> under [[Bill Hansson]].<ref name="Naz Fulbright" /><ref name="GOLD" /> Afterward, she began her graduate studies at Cornell University, and in 2006–2007 conducted postdoctoral research at the [[University of California, Los Angeles]]<ref name="UCLA">{{cite web |title=Shannon Olsson |url=http://zimmerlab.biology.ucla.edu/solsson/index.html |website=Zimmer Lab |publisher=UCLA |access-date=23 April 2023}}</ref> on the chemical ecology of marine invertebrates in California [[Kelp forest|kelp forests]].

==Career==
In 2007, she began her professional career as a Project Leader for the EU-funded program "Biosynthetic Infochemical Communication"<ref name="iChem EU">{{cite web |title=Biosynthetic Info-chemical Communication |url=https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/032275 |website=CORDIS |publisher=European Commission |access-date=23 April 2023}}</ref> at the [[Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology]] in Jena, Germany.<ref name="iChem" />

In 2014, Olsson joined the faculty of the [[National Centre for Biological Sciences]] (NCBS) at the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] in Bangalore, India, promoting chemical ecology across Indian ecosystems.<ref name="NCBS Join" /><ref name="Hindu NER Grant">{{cite news |last1=Rao |first1=Mohit |title=Rs. 25-cr. grant to study if flowers talk to each other |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/rs-25crore-grant-to-study-if-flowers-talk-to-each-other/article7142295.ece |access-date=23 April 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=2015-04-26}}</ref><ref name="collaborations in CE">{{cite web |last1=Bharath |first1=Harini |title=Fostering collaborations and creating a roadmap for Indian chemical ecology |url=https://indiabioscience.org/news/2016/fostering-collaborations-and-creating-a-roadmap-for-indian-chemical-ecology |website=India Bioscience |access-date=23 April 2023 |date=2016-04-26}}</ref> At NCBS, Olsson also started the Naturalist-Inspired Chemical Ecology (NICE) Group, which combines naturalist approaches with modern tools from chemistry, molecular biology, ecology, and neuroscience to examine how organisms use chemicals to interact with each other and identify relevant objects in their environment.<ref name="Naturalism">{{cite news |last1=Saldanha |first1=Dahlia |date=2016-07-18 |title=Dr Shannon Olsson: naturalism, chemistry and neuroscience |publisher=Biotechin.Asia |url=https://biotechinasia.wordpress.com/2016/07/18/dr-shannon-olsson-naturalism-chemistry-and-neuroscience/ |access-date=23 April 2023}}</ref>

Olsson's research has addressed topics as including chemical communication in the Indian antelope [[blackbuck]]<ref name = "Blackbuck">{{cite journal |last1=Nair|first1=Jyothi V. |display-authors=etal |title=An optimized protocol for large-scale in situ sampling and analysis of volatile organic compounds |journal=Ecology and Evolution |date=2018-05-18 |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=5924–5936 |doi=10.1002/ece3.4138 |s2cid=90393644 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018EcoEv...8.5924N }}</ref>
ecological agriculture in India's coffee plantations,<ref name= "coffee">{{cite journal |last1=Rajus |first1=Santosh |display-authors=etal |title=Behavioral Ecology of the Coffee White Stem Borer: Toward Ecology-Based Pest Management of India's Coffee Plantations |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |date=2021-02-09 |volume=9 |doi=10.3389/fevo.2021.607555 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="coffee2">{{cite news |last1=Desikan |first1=Shubashree |title=Knowing the ways of the coffee white stem borer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/knowing-the-ways-of-the-coffee-white-stem-borer/article35247915.ece |access-date=24 April 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=2021-07-10}}</ref> the impact of air pollution on our wild animals and insects,<ref name = "air pollution">{{cite journal |last1=Thimmegowda |first1=Geetha G. |display-authors=etal |title=A field-based quantitative analysis of sublethal effects of air pollution on pollinators |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA |date=2020-08-10 |volume=117 |issue=34 |pages=20653–20661 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2009074117 |pmid=32778582 |pmc=7456092 |bibcode=2020PNAS..11720653T |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Science">{{cite journal |last1=Bharath |first1=Harini |title='Its body looked like a warzone.' Air pollution could kill off critical honey bees in India |journal=Science |date=2020-08-10 |issue=Science News |doi=10.1126/science.abe2623 |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/its-body-looked-warzone-air-pollution-could-kill-critical-honey-bees-india |access-date=23 April 2023 |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)|s2cid=225374574 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> the effect of environmental change on our [[ecosystem services]],<ref name="Nature" /><ref name="hoverflies">{{cite journal |last1=Nordström|first1=Karin |display-authors=etal |title=In situ modeling of multimodal floral cues attracting wild pollinators across environments |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA |date=2017-11-07 |volume=114 |issue=50 |pages=13218–13223 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1714414114 |pmid=29180408 |pmc=5740637 |bibcode=2017PNAS..11413218N |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="CEN">{{cite journal |last1=Katsnelson |first1=Alla |title=Decoding how insects use visual and chemical cues to find food |journal=Chemical and Engineering News |date=2018-06-18 |volume=96 |issue=27 |pages=785–787 |doi=10.1021/acscentsci.8b00367 |doi-access=free|pmid=30062105 |pmc=6062825 |url=https://cen.acs.org/biological-chemistry/chemical-communication/Decoding-insects-use-visual-chemical/96/i27}}</ref> a global study linking [[COVID-19]] with smell and taste impairment,<ref name = "COVID">{{cite journal |last1=Parma |first1=Valentina |display-authors=etal |title=More Than Smell—COVID-19 Is Associated With Severe Impairment of Smell, Taste, and Chemesthes |journal=Chemical Senses |date=2020-06-20 |volume=45 |issue=7 |pages=609–622 |doi=10.1093/chemse/bjaa041 |pmid=32564071 |pmc=7337664 |url=https://academic.oup.com/chemse/article/45/7/609/5860460 |access-date=23 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="COVID2">{{cite news |last1=Fernandez |first1=Snehal |title=Indian researchers set to study Covid-19 link with loss of smell, taste |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/indian-researchers-set-to-study-covid-19-link-with-loss-of-smell-taste/story-UBaUT7sf8VgYuoz9t2WeJM.html |access-date=24 April 2023 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=2020-04-23}}</ref> and a multimodal [[virtual reality]] arena for insects.<ref name="VR">{{cite journal |last1=Kaushik |first1=Pavan Kumar |display-authors=etal |date=2020-05-18 |title=Characterizing long-range search behavior in Diptera using complex 3D virtual environments |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA |volume=117 |issue=22 |pages=12201–12207 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1912124117 |pmid=32424090 |pmc=7275712 |bibcode=2020PNAS..11712201K |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="CNN">{{cite news |last1=Hunt |first1=Katie |title=Scientists create video game to unlock how flies navigate |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/18/world/insects-virtual-reality-study-scn/index.html |access-date=23 April 2023 |publisher=CNN |date=2020-05-18}}</ref>
=== the echo network ===
In 2019, Olsson founded the echo network,<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=the echo network |url=https://www.echonetwork.in |website=the echo network |access-date=24 April 2023}}</ref> a cross-sector public-private partnership to address current issues in human and environmental sustainabiliity,<ref name="EchoBioScience" /> first in India, and eventually worldwide.<ref name="ECHO_RM">{{cite web |date=2019-12-19 |title=An 'EChO Network' for cross-disciplinary leadership in India |url=https://researchmatters.in/news/echo-network-cross-disciplinary-leadership-india |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=Research Matters}}</ref> The network was initiated by the [[Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India]], [[K. VijayRaghavan]], on 19 December 2019, with [[Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation]], [[Hindustan Unilever Limited]], [[RoundGlass Foundation]], [[India Climate Collaborative]], [[Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment]] (ATREE), and the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms (C-CAMP) as founding partners.<ref name="ECHO_RM" /><ref name="echoPIB" /> As of April 2023, [[the echo network]] has over 2100 members crossing 45 countries.<ref name=":0" /> Olsson has stated "The concept of echo network is to create a mechanism for organisations and people from different sectors to work together along with academia and use science and technology to create sustainable communities."<ref name=":1" />

In 2022, Olsson was appointed as "Special Scientific Envoy to India" with the Danish Academy of Technical Sciences (ATV) in close collaboration with the [[Innovation Centre Denmark]] in India (under the auspices of the [[MFA Denmark]] and the [[Ministry of Higher Education and Science (Denmark)]]).<ref name="ATV Report" /> This is supported by the Novo Nordisk Foundation.<ref name="NNF" /> She is also a founding member of Ecosystem-based Adaptation for Resilient Incomes (ECOBARI),<ref name="ECOBARI">{{cite web |last1=D'Souza |first1=Marcella |title=ECOBARI – Upscaling Ecosystem Restoration Through Collective Action |url=https://wotr.org/2022/02/23/ecobari-upscaling-ecosystem-restoration-through-collective-action/ |website=WOTR |date=23 February 2022 |access-date=24 April 2023}}</ref> and the Biodiversity Collaborative.<ref name="BC">{{cite news |last1=Bawa |first1=Kamal |display-authors=etal |title=India can become a biodiversity champion |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/india-can-become-a-biodiversity-champion/article66541444.ece |access-date=24 April 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=2023-02-23}}</ref><ref name="BC2">{{cite journal |last1=Bawa |first1=Kamal |display-authors=etal |title=Envisioning a biodiversity science for sustaining human well-being |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA |date=2020-09-30 |volume=117 |issue=42 |pages=25951–25955 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2018436117 |pmid=32999073 |pmc=7585009 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In 2021, she co-founded Citizen Science for Biodiversity (CitSci India),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://citsci-india.org/ |access-date=2023-05-22 |website=Citizen Science India |language=en-US}}</ref> and co-organizes their yearly conference.<ref name="CitSci">{{cite news |last1=Menon |first1=Rashmi |title=How inclusive is citizen science in India? |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/smart-living/environment/how-inclusive-is-citizen-science-in-india-111631260777683.html |access-date=24 April 2023 |agency=Mint Lounge |publisher=Live Mint |date=2021-09-10}}</ref> She is also an advisor ("Guru") for the Future Climate Leaders Programme<ref name="FCL">{{cite web |title=Our Gurus |url=https://www.futureclimateleaders.org/gurus.php |website=Future Climate Leaders |publisher=FCL |access-date=24 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="FCL2">{{cite web |title=TERI and Evergreen Story launch Future Climate Leaders program to engage schoolchildren in climate action measures |url=https://www.teriin.org/press-release/teri-and-evergreen-story-launch-future-climate-leaders-program-engage-schoolchildren |website=The Energy and Research Institute |publisher=TERI |access-date=24 April 2023}}</ref> and is on the advisory committee for the Research and Innovation Circle of Hyderabad (RICH).<ref name="RICH">{{cite web |title=Advisory Committee |url=https://rich.telangana.gov.in/advisory-committee.html |website=Research and Innovation Circle of Hyderabad (RICH) |publisher=RICH |access-date=24 April 2023}}</ref>\

=== Public speaking ===
Olsson has given public speeches for TEDx.<ref name="TEDxChennai">{{cite web |title=Connecting with tiny insect brains through virtual reality |url=https://www.ted.com/talks/dr_shannon_olsson_connecting_with_tiny_brains_through_virtual_reality_jan_2018?language=en |website=TED |publisher=TEDxChennai |access-date=24 April 2023 |date=2018-03-11}}</ref><ref name="TEDxAU">{{cite web |title=Empathic Science: How we're more connected to nature than we think |url=https://www.ted.com/talks/shannon_olsson_empathic_science_how_we_re_more_connected_to_nature_than_we_think/details |website=TED |publisher=TEDxAshokaUniversity |access-date=24 April 2023 |date=2017-09-07}}</ref><ref name="TEDxMAIS">{{cite web |title=Theme: Do you see what I see? |url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/17525 |website=TED |publisher=TEDxMAIS |access-date=24 April 2023 |date=2015-12-06}}</ref> Her work has also appeared in the [[Science Gallery Dublin]], Ireland,<ref name="Science Gallery Dublin">{{cite web |title=Insect VR |url=https://dublin.sciencegallery.com/field-test-exhibits/insect-vr |website=Science Gallery Dublin |date=8 September 2020 |publisher=Science Gallery |access-date=24 April 2023}}</ref> The [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] in London, UK,<ref name="V&A">{{cite news |last1=Deepika |first1=K.C. |title=A non-flower, but just as bright for insects |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/a-non-flower-but-just-as-bright-for-insects/article27893961.ece |access-date=24 April 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=2019-06-19}}</ref> and the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)]] [[Science Express]] train.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rao |first1=Mohit M. |title=NCBS, ATREE travel with Science Express |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/ncbs-atree-travel-with-science-express/article7953641.ece |access-date=24 April 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=2015-12-06}}</ref> In 2023, she spoke at the 59th Nobel Conference.<ref name="Nobel Conference">{{cite web |title=Shannon Olsson Nobel Conference 59 |url=https://gustavus.edu/events/nobelconference/2023/speakers/olsson.php |website=Gustavus Adolphus College |publisher=Nobel Conference}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
For her scientific work, Olsson has been awarded a United Nations Pinning for Research Excellence by Ghandian Scholars<ref name="Ghandian">{{cite news |title=IIIM organizes interaction session between Scientists, Gandhian scholars |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/iiim-organizes-interaction-session-between-scientists-gandhian-scholars/ |access-date=23 April 2023 |publisher=Daily Excelsior |date=2015-03-12}}</ref> and is a Ramanujan Fellow.<ref name="Ramanujan">{{cite magazine |last1=Ayyar |first1=Savita |title=Funding Horizons |date=2016-04-01 |publisher=National Centre for Biological Sciences |location=Bengaluru, India |url=https://www.ncbs.res.in/sites/default/files/users/vineethar/Funding%20Horizons_April2016.pdf |access-date=23 April 2023}}</ref> Olsson's research has been featured by [[CNN]],<ref name="CNN" /> [[Nature (journal)]],<ref name="Nature" /> [[Science (journal)]],<ref name="Science" /><ref name="Sciencetwo">{{cite journal |last1=Vignieri |first1=Sacha |date=2020-09-04 |title=Air pollution is bad for bees |journal=Science |volume=369 |issue=6508 |pages=1204–1205 |doi=10.1126/science.2020.369.6508.twil |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Inverse (website)]],<ref name="Inverse">{{Cite web |last=Sarah |first=Wells |date=2020-05-18 |title=These insects are annoying, but they might just save your life |url=https://www.inverse.com/innovation/vr-environment-for-flies |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=Inverse}}</ref> [[Haaretz]],<ref name="Haaretz">{{cite news |last1=Schuster |first1=Ruth |date=2020-05-21 |title=Scientists Just Figured Out Why It's So Hard to Swat a Fruit Fly |publisher=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/2020-05-21/ty-article/.premium/scientists-just-figured-out-why-its-so-hard-to-swat-a-fruit-fly/0000017f-ef01-ddba-a37f-ef6fe6590000 |access-date=24 April 2023}}</ref> [[USA Today]],<ref name="USA Today">{{cite news |last1=Rice |first1=Dole |date=2020-08-14 |title=Air pollution harms honey bees too, study finds: Dirty air could kill 80% of bees in India |publisher=USA Today |url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/08/14/air-pollution-asian-honey-bees-harmful-study/3374325001/ |access-date=24 April 2023}}</ref> [[Chemical and Engineering News]],<ref name="CEN" /> [[The Conversation (website)]],<ref name="The Conversation">{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Barbara |last2=Borwn |first2=Mark |date=2020-08-10 |title=Air pollution could be making honey bees sick – new study |url=https://theconversation.com/air-pollution-could-be-making-honey-bees-sick-new-study-144155 |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=The Conversation}}</ref> and [[The Hindu]],<ref name="coffee2" /> among many other international news outlets.

Olsson was named an [[INK Fellow]] in 2016.<ref name="INK">{{cite web |title=INK Fellows 2016 |url=https://inktalks.com/ink-fellows-2016/ |website=INK Talks |publisher=INK |access-date=24 April 2023}}</ref> For her efforts in sustainability, Olsson was recognized as one of "75 Women in STEAM in India".<ref name="75women">{{cite web |last1=PSA |first1=Content Desk |date=2022-03-08 |title=She Is: 75 Indian Women in STEAM |url=https://www.psa.gov.in/article/she-75-indian-women-steam/3628 |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India |publisher=Government of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Olsson, Shannon B}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Max Planck Society alumni]]
[[Category:Chemical ecologists]]
[[Category:Nazareth University alumni]]
[[Category:Women ecologists]]
[[Category:American women chemists]]
[[Category:American environmental scientists]]
[[Category:People from St. Lawrence County, New York]]
[[Category:American science communicators]]
[[Category:21st-century American women scientists]]
[[Category:American women biologists]]
[[Category:American women environmentalists]]
[[Category:American expatriates in India]]
[[Category:American science writers]]
[[Category:American women entomologists]]
[[Category:Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences alumni]]

Ramesh Khinchi

2026-04-11T20:52:46Z

Matrika: put up entry - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ramesh Chand Khinchi
| image =
| office1 = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 3 December 2023
| term_end1 =
| constituency1 = [[Kathumar Assembly constituency|Kathumar]]
| predecessor1 = [[Babulal Bairwa]]
| successor1 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}

'''Ramesh Chand Khinchi''' (born 3 January 1957)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=MLA Ramesh Khinchi (MLA) |url=https://rajasthanlink.com/VanuDetails/alwar/assembly-11/57978/ramesh-khinchi-mla |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Rajasthan Link |language=English}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Rajasthan]]. He is a three time member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from Kathumar Assembly constituency, which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community, in [[Alwar district]]. He won the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kathumar (SC) Assembly Election Results 2023: Kathumar (SC) Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/rajasthan/kathumar-sc-assembly-result-20069 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharatvarsh |first=TV9 |date=2023-12-03 |title=Kathumar Election Result 2023: BJP के रमेश खिंची जीते, कांग्रेस की संजना जाटव हारी |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/state/rajasthan/kathumar-assembly-election-result-2023-live-updates-ramesh-khinchi-sanjana-jatav-bjp-congress-2261474.html |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Khinchi is from Akhaigarh village, Nadbai tehsil, [[Bharatpur district]], Rajasthan. He is the son of Kishan Lal Khinchi. He is a graduate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramesh Khinchi(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- KATHUMAR (SC)(ALWAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Rajasthan2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=114 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> He married Uganti Devi in 1976 and together they have two sons and a daughter.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Khinchi won from [[Kathumar Assembly constituency]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election. He polled 79,756 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Sanjana Jatav]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 409 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kathumar Election Results 2023 - NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023/kathumar |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kathumar (SC) Assembly Election 2023: Kathumar (SC) Election Candidates List, Election Date, Chunav Results, Vote Share News in Hindi {{!}} कठूमर विधानसभा चुनाव परिणाम 2023 - AajTak |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/rajasthan/kathumar-sc-assembly-result-20069 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref> He was first elected as an MLA winning the [[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]] from Kathamur representing the Indian National Congress.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Kathumar Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/kathumar-rajasthan-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> He retained the seat for Congress in the [[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=":1" /> After three more elections, he regained the seat after contesting on the BJP ticket. He lost the [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018 Assembly election]] as an independent candidate and the [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013 election]] on Congress ticket to [[Mangal Ram Koli|Mangal Ram]] of the BJP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kathumar Constituency Election Results 2023: Kathumar Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/kathumar |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khinchi, Ramesh}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 1998–2003]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2003–2008]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Alwar district]]

Rama Chandra Kadam

2026-04-11T20:49:49Z

Matrika: put up entry - done

{{Short description|Indian politician from Odisha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rama Chandra Kadam
| office = [[Odisha Pradesh Congress Committee|CLP leader in Odisha Assembly]]
| term_start = 21 July 2024
| predecessor = [[Narasingha Mishra]]
| office1 = Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2024
| predecessor1 = Pitam Padhi
| constituency1 = [[Pottangi Assembly constituency|Pottangi]]
| term2 = 2009 – 2014
| predecessor2 = [[Jayaram Pangi]]
| successor2 = Prafulla Kumar Pangi
| constituency2 = [[Pottangi Assembly constituency|Pottangi]]
| term3 = 1995 – 2000
| predecessor3 = [[Jayaram Pangi]]
| successor3 = [[Jayaram Pangi]]
| constituency3 = [[Pottangi Assembly constituency|Pottangi]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age |df=y|1964|11|22}}
| parents =
| spouse =
| children = 1 son & 1 daughter
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| occupation = [[Agriculturist]], [[Social Work]]
| alma_mater =
| image =
}}
'''Rama Chandra Kadam''' (born 22 November 1964) is an Indian tribal leader, social worker and politician from [[Odisha]] and a member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Pottangi Assembly constituency|Pottangi]] constituency. He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] and a three time elected MLA, making him one of the senior most member in the current MLA cohort of the [[Odisha Pradesh Congress Committee|Odisha Pradesh Congress]] in the Legislative Assembly.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Odisha 2024|url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=5|access-date= 27 Aug 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rama Chandra Kadam|url=https://odishaassembly.nic.in/memberprofile.aspx?img=173|access-date= 27 Aug 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rama Chandra Kadam wins from Pottangi|url=https://www.news18.com/elections/pottangi-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8917575.html|date=4 Jun 2024|access-date= 27 Aug 2024}}</ref><ref>Statistical Report on General Elections, [year] to the Legislative Assembly of [name of State].: Gujarat, 1995. (1997). India: Election Commission of India. Pg-84</ref>

He belongs to the [[Gadaba people|Gadaba tribe]] which is an ethnic group and are classified as [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled tribe]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Odisha]] who speak the [[Gutob language]] which belongs to the [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic language]] family.

Rama was born to Urdhab Kadam. He is married to Devaki Kadam together they have one son and a daughter.

Rama has consistently been active in raising important issues in the Assembly, voicing his concerns and that of the Indian National Congress MLA Cohort and of the party state unit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-05-26 |title=Kadam seeks CB probe into death of two school students |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bhubaneswar/2025/May/26/kadam-seeks-cb-probe-into-death-of-two-school-students |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-29 |title=Puri stampede: Congress leader Rama Chandra Kadam blames state govt for mismanagement |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/puri-stampede-congress-leader-rama-chandra-kadam-blames-state-govt-for-mismanagement/articleshow/122139563.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-12-11 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2025-09-18 |title=Odisha Congress submits notice for no-confidence motion against 15-month-old BJP government |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/odisha-congress-submits-notice-for-no-confidence-motion-against-15-month-old-bjp-government-1503488140.html |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref> He has been raising concerns in the house regarding introduction of an Integrated Teacher Education Programme in government colleges across [[Koraput district|Koraput]], [[Rayagada district|Rayagada]] and [[Malkangiri district|Malkangiri]] districts of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-23 |title=Pottangi MLA urges govt to set up ITEP in Koraput |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/pottangi-mla-urges-govt-to-set-up-itep-in-koraput/articleshow/121345807.cms |access-date=2025-12-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On 21 July 2024 he was appointed Congress Legislative Party (CLP) leader in [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rama chandra Kadam appointed as CLP leader Odisha |url=https://odishabytes.com/odisha-pradesh-congress-committee-dissolved-rama-kadam-appointed-clp-leader/|date=21 Jul 2024|access-date= 27 Aug 2024}}</ref> He is part of the Odisha Pradesh Congress Committee panel created to probe the public humiliation and torture of two Dalit men who transporting cattle. The panel seeks to investigate as why The two Dalit men were allegedly tonsured, assaulted and forced to crawl on their knees and consume grass and drain water on suspicion of cattle smuggling.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dalit Assault Odisha: Congress Probes Mob Torture of 2 Men Over Cattle Smuggling Suspicion |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/odisha/congress-expresses-anguish-over-torture-of-2-dalit-men-in-odisha-forms-panel-to-conduct-probe-3600019 |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

Rama is currently Chairman of the Departmentally Related Standing Committee VI and also is a member of the Business Advisory Committee and Public Accounts Committee of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]. He as leader of the Congress lawmaker cohort in the Odisha Assembly has been very vocal about creation of a House Standing Committee on women safety.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congress leader Kadam demands House committee for women in Odisha |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/congress-leader-kadam-demands-house-committee-for-women-in-odisha20250325110331/ |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-03-25 |title=Speaker suspends 12 Congress MLAs for disrupting proceedings in Odisha Assembly |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2025/Mar/25/speaker-suspends-12-congress-mlas-for-disrupting-proceedings-in-odisha-assembly |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kadam, Rama Chandra}}
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1995–2000]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1964 births]]

Sudhanshu Chaturvedi

2026-04-06T06:50:47Z

Matrika: Started info!

{{Short description|Indian writer (Born: 1943)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Sudhanshu Chaturvedi
| image = Sudhanshu Chaturvedi.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1943|02|15}}
| birth_place = [[Kannauj district|Madhonagar]], [[United Provinces (1937-50)|United Provinces]], [[British India]]
| death_place =
| death_date =
| nationality = Indian
| alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]], [[University of Kerala]]
| occupation = Writer, Translator, Academic
| movement =
| notableworks =
| spouse =
| children =
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] Indian Council for Child Education Award Rangeya Raghav Paryatan Puraskar [[Uttar Pradesh Hindi Sansthan]] Souhard Samman
| influences =
| signature =
}}
'''Sudhanshu Chaturvedi''' is a writer, translator and academic from [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. He has authored or translated over 120 books in [[Malayalam]], [[Hindi]], [[Sanskrit]] and English.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/features/--1.207658|title=അപൂർവ 'മലയാളി' {{!}} {{!}} social issue|access-date=2020-12-28|date=2020-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228093440/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/features/--1.207658|archive-date=2020-12-28|language=ml}}</ref> Even though his mother tongue is Hindi, he has written most of his books in Malayalam.<ref name=":0"/>

He is a former member of the Official Language Committee of the Ministries of Defense, Railways, Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation and is currently the Director of the National Literary Academy.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/07/13/malayalam-scholar-s-chaturvedi-receives-anuvadshri-award-1184330882.html|title=Malayalam scholar S. Chaturvedi receives Anuvadshri Award – Oneindia News|access-date=2020-12-28|date=2020-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228095105/https://www.oneindia.com/2007/07/13/malayalam-scholar-s-chaturvedi-receives-anuvadshri-award-1184330882.html|archive-date=2020-12-28}}</ref>

He has received many awards including [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for translation (1995, for ''Rassi'', translation of Malayalam novel ''Kayar''),<ref>{{cite web |title=..:: SAHITYA : Akademi Awards ::.. |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/anuvad_samman_suchi.jsp |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in |access-date=2021-06-10 |archive-date=2021-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801112748/http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/anuvad_samman_suchi.jsp |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] for Scientific Literature, Indian Council for Child Education Award for children's literature, Rangeya Raghav Paryatan Puraskar and [[Uttar Pradesh Hindi Sansthan]] Souhard Samman.

''Nilayilekkozhukiya ganga'' is the biography of Sudhanshu Chaturvedi written by [[E. Jayachandran]] and published by [[Kerala Bhasha Institute]].<ref>{{cite web |title=ബുക്ക്സ് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/mobile/print-edition/weekend/1.5633108 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=ml |access-date=2021-07-13 |archive-date=2022-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121075236/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/print-edition/weekend/1.5633108 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Biography==
He was born on 15 February 1943 in Madho Nagar, near Kanpur in [[Kannauj district]] of Uttar Pradesh.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://keralaliterature.com/malayalam-writers-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D/sudhamshu-chathurvedi-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%81-%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF/|title=സുധാംശു ചതുർവേദി - Keralaliterature.com|access-date=2020-12-28|date=2020-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228085504/http://keralaliterature.com/malayalam-writers-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D/sudhamshu-chathurvedi-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%81-%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF/|archive-date=2020-12-28|language=ml}}</ref><ref name="Tribune">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060813/spectrum/book5.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Books|access-date=2020-12-28|date=2020-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507102246/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060813/spectrum/book5.htm|archive-date=2020-05-07}}</ref>

In 1962, Sudhanshu met [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the first Prime Minister of India, to demand that Hindi be made the national language of India. He told Nehru that, speakers of other languages should be strictly instructed to learn Hindi by 1965.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/web-specials-magazine/the-story-of-nehru-making-sudhanshu-chaturvedi-the-hindi-fanatic-learn-malayalam-q9w964|title=ഹിന്ദി ദേശീയ ഭാഷയാക്കണമെന്നു ശഠിച്ച ഉത്തരേന്ത്യക്കാരനെ നെഹ്‌റു തനിമലയാളിയാക്കിയ കഥ {{!}} the story of Nehru making Sudhanshu Chaturvedi the Hindi fanatic learn Malayalam|access-date=2020-12-28|date=2020-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228094100/https://www.asianetnews.com/web-specials-magazine/the-story-of-nehru-making-sudhanshu-chaturvedi-the-hindi-fanatic-learn-malayalam-q9w964|archive-date=2020-12-28|language=ml}}</ref> In response, Nehru rejected his proposal and said that he had to satisfy the entire people of India.<ref name=":3"/> Nehru then asked him to study one of the difficult [[Dravidian language]] Malayalam.<ref name=":3"/> He took up Nehru's challenge and joined the [[University of Delhi]] for his master's degree in Malayalam and from there graduated in 1964.<ref name=":0" /> He also holds Masters in Sanskrit and Hindi.<ref name=":3"/> After completing his MA in 1964, he came Kerala and was appointed Hindi Lecturer at Sri Kerala Varma College, Thrissur.<ref name=":0" /> He remained there and retired as department head and college principal. He holds a doctorate in Hindi and Malayalam from the [[University of Kerala]].<ref name=":3"/> He is the first [[Doctor of Letters|D.Lit]] graduate from the University of Kerala.<ref name=":3"/>

Sudhamshu, who spent 43 years in Kerala, has settled in [[Delhi]] after his retirement.<ref name=":3" />

==Literary contributions==
{{incomplete list|date=June 2021}}
He has authored or translated over 120 books in [[Malayalam]], [[Hindi]], [[Sanskrit]] and English.<ref name=":0"/> His first translation was a book on Russian Constitution written by Dr. V. R. Sahni, which he translated to Hindi.<ref name="interview">{{Cite journal |title=Sudhanshu Chaturvedi in Conversation with Brajendra Tripathi: Excerpts.... |journal=Indian Literature |volume=51 |issue=4 (240) |last1=Chaturvedi |first1=Sudhanshu |last2=Tripathi |first2=Brajendra |date=2007 |pages=150–161 |last3=John |first3=Marydas |jstor=23346132 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23346132 |access-date=2021-06-10 |archive-date=2019-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428091713/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23346132 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1964 he translated first Malayalam novel to Hindi, which was ''Odayil Ninnu'' by [[P. Kesavadev]] (Hindi title ''Nale Se'').<ref name="interview"/> His book named ''Sankshiptam Balakandam'' was a prescribed text for [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] and B.A. (Hons.) degree.<ref name="interview"/> He also published two dictionaries, Hindi-Hindi-Malayalam and Malayalam-Malayalam-Hindi.<ref name="interview"/>

===Translated from Sanskrit to English===
* Kalidasa Sahityasarvaswam - Complete works of [[Kalidasa]]<ref name=":0" />
* Bhasa Nataka Sarvaswam -Complete works of [[Bhasa]]<ref name=":0" />

===Translated from Sanskrit into Malayalam===
* Kalidasa Sahityasarvasvam - Complete Works of Kalidasa<ref name=":0" />
* Bhasa Nataka Sarvasvam - Complete Drama Works of Bhasa<ref name=":0" />
* [[Valmiki Ramayana|Srimad Valmiki Ramayana]] (4 volumes) Literal Translation<ref name=":0" />

===Translated from Hindi to Malayalam===
He has translated many works from Hindi to Malayalam, including ''Akannupoya chithrangal'', ''Ara divasam'' and ''Amruthum vishavum''.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />

===Translated from Malayalam to Hindi===
He has translated over forty best Malayalam works into Hindi, including ''Chinthavishtayaya seetha'' ([[Kumaranasan]]), Sandhya, ''Balyakalasakhi'' ([[Vaikom Muhammad Basheer]]), ''[[Odayil Ninnu]]'' ([[P. Kesavadev]]), ''Ayalkkar'' (P. Kesavadev), ''Himagiri Viharam'' (Tapovanaswamy), ''Enippadikal'' ([[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]]), ''[[Sundarikalum Sundaranmarum]]'' ([[Uroob]]), ''Professor'', ''Kanyaka'', ''[[Kanchana Sita (play)|Kanchana Sita]]'' ([[C. N. Sreekantan Nair]]), ''[[Indulekha (novel)|Indulekha]]'' ([[O. Chandhu Menon]]), ''[[Agnisakshi (novel)|Agnisakshi]]'' ([[Lalithambika Antharjanam]]), ''[[Kayar]]'' (Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai), ''[[Tathvamasi]]'' ([[Sukumar Azhikode]]), [[Mayyazhippuzhayude Theerangalil]] ([[M. Mukundan]]), ''Veluthampi dalava'' ([[Kainikkara Padmanabha Pillai]]).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name="epathram"/>

===Other works===
* ''Nadi samdrathilekk thanne'' (His first independent Malayalam novel<ref name="epathram">{{cite web|title=മനു « e പത്രം – Feature – ലേഖനം – ePathram.com|url=http://epathram.com/feature/tag/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81|language=ml|access-date=2021-06-10|archive-date=2021-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610065511/http://epathram.com/feature/tag/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81|url-status=live}}</ref>)
* ''Theerabhoomi''(Malayalam novel)<ref name="interview"/>
* ''Janmaantharam'' (Malayalam novel)<ref name="interview"/>
* ''Navabharatha shilpikal''<ref name=":2" />
* ''Bharatheeya prathibhakal''<ref name=":2" />
* ''Anthyabhilasham''(Malayalam novel)<ref name="interview"/>
* ''Chinnichithariya Mohangal''(Malayalam novel)<ref name="interview"/>
* ''Karmadheerante kaalppadukal'' (Biography of [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]])<ref name="epathram"/>
* ''Sumaanjali'' (Hindi poetry collection)<ref name="interview"/>
* ''Kavithayute Kallukal'' (Malayalam poetry collection)<ref name="interview"/>

==Awards==
* [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]] (for his translation ''Kayar'' to Hindi)<ref name="Tribune"/>
* Rangeya Raghav Paryatan Puraskar<ref name=":0" />
* [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] for Scientific Literature<ref name=":0" />
* Dr. Gargi Gupta Anuvad Shree Award for Outstanding Contribution to Translation<ref name=":1" />
* Indian Council for Child Education Award for children's literature<ref name="epathram"/>
* [[Uttar Pradesh Hindi Sansthan]] Souhard Samman<ref name=":1" />
* Vachaspati Award<ref name=":1" />
* Rashtrabhasha Ratna Rashtriya Samman<ref name=":1" />
* Manumitra Award<ref name=":1" />
* Sahitya Ratnam<ref name=":2" />
* Vidyavaridhi Puraskaram<ref name="epathram"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://digital.kalakaumudi.com/c/60952233 Nilayilekkozhukiya Ganga: ''Review'' by Padmadas]

[[Category:Writers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Hindi]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Sanskrit–English translators]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Translators to Malayalam]]
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Ishaan Ghose

2026-04-03T08:27:58Z

Matrika:

{{Short description|Indian cinematographer}}
{{Distinguish|Ishaan Ghosh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ishaan Ghose
| image = Ishaan Ghose.jpg
| years_active = 2003–present
| known_for = Director, Producer, Cinematographer
| notable_works = [[Jhilli]]
| father = [[Goutam Ghose]]
}}

'''Ishaan Ghose''' is an Indian film director, editor, writer and cinematographer from [[West Bengal]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bagging an award at a festival is encouraging for all indie filmmakers: Ishaan Ghose - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/bagging-an-award-at-a-festival-is-encouraging-for-all-indie-filmmakers-ishaan-ghose/articleshow/91343198.cms |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengali film 'Jhilli' wins best film award in KIFF international section |url=https://thenewsscoop.in/bengali-film-jhilli-wins-best-film-award-in-kiff-international-section/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027122327/https://thenewsscoop.in/bengali-film-jhilli-wins-best-film-award-in-kiff-international-section/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ishaan Ghose's film 'Jhilli' bags best film award at the 27th KIFF international section |url=https://www.mytimesnow.com/news/business/2432063/ishaan-ghose-039-s-film-039-jhilli-039-bags-best-film-award-at-the-27th-kiff-international-section |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=mytimesnow}}</ref> He is the son of an Indian filmmaker [[Goutam Ghose]] who works primarily in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chatterji |first=Shoma A. |date=2022-05-27 |title=Budding Filmmaker Ishaan Ghose on his First Film Jhilli - Shoma A. Chatterji |url=https://thespace.ink/lifestyle/ishaan-ghose-young-filmmaker/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=TheSpace.Ink |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Acharya |first=Anindita |date=2022-05-03 |title=Grateful I can follow my father's craft, says Goutam Ghose's son Ishaan |url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/entertainment/grateful-i-can-follow-my-fathers-craft-says-goutam-ghoses-son-ishaan-476679 |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-02 |title=কলকাতা আন্তর্জাতিক চলচ্চিত্র উৎসবে সেরা গৌতম ঘোষের পুত্র ঈশান, 'ঝিল্লি' জিতল সেরা ছবির পুরস্কার |url=https://drishtibhongi.in/2022/05/02/directorial-debut-of-ishaan-ghose-son-of-goutam-ghose-jhilli-wins-best-film-award-in-kiff-2022/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=Drishtibhongi দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি |language=bn}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Ishaan Ghose was born to an Indian filmmaker [[Goutam Ghose]] and costume designer Neelanjana Ghose.<ref>{{Cite web |last=সংবাদদাতা |first=নিজস্ব |title=Goutam Ghose {{!}} বাবা গৌতম ঘোষের মতোই পড়াশোনা করে ছবি বানাই: ঈশান ঘোষ! |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/gautam-ghoses-son-ishaan-ghosh-speak-about-his-film-making-process-dgtl/cid/1347703 |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=www.anandabazar.com |language=bn}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
He started working as a camera assistant in 2011 and continued till 2015, when he filmed documentaries till, he got his first chance to work independently with his father's Indo-Bangladesh co-production ''[[Shankhachil]]''. In 2016, he and his sister Anandi began documenting the ragpickers in the [[Tiljala]] area for an NGO. They photographed them and spent a lot of time with them, but they had to stop because the NGO was having legal problems. It took him 12 years till he felt he had the confidence to step into direction independently. He frequently worked as an assistant or the cinematographer's assistant on documentaries, commercials, and feature films before plunging into the world of cinematic creativity and directed ''[[Jhilli]]''.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-05-01 |title=Bengali film 'Jhilli' wins best film award in KIFF international section |url=https://theprint.in/features/bengali-film-jhilli-wins-best-film-award-in-kiff-international-section/938911/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
Filmmaking style influenced by [[Goutam Ghose]], [[Terrence Malick]], [[Wong Kar-wai]].

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!English title
!Director
!Producer
!Cinematographer
!Language
!Ref
|-
|2016
|''[[Shankhachil]]''
|Conch Shell
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|Bengali
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-18 |title='Shankhachil' Review: Prosenjit Chatterjee Delivers yet Again |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/shankhachil-review-prosenjit-chatterjee-delivers-yet-again-1231323.html |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[Raahgir – The Wayfarers|Raahgir]]''
|The Wayfarers
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|Hindi
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Deborah |date=2019-10-20 |title='The Wayfarers' ('Raahgir'): Film Review {{!}} Mumbai 2019 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/wayfarers-1248908/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Jhilli]]''
|Discards
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|Bengali
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yalala |first=Sridhar |title=Bengali film Jhilli' wins best film award |url=https://pynr.in/article/bengali-film-jhilli-wins-best-film-award |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=The Pynr |language=en |archive-date=25 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025191514/https://pynr.in/article/bengali-film-jhilli-wins-best-film-award |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |title=Bengali film 'Jhilli' provides a scorching view of life in the dumps |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1023658/bengali-film-jhilli-provides-a-scorching-view-of-life-in-the-dumps |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Stolen (2023 film)|Stolen]]''
|N/A
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|Hindi
|
|-
|2025
|''Parikrama''
|The Wayfarers
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|Italian English Hindi
|
|-
|2026
|''Marichika''
|Mirage
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|Bengali
|
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Category
!Occasions
!Remarks
!Ref
|-
|2016
|''[[Shankhachil]]''
|Best Cinematography
|[[Filmfare Awards East]]
|{{Nominated}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-30 |title=A Chat With Goutam Ghose |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/showbiz/behind-the-scene/chat-goutam-ghose-1216024 |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Jhilli]]''
|Innovation in Moving Images
Best Film
|[[Kolkata International Film Festival]]
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=KIFF 2022: সেরার সেরা ছবি 'ঝিল্লি', পুরস্কার পেয়ে মঞ্চেই আনন্দাশ্রু গৌতম পুত্র-ঈশানের |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/goutam-ghose-son-ishaan-ghose-received-golden-royal-bengal-tiger-award-in-kiff-2022/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=Indian Express Bangla |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Pehal News |date=2022-05-04 |title=Ishaan Ghose's film 'Jhilli' bags best film award at the 27th KIFF international section |url=https://www.pehalnews.in/ishaan-ghoses-film-jhilli-bags-best-film-award-at-the-27th-kiff-international-section/1918350/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=Pehal News |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Jhilli]]''
|INT'L Narrative Feature
|[[Mammoth Lakes Film Festival]]
|{{Yes|Honorable Mention}}
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Jhilli {{!}} Official Trailer {{!}} Ishaan Ghose {{!}} Goutam Ghose {{!}} An SVF Release |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yEP6eLUwTtk |language=en |access-date=2022-11-14}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm6909519}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghose, Ishaan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali film directors]]
[[Category:Bengali film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Burn Standard Company Limited

2026-03-31T09:35:31Z

Matrika:

{{Short description|Indian railway wagon manufacturing company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{update|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox company
|name = Burn Standard Company Limited
|logo =
|type = [[Public Sector Undertaking]]
|slogan =
|foundation = {{start date and age|1976}}
|founder =
|location_city = [[Howrah]]
|location_country = India
|area_served = India
|key_people = Mr. Mohammad Asad Alam, Chairman & Managing Director
|industry = transportation
|products = rolling stock
|num_employees =
|owner = Government of India
|subsid =
|homepage = {{URL|http://www.burnstandard.com}}
|intl =
}}
[[File:Burn_standard_company_Ltd.jpg|thumb|Burn standard company Ltd]]

'''Burn Standard Company Limited''' ('''BSCL''') is a [[Public Sector Undertaking]] (PSU) of the [[Government of India]]. Headquartered in [[Howrah]], India, BSCL is engaged mainly in railway wagon manufacturing under the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]]. On 4 April 2018,The Cabinet approves closure of loss making Burn Standard Company Limited.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=178402|title=Cabinet approves closure of loss making Burn Standard Company Limited - a Central Public Sector Enterprise (CPSE)|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=3 June 2023|archive-date=12 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011544/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=178402|url-status=live}}</ref> The company was formed with the merger of two companies – [[Burn & Company]] (founded 1781) and Indian Standard Wagon (founded 1918),<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.burnstandard.com/rti-history.html |title=Railway Wagons Tank Wagons Steel Structural Castings Coal Ash Plants India Kolkata Calcutta Burn Standard Manufacturers Exporters |access-date=22 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008145153/http://www.burnstandard.com/rti-history.html |archive-date=8 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and was [[nationalised]] in 1975. In fiscal 2006, the company reported aggregated revenues of {{INRConvert|1373|m}}. Subsequently, the company with its two engineering units at [[Howrah]] and [[Burnpur]] came under the administrative control of Ministry of Railways in September 2010. The refractory unit at Salem, Tamil Nadu, was transferred to Steel Authority of India Limited.

According to the UK-based newspaper ''Independent'', in March 2008, John Messer, the lead in-house lawyer for the US engineering firm McDermott International, was still seeking payment for a contract originally drawn up in the late 1980s to construct a large offshore platform for the Mumbai High oil field. In October 2006, Burn Standard, the Indian engineering company that had sub-contracted portions of the project to McDermott, lost its appeal against a court ruling ordering it to pay the US firm $90 million (£45 million). The outstanding amount was ultimately paid following the conclusion of arbitration and intervention by the [[Government of India]].<ref name=finances>[http://dpe.nic.in/survey0506/vol3/62.pdf Financial Statement] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716110019/http://dpe.nic.in/survey0506/vol3/62.pdf |date=16 July 2011 }}</ref><ref name=tcp>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/analysis-and-features/its-viewed-as-a-game-western-groups-recoil-at-indias-culture-of-late-payment-802461.html|title='It's viewed as a game': Western groups recoil at India's culture of|date=30 March 2008|website=The Independent|access-date=30 March 2008|archive-date=22 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522065712/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/analysis-and-features/its-viewed-as-a-game-western-groups-recoil-at-indias-culture-of-late-payment-802461.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Products and services==
[[File:Water tank at Phaphund railway station.jpg|thumb|Water tank built by Burn & Co in 1937 for [[East Indian Railway]] at [[Phaphund railway station]]]]
* Railway wagons: tanker, hopper, flat
* Casnub bogies
* Couplers and Draft Gears
* Steel Castings, Pressings, Forgings
* Bridge Girders, Structurals, Sleepers, Points and Crossings, Wagon Components
* Wagon refurbishment
** Burn Standard India renovated SLC Type for the [[Trams in Kolkata|CLC]] system in [[Kolkata]] in 1980s.
* Ash/coal plant construction
* In the mid-1980s, Burn Standard had started an offshore construction unit at Jellingham, East Midnapore, West Bengal. The products were decks, helidecks, and jackets for Bombay High.

==Liquidation==

On the 4 April 2018, the [[Government of India]] approved the liquidation of Burn Standard Company.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/cabinet-approves-closure-of-loss-making-burn-standard-company-ltd-118040401432_1.html|title=Cabinet approves closure of loss-making Burn Standard Company Ltd|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=4 April 2018|via=Business Standard|agency=Press Trust of India|access-date=3 June 2023|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410214209/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/cabinet-approves-closure-of-loss-making-burn-standard-company-ltd-118040401432_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Banaras Locomotive Works]], [[Varanasi]]
* [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works]], [[Asansol]]
* [[Diesel Locomotive Factory, Marhowrah]]
* [[Electric Locomotive Factory, Madhepura]]
* [[Integral Coach Factory]], [[Chennai]]
* [[Modern Coach Factory, Raebareli]]
* [[Rail Coach Factory, Kapurthala]]
* [[Rail Wheel Plant, Bela|Rail Wheel Plant]], [[Bela, Bihar|Bela]]
* [[Rail Wheel Factory]], [[Yelahanka]]
* SAIL RITES Bengal Wagon Industry

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* http://www.burnstandard.com/ (Official Website)

{{Indian Railways}}
{{Railway lines in Eastern India}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:Engineering companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Companies nationalised by the Government of India]]
[[Category:Coach and wagon manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:1976 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1976]]

{{india-company-stub}}

Raktamrittika Mahavihara

2026-03-30T20:52:34Z

Matrika: put up a post - done

{{Infobox ancient site
|name = Raktamrittika Mahavihara
|native_name =
|alternate_name =
|image = Raja Karna's Palace alias Karnasubarna at Murshidabad district in West Bengal.jpg
|image_size = 250px
|alt =
|caption = The ruins of Raktamrittika Mahavihara
|map_type = India West Bengal#South Asia
|map_alt =
|relief = yes
|coordinates = {{coord|24.0254973|N|88.1862416|E|display=inline,title}}
|location = [[Murshidabad district]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
|region = Bengal
|type = Centre of learning, ancient university
|part_of =
|length = {{cvt|100|m|order=flip}}
|width = {{cvt|85|m|order=flip}}
|area = {{cvt|10.22|ha}}
|height = {{cvt|25|ft|order=flip}}
|builder =
|material =
|built = 5th century
|abandoned = 12-13th century
|epochs =
|cultures =
|dependency_of =
|occupants =
|event =
|excavations = 1962–1963, 1964–1965, 1966–1967, 1968–1969, 1971–1972, 1972-1973, 1981-1982
|archaeologists =
|condition = In ruins
|ownership = [[Government of India]]
|management = [[Archaeological Survey of India]], [[University of Calcutta]]
|public_access = Yes
|website =
|notes =
}}
'''Raktamrittika Mahavihara'''<ref name="itihasadda">{{cite web |author1=Jayanta Bhattacharjee |title=রক্তমৃত্তিকা - প্রাচীন বাংলার এক সমৃদ্ধ জনপদ |url=https://www.itihasadda.in/raktamrittika/ |website=www.itihasadda.in |publisher=Itihas Adda |access-date=9 April 2023 |language=bn |date=12 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="buddhistdoor">{{cite web |title=Buddhism – The Golden Heritage of Bengal |url=https://www.buddhistdoor.net/features/buddhism-the-golden-heritage-of-bengal/ |website=www.buddhistdoor.net |access-date=9 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref> was a renowned ''[[mahavihara]]'' (Buddhist monastic university) in ancient [[Bengal]] (modern-day [[West Bengal]]), [[India]].<ref name="academia">{{cite web |author1=Somreeta Majumdar |title=Locating the Monastery in Landscape Context: A Preliminary Study of Raktamrittika Mahavihara of Karnasuvarna |url=https://www.academia.edu/41619191 |website=www.academia.edu |access-date=9 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="anandabazar1">{{cite web |title=রোদ-হাওয়ায় ক্ষইছে দুই প্রাচীন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় |url=http://archives.anandabazar.com/archive/1130224/24raj2.html |website=Anandabazar |access-date=9 April 2023 |language=bn}}</ref> It was located in the city of [[Karnasuvarna]] and about {{convert|200|km|mi}} north of [[Kolkata]].

The Mahavihara was established in the 5th century AD during the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta era]], and is older than the [[Nalanda mahavihara|Nalanda Mahavihara]].<ref name="etvbharat">{{cite web |title=সরকারি উদ্যোগের অভাব, পর্যটন কেন্দ্র হয়ে উঠতে পারল না কর্ণসুবর্ণ |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/state/murshidabad/karnasuwarna-did-not-become-a-tourist-destination-due-to-lack-of-government-initiatives/wb20200729220555646 |website=www.etvbharat.com |publisher=etvbharat |access-date=9 April 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Ancient-Medieval sites in Bengal}}
{{Ancient Dharmic centres of Higher Learning}}

[[Category:Ancient universities of the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Buddhist holy sites in West Bengal]]

{{WestBengal-geo-stub}}
{{Buddhism-monastery-stub}}
{{India-hist-stub}}

Salaam Bombay!

2026-03-29T15:08:07Z

Matrika: Started entry!

{{short description|1988 Indian film by Mira Nair}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Salaam Bombay!
| image = Salaam Bombay! poster.jpg
| alt = Salaam Bombay! poster
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mira Nair]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Mira Nair
* [[Michael Nozik]]
}}
| screenplay = [[Sooni Taraporevala]]
| story = Mira Nair
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Shafiq Syed]]
* Hansa Vithal
* Chanda Sharma
* [[Nana Patekar]]
* [[Raghubir Yadav|Raghuvir Yadav]]
* [[Anita Kanwar]]
* Raju Bernad
}}
| music = [[L. Subramaniam]]
| cinematography = [[Sandi Sissel]]
| editing = [[Barry Alexander Brown]]
| production_companies = {{Plainlist|
* Cadrage{{sfn|Arunachalam|2020|pp=1063}}
* [[Film4 Productions|Channel Four Films]]{{sfn|Foster|1997|pp=119}}{{sfn|Arunachalam|2020|pp=1063}}
* [[Doordarshan]]{{sfn|Arunachalam|2020|pp=1063}}
* [[La Sept|La Sept Cinéma]]{{sfn|Arunachalam|2020|pp=1063}}
* [[Mirabai Films]]{{sfn|Arunachalam|2020|pp=1063}}
* [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]]{{sfn|Foster|1997|pp=119}}{{sfn|Arunachalam|2020|pp=1063}}
}}
| distributor = {{Plainlist|
* Alliance (Canada)
* [[Cinecom Pictures]] (USA)
* Dendy Films (Australia)
* Transmundo Films (Argentina)
* Tamasa Distribution (France)
}}
| released = {{film date|1988|5|11|[[1988 Cannes Film Festival|Cannes Film Festival]]|1988|9|13|[[1988 Toronto International Film Festival|TIFF]]|1988|10|7|Worldwide}}
| runtime = 113 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget = $450,000{{sfn|Foster|1997|pp=117}}
| gross = {{Estimation}} $7.5 million (overseas)
}}
'''''Salaam Bombay!''''' is a 1988 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[drama film]], produced and directed by [[Mira Nair]], in her [[List of directorial debuts|feature directorial debut]]. Nair's story idea was expanded into a screenplay by [[Sooni Taraporevala]]. ''Salaam Bombay!'' depicts the daily lives of children living in [[slum]]s in Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]), India's largest city. It stars [[Shafiq Syed]], [[Raghubir Yadav|Raghuvir Yadav]], [[Anita Kanwar]], [[Nana Patekar]], Hansa Vithal and [[Chanda Sharma]].

Nair's inspiration for the film came from the spirit of [[Street children in India|Bombay's street children]] and how they lived. Production began in early 1988, with the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]] co-financing the film.

''Salaam Bombay!'' had its world premiere at the [[1988 Cannes Film Festival]], where it received critical acclaim and won the [[Caméra d'Or]]. After being released worldwide on 6 October 1988, ''Salaam Bombay!'' grossed an estimated $7.4 million at the overseas box office, against a production budget of $450,000. At the [[61st Academy Awards]], it became only the [[List of Indian submissions for Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|second Indian film]] to receive a nomination for [[Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Best Foreign Language Film]]. It has also won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi]], the [[National Board of Review Award for Best Foreign Language Film]] and three awards at the [[Montreal World Film Festival]]. The film was on the list of "The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made" by ''[[The New York Times]]''.{{r|1000best}}

==Plot==
Before the start of the film, Krishna has set fire to his elder brother's motorbike in retaliation for being bullied by him. His angry mother has taken him to the nearby Apollo Circus and told him that he can only come home when he has earned 500 rupees to pay for the damage. Krishna agrees and starts working for the circus.

The film begins as the circus is packing up to move on to its next site. His boss asks him to run an errand, but when Krishna returns, he finds that the circus has left. Alone, with nowhere to go and without the money to repay his mother, he travels to the nearest big city, Bombay. As soon as he arrives, he is robbed of his few possessions. He follows the thieves, befriends them, and ends up in the city's notorious red-light area of [[Kamathipura|Falkland Road]], near the [[Grant Road railway station]].

One of the thieves, Chillum, a drug pusher and addict, helps Krishna get a job at the Grant Road Tea Stall and becomes a mentor of sorts to him. Baba, a local drug dealer, employs addicts like Chillum. Baba's wife, Rekha, is a prostitute, and they have a little daughter, Manju. Rekha is annoyed that she has to raise her daughter in such an environment. Baba had promised to start a new life elsewhere, but it is a promise that Baba cannot or will not fulfill.

Krishna gets a new name "Chaipau" and learns to live with it. His goal is still to raise the money he needs to return home, but he soon finds out that saving money in his new surroundings is next to impossible. To make matters worse, he has a crush on a teenage girl named "Sola Saal" (meaning "sixteen years"), who has been recently sold to the brothel. He sets fire to her room and attempts to escape with her, but they are caught. The fire causes Krishna to get a severe beating, while Sola Saal, who is considered valuable since she is still a virgin, denies starting the fire and tearfully tries to resist her enslavement. The madame of the house asks Baba to "tame her," which Baba agrees to do.

Meanwhile, Krishna, as well as working at the tea stall, works odd jobs to save some money and help Chillum, who cannot survive without drugs, especially after being sacked by Baba after a disastrous interview with a foreign journalist. Eventually, one of these odd jobs costs Krishna his job at the tea stall. To get more money, Krishna and his pals rob an elderly Parsi man by breaking into his house in broad daylight. Krishna eventually finds out that the money he has saved has been stolen by Chillum for drugs, with which Chillum has overdosed and died.

One night, while returning home from work with friends, Krishna and Manju are apprehended by the police and taken to a juvenile home. Krishna escapes and goes back to his world. He finds that a new recruit in Baba's drug business has taken Chillum's place and name. Krishna meets Sola Saal and tries to convince her to run away with him. She reveals that she is charmed by Baba and no longer interested in Krishna; she is driven away to service her first 'client'. Meanwhile, Rekha is told that the authorities will not release their daughter because the mother is a prostitute. An angry Rekha decides to leave Baba, but Baba beats her as punishment. She is saved by the timely intervention of Krishna who, in a fit of rage, kills Baba and attempts to run away with her, but they become separated in a parade honoring Ganesh. The film ends with a slow zoom in on Krishna's dejected face.

==Cast==

{{div col}}
*[[Shafiq Syed]] as Krishna, nicknamed Chaipau
*[[Raghuvir Yadav]] as Chillum (credited as Raghubir Yadav)
*Hansa Vithal as Manju
*[[Anita Kanwar]] as Rekha
*[[Nana Patekar]] as Baba
*[[Chanda Sharma]] as Sola Saal, nicknamed Sweet Sixteen
*[[Irrfan Khan]] as Letter writer
*[[Sanjana Kapoor]] as Foreigner reporter
{{div col end}}

==Production==
===Writing and inspiration===
{| class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5"
| style="text-align: left;" | "One of my first images was of kids surrounding my taxi at a traffic junction- blowing bubbles, singing, a maimed kid on a makeshift skateboard. These were clearly children living in a world where fate had given them nothing but life. Yet they lived with a certain style, a flamboyance. This attracted me. Their physicality, their faces and bodies, were like a map of the journey they had gone through to come to Bombay."
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | — Mira Nair{{r|Rahman}}
|}

[[File:Kamathipura lane.jpg|thumb|left|The 1st lane of [[Kamathipura]], Bombay]]

Nair records that the initial inspiration came from the spirit of Bombay's street children. Her ideas developed when she researched their lives with her creative partner [[Sooni Taraporevala]]. From the beginning, they decided that real street children would play in the film since the combination of childhood and knowledge in their faces would be hard to find among professional child actors.{{r|Rahman}}

Nair was also inspired to make the film after watching [[Héctor Babenco]]'s 1981 [[drama (film and television)|drama]] ''[[Pixote]]''. She said, "on the first day of shooting, I received the news that the child actor who played the character of ''Pixote'' was shot dead in the street. After this incident, I was more determined to make ''Salaam Bombay!'', and decided to share the film's dividends with street children if we could."{{r|Shah}} After making four documentaries,{{r|AtKisson}} ''Salaam Bombay!'' was Nair's first full-length feature film.{{r|Manik}}

===Funding===
Initially, Cadrage, [[Film4 Productions|Channel Four Films]], [[Doordarshan]], [[La Sept|La Sept Cinéma]], [[Mirabai Films]] and the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]] funded the production.{{sfn|Foster|1997|pp=119}}{{sfn|Arunachalam|2020|pp=1063}} Several producers co-produced the film with Nair, with Gabriel Auer from France as the executive producer, [[Michael Nozik]] from the UK and Anil Tejani from India and Cherry Rogers as the co-executive producers. Also in co-production were Jane Balfour and co-producer [[Mitch Epstein]].

===Filming===
[[File:Krishna & Sola Saal in Salaam Bombay! (1988).jpg|thumb|Krishna and Sola Saal in ''Salaam Bombay!'']]
[[Principal photography]] primarily took place on Falkland Road, a [[red light district]] in [[Kamathipura]], Bombay.{{r|Kulkarni}} The child actors were real street children. The cast received drama training at a workshop in Bombay before filming. Child psychologist Dinaz Stafford found the children, worked with them and assisted in the acting workshop run by Barry John. A room was rented near the [[Grant Road railway station]] for rehearsals, where about 130 children rehearsed on the first day.{{r|Rahman}} Later, before appearing in the film, a group of 24 street children were trained in a workshop, where they were given music, dance and acting training. Gradually, the stories of the city of Bombay, their parents, sex, trafficking, drug dealing, gangs and their profiteering were learned from them.{{r|Rahman}} Some were reunited with their families before the film was shot.{{r|Shah}} They were paid, had medical treatment, and some of that money was left as a fixed deposit.{{r|Rahman}} [[Irrfan Khan]] made his film debut as a letter writer in a two-minute scene.{{r|HT}}

After its release, director Nair with Stafford established an organization called the [[Salaam Baalak Trust]] in 1989 to rehabilitate the children who appeared in the film.{{r|giveworld}} {{r|Rahman}} The Salaam Baalak Trust now lends support to street children in Bombay, Delhi and [[Bhubaneshwar]]. As of 2009, Shafiq Sayed, who played Krishna in the film, was an [[auto rickshaw]] driver in Bangalore.{{r|Seethalakshmi}}

===Music and soundtrack===
''Salaam Bombay!: Music from the Original Motion Picture Soundtrack'', of the film was composed, performed, and directed by [[L. Subramaniam]], was released on cassette and CD versions in 1986 from DRG Music Publishing. The song "Mera Naam Chin Chin Choo" was written by [[Qamar Jalalabadi]], composed by [[O. P. Nayyar]] and sung by [[Geeta Dutt]] for the 1958 film ''[[Howrah Bridge (1958 film)|Howrah Bridge]]'' is included in the film soundtrack. Also in a scene at the movie theatre, [[Sridevi]]'s dance to the song "Hawa Hawaii" sung by [[Kavita Krishnamurti]] from the 1987 film ''[[Mr. India (1987 film)|Mr. India]]'' is performed.{{r|Mukhopadhyaya}}{{r|Ghosh}}

{{Infobox album
| name = Salaam Bombay!: Music from the Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[L. Subramaniam]]

| caption =
| released = 1988
| genre = Stage & Screen
| length = 45:37
| label = DRG
| producer =
}}
{{Music ratings
|rev1 = [https://www.allmusic.com/album/salaam-bombay%21-mw0000270109 Allmusic]
|rev1score = {{Rating|2.5|5}}
}}

====Track listing====
{{Track listing
| headline = ''Salaam Bombay!: Music from the Original Motion Picture Soundtrack''
| extra_column = Performed by

| all_music = L. Subramaniam, ''Mera Naam Chin Chin Choo'' composed by Qamar Jalalabadi / O. P. Nayyar

| title1 = Main Titles
| length1 = 3:21
| extra1 = [[L. Subramaniam]]

| title2 = Chaipau's Theme
| length2 = 1:23
| extra2 = L. Subramaniam

| title3 = The Entry of Solasaal
| length3 = 1:33
| extra3 = L. Subramaniam

| title4 = Chick Melody
| length4 = 0:54
| extra4 = L. Subramaniam

| title5 = [[Mera Naam Chin Chin Choo]]
| length5 = 3:24
| extra5 = [[Geeta Dutt]]

| title6 = Chillum's Theme
| length6 = 4:56
| extra6 = L. Subramaniam

| title7 = Manju's Theme
| length7 = 1:11
| extra7 = L. Subramaniam

| title8 = Chaipau's Theme
| length8 = 0:56
| extra8 = L. Subramaniam

| title9 = Street Children Sing a Ballad of Lost Promises
| length9 = 1:54
| extra9 = L. Subramaniam

| title10 = Souls of Dead Children Floating
| length10 = 1:11
| extra10 = L. Subramaniam

| title11 = Escape From the Chiller Room
| length11 = 2:12
| extra11 = L. Subramaniam

| title12 = Baba Kisses Solasaal
| length12 = 1:21
| extra12 = L. Subramaniam

| title13 = Farewell to Manju
| length13 = 2:25
| extra13 = L. Subramaniam

| title14 = Chaipau Helps Chillum Across the Tracks
| length14 = 1:15
| extra14 = L. Subramaniam

| title15 = The Funeral Procession
| length15 = 4:31
| extra15 = L. Subramaniam

| title16 = Chaipau Sets Fire to Solasaal's Bed
| length16 = 1:13
| extra16 = L. Subramaniam

| title17 = Solasaal's Theme
| length17 = 1:01
| extra17 = L. Subramaniam

| title18 = Escape From the Chiller Room
| length18 = 2:54
| extra18 = L. Subramaniam

| title19 = Medley: Aartis for the Ganpati Festival
| length19 = 2:18
| extra19 = L. Subramaniam

| title20 = Chaipau Alone
| length20 = 2:21
| extra20 = L. Subramaniam

| title21 = End Credit Music
| length21 = 3:23
| extra21 = L. Subramaniam
}}

==Release==
===Initial screening===
Before commercial release, the film premiered at the [[Directors' Fortnight]] at the [[1988 Cannes Film Festival|Cannes Film Festival]] in May 1988. It was later screened at the [[1988 Toronto International Film Festival|Toronto International Film Festival]] on 13 September in 1988.

===Initial theatrical run===
{{sectionrefimprove|date=January 2026}}
In 1988, the film was released on 24 August in France, on September in India, on 7 October at the 26th [[New York Film Festival]],{{r|Canby}} on 20 December in Italy, and on 22 December in Belgium.

The following year, the film was released on 13 January in Denmark, 2 February in Netherlands, on 10 February in Finland, on 27 April in West Germany, on 29 June in Australia, on 27 July in Argentina, on 24 September at the Cinefest Sudbury International Film Festival in Canada and 3 November in Sweden.

In 1990, the film was released on 26 January in East Germany, on 10 March in Japan, and on 5 April in Hungary and on 18 January 1991 in Portugal.

===Re-releases===
The film was re-released in France on 12 December 2001 and 7 January 2015. In 2005, it was also screened at the [[New Horizons Film Festival]] in Poland on 23 July.

It was re-released in Indian theatres in March 2013.{{r|Jamkhandikar}} In 2015, at the [[BFI London Film Festival]], the film was screened on 9 October, and on 18 October at the [[Tallgrass Film Festival]] in the United States.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

==Reception==

{{Quote box
|quote = "In that respect ''Salaam Bombay!'' is quite different from ''[[Pixote]]'', the 1981 film about Brazilian street children. Although the two films obviously have much in common, the children of ''Pixote'' exist in an anarchic and savage world, while those in "Salaam Bombay!" share a community, however humble."
|author = [[Roger Ebert]]
|source = ''Salaam Bombay!'', rogerebert.com{{r|Ebert}}
|width = 35%
| bgcolor = Cornsilk
}}

''Salaam Bombay!'' received mainly positive reviews from critics who commented on the cultural and social impact of the film. On the film [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film has an approval rating of 93% based on 30 reviews, with a [[Weighted arithmetic mean|rating average]] of 7.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "''Salaam Bombay!'' examines life in a part of the world that many viewers have never visited - but does so with enough compassion and grace to make them feel as if they have."<ref name="Tomatoes-Salaam">{{cite web |title=Salaam Bombay! |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/salaam_bombay |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=21 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414200917/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/salaam_bombay |archive-date=14 April 2019}}</ref> {{Metacritic film prose|79|18|ref=yes|access-date=22 October 2025}}

[[Roger Ebert]] wrote, "The history of the making of "Salaam Bombay!" is almost as interesting as the film itself."{{r|Ebert}} English writer [[Hilary Mantel]] commented, "A warm and lively film, made by Mira Nair with only a handful of professional actors."{{r|Mantel}} Ted Shen of ''[[Chicago Reader]]'' wrote that, "like [[Hector Babenco]]'s ''[[Pixote]]'' the film is unsparingly gritty, but with a woman's tenderness it also grants the characters an occasional moment of grace."{{r|Shen}} [[Richard Corliss]] of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine wrote that, "''Salaam Bombay!'' deserves a broad audience, not just to open American eyes to plights of hunger and homelessness abroad, but to open American minds to the vitality of a cinema without rim shots and happy endings."{{r|Corliss}} American film critic [[Dave Kehr]] stated, "Much to Nair`s credit, she exploits neither the exoticism of her locale (there are no tour-guide, look-at-this flourishes) nor the misery of her subjects (suffer they may, but they do not demand pity)."{{r|Kehr}} American film critic [[David Sterritt]] stated, "the movie is terrifically well-acted and beautifully filmed, however, marking an auspicious feature-film debut for Indian-American director Mira Nair."{{r|Sterritt}} [[Peter Travers]] commented that "poetic, powerful and disturbing, ''Salaam Bombay!'' transcends language and cultural barriers.{{r|Travers}}

[[Emanuel Levy]], thought that the film "drew its intensity and colour from its locale, the slums of Bombay."{{r|Levy}} [[Vincent Canby]] says, "for a film about such hopelessness, ''Salaam Bombay!'' is surprisingly cheering."{{r|Canby}} [[Christopher Null]] wrote, "with Salaam, Nair proves an early ability with a camera and at getting performances out of obviously inexperienced actors, but her writing talents are much sketchier."{{r|Null}} Rita Kempley of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' wrote, "Nair's film has been compared to Hector Babenco's chilling "Pixote," a Brazilian look at a 10-year-old street criminal, but hers is a more compassionate, though equally troubling, portrait."{{r|Kempley}} On movie review site [[Rediff.com]] critic [[Sukanya Verma]] commented, ''Salaam Bombay!'' "still brilliant in 25 years."{{r|Verma}}

===Accolades===
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="99%" style=font-size:96%
|+ '''List of awards and nominations'''
|- style="background:#ccc;"
! Organisation
! Date of the ceremony
! Category
! Nominee(s)
! Result
! Ref.(s)
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Cannes Film Festival]]
| rowspan="2"| [[1988 Cannes Film Festival|May, 1988]]
| [[Caméra d'Or]]
| rowspan="14" | [[Mira Nair]]
| {{won}}
| {{r|cannes1988}}
|-
| Audience Award
| {{won}}
| {{r|Schuldt}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Los Angeles Film Critics Association]]
| rowspan="2"| [[1988 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards|10 December 1988]]
| New Generation Award:
| {{won}}
| rowspan="2"| {{r|Easton}}
|-
| Best Foreign Film
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[National Board of Review]]
| [[National Board of Review Awards 1988|13 December 1988]]
| Top foreign films
| {{won}}
| {{r|nbrmp}}
|-
| [[Boston Society of Film Critics]]
| [[Boston Society of Film Critics Awards 1988|1988]]
| Best Foreign-Language Film
| {{won}}
| {{r|BSFC}}
|-
| Los Angeles Women in Film Festival
| 1988
| Lillian Gish Award (Excellence in Feature Film)
| {{won}}
| {{sfn|Muir|2006|pp=59}}
|-
| rowspan="3"| [[Montreal World Film Festival]]
| rowspan="3"| 1988
| Jury Prize
| {{won}}
| {{r|ffm}}
|-
| Air Canada Award for Most Popular Film of the Festival
| {{won}}
| {{r|ffm}}
|-
| [[Prize of the Ecumenical Jury]]
| {{won}}
| {{r|ffm}}
|-
| [[Golden Globe Awards]]
| [[46th Golden Globe Awards|28 January 1989]]
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]]
| {{nom}}
| {{r|goldenglobes1989}}
|-
| [[César Awards]]
| [[14th César Awards|4 March 1989]]
| [[César Award for Best Foreign Film|Best Foreign Film]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| [[Academy Awards]]
| [[61st Academy Awards|29 March 1989]]
| [[Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Best International Feature Film]]
| {{nom}}
| {{r|Oscars1989}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[National Film Awards]]
| rowspan="2"| [[36th National Film Awards|May 1989]]
| [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Best Feature Film in Hindi]]
| {{won}}
| rowspan="2"| {{r|36thNfacatalogue}}
|-
| [[National Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]]
| [[Shafiq Syed]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Annonay International Film Festival]]
| 1989
| Prix du Public
| rowspan="4" | Mira Nair
| {{won}}
| {{r|palmares}}
|-
| [[British Academy Film Awards]]
| [[43rd British Academy Film Awards|11 March 1990]]
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language|Best Film Not in the English Language]]
| {{nom}}
| {{r|BAFTA1990}}
|-
| rowspan="3"| [[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="3"| [[35th Filmfare Awards|1990]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="3"|
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| [[Anita Kanwar]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|}
===Box office===
''Salaam Bombay!'' earned {{US$|2080046}} in the United States and Canada,{{r|Mojo-Salaam}} from 506,100 ticket sales.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Салам, Бомбей" (Salaam Bombay!) |url=https://www.kinopoisk.ru/film/23841/ |access-date=2022-05-06 |website=[[Kinopoisk]] |language=ru}}</ref> In France, the film sold 633,899 tickets;{{r|jpbox-france}}. In Germany, the film sold 258,728 tickets;{{r|jpbox-europe}}

The film also sold 346 tickets in Switzerland and Spain since 1996,<ref>{{cite web |title=Salaam Bombay! |url=https://lumiere.obs.coe.int/movie/2222 |website=[[Lumiere (database)|Lumiere]] |access-date=6 May 2022}}</ref> adding up to total overseas footfalls of {{formatnum:{{#expr:506100+633899+258728+346}}|}} tickets sold in the United States, France, Germany, Switzerland and Spain.

Against a production budget of $450,000,{{sfn|Foster|1997|pp=119}} the film grossed an estimated total of {{US$|7434176}} in overseas markets, becoming one of the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films in overseas markets|highest-grossing Indian films in overseas markets]] at that time.{{r|Variety}}

==See also==
* [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]]
* [[List of submissions to the 61st Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film]]
* {{anl|Salaam Baalak Trust}}
{{Portal bar|Film|Bollywood|India}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
*<ref name="1000best">{{cite news |title=The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made |url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/movies/1000best.html |access-date=21 September 2011 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722141147/https://www.nytimes.com/ref/movies/1000best.html|archive-date=22 July 2016}}</ref>
*<ref name="Rahman">{{Cite interview |interviewer=M. Rahman |title=The real test of Salaam Bombay! is in India: Mira Nair |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/interview/story/19880815-the-real-test-of-salaam-bombay-is-in-india-mira-nair-797576-1988-08-15 |publisher=[[India Today]] |date=22 November 2013 |access-date=21 May 2020}}</ref>
*<ref name="Shah">{{cite news |last=Shah |first=Kunal M |title=Salaam Bombay, Again |date=10 March 2009 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Salaam-Bombay-Again/articleshow/4248930.cms |access-date=21 May 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
*<ref name="AtKisson">{{cite news |last=AtKisson |first=Alan |title=Salaam Bombay! Proceeds from prize-winning film will benefit street children in India |url=https://www.context.org/iclib/ic20/bombaypp/ |publisher=Context |access-date=21 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203102642/https://www.context.org/iclib/ic20/bombaypp/ |archive-date=3 February 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*<ref name="Manik">{{cite news |last=Manik |first=Sharma |title=Why Salaam Bombay, Mira Nair's directorial debut, remains unmatched 30 years after its release |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/why-salaam-bombay-mira-nairs-directorial-debut-remains-unmatched-30-years-after-its-release-4418413.html |access-date=21 May 2020 |publisher=Firstpost |date=7 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412031557/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/why-salaam-bombay-mira-nairs-directorial-debut-remains-unmatched-30-years-after-its-release-4418413.html |archive-date=12 April 2018}}</ref>
*<ref name="Kulkarni">{{cite news |last=Kulkarni |first=Vishwas |title=The uncomfortable truth about Indian cinema |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film/the-uncomfortable-truth-about-indian-cinema-1.770885 |access-date=21 May 2020 |publisher=The National |date=16 September 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916205104/https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/film/the-uncomfortable-truth-about-indian-cinema-1.770885 |archive-date=16 September 2018}}</ref>
*<ref name="HT">{{cite news |title=Salaam Bombay to Blackmail: Irrfan Khan defines what exactly has changed in Indian cinema |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/salaam-bombay-to-blackmail-irrfan-khan-defines-what-exactly-has-changed-in-indian-cinema/story-CBiTUN4PF5ZSLwakeVJc7O.html |access-date=21 May 2020 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=5 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408160110/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/salaam-bombay-to-blackmail-irrfan-khan-defines-what-exactly-has-changed-in-indian-cinema/story-CBiTUN4PF5ZSLwakeVJc7O.html |archive-date=8 April 2018}}</ref>
*<ref name="giveworld">{{cite web |url=http://www.giveworld.org/sbt/sbt_profile.htm |title=More information on the Salaam Baalak Trust |website=GiveWorld |date=2 March 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060302100335/http://www.giveworld.org/sbt/sbt_profile.htm |archive-date=2 March 2006}}</ref>
*<ref name="Seethalakshmi">{{cite news |last=Seethalakshmi |first=S |date=5 March 2009 |title='Salaam' star now a rickshaw driver |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Salaam-star-now-a-rickshaw-driver/articleshow/4225852.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813104905/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-05/bangalore/28054810_1_rickshaw-driver-street-kids-street-food |archive-date=13 August 2013}}</ref>
*<ref name="Mukhopadhyaya">{{cite news |last=Mukhopadhyaya |first=Anirban |title=পুরুষ-সর্বস্ব বলিউডে কোন জাদুতে নিজেকে তুলে ধরেছিলেন শ্রীদেবী |url=https://ebela.in/entertainment/the-sridevi-magic-continues-even-after-her-death-dgtl-1.762118 |access-date=21 May 2020 |publisher=Ebela |date=25 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225154309/https://ebela.in/entertainment/the-sridevi-magic-continues-even-after-her-death-dgtl-1.762118 |archive-date=25 February 2018}}</ref>
*<ref name="Ghosh">{{cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Pinakpani |title=আপনি এখনও মন জুড়ে, শ্রীহীন ১৭ মাস পরেও অক্ষত সেই সিংহাসন |url=https://www.thewall.in/letter-to-sridevi-on-her-birthday/ |access-date=21 May 2020 |publisher=The Wall |date=13 August 2019}}</ref>
*<ref name="Canby">{{cite news |last1=Canby |first1=Vincent |author-link1=Vincent Canby |title=Film Festival in a City Where Life is Just Barely Possible |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/07/movies/film-festival-in-a-city-where-life-is-just-barely-possible.html |access-date=23 May 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=7 October 1988 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502150541/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/07/movies/film-festival-in-a-city-where-life-is-just-barely-possible.html |archive-date=2 May 2019}}</ref>
*<ref name="Mojo-Salaam">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=salaambombay.htm |title=Salaam Bombay! (1988) |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=21 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403215811/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=salaambombay.htm |archive-date=3 April 2019}}</ref>
*<ref name="jpbox-france">{{cite web |title=Charts - LES ENTREES EN FRANCE (Inde) |url=http://www.jpbox-office.com/charts_france.php?variable=29&filtre=pays&limit5=0 |website=JP's Box-office |access-date=21 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131081315/http://www.jpbox-office.com/charts_france.php?variable=29&filtre=pays&limit5=0 |archive-date=31 January 2018}}</ref>
*<ref name="jpbox-europe">{{cite web |title=Salaam Bombay! (Europe) |url=http://www.jpbox-office.com/fichfilm.php?id=5747&view=4 |website=JP's Box-office |access-date=21 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215225016/http://www.jpbox-office.com/fichfilm.php?id=5747&view=4 |archive-date=15 December 2018}}</ref>
*<ref name="Variety">{{cite magazine |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |page=86|date=7 January 1991 |title=Pix from afar: National bests in the U.S.}}</ref>
*<ref name="Jamkhandikar">{{cite news |last=Jamkhandikar |first=Shilpa |title=A Minute With: Mira Nair on Salaam Bombay |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/mira-nair-interview-salaam-bombay/a-minute-with-mira-nair-on-salaam-bombay-idINDEE92L09620130322 |access-date=21 May 2020 |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=22 March 2013}}</ref>
*<ref name="Ebert">{{cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Ebert |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/salaam-bombay-1988 |title=Salaam Bombay! |date=28 October 1988 |website=RogerEbert.com |access-date=21 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521185736/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/salaam-bombay-1988 |archive-date=21 May 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*<ref name="Mantel">{{cite web |last=Mantel |first=Hilary |author-link=Hilary Mantel |title=Cinema |url=http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/12th-november-1988/63/cinema |publisher=[[The Spectator]] |access-date=23 May 2020 |date=9 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414200921/http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/12th-november-1988/63/cinema |archive-date=14 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*<ref name="Shen">{{cite news |last1=Shen |first1=Ted |title=Salaam Bombay! |url=https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/salaam-bombay/Film?oid=1061246 |access-date=23 May 2020 |publisher=[[Chicago Reader]] |date=29 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414200930/https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/salaam-bombay/Film?oid=1061246 |archive-date=14 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*<ref name="Corliss">{{cite magazine |last1=Corliss |first1=Richard |author-link1=Richard Corliss |title=Cinema: Subcontinental Divide |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=24 October 1988 |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,968764,00.html |access-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414200923/http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,968764,00.html |archive-date=14 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*<ref name="Kehr">{{cite news |last1=Kehr |first1=Dave |author-link1=Dave Kehr |title='SALAAM BOMBAY!' FOLLOWS LOST-CHILD-IN-CITY GENRE |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1988-10-28-8802110198-story.html |access-date=23 May 2020 |publisher=[[Chicago Tribune]] |date=28 October 1988 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815222251/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1988-10-28-8802110198-story.html |archive-date=15 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*<ref name="Sterritt">{{cite news |last=Sterritt |first=David |author-link=David Sterritt |title=FREEZE FRAMES |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1988/1007/lff07.html |access-date=23 May 2020 |publisher=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date=7 October 1988 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414200924/https://www.csmonitor.com/1988/1007/lff07.html |archive-date=14 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*<ref name="Travers">{{cite magazine|last1=Travers |first1=Peter |author-link1=Peter Travers |title=Picks and Pans Review: Salaam Bombay |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] |date=7 November 1988 |url=https://people.com/archive/picks-and-pans-review-salaam-bombay-vol-30-no-19/ |access-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129072631/http://people.com/archive/picks-and-pans-review-salaam-bombay-vol-30-no-19/ |archive-date=29 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*<ref name="Levy">{{cite web |last1=Levy |first1=Emanuel |author-link1=Emanuel Levy |title=Salaam Bombay |url=https://emanuellevy.com/review/salaam-bombay-6/ |publisher=emanuellevy.com |access-date=23 May 2020 |date=2 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505120246/http://emanuellevy.com/review/salaam-bombay-6/ |archive-date=5 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*<ref name="Null">{{cite web |last=Null |first=Christopher |author-link=Christopher Null |title=Salaam Bombay! |url=https://www.amc.com/movie/1988/Salaam+Bombay! |publisher=AMC |access-date=23 May 2020 |date=23 February 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129072639/http://www.amc.com/movie/1988/Salaam+Bombay! |archive-date=29 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*<ref name="Kempley">{{cite news |last1=Kempley |first1=Rita |title='Salaam Bombay!' : (NR) |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/salaambombay.htm |access-date=23 May 2020 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=4 November 1988 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030224856/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/salaambombay.htm |archive-date=30 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*<ref name="Verma">{{cite web |last1=Verma |first1=Sukanya |author-link1=Sukanya Verma |title=Salaam Bombay review: 25 Years on, still brilliant! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-salaam-bombay-is-still-brilliant/20130322.htm |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=23 May 2020 |date=22 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509093508/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-salaam-bombay-is-still-brilliant/20130322.htm |archive-date=9 May 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*<ref name="cannes1988">{{cite web|url=http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/1988/allAward.html |title=Awards 1988: All Awards |work=festival-cannes.fr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228211216/http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/1988/allAward.html |archive-date=28 December 2014 |df=dmy}}</ref>
*<ref name="Schuldt">{{cite news |last=Schuldt |first=Clay |title=Film Society to show 'Salaam Bombay' |url=https://www.nujournal.com/news/local-news/2018/03/10/film-society-to-show-salaam-bombay/ |access-date=22 May 2020 |publisher=The Journal |date=10 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310091929/http://www.nujournal.com/news/local-news/2018/03/10/film-society-to-show-salaam-bombay/ |archive-date=10 March 2018}}</ref>
*<ref name="Easton">{{cite news |last1=Easton |first1=Nina j. |title=L.A. Film Critics Vote Lahti, Hanks, 'Dorrit' Winners |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-12-12-ca-187-story.html |access-date=22 May 2020 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=12 December 1988 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601134731/http://articles.latimes.com/1988-12-12/entertainment/ca-187_1_l-a-film-critics |archive-date=1 June 2016}}</ref>
*<ref name="nbrmp">{{cite news |title=National Board of Review 1988 |url=http://www.nbrmp.org/awards/past.cfm?year=1988 |access-date=22 May 2020 |publisher=[[National Board of Review]] |date=1988 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083539/http://www.nbrmp.org/awards/past.cfm?year=1988 |archive-date=29 September 2007}}</ref>
*<ref name="BSFC">{{cite web |title=BSFC Winners: 1980s |url=https://bostonfilmcritics.org/past-winners-1980s/ |publisher=[[Boston Society of Film Critics]] |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723012332/https://bostonfilmcritics.org/past-winners-1980s/ |archive-date=23 July 2019 |date=1980}}</ref>
*<ref name="ffm">{{cite web |title=Awards of the Montreal World Film Festival - 1988 |url=http://www.ffm-montreal.org/en/awards/29-awards-of-the-montreal-world-film-festival-1988.html |publisher=[[Montreal World Film Festival]] |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926110715/http://www.ffm-montreal.org/en/awards/29-awards-of-the-montreal-world-film-festival-1988.html |archive-date=26 September 2017 |url-status=usurped |date=1988}}</ref>
*<ref name="goldenglobes1989">{{cite web |title=Winners & Nominees 1989 |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/1989?page=2 |publisher=[[Golden Globe Awards]] |access-date=22 May 2020 |date=28 January 1989 |archive-date=11 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911151050/https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/1989?page=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*<ref name="Oscars1989">{{cite web |title=The 61st Academy Awards (1989) Nominees and Winners |url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1989 |publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006074956/http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/61st-winners.html |archive-date=6 October 2014 |date=29 March 1989}}</ref>
*<ref name="36thNfacatalogue">{{cite web |title=36th National Film Festival |url=https://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/81_36thNfacatalogue.pdf |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109153343/https://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/81_36thNfacatalogue.pdf |archive-date=9 November 2018 |location=India |pages=34, 60 |date=1989}}</ref>
*<ref name="palmares">{{cite web |title=Palmarès depuis 1989 |url=http://www.annonaypremierfilm.org/archives-du-festival/palmares/ |publisher=[[Annonay International Film Festival]] |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329044158/http://www.annonaypremierfilm.org/archives-du-festival/palmares/ |archive-date=29 March 2019 |date=1989}}</ref>
*<ref name="BAFTA1990">{{cite web |title=Film in 1990 |url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/1990/film |publisher=[[British Academy Film Awards]] |access-date=22 May 2020 |date=1990 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305074044/http://awards.bafta.org/award/1990/film |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

}}

===Sources===
{{div col}}
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*{{cite magazine |last=Denby |first=David |editor-last=Haskell |editor-first=David |title=A Tale of Two Cities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=auUCAAAAMBAJ&q=Salaam+Bombay%21+making&pg=PA113 |department=Movies |magazine=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |date=24 October 1988 |location=New York |publication-date=24 October 1988 |volume=21 |issue=42 |page=113 |issn=0028-7369}}
*{{cite book |last1=Levy |first1=Emanuel |author-link=Emanuel Levy |chapter=Erotica: Mira Nair |title=Cinema of Outsiders: The Rise of American Independent Film |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XKEaiePVDpIC&q=Salaam+Bombay%21&pg=PA383 |publisher=NYU Press |date=1 September 1999 |pages=383–385 |isbn=9780814752890}}
*{{cite book |last=Naficy |first=Hamid |author-link=Hamid Naficy |chapter=3 |title=An Accented Cinema: Exilic and Diasporic Filmmaking |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SoKeH59mLfQC&q=Salaam+Bombay%21+making&pg=PA68 |edition=illustrated |publisher=Princeton University Press |date=2001 |pages=68–70 |isbn=9780691043913}}
*{{cite book |last=Ebert |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Ebert |title=Roger Ebert's Four Star Reviews--1967-2007 |date=15 January 2009 |publisher=Andrews McMeel Publishing |isbn=9780740792175 |pages=669–670 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v43dJNPMJIkC&q=Salaam+Bombay%21+making&pg=RA1-PA667}}
*{{cite book |last=Taraporevala |first=Sooni |author-link=Sooni Taraporevala |title=Salaam Bombay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VWX8rQEACAAJ&q=Salaam+Bombay!+making |publisher=Motilal Penguin India |year=2013 |isbn=9780143420651}}
*{{cite book |last=Hoffman |first=Mark S. |title=The World Almanac & Book of Facts |year=1992 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nk4wAAAAMAAJ&q=ticket+price |publisher=Pharos Books |location=NY |isbn=978-0886876586 |edition=125th anniversary }}
*{{cite book |year=2002 |last=Naughton |first=Leonie |title=That was the Wild East: Film Culture, Unification, and the "new" Germany |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AugFhjJZz0QC&pg=PA68 |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |isbn=978-0472088881 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Muir |first1=John Kenneth |author-link1=John Kenneth Muir |title=Mercy in Her Eyes: The Films of Mira Nair |date=2006 |publisher=[[Hal Leonard LLC]] |isbn=1557836493 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HEte5ilhCTcC&q=Los+Angeles+Women+in+Film+Festival+Lilian+Gish+Award&pg=PA59 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Arunachalam |first1=Param |title=BollySwar: 1981 - 1990 |date=14 April 2020 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech Private Limited |isbn=978-8193848227 |pages=1063–1064 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8jiBlevikccC&q=Salaam+Bombay%21&pg=PA119 }}
{{div col end}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{TCMDb title}}
*{{AlloCiné title|3940}}
*{{DFDb title|salaam-bombay}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}
*{{Metacritic film}}
*{{Mojo title}}
*{{YouTube|XYciGm4tziI|''Salaam Bombay!'' Trailer}}

{{Mira Nair}}
{{Navboxes
|title= Awards for ''Salaam Bombay!''
|list=
{{Caméra d'Or}}
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Paluvayi

2026-03-29T00:19:08Z

Matrika: put up stub - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =Paluvayi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
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| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
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| map_alt = Dynamic map
| map_caption = Dynamic map
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|16|31|15|N|79|30|17|E|display=inline,title|region:IN_type:city}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Guntur
| established_title = 
| established_date =
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| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
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| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = AP
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Narasaraopet]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Macherla]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Paluvayi,''' is a village in [[Rentachintala]] [[Administrative divisions of India|mandal]], [[Palnadu district]], in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Apart from [[New Paluvayi]], there is also another habitation called Paluvayi gate. The Postal Index Number of the village is 522421.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PALUVAI Pin Code - 522421, Rentachintala All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search GUNTUR Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/andhra-pradesh/guntur/paluvai-pincode-522421.html |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=news.abplive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PinCodeArea |title=Postal Code: PALUVAI GATE, Post Paluvai BO (Guntur, Andhra Pradesh) |url=https://pincodearea.in/PALUVAI-GATE-Pincode-PO-Paluvai-BO |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=PinCodeArea |language=en}}</ref> It has a population of 6231 with females (3136) more than males (3095) as per 2011 census.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paluvoi Village Population - Rentachintala - Guntur, Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/589836-paluvoi-andhra-pradesh.html |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Palnadu district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Tiruchirappalli Metro

2026-03-25T10:21:45Z

Matrika: Started entry

{{Short description|Proposed metro system for the city of Tiruchirappalli, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox public transit
| box_width =
| name = Tiruchirappalli Metro
| image =
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| image2 =
| alt2 =
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| image3 =
| alt3 =
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| caption =
| owner =
| locale = [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| transit_type = [[Rapid Transit]]
| lines = 3
| stations = 45
| ridership =
| annual_ridership =
| chief_executive =
| headquarters = [[Tiruchirappalli]]
| website =
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| began_operation = Proposed
| operation_will_start =
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| system_length = {{convert|45|km|mi|abbr=on}}
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'''Tiruchirappalli Metro''' or Trichy Metro is a proposed [[rapid transit]] system for the city of [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. Initially the system was proposed as the [[Tiruchirappalli Monorail]]<ref name=proposed>{{cite news|last=S. Ganesan|title=Residents welcome study on mono rail system|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/05/stories/2011060563990500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608140638/http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/05/stories/2011060563990500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 June 2011|access-date=10 February 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 June 2011|location=[[Tiruchi]]}}</ref> but after feasibility study it was recommended to be a metro rail project. The initial proposal recommended two lines of 45 km in length with 45 stations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Feasibility report on MRTS in Tiruchy, Tirunelveli and Salem submitted |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/sep/01/feasibility-report-on-mrts-in-tiruchy-tirunelveli-and-salem-submitted-2610560.html |access-date=1 January 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |agency=The New Indian Express |date=Sep 1, 2023}}</ref>

== History ==
Then [[Governor of Tamil Nadu]], Banwarilal Brohit announced in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative assembly]] during 2011 that the Government of Tamil Nadu has decided to do a feasibility study for introducing monorail system in Trichy along with Coimbatore and Madurai.<ref name=proposed /> But with the political changes in the state the project was without any progress. During 2022 the proposal was converted to study a mass transit system for the city and in 2023 it was proposed to build a full-fledged metro for the city with two corridors.

== Project timeline ==
===2021===
* In October, Trichy Corporation initiates work on preparation of Comprehensive Mobility Plan for the city to study the traffic pattern and transportation infrastructure.<ref>{{cite news |title=Comprehensive mobility plan for Trichy complete |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/comprehensive-mobility-plan-for-trichy-complete/articleshow/99048867.cms |access-date=1 January 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=28 March 2023}}</ref>

===2022===
* In May, CMRL initiates Study for Detailed Feasibility Report <ref>{{cite web |last1=Rustagi |first1=Abha |title=6 firms bid for MRTS feasibility in Salem, Tiruchirappalli & Tirunelveli |url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/6-firms-bid-for-mrts-feasibility-in-salem-tiruchirappalli-tirunelveli/ |website=Metro Rail News |access-date=1 January 2024 |date=30 April 2022}}</ref>
* In June, CMRL and Trichy Corporation held discussions on utilising the CMP data for the Metro DFR <ref>{{cite web |author=Staff Reporter |title=Trichy Corporation Proposes Three Metro Rail Corridors to Transform City's Transportation Landscape |url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/trichy-corporation-proposes-three-metro-rail-corridors-to-transform-citys-transportation-landscape/ |website=Metro Rail News |date=31 March 2023}}</ref>

===2023===
* In April, CMP work is completed and it suggested three potential corridors for the Metro with related traffic datapoints.<ref>{{cite news |title=3 high-demand metro corridors listed in Trichy Corp's mobility plan |url=https://www.constructionworld.in/transport-infrastructure/metro-rail-and-railways-infrastructure/3-high-demand-metro-corridors-listed-in-trichy-corp--39;s-mobility-plan/39982 |work=www.constructionworld.in |language=en}}</ref>
* In September, CRML submits the DFR to Tamil Nadu Government for further approval, which proposed a Mass Rapid Transit System for Trichy with 2 corridors from the CMP for a length of 45 km.<ref>{{cite news |title=Feasibility report on MRTS in Tiruchy, Tirunelveli and Salem submitted |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/sep/01/feasibility-report-on-mrts-in-tiruchy-tirunelveli-and-salem-submitted-2610560.html |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Corridors ==
=== Comprehensive Mobility Plan ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Corridor No<ref>{{cite news |title=Three potential metro corridors identified for Trichy city |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/three-potential-metro-corridors-identified-for-trichy-city/articleshow/99093786.cms |work=The Times of India |date=29 March 2023}}</ref>
! Line
! From
! To
! Via
! Length (km)
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1
| style="background:#FFA500; text-align: center; | '''Line 1 (Orange) '''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Samayapuram]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Vayalur]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Srirangam]], [[Chatram Bus Stand]], [[Thillai Nagar]]
| style="text-align:center;"|18.7
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2
| style="background:#00FF00; text-align: center; | '''Line 2 (Green)'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Thuvakudi]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Panjapur]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Thiruverumbur]], [[Central Bus Stand]]
| style="text-align:center;"|26
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|3
| style="background:#A020F0; text-align: center; color:#ffffff;" | '''Line 3 (Purple)'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Tiruchchirappalli Junction railway station|Trichy Railway Junction]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Panjapur]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Trichy Airport]], [[Transport in Tiruchirappalli|Trichy Ring Road]]
| style="text-align:center;"|23.3
|-
!Total
!colspan="4" |
!68
|}

=== Detailed Feasibility Report ===
'''Proposed Metro Rail Routes in Trichy based on Feasibility study'''<ref>{{cite news |title=2 metro corridors proposed in Trichy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/2-metro-corridors-proposed-in-trichy/articleshow/103265068.cms |access-date=1 January 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=1 September 2023}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="7" |Trichy Metro
|-
! Corridor No
! From
! To
! Roads
! Via
! Length (km)
! Stations
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Samayapuram]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Vayalur]]
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"|19
| style="text-align:center;"|19
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Thuvakudi]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Panjapur]]
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"|26
| style="text-align:center;"|26
|-
!Total
!colspan="4" |
!45
!45
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Transport in Tiruchirappalli}}
{{Rapid transit in India}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Proposed monorails in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Tamil Nadu]]

Aboobaker Osman Mitha

2026-03-19T06:54:31Z

Matrika: small changes

{{Short description|Pakistani general (1923–1999)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Aboobaker Osman Mitha
| honorific_prefix = [[Major General]]
| honorific_suffix = [[Hilal-e-Jurat|HJ]]&ensp;&ensp;[[Civil decorations of Pakistan|SQA]]&ensp;&ensp;[[Civil decorations of Pakistan|TPk]]
| caption = Major General Mitha as head of the [[Special Services Group|SSG]] {{circa}} 1971
| native_name = ابوبکر عثمان متہ
| native_name_lang = ur
| nickname = Father of SSG
| birth_date = {{birth date text|1923}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], Maharashtra, [[British India|British Indian Empire]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1999|12|01|1923|06|01}}
| death_place = [[Islamabad]], Pakistan
| allegiance = {{flagicon|British India}} [[British India]] {{small|(1942–1947)}} {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan]] {{small|(1947–1972)}}
| branch = {{flagicon|British India|army}} [[British Indian Army]] {{flagicon|Pakistan|army}} [[Pakistan Army]]
| serviceyears = 1942–1972
| rank = [[File:OF-7 Pakistan Army.svg|20px]]
[[Major General]]
| unit = [[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]]
| commands = {{ubl|[[Special Services Group]]|[[Quartermaster general|Quartermaster General]] [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|GHQ]]|[[Pakistan Military Academy]]}}
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[World War II]]
** [[Burma Campaign]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]
* [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]
** [[Operation Searchlight]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
{{tree list/end}}
| awards = {{ubl|[[Hilal-e-Jurat]] '''(Withdrawn)'''| [[Civil decorations of Pakistan|Sitara-e-Quaid-e-Azam]]|[[Civil decorations of Pakistan|Tamgha-e-Pakistan]]| [[1939-1945 Star]]| [[Burma Star]]| [[War Medal 1939-1945]]}}
| spouse = [[Indu Mitha|Indu Chatterjee]]
| children = Tehreema Mitha
}}

'''Aboobaker Osman Mitha''' {{small|[[Hilal-e-Jurat|HJ]] [[Civil decorations of Pakistan|SQA TPk]]}} ({{Langx|ur|{{nq|ابو بكر عثمان مِٹها}}}};1923–1999), popularized as '''A.O. Mitha''', was a [[Pakistan Army]] general who was one of the founders of [[Special Services Group]] (SSG).<ref name="Dawn Newspapers">{{cite news |title=The forgotten hero |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/826674/the-forgotten-hero |access-date=14 October 2016 |work=Dawn |date=2 August 2009}}</ref> With the help from the [[United States Army Special Forces]], he created the [[Special Forces|special forces]] unit in [[Cherat]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] in 1956.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mitha |first1=A.O. |title=Unlikely beginnings : a soldier's life |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Karachi |isbn=978-0-19-579413-7}}</ref><ref name="Simon and Schuster">{{cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Tariq |title=The Duel: Pakistan on the Flight Path of American Power |year=2012 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4711-0588-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SELWCgBjYSwC&q=A+O+Mitha&pg=RA1-PA1948 |access-date=14 October 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Aboobaker Osman Mitha was born on 1 June 1923 at his family residence in the extremely posh [[Malabar Hill]] neighbourhood of [[Mumbai|Bombay, British India]]. He was born into an affluent and wealthy business family belonging to the [[Memon people|Memon community]].<ref name="Oxford University Press, Mitha (bio), 2003">{{cite book |last1=Mitha |first1=Aboobaker Osman |title=Unlikely Beginnings: A Soldier's Life |year=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Karachi, Pakistan |isbn=978-0-19-579413-7 |page=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqfeAAAAMAAJ&q=born |access-date=27 September 2013 |quote=He said that as a Memon he felt very proud when he heard that not only had I become a brigadier, but also had raised and commanded the only commando unit in the Pakistan army.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.72303/page/n122/mode/1up |title=Indian Army List |publisher=Defence Department, Indian Government |date=August 1947 |page=269P(1)}} gives DoB</ref> He grew up in a traditional Indian joint family environment, presided over by an imperious grandfather and powerful grandmother. His entire childhood and early youth was spent in tony south Bombay, he attended the elite schools and colleges there and was attended on by a retinue of servants.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

== Career ==
===British Indian Army===
As a young man, Mitha rejected both a career in business and the bride chosen for him by his grandfather, deciding instead to embark upon a career in the army. After finishing high school he joined a pre-cadet academy, and was selected for a commission in the [[British Indian Army]]. He passed out of the [[Indian Military Academy]], [[Dehradun]], on 21 June 1942. He was granted an emergency commission in the Indian Army and appointed to the 2nd battalion [[4th Bombay Grenadiers]].<ref>October 1942 Indian Army List Most Secret edition</ref> After volunteering for the [[Indian Parachute Regiment]], he served in [[Burma]] during [[World War II]] and was dropped behind Japanese lines for high-risk operations. He was promoted war substantive Lieutenant 21 December 1942. He was granted a regular Indian Army commission on 25 May 1946 with an initial commission date of 1 June 1944 and to rank of Lieutenant from 1 December 1945.<ref>October 1946 and August 1947 Indian Army Lists</ref>

Mitha refers to the blatant racism that British officers practised against their Indian colleagues in his posthumously published book, ''Unlikely Beginnings''. He wrote, "If there were ten officers in a mess, two of them British, they would see to it that they had little, if anything, to do with their Indian counterparts".

=== Pakistani Army ===
When British India divided into the [[Republic of India]] and the [[Dominion of Pakistan]] in August 1947, Mitha opted for Pakistan. He qualified for the [[Staff College]], [[Quetta]] and served as [[General Staff Officer]] - 1 (GSO 1) in [[GHQ (Pakistan)|GHQ Pakistan]]. He describes the GHQ in [[Rawalpindi]] of the early days of Pakistan in graphic detail, with junior officers using wooden packing cases for desks and chairs and bringing their own pencils to work. Toilet paper, called "bog paper" by the British, was used to write on, as ordinary paper was just not available.

Lt Col (later Maj Gen) Aboobaker Osman Mitha held several important positions as an army officer. He was extremely hands on and leading from the front type of an officer. This made him a legend not only in the Army, but also with the [[Pakistan Navy|Navy]] and [[Pakistan Air Force|Air Force]].

In 1954, Mitha was selected to raise an elite commando unit for Pakistan Army, the '''Special Service Group (SSG).''' [[Cherat]], a hill station near [[Peshawar]], was chosen as the highly restricted site where the commandos were to be trained and based. Mitha's sole instruction to his handpicked Pakistani officers was, "Be proud of your poverty." He became a legend within the SSG, a fact attested to by SSG officers who came after he had moved on from the SSG.

He remained head of the SSG for 6 years, from 1954 to 1960. So well-received were his training and personality development skills that in 1966, he was appointed commandant of the Pakistan Military Academy. He left his mark on hundreds of young cadets when he commanded the Pakistan Military Academy from 1966 to 1968. He then commanded the 1 Armoured Division from 1968 to 1970. Then he was moved to East Pakistan.

===In East Pakistan===
In 1951, Mitha had married a Bengali Christian girl of Brahmin heritage, and this gave him a connect with East Pakistan. In 1965 he commanded an Infantry Brigade in [[East Pakistan]] and was also active there in early 1971 as Deputy Corps Commander. He was particularly active in East Pakistan in the days preceding the military action of 25 March 1971. Other generals were present in [[Dhaka]] along with [[Yahya Khan]]. They secretly departed on the evening of 25 March 1971, that fateful day after fixing the deadline for the military action. Mitha is said to have remained behind. Lt Gen [[Tikka Khan]], Maj Gen [[Rao Farman Ali]] and Maj Gen Khadim Hussain Raja were associated with the planning of the military action. Eventually their action bloodied the capital city [[Dhaka]] with the blood of thousands of residents including students, military and police personnel, politician and the general mass. Later documents regarding their action on the early hours of 26 March 1971 known as [[Operation Searchlight]] was revealed to the world.

===Betrayal by Lt Gen Gul Hassan===
Mitha was Quartermaster General at the [[General Headquarters (Pakistan Army)|GHQ]] when he was prematurely retired by the civilian Chief Martial Law Administrator, [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]], in December 1971. He was just over 48 years old at the time. Lt General [[Gul Hasan]] added Mithas name to a list of officers whose retirements were announced by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in his first speech as president on 20 December 1971, four days after the end of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]. His sacking came as a surprise to Mitha as he had no hand in the ''Officer's Revolt'' at [[Gujranwala]] or the hooting down of General [[Abdul Hamid Khan (general)|Abdul Hamid Khan]] (Chief of Staff) at a GHQ meeting.

According to Mitha, the same Gul Hasan who got him sacked had saved then-Brigadier [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] from being sacked. Brigadier Zia was in [[Jordan]] and the year was 1971. Gen Yahya Khan received a signal from Maj Gen Nawazish, the head of the Pakistan military mission in [[Amman]], asking that Zia be court martialled for disobeying GHQ orders by commanding a Jordanian armoured division against the [[Palestinians]], as part of actions in which thousands were killed. That ignominious event is known as [[Black September in Jordan|Operation Black September]]. It was Gul Hasan who interceded for Zia and Yahya Khan let Zia off the hook.

===Honors, dishonors and death===
In the course of his military career, he was awarded the [[Hilal-i-Jur'at]], Sitara-i-Pakistan, and Sitara-i-Quaid-i-Azam. After retirement he was stripped of his medals and pensions without due cause, and that was quite a surprise to the public as he was never [[court-martial]]ed. But Mitha gained more popularity by this due to which he was kept under surveillance by the Bhutto Administration as he was also a hero for his juniors in the SSG. He remained under surveillance throughout the Bhutto years.

After being sacked from the Pakistani army, Mitha had a hard time finding any kind of employment. Had it not been for the generosity of a friend living in Britain, who asked Mitha to manage his farm for him in Pakistan, he would have been on the street. Mitha died in December 1999, twenty-eight years into his enforced retirement. Upon his death, one of his friends wrote to his wife:
:''At the end of a tumultuous life, all he wanted was a room to sleep in, one to write and eat in – a space to walk, reflect and gaze across the fields to the distant hills.''

== Personal life ==
While he was serving in the British Indian army (pre-partition), Mitha fell in love with [[Indu Mitha|Indu Chatterji]], daughter of Prof. Gyanesh C. Chatterji of Lahore [[Government College University, Lahore|Government College]]. Indu belonged to a Bengali Christian family; they were originally [[Bengali Brahmin]]s but had converted to Christianity at some point. She had grown up in [[Lahore]], but the family had moved to Delhi at the time of [[Partition of India|partition]]. Her family (as also Mitha's) were strongly opposed to the marriage on grounds of culture: there were differences of religion, language, food habits and even other elements of their basic value systems. For instance, Indu was trained in the south Indian classical dance form [[Bharatanatyam]], and after marriage, she had to give up dancing in public, because this was frowned upon in Pakistan, especially when the dancer was the wife of an army officer. Also, Indu had filmi connections - her elder sister [[Uma Anand]] was already the wife of Indian (and Hindu) film-maker [[Chetan Anand (director)|Chetan Anand]], and later in 1954, her cousin [[Kalpana Kartik]], herself an actress, would marry Chetan's brother, the famous Indian hero and heart-throb, [[Dev Anand]].

Despite all these very obvious differences, Mitha persisted in a long-distance courtship, and Indu reciprocated. That Mitha's feelings were not just puppy love but something more lasting was proved by his sheer perseverance, and four years after the young lovers' separation, Indu, much against the wishes of her family, came over to [[Karachi]] and married Mitha. This happened in 1951, and the couple had a very happy, harmonious life together. They became the parents of three daughters, two of whom turned out to be very talented classical Bharatanatyam dancers.

== Bibliography ==
* Fallacies & realities : an analysis of Lt. Gen. Gul Hassan's "Memoirs"
* Unlikely beginnings : a soldier's life

==Awards and decorations==
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="5" |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|ribbon=Parachutist wing.png|width=250}}
|-
|{{ribbon devices|ribbon=Hilal-e-Jurat.png|width=130}}
|{{ribbon devices|ribbon=Sitara-e-Quaid-e-Azam (1957-76).png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Pakistan (1957-86).png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Diffa.png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War Ribbon.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award‐star|ribbon=Pakistan Independence Medal 1947.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Republic Medal 1956 (Pakistan).png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=1939–1945 Star.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Burma Star BAR.svg|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon - War Medal.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=QE II Coronation Medal 1953.png|width=130}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="4" |'''[[Parachutist Badge]]'''
|-
|'''[[Hilal-i-Jur'at]]'''
''(Crescent of Courage)''

'''[[1971 War]]'''

'''WITHDRAWN'''
|'''[[Sitara-e-Quaid-e-Azam]]'''
''(Star of the Great Leader)''

''(SQA)''
|'''Tamgha-e-Pakistan'''
''(Medal of Pakistan)''

''(TPk)''
|'''[[Tamgha-e-Diffa]]'''
''(Defence Medal)''

'''[[1965 War]] Clasp'''
|-
|'''[[Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War]]'''
''(War Star 1965)''
|'''[[Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War]]'''
''(War Medal 1965)''
|'''[[Pakistan Medal]]'''
''(Pakistan Tamgha)''

'''1947'''
|'''[[Tamgha-e-Qayam-e-Jamhuria]]'''
''(Republic Commemoration Medal)''

'''1956'''
|-
|'''[[1939-1945 Star]]'''
|'''[[Burma Star]]'''
|'''[[War Medal 1939-1945]]'''
|'''[[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal]]'''
'''(1953)'''
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081029150607/http://www.ndu.edu/nesa/docs/Gill%20Atlas%20Final%20Version.pdf An Atlas of the 1971 India – Pakistan War: The Creation of Bangladesh by John H. Gill]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mitha, Aboobaker Osman}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:Pakistani people of Gujarati descent]]
[[Category:Memon people]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Mumbai]]
[[Category:People from Islamabad]]
[[Category:Indian Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Pakistan Military Academy]]
[[Category:Pakistan Army major generals]]
[[Category:Generals of the India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
[[Category:Generals of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Pakistani military writers]]
[[Category:Special Services Group officers]]
[[Category:Recipients of Hilal-i-Jur'at]]
[[Category:Baloch Regiment officers]]
[[Category:20th-century Pakistani memoirists]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:20th-century memoirists]]
[[Category:Muhajir people]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Pakistan]]

Kovilambakkam

2026-03-15T08:42:09Z

Matrika:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kovilambakkam
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Kovilambakkam
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Rural Village
| image_skyline = Kovilambakkam panchayat office.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Kovilambakkam Panchayat Office
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Chennai
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.9457357|80.2014543|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]] and [[Chennai district|Chennai]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Metropolitan area|Metro]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chennai_Metro]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Tambaram taluk|Tambaram]] and [[Sholinganallur taluk|Sholinganallur]]
| subdivision_type5 = [[Village panchayat]]
| subdivision_name5 = Kovilambakkam
| subdivision_type6 = [[President (government title)|President]]
| subdivision_name6 = Geetha Manimaran
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]]
| governing_body = [[Kovilambakkam Village Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 27,374
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 600129
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91-44
| registration_plate = TN-14
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = Chennai South
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Legislative Assembly]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Sholinganallur (state assembly constituency)]]
| website = https://chengalpattu.nic.in/
https://chennai.nic.in/

https://www.kovilambakkam.com
(Governmental)
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Kovilambakkam''' is a rural village very close to [[Tambaram]], [[India]]. It is a village panchayat located in [[Tambaram taluk]], [[Chengalpattu district]] and [[Sholinganallur taluk]], [[Chennai district]] in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], about 12 km from [[Tambaram]]. The neighbourhood spans the areas of Sunnambu Kolathur (Madipakkam-B / Madipakkam-II revenue village), Chinna Kovilambakkam and Periya Kovilambakkam.

Kovilambakkam will be part of [[Tambaram City Municipal Corporation]] but there is confusion regarding Sunnambu kolathur as its revenue village Madipakkam-II is already part of [[Sholinganallur taluk|Sholinganallur Taluk]] in [[Chennai district]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=List of the Revenue Villages published by Commissionerate of Revenue Administration and Disaster Management, Tamil Nadu Government |url=https://www.cra.tn.gov.in/tn_gvillages.pdf}}</ref> and Madipakkam-II VAO says that Madipakkam-II is part of Zone-14 of [[Greater Chennai Corporation]].

==Governance==
The neighbourhood is administered by the Kovilambakkam Village Panchayat, which is under control of [[St. Thomas Mount#St. Thomas Mount block|St. Thomas Mount Panchayat Union]], [[Chengalpattu district]]. The area and population of Kovilambakkam spans two revenue villages in [[Tamil Nadu]], namely, Koilambakkam (wards 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12) which comes under [[Tambaram taluk]] in [[Chengalpattu district]] and Madipakkam-II (wards 3, 4, 5) which comes under [[Sholinganallur taluk]] in [[Chennai District]]<ref name=":0" />). In February 2026, The Commissionerate of Revenue and Disaster Management, Government of Tamil Nadu, bifurcated Madipakkam-II and created a new revenue village named S.Kolathur.

Even though this is a rural area, 50% of kovilambakkam rural village panchayat (named Madipakkam-II [[Department of Revenue (Tamil Nadu)|disaster and revenue village]]) is under Zone-14 of [[Greater Chennai Corporation]] (GCC) for Disaster and revenue purpose. So, whenever Madipakkam-II (aka Sunnambu kolathur) villagers request for flood / disaster relief like Michaung flood relief, [[Chennai district]] collector Tmt. Rashmi siddharth zagade, IAS takes the request and transfers it to Kovilambakkam rural village panchayat president through [[Department of Municipal Administration and Water Supply (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Municipal Administration and Water Supply]] thus ensuring that the Sunnambu Kolathur villagers never receive any disaster relief from [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]

In December 2023, [[Cyclone Michaung]] caused 5.5 feet high floods in Viduthalai Nagar 2nd main road by building storm water drains to discharge water from Kovilambakkam and Sunnambu kolathur lakes to City Union Bank, Kovilambakkam branch. The storm water entered Viduthalai nagar 2nd main road instead of Narayanpuram lakes. This was 5 times the capacity of Narayanapuram lake and the outlet near A2B restaurant couldn't carry this water to marshland.
[[File:Viduthalai nagar 2nd main road under 5.5 feet flood water.jpg|thumb|The rural village during the 2023 flood]]
[[File:Photo of Viduthalai nagar 2nd main road.jpg|thumb|The inundated rural village during the floods]]
[[File:Boats in Viduthalai nagar 2nd main road during Michaung flood.jpg|thumb|People being rescued during the floods]]
[[File:Vehicles submerged.jpg|thumb|Flood water entering households]]

== Demographics ==
As of 2011[update] India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2011: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}} {{verify source |date=September 2019 |reason=This ref was deleted Special:Diff/903853285 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/901220125 cite #1 - verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref> Kovilambakkam had a population of 27,374. Males constitute 13,935 of the population and females 13,439. There were 7,010 households. Kovilambakkam has an average literacy rate of 72.55%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 55.7%, and female literacy is 44.3%. In Kovilambakkam, 14% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Geography==
The neighbourhood has a lake known as the Kovilambakkam lake. It is connected with the [[Narayanapuram, Kanchipuram district|Narayanapuram lake]] in [[Pallikaranai]] by means of a 3.5-km-long surplus channel to drain rainwater.<ref name="TOI_SewageInSurplusChannel">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = Sewage-filled Kovilambakkam surplus channel may flood 1,500 households
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 20 August 2021
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/sewage-filled-kovilambakkam-surplus-channel-may-flood-1500-households/articleshow/85477008.cms
| access-date = 1 October 2021}}</ref> The canal has a carrying capacity of 12,000 cusecs (cubic feet per second) of water.<ref name="TOI_SewageInSurplusChannel"/> However, there are complaints of sewage being dumped into the canal by the [[Tambaram City Municipal Corporation]]<ref name="TOI_SewageInSurplusChannel"/>

==Infrastructure==
Kovilambakkam is located along the [[Pallavaram]]–[[Thoraipakkam]] 200-feet Radial Road.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Swaminathan
| first = T. S. Atul
| title = MTC services via radial road is poor, say Kovilambakkam residents
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 15 February 2020
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/mtc-services-via-radial-road-is-poor-say-kovilambakkam-residents/article30829422.ece
| access-date = 1 October 2021}}</ref> It is also one of the areas that will be connected by the phase II network of the [[Chennai Metro]] currently under construction.<ref>{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = Chennai Metro finalises more contracts for phase II project
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 8 September 2021
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-metro-finalises-more-contracts-for-phase-ii-project/article36351387.ece
| access-date = 1 October 2021}}</ref>

== Schools and colleges ==
* Govt. Higher Secondary School
* DAV Co-ed School, Pallikaranai (located on Sunnambu Kolathur main road)
* A. V. G. Vidyalaya Matriculation School
* Nethaji Vidhyalayam School
* Golden School
* Pole Star Matriculation School
* Himayam Matriculation School
* Panchayat Union Primary School
* Srujana International school (formerly Srujana Montessori School)

== Areas surrounding of the locality ==
{{Geographic Location|width=auto
|title = '''Areas surrounding the locality'''
|Northwest = [[Pallavaram]]
|North = [[Keelkattalai]]
|Northeast = [[Velachery]]
|West = [[Nanmangalam]]
|Centre = Kovilambakkam
|East = [[Pallikaranai]]
|Southwest =[[Santhoshpuram]]
|South = [[Medavakkam]]
|Southeast = [[Vadakkupattu]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://wikimapia.org/18845030/Kovilambakkam WIKIMAPIA]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131019044453/http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/25/stories/2006082503870600.htm Undermining Farm Wells]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3878334.ece At cremation ground, it's trash that burns]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3726730.ece Village panchayats to get new roads]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3726730.ece Village panchayats to get new roads]

{{Chennai topics}}
{{Neighbourhoods of Chennai}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Chengalpattu district]]

Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu I

2026-03-11T22:39:08Z

Matrika: put up biography

{{About|the chieftain of Tadipatri and Yadiki|the commander of Krishnadevaraya|Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}

'''Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu I''' was a member of the [[Pemmasani Nayaks|Pemmasani Nayak clan]] in the 15th century [[Vijayanagara Empire]] in southern India. He developed the hamlet of Tallapalle, renaming it to [[Tadipatri]] upon orders of the Vijayanagara emperor.<ref name=":0">{{harvnb|Sriramamurty|1964|p=92}}:</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pw9uAAAAMAAJ|title=Temples of Tadpatri|last=Ramaswami|first=N. S.|date=1976|publisher=Govt. of Andhra Pradesh|isbn=|location=|pages=10|language=en}}</ref> He built a fort in the town and the [[Bugga Ramalingeswara Swamy temple|Bugga Ramalingeswara Temple]]. Another temple to Obaleswara in [[Kurnool district|Kurnool District]] is also attributed to him.<ref name=":1" />

Ramalinga Nayudu used a considerable amount of government funds to build irrigation projects to irrigate paddy and ragi fields.<ref name=":0" /> Though Ramalinga developed Tadipatri, he also developed his ancestral estate consisting of [[Yadiki]] and its adjoining territories, which were previously governed by his father.<ref name=":1" />
[[File:05_-_Unfinished_Temple_Gopuram.JPG|thumb|Temple Gopura of the [[Bugga Ramalingeswara Swamy temple|Bugga Ramalingeswara Temple]] built by Pemmasani Ramalinga.]]
Ramalinga Nayudu was the son of [[Pemmasani Timmanayudu I|Pemmasani Timma Nayudu]]. He had two daughters, Govindamma and Rajagopalamma, and a son, [[Pemmasani Timmanayudu II|Timmanayudu II]]. His two daughters each constructed a village and temple. Govindamma built the town of Vatraketaya, and Rajagoplamma built Ramalinganayanipalle, which is named after Ramalinga.<ref name=":0" /> Timmanayudu II, Ramalinga's son, would succeed him after his death. The notable commander, [[Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu]], is the grandson of Ramalinga I and the son of [[Pemmasani Timmanayudu II|Timmanayudu II]].

== Notes ==
<references />

== Bibliography ==

* {{Citation|last=Sriramamurty|first=Y.|title=Journal of the Andhra Historical Society, Volume 30, Parts 1-4|date=1964|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pgDjAAAAMAAJ|pages=89–104|chapter=History of the Pemmasani Family|publisher=Andhra Historical Research Society}}
** {{citation|last=Sriramamurty|first=Y.|title=Studies in the History of the Telugu country during the Vijayanagara period 1336 to 1650 A D|date=1973|chapter=The Pemmasani Family|chapter-url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/107988/10/10_chapter%206.pdf|publisher=Karnatak University/Shodhganga|hdl=10603/107988}}
* {{Citation|last=Ramaswami|first=N.S|title=Temples of Tadpatri|date=1975|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.63415?q=temples+of+tadipatri|publisher=Govt. of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:People from the Vijayanagara Empire]]

Susan Snow Wadley

2026-03-10T04:23:28Z

Matrika: Started a stub

{{short description|American anthropologist}}
{{Infobox academic
| honorific_prefix = 
| name = Susan Snow Wadley
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1943}}<ref name="BNF">{{cite book |title=Wadley, Susan Snow (1943–....) |via=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |url=https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12471977w |access-date=25 September 2020 |language=fr}}</ref>
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| citizenship =
| other_names =
| occupation = Anthropologist
| period =
| known_for =
| home_town =
| title =
| boards = Publications Committee of [[American Institute of Indian Studies]] (Chairperson)
| spouse = Rick Olanoff
| partner =
| children =
| parents = Ellen (mother)<ref name="SU2"/>
| relatives =
| awards = 
| website =
| education = [[Doctor of Philosophy]]
| alma_mater = {{br separated entries|[[Carlton College]] (B.A.)|[[University of Chicago]] (M.A. and Ph.D.)}}
| thesis_title = Shakti: Power in the Conceptual Structure of Karimpur Religion
| thesis_url =
| thesis_year = 1973
| school_tradition =
| doctoral_advisor =
| academic_advisors = {{br separated entries|[[McKim Marriott]]|[[Milton Singer]]|(Initial research advisors)}}
| influences = 
| era =
| discipline = Anthropology
| sub_discipline = 
| workplaces = Former director, South Asia Center of the [[Syracuse University]]
| doctoral_students = 
| notable_students = 
| main_interests = South Asia, specially India<ref>{{cite web |title=Susan S. Wadley {{!}} AMESA |website=[[Columbia University]] |place=New York, USA |url=https://amesa.library.columbia.edu/scholars/906?locale=en |access-date=25 September 2020}}</ref>
| notable_works =
| notable_ideas =
| influenced = 
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Susan Snow Wadley''' (born 1943) is an American anthropologist.

Born in 1943, she completed her M.A. and Ph.D. from the [[University of Chicago]] in 1967 and 1973, respectively. She has worked at the [[Syracuse University]] as a professor of [[South Asian Studies]] and the former director of its South Asia Center. She has carried out numerous field studies in India for nearly 6 decades with financial support from various entities from the United States.

==Education==
Wadley did her B.A. from the [[Carlton College]] in the field of psychology.<ref name="SU2">{{cite web |title=Maxwell's Susan Wadley honored by Open Hand Theater |website=Syracuse University |place=New York, USA |url=https://www.maxwell.syr.edu/anthro/News/Maxwell_s_Susan_Wadley_honored_by_Open_Hand_Theater/ |access-date=1 October 2020}}</ref> She did her M.A. from the University of Chicago in 1967 with the thesis titled "'Fate' and the Gods in the Panjabi Cult of [[Gugga]]: A Structural Semantic Analysis".<ref name="RN">{{cite book |title=Cultural Studies in India |orig-year=First published 2016 |year=2017 |page=197 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |place=New York, USA; Oxfordshire, UK |editor1-first=Rana |editor1-last=Nayar |editor2-first=Pushpinder |editor2-last=Syal |editor3-first=Akshaya |editor3-last=Kumar |editor1-link=Rana Nayar |article=Uses of the Folk: Cultural Historical Practice and the Guga Tradition |first=Anne |last=Murphy |isbn=978-1351570374 |oclc=994231061 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BTorDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA197}}</ref> At the University of Chicago, she also completed her Ph.D. in anthropology in 1973.<ref name=UW>{{cite book |title=Unspoken Worlds: Women's Religious Lives |edition=3rd, illustrated |series=Philosophy |year=2001 |publisher=[[Thomson Wadsworth|Wadsworth/Thomson Learning]] |place=Belmont, California, USA |editor1-first=Nancy Auer |editor1-last=Falk |editor2-first=Rita M. |editor2-last=Gross |editor2-link=Rita Gross |article=Hindu Women's Family and Household Rites in a North Indian Village |first=Susan S. |last=Wadley |isbn=978-0534515706 |lccn=00033410 |oclc=924720058 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BxXXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Ph.+D.+in+Anthropology%22+%22University+of+Chicago%22+%221973%22 |at=Editors' Footnote |quote-page=103 |quote=Susan S. Wadley, Ford Maxwell Professor of South Asian Studies and Professor of Anthropology at Syracuse University, received her Ph.D. in Anthropology from the University of Chicago in 1973. Her research interests range from women's ritual and folklore to regional epic traditions to socioeconomic change, especially as it affects women in rural north India.}}</ref> Her doctoral dissertation was titled ''Shakti: Power in the Conceptual Structure of Karimpur Religion''.<ref>{{cite book |title=India Through Hindu Categories |edition=illustrated |series=Contributions to Indian Sociology, Occasional Studies, No. 5 |year=1990 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications|SAGE]] |place=New Delhi, India; Newbury Park, California, USA |editor-first=McKim |editor-last=Marriott |section=About the Contributors |isbn=978-8170361763 |lccn=90900874 |oclc=21907375 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S2kMAQAAMAAJ |quote-page=204 |quote=Her doctoral dissertation (at Chicago in 1973) is the book Shakti: power in the conceptual structure of Karimpur religion.}}</ref> It was an analysis and collection of a north India village's stories and songs.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Renewal of Buddhism in China: Zhuhong and the Late Ming Synthesis |series=The Sheng Yen Series in Chinese Buddhist Studies |year=2020 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |place=New York, USA |first1=Chün-fang |last1=Yü |others=Daniel B. Stevenson |isbn=978-0231552677 |lccn=2020012025 |oclc=1158503616 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E1nZDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Shakti%3A+Power+in+the+Conceptual+Structure+of+Karimpur+Religion%22 |quote=Susan Snow Wadley collected and analyzed stories and songs of a North Indian village called Karimpur in Shakti: Power in the Conceptual Structure of Karimpur Religion.}}</ref>

==Career==
Wadley is a ''Ford–Maxwell'' professor emerita of South Asian Studies at the Department of Anthropology of Syracuse University.<ref name="SU1">{{cite web |title=Susan Snow Wadley {{!}} Professor Emerita, Anthropology |website=Syracuse University |place=New York, USA |url=https://www.maxwell.syr.edu/anthro/Wadley,_Susan_S_/ |access-date=25 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="UoT"/> She is the former director of the university's South Asia Center.<ref name="SACN">{{cite periodical |periodical=South Asia Center Newsletter |publication-date=Spring 2011 |page=1 |publisher=South Asia Center, Moynihan Institution of Global Affairs, Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University |place=New York, USA |title=From the Director's Desk |first=Cecilia |last=van Hollen |url=https://surface.syr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1017&context=sac_bulletin |access-date=1 October 2020 |quote=It has been a tremendous honor to begin my tenure as the new Director of the South Asia Center, following the many years of inspired and tireless leadership of my predecessors, Susan Wadley and Ann Gold.}}</ref> She has also served as the associate dean of the university's Department of Arts and Sciences.<ref name="SU2"/>

She is the present chairperson of the publications committee of the [[American Institute of Indian Studies]] and also of the board of directors of the South Asian Summer Language Institute.<ref name="CC">{{cite web |title=Awards and Recognition: Reunion 2015 |website=Carleton College |place=Northfield, Minnesota, USA |url=https://apps.carleton.edu/reunion/2015/awards/ |access-date=25 September 2020}}</ref> She has been a board member of the Open Hand Theatre for nearly 2 decades and had also served as the theatre's president.<ref name="SU2"/>

==Research==
The focus of Wadley's studies has been mainly on the study of folklore, folk art traditions, gender issues, religion, and social change in India.<ref name="UoT">{{cite web |title=Lecture: Susan Wadley, From Powerful Goddesses to Modern Women: Mithila's Artists Paint for the 21st Century |website=[[University of Tennessee]] |place=Knoxville, Tennessee, USA |url=https://calendar.utk.edu/event/lecture_susan_wadley_mithila_art#.X23c01RKjIV |access-date=25 September 2020}}</ref> Her research interests also includes the study of the effects of the "socioeconomic change" on the female populace of northern India's countryside areas.<ref name=UW/> [[Rutgers University]]'s Michael Moffatt notes that Wadley is one of the few anthropologists who write monographs on the villages of India.<ref name="AA"/> She also have interest in the fields of language, culture and society, and globalization.<ref name="SU1"/>

She began her anthropological research on India by receiving research grant from the [[Carnegie Corporation of New York|Carnegie Foundation]] and working in the guidance of [[McKim Marriott]] and [[Milton Singer]]. Later, her research was funded by the entities like the [[National Science Foundation]], the [[Smithsonian Institution]], and the [[United States Department of Education]].<ref>{{cite journal |journal=India Review |volume=7 |issue=4, ''Covering India'' |year=2008 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |title=In Search of the Hindu "Peasants'" Subjectivity |at=Notes |first=Susan S. |last=Wadley |doi=10.1080/14736480802548053|s2cid=143931150 }}</ref> In 1989, she received a grant for the post doctoral fellowship from the [[Social Science Research Council]].<ref name="SU1"/>

She executed numerous research projects as part of her field research in India which includes ''Attitudes Towards Girls' Education in a Village Near Delhi (1963–1964), Religious Ideologies and Practices in Karimpur, Uttar Pradesh (1967–1969), The Modernization and Standardization of Hindu Religious Practices in Hindi–speaking North India (1974–1975), Changing Lives: Karimpur Villagers 1925–1984 (1983–1984), The North Indian Epic Dhola (1989, 1990, and 1994), Social Change and Globalization in Rural Uttar Pradesh (1998), Social Change and Oral Epics in Rural Uttar Pradesh (2002), Rural–urban Connections, Uttar Pradesh and Delhi (2005), Social Change in Rural Uttar Pradesh (2010), Mithila Folk Art, Madhubani, Bihar (2010–2011).''<ref name="SU1"/>

==Written work==
Wadley's ''Struggling with Destiny in Karimpur, 1925–1984 (1994)'' was a monographic study of a north Indian village. Moffatt stated that the ethnosociological work done by Wadley was shaped by [[McKim Marriott]]'s influence on her. Her research on the subject matter was supplemented by the large "unpublished data" which she had received from [[Charlotte Viall Wiser]] and [[William H. Wiser]]. According to Moffatt, Wadley's work was an "attempt to condense the rich, multi–investigative, long–term research into a single comprehensive account".<ref name="AA">{{cite journal |journal=[[American Anthropologist]] |series=New |volume=98 |number=1 |date=March 1996 |pages=172–174 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |title=Village and Personal Agency in South Asia (Reviewed Works: Struggling with Destiny in Karimpur 1925–1984 by Susan S. Wadley; Public Faces, Private Voices: Community and Individuality in South India by Mattison Mines) |first=Michael |last=Moffatt |doi=10.1525/aa.1996.98.1.02a00230 |jstor=682970 |issn=0002-7294}}</ref>

Wadley wrote ''Raja Nal and the Goddess: The North Indian Epic Dhola in Performance (2004)'' after over 3 decades of "researching and recording" ''Dhola'', an oral epic which is performed in northwestern and northern regions of India and has some goddesses, women and a king named Nal as its heroes. She also did field study in a village in India for her research data. Sadhana Naithani of the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] noted that Wadley conducted her research on the epic at a time when it is dying out. She stated that though Wadley realized that "''Dhola'' lives in performance", she could not "capture the dynamism of the performance context". According to Naithani, Wadley's "retelling" of the epic was "vastly condensed" which was itself "based on another condensed version".<ref name="SN">{{cite journal |journal=Marvels & Tales |volume=23 |issue=2 |year=2009 |pages=404–406 |publisher=[[Wayne State University Press]] |place=Detroit, USA |title=Reviewed Work: Raja Nal and the Goddess: The North Indian Epic Dhola in Performance by Susan Snow Wadley |first=Sadhana |last=Naithani |editor1-first=Donald |editor1-last=Haase |editor2-first=Jacques |editor2-last=Barchilon |editor3-first=Anne E. |editor3-last=Duggan |editor4-first=Cristina |editor4-last=Bacchilega |editor5-first=R. Seth C. |editor5-last=Knox |editor6-first=Jennifer |editor6-last=Orme |editor7-first=Andrea |editor7-last=Silva |display-editors=4 |jstor=41388935 |issn=1521-4281}}</ref>

Wadley's ''Essays on North Indian Folk Traditions (2005)'' was "an analysis of the oral traditions" of an Indian village.<ref name="AS"/> Her work in the book was based on the field research carried out by her in the village between 1967 and 2002 and the earlier ethnographic research done by the Wisers.<ref name="FMF">{{cite journal |journal=[[Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London]] |volume=69 |number=3 |year=2006 |pages=481–483 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |title=Reviewed Work: Essays in North Indian Folk Traditions by Susan S. Wadley |first=Fabrizio M. |last=Ferrari |doi=10.1017/S0041977X06340219 |jstor=20182090 |s2cid=162319646 |issn=0041-977X}}</ref> Archana Shukla of the [[University of Delhi]] stated that Wadley provided "primary and secondary data" and inquired into and compared "the realms of oral and written folk traditions".<ref name="AS">{{cite journal |journal=Indian Anthropologist |volume=36 |number=1/2, ''Special Issue on Folk Narratives'' |date=January–December 2006 |pages=164–167 |publisher=Indian Anthropological Association |place=India |title=Reviewed Work: Essays on North Indian Folk Traditions by Susan S. Wadley |first=Archana |last=Shukla |editor1-first=Subhadra |editor1-last=Channa |editor2-first=Nilika |editor2-last=Mehrotra |editor3-first=Manoj Kumar |editor3-last=Singh |editor4-first=Mokshika |editor4-last=Gaur |jstor=41920012 |issn=0970-0927}}</ref> According to Fabrizio M. Ferrari, Wadley individuated "major issues in the dramatic representation of local epics and their relation with the written Sanskrit tradition".<ref name="FMF"/>

The village Karimpur of India's [[Uttar Pradesh]] which is mentioned in her published works is a pseudonym used by her in place of the real name of the village where she carried out her research.<ref name="SN"/><ref name="FMF"/>

==Personal life==
Wadley is married to Rick Olanoff, and they have 4 daughters.<ref name="CC"/>

==Works==
===Books===
*{{cite book |title=Essays on North Indian Folk Traditions |first=Susan S. |last=Wadley |year=2005 |publisher=Chronicle |place=New Delhi, India |isbn=978-8180280160 |lccn=2005385234 |oclc=1045892614}}
*{{cite book |title=Raja Nal and the Goddess: The North Indian Epic Dhola in Performance |edition=illustrated |year=2004 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |place=Bloomington, Indiana, USA |first=Susan S. |last=Wadley |isbn=978-0253111272 |lccn=2004009434 |oclc=68924866}}
*{{cite book |title=Struggling with Destiny in Karimpur, 1925–1984 |edition=illustrated |year=1994 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |place=Berkeley, California, USA |first=Susan S. |last=Wadley |isbn=978-0520084070 |lccn=93048297 |oclc=29634473}}
*{{cite book |title=Women in India: Two Perspectives |edition=2nd, enlarged |year=1992 |publisher=Manohar |place=New Delhi, India |first1=Susan S. |last1=Wadley |first2=Doranne |last2=Jacobson |isbn=978-8185425375 |lccn=92909252}}

===Books edited===
*{{cite book |title=South Asia in the World: An Introduction |edition=illustrated |series=Foundations in Global Studies: The Regional Landscape |year=2014 |publisher=[[M. E. Sharpe]] |place=New York, USA |editor-first=Susan S. |editor-last=Wadley |isbn=978-1317459583 |lccn=2013021142}}
*{{cite book |title=Media and the Transformation of Religion in South Asia |edition=illustrated |year=1995 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |place=Philadelphia, USA |editor1-first=Susan S. |editor1-last=Wadley |editor2-first=Lawrence A. |editor2-last=Babb |isbn=978-0812215472 |lccn=95013168 |oclc=1091525701}}
*{{cite book |title=The Powers of Tamil Women |edition=reprint |series=Foreign and Comparative Studies: South Asian Series, No. 6 |year=1980 |publisher=Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University |place=New York, USA |editor1-first=Susan S. |editor1-last=Wadley |editor2-first=Sheryl B. |editor2-last=Daniel |isbn=978-0915984824 |lccn=80025410 |oclc=1129474432}}

===Selected papers===
*{{cite journal |journal=[[Contributions to Indian Sociology]] |volume=23 |issue=1 |year=1989 |publisher=[[SAGE Journals|SAGE]] |title=Eating Sins in Karimpur |first1=Susan S. |last1=Wadley |first2=Bruce W. |last2=Derr |pages=131–148 |doi=10.1177/006996689023001008|s2cid=144733923 }}
*{{cite book |title=The Realm of the Extra–Human: Agents and Audiences |series=World Anthropology |volume=1 |year=1976 |publisher=[[De Gruyter Mouton]] |editor-first=Agehananda |editor-last=Bharati |editor-link=Agehananda Bharati |article=The Spirit 'Rides' or the Spirit 'Comes': Possession in a North Indian Village |pages=233–252 |first=Susan S. |last=Wadley |url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/book/9783110805840/10.1515/9783110805840.233.xml |doi=10.1515/9783110805840.233|isbn=9783110805840 }}
*Wadley, Susan Snow . 1967. `Fate' and the Gods in the Panjabi cult of Gugga: a structural semantic analysis. Unpublished master's paper, Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago.<ref name="RN"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |website=[[Academia.edu]] |title=Susan Snow Wadley |url=https://syr.academia.edu/susansnowwadley}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wadley, Susan Snow}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Carleton College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Chicago alumni]]
[[Category:Syracuse University faculty]]
[[Category:Anthropology educators]]
[[Category:American women academics]]
[[Category:American women anthropologists]]
[[Category:American anthropology writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American anthropologists]]
[[Category:American theatre people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century American women]]

Rao Tula Ram

2026-03-07T06:19:39Z

Matrika: small changes

{{Short description|Indian revolutionary}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Rao Tularam
| title =[[Raja]]
|image =Raja Rao Tula Ram.jpg
|caption=Rao Tula Ram on a 2001 stamp of India
|birth_date= circa {{Birth date|1825|12|9|df=y}}
|birth_place=Rampura, [[Rewari]], [[Ahirwal]], [[Punjab region]]
|death_date= {{Death date and age|1863|9|23|1825|12|9|df=y}}
|death_place=[[Kabul]], Afghanistan
| father = Rao Puran Singh
| mother = Rani Gyan Kaur
| reign = 1838–1857
| predecessor = Rao Puran Singh
| successor= [[British Raj]]
}}
'''Rao Tularam Singh''' (''circa'' 9 December 1825 – 23 September 1863) was a King or chieftain of [[Rewari]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sehgal |first=Vineeta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGqVEAAAQBAJ&dq=rao+tula+ram+born&pg=PA156 |title=1857 Augarnath Temple Meerut Beginning of India's Freedom Fight |date=2022-10-17 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |language=en}}</ref> He was one of the leaders of the [[Indian rebellion of 1857]] in [[Haryana]], where he is considered a state hero.<ref>{{cite web |title=Republic Day Celebrations |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080128/haryana.htm#1 |date= 28 January 2008|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] }}</ref>

==Personal life==
He was born on 9 December 1825 in Rampura suburb of Rewari in an [[Ahir]] family to Puran Singh and Gyan Kaur. He was young when his father died.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_xNDAAAAYAAJ&q=1825 |title=Proceedings |date=1999 |publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University. |isbn=978-81-7380-651-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://www.bhaskar.com/haryana/hisar/news/great-warrior-were-rao-tularam-fought-for-last-breath-from-british-ajit-singh-022051-3385121.html महान योद्धा थे राव तुलाराम, अंग्रेजों से आखिरी सांस तक लड़े : अजीत सिंह], Dainik Bhskar, 10 December 2018.</ref>

==Reign==

==={{anchor|Battle of Nasibpur}} Indian Rebellion of 1857===
{{See also | History_of_Haryana#Colonial_period | Ballabhgarh#History | Farrukhnagar#Under_British_Raj | Nahar Singh | label 1 = Haryana in 1857| label 2 = Ballabhgarh history | label 3 = Farrukhnagar history | label 4 = Nahar Singh }}

====Initial success====
On 17 May 1857 he along with his cousin, Rao Gopal Dev, and four to five hundred followers, deposed the local tehsildar and occupied Rewari. He raised a force of about 5000 soldiers and set up a workshop for manufacturing the guns and other ammunition. Rao Tula Ram helped Emperor Bahadur Shah and other rebel forces who were waging war against British in [[Delhi]]. He sent Rs 45000/- through General Bakht Khan, ten days before the fall of Delhi and supplied large quantities of necessary commodities and supplied two thousand sacks of wheat.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

==== The battle ====
Rao's forces, which were led by his cousin Rao Kirshan Singh, fought against the British on 16 November 1857 in the field of Nasibpur on outskirts of [[Narnaul]]. The first charge of Rao Tularam's forces was irresistible and the British forces scattered before them; several British officers were killed or wounded.<ref name="glimphar">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4jhXAAAAMAAJ&q=+English+felt+jubilant|title=Glimpses of Haryana|date=1967|publisher=University of Kurukshetra|page=110|language=en|last=Prakash|first=Buddha}}</ref>

The British successfully retaliated and after the battle of Narnaul Rao Tularam moved in to Rajasthan and joined the force of [[Tantia Tope]] for one year but the forces of the Tantia Tope were defeated by British forces in the battle of [[Sikar]] in Rajasthan. After which Rao Tularam left India to seek help from the [[Shah of Iran]] (also see [[Anglo-Persian War]] from November 1856 to April 1857), [[Dost Mohammad Khan]] ruler of [[Emirate of Afghanistan]] (also see [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] from 1838 to 42) and [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II]] [[Emperor of All Russia]] against British colonial empire. Rao Tularam's estates were confiscated by the British in 1859, though proprietary rights of his two wives were retained. In 1877, his title was restored to his son Rao Yudhister Singh, who was made head of the [[Ahirwal]] area.<ref name="Googlebook2">{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eo8MAQAAMAAJ&q=Yudhishter+Singh | title=The Panjab Past and Present, Volume 32 | publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University, Original from the University of Michigan | work=Punjab (India) | date=2001 | access-date=7 October 2014 | author=Punjabi University | pages=76, 77, 78}}</ref>

===Death===
On 23 September 1863, he died in [[Kabul]] in Afghanistan at the age of 38 due to an infection that spread throughout his body.<ref name="Googlebook2"/>

==Legacy==
[[File:Rao Tula Ram Chowk.jpg|thumb|upright=1.05|A statue of Rao Tularam in [[Jhajjar]]]]
The Government of India issued a postage stamp on 23 September 2001 featuring Rao Tularam.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

===Martyr's fair===
A two-day ''Shahidi mela'' (martyr's fair) is held annually in September at Rampura suburb of Rewari city to commemorate the death anniversary of Rao Tularam.<ref name="lnp">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwopAAAAYAAJ&q=shaheedi+mela+rao+tula+ram | title=Widowed and Deserted Women in Indian Society | publisher=India. Dept. of Women and Child Development & Harnam Publications | first=R. K. |last=Upadhyay | year=1996 | pages=71 | isbn=9788185247113}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Rao Ruda Singh]]

==References==
===Further reading===
{{Commons category|Rao Tula Ram}}
* K.C. Yadav, ''Rao Tula Ram,'' National Book Trust of India (2008). {{ISBN|978-81-237-5110-8}}
* Er. Anil Yadav," Krantidoot- Rao Raja Tularam (1999) Sarita Book House, Delhi

===Citations===
* Dr. Ravindra Singh Yadav & Vijay pal, 1857 Ki kranti k purodha: Rao Raja Tularam,2013 Punit Publication, Jaipur {{ISBN|978-81-88559-54-1}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ram, Rao Tula}}
[[Category:Revolutionaries of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:People from Rewari]]
[[Category:Infectious disease deaths in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:1820s births]]
[[Category:1863 deaths]]

Ilavida

2026-03-03T18:02:50Z

Matrika: new a details

{{Short description|Ramayana character}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| name = Ilavida
| texts = [[Puranas]], [[Ramayana]]
| parents = [[Bharadvaja]] (father) Susheela(mother)
| children = [[Kubera]]
| spouse = [[Vishrava]]
| other_names = Idavida, Devavarnini, Lokavati, Lata
}}

'''Ilavida''' or '''Idavida''' ({{Langx|sa|इडविडा|translit=Iḍaviḍā}}) is a character in the ''[[Ramayana]]''. She is the first wife of the sage [[Vishrava]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Coulter |first1=Charles Russell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QEJUEAAAQBAJ&dq=ilavida&pg=PA234 |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities |last2=Turner |first2=Patricia |date=2021-12-06 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-9179-7 |pages=234 |language=en}}</ref> and the mother of [[Kubera]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dowson |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BkbYDwAAQBAJ&dq=ilavida&pg=PA363 |title=A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythodology and Religion, Geography, History, and Literature |date=2020-03-23 |publisher=BoD – Books on Demand |isbn=978-3-8460-4736-1 |pages=363 |language=en}}</ref>

== Legend ==
In the ''Ramayana'', Ilavida is described to be the daughter of the ''[[rishi]]'' [[Bharadwaja|Bharadvaja]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stutley |first=Margaret and James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tQWQDwAAQBAJ&dq=I%E1%B8%8Davi%E1%B8%8D%C4%81&pg=PT288 |title=A Dictionary of Hinduism: Its Mythology, Folklore and Development 1500 B.C.-A.D. 1500 |date=2019-04-09 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-62754-5 |pages=288 |language=en}}</ref> Ilavida was given in marriage to the ''rishi'' Vishrava and had a son with him, Kubera, who would eventually become the king of [[Lanka]].

<ref>{{Cite book |last=Daniélou |first=Alain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HMXN9h6WX0C&pg=PA135 |title=The Myths and Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism from the Princeton Bollingen Series |date=December 1991 |publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co |isbn=978-0-89281-354-4 |pages=135 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Parmeshwaranand |first=Swami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6F0ZIBIL2ZAC&pg=PA55 |title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas |date=2001 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-226-3 |pages=55 |language=en}}</ref>

== Citations and notes ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Characters in the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Hindu mythology]]

Samaspur

2026-03-01T13:52:02Z

Matrika:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Unreferenced|date=February 2026}}
'''Samaspur''' is a midsize village in the middle of Sector 51 in the [[Gurgaon district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Haryana]]. It has a population of about 1850 persons living in around 348 households. It is a well planned and the first [[model village]] of the country set up by India's first Prime Minister, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and inaugurated by [[Harold Macmillan]], the UK Prime Minister at the time. It has wide paved streets laid into rectangular pattern. The houses of the village are airy and have open spaces in front of them. The village has several large developed parks which provide open space for the children to play, elders to walk and women to relax. The village has well laid out sewage and drainage system, there are no open drains in the village.

The Major Caste in the Village is Yadav, with a significant SC/Jatav presence. The Yadavs hailing from near by village "Tikli" migrated to Samaspur before it was established as modern village. They owned the majority of land and established the residence. The families had agricultural land surrounding the village. These few families donated a lot of land to other families to establish the colony. Later the proposal to remodel the village as "first model village" was adopted.

The First Head of the Village was Shri Prithvipal Singh Yadav who devoted his life in Agriculture, and in the service of the Village people, his family has a major influence in the village . He has three brothers, the elder on is a Renowned Geography Professor

The land of the village was purchased by a private builder, The Mayfield Gardern, and the rest of it was acquired by HUDA in 1990. On a piece of HUDA land, the Haryana Government have built a commerce and science college which is likely to start functioning from April–May 2016.

The village has a government co-educational middle school and a private school.

'''Nearby villages'''

The village Shamaspur is surrounded by Wazirabad in the East (1 km), Kanhai in the North (1 km), Jharsa in the West (1.5 km), Tighra in the South East (0.9 km), Badshapur in the South (2.5 km)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Gurgaon district topics}}

[[Category:Villages in Gurgaon district]]

Pimpri State

2026-02-28T16:37:49Z

Matrika: put up entry - done

{{Short description|Princely state}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name =Pimpri State
|common_name =Pimpri
|nation = [[British India]]
|subdivision = [[Princely State]]
|era =
|year_start =
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1948
|date_end =
|event_end= [[Independence of India|Accession to the Union of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|image_map = Surat Agency with all princely states with labels British India 1880-1933.svg
|image_map_caption = Location of Pimpri in the Dang region
|stat_area1 =188.91
|stat_year1 =1931
|stat_pop1 =3893
|footnotes =
}}
'''Pimpri State''' was a minor [[princely state]] during the [[British Raj]] in what is today [[Gujarat State]] India. It was initially administered by the [[Surat Agency]]<ref>[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275346/page/n311/mode/2up "Memoranda On The Indian States 1930]", p. 290</ref> and then by the [[Western India States Agency]]. The state had a population of 3,893 and an area of 72.94 sq miles.<ref name=Mem24>{{cite web | title=Memoranda On The Indian States 1940 | page=24 | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35376/page/n33/mode/2up | accessdate=16 September 2025 }}</ref>

It was more specifically classified as one of the 14 minor princely states of the Dangs, in the [[Dang district, India]].<ref>[https://archive.org/details/goldenbookofindi00lethrich/page/40/mode/2up "The golden book of India; a genealogical and biographical dictionary of the ruling princes, chiefs, nobles, and other personages, titled or decorated, of the Indian empire, with an appendix for Ceylon"], P. 51</ref>

== History ==

The area of Khandesh became a British possession in 1818 following the defeat of [[Peshwa]] [[Baji Rao II]] during the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]]. The neieghbouring Dang principalities were seen as separate states and conducted routine raids into the Khandesh territories. In 1825 the [[Gaekwar]] of [[Baroda]] sent a force of 10 000 men to subdue the Dangs but were defeated, the Dang states only subjugated in 1839. In 1842 parts of the Dang teak forests, surrounding 446 villages, were leased by the Government in Bombay, the lease extended in perpetuity and to the whole territory in 1862. Some time after 1842 the tribute demanded of the Dang states by the Desmukh of Mulher lead to heavy disturbances, which resulted in the British Government deducting the Desmukh's tribute from the sum paid to the Dang chiefs for leasing their forests.<ref>[https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/Category/ItemDetails/ItemDetails?itemId=e9609138-b62c-4dea-a28d-ffabfa4480ee "Reorganization scheme for the establishment of direct political relations between the govt. and India and states in the Bombay presidency"], 1931, p. 25-26</ref>

In 1880 the state had a yearly revenue of ca. 312 £ (3120 Rupees)<ref>[https://archive.org/details/1880GazetteerOfBombayPresidencyVol12Khandesh353D/page/626/mode/2up "BK 353 - Gazetteer Of Bombay Presidency"] Vol 12 Khandesh, 597, 605-606</ref>

== Rulers ==

The rulers had the title of ''naik''.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35376/page/n37/mode/2up "Memoranda On The Indian States 1940"], P. 30.</ref> The Dang Chiefs held the power to settle criminal and civil disputes, including being able to issue fines, have witches sentenced to be burnt alive and other capital offenders being killed by being shot by arrows.<ref>BK 353 -Gazetteer Of Bombay Presidency Vol 12 Khandesh, p. 603, https://archive.org/details/1880GazetteerOfBombayPresidencyVol12Khandesh353D/page/622/mode/2up</ref>
* Nilubába Trimbak fl. 1880<ref>BK 353 -Gazetteer Of Bombay Presidency Vol 12 Khandesh, 606 https://archive.org/details/1880GazetteerOfBombayPresidencyVol12Khandesh353D/page/626/mode/2up</ref>
* Naik Kesavrao walad Nilu (b. 25 September 1867) 1884- fl. 1915<ref>Memoranda On Native States In Indian 1915, p.
250, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35687/page/n255/mode/2up</ref>
* Naik Bhagerao Keshavrao (b. 1894) 22 December 1918- fl. 1940<ref name=Mem24 />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1948]]

Nat Geo People

2026-02-26T08:52:26Z

Matrika: page updated

{{short description|Global pay television channel}}
{{Redirect|Adventure One|the European successor of Adventure One|National Geographic Wild (European TV channel)}}
{{Redirect|National Geographic Adventure|the magazine|National Geographic Adventure (magazine)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Nat Geo People
| logo = New NatGeo People logo.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| logo_alt =
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|1999|11|1|df=y}} {{Start date and age|2011|06|1|df=yes}} (Malaysia) {{Start date and age|2014|02|1|df=yes}} (Turkey) {{start date and age|2014|03|1}} (Italy) {{Start date and age|2014|04|5|df=yes}} (Germany) {{Start date and age|2015|08|31|df=yes}} (Malaysia) {{Start date and age|2015|09|1|df=yes}} (Romania, 1st launch) {{Start date and age|2015|10|1|df=yes}} (Poland) {{Start date and age|2020|02|18|df=yes}} (Romania, 2nd launch)
| closed_date = {{End date and age|2017|09|12|df=yes}} (Germany) {{End date and age|2018|03|1|df=yes}} (Australia) {{End date and age|2018|07|1|df=yes}} (Romania, 1st launch) {{End date and age|2019|10|1|df=yes}} (Italy) {{End date and age|2020|05|31|df=yes}} (Turkey) {{End date and age|2020|07|2|df=yes}} (SD, Brunei) {{End date and age|df=y|2021|10|01}} (Middle East and Asia)<ref name="SEAShutdownBundle">{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{Cite web |last=Frater |first=Patrick |date=27 April 2021 |title=Disney Slashes Linear TV in Asia With 18-Channel Closure, Shifts Focus to Disney Plus |url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/asia/disney-closing-tv-channels-in-asia-1234961166/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921002441/https://variety.com/2021/tv/asia/disney-closing-tv-channels-in-asia-1234961166/ |archive-date=21 September 2021 |access-date=5 October 2021 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Kanter |first=Jake |date=27 April 2021 |title=Disney Closes 18 Asia TV Channels As It Shifts Focus To Disney+ |url=https://deadline.com/2021/04/disney-closes-asia-tv-channels-1234744754 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921002426/https://deadline.com/2021/04/disney-closes-asia-tv-channels-1234744754/ |archive-date=21 September 2021 |access-date=5 October 2021 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}|{{Cite web |last=Lai |first=Adrian |date=29 April 2021 |title=Disney To Shut Down 18 Channels In Southeast Asia |url=https://sea.ign.com/walt-disney/171433/news/disney-to-shut-down-18-channels-in-southeast-asia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921002411/https://sea.ign.com/walt-disney/171433/news/disney-to-shut-down-18-channels-in-southeast-asia |archive-date=21 September 2021 |access-date=5 October 2021 |website=[[IGN]]}} }}</ref>
| owner = [[National Geographic Partners]] ([[Walt Disney Television]])
| country = Singapore, India
| picture_format = [[1080i]] [[HDTV]]
| language = English
| area = International
| headquarters = '''Asia''': [[New Delhi]] '''America''': [[New York City]] '''Europe''': [[London]]
| former_names = {{ubl|Adventure One Channel (1999-2003)|Adventure One (A1) (2003–2007)|Nat Geo Adventure (2007–2014)}}
| replaced_by = [[Nat Geo Wild (Europe)]]
| sister_channels = {{hlist|[[National Geographic (Asia)|National Geographic]]|[[Nat Geo Wild]]|[[National Geographic Abu Dhabi]]}}
| website = [https://web.archive.org/web/20140226160635/http://natgeotv.com/asia/ngp] MENA: [http://natgeopeoplehd.foxarabia.tv/default.aspx]
}}

'''Nat Geo People''' (short for '''National Geographic People''') is an international [[pay television]] channel owned by [[National Geographic Partners]], a joint venture between [[the Walt Disney Company]] (73%) and the [[National Geographic Society]] (27%).<ref name="vty-deal-close">{{cite web | url=https://variety.com/2019/biz/news/disney-fox-deal-complete-1203167374/ | title =Disney Closes $71 Billion 21st Century Fox Deal | publisher = Variety | first = Cynthia | last=Littleton | date= March 19, 2019 | access-date = April 3, 2019}}</ref> Targeted at female audiences, with programming focusing on people and cultures, the channel is available in 50 countries in both linear and non-linear formats.<ref name="NatGeoPeople"/>

==History==
The channel was launched as '''Adventure One Channel''' on 1 November 1999, rebranded on 2003 as '''Adventure One (A1)''' and was later rebranded on 1 May 2007 as '''National Geographic Adventure''', strengthening the overall Nat Geo presence.<ref>{{cite press release| title = National Geographic Channels International Launches Nat Geo Adventure| publisher = National Geographic Channels (International)| date = April 2, 2007| url = http://www.ngcipressroom.com/press-release/563| access-date = January 22, 2014}}</ref> All countries adopted the change, except in Europe which instead changed A1 to [[Nat Geo Wild (Europe)|Nat Geo Wild]].<ref name=UK>{{cite press release|title = National Geographic Channel Set to Go Wild|publisher = National Geographic Channels (International)|url = http://ngcipressroom.com/press-release/560|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080523232826/http://www.ngcipressroom.com/releases.aspx?id=226|archive-date = May 23, 2008|access-date = January 22, 2014|date = December 7, 2006}}</ref> Nat Geo Adventure is also a global adventure travel video and photography portal, which launched worldwide in 2009.

Nat Geo Adventure was aimed at younger audiences, providing programming based around outdoor adventure, travel and stories involving people having fun while exploring the world.

In early 2008, National Geographic Adventure Australia and Italy launched a new video sharing feature on their website called Blognotes.

In 2010, Nat Geo Adventure launched its own HD feed in Asia via AsiaSat 5.

Nat Geo Adventure Italy upgraded to HD on [[Sky Italia]] on 1 February 2012, At the time of launch (0500 [[UTC]]).

On 30 September 2013, it was announced that Nat Geo Adventure would be replaced by '''Nat Geo People''' on 1 March 2014. This would see Nat Geo People launch in HD where currently available, as well as in linear and non-linear formats, in 50 countries internationally. The rebrand would see the channel become more female-focused, with programming to focus on people and cultures.<ref name="NatGeoPeople">{{cite web|title=National Geographic International Announces Launch of Nat Geo People |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |url=https://deadline.com/2013/09/national-geographic-international-announces-launch-of-nat-geo-people-599475/ |date=September 30, 2013|access-date=January 8, 2014}}</ref>

Nat Geo People was replaced by Nat Geo Wild in Germany and Austria on 12 September 2017. The channel was closed down in Australia on 1 march 2018 together with FX with all popular TV shows moving to the National Geographic Channel. Nat Geo People in Italy closed on 1 October 2019, along with the Italian versions of [[Disney XD (Italian TV channel)|Disney XD]], [[Disney in English (Italian TV channel)|Disney in English]], [[Fox Comedy]] and [[Fox Animation (TV channel)|Fox Animation]], due to Sky Italia's deal with The Walt Disney Company Italy not being renewed. In Romania, the channel closed on 1 July 2018, but will be available again in 2020. The channel closed in Turkey on 31 May 2020. On April 27, 2021, for the 21 years of television broadcasting history, Disney and Fox Networks Group announced that Nat Geo People will be closing down and will be merging with [[National Geographic Channel (Asia)|National Geographic Asia]] (which would also ceased its broadcasting two years later) on 1 October 2021, as well as a part of its winddown of traditional cable/satellite networks across Southeast Asia and Hong Kong in favor of [[Disney+]] (in Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan and the Philippines) and [[Disney+ Hotstar]] (in Southeast Asia outside Singapore and the Philippines),<ref name="SEAShutdownBundle" /> thus the channel space once occupied by Adventure One Channel ceased to exist. The final program aired was an episode of Airport Below Zero.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

As of 2026, Poland and Romania are the only regions where Nat Geo People is still active.

<gallery>
Image:Adventure1.svg|Adventure One (A1) logo used from 2003 until 30 April 2007
Image:Natgeo adventure.svg|Nat Geo Adventure logo used from 1 May 2007 until 28 February 2014
Image:New NatGeo People logo.svg|Nat Geo People logo used since 1 March 2014
</gallery>

==Programmes==
{{div col begin}}
*''62 Days at Sea''
*''Adventure Wanted''
*''[[Amazing Adventures of a Nobody]]''
*''[[Around the World for Free]]''
*''Art of Walking''
*''[[Banged Up Abroad]]''
* ''The Best Job in the World''
*''Bite Me with Dr. Mike Leahy''
*''Bluelist Australia''
*''[[Bondi Rescue]]''
*''[[By Any Means (2008 TV series)|By Any Means]]''
*''Calcutta or Bust''
*''Chasing Che: Latin America on a Motorcycle''
*''[[Chasing Time (TV series)|Chasing Time]]''
*''City Chase''
*''City Chase Marrakech''
*''Cooking the World''
*''Cruise Ship Diaries''
*''Cycling Home from Siberia with Rob Lilwall''
*''Danger Men''
*''[[David Rocco's Amalfi Getaway]]''
*''[[David Rocco's Dolce Vita]]''
*''Deadliest Journeys''
*''[[Departures (TV series)|Departures]]''
*''Delinquent Gourmet''
*''Destination Extreme''
*''Dive Detectives''
*''[[Don't Tell My Mother]]''
*''Earth Tripping''
*''Eccentric UK''
*''Endurance Traveller''
*''Exploring the Vine''
*''[[Extreme Tourist Afghanistan]]''
*''Finding Genghis''
*''First Ascent''
*''[[Food Lovers Guide to the Planet]]''
*''Food School''
*''The Frankincense Trail''
*''Geo Sessions''
*''Going Bush''
*''Gone to Save the Planet''
*''Graham's World''
*''The Green Way Up''
*''Into the Drink''
*''[[Keeping up with the Joneses (TV series)|Keeping up with the Joneses]]''
*''[[Kimchi Chronicles]]''
*''[[Lonely Planet: Roads Less Travelled]]''
*''[[Long Way Down]]''
*''Madagascar Maverick''
*''[[Madventures (Finnish TV program)|Madventures]]''
*''Making Tracks''
*''Market Values''
*''Meet the Amish''
*''Meet the Natives''
*''Miracle on Everest''
*''Motorcycle Karma''
*''The Music Nomad''
*''Naked Lentil''
*''Nomads''
*''On Surfari''
*''On the Camino de Santiago''
*''One Man & His Campervan''
*''[[Perilous Journeys]]''
*''Pressure Cook''
*''Race to the Bottom of the Earth''
*''Racing Around the Clock''
*''Racing to America''
*''Reverse Exploration''
*''The Ride''
*''Sahara Sprinters''
*''Solo''
*''Somewhere in China''
*''[[The Surfer's Journal]]''
*''[[The Surgery Ship]]''
*''Travel Madness''
*''Treks in a Wild World''
*''Ultimate Traveller''
*''Warrior Road Trip''
*''Wedding Crasher: The Real Deal''
*''Weird and Wonderful Hotels''
*''Wheel2Wheel''
*''Which Way To''
*''Wild Ride''
*''[[Word Travels]]''
*''Word of Mouth''
*''A World Apart''
*''Young Global Hotshots''
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[National Geographic Channel]]
* [[National Geographic Channel Australia]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.natgeoadventure.tv Nat Geo Adventure International Portal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804185534/http://natgeoadventure.tv/ |date=4 August 2009 }}

{{Subscription television channels in Australia}}
{{Adventure travel}}
{{National Geographic}}
{{Television in Romania}}

[[Category:Adventure travel]]
[[Category:Defunct television channels in Australia]]
[[Category:Sports television in Australia]]
[[Category:National Geographic (American TV channel)|People]]
[[Category:Disney television networks]]
[[Category:Fox Networks Group]]
[[Category:Cable television in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1999]]
[[Category:English-language television stations in Australia]]
[[Category:Disney Star]]

Saidabad mandal

2026-02-26T06:25:31Z

Matrika: Started new post!

{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| native_name =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline = saidabad_123.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Saidabad Main Road
| nickname =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map = India Hyderabad#India
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Hyderabad, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.3563|N|78.5116|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_type4 = Zone
| subdivision_type5 = Ward
| subdivision_name1 = India
| subdivision_name2 = Telangana
| subdivision_name3 = [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Region]]
| subdivision_name4 = South Zone
| subdivision_name5 = 19
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =

| named_for =
| parts_type =
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body = GHMC
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =6.59
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 119305
| population_as_of = 2020
| population_footnotes = <ref name="ward">{{cite web|title=Delimitation of Election Wards|url=http://www.ghmc.gov.in/tender%20pdfs/election_wards.pdf|website=Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation|access-date=12 June 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110083915/http://www.ghmc.gov.in/tender%20pdfs/election_wards.pdf|archive-date=10 November 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 =18098
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 500059
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = Hyderabad
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Malakpet Assembly constituency]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = GHMC
| blank4_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank4_info_sec1 = GHMC
}}
'''Saidabad''' is a [[Tehsil|mandal]] in [[Hyderabad District, India|Hyderabad District]] in [[Telangana]], [[India]].

==Transport==
Saidabad is named after Syed Mir Mommin, the Prime Minister of Golconda, in 1591. Some nawabs had big mansions here. One such is Ameen Manzil, a historic structure named after Sir Ahmed Hussaini-Nawab Ameen Jung who was a member of the Executive Council of [[Hyderabad State]].<ref>thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans/2015-07-13/Saidabad-Serenity-lost-in-transition/163043#:~:text=History%20Saidabad%20is%20named%20after,Executive%20Council%20of%20Hyderabad%20State.</ref> "In 1969 there was a garden known as Samad Bagh in the area which had two large wells (Mota Bavi). Even now some part of the garden exists which houses a heritage mansion.”<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans/2015-07-13/Saidabad-Serenity-lost-in-transition/163043 | title=Saidabad Serenity lost in transition | date=13 July 2015 }}</ref>

The local train station for [[Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System|MMTS trains]] is the [[Dabirpura]] Station, located behind the [[Chanchalguda Central Jail]].

The nearest [[Hyderabad Metro|Metro]] station to Saidabad, is the [[Moosarambagh]] Metro Station, at Musarambagh.

It is well-connected by [[TSRTC]] buses, which ply on two routes covering most of the area, and all the buses stop here.

== References ==

{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{Neighborhoods of Hyderabad|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Hyderabad, India]]

Biligiriranga Hills

2026-02-22T05:06:50Z

Matrika: new post

{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in South India}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Biligirirangana Hills
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = IV
| image = Hokkubare Honnebare peaks BR Hills.jpeg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Peaks of Hokkubare and Honnebare
| image_size =
| map = India Karnataka#India
| elevation = 1707 m
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Map of Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve, showing Biligiriranga Swamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary in relation to multiple contiguous protected areas
| map_width =
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| location = [[Yelandur]] Taluk, [[Chamarajanagar district|Chamarajanagar]], India
| nearest_city = [[Kollegal]] {{convert|30|km|mi}}
| coordinates = {{coords|11|59|38|N|77|8|26|E|display=inline, title}}
| established = 27 June 1974
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = [https://web.archive.org/web/20120207014313/http://www.karnatakaforest.gov.in/English/wild_life_eco_tour/wildlife_eco_tour.htm#natpark Karnataka Forest Department]
| world_heritage_site =
| url =
| image_map = Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve.jpg
}}
The '''Biligirirangana Hills''' or '''Biligirirangan Hills''' (as referred to in biology and geology<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1038/183483b0|title=Trap-Shotten Rock from the Biligirirangan Hills, Mysore State, India|year=1959|last1=Pichamuthu|first1=C. S.|journal=Nature|volume=183|issue=4659|pages=483–484|bibcode=1959Natur.183..483P|s2cid=4196566}}</ref>) is a hill range situated in [[Chamarajanagar District]] in south-western [[Karnataka]], at its border with [[Tamil Nadu]] (Erode District) in [[South India]]. The area is called '''Biligiri Ranganatha Swamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary''' or simply BRT Wildlife Sanctuary.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/biligiri-ranganathaswamy-tiger-reserve-and-wildlife-sanctuary/ | title=BR Tiger Reserve and Wildlife Sanctuary }}</ref> It is a [[Protected area|protected reserve]] under the [[Wildlife Protection Act of 1972]]. Being close to the [[Eastern Ghats]] as well as the [[Western Ghats]], the sanctuary has floral and faunal associations with both regions. The site was declared a [[tiger reserve]] in January 2011 by the [[Government of Karnataka]], a few months after approval from India's [[National Tiger Conservation Authority]].<ref name=notification>{{cite web|last1=Anon|title=Karnataka Gazette Notification|url=http://gazette.kar.nic.in/17-02-2011/Part-4A-Page-137-168).pdf|website=Karnataka Rajyapatra|publisher=Government of Karnataka|access-date=16 September 2015|archive-date=19 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119034912/http://gazette.kar.nic.in/17-02-2011/Part-4A-Page-137-168).pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Location==
[[File:Ancient Biligiri Ranganatha Temple.jpg|thumb|Biligiri Ranganatha Swamy temple]]
The hills are located at the north-west of the Western Ghats and the westernmost edge of the Eastern Ghats. Thus this area supports a diverse flora and fauna in view of the various habitat types present. A wildlife sanctuary of {{convert|322.4|km2}} was created around the temple on 27 June 1974, and enlarged to {{convert|539.52|km2}} on 14 January 1987. The sanctuary derives its name '''Biligiri''' (white hill in [[Kannada]]) from the white rock face that constitutes the major hill crowned with the temple of Ranganathaswamy ([[Vishnu]]), a major deity in Hinduism, or from the white mist and the silver clouds that cover these hills for a greater part of the year. An annual festival of Vishnu, held in the month of April, draws pilgrims from far and wide. Once in two years, the Soliga Tribals present a 1-foot and 9 inches slipper, made of skin, to the deity in Biligiriranga Hills.

The hills are in the Yelandur, [[Kollegal]] and Chamarajanagar [[taluka]]s of Chamarajanagar District of Karnataka. They are contiguous with hills in [[Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary]] in [[Erode District]] of Tamil Nadu to the south. By road, they are about {{convert|90|km}} from [[Mysore]] and {{convert|160|km}} from [[Bangalore]]. The road leading to the village on top of the hills may be approached either from [[Yelandur]] or [[Chamarajanagar]]. Kyathadevara Gudi or K Gudi is located close to BR Hills, where safari is conducted.

==Geography==
The BR hills are a starting point of the Eastern Ghats and contact the border of the Western Ghats, allowing animals to move between them and facilitating gene flow between populations of species in these areas. Thus, this sanctuary serves as an important biological bridge for the biota of the entire [[Deccan Plateau]].

The BR hills along with the [[Male Mahadeshwara Hills]] (MM Hills) range form a distinctly unusual ridge running north–south amidst the plains of Bangalore (~900 m), Mysore (~800 m) and [[Krishnagiri]](~450 m). The peaks of these lofty ranges rise as high as {{convert|1800|m|ft}} (BR hills {{convert|1400|–|1800|m|ft}}; MM Hills {{convert|1000|–|1200|m|ft}}). The highest hill is Kattari Betta, at 1800 metres. Various observations point to a possible biogeographic link between BR hills and [[Nilgiris (mountains)|Nilgiri]] ranges.
[[File:Brhpan.JPG|thumb|650px|Panoramic view of the Biligiriranga Hills. The pointed peak is Malkibetta, to its left is the high ridge of Honnematti.]]
[[Biogeography|Biogeographically]], the sanctuary is unique. It is located between 11° and 12° N and the ridges of the hills run in the north–south direction. It is a projection of the Western Ghats in a north-easterly direction and meets the splintered hills of the Eastern Ghats at 78° E. This unique extension / offshoot of Western Ghats constitutes a live bridge between the Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats with the sanctuary located almost in the middle of this bridge. Thus, the biota of BRT sanctuary can be expected to be predominantly of Western Ghats in nature with significant proportion of eastern elements as well.<ref>Srinivasan, U. and Prashanth N. S. (2006): Preferential routes of bird dispersal to the Western Ghats in India: An explanation for the avifaunal peculiarities of the Biligirirangan Hills. Indian Birds 2 (4): 114–119.[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Umesh_Srinivasan/publication/242161670_Preferential_routes_of_bird_dispersal_to_the_Western_Ghats_in_India_An_explanation_for_the_avifaunal_peculiarities_of_the_Biligirirangan_Hills/links/53d5e4db0cf228d363ea12ab.pdf PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119023832/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Umesh_Srinivasan/publication/242161670_Preferential_routes_of_bird_dispersal_to_the_Western_Ghats_in_India_An_explanation_for_the_avifaunal_peculiarities_of_the_Biligirirangan_Hills/links/53d5e4db0cf228d363ea12ab.pdf |date=19 November 2015 }}</ref>

==Climate and vegetation==
The sanctuary, ~35 km long north–south and ~15 km wide east–west, is spread over an area of 540 km2 with a wide variation in mean temperature (9 °C to 16 °C minimum and 20 °C to 38 °C maximum) and annual rainfall (600 mm at the base and 3000 mm at the top of the hills) The hill ranges, within the sanctuary raise as high as 1200 m above the basal plateau of 600 m and run north–south in two ridges. The wide range of climatic conditions along with the altitude variations within the small area of the sanctuary have translated it into a highly heterogeneous mosaic of habitats such that we find almost all major forest vegetation types – [[scrubland|scrub]], [[deciduous]], [[riparian]], [[evergreen]], [[sholas]] and [[grassland]]s.

The forests harbour close to 800 [[species]] of plants from various [[family (biology)|families]] and shows a close affinity to the Western Ghats.<ref>Ramesh, B. R. (1989) ''Flora of BR Hills'' [[French Institute of Pondicherry]]</ref>

==Flora and fauna==
The Biligiris are [[charnockite]] hills, covered with [[tropical dry broadleaf forest]], part of the [[South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests]] ecoregion. The forests range from scrub forests at lower elevations, degraded by over-use, to the tall deciduous forests typical of the ecoregion, to stunted shola forests and montane [[grasslands]] at the highest elevations, which exceed 1800 meters.
The forests form an important [[wildlife corridor]] between the [[Western Ghats]] and the [[Eastern Ghats]], linking the largest populations of [[Asian elephant|Asian elephants]] and [[Bengal tiger|tigers]] in southern India.

[[File:Asian Elephant panning.jpg|thumb|Bull elephant walking in BR Hills forest]]

The most conspicuous mammals in the BR Hills are the herds of wild [[Asian elephants|elephants]]. The BR hills is the only forest east of the main Western Ghats mountain ranges in the central southern [[peninsula]] to harbor these pachyderms in large numbers. The forests were the study area for R. Sukumar, a scientist who studied the elephants of the area in the early eighties. A recent (2017) survey has revealed the presence of 62 [[Bengal tiger|tigers]] in this sanctuary.<ref>Ganeshaiah, K. N., R. Uma Shaanker and K. S. Bawa. (1998) ''Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary: Natural history, biodiversity and conservation''. ATREE and VGKK, Bangalore</ref> The forests are well known for many [[gaur]], the largest [[bovine]]s. BR hills are a good place for viewing many other large and small animals. There are about 26 species of [[mammal]]s recorded in the sanctuary.

The other mammals include [[sambar (deer)|sambhar]], [[chital]], the shy [[barking deer]] which are quite common here and the rare [[Chousingha|four-horned antelope]]. Carnivores include [[Tiger|tigers]], [[leopard]]s, [[Dhole|wild dogs]], lesser [[cat]]s and [[sloth bear]]s and among [[arboreal]] mammals two species of [[primate]]s and three species of [[squirrel]]s including the [[giant flying squirrel]] are recorded. A recent (2017) survey of tigers by [[DNA analysis]] of [[feces|scat]] samples has revealed 62 tigers, although the number may be more. 254 species of birds have been recorded in the BR hills.<ref>Srinivasa, T. S., S. Karthikeyan. and J. N. Prasad. (1997) ''Faunal survey of the Biligirirangan Temple Wildlife Sanctuary''. Merlin Nature Club, Bangalore.</ref><ref>Islam, Z. and A. R. Rahmani. (2004) ''Important Bird Areas in India: Priority areas for conservation''. Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, BirdLife International, UK and Oxford University Press, Mumbai</ref><ref>Aravind, N. A., D. Rao, and P. S. Madhusudan. (2001) ''Additions to the Birds of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Western Ghats, India''. Zoos' Print Journal 16 (7): 541–547.</ref><ref>Srinivasan, U. and Prashanth N.S. (2005): ''Additions to the Avifauna of the Biligirirangans''. Indian Birds. 1(5): 104 [http://indianbirds.in/pdfs/Srinivasan_BRHills.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119102058/http://indianbirds.in/pdfs/Srinivasan_BRHills.pdf|date=19 November 2015}}</ref> These include the enigmatic southern population of the [[white-naped tit|white-winged tit]] (''Parus nuchalis''), a specimen of which was collected by R. C. Morris and is now housed in the Natural History museum at Tring. A recently discovered species is the microhylid frog ''[[Microhyla sholigari]]'', named after the [[Soliga people|Soligas]], an indigenous tribe that inhabit these hills.

==Threats==
[[Quarrying]] in the fringes of the hills is rampant after the brief lull of activities during the time when the dreaded bandit [[Veerappan]] was on the run. After his death, the quarrying activities have taken off with renewed vigour with strong political backing. The forest department and the local NGOs were instrumental in banning disposal of plastic within the sanctuary.<ref name=DH>{{cite news|last=DHNS|title=Students make BR Hills plastic free|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/150702/students-make-b-r-hills.html|access-date=13 April 2011|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=1 April 2011|archive-date=11 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411012543/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/150702/students-make-b-r-hills.html|url-status=live}}</ref> After wildlife environmentalist, Giridhar Kulkarni informed the NTCA of the proliferation of illicit resorts inside the tiger reserve, the Chief wildlife warden of Karnataka recently issued orders against illegal resorts and homestays in the BRT Tiger Reserve.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-27 |title=Karnataka chief wildlife warden issues directions against illegal resorts, homestays in BRT Tiger Reserve |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/karnataka-chief-wildlife-warden-directions-illegal-resorts-homestays-brt-tiger-reserve-8689063/ |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Brown fishing owl.jpg|[[Brown fish owl]], BRT Chamarajanagar
File:Dark Blue Tiger butterflies at Biligiriranga temple wildlife sanctuary.jpg|Dark blue tiger butterflies, BRT WLS Chamarajanagar
File:Striped Tiger butterflies at Biligiriranga Wildlife Sanctuary.jpg|Striped tiger and common Indian crow butterflies, BRT WLS Chamarajanagar
File:Gaur and Chital deer grazing together at Biligiriranga wildlife sanctuary.jpg|Gaur (bison) chital herd, BRT WLS Chamarajanagar
File:Muntjac at Biligiriranga temple wildlife sanctuary.jpg|Common Indian muntjac or barking deer (male), BRT WLS Chamarajanagar
File:Sambar Stag at Biligiriranga temple wildlife sanctuary.jpg|Sambar stag, BRT WLS Chamarajanagar
File:Sloth bear pair behind the bushes at Biligiriranga temple wildlife sanctuary.jpg|Sloth bear pair, BRT WLS Chamarajanagar
File:Spot-bellied eagle-owl at Biligiriranga temple wildlife sanctuary.jpg|Spot bellied eagle owl, BRT WLS Chamarajanagar
File:Purple Rumped sunbird at Biligiriranga temple wildlife sanctuary.jpg|Purple rumped sunbird, BRT WLS Chamarajanagar
File:Dhole with mange.jpg|Dhole at Biligiriranga Hills, Karnataka
File:Dhole pups.jpg|Dhole pups at Biligiriranga Hills, Karnataka
File:Nightjar at Biligiriranga Hills, Karnataka.jpg|Nightjar at Biligiriranga Hills, Karnataka
File:Crested Serpent Eagle at Biligiriranga Hills, Karnataka.jpg|Crested Serpent Eagle at Biligiriranga Hills, Karnataka
File:Rat snake display.jpg|Rat snake display in Biligiriranga Hills, Karnataka
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|India}}
* {{commons category-inline}}
* [http://theloapers.blogspot.in/2011/08/38-mm-hills-br-hills-shivanasamudra.html BR hills elephants encounter – Loaps]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930224313/http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/07/stories/2005060711760500.htm Tiger census at BRT WLS]
* [http://www.atree.org/ ATREE]
* [http://www.vgkk.org Vivekananda Girijana Kalyana Kendra – A 25-year-old NGO dedicated to integrated tribal development in BR Hills] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418055721/http://www.vgkk.org/ |date=18 April 2019 }}

{{Eastern Ghats}}
{{Western Ghats}}
{{Tiger Reserves Of India}}

[[Category:Mountains of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Eastern Ghats]]
[[Category:Mountains of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Hill stations in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Populated places in the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Geography of Chamarajanagar district]]
[[Category:South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Chamarajanagar district]]

Bhopal Dakshin-Paschim Assembly constituency

2026-02-21T18:02:10Z

Matrika: starting new post...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bhopal Dakshin-Pashchim
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 152
| map_image = 152-Bhopal Dakshin-Paschim.svg
| mla = [[Bhagwandas Sabnani]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[P. C. Sharma]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Bhopal district|Bhopal]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bhopal Lok Sabha constituency|Bhopal]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Bhagwandas Sabnani (1).jpg
}}

'''Bhopal Dakshin-Pashchim Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. It is an assembly segment of [[Bhopal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhopal]] [[Lok Sabha]] constituency. Prior to 2008, it was known as Bhopal South.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|colspan=4 |''As Bhopal South''
|-
|1974^
|rowspan=2|[[Babulal Gaur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<ref name=election1977>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3732-madhya-pradesh-1977/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Satyanarayana Agarwal<ref name=election1980>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3733-madhya-pradesh-1980/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<ref name=election1985>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3734-madhya-pradesh-1985/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|Hasnat Siddiqui
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|1986^
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<ref name=election1990>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3735-madhya-pradesh-1990/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|Shailendra Pradhan
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<ref name=election1993>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3736-madhya-pradesh-1993/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|[[P. C. Sharma]]<ref name=election1998>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3737-madhya-pradesh-1998/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3738-madhya-pradesh-2003/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|[[Umashankar Gupta]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|colspan=4 |''As Bhopal South-West''
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|rowspan=2 |[[Umashankar Gupta]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|[[P. C. Sharma]]<ref name=election2018/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Bhagwandas Sabnani]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}
^by poll

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhopal Dakshin-Paschim<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Bhagwandas Sabnani]]
|votes = {{formatnum:76689}}
|percentage = 54.27
|change = +10.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[P. C. Sharma]]
|votes = {{formatnum:60856}}
|percentage = 43.06
|change = -5.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sudhir Ubnare
|votes = {{formatnum:1557}}
|percentage = 1.1
|change = -0.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1189}}
|percentage = 0.84
|change = +0.02
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:15833}}
|percentage = 11.21
|change = +6.42
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:141314}}
|percentage = 60.6
|change = -3.06
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhopal Dakshin-Paschim<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[P. C. Sharma]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:67323}}
|percentage = 48.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Umashankar Gupta]]
|votes = {{formatnum:60736}}
|percentage = 44.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Randheer Bhojane
|votes = {{formatnum:2154}}
|percentage = 1.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sapaks Party
|candidate = Dr.Kanti Lal Sahu (Retd. Director Health)
|votes = {{formatnum:2152}}
|percentage = 1.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Alok Agarwal
|votes = {{formatnum:1654}}
|percentage = 1.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1128}}
|percentage = 0.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:6587}}
|percentage = 4.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:137472}}
|percentage = 63.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* https://myneta.info/2008mp/candidate.php?candidate_id=63
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170418083636/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=956&cid=152 Article title]}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}

{{coord|23.21|77.43|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bhopal district]]
[[Category:Bhopal]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]

Udhampur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-02-18T21:47:41Z

Matrika: Started a data

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Udhampur {{Small|JK-4}}
| state =
| union_territory = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Jammu and Kashmir/Udhampur.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Udhampur Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1957
| electors = 16,23,195<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | title=EC releases absolute number of voters for all completed phases | website=elections24.eci.gov.in | publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] | date=2024-05-25 | access-date=26 May 2024 | archive-date=25 May 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525141320/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Jitendra Singh.jpg
| mp = [[Jitendra Singh (BJP politician)|Jitendra Singh]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
}}

'''Udhampur Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the six [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in northern [[India]]. The constituency covers 20,230 square kilometres of mountainous Himalayan terrain, and is comparable to the size of Israel. It is composed of the districts of [[Kishtwar district|Kishtwar]], [[Ramban district|Ramban]], [[Kathua district|Kathua]], [[Doda district|Doda]], and [[Udhampur district|Udhampur]]. Udhampur constituency's population is over 2,400,000, and exceeds the population of New Mexico. The seat from 1967 to 1980 was held by [[Karan Singh]], the former crown prince of Jammu and Kashmir. It is currently represented by Union minister [[Jitendra Singh Rana|Jitendra Singh]] since 2014 from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].

==Assembly segments==
Following is the list of Legislative Assembly Constituencies that fall under Udhampur Lok Sabha in Jammu and Kashmir after delimitation was undertaken in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Notification by Delimitation Commission |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2022/235556.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017204253/https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2022/235556.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2022 |website=egazette.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Final Delimitation Order |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/Delimitation/English%20Final%20JK.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924222358/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/Delimitation/English%20Final%20JK.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2022 |website=Jammu and Kashmir CEO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Constituency map |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/J%26K%20AC%20map%20new.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524150644/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/J%26K%20AC%20map%20new.pdf |archive-date=24 May 2023 |website=Jammu and Kashmir CEO |access-date=6 June 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable"
! AC No.
! AC Name
! District
!Member
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
|48
|[[Inderwal Assembly constituency|Inderwal]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Kishtwar district|Kishtwar]]
|[[Payare Lal Sharma]]
|{{party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}}
|-
|49
|[[Kishtwar Assembly constituency|Kishtwar]]
|[[Shagun Parihar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|50
|[[Padder-Nagseni Assembly constituency|Padder-Nagseni]]
|[[Sunil Kumar Sharma (Jammu and Kashmir)|Sunil Kumar Sharma]]
|-
|51
|[[Bhaderwah Assembly constituency|Bhadarwah]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Doda district|Doda]]
|[[Daleep Singh Parihar]]
|-
|52
|[[Doda Assembly constituency|Doda]]
|[[Mehraj Malik]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|53
|[[Doda West Assembly constituency|Doda West]]
|[[Shakti Raj]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|54
|[[Ramban Assembly constituency|Ramban]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ramban district|Ramban]]
|[[Arjun Singh Raju]]
|{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=2}}
|-
|55
|[[Banihal Assembly constituency|Banihal]]
|[[Sajad Shaheen]]
|-
|59
|[[Udhampur West Assembly constituency|Udhampur West]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Udhampur district|Udhampur]]
|[[Pawan Kumar Gupta]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|60
|[[Udhampur East Assembly constituency|Udhampur East]]
|[[Ranbir Singh Pathania]]
|-
|61
|[[Chanani Assembly constituency|Chenani]]
|[[Balwant Singh Mankotia]]
|-
|62
|[[Ramnagar (Jammu and Kashmir Assembly constituency)|Ramnagar]] (SC)
|[[Sunil Bhardwaj]]
|-
|63
|[[Bani Assembly constituency|Bani]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Kathua district|Kathua]]
|[[Rameshwar Singh (politician)|Rameshwar Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}}
|-
|64
|[[Billawar Assembly constituency|Billawar]]
|[[Satish Kumar Sharma (politician)|Satish Kumar Sharma]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|65
|[[Basohli Assembly constituency|Basohli]]
|[[Darshan Kumar (politician)|Darshan Kumar]]
|-
|66
|[[Jasrota Assembly constituency|Jasrota]]
|[[Rajiv Jasrotia]]
|-
|67
|[[Kathua Assembly constituency|Kathua]] (SC)
|[[Bharat Bhushan (politician)|Bharat Bhushan]]
|-
|68
|[[Hiranagar Assembly constituency|Hiranagar]]
|[[Vijay Kumar (Jammu and Kashmir politician)|Vijay Kumar]]
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|Inderjit Malhotra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[Karan Singh]]
|-
|1968^
|G. S. Brigadier
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Karan Singh]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (U)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (U)]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Girdhari Lal Dogra]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|rowspan=2|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|Dharam Paul
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Chaman Lal Gupta]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Chaudhary Lal Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Jitendra Singh (BJP politician)|Jitendra Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}
^ by poll

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Udhampur]]<ref name=election2024>{{cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-U084.htm|title=Jammu & Kashmir 2024 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - UDHAMPUR">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - UDHAMPUR |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-U084.htm |access-date=22 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722125127/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-U084.htm |archive-date=22 July 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1956)|Jitendra Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 5,71,076
|percentage = 51.28
|change = {{decrease}}10.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Chaudhary Lal Singh]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 4,46,703
|percentage = 40.11
|change = {{increase}}9.01
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = [[G. M. Saroori]]
|party = [[Democratic Progressive Azad Party|DPAP]]
|votes = 39,599
|percentage = 3.56
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 12,938
|percentage = 1.16
|change = {{increase}}0.52
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,24,373
|percentage = 11.17
|change = {{decrease}}19.11
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,13,696
|percentage = 68.27
|change = {{decrease}}2.74
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{decrease}}10.10
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{notelist}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Udhampur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1956)|Jitendra Singh]]
|votes = 7,24,311
|percentage = 61.38
|change = {{increase}}14.60
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Vikramaditya Singh (politician, born 1964)|Vikramaditya Singh]]
|votes = 3,67,059
|percentage = 31.10
|change = {{decrease}}9.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jammu & Kashmir National Panthers Party
|candidate = Harsh Dev Singh
|votes = 24,319
|percentage = 2.06
|change = {{decrease}}0.37
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = [[Lal Singh Chaudhary (politician)|Chaudhary Lal Singh]]
|party = DSSP
|votes = 19,049
|percentage = 1.61
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Tilak Raj Bhagat
|votes = 16,601
|percentage = 1.41
|change = {{decrease}}0.17
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[None of the above|NOTA]]
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 7,568
|percentage = 0.64
|change = {{decrease}}0.37
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,57,252
|percentage = 30.28
|change = {{increase}}24.43
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,82,680
|percentage = 71.01
|change = {{increase}}0.10
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{increase}}14.60
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Udhampur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1956)|Jitendra Singh]]
|votes = 4,87,369
|percentage = 46.78
|change = {{increase}}11.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]
|votes = 4,26,393
|percentage = 40.93
|change = {{increase}}3.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party
|candidate = Mohd. Arshad Malik
|votes = 30,461
|percentage = 2.92
|change = {{decrease}}2.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jammu & Kashmir National Panthers Party
|candidate = [[Bhim Singh (politician)|Bhim Singh]]
|votes = 25,312
|percentage = 2.43
|change = {{decrease}}8.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dharam Pal Balgotra
|votes = 16,437
|percentage = 1.58
|change = {{decrease}}1.93
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = Anil Khajuria
|votes = 15,188
|percentage = 1.46
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[None of the above|NOTA]]
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 10,478
|percentage = 1.01
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority||votes=60,976|percentage=5.85|change={{increase}}3.66}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,41,758|percentage=70.91|change={{increase}}26.03}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{increase}}8.86
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Udhampur]]<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/Results_PE_2009.htm|title=Jammu & Kashmir 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India|Chief Electoral Officer, J&K]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|INC|candidate=[[Chaudhary Lal Singh|Ch. Lal Singh]]|votes=2,31,853|percentage=37.90|change={{decrease}}1.71}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP|candidate=[[Nirmal Kumar Singh]]|votes=2,18,459|percentage=35.71|change={{increase}}3.86}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party|JKNPP|candidate=[[Bhim Singh (politician)|Bhim Singh]]|votes=69,463|percentage=11.36|change={{increase}}3.16}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party|JKPDP|candidate=Balbir Singh|votes=30,294|percentage=4.95|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP|candidate=Rakesh Wazir|votes=21,445|percentage=3.51|change={{increase}}0.39}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=Adrees Ahmad Tabbasum|votes=16,598|percentage=2.71|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=13,394|percentage=2.19|change={{decrease}}0.06}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=13,63,060|percentage=44.90|change={{decrease}}0.19}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: Udhampur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ch. Lal Singh]]
|votes = 2,40,872
|percentage = 39.61
|change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Chaman Lal Gupta]]
|votes = 1,93,697
|percentage = 31.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
|candidate = Khalid Najib Suharwardy
|votes = 69,971
|percentage = 11.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jammu & Kashmir National Panthers Party
|candidate = [[Bhim Singh (politician)|Bhim Singh]]
|votes = 49,869
|percentage = 8.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jia Lal Verma
|votes = 18,974
|percentage = 3.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 47,175
|percentage = 7.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,08,074
|percentage = 45.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Doda district]]
* [[Kathua district]]
* [[Kishtwar District|Kishtwar district]]
* [[Ramban District|Ramban district]]
* [[Udhampur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

{{coord|32.9|75.1|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Udhampur Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Udhampur district]]
[[Category:Doda district]]
[[Category:Kathua district]]
[[Category:Kishtwar district]]
[[Category:Ramban district]]
[[Category:Udhampur]]

Yamuna (actress)

2026-02-17T21:22:53Z

Matrika: Started new details

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Yamuna
| birth_name = Prema<ref name="cochintalkies"/>
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| occupation = Actress
| spouse =
| children = 2<ref name="Sakshi">{{cite web |title=విశాఖ నాకు సొంతిల్లులాంటిది: నటి |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/senior-heroien-yamuna-chit-chat-with-sakshi-in-visakhapatnam-498611?pfrom=inside-latest-news&district=vikarabad |website=Sakshi |access-date=5 March 2018 |language=en |date=10 August 2017}}</ref>
}}
'''Yamuna''' is an Indian actress who has appeared primarily in Telugu films in addition to a few Malayalam, Kannada and Tamil films.<ref name="chitramala">{{cite web |last1=Bollineni |first1=Haribabu |title=Why Senior Actress Tried to Commit Suicide? |url=http://www.chitramala.in/why-senior-actress-tried-to-commit-suicide-234687.html |website=chitramala.in |date=21 August 2016 |publisher=Chitramala |access-date=24 November 2016}}</ref> She appeared in films like ''[[Mamagaru]]'', ''[[Mouna Poratam]]'', and ''[[Yerra Mandaram]]''. She also acted in TV shows.

== Personal life ==
Yamuna was born as Prema in [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]] into a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] family. Their native is [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] but her family later moved to Bangalore. Director [[K. Balachander|Balachander]] changed her name to Yamuna after film debut.<ref name="cochintalkies">{{cite web |title=Yamuna Biography |url=http://www.cochintalkies.com/celebrity/yamuna-biography.html |website=cochintalkies.com |publisher=cochintalkies |access-date=24 November 2016 |archive-date=22 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122024015/http://www.cochintalkies.com/celebrity/yamuna-biography.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Career ==
Yamuna made her debut in film in a lead role through Kannada film ''[[Modada Mareyalli]]'' (1991) alongside [[Shiva Rajkumar]]. She acted in over 50 Kannada and Telugu movies as the female lead.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Yamuna-back-on-the-big-screen/articleshow/54549532.cms |title=Yamuna back on the big screen |last=Shyam |first=Prasad S |date=27 September 2016 |website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> She shot into fame in 1989 with award-winning Telugu film ''[[Mouna Poratam]]''<ref name="1989 Nandi Awards">{{cite web |url=http://awardsandwinners.com/category/nandi-awards/1989/ |title=1989 Nandi Awards |publisher=awardsandwinners.com |access-date=24 November 2016 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019180557/http://awardsandwinners.com/category/nandi-awards/1989/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://telugufilmz.org/wiki/List_of_winners_of_the_Nandi_Award_for_Best_Feature_Film |title=List of winners of the Nandi Award for Best Feature Film |publisher=telugufilmz.org |access-date=24 November 2016 |archive-date=25 June 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140625114622/http://telugufilmz.org/wiki/List_of_winners_of_the_Nandi_Award_for_Best_Feature_Film |url-status=dead }}</ref> which is based on the real-life story of Sabita Badhei, which gained massive media coverage. Yamuna played the role of Durga who is betrayed by a government officer and fights for her conjugal rights, seeking marital recognition to give proper identity to her illegitimate child.<ref name="janaki">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sjanaki.net/mouna-poratam-music-by-s-janaki |title=''Mouna Poratam'' Music by S Janaki |publisher=sjanaki.net}}</ref>

Later she played one of the leads opposite Vinod Kumar in the successful film ''[[Mamagaru]]''.<ref name="1991 Nandi Awards">{{cite web |title=1991 Nandi awards |url=http://awardsandwinners.com/category/nandi-awards/1991/ |website=awardsandwinners.com |access-date=24 November 2016 |archive-date=16 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416083446/http://awardsandwinners.com/category/nandi-awards/1991/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the 1990 film ''[[Puttinti Pattu Cheera]]'', she played the role of an unlucky daughter who is harassed by her in-laws. She also played the lead role in [[Yerra Mandaram|''Erramandaram'']].<ref name="1990 Nandi Awards">{{cite web |title=1990 Nandi Awards |url=http://awardsandwinners.com/category/nandi-awards/1990/ |website=awardsandwinners.com |publisher=Awards & Winners |access-date=24 November 2016 |archive-date=15 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715113602/http://awardsandwinners.com/category/nandi-awards/1990/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> She also acted in Kannada films with [[Shiva Rajkumar|Siva Rajkumar]] and [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|Ravichandran]].<ref name="webdunia">{{cite web |title=ఆ రూమర్ వచ్చాక... సూసైడ్ చేసుకోవాలని నిర్ణయించుకున్నా.. నటి యమున |url=http://telugu.webdunia.com/article/telugu-cinema-news/actress-yamuna-talks-about-her-prostitution-case-116082000030_1.html |website=telugu.webdunia.com |publisher=Webdunia |access-date=24 November 2016}}</ref>

After her marriage, she took a break from acting. After the break she started acting in TV serials. She appeared in the TV series ''[[Anveshitha]]'' which was broadcast on [[E TV (India)|ETV]].

== Allegations ==
Yamuna was arrested for her alleged involvement in a brothel racket in the ITC Royal Gardenia, a five star hotel, in January 2011 in Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-01-24 |title=Yamuna arrested in prostitution racket case |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/yamuna-arrested-in-prostitution-racket-case/articleshow/7354381.cms |access-date=2025-05-28 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> In a YouTube interview, Frankly with TNR, she said she was exonerated by the court of chargers as they were false allegations.<ref name="bangaloremirror">{{cite web |title=Yamuna back on the big screen |url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Yamuna-back-on-the-big-screen/articleshow/54549532.cms |website=The Times of India |publisher=BangaloreMirror |access-date=27 September 2016}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{expand list|date=October 2017}}

=== Telugu ===
{{div col|colwidth=27em}}
* ''Mouna Poratam'' (1989) as Durga
* ''Puttinti Pattu Cheera'' (1990)
* ''[[Inspector Rudra]]'' (1990)
* ''Ghatana'' (1990)
* ''Aadadhi'' (1990)
* ''Udhyamam'' (1990) as Shanta
* ''[[Yerra Mandaram]]'' (1991) as Arundhati
* ''Gowramma'' (1991)
* ''[[Mamagaru]]'' (1991) as Lakshmi
* ''Nagamma'' (1991)
* ''[[Amma Kadupu Challanga]]'' (1991)
* ''[[College Bullodu]]'' (1992) as Shobha
* ''Surigaadu'' (1992)
* ''Bangaru mama'' (1992)
* ''Adrushtam'' (1992)
* ''Prema Vijetha'' (1992)
* ''[[Aadarsam (1993 film)|Aadarsam]]'' (1993) as Vani
* ''Rajadhani'' (1993)
* ''[[Brahmachari Mogudu]]'' (1994) as Jayalakshmi
* ''[[Andaru Andare]]'' (1994)
* ''Mantrala Marrichettu'' (1994)
* ''Nannagaru'' (1994)
* ''[[Bangaru Kutumbam]]'' (1994) as Krishnaveni
* ''[[Govinda Govinda (1994 film)|Govinda Govinda]]'' (1994) as Goddess Mahalakshmi
* ''Dear Brother'' (1995)
* ''Premaku Padi Sutralu'' (1995)
* ''[[Bachi (film)|Bachi]]'' (2000) as Parvathi
* ''[[Eduruleni Manishi (2001 film)|Eduruleni Manishi]]'' (2001) as Bhavani
* ''[[Sri Manjunatha (film)|Sri Manjunatha]]'' (2001) as Priya Ganga
* ''[[O Chinnadana]]'' (2002)
* ''Manasu Pilichindi'' (2009)
* ''Bhageerathudu'' (2010)
* ''[[Keratam]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Taxiwaala]]'' (2018) as Sisira's mother
{{div col end}}

=== Kannada ===
{{div col|colwidth=27em}}
* ''[[Modada Mareyalli]]'' (1991)
* ''Mavanige Thakka Aliya'' (1992)
* ''Hendathire Husharu'' (1992)
* ''Keralida Sarpa'' (1994)
* ''[[Chinna (1994 film)|Chinna]]'' (1994)
* ''Prema Geethe'' (1997)
* ''Hello Yama'' (1998)
* ''[[Sri Manjunatha (film)|Sri Manjunatha]]'' (2001) as River [[Ganga]]
* ''[[Haage Summane]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Naariya Seere Kadda]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Kanteerava]]'' (2011)
* ''Shambho Shankara'' (2010)
* ''[[Dil Rangeela]]'' (2014)
* ''Rajahamsa'' (2017)
{{div col end}}

=== Tamil ===
{{div col|colwidth=27em}}
* ''[[Manathil Uruthi Vendum]]'' (1987) - Debut in Tamil
* ''[[Mouna Poratam]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Dilli Babu]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Aadi Viratham]]'' (1991)
* ''Porantha Veetu Pattu Pudavai'' (1991)
* ''Sivasankari'' (1992)
* ''[[I Love India]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Yuga (2006 film)|Yuga]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Keratam|Yuvan]]'' (2011)
{{div col end}}

=== Malayalam ===
* ''[[Thoranam (film)|Thoranam]]'' (1987)

=== Television ===
* ''Thiruvilaiyadal'' (Sun TV)
* ''Amman'' (Sun TV)
* ''Vidhi'' ([[ETV Telugu|ETV]]) as Saroja / Rosy
* ''[[Anveshitha]]'' (ETV) as Snigdha Devi
* ''[[Raktha Sambandham (TV series)|Raktha Sambandham]]'' (Gemini TV)
* ''Allare Allari'' (ETV Plus)
* ''Seethama Vakitilo Sirimalle Chettu'' (Vidhi-2) as Rosy
* ''Lakshmi'' (Udaya TV)
* ''Lakshmi Jhansiya Magalu'' (Udaya TV)
* ''Devi'' (Zee Kannada)
* ''Damini'' (Gemini TV)
* ''Amrutam''
* ''Ala Vaishu Nilayam Lo'' (etv plus)
* ''Mouna Poratam'' ([[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]])
* ''Thulasi'' (Etv plus)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm0945791}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yamuna}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Telugu actresses]]

Parno Mittra

2026-02-16T00:30:45Z

Matrika:

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1985)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Parno Mittra
| image = Parno Mittra interview photo.png
| alt =
| caption = Parno Mitra in 2017
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age |df=yes|1985|10|31}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]] (2025–present)
| otherparty = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2019–2025)
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|Politician}}
| years_active = 2007–present
| known_for =
| notable_works = [[Ranjana Ami Ar Ashbona]], [[Alinagarer Golokdhadha]], [[No Bed of Roses|No Bed of Roses (Doob)]]
}}
'''Parno Mittra''' (born 31 October 1985)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parno Mittra(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BARANAGAR(NORTH 24 PARGANAS) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=1113 |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an [[Indian people|Indian]] actress and politician who appears in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali films]]. Mitra started her career on television. Her acting assignment was Ravi Ojha's Bengali TV series ''Khela'' (2007).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120624/jsp/graphiti/story_15648283.jsp#.V2wOhNJ95dg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628003505/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120624/jsp/graphiti/story_15648283.jsp#.V2wOhNJ95dg|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 June 2012|title=Women on top|access-date=2016-06-23}}</ref> She was catapulted to stardom after she enacted Ranjana in Anjan Dutta's [[National Film Award|National Award]] winning Bengali film ''[[Ranjana Ami Ar Ashbona]]'' (2011).<ref name=":0" />

==Early life==
Mittra was born in [[Kolkata]]. Her father worked in [[Arunachal Pradesh]], and she spent most of her childhood days there. She studied at Dow Hill School in Kurseong, Darjeeling<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160213/jsp/calcutta/story_69055.jsp#.V2wLX9J95dg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213094134/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160213/jsp/calcutta/story_69055.jsp#.V2wLX9J95dg|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 February 2016|title=Heritage gutted at Dow Hill|access-date=2016-06-23}}</ref>

==Career==
Mittra's debut TV serial was ''Khela'' (2007), a Ravi Ojha production in which she played Indira. She acted in another popular Ravi Ojha production, ''Mohona'',<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Parno-is-chilled-out/articleshow/3185043.cms|title=Parno is chilled out |work=The Times of India|date=2 July 2008 |access-date=2016-06-23}}</ref> as the lead character. She got the Best Actress award for ''Mohona''.<ref name="auto"/> She acted opposite Abir Chatterjee in ''Shomoy'' and played the second lead in ''[[Bou Kotha Kao]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lyricsdelhi.com/2015/11/actress-parno-mitro-wiki-biodata-career.html|title=Actress Parno Mitra Wiki Biodata Career Personal Details - Hindi Songs Lyrics|website=lyricsdelhi.com|language=en-US|access-date=2016-06-23|archive-date=16 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816193821/http://www.lyricsdelhi.com/2015/11/actress-parno-mitro-wiki-biodata-career.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

She made her film debut with Anjan Dutt's ''[[Ranjana Ami Ar Ashbona]]'' (2011).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Parno Mittra on her debut film Ranjana Ami aar Ashbona turning 10! |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/parno-mittra-on-her-debut-film-ranjana-ami-aar-ashbona-turning-10/cid/1820460 |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref> It received three National Awards<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120308/jsp/entertainment/story_15225239.jsp#.V2wMltJ95dg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117161030/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120308/jsp/entertainment/story_15225239.jsp#.V2wMltJ95dg|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 January 2014|title=The bong connection at the national awards|access-date=2016-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/vidya-balan-bags-national-award-for-the-dirty-picture/20120307.htm|title=Vidya Balan bags National Award for The Dirty Picture|access-date=2016-06-23}}</ref> for Best Bengali Film, Special Jury Award and Best Music.

[[File:Premiere of Aami aar amar girlfriends 2013-07-28 11-24.jpg|thumb|right|Mittra at the premiere of ''[[Aami Aar Amar Girlfriends]]'' (2013)]]

She starred opposite Parambrata Chattopadhyay as Ashima in director Kaushik Ganguly's ''Apur Panchali'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/Apur-Panchali/movie-review/34326269.cms|title=Apur Panchali Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2016-06-23}}</ref> which was screened at the 44th [[International Film Festival of India]] (IFFI) in November 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/i-don-t-take-myself-seriously-as-a-filmmaker-says-kaushik-ganguly-winner-of-the-fellini-medal-at-iffi/story-aZKgTcOctQbQy7VK48gLSL.html|title=I don't take myself seriously as a filmmaker, says Kaushik Ganguly|date=2015-12-05|access-date=2016-06-23}}</ref>

Some of her other notable films are ''Bedroom'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Parno-and-Mainak-are-a-couple-and-we-have-proof/articleshow/51177211.cms|title=Parno and Mainak are a couple and we have proof!|work=The Times of India|access-date=2016-06-23}}</ref> ''Ami Aar Amar Girlfriends'', ''Maach Mishti More''{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} and ''Ekla Akash''. She played a double role in ''Glamour''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150205/jsp/t2/story_11577.jsp#.V2wF09J95dh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813071520/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150205/jsp/t2/story_11577.jsp#.V2wF09J95dh|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 August 2016|title=Parno Mittra on being choosy and having no inhibitions on screen|access-date=2016-06-23}}</ref>

In 2015, she had three releases: ''Bheetu'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/bheetu-of-fear-and-pain/|title=Bheetu: Of fear and pain|date=2014-09-12|access-date=2016-06-23}}</ref> ''Glamour'' and Srijit Mukherjee's ''Rajkahini''. (''Rajkahini''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/vidya-balan-all-set-for-partition-tale-begum-jaan-2763273/|title=Vidya Balan all set for partition tale 'Begum Jaan'|date=2016-04-21|access-date=2016-06-23}}</ref> is being made in Hindi as ''Begum Jaan''<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/19914587/Vidya-Balans-Begum-Jaan-gets-Gauhar-Khan-Pallavi-Sharda-Ila-Arun-and-Mishti-on-board|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620095645/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/19914587/Vidya-Balans-Begum-Jaan-gets-Gauhar-Khan-Pallavi-Sharda-Ila-Arun-and-Mishti-on-board|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 June 2016|title=Vidya Balan's Begum Jaan gets Gauhar Khan, Pallavi Sharda, Ila Arun and Mishti on board {{!}} Bollywood News {{!}} Hindi Movies News {{!}} News – BollywoodHungama.com|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|website=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=2016-06-23}}</ref> which is being produced by Mahesh and Mukesh Bhatt.<ref name="auto1"/>) She acted in Pratim D Gupta's ''X Past Is Present'', which featured Rajat Kapoor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151118/jsp/t2/story_53603.jsp#.V2wF69J95dh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122105152/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151118/jsp/t2/story_53603.jsp#.V2wF69J95dh|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 November 2015|title=Parno's 'short' story|access-date=2016-06-23}}</ref>

Mittra has signed up for Bangladeshi director Mostafa Sarwar Farooki's<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/irrfan-khan-to-co-produce-act-in-his-next-international-film/|title=Irrfan Khan to star in Bangladesi director's film 'No Bed of Roses'|date=2016-03-03|access-date=2016-06-23}}</ref> bilingual international film featuring Irrfan Khan and Rokeya Prachy of Tareque Masud's ''The Clay Bird''.

In 2018 she played the main role as Brishti in [[Alinagarer Golokdhadha]] opposite [[Anirban Bhattacharya]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/mystery-intensifies-with-new-alinagarer-golokdhadha-trailer/articleshow/63217367.cms|title=Mystery intensifies with new 'Alinagarer Golokdhadha' trailer|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-04-02}}</ref> and directed by Sayantan Ghosal.

Her upcoming films include Arindam Sil's Indo-Bangla project ''Balighawr'', and Pratim D Gupta's ''[[Ahare Mon]]''.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/pratims-next-204224|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402163305/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/pratims-next-204224|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 April 2018|title=Pratim's Next|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2018-04-02|language=en}}</ref>

In November 2025, Parno Mittra was selected as a Clikker Spotlight Creator by Clikker, an editorial series that profiles notable personalities from digital media and entertainment. The feature highlighted her work in Bengali cinema and web series, along with her continuing presence in contemporary creative projects.

The Spotlight article discussed her artistic journey and her approach to performance, noting her engagement with audiences across both traditional and digital platforms. It presented her as one of the prominent modern Bengali artists expanding their influence through diverse creative collaborations.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Clikker Spotlight – Parno Mittra
| url = https://clikker.in/blogs/spotlight-creators/clikker-spotlight-creator-parno-mittra
| website = Clikker
| date = 2025-11-28
| access-date = 2025-12-02
}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Mittra joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=From Rishi Kaushik to Parno Mittra, 12 top Bengali TV actors join BJP |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rishi-kaushik-to-parno-mittra-12-top-bengali-tv-actors-join-bjp-1571006-2019-07-18 |publisher=India Today |date=18 June 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Parno Mittra and 10 other Bengal actors join BJP |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/parno-mittra-and-10-other-bengal-actors-join-bjp/cid/1694756 |publisher=The Telegraph |date=18 June 2019 }}</ref> She contested the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Baranagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baranagar constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |title=PARNO MITTRA |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=1113 |work=myneta.info |access-date=30 October 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/goes-for-popular-faces-in-tough-pockets/articleshow/81577121.cms|title=West Bengal assembly elections: BJP pits 'stars' to take on TMC veterans|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 March 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/old-timers-new-entrants-and-celebs-pepper-bjps-3rd-list/articleshow/81578720.cms|title=Old-timers, new entrants and celebs pepper BJP's 3rd List|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 March 2021 }}</ref> She lost the election to [[Tapas Roy]] of [[Trinamool Congress|All India Trinamool Congress]] by 35,147 votes. Mitra was later criticised by Tathagata Roy who called her ''Nagarir Nati''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bengal Election: 'নগরের নটী' পায়েল, তনুশ্রীরা কেন প্রার্থী, বিজেপি-র 'প্রভু'দের প্রকাশ্য তোপ তথাগতর|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election/west-bengal-election-2021-bjp-leader-tathagata-roy-criticise-central-leaders-regarding-some-star-candidates-dgtl/cid/1279273|access-date=2021-05-07|website=anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=পায়েল, শ্রাবন্তী, পার্ণোদের 'নগরনটী' বানালেন তথাগত রায়|url=https://www.eimuhurte.com/kolkata/tathagatha-roy-slammed-payel-srabanti-and-parno-in-social-media-44382/|access-date=2021-05-07|website=eiimuhurte|language=en|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515013652/https://www.eimuhurte.com/kolkata/tathagatha-roy-slammed-payel-srabanti-and-parno-in-social-media-44382/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 26 December 2025, Mittra quit [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and joined the [[Trinamool Congress]] ahead of the [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026 Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bengali actress Parno Mittra joins Trinamool Congress, says her BJP tenure was a ‘mistake’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/bengali-actress-parno-mittra-joins-trinamool-congress-10439889/ |website=The Indian Express |date=26 December 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Correcting my error': Bengali actor Parno mittra quits BJP, joins TMC |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/west-bengal/correcting-my-error-bengali-actor-parno-mittra-quits-bjp-joins-tmc-3843185 |website=Deccan Herald |date=26 December 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bengali actress Parno Mittra returns to TMC, calls switch a bid to ‘correct my error’ |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/bengali-actress-parno-mittra-returns-to-tmc-calls-switch-a-bid-to-correct-my-error/cid/2139699 |website=The Telegraph |date=26 December 2025 }}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"|
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
!Year
!Films
!Role
!Notes
!{{Refh}}
|-
| 2011
| scope="row" | ''[[Ranjana Ami Ar Ashbona]]''
| Ranjana
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranjana Ami Ar Ashbona hits 10 years: Parno Mittra talks about completing a decade in Tollywood |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ranjana-ami-ar-ashbona-hits-10-years-parno-mittra-talks-about-completing-a-decade-in-tollywood/255c7bda07251 |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
|-
| rowspan="4"|2012
| scope="row" | ''[[Bedroom (film)|Bedroom]]''
| Ritika
|
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''Koyekti Meyer Golpo''
| Molly
|
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Ekla Akash]]''
| Nisha
|
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Dutta Vs Dutta]]''
| Nandita aka Diana
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2013
| scope="row" | ''[[Maach Mishti & More]]''
| Sunaina aka Sunny
|
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Ami Aar Amar Girlfriends]]''
| Rhea
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2014
| scope="row" | ''[[Apur Panchali]]''
| Ashima
|
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''Glamour: No One isInnocent''
| Mona
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-12 |title=Parno to play double role in thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/parno-to-play-double-role-in-thriller/articleshow/34418802.cms |access-date=2024-02-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" |''Bheetu: Coward''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2015
| scope="row" | ''[[Rajkahini]]''
|Golaap
|
|
|-
| scope="row" |''[[X: Past Is Present]]''
|Shiuli
|
|
|-
| 2016
| scope="row" | ''[[Shaheb Bibi Golaam]]''
| Rumi
|
| <ref name=telegraph>{{cite news|last1=Nag|first1=Kushali|title=Saheb meets Bibi|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140722/jsp/t2/story_18638209.jsp#.VFOxTzSUdwc|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141031171648/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140722/jsp/t2/story_18638209.jsp%23.VFOxTzSUdwc|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 October 2014|accessdate=31 October 2014|publisher=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]]|date=22 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2017
| scope="row" |''[[The Bongs Again]]''
|Oli
|
|
|-
| scope="row" |''[[No Bed of Roses|Doob]]''
|Nitu
|[[Indo-Bangladesh joint production|Indo-Bangladesh movie]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2018
| scope="row" |''[[Alinagarer Golokdhadha]]''
|Brishti
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-04-06 |title=Anirban Bhattacharya and Parno Mittra reveal why they chose to do 'Alinagarer Golokdhadha' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/anirban-bhattacharya-and-parno-mittra-reveal-why-they-chose-to-do-alinagarer-golokdhadha/articleshow/63644148.cms |access-date=2024-02-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-03-31 |title=Parno and Anirban at the press conference of the film Alinagarer Golokdhadha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kolkata/parno-and-anirban-at-the-press-conference-of-the-film-alinagarer-golokdhadha/articleshow/63543204.cms |access-date=2024-02-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Ahare Mon]]''
|Suzie Q
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-06-28 |title=Three back to back films for Parno Mittra |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/three-back-to-back-films-for-parno-mittra/articleshow/64778708.cms |access-date=2024-02-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Parno Mittra turns an investigative journalist! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/tollywood-roundup-bengali-cinemas-that-made-headlines-last-week/parno-mittra-turns-an-investigative-journalist/photostory/64631712.cms |access-date=2024-02-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" |''Happy Pill''
|Rini
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy Pill review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/happy-pill/movie-review/65309407.cms |date=27 July 2018 |website=The Times of India }}</ref>
|-
|2019
|Urojahaj
|
|
|
|-
| 2022
|''[[Dharmajuddha]]''
|Shabnam
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raj Chakraborty's 'Dharmajuddho' to release on January 21 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/raj-chakrabortys-dharmajuddho-to-release-on-january-21/cid/1844946 |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''Tarokar Mrittyu''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-20 |title=Ranjit Mallick and Koel Mallick to reunite onscreen in Haranath Chakraborty's next? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/ranjit-mallick-and-koel-mallick-to-reunite-onscreen-in-haranath-chakrabortys-next/articleshow/97176083.cms |access-date=2024-02-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''Pakdondi''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|Shesh Rokkha
|Troyee
|
|
|-
|''Bonobibi''
|Resham
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parno Mittra starts shooting for Bonbibi — Goddess of the Jungle |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/parno-mittra-starts-shooting-for-bonbibi-goddess-of-the-jungle/cid/1837983 |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2025
| scope="row" |''Bildakini''
|Hanufa
|[[Indo-Bangladesh joint production|Indo-Bangladesh movie]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parno Mittra, Mosharraf Karim’s ‘Bildakini’ to hit theatres soon |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/parno-mittra-mosharraf-karims-bildakini-hit-theatres-soon-37900866 |date=2 January 2025 |website=The Daily Star }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Onko Ki Kothin]]''
|Kajol
|
|
|}

===TV series===
{|class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Director
!Ref.
|-
|2007
| scope="row"|''Khela''
|Indira/Indu
|Ravi Ojha
|
|-
|2007–2008
| scope="row"|''Mohona''
|Mohona/ Isha/ Maria<ref name="Spotlight Jack">{{cite news|title=Spotlight Jack|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081020/jsp/entertainment/story_9990870.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023112622/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081020/jsp/entertainment/story_9990870.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 October 2008|access-date=1 July 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|location=Calcutta|date=20 October 2008}}</ref>
| Ravi Ojha
|
|-
|2009–2012
| scope="row"|''[[Bou Kotha Kao]]''
|Neera
|Ravi Ojha
|
|-
|2009
| scope="row"|''[[Shomoyer Kotha|Shomoy]]''
|Rukmini
|
|
|-
|2020–2021
| scope="row"|''[[Kora Pakhi]]''
|Amon
|[[Leena Gangopadhyay]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-27 |title=Rishi Kaushik-Parno Mittra starrer 'Kora Pakhi' to end soon? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/rishi-kaushik-parno-mittra-starrer-kora-pakhi-to-end-soon/articleshow/79441242.cms |access-date=2024-02-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-12-19 |title=Parno Mittra to play an aspiring journo in Kora Pakhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/parno-mitra-to-play-an-aspiring-journo-in-kora-pakhi/articleshow/72883417.cms |access-date=2024-02-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2025
| scope="row"|''[[Bhog (web series)|Bhog]]''
|Damari
|
|
|}

=== Mahalaya ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Date-Year
!Title
!Role
!Channel
|-
|29 September 2008
|''Mahisasuramardini''
|Devi [[Mahisasuramardini]] and her various avatars
|[[Zee Bangla]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|2533609}}
* {{Twitter}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mittra, Parno}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali television]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali actresses]]
[[Category:Bengali television actresses]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Women in West Bengal politics]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

Siddharth Kumar Tewary

2026-02-12T02:44:20Z

Matrika: basic fixed structure per sources also and corrected details

{{short description|Indian television producer and director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Siddharth Kumar Tewary
| image = Siddharth Kumar Tewary.jpg
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|01|23|df=yes}}
| alma_mater = [[Symbiosis Institute of Media and Communication]]
| notable_works = [[Mahabharat]]br/>[[Porus (TV series)|Porus]] [[RadhaKrishn (TV series)|RadhaKrishn]]
| awards = [[ITA Award for Best Director - Drama]] 2014 [[27th Screen Actors Guild Awards]] 2017 [[Indian Television Academy Awards]] 2021
}}
'''Siddharth Kumar Tewary''' (born 23 January 1978) is an Indian television [[Film producer|producer]] and [[Film director|director]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2020 |title=The accidental producer: Siddharth Kumar Tewary gets candid on his journey |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/people/the-accidental-producer-siddharth-kumar-tewary-gets-candid-on-his-journey-200509 |access-date=6 July 2022 |website=Indian Television.Com |language=en}}</ref> He is the founder of [[Swastik Productions]], one of India's largest production house. Currently, he serves as the company's chief [[Creative director|Creative Director]]. Tewary has been the creator and director of various shows like [[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|''Mahabharat'']], [[Shiv Shakti-Tap Tyaag Tandav(TV Series)|''Shiv Shakti - Tap Tyaag Tandav'']], [[Suryaputra Karn]], [[Shani (TV series)|''Karmaphal Daata Shani'']] ([[Viacom 18|Colors TV]]), [[Porus (TV series)|''Porus'']] ([[Sony Entertainment Television|SET India]]), ''[[Ram Siya Ke Luv Kush]]'' and most recently [[RadhaKrishn (TV series)|''RadhaKrishn'']] ([[Star Bharat]]). He made his first [[Over-the-top media services in India|OTT]] debut with [[Escaype Live]] starring [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] for [[Disney+ Hotstar]] in 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Escaype Live's gripping narrative impresses viewers across India - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/escaype-lives-gripping-narrative-impresses-viewers-across-india/articleshow/92003010.cms |access-date=5 July 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=5 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Tewary was raised in a middle class family at Kolkata. He studied at [[St. Xavier's Collegiate School|St. Xavier’s Collegiate School]] and the [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata|St. Xavier's College]], at the [[University of Calcutta]] in [[Kolkata]] and subsequently studied Mass Communication at the [[Symbiosis Institute of Media and Communication|Symbiosis Film & Mass Comm]] in [[Pune]].<ref name=brah>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Siddharth-Kumar-Tewarys-Mahabharat-listed-among-the-20-best-TV-series-on-world-television/articleshow/55855767.cms|title=Siddharth Kumar Tewary's Mahabharat listed among the 20 best TV series on world television - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |date=7 December 2016 |publisher=}}</ref>

== Notable TV shows ==

=== ''Mahabharat'' ===
[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]] was the adaptation of the [[Sanskrit]] [[Epic (genre)|epic]] of the same name, which depicted the rivalry of the cousins [[Kaurava]]s and [[Pandava]]s of the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru Dynasty]] which ultimately led to the [[Kurukshetra War]]. The show aired from 16 September 2013 to 16 August 2014 on [[StarPlus|Star Plus]]. It was India's most expensive series with a total budget of INR 100 crores. The show received the highest GTVMs by any Indian Television channel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2020 |title=100 करोड़ के बजट वाला पहला भारतीय टीवी शो था महाभारत, बनाने में लगे थे 5 साल |url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/story/mahabharat-serial-of-2013-was-the-first-indian-tv-show-to-be-made-on-a-budget-of-100-crore-tmov-1077786-2020-06-03 |access-date=6 July 2022 |website={{Lang|hi-latn|[[Aaj Tak]]}} |language=hi}}</ref>

=== ''Porus'' ===
[[Porus (TV series)|''Porus'']] was the story of 2 Kings, [[Porus the Elder|Porus]] (King of [[Pauravas]]) and [[Alexander the Great|Alexander The Great]] ( King of [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]]) and how their fates brought them face-to-face in the [[Battle of the Hydaspes|Battle of Hydaspes]]. The show aired from 27 November 2017 to 13 November 2018 on SET India. It was India's most expensive series with a budget of {{INRConvert|500|c|lk=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-28 |title=Porus is about India's golden age, when we were a First World nation: Siddharth Kumar Tewary |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/porus-is-about-indias-golden-age-when-we-were-a-first-world-nation-siddharth-kumar-tewary-4231335.html |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

=== ''RadhaKrishn'' ===
[[RadhaKrishn]] was Hindu [[mythological]] television drama series that was premiered on 1 October 2018 on [[Star Bharat]] and is also digitally available on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. The series is based on the life of Hindu deities Radha and Krishna and it has three chapters.<ref>{{cite news |title=Siddharth Kumar Tewary's 'Radha Krishna' scrapped - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/siddharth-kumar-tewarys-radha-krishna-scrapped/articleshow/53943802.cms |access-date=15 September 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
* Chapter 1 : Radha-Krishna's teenage
* Chapter 2 : Mahabharata
* Chapter 3 : Punarmilan

== Filmography ==
===Current===
* ''[[Shiv Shakti – Tap Tyaag Tandav]]''
* ''[[Chalo Bulawa Aya Hai, Mata Ne Bulaya Hai]]''

=== Former productions ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Series !! Channel !! Ref(s)
|-
| 2009–2011 || ''[[Agle Janam Mohe Bitiya Hi Kijo]]'' || [[Zee TV]] ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Maan Rahe Tera Pitaah]]'' || Sony Entertainment Television ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2011–2012 || ''[[Navya (TV series)|Navya]]'' || [[Star Plus]] ||
|-
| ''[[Gyan Guru]]'' || [[Imagine TV]] ||
|-
| ''[[Phulwa]]'' || [[Colors TV]] ||
|-
| ''[[Shobha Somnath Ki]]'' || Zee TV ||
|-
| 2013 || '' [[Amita Ka Amit]]'' || Sony Entertainment Television ||
|-
| 2013–2014 || ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' || Star Plus ||
|-
| 2014–2015 || ''[[Bandhan (Indian TV series)|Bandhan]]'' || Zee TV ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2015 || ''[[Razia Sultan (TV series)|Razia Sultan]]'' || [[&TV]] ||
|-
| ''[[Dosti... Yaariyan... Manmarziyan]]'' || Star Plus ||
|-
| 2014–2016 || ''[[Yam Hain Hum]]'' || [[SAB TV]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2015–2016 || ''[[Suryaputra Karn]]'' || Sony Entertainment Television ||
|-
| ''[[Begusarai (TV series)|Begusarai]]'' || &TV || <ref>{{cite news |title=Meet the dashing Thakurs of 'Begusarai' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/meet-the-dashing-thakurs-of-begusarai/articleshow/47862126.cms |access-date=21 August 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2016–2017 || ''[[Baal Krishna]]'' || [[BIG Magic]] ||
|-
| 2016–2018 || ''[[Shani (TV series)|Karmaphal Daata Shani]]'' || Colors TV ||
|-
| 2017 || [[Shankar Jaikishan 3 in 1|Shankar Jai Kishan 3 in 1]] || SAB TV ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2017–2018 || ''[[Mahakali- Anth hi Aarambh hai|Mahakali - Anth Hi Aarambh Hai]]'' || Colors TV ||
|-
|''[[Porus (TV series)|Porus]]'' || rowspan="2"| Sony Entertainment Television ||<ref>{{cite news |date=16 October 2017 |title=Witness history like never before with Sony TV's new show Porus. Watch promo |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/witness-history-like-never-before-with-sony-tv-new-show-porus-watch-promo-4892833/ |access-date=21 August 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2018-2019 || ''[[Chandragupta Maurya (2018 TV series)|Chandragupta Maurya]]'' || <ref>{{cite news |last=Baddhan |first=Raj |date=23 October 2018|title='Chandragupta Maurya' to launch in November on Sony TV |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/chandragupta-maurya-to-launch-in-november-on-sony-tv/ |access-date=21 August 2022 |website=BizAsia Media, Entertainment, Showbiz, Brit, Events and Music |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Tantra (TV Series)|Tantra]]'' || rowspan="2"|Colors TV ||
|-
| 2019–2020 || ''[[Ram Siya Ke Luv Kush]]'' || <ref>{{cite news |title=Colors launches magnum opus Ram Siya Ke Luv Kush in Ayodhya |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/amp/media-tv-news/colors-launches-magnum-opus-ram-siya-ke-luv-kush-in-ayodhya-98522.html |access-date=21 August 2022 |website=Exchange4media}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020 || ''[[Deva Shree Ganesha]] '' || [[Star Pravah]] ||
|-
|''[[Devi Adi Parashakti]]''
|[[Dangal TV]]
|
|-
| 2021–2022 || [[Jai Kanhaiya Lal Ki (2021 TV series)|''Jai Kanhaiya Lal Ki'']] || rowspan="2" | [[Star Bharat]]
|
|-
|2018–2023 || ''[[RadhaKrishn]]''
|
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Escaype Live]]'' || [[Disney+ Hotstar]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022–2023 || [[Nethra (TV series)|''Nethra'']] || [[Gemini TV]]
|
|-
|[[Dheere Dheere Se (TV series)|Dheere Dheere Se]]
|[[Star Bharat]]
|
|-
|2023
| [[Hum Rahein Na Rahein Hum]]
|[[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|
|-
|2023–2024
|''[[Chand Jalne Laga]]''
|rowspan="2"|Colors TV
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Lakshmi Narayan – Sukh Saamarthya Santoolan]]''
|
|-
|2024–2025
|''[[Shrimad Ramayan]]''
| Sony Entertainment Television [[Sony SAB]]
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2025
|''[[Veer Hanuman|Veer Hanuman – Bolo Bajrang Bali Ki Jai]]''
|[[Sony SAB]]
|
|-
|''[[Tu Dhadkan Main Dil]]''
|StarPlus
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|id=5970972}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tewary, Siddharth Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Indian television directors]]
[[Category:Indian television producers]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Indian company founders]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Swastik Productions]]

Nikhil Kumaraswamy

2026-02-09T04:55:00Z

Matrika: put up new biography

{{short description|Indian actor and politician}}
{{Indian patronymic|Nikhil|Kumaraswamy}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nikhil Kumaraswamy
| image = Nikhil Kumarswamy (2).jpg
| caption = Nikhil in 2019
| other_names =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1988|01|22}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India<ref>{{cite news|title=Jaguar is my big debut: Nikhil Kumar|website=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Jaguar-is-my-big-debut-Nikhil-Kumar/articleshow/54675799.cms |last1=Joy |first1=Prathibha }}</ref>
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|politician}}
| party = [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| spouse = {{Marriage|Revathi|17 April 2020}}
| children = 1
| parents = [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]] ({{small|father}}) [[Anitha Kumaraswamy]] ({{small|mother}})
| family = [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] (grandfather) [[H. D. Revanna]] (uncle) [[Prajwal Revanna]] (cousin)
| yearsactive = 2016–present
}}

'''Nikhil Kumaraswamy''' (born 22 January 1988) is an Indian politician and actor known for his work in Kannada films.<ref name=":2" /> He made his acting debut with the [[Kannada]]-[[Telugu language|Telugu]] bilingual film ''[[Jaguar (2016 film)|Jaguar]]'' (2016).<ref name=":3" />

==Personal life==
Nikhil Kumarswamy is the son of former Karnataka Chief Minister [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/HD-Kumaraswamys-son-in-costliest-film/articleshow/46580368.cms|title=HD Kumaraswamy's son in costliest film|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and grandson of former Indian Prime Minister [[H. D. Deve Gowda]].<ref name=":2">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Nikhil-Gowdas-first-interview-is-here/articleshow/47609443.cms|title=Nikhil Gowda's first interview is here|newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |last1=Joy |first1=Prathibha }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/deve-gowda-nikhil-kumar-jaguar-movie-karnataka-3079659/|title=Former PM Deve Gowda and family revel in opening of grandson Nikhil Kumar's film Jaguar|date=13 October 2016|website=Indianexpress.com}}</ref>

On 10 February 2020, Nikhil was engaged to Revathi, the grand-niece of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] leader and realtor [[M. Krishnappa (politician, born 1953)|M. Krishnappa]] at the [[Taj West End Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/south/former-karnataka-chief-minister-hd-kumaraswamys-son-nikhil-gets-engaged-to-revathi-2177845|title=HD Kumaraswamy's Son Nikhil Engaged To Congress Leader's Grand-Niece|website=NDTV.com|access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nikhil Kumaraswamy engaged to former Cong min's grandniece Revathi in Bengaluru|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nikhil-kumaraswamy-engaged-former-cong-min-s-grandniece-revathi-bengaluru-117873|website=www.thenewsminute.com|date=10 February 2020 |access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref> The wedding took place on 17 April 2020<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/preparation-begins-for-nikhils-wedding/articleshow/74295208.cms|title=Preparation begins for Nikhil's wedding|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref> near [[Janapada Loka]] in [[Ramanagara]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kumaraswamy-extends-open-invite-lakhs-may-turn-up-at-his-son-s-wedding-in-april/story-7NxqnA0xpyLgSsGTQ2gGhJ.html|title=Kumaraswamy extends open invite; lakhs may turn up at his son's wedding in April|date=2020-02-24|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref> The couple has a son.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2022 |title=Kannada Actor Nikhil Kumaraswamy and Wife Revathi Name Their Son Avyaan Dev |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kannada-actor-nikhil-gowda-and-wife-revathi-name-their-son-avyaan-dev-5332855.html |access-date=3 October 2022 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Political career==

Nikhil ran in the [[2019 Indian general election in Karnataka]] from the [[Mandya Lok Sabha constituency|Mandya]] [[Lok Sabha]] constituency, as a [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] candidate.<ref name="timesofindia_69469766">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/karnataka-lok-sabha-election-results-kumaraswamys-son-nikhil-loses-in-mandya/articleshow/69469766.cms|title=Karnataka Lok Sabha Election Results: Kumaraswamy's son Nikhil loses in Mandya |date=23 May 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref> [[Mandya]] was considered a safe bastion for the erstwhile Congress-JDS alliance as historically, [[Indian National Congress]] was the most successful party, followed by [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] to contest in the district.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/politics/its-down-to-86-yr-old-deve-gowda-to-revive-jds-as-family-politics-poll-rout-threaten-party/241208/|title=It's down to 86-yr-old Deve Gowda to revive JD(S) as family politics, poll rout threaten party|last=Swamy|first=Rohini|date=2019-05-27|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/924520/2019-results-with-bjp-sweeping-karnataka-will-the-congress-jd-s-government-survive|title=2019 results: With BJP sweeping Karnataka, will the Congress-JD(S) government survive?|last=Narayanan|first=Nayantara|website=Scroll.in|date=24 May 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref> He lost in the elections to [[Sumalatha]], who was married to the late [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] veteran [[Ambareesh]], by a margin of 128,876 votes.<ref name="timesofindia_69469766"/>

He contested in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]], from [[Ramanagara Assembly constituency|Ramanagara]] where his father [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]], mother [[Anitha Kumaraswamy|Anitha]] and grandfather [[H. D. Deve Gowda|H. D. Devegowda]] had previously represented. In spite of all these he conceded defeat against Iqbal Hussain from Congress by a margin of 11,000 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramanagara election 2023 results live updates: Former CM H. D. Kumaraswamy's son Nikhil Kumaraswamy loses |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-ramanagara-election-2023-results-live-updates-nikhil-kumaraswamy-trails-ha-iqbal-hussain-in-lead-karnataka-3041997 |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

He contested in the [[By-election|bypolls]] held in [[Channapatna Assembly constituency|Channapatna]] in November 2024. This assembly seat was vacant after his father [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]], who was elected to the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] in the 2023 [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|State Assembly Elections]], went on to contest the [[2024 elections in India|2024 General Elections]] from [[Mandya Lok Sabha constituency|Mandya]] and was victorious in the same. Nikhil conceded defeat to [[C. P. Yogeshwara]], candidate of the [[Indian National Congress]] party.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Minister HD Kumaraswamy's Son, Nikhil Kumaraswamy, Loses Channapatna Assembly Bypoll |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nikhil-kumaraswamy-son-of-minister-hd-kumaraswamy-loses-channapatna-assembly-bypoll-7086570 |access-date=2024-11-23 |website= NDTV |language=en}}</ref>

==Electoral statistics==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Election
!Constituency Name
!Party
!Result
!Votes gained
!Vote share%
!Margin
!Ref
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]] || [[2019 Indian general election|Indian General Election]]|| [[Mandya Lok Sabha constituency|Mandya]] ||[[Janata Dal (Secular)|JDS]]||{{Lost}}|| 5,77,784 || 41.89% || 1,25,876 ||
|-
|[[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|Karnataka Assembly General Election]]|| [[Ramanagara Assembly constituency|Ramanagara]] ||[[Janata Dal (Secular)|JDS]]||{{Lost}}|| 76,975 || 42.12% || 10,715 ||<ref>{{cite web | title=Ramanagaram Election and Results 2023, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs | url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/ramanagaram.html }}</ref>
|-
|[[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|Karnataka Assembly Bye - Election]]|| [[Channapatna Assembly constituency|Channapattana]] ||[[Janata Dal (Secular)|JDS]]||{{Lost}}|| 87,229 || 42.07% || 25,413 ||
|}

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2016
! scope="row"|''[[Jaguar (2016 film)|Jaguar]]''
|Krishna
|Debut Film; Simultaneously shot in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2015/launched-hd-kumaraswamy-son-nikhil-kumar-debut-movie-jaguar-208769.html|title=LAUNCHED: HDK's Son Nikhil Kumar Debut Movie 'Jaguar' (Video)|date=17 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tollytracking.com/h-d-kumaraswamys-son-nikhil-debuts-with-jaguar|title=H. D. Kumaraswamy's son Nikhil debuts with Jaguar|date=17 December 2015|access-date=27 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817154954/http://www.tollytracking.com/h-d-kumaraswamys-son-nikhil-debuts-with-jaguar/|archive-date=17 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
! scope="row"|''[[Seetharama Kalyana]]''
| Arya
| ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/harsha-to-direct-nikil-kannada-news-201262|title=Harsha to direct Nikil|work=Indiaglitz.com|date=23 November 2017|access-date=25 June 2020|archive-date=26 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026061117/https://www.indiaglitz.com/harsha-to-direct-nikil-kannada-news-201262|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newskarnataka.com/sandalwood/rachita-ram-roped-in-for-nikhils-next|title=Rachita Ram roped in for Nikhil's next|publisher=News Karnataka.com|date=9 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Kurukshetra (2019 film)|Kurukshetra]]''
| [[Abhimanyu]] || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nikhil-gowda-s-kurukshetra-ready-needs-election-commission-clearance-98319|title=Nikhil Gowda's 'Kurukshetra' is ready, but needs Election Commission clearance|website=The News Minute|date=14 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2021
! scope="row"|''[[Rider (2021)|Rider]]''
| Surya
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vaishnavi|title=Kannada Film Review: ರೈಡರ್|url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/movie-reviews/kannada-nikhil-kumaraswamy-rider-film-review-vcs-r4nj07|access-date=2022-01-02|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=kn}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" | TBA
! scope="row" {{Pending film|Yaduveera|align=left}}
|rowspan="2" {{TBA}}
|rowspan="2" |Filming || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/jan/24/nikhil-kumar-to-play-titular-role-in-yaduveera-2410491.html|title=Nikhil Kumar to play titular role in Yaduveera|website=The New Indian Express|date=24 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" {{Pending film|Untitled next|align=left}}
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Nikhil Kumaraswamy's next to be bankrolled by Lyca Productions |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nikhil-kumaraswamys-next-to-be-bankrolled-by-lyca-productions/article67231231.ece |work=The Hindu |date=24 August 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[6th South Indian International Movie Awards|2017]]
|rowspan=2 |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Debutant Actor - Kannada|Best Debutant Actor - Kannada]]
|rowspan=2|''[[Jaguar (2016 film)|Jaguar]]''
|{{won}}
|rowspan=2|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://siima.in/2017/winners.html|title=SIIMA AWARDS {{!}} 2017 {{!}} winners {{!}} {{!}}|website=siima.in|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref>
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Debutant Actor - Telugu|Best Debutant Actor - Telugu]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|8402817}}

{{SIIMA Award for Best Male Débutante}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Nikhil}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Kannada actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (Secular) politicians]]
[[Category:People from Ramanagara]]
[[Category:Politicians from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:People from Hassan]]
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]

Evaru Meelo Koteeswarulu

2026-02-04T20:57:17Z

Matrika: cleanup

{{Short description|Indian reality show}}
{{promotional|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Meelo Evaru Koteeswarudu.jpg
| caption = Official logo of the game show
| runtime = 90 minutes
| director = Arun Sheshkumar
| num_seasons = 5
| first_aired = {{Start date|2014|06|09|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|12|05|df=yes}}
| company = [[BIG Synergy]] (seasons 1–4) [[Sony Pictures Networks#Studio NEXT|Studio Next]] (season 5)
| presenter = [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] (Season 1–3) [[Chiranjeevi]] (Season 4) [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] (Season 5)
| composer = [[Keith Strachan]] [[Matthew Strachan]] Ramon Covalo Nick Magnus Sawan Dutta
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| network = [[Maa TV]] (Season 1–3) [[Star Maa]] (Season 4) [[Gemini TV]] (Season 5)
| location = [[Hyderabad]], India
| num_episodes = 292
| alt_name = Meelo Evaru Koteeswarudu (2014–2017)
| based_on = ''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?]]''
}}

'''''Evaru Meelo Koteeswarulu''''' ({{translation|Who among you are millionaires?}}), previously known as '''''Meelo Evaru Koteeswarudu''''', is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language television game show. It is the official Telugu adaptation of Britain's game show ''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2014/nagarjuna-host-telugu-kbc-meelo-evaru-koteeswarudu-137106.html|title=Photos: Nagarjuna Hosting Telugu KBC; Wife Amala On Hot Seat At Meelo Evaru Koteeswarudu|publisher=[[Oneindia.in|Oneindia Entertainment]]|date=20 April 2014|access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref> It was produced by [[BIG Synergy]] for its first four seasons and was aired on [[Star Maa]]. The first three seasons were hosted by actor [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] with the fourth being hosted by actor [[Chiranjeevi]].

In 2021, after the completion of the first four seasons (2014–2017), the show was revamped with a new title ''Evaru Meelo Koteeswarulu'' under the production of [[Sony Pictures Networks India|Studio Next]] with [[Sun TV Network]] buying its broadcasting rights.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Evaru Meelo Koteeswarulu host Jr NTR confirms shooting with LIVE audience {{!}} TV - Times of India Videos|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/telugu/evaru-meelo-koteeswarulu-host-jr-ntr-confirms-shooting-with-live-audience/videoshow/81484187.cms|access-date=2021-07-19|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Citation|title=Evaru Meelo Koteeswarulu Logo - Teaser {{!}} New Game Show {{!}} Coming Soon {{!}} Telugu Show {{!}} Gemini TV|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LWhTkMMtLeQ|language=en|access-date=2021-03-07}}</ref> It started to air on [[Gemini TV]] from 22 August 2021 to 5 December 2021, with [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] as the host.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Telugu News - Jr NTR Evaru Meelo Koteeswarudu: బుల్లితెరపై జూనియర్ ఎన్టీఆర్.. ఎవరు మీలో కోటీశ్వరుడు అంటూ..|url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/jr-ntr-to-host-a-show-called-evaru-meelo-koteeswarudu-and-promo-shoot-begins-in-annapurna-7-acres-pk-776266.html|access-date=2021-02-24|website=News18 Telugu|language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Jr NTR to host Meelo Evaru Koteeswarudu season 5? - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/jr-ntr-to-host-meelo-evaru-koteeswarudu-season-5/articleshow/79679487.cms|access-date=2020-12-11|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Series overview==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Official name
!Season/ Year
!Main Host
!Original Network
!First Aired
!Last Aired
!Episodes
!Special Theme
|-
! rowspan="4" |Meelo Evaru Koteeswarudu
| 1 (2014)
| rowspan="3" | [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]]
| rowspan="3" |[[MAA TV|Maa TV]]
| 9 June 2014
|14 August 2014
|42
| rowspan="2" |None
|-
|2 (2014–15)
|8 December 2014
|27 February 2015
|55
|-
|3 (2015–16)
|27 November 2015
|22 May 2016
|73
|Jodi Special
|-
|4 (2017)
|[[Chiranjeevi]]
|[[Star Maa]]
|13 February 2017
|24 May 2017
|60
|Children's Special
|-
!Evaru Meelo Koteeswarulu
|5 (2021)
|[[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]]
|[[Gemini TV]]
|22 August 2021
|5 December 2021
|62
|None
|-
|}

==History and production==
=== Debut (2014–2019) ===
In March 2014, reports emerged that [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] would host the Telugu version of ''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?]]'' and the makers were in talks with him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/nagarjuna-to-host-kbc-telugu-version-telugu-news-104939|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322005617/http://www.indiaglitz.com/Nagarjuna-to-host-KBC-Telugu-version-telugu-news-104939|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 March 2014|title=Nagarjuna to host KBC Telugu version|website=IndiaGlitz|date=19 March 2014|access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref> With Nagarjuna confessing that he wanted to be a television game show host, the reports gained prominence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Nagarjuna-to-host-KBC-in-Telugu/articleshow/32312711.cms|title=Nagarjuna to host KBC in Telugu|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 March 2014|access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref> There were reports that Nagarjuna charged {{INR}}3 crores for hosting 40 episodes for the first season.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Nagarjuna-paid-Rs-3-crore-for-KBC/articleshow/32508025.cms|title=Nagarjuna paid Rs 3 crore for KBC?|newspaper=The Times of India|date=22 March 2014|access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref> The reports of Nagarjuna's inclusion were confirmed in early April 2014 and Nagarjuna participated in the promo shoots.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/nagarjuna-busy-with-kbc-promo-shoot-telugu-news-105671|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406103204/http://www.indiaglitz.com/Nagarjuna-busy-with-KBC-promo-shoot-telugu-news-105671|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 April 2014|title=Nagarjuna busy with KBC promo shoot|website=IndiaGlitz|date=3 April 2014|access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref> The official announcement was made on 18 April 2014 and the show was titled ''Meelo Evaru Koteeswarudu'' aired on [[MAA TV]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/official-announcement-on-nagarjunas-kbc-on-18th-telugu-news-106213|title=Official announcement on Nagarjuna's KBC on 18th|website=IndiaGlitz|date=15 April 2014|access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/events/50461.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808041246/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/events/50461.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 August 2014|title=Nagarjuna's 'Meelo Evaru Koteeswarudu' Promo|website=IndiaGlitz|date=18 April 2014|access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref> The game show was launched in an event at [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]. Nagarjuna and his wife [[Akkineni Amala|Amala]] were present at the event, as were [[Allu Aravind]], MAA TV Chairman [[Nimmagadda Prasad]], CMD of BIG Synergy [[Siddhartha Basu]] and his wife Anitha. To introduce and educate the viewers about the show, Nagarjuna was seated on the hot seat and Amala took the role of host and asked questions about their personal life which were answered by Nagarjuna. [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Allu Aravind]], [[Nimmagadda Prasad]], and [[Siddhartha Basu]] spoke to the media about the game show.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/nagarjunas-meelo-evaru-koteeswarudu--launched-grandly-tamil-news-106382|title=Nagarjuna's ''Meelo Evaru Koteeswarudu'' launched grandly|website=IndiaGlitz|date=18 April 2014|access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/nagarjuna-to-host-telugu-version-of-kbc/article5927665.ece|title=Nagarjuna to host Telugu version of KBC|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 April 2014|access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref>

The Call for Entry (CFE) was announced on 24 April 2014. The makers asked registrants to answer the five questions asked by replying with an SMS.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/tv/MEKs-registration-begins/articleshow/34164897.cms|title=MEK's registration begins|newspaper=The Times of India|date=24 April 2014|access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref> The registration lines were closed on May 1, 2014, and the selection process was supervised by [[Ernst & Young]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/two-days-left-for-nagarjunas-mek-entries-telugu-news-106815|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808041043/http://www.indiaglitz.com/two-days-left-for-nagarjunas-mek-entries-telugu-news-106815|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 August 2014|title=Two days left for Nagarjuna's 'MEK' entries|website=IndiaGlitz|date=29 April 2014|access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref> The channel's call for participants received more than a million entries, of which 1500 were shortlisted through the randomized process. From among them, 100 contestants were selected through auditions in [[Vijayawada]], [[Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh|Tirupati]], and Hyderabad. The show was announced to go on the air on 9 June 2014 at 9:00 PM and by 6 June 2014 Nagarjuna completed shooting of 6 episodes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/nag-turns-quizmaster-on-the-telly/article6087645.ece|title=Nag turns quizmaster on the telly|work=The Hindu|date=6 June 2014|access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref> Nine participants from different socioeconomic backgrounds played the game in each episode. Every contestant's back-end story was recorded and addressed in the show. The prize money ranged from {{INR}}1,000/- to {{INR}}1 crore/-, and the rules were the same as the Hindi version. Those who answered all 15 questions correctly would win {{INR}}1 crore. The show initially ran from 9:00 PM to 10:30 PM from Mondays to Thursdays, but it was later changed from Sunday to Thursday because of the show's success.<ref name="MEK start">{{cite web|date=9 June 2014|title=Nagarjuna's MEK from today in MAA TV|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/nagarjunas-mek-from-today-in-maa-tv-telugu-news-108706|access-date=31 July 2014|website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/tv/MEK-rides-high-on-Nagarjunas-charisma/articleshow/38611896.cms|title=MEK rides high on Nagarjuna's charisma|newspaper=The Times of India|date=18 July 2014|access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref>

The shoot of 40 episodes of the first season ended on 18 July 2014 and the last episode of the first season was aired on 7 August 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://telugu.way2movies.com/newssingle_telugu/Nagarjuna-wraps-MEK-season-1-4-555187.html|title=Nagarjuna wraps MEK season 1|publisher=way2movies.com|date=18 July 2014|access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/Nagarjunas-mek-debut-season-grand-finale-on-aug-7th-telugu-news-111294|title=Nagarjuna's MEK debut season grand finale on Aug 7th|website=IndiaGlitz|date=2 August 2014|access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref> In addition to contestants, celebrities such as [[Vidya Balan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2014/vidya-balan-promote-bobby-jasoos-nagarjuna-meelo-evaru-koteeswarudu-152076.html|title=Vidya Balan Promotes Bobby Jasoos On Nagarjuna's Meelo Evaru Koteeswarudu|publisher=Oneindia Entertainment|date=24 June 2014|access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref> [[Shriya Saran]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/tv/Shriya-to-surprise-small-screen-lovers/articleshow/37239099.cms|title=Shriya to surprise small screen lovers|newspaper=The Times of India|date=26 June 2014|access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref> [[Allari Naresh]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/tv/Allari-Naresh-participated-in-Nags-game-show/articleshow/37364836.cms|title=Allari Naresh participated in Nag's game show|newspaper=The Times of India|date=28 June 2014|access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref> [[Naga Chaitanya]], [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]], [[Jhansi (TV anchor)|Jhansi]], [[Suma Kanakala]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/tv/Nagarjunas-comedy-on-anchor-Suma/articleshow/38211196.cms|title=Nagarjuna's comedy on anchor Suma|newspaper=The Times of India|date=10 July 2014|access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref> [[Pooja Hegde]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/pooja-hegde-grooves-on-the-sets-of-mek/articleshow/45776313.cms|title=Pooja Hegde grooves on the sets of MEK|website=The Times of India|date=6 January 2015|access-date=31 January 2015}}</ref> [[Charmme]], [[Lakshmi Manchu]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2014/kajal-charmi-lakshmi-on-nagarjuna-meelo-evaru-koteeswarudu-153858-pg1.html|title=Kajal, Charmi, Lakshmi On Nagarjuna's Meelo Evaru Koteeswarudu|publisher=Oneindia Entertainment|date=15 July 2014|access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref> [[Kajal Aggarwal]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/tv/Kajal-graces-Nagarjunas-TV-show/articleshow/38208373.cms|title=Kajal graces Nagarjuna's TV show|newspaper=The Times of India|date=9 July 2014|access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/tv/Kajal-enthrals-fans-on-Nags-game-show/articleshow/39173461.cms|title=Kajal enthrals fans on Nag's game show|newspaper=The Times of India|date=28 July 2014|access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref> and [[Chiranjeevi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/chiranjeevi-to-be-on-hot-seat-soon/article6237097.ece|title=Chiranjeevi to be on hot seat soon|work=The Hindu|date=22 July 2014|access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref> made guest appearances on the show.

Season 3 started on 26 November 2015, with a special theme of Jodi (couple). As the first step towards the launch of MEK Season 3, the CFE for the registration process commenced on 9 October and would continue for 10 days. As part of the CFE process, one question was broadcast every day at 7:00 PM on Maa TV. Those who were interested could respond before 6.30 PM the next day.

Season 4 was launched on 13 February 2017, hosted by [[Chiranjeevi]].

=== Revival (since 2020) ===
In late 2020, the show makers planned the brand new season of the series on [[Gemini TV]], broadcasting the show for the first time with [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] as a host. The title and logo of the show also changed during this time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Telugu News - Jr NTR Evaru Meelo Koteeswarudu: బుల్లితెరపై జూనియర్ ఎన్టీఆర్.. ఎవరు మీలో కోటీశ్వరుడు అంటూ..|url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/jr-ntr-to-host-a-show-called-evaru-meelo-koteeswarudu-and-promo-shoot-begins-in-annapurna-7-acres-pk-776266.html|access-date=2021-02-24|website=News18 Telugu|language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Jr NTR to host Meelo Evaru Koteeswarudu season 5? - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/jr-ntr-to-host-meelo-evaru-koteeswarudu-season-5/articleshow/79679487.cms|access-date=2020-12-11|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> In March 2021, it was reported that the filming would begin with a live audience.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Evaru Meelo Koteeswarulu host Jr NTR confirms shooting with LIVE audience {{!}} TV - Times of India Videos|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/telugu/evaru-meelo-koteeswarulu-host-jr-ntr-confirms-shooting-with-live-audience/videoshow/81484187.cms|access-date=2021-07-19|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref> However, it was indefinitely postponed due to the second wave of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]]. Popular television director Arun Sheshkumar was roped in to direct the first few episodes of this season. Filming started on 10 July 2021, with Rama Rao joining the production.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Reddy|first=Sandeep|date=2021-07-10|title=Junior NTR: 'ఎవరు మీలో కోటీశ్వరుడు' షూటింగ్ లో జూనియర్ ఎన్టీఆర్|url=https://www.hmtvlive.com/movies/junior-ntr-joins-in-evaru-meelo-koteeswarulu-2021-shooting-67694|access-date=2021-07-19|website=www.hmtvlive.com|language=te}}</ref> The first schedule of the shoot lasted for ten days.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jr NTR-hosted Evaru Meelo Koteeswarulu's premiere to be postponed? - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/jr-ntr-hosted-evaru-meelo-koteeswarulus-premiere-to-be-postponed/articleshow/84520645.cms|access-date=2021-07-19|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> A celebrity guest episode featuring [[Ram Charan]] was also shot during the schedule.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ram Charan to grace Jr NTR-hosted Evaru Meelo Koteeswarulu as a special guest - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/ram-charan-to-grace-jr-ntr-hosted-evaru-meelo-koteeswarulu-as-a-special-guest/articleshow/84440490.cms|access-date=2021-07-19|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Format==
The standard ''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?|Who Wants to be a Millionaire?]]'' format is used, with the Fastest Finger contest before the main game.

=== Game rules ===

{| class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%"
!Question number
!Question Value
!Missed answer value
!Amount lost if the wrong answer
|-
| 1
| ₹1,000/-
| ₹0/-
| ₹0/-
|-
| 2
| ₹2,000/-
| ₹1,000/-
| ₹0/-
|-
| 3
| ₹3,000/-
| ₹2,000/-
| ₹0/-
|-
| 4
| ₹5,000/-
| ₹3,000/-
| ₹0/-
|-
| 5
| '''₹10,000/-'''
| ₹5,000/-
| ₹0/-
|-
| 6
| ₹20,000/-
| ₹0/-
| ₹10,000/-
|-
| 7
| ₹40,000/-
| ₹10,000/-
| ₹10,000/-
|-
| 8
| ₹80,000/-
| ₹30,000/-
| ₹10,000/-
|-
| 9
| ₹1,60,000/-
| ₹70,000/-
| ₹10,000/-
|-
| 10
| '''₹3,20,000/-'''
| ₹1,50,000/-
| ₹10,000/-
|-
| 11
| ₹6,40,000/-
| ₹0/-
| ₹3,20,000/-
|-
| 12
| ₹12,50,000/-
| ₹3,20,000/-
| ₹3,20,000/-
|-
| 13
| ₹25,00,000/-
| ₹9,30,000/-
| ₹3,20,000/-
|-
| 14
| ₹50,00,000/-
| ₹21,80,000/-
| ₹3,20,000/-
|-
| 15
| ₹1 Crore/-
| ₹46,80,000/-
| ₹3,20,000/-
|-
|}

The money won after each question is roughly doubled from the previous amount won, exponentially increasing the amount won after each correct answer until the contestant reaches the final question, when they win the maximum prize (₹1 crore/-).

===Lifelines===
A contestant can use a lifeline when he/she is undecided about which answer is correct. A lifeline can only be used once.
* '''Audience Poll:''' If the contestant uses this lifeline, it will result in the host repeating the question to the audience. The studio audience gets 10 seconds to answer the question. Audience members use touch pads to designate what they believe the correct answer to be. After the audience has chosen their choices, the results are displayed to the contestant in percentages in bar-graph format and also shown on the monitors screens of the host and contestant, as well as the TV viewers.
* '''Phone a Friend:''' If the contestant uses this lifeline, the contestant is allowed to call one of the three pre-arranged friends, who all have to provide their phone numbers in advance. The host usually starts off by talking to the contestant's friend and introduces him/her to the viewers. After the introduction, the host hands the phone call over to the contestant who then immediately has 30 seconds to ask and hope for a reply from their friend. In season 5, the lifeline was renamed to "Video Call a Friend." Instead of three pre-arranged friends, instead, there are five.
* '''Fifty-Fifty (50/50)''': If the contestant uses this lifeline, the host will ask the computer to randomly remove and eliminate two of the "wrong" answers. This will leave one right answer and one wrong answer, resulting in a situation of eliminating 50% of the choices as well as having a 50% chance of getting the answer right if the contestant is in a situation of making a guess.
*'''Double Dip''': This lifeline allows the contestant to make two guesses at a question. Getting both answers incorrect results in the contestant's winnings dropping back down to the last milestone achieved. This lifeline differs from others in that once the player has chosen to use this lifeline, he/she must answer the question, and cannot walk away or use any further lifelines on that question.
*'''Code Red:''' The lifeline, which gives the opportunity for the contestant's family members to warn the contestant if they feel the answer is wrong. Removed in season four.

===Records===
In the first 3 seasons, no one won the ₹1 crore/- prize in the show. However, in Season 3, two pairs of contestants, Husband-Wife duo Amarnath - Rohita from Vizag, and Mother-Son duo Uma - Aditya, also from Vizag, each won ₹50 lakhs/- and both attempted the ₹1 crore/- question accurately after quitting.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|date=23 June 2014|title=Akkineni Nagarjuna's Meelo Evaru Koteeswarudu', Telugu version of 'KBC', registers highest television viewer rating|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/akkineni-nagarjunas-meelo-evaru-koteeswarudu-telugu-version-of-kbc-registers-highest-television-viewer-rating/481186-71-177.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627113416/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/akkineni-nagarjunas-meelo-evaru-koteeswarudu-telugu-version-of-kbc-registers-highest-television-viewer-rating/481186-71-177.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 June 2014|access-date=31 July 2014|publisher=[[IBN Live]]}}</ref> However, in the 1st season of the revived version of the show, Raja Ravindra, a Sub Inspector from Hyderabad, became the first contestant out of all 5 seasons to win the ₹1 crore/- prize.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jr NTR-hosted Evaru Meelo Koteeswarulu to crown its first crorepati Raja Ravindra; all you know about the special episode - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/jr-ntr-hosted-evaru-meelo-koteeswarulu-to-crown-its-first-crorepati-raja-ravindra-all-you-know-about-the-special-episode/articleshow/87713179.cms|access-date=2021-11-16|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Reception==

As per the TAM data, MEK has recorded 17.61 TVR in CS Female AB 25-44 Years category, 14.58 TVR in CS Female ABC 25+ years category, 10.20 TVR in CS Male ABC 15+ Years category, 12.31 TVR in CS ABC 15-44 Years category and 10.15 TVR in CS 4+ Years category, which is a record of sort for a game show in Telugu.

One of the episodes in mid-June 2014 garnered a rating of 9.7 TVR and averaged 6.7 TVR that week becoming the fourth most-watched Telugu GEC at that time.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Akkineni Nagarjuna's 'Meelo Evaru Koteeswarudu', Telugu version of 'KBC', registers highest television viewer rating|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/akkineni-nagarjunas-meelo-evaru-koteeswarudu-telugu-version-of-kbc-registers-highest-television-viewer-rating-697050.html|access-date=|website=CNN-NEWS18}}</ref> The following month it garnered its peak rating of 10.8 TVR, consistently maintaining its position in top Telugu GEC since four weeks.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Nagarjuna's TV show on top for fourth week in a row|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/hindi/nagarjunas-tv-show-on-top-for-fourth-week-in-a-row/articleshow/38315199.cms|access-date=|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}
* {{IMDb title|14229490}}

{{Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?}}

[[Category:Indian game shows]]
[[Category:Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?]]
[[Category:Star Maa original programming]]
[[Category:Gemini TV original programming]]
[[Category:2014 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television series by Sony Pictures Television]]

Vijayanagara coinage

2026-02-04T20:44:09Z

Matrika: enhance content for consistency

{{Short description|Coinage in southern India, 1336–1646 and beyond}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
[[File:Coins of history Andhra Pradesh (Vijayanagara era).JPG|thumb|Coins of the Vijayanagara Empire on display]]
The '''[[Vijayanagara Empire]]''' from 1336–1646, was situated in [[South India|Southern India]] and had a complex currency system that was used even after they ceased to exist.

The standard unit of coin issued by the Vijayanagara Empire was the gold [[Pagoda (coin)|Pagoda]] or Varaha of 3.4g. The Varaha was also called the Hon, [[Gadyana]] or a Pon and came in the Ghattivaraha, Doddavaraha and Suddhavaraha coin. In the gold issue the different coins came in Varaha, this is used as a reference for the other coins values. 1 gold Varaha = 2 Pratapas = 4 Katis = 8 Chinna = 4 Haga = 2 Bele. 1 Pana or Varaha equaled 16 tara silver coins, with the 1 Tara to 3 copper Jital. The copper Duggani was equal to 2 copper kani or kakin, 5 Kasu and 10 Ara Kasu. There were also other units of silver and copper based on their relationship with the Pagoda.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://prabhu.50g.com/vijayngr/vij_coinage.html
|title=Vijayanagara coins
|publisher=Govindraya Prabhu S
|access-date=2007-07-13
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070909090227/http://prabhu.50g.com/vijayngr/vij_coinage.html
|archive-date=9 September 2007
}}</ref>

Several gold [[ramatanka]]s (token coins) which feature the scene of [[Rama|Rama's]] coronation, were also issued in the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. These coins are now used as objects of worship in modern Indian homes.<ref>{{cite book |first=T. | last=Desikachari |title=South Indian Coins |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lNx31XT747wC&pg=PA76 |year=1991 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0155-0 |page=76 }}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070909090227/http://prabhu.50g.com/vijayngr/vij_coinage.html Vijayanagara, the forgotten empire]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080425015449/http://www.hampi.in/coinage.htm Vijayanagara Coinage]
*[http://www.vijayanagaracoins.com/htm/coinage.htm A website on Vijayanagara coinage by Oruganti Harihariah.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070512205251/http://www.vijayanagaracoins.com/htm/coinage.htm |date=12 May 2007 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081024145915/http://www.karsha.org/ListRulers.aspx Coins Issued By Vijayanagara Rulers]
*[https://coinindia.com/galleries-vijayanagar.html Coins of Vijayanagar]
{{Historic Indian currency and coinage}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijayanagara Coinage}}
[[Category:Coins by former country]]
[[Category:Coins of India]]
[[Category:Medieval currencies]]
[[Category:Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:Historical currencies of India]]
[[Category:Economic history of Karnataka]]

High Priestess (TV series)

2026-01-26T17:28:24Z

Matrika:

{{short description|Indian web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = High Priestess TV Series.jpg
| caption = Official poster
| genre = [[Mystery (genre)|Mystery]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| based_on =
| runtime =
| creator = Pushpa Ignatius
| director = Pushpa Ignatius
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Amala Akkineni]]
* [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore Kumar]]
* [[Bhavani Sre]]
* [[Aadhav Kannadasan]]
}}
| screenplay = {{ubl|Pushpa Ignatius|Shashank Srivastav(Dialogues)}}
| theme_music_composer =
| composer = Gopal Rao Paranandi
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| location = India
| cinematography = [[Soundararajan (cinematographer)|Soundararajan]]
| editor = Richard Kevin. A
| network = [[Zee5]]
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2019|4|25}}
| company = Tribal Horse Entertainment
| executive_producer = {{Plainlist|
* Ram Ganesan
}}
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Krishna (Tamil actor)|Krishna Kulasekaran]]
* Shanmugharaja. H
}}
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 8
| list_episodes =
| related =
}}
'''''High Priestess ''''' is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Thriller film|thriller]] [[web series]] that premiered on [[Zee5|ZEE5]] on 25 April 2019.<ref name=TheHindu>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/amala-akkineni-looks-forward-to-her-web-series-high-priestess-and-she-discusses-the-possibilities-of-the-digital-medium/article26874314.ece/|title=Meet the 'High Priestess'|last=Devi Dundoo|first=Sangeetha|date=18 April 2019|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=16 May 2019|archive-date=10 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210183239/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/amala-akkineni-looks-forward-to-her-web-series-high-priestess-and-she-discusses-the-possibilities-of-the-digital-medium/article26874314.ece/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref> It is directed by Pushpa Ignatius and stars [[Amala Akkineni]] and [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore Kumar]] with [[Bhavani Sre]] and [[Aadhav Kannadasan]].<ref name=TheHindu/>

== Promotion ==
The series was announced with six other Telugu [[Zee5|ZEE5]] Originals in November 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugubullet.com/zee5-launches-latest-telugu-originals/|title=Zee5 Launches Latest Telugu Originals|date=20 November 2018|website=Telugu Bullet|access-date=16 May 2019|archive-date=26 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426103919/https://telugubullet.com/zee5-launches-latest-telugu-originals/|url-status=live}}</ref> which also marks debut of [[Amala Akkineni]] into web series. On 5 April 2019, the first look of Amala was released on Social media.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://silverscreen.in/news/first-look-of-amala-akkinenis-the-high-priestess-releases/|title=First-Look Of Amala Akkineni's 'The High Priestess' Releases|last=Murali|first=Aarthi|date=8 April 2019|website=Silverscreen India|access-date=16 May 2019|archive-date=12 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412214351/https://silverscreen.in/news/first-look-of-amala-akkinenis-the-high-priestess-releases/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Following the first look, trailer was released the following week and garnered good response.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nettv4u.com/latest-telugu-celebrity-news/amala-s-high-priestess-trailer-impresses|title=Amala's High Priestess Trailer Impresses!|date=11 April 2019|access-date=16 May 2019|archive-date=13 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413214159/https://www.nettv4u.com/latest-telugu-celebrity-news/amala-s-high-priestess-trailer-impresses|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/high-priestess-review-web-series-rides-amala-little-else-100949|title='High Priestess' review: A paranormal web series that rides on Amala|date=April 30, 2019|website=The News Minute|access-date=10 September 2019|archive-date=1 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501000509/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/high-priestess-review-web-series-rides-amala-little-else-100949|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The series around Swathi Reddy, a renowned [[Esoteric Tarot|Tarot]] reader who experiences the pasts of her clients. There are total of seven stories which are spread across eight episodes.<ref name="airdate">{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/telugu-web-series-high-priestess-explores-psychic-world-1.63508039|title=Telugu web series 'High Priestess' explores psychic world|last=Ramachandran|first=Mythily|date=24 April 2019|website=Gulf News|access-date=16 May 2019|archive-date=7 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407190542/https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/telugu-web-series-high-priestess-explores-psychic-world-1.63508039|url-status=live}}</ref> During these stories the past of Swathi is revealed.

== Cast ==
*[[Amala Akkineni]] as Swathi Reddy, a [[Esoteric Tarot|Tarot]] reader
** [[Bhavani Sre]] as young Swathi Reddy
*[[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore Kumar]] as Vikram, Swathi's friend
** [[Aadhav Kannadasan]] as young Vikram
* Monisha Duraibabu as Sneha Reddy, Swathi's daughter

=== Guests ===
* [[Vijayalakshmi Feroz|Vijayalakshmi]] as Pooja
* [[Nandini Rai]] as Ruby
* [[Brahmaji]] as Lawyer
* [[Sunaina]] as Radhika
* [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]] as Vaishnavi
* [[Siddhartha Shankar]] as Ruby's husband
* [[Baby Dakshana]] as Ruby's daughter Neha

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR=<ref name="airdate"/>
|episodes =
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Maya
|DirectedBy = Pushpa Ignatius
|WrittenBy = Pushpa (Screenplay) and Shashank (Dialogues)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|4|25}}
|ShortSummary = Swathi founds herself in midst of a missing person's case. Her capabilities are revealed.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Ruby
|DirectedBy = Pushpa Ignatius
|WrittenBy = Pushpa (Screenplay) and Shashank (Dialogues)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|4|25}}
|ShortSummary = Swathi surprises after seeing her old college friend, Vikram and starts narrating the story of Ruby an air hostess who lost her beauty charm after marriage.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Vanity
|DirectedBy = Pushpa Ignatius
|WrittenBy = Pushpa (Screenplay) and Shashank (Dialogues)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|4|25}}
|ShortSummary = Ruby unleashes an ancient demon in the search of eternal beauty. She comes to Swathi Reddy begging for help which may lead to exorcism.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = 12:15
|DirectedBy = Pushpa Ignatius
|WrittenBy = Pushpa (Screenplay) and Shashank (Dialogues)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|4|25}}
|ShortSummary = Swathi and Vikram goes through their old memories. She starts talking about her first case in which Siddharth was haunted by numbers and how she solved it.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Vengeance
|DirectedBy = Pushpa Ignatius
|WrittenBy = Pushpa (Screenplay) and Shashank (Dialogues)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|4|25}}
|ShortSummary = Swathi and Vikram talk about their short-lived relationship. As Swathi reached for something a coconut falls out. Vikram was curious to know about it. Swathi starts narrating a lawyer's story which seems funny at the start but takes an interesting twist.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Innocence
|DirectedBy = Pushpa Ignatius
|WrittenBy = Pushpa (Screenplay) and Shashank (Dialogues)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|4|25}}
|ShortSummary = This a tale of a suburban couple Ram, Vaishnavi and their kid Abhinav moves into a house that has a tinge of paranormal history and the events drags Swathi into this ordeal.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Friends
|DirectedBy = Pushpa Ignatius
|WrittenBy = Pushpa (Screenplay) and Shashank (Dialogues)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|4|25}}
|ShortSummary = Swathi and Vikram grow closer when Krishna arrives at their doorstep. A new tale about Radhika, Varun and Krishna and their friendship start.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Into the light
|DirectedBy = Pushpa Ignatius
|WrittenBy = Pushpa (Screenplay) and Shashank (Dialogues)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|4|25}}
|ShortSummary = Radhika's spirit continues to appear for Krishna. Swathi helps Krishna and get Vikram to speak about their relationship openly.
|LineColor =
}}
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt10173178}}
* {{official website|https://www.zee5.com/zee5originals/details/high-priestess/0-6-1624}}

[[Category:ZEE5 original programming]]
[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Telugu-language web series]]
[[Category:2019 web series endings]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:2019 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]

Jatindramohan Tagore

2026-01-25T11:51:32Z

Matrika: page edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix= ''[[Maharaja Bahadur]]''
| name = Jatindramohan Tagore
| honorific_suffix= [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]]
| image = Jatindramohan Tagore-যতীন্দ্রমোহন ঠাকুর Colorized Photo.png
| image_size =
| caption = Maharaja Jatindramohan Tagore, c. 1907
| birth_date = 16 May 1831
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (now [[Kolkata]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1908|01|10|1831|05|16|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| occupation =
| successor = [[Prodyot Coomar Tagore]]
| predecessor = [[Hara Kumar Tagore]]
| spouse =
}}
[[Maharaja Bahadur]] '''Sir Jatindramohan Tagore''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCSI}} (16 May 1831 – 10 January 1908) was a theatre enthusiast, art-lover, and philanthropist from [[Bengal region]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name = "Bose433">Sengupta, Subodh Chandra and Bose, Anjali (editors), 1976/1998, ''Sansad Bangali Charitabhidhan'' (Biographical dictionary) Vol I, {{in lang|bn}}, p. 433, {{ISBN|81-85626-65-0}}</ref>

==Early life==
The son of [[Hara Kumar Tagore]] (1798 – 1858) and grandson of [[Gopi Mohan Tagore]], he belonged to the [[Pathuriaghata]] branch of the [[Tagore family]]. Tagore completed his studies at [[Presidency College, Calcutta|Hindu College]], and thereafter, read English and [[Sanskrit]] at home.<ref name = "Bose433"/> He also received private tuition from Captain D.L. Richardson and others. His father, [[Hara Kumar Tagore]], was also a learned scholar in the Hindu scriptures, Sanskrit and English. He had compiled critically admired books and assisted [[Radhakanta Deb]] (1783 – 1867) in compiling ''Sabdakalpadrum''.<ref>Sengupta, Subodh Chandra and Bose, Anjali, p. 611</ref>

From an early age, Tagore displayed exceptional literary taste for composition both in English and in Bengali, having written several dramas and farces. One of these works was the ''Vidya Sundar Nataka'', which when performed at his residence, received critical acclaim.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Golden Book of India|last=Lethbridge|first=Roper|publisher=Macmillan and Co.|year=1893|location=New York|pages=527–528}}</ref>

When [[Gnanendramohan Tagore]], son of his uncle, [[Prasanna Coomar Tagore]], converted to Christianity in 1851 and was deprived of inheritance for that reason, he inherited the vast property of his uncle.<ref name = "Bose433"/>

==Public life==
{{Overly detailed|section|date=January 2026}}
[[File:Jotindramohan_Tagore.jpg|thumb|left|c. 1907]]
In 1866, Tagore lent help to the ruling administration, donating towards the benefit of famine-stricken farmers in Midnapur. He was Honorary Secretary of the [[British Indian Association]] for several years; was elected as its president in 1879; re-elected in 1881. In 1870 he was chosen as a Member of the Legislative Council of Bengal, and reappointed in 1872. In 1871 he received the title of 'Raja Bahadur', and was exempted from attendance in Civil Courts in April of that year. He received the title of ''Maharaja'' in 1877, on the occasion of the proclamation of Queen Victoria as Empress of India. He was appointed as a Member of the Legislative Council of the Governor-General in February of that year, and in recognition of his assistance towards the Civil Procedure Bill, was reappointed in 1879. In the latter year, he was created a Companion of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India; and appointed for a third time, a Member of the Viceroy's Council in 1881. Created [[Order of the Star of India|Knight Commander of the Star of India]] in May 1882; he received the title of ''Maharaja-Bahadur'' in January, 1890, and in January of the following year, this title was made hereditary in his family.<ref name=":0" />

Tagore contributed extensively towards the establishment of the Mayo Hospital, resulting in one of the wards being named after him. He also established several scholarships for students of literature, science, culture and history in the names of his father and his uncle, [[Prasanna Kumar Tagore|Prasanna Coomar Tagore]]. He set apart funds for the provision of a gold ''keyur'' or armlet, to be annually presented to the best student in Sanskrit literature in [[University of Calcutta|Calcutta University]]; and founded a gold medal for the best student who passed an examination after attending the [[Tagore Law Lectures]], annually, and another gold medal for the best student in physical science. He was appointed as a Justice of the Peace for the town of Calcutta, Fellow of the University of Calcutta, Trustee of the Indian Museum (of which he was elected president in the year 1882), one of the Governors of the Mayo Hospital, and a Member of the [[The Asiatic Society|Asiatic Society]]. He had the honour of being elected the President of the Reception Committee during the visit of Prince Albert Victor in 1889. He was Vice President of the Syndicate of the Calcutta University in 1881, and President of the Faculty of Arts in 1881–82. He presented to the Calcutta University the marble statue of his uncle, the Hon. Prasanna Kumar Tagore, which is placed in the portico of the Senate House. Jointly with his brother, the Raja Sir [[Sourindro Mohun Tagore]], he presented a piece of land to the Municipality of Calcutta for the construction of a Square (to be named after his father), in which at his own expense, he placed a marble bust of his father. He also founded an endowment for the benefit of Hindu widows, of one lakh of rupees, under the name of the "Maharajmata Shib Sundari Debi's Hindu Widows' Fund."

The visit of the eighteenth [[President of the United States|President of the United States of America]], [[Ulysses S. Grant|General Ulysses S. Grant]] to [[Calcutta]] specifically significant as it was a momentous event in the United Kingdom-United States of America relations of the late nineteenth century. In the papers of Ulysses S. Grant, recently made public, there is a reference to him being entertained at the Tagore household by Sourindro Mohun and his elder brother, Jatindra Mohun – "On March 14, 1879, USG (Ulysses S. Grant) met Garth at the [[Calcutta High Court|Bengal High Court]] and participated in graduation ceremonies at Calcutta University. USG later attended a party given by the influential Tagore family and praised the traditional entertainment." This entertainment included a number of traditional performances as The Statesman and Friend of India described the occasion: "The house, grounds, and lakes were illuminated, and the effect was exceedingly beautiful. The entertainment of the evening consisted of Hindu Music, nautches, and other performances which we are sorry to say, completely beggar our descriptive powers. General Grant said it was the best entertainment of an Oriental character that he had ever witnessed." Similarly, The Indian Mirror reported that: "The Party … were treated to a variety of Hindu Music, consisting of different specimens of songs, performances on the Surbahar, Setar, Jaltaranga, Nyastaranga, Kathakata, Panchali, Rasdhari, Jattra, Bengali Jattra, Nautch, Boat-song (in the lake), and the Nagar-Kirtun, with all the paraphernalia which usually accompany the procession of the Vaisnavas."<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant: October 1, 1878-September 30, 1880|last=Simon|first=John Y.|publisher=Southern Illinois University Press and Ulysses S. Grant Association|year=2008|location=Washington|pages=107}}</ref>

His adopted son and heir was the Maharaj Kumar [[Prodyot Coomar Tagore]]; He had four daughters born out of wedlock.<ref name=":0" />

==Legacy==
Jatindra Mohan Avenue, the northern extension of [[Chittaranjan Avenue|Central Avenue]] is named in Jatindra Mohan Tagore's honour.

==Family tree==
{{main|Tagore_family#Family_tree}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Librivox author |id=14967}}

{{Tagore family}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tagore, Jatindramohan}}
[[Category:People from Kolkata]]
[[Category:1831 births]]
[[Category:1908 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali zamindars]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:Tagore family|Jatindramohan]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:19th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Philanthropists from British India]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Indian reformers]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:Indian art collectors]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali knights]]

Coluthur Gopalan

2026-01-10T03:47:10Z

Matrika: quick update

{{Short description|Indian nutritionist (1918–2019)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{infobox person
| name = Coluthur Gopalan
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|FRS|FRCP|FMedSci}}
| image = Coluthur_Gopalan.gif
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1918|11|29}}
| birth_place = [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| occupation = Nutritionist
| death_date = {{death date and age|2019|10|3|1918|11|29|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Kilpauk]], [[Chennai]], India
}}

'''Coluthur Gopalan''' (29 November 1918 – 3 October 2019)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/doyen-of-nutrition-research-dr-colathur-gopalan-passes-away/article29582479.ece|title=Doyen of Nutrition research Colathur Gopalan no more|first=Somasekhar|last=M|website=@businessline|date=3 October 2019 }}</ref> was an Indian [[nutritionist]]. He was responsible for initiating nutrition research in independent India, leading to a number of interventions such as the Integrated Child Development Services, the midday meal scheme for school children, goiter prevention programme, etc.<ref name="auto"/> The burning feet syndrome is also known as [[Burning feet syndrome|Grierson-Gopalan]] syndrome. While the condition was described in 1826 by a British medical officer James Grierson, Gopalan also described this condition in 1946 when he observed it, "chiefly in females between the ages of 20 and 40 years, among the poor in South India".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Grierson-Gopalan syndrome|url=http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/1369.html|access-date=2020-07-07|website=www.whonamedit.com}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
He was born in [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Madras Presidency]], British India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Mankar |first1=Amar |last2=Kawalkar |first2=Umesh |last3=Gaidhane |first3=Abhay |last4=Shinde |first4=Niraj P |date=2024-08-17 |title=Dr. Coluthur Gopalan: Father of Indian Nutrition Science |journal=Cureus |volume=16 |issue=8 |article-number=e67097 |language=en |doi=10.7759/cureus.67097 |doi-access=free |issn=2168-8184 |pmc=11407698 |pmid=39290916}}</ref> His father was a police officer. At the age of ten he moved from Salem to Madras and joined [[M. C. C. Higher Secondary School|Madras Christian College Higher Secondary School]] and later he joined the [[Madras Medical College]]<ref name="Ramachandran Seshadri Gopalan 2021 pp. 229–248">{{cite journal | last1=Ramachandran | first1=Prema | last2=Seshadri | first2=Malini | last3=Gopalan | first3=Sarath | title=Coluthur Gopalan. 28 November 1918 — 3 October 2019 | journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society | publisher=The Royal Society | volume=71 | date=15 Sep 2021 | issn=0080-4606 | doi=10.1098/rsbm.2021.0022 | pages=229–248| doi-access=free }}</ref> and earned an M.D. from [[University of Madras]], and Ph.D. and D.Sc. from [[University of London]].<ref>[http://www.ias.ac.in/php/fell_detail.php3?name=Gopalan&intials=Coluthur&year=29-11-1918 Fellow Profile]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.insaindia.org/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716070445/http://insaindia.org/detail.php?id=N66-0288|title=INSA INDIA - Indian National Science Academy|archive-date=16 July 2012|website=INSA}}</ref> The [[Bengal famine of 1943|Bengal Famine of 1942]] deeply impacted him and he turned to nutritional research.<ref name=":0" />

Starting his professional career in nutrition research at the Nutrition Research Laboratory during the British period, he continued there for the next six decades. In the late 1950s, when the Nutrition Research Laboratory moved to Hyderabad and turned to the National Institute of Nutrition, Gopalan took over as director and expanded research to several key areas.

==Career ==
Gopalan's research led to a midday meal scheme for school children and a goiter prevention programme.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=Obituary: Coluthur Gopalan (1918-2019)|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/obituary-coluthur-gopalan-1918-2019--67079|access-date=2020-08-06|website=downtoearth.org.in|date=3 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref> He founded the National Nutrition Foundation, which published ''Nutritive Value of Indian Foods''.<ref name="auto"/> He was a recipient of the civilian honours of the [[Padma Shri]] and the [[Padma Bhushan]].<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref> He set up divisions for clinical research, biochemistry, bio-physics, endocrinology, analytical chemistry, food toxicology and the field units in multi-disciplinary subjects.

National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau which is product of his effort started the research to tackle problems such as protein energy malnutrition, Vitamin A deficiency, Phrynoderma, Lathyrism, fluorosis and Pellagra.

He was the director of the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] there he expanded research into neglected communicable diseases and modernised the working of the council. Three new institutes — Malaria Research Institute; Vector Control Research Institute and Leprosy Research Institute were established to develop and implement preventive and management strategies for these diseases.

Gopalan's works on Indian foods also are commendable. He analysed over 500 Indian foods for their nutritive values and published a detailed study report of that. This work was used for calculating dietary in-take of all nutrients. This made India the first developing country to have its own recommended dietary allowances.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.neglectedscience.com/alphabetical-list/g/coluthur-gopalan Coluthur Gopalan], neglectedscience.com https://en.m.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/Coluthur_Gopalan#

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gopalan, Coluthur}}
[[Category:Indian men centenarians]]
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian nutritionists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians]]
[[Category:People from Salem, Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in medicine]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Scientists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Indian fellows of the Royal Society]]

Raipur Town Assembly constituency

2025-12-18T16:06:50Z

Matrika:

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Raipur Town
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| state = Madhya Pradesh (1976 – 2000) Chhattisgarh (2000 – 2008)
| division =
| district = [[Raipur district|Raipur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Raipur Lok Sabha constituency|Raipur]]
| established = 1976
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
| reservation = 
| constituency_no =
}}
'''Raipur Town''' (sometimes called '''Raipur Nagar''') was one of the 320 constituencies of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Madhya Pradesh]] and later 90 constitutencies of the [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]]. The seat was formed in 1976 after the dissolution of [[Raipur, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Raipur Vidhan Sabha Constituency]]. It was a part of [[Raipur district|Raipur]] district. After [[Delimitation Commission of India|2008 Delimitation of State Assembly constituencies]], Raipur Town was bifurcated into three constituencies, [[Raipur City North Assembly constituency|Raipur City North]], [[Raipur City South Assembly constituency|Raipur City South]] and [[Raipur City West Assembly constituency|Raipur City West]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3935-delimitation-of-constituencies/?do=download&r=9320&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=004fa81b216a23b510c6d9ef067d35c1#:~:text=1976%2C%20articles%2081%2C%2082%20and%20170%20of%20the%20Constitution%20which,to%20provide%20that%20until%20the |title=delimitation of constituencies}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIrAKrpRHHl6YJ4Q5EEVH2zMUwwV41By7LxYIONuVC9Vr%2F%2BN7sXnVcBsMXgIVrEWgvCh1zBtwm72mAwODimlm7Nzk%2BznOQZFhtTvKNHJqeI%2BB |title=DPACO (1976)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 NIRVACHAN SADAN, ASHOKA ROAD NEW DELHI-110001}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|colspan=4|{{Center|''Until 1977: Constituency did not exist, see [[Raipur, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency]]''}}
|-
|-
|colspan=4|{{Center|''As '''[[Madhya Pradesh]]''' [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituency''}}
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Rajani Tai Upasane
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=1}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Swarupchand Jain
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Brijmohan Agrawal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
|colspan=4|{{Center|''As '''[[Chhattisgarh]]''' [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituency''}}
|-
|[[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|[[Brijmohan Agrawal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|colspan=4|{{Center|'''''Constituency abolished''''' see ''[[Raipur City North Assembly constituency|Raipur City North]], [[Raipur City South Assembly constituency|Raipur City South]], [[Raipur City West Assembly constituency|Raipur City West]]''}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2003===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]] : Raipur Town<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Chhattisgarh |url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_CHH_Nov2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114081955/https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_CHH_Nov2003.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Brijmohan Agrawal]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=70,164 |percentage=56.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gajraj Pagariya |party=Indian National Congress |votes=44,190 |percentage=35.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Salam Rizvi |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=3,903 |percentage=3.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hitendra Vyas |party=Independent politician |votes=2,142 |percentage=1.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Hitendra Tiwari |party=Independent politician |votes=1,208 |percentage=0.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=25,974 |percentage=21.07% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=123,260 |percentage=67.30% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 183,193 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Raipur district]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

{{India-constituency-stub}}
{{Chhattisgarh-geo-stub}}

Jubin Mitra

2025-12-17T17:44:28Z

Matrika: new article

{{Short description|Indian musician}}
{{orphan|date=November 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| birth_name =
| name = Jubin Mitra
| image = Jubin Mitra.jpg
| caption = Jubin Mitra
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image_size =
| background =
| alias =
| origin = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| genre = World
| years_active =
| instrument =
| occupation = Singer Lyricist Music Composer
| module =
| label =
}}
'''Jubin Mitra''' is an Indian singer, lyricist and music composer.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Musician Jubin Mitra doesn't let the pandemic put a stop to his creativity|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/musician-jubin-mitra-doesnt-let-the-pandemic-put-a-stop-to-his-creativity/articleshow/84949390.cms|access-date=2023-05-15|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|first=Sankha|last=Ghosh|date=2 August 2021}}</ref>

==Career==
Mitra started his career with the documentary film ''Tribute to Akbar Ali Khan'' where he was a visual artist. In 2009 he joined ''Mamata Shankar Dance Academy'' and there he got a chance as a choreographer of a film named ''Friends''. He then released his first song as a music composer with the song ''Divine Emotion''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jubin Mitra creates Divine Emotion, an Instrumental tribute to the Shankar legacy - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/jubin-mitra-creates-divine-emotion-an-instrumental-tribute-to-the-shankar-legacy/articleshow/82157565.cms|access-date=2021-09-15|website=The Times of India|date=20 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=সংবাদদাতা|first=নিজস্ব|title=অতিমারি ভেসে যাক এক সুরেলা অনুভূতিতে, সুরে তালে ছন্দে|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/divine-emotion-a-tribute-to-uday-shankar-and-amala-shankar-by-eminent-artist-jubin-mitra-dgtl/cid/1277125|access-date=2021-09-15|website=www.anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-13|title=চ্যালেঞ্জ পছন্দ করেন সৃষ্টিশীল শিল্পী জুবিন মিত্র|url=https://www.purbottar.in/jubin-mitra/|access-date=2021-09-15|website=Purbottar|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Music==
* ''Divine Emotion''<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jubin Mitra creates Divine Emotion, an Instrumental tribute to the Shankar legacy - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/jubin-mitra-creates-divine-emotion-an-instrumental-tribute-to-the-shankar-legacy/articleshow/82157565.cms|access-date=2021-09-15|website=The Times of India|date=20 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Tum Mile''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jubin Mitra and Gurujeet Singh's, Tum Mile, is high on nostalgia|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2021/jun/16/jubin-mitra-and-gurujeet-singhs-tum-mile-is-high-on-nostalgia-34238.html|access-date=2021-09-15|website=www.indulgexpress.com|date=16 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Bolo Dugga Maiki''
* ''Meghe Meghe Unplugged''
* ''A Vein of Hope''
* ''Ghum Aschena''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-02|title=Jubin Mitra Releases 'Ghum Aschena'|url=https://themileage.in/jubin-mitra-releases-ghum-aschena/|access-date=2021-09-15|website=The Mileage|language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''Tor Chokhe''<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jubin Mitra and Saitika Dutta's new song 'Tor Chokhe' celebrates motherhood - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/jubin-mitra-and-saitika-duttas-new-song-tor-chokhe-celebrates-motherhood/articleshow/86165021.cms|access-date=2021-09-15|website=The Times of India|date=13 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''O Re Manush Re''<ref>{{Cite news|title='O Re Manus Re' speaks of the eternal bond between Mother Nature and human aesthetics - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/o-re-manus-re-speaks-of-the-eternal-bond-between-mother-nature-and-human-aesthetics/articleshow/86088029.cms|access-date=2021-09-15|website=The Times of India|date=10 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Ebar Tor Mora Gange''<ref>{{Cite news|title=Popular Rabindra Sangeet 'Ebar Tor Mora Gange' gets a new interpretation - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/popular-rabindra-sangeet-ebar-tor-mora-gange-gets-a-new-interpretation/articleshow/82516533.cms|access-date=2021-09-15|website=The Times of India|date=10 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Fule Fule Dhole Dhole''<ref>{{Cite news|title=Arnab, Jubin team up with Sushmita Bhattacharya for a soulful rendition of 'Phule Phule Dhole Dhole' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/arnab-jubin-team-up-with-sushmita-bhattacharya-for-a-soulful-rendition-of-phule-phule-dhole-dhole/articleshow/82731232.cms|access-date=2021-09-15|website=The Times of India|date=18 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* Do Boondh<ref>{{Cite news |title='Do Boondh': The melancholic melody will instantly tug at your heartstrings - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/do-boondh-the-melancholic-melody-will-instantly-tug-at-your-heartstrings/articleshow/96051817.cms |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=The Times of India |date=7 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mitra, Jubin}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bengali singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-singer-stub}}

Chowk poorana

2025-12-17T00:12:16Z

Matrika: new new stub

{{short description|Folk art tradition from Northwest India}}
[[File:Chachi atro da ghar at virasti mela, bathinda.jpg|thumb|250px|Virasti mela, Bathinda: Mud wall art]]
{{Punjabis}}

'''Chowk-poorana''' or '''Chowkpurana''' is folk art practised in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=hTvNBQAAQBAJ&dq=Women+create+patterns+using+rice+flour+paste%2C+wheat+or+barley+flour+and+rice+powder+mixed+with+turmeric%2C+cow+dung&pg=PA67 Sharma, S.D (2010) Rice: Origin, Antiquity and History. CRC Press]</ref> In Uttar Pradesh, the term chowk-poorana refers to decorating the floor with various designs using flour and rice<ref>Dr Gupta, Hridaya (2018) Chowk Purna (Uttar Pradesh folk Art) Chowk poorana Uttar Pradesh ki shubh ankan lok kala. Uttar Pradesh Hindi Sansthan, Lucknow</ref> and also the walls using designs specific to the region.<ref>Shodhgana: Chapter 4: Motifs and their Symbolism: Floor Art and other Arts ...[https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/4605/10/10_chapter%204.pdf]</ref>

Similarly, according to Aryan (1983), the term chowk-poorana in Punjab refers to floor art and mud wall painting. This art is primarily practised by women and is a folk tradition.<ref>Aryan, K.C.(1983) The Cultural Heritage of Punjab, 3000 B.C. to 1947 A.D. Rekha [https://books.google.com/books?id=hCtuAAAAMAAJ&q=rangoli]</ref> In Punjab, during festivals such as [[Holi]], [[Karva Chauth]] and [[Diwali]], walls and courtyards of rural houses are enhanced with drawings and paintings similar to [[rangoli]] in South India, ''[[Mandana Paintings|mandana]]'' in Rajasthan, and rural arts in other parts of India. Chowk-poorana mud wall art in Punjab is given shape by the peasant women of the state. In courtyards, this art is drawn using a piece cloth. The art includes drawing tree motifs, flowers, ferns, creepers, plants, peacocks, palanquins, geometric patterns along with vertical, horizontal and oblique lines. These arts add to the festive atmosphere.<ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/362722/drawing-designs-walls.html Drawing Designs on Walls], Trisha Bhattacharya (13 October 2013), ''Deccan Herald''. Retrieved 7 January 2015</ref>

==Etymology and history==
The term chowk-poorana is made up of two words: Chowk means square and poorana means to fill. The art represents folk mud wall art of the Punjab drawn for decoration or festivals. Hasan (1998) records that during 1849–1949 A.D. decorative designs were painted on mud walls with the occasional bird or animal.<ref>Hasan, Mussarat (1998) Painting in the Punjab Plains: 1849-1949 Ferozsons [https://books.google.com/books?id=iuPqAAAAMAAJ&q=mud+]</ref> Gall et al. (2009) writing in the Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life: Asia and Oceania states that the folk art of Punjab may be thousands of years old, noting similarities between village potters clay toys and Harappan figurines. Women paint intricate designs on mud walls on festivals continuing a long tradition.<ref>Gall, Timothy, L.(2009) Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life, Volume 4. Gale Publishing [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZLhZAAAAYAAJ&dq=folk+art%2C+crafts%2C+and+hobbies+Contemporary+folk+arts+in+the+Punjab+represent+traditions+that+may+extend+back+several+thousand+...+Peasant+women+follow+a+tradition+of+painting+intricate+designs+on+the+mud+walls+of+their+houses+for+festival+days.&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=harappan+|}]</ref>

Similarly, the ''Haryana Review'' (1981) states that artists plaster the mud walls with cow-dung which is then whitewashed. Lines are then drawn which create symbolic paintings representing "profit, fortune and prosperity".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=sDtazHR4ls4C&q=mud+art+haryana Haryana Review (1981)]</ref> The [[Lalit Kala Akademi]] reported in 1968 on how artists in North India draw paintings noting that some artists "have a special gift for depicting colourful scenes from the epics: some work only in very fine line work in black ink and sindhur (rose-madder)". In the same publication, the prevalence of wall art on the festival of [[Sanjhi]] is described. The festival is celebrated annually during Navratri. Women in northern India comprising the area around Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, and the Punjab, plaster the walls and inner courtyards with mud and cowdung. Then geometrical designs are drawn together with circular or triangular clay discs.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=YvxIAQAAIAAJ&q=The+pictures+are+formed+at+will+according+to+their+momentary+moods+and+with+ingenuity+and+great+skill.+For+these+artists+there+is+no+prior+thought+of+composition,+no+sketch+or+drawing+from+which+they+draw+inspiration;+they+work+directly+on+to+the+walls.+...+Delhi,+Uttar+Pradesh,+and+the+Punjab)+decorate+the+front+walls+and+inner+courtyards+of+their+houses,+with+large+symbolic+images+in+triangular+compositions. Lalit Kala Contemporary, Volumes 7-14 (1968) Lalit Kala Akademi]
</ref>

==Mud wall painting==
Kang (1988), in his study of wall art in Punjab, states that the basis of the paintings are to draw circular and triangular shapes which create branches and flowers".<ref>Kang, Kanwarjit Singh (1988) Pañjāba de kandha-cittar. Punjabi University Publication Bureau.[https://books.google.com/books?id=kpHKd6Wrz1EC&q=%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A3+]</ref> According to Dhillon (1998), women create "geometrical figures like trees, birds, open hand, geometrical figures like square, triangles, and circles and sometimes abstract designs, human figures and deities".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=edbfAAAAMAAJ&q=mud Dhillon, I.S (1998) Folk Dances of Punjab. National Books Shop]</ref> Aryan (1983) emphasises "that despite its name, the decorative designs are never drawn on the threshold of the house" but on the walls.<ref>Aryan, K.C. (1983) The Cultural Heritage of Punjab, 3000 B.C. to 1947 A.D. Rekha [https://books.google.com/books?id=hCtuAAAAMAAJ&q=rangoli]</ref> However, according to Kohli (1983), Punjabi women draw chowkpurna "designs on their thresholds for the well-being and prosperity of their family members as well as to welcome the visitors".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=h_wpAAAAYAAJ&q=chowkpuma Kohli. Yash (1983) The Women of Punjab. Page 56Chic Publications]</ref>

Bhatti (1981) describes the process employed by artists in Punjab in painting on mud walls. The base is mud and cowdung plaster. The artist uses finger-prints and palm marks for decoration. Chalk, yellow and red clay is used for pigments. Traditional and folk-motifs are drawn on the plaster.<ref>Bhatti, S.S. (1981) Contemporary Artists in Punjab. Punjab Lalit Kala Akademi [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BQrqAAAAMAAJ&q=these+materials+and+methods+of+the+punjabi+villagers+have+...&dq=these+materials+and+methods+of+the+punjabi+villagers+have+...&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjZho2JqsroAhVSZMAKHYGlC7cQ6AEICDAA<]</ref> Black colour is also utilised.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=BTjaAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87+%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0+%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87+,+%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82+,+%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87+%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BF+... Puni, Balbir Singh (1992) Pañjābī lokadhārā ate sabhiācāra]</ref>

Dhamija (1971) writes that the wall paintings are drawn with white rice paste. Sometimes [[ochre]] (clay) and a few colours are also used. The wall paintings display symbolic ritual designs, which are drawn to "celebrate special occasions—festivals such as Diwali or Dussehra; happy family celebrations such as birth of a child".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ff3pAAAAMAAJ&q=ochre] Dhamija, Ram (1971) Image India: Heritage of Indian Arts & Crafts. Vikas Publications</ref> As the art is painted on mud walls, the paintings are drawn twice and perhaps even more times, a year. Sometimes the art can also be seen on brick walls which are plastered with lime. However, the tradition is waning due to cultural changes in the Punjab.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=piNuAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A8%87%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82+ Pañjābī sabhiācāra (1998) Bhasha Vibhag Panjab]</ref> Nevertheless, Kang notes in 2018 that in some mud houses, traditional folk art can still be seen on the walls.<ref>Kang, Kanwarjit Singh (25 09 2018) Punjabi Tribune Pinda di parampravadi lok kala (ਪਿੰਡਾਂ ਦੀ ਪ੍ਰੰਪਰਾਵਾਦੀ ਲੋਕ-ਕਲਾ)[https://www.punjabitribuneonline.com/2018/09/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82-%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80-%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80-%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B/]{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Similarly, Bedi (1978) notes that during Diwali, women plaster the walls with lime and then draw an image of Lakshmi.<ref>Bedi, Wanjara Singh (1978) Pañjābī lokadhārā wishawa kosha. Volume 8. Punjabi Prakashan [https://books.google.com/books?id=4HeCAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE]</ref>

Manku (1986) in his study of Gujjar settlements, states that people in the sub-mountainous region of Punjab people wash the outer and inner walls with white clay called golu. On the inside of the walls, women paint religious motifs with rice powder mixed with water.<ref>Manku, Darshan Singh (1986)
The Gujar Settlements: A Study in Ethnic Geography [https://books.google.com/books?id=QvAtAAAAMAAJ&q=Solution]</ref>
{{clear}}

===Gallery===
<gallery>
File:Virasti Mela, Bathinda (Punjabi Heritage Festival) (95).jpg|Virasti Mela, Bathinda (Punjabi Heritage Festival) Mud wall art
File:Virasti Mela, Bathinda (Punjabi Heritage Festival) (36).jpg|Virasti Mela, Bathinda (Punjabi Heritage Festival) Peacock drawn using geometrical shapes
File:Punjabi Gadda.jpg|Gadda (cart). Art on the wall and on the cart
File:BENIWAL SWEET HOUSE, Budha Khera, Kaithal, Haryana - panoramio.jpg|House Budha Khera, Kaithal, Haryana. Wall art using modern paint.
File:Ghaffar House.jpg|Ghaffar House. Punjab, Pakistan. Motifs is modern paint and plaster.
File:Punjabi Home.JPG|Traditional mud Punjabi home (Pakistan)
File:Virasti Mela, Bathinda (Punjabi Heritage Festival) (12).jpg|Virasti Mela, Bathinda Mud wall art
File:Sadda Pind - Best Tourist Destination in Amritsar.jpg|Sadda Pind Amritsar. Wall art
File:Rural kutcha village.jpg|Rural kutcha homes with folk art
File:Drying Crop in rural Punjabi home.JPG|Drying Crop in rural Punjabi home
</gallery>
{{clear}}

==Ortta/kandholi==
[[File:Village Life-2.jpg|thumb|left|Mud wall art, Punjab Pakistan]]
A similar form of folk art is noted by Kang (2019) who states that engraving drawings onto walls was popular when mud houses were common in Punjab. Even after the construction of brick houses, the cooking area in the courtyard was enclosed by a mud wall called an 'Ortta' in Punjabi where women continued to parge motifs on the wall. However, having an Ortta has also declined which has affected the practice of traditional drawing.<ref>Dr Kanwarjit Singh Kang (06.02.2019) Visri Lok Kala Ortta
Punjabi Tribune. [https://m.punjabitribuneonline.com/article/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80-%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95-%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE-%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE/1501535]</ref> Kohli (1983) assigns the art of "parge decoration, in mud, wrought on the walls of houses" to women.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=h_wpAAAAYAAJ&q=parge+ Kohli, Yash (1983) The Women of Punjab. Chic Publications]</ref> Yellow clay was sometimes used as a base upon which motifs were parged.<ref>Watno Paar Punjabi News
(accessed 30 03 2020) Aurat de kala suhaj da prateek Ortta [https://web.archive.org/web/20171004134537/http://watnopaarpunjabinews.com/pb/%e0%a8%94%e0%a8%b0%e0%a8%a4-%e0%a8%a6%e0%a9%87-%e0%a8%95%e0%a8%b2%e0%a8%be-%e0%a8%b8%e0%a9%81%e0%a8%b9%e0%a8%9c-%e0%a8%a6%e0%a8%be-%e0%a8%aa%e0%a9%8d%e0%a8%b0%e0%a8%a4%e0%a9%80%e0%a8%95-%e0%a8%93/]</ref>

An Ortta is also called '''kandholi''' (wall) in Punjabi where women would paint drawings.<ref>Sandhu, Amritpal Singh (19 01 2017) NRI Sarokaar. Puratan ghar: Pendu rehtal da darpan. nrisarokar.ca</ref> According to Mitawa (2004), the wall would be plastered with coloured clay and then drawn upon using white clay to draw flowers, peacocks and birds.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=VtpjAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A7%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80 Mitawa, Darashana (2004) Kuriam criam. Udana Publications]</ref> Kehal (2006) notes that shrubs, borders and children's pictures are also drawn on the walls.<ref>Kehal. Harkesh, Singh Alop Ho Riha Punjabi Virsa (ਆਲੋਪ ਹੋ ਰਿਹਾ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਵਰਸਾ) Lokgeet Prakashan [https://books.google.com/books?id=4mtuAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%87+]</ref>
{{clear}}

===Gallery===
<gallery>
File:Inside a Punjab village house.jpg|inside a Punjab village house (Pakistan)
File:روشندان.jpg|Punjabi style ventilator (Pakistan) showing parge work
</gallery>
{{clear}}

==Wall art on festivals==
[[File:ਸਾਂਝੀ ਮਾਈ ਦੀ ਤਸਵੀਰ।.jpg|thumb|150px|Contemporary Sanjhi image in Punjab]]
In Punjab, images are painted on walls on festivals such as [[Sanjhi]] and [[Ahoi Ashtami|Hoi]]. A local festival on Navratri is observed whereby wheat or barley are planted on the first day and the seedlings are immersed in water on Dussehra. The seedlings are placed before an image of a Goddess on the wall. Similarly, images are painted on festive occasions in [[Haryana]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]].

{{clear}}

==Floor art==
[[File:Punjabi wedding rituals.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Punjabi wedding rituals. Mayian chowk poorana]]
[[File:Rangoli2.jpg|thumb|200px|left|modern form of Chowk poorana. For the traditional chowk using flour in Hoshiarpur Punjab, see AS: image 21 in Plates section Jubbal<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Jubble | first1=Ajit Singh | title=Folk art of doaba | journal=University | date=1990 | hdl=10603/267418 | url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/267418 }}</ref>]]
[[File:Rangoli with marble and stone pieces.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Chowk poorana with marble and stone pieces for competition in Chandigarh]]
[[File:Vijay Sampla, the Deputy Speaker, Vidhan Sabha of Punjab, Shri Dinesh Singh Babbu, the MLA, Pathankot, Shri Ashwani Sharma and other dignitaries looking the Rangoli on ‘Beti Bachao Beti Padhao’, prepared by the students.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Vijay Sampla, the Deputy Speaker, Vidhan Sabha of Punjab, Shri Dinesh Singh Babbu, the MLA, Pathankot, Shri Ashwani Sharma and other dignitaries looking the Rangoli on 'Beti Bachao Beti Padhao', prepared by the students]]
[[File:Bagh Chall Board empty.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Geometrical chowk used in Punjab traditionally designed using flour and turmeric]]
According to "A dictionary of the Panjabi language prepared of the Lodiana mission" in 1854, in Punjab, chowk-poorana refers to preparing the square on the floor with flour on weddings and dedications. In religious ceremonies, symbols are drawn for worshipping.<ref>A dictionary of the Panjabi language prepared of the Lodiana mission (1854). Mission Press [https://books.google.com/books?id=agK7a7hjjq0C&dq=%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95&pg=PA168]</ref> Some of the symbols used in Hindu ceremonies include drawing planets and [[Om]].<ref>Ḍhoṭa, Haraneka Siṅgha (2006) Pattala kāwī: lokadhāraka adhiaina.Amarajīta Sāhita Prakāshana.[https://books.google.com/books?id=RL5jAAAAMAAJ&q=+%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A8+]</ref> This is similar to the floor art, chowk-poorana, in Uttar Pradesh where pots are placed in the middle and the art is drawn around them in religious ceremonies.
<ref>Dr Gupta, Hridaya (2018) Chowk Purna (Uttar Pradesh folk Art) Chowk poorana Uttar Pradesh ki shubh ankan lok kala. Uttar Pradesh Hindi Sansthan, Lucknow</ref> In Uttar Pradesh, the alternative name is Sona Rakhna.<ref>Saksena, Jogendra (1985) Mandana, a Folk Art of Rajasthan Crafts Museum [https://books.google.com/books?id=wjTaAAAAMAAJ&q=chowk+poorana+uttar+pradesh]</ref>

In the Punjab, the chowk square is drawn on the floor with flour and turmeric. Sometimes a swastika is also drawn in the square. Such drawings are made before weddings or when the mother of a new born child goes outdoors for the first time.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=hrBjAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95+%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE Malwai wde lok gita-boliam: ma suhagana shaan kare. Punjabi University]</ref><ref>[https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/33223/7/07_chapter_4.pdf Mirasi kabeela. Shodhganga]</ref> Other festive occasions include the bringing of horses/cows home for the first time. Modern squares are more colourful and use rice.

Aryan (1983) in his study of Punjab folk art writes that the floral and geometrical designs are drawn on mud walls and in courtyards using "powdered colours or earth colours such as white, ultrarine Heel and Indian red Gerua". The patterns are created using a piece of rag. The patterns tend to be simple as compared to the intricate designs of mandana paintings in Rajasthan and Gujarat.<ref>Aryan, K.C. (1983) The Cultural Heritage if Punjab 3000 B.C. - 1947A.D. Rent a Prakashan.</ref> Bedi (2001) describes a chowk depicting the planets. However, such a chowk forms part of religious ceremonies and is worshiped.<ref>Bedi, Wanjara Singh (2001)Waṇajārā Bedī dī ātama kathā. Arasi Publications [https://books.google.com/books?id=JvI1AAAAMAAJ&q=+%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80]</ref>

Floor art of the western Himalaya region, comprising Jammu, parts of Punjab and Himachal Pradesh, is called likhnoo or dehar but it is also called chowk which has its own style of designs.<ref>Tadvalkar, Nayana (2011) Ephemeral floor art of India history tradition and continuity.Researcher:[http://hdl.handle.net/10603/4605]</ref> In the lower ridges of Jammu and Himachal Pradesh, which Jerath (1971) called the Dogra region, floor art is termed chowka poorna.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.241613/page/n47/mode/2up Jerath, Ashok (1971)Folk Art of Duggar vol 1. Atlantic Publishers]</ref>

===Phulkari chowk===
[[File:India's national "BIRD" PEACOCK.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Phulkari Chowk with peacock. Motifs embroidered on Phulkaris are drawn in the Phulkari Chowk in courtyards in Punjab]]
According to Bedi (2001), sometimes chowk poorana is drawn in Punjabi courtyards using flour and colours. The designs drawn are the motifs embroidered on [[phulkari]]s. Green is used for the branches and leaves, and white, red and yellow is used for the flowers.<ref>Bedi, Wanjara Singh (2001). Waṇajārā Bedī dī ātama kathā. Arasi Publications [https://books.google.com/books?id=JvI1AAAAMAAJ&q=+%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80]</ref> Such chowk is called the phulkari chowk. Bedi states that there are different types of chowk but the starting point is a square made with flour. However, any design can be made within the square such as circles or triangular shapes. Dots are drawn using red [[sindoor]] ([[vermilion]]).

===Process===
Bajpai (2015) in her study of "Brocade and chowkpurana craft and art of Uttar Pradesh prospects for their sustainability" reports of the process of creating chowk poorana floor art in Uttar Pradesh.<ref>Bajpai, Shaleni (2015) Brocade and chowkpurana craft and art of Uttar Pradesh prospects for their sustainability. Shodhganga [https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/77182?mode=full]</ref> She states that the night before painting the mud walls, geru is mixed with water to be spread over walls and the floor. Rice is soaked in water on the day of the painting, then finely ground and mixed with water. Geru is "spread in a square or rectangular shape depending on the occasion and after that the design was drawn." Women draw sketches using dots to draw the outline which would then be connected with lines using chalk powder on wet ground, or rice paste on dry surface. Bajpai further states that floor and wall art is practised in Uttar Pradesh on mud and bricks. The art is drawn on religious and social occasions. In Uttar Pradesh, chowk means "auspicious area of home" whereas purana means "drawing on floor/wall." Some of the festivals when chowk art is drawn include [[Raksha Bandhan]], Devthan Puja and [[Holi]]. The tradition has been passed from mother to daughter. However, Bajpai notes that the younger generation is influenced by television in the designs more than the older women who practice traditional art work peculiar to Uttar Pradesh, having not seen the folk designs of other states of India.

Although the floor art of the western Himalaya region, comprising Jammu and Himachal Pradesh, is called likhnoo, it is also called chowk or chowka poorna. According to Tadvalkar (2011),<ref>Ephemeral floor art of India history tradition and continuity.Researcher: Tadvalkar, Nayana [http://hdl.handle.net/10603/4605]</ref> in the mountainous region, it is common for women to draw "folk paintings on the floors, thresholds, walls, grain stores, ritual places etc." The process involves sweeping the floor and then plastering it with cow-dung which, once it begins to dry, is then smoothed with a round stone. Sometimes women create foliated borders using finger-tips on the wet coating. The patterns are termed hangaiyan. Tadvalkar (2011) states that the "cow-dunging process is known as lipna in the region, whereas the floor art is referred to as likhnoo (writing), dehar (with respect to dehali, the threshold) or chowk". The background is painted with brown coloured earth (loshti). Materials used to paint include rice or wheat flour paste or white earth known as golu or makol. Tadvalkar further states that women draw floral motifs such as the lotus and rose and also pointed geometrical figures. Colours are used. This type of floor art is called phullchittarana. Such floor art is drawn on various occasions including festivals.

Similarly, Gupta (2020) in her research paper Chauk poorna Uttar Pradesh ki lok sanskriti ka strot ek vivechan, also explains that the art of Chowk Purana in Uttar Pradesh is practiced by women on festivals and happy occasions.<ref>Ruchi Gupta 2020. Chauk poorna Uttar Pradesh ki lok sanskriti ka strot ek vivechan. Shodhganga [http://hdl.handle.net/10603/268851]</ref> Gupta also describes a specific type of Chowk art. When art is drawn at the threshold of a house on a wedding, the art is called chetrau or chiteri which incorporates an image of Ganesh. The colours used to draw a chiteri included yellow, blue and green.

==See also==
*[[Kolam]]
*[[Mandana paintings]]
*[[Rangoli]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Worship in Hinduism}}
{{Punjab, India}}
{{Punjab, India}}
{{Haryana}}

[[Category:Punjabi culture]]
[[Category:Indian art]]
[[Category:Folk art of Punjab]]
[[Category:Asian folk art]]
[[Category:Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Folklore by country]]
[[Category:Asian folklore]]

Jammu and Kashmir Ittihadul Muslimeen

2025-10-27T20:20:51Z

Matrika: new new article

{{Short description|Islamic organisation in Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Jammu & Kashmir Ittihadul Muslimeen {{nobold|جموں و کشمیر اتحاد المسلمین}}
| logo = ittihadulszq.jpg
| caption = Logo of the Jammu & Kashmir Ittihadul Muslimeen
| president = [[Masroor Abbas Ansari]]
| chairperson = [[Masroor Abbas Ansari]]
| leader = [[Masroor Abbas Ansari]]
| founder = [[Mohammad Abbas Ansari]]
| general_secretary = Syed Muzaffar Razvi
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1962|03|27}}
| abbreviation = JKIM
|colorcode = {{party color| Jammu & Kashmir Ittihadul Muslimeen}}
|colours = Green {{Colorsample|#3E8E41}}
| ideology = [[Pan-Islamism]]<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3416823.stm|title=Historic Kashmir talks bring hope|date=22 January 2004|work=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=2009-07-02}}</ref><ref name="Tribune india 2003">{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030720/edit.htm#6|title=An important player in Kashmir's politics|last=Swarup|first=Harihar|date=20 July 2003|publisher=Tribune India|accessdate=20 May 2010}}</ref> [[Kashmiri separatism]]<ref name="JKIM website">{{cite web|url=http://ittihadul.tripod.com/id1.html|title=Introduction|publisher=JAMMU & KASHMIR ITTIHADUL MUSLIMEEN|accessdate=16 April 2010|archive-date=12 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412141912/http://ittihadul.tripod.com/id1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Self-determination]]<ref name="auto"/><ref name="Tribune india 2003"/> [[Moderate Islam]]ism<ref name="auto"/><ref name="Tribune india 2003"/> [[Shia–Sunni relations|Shi'a–Sunni unity]]<ref name="JKIM website"/>
| religion = [[Islam]]
| position = [[Big tent]]
| colors = [[Green]]
| regional = [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference]]
| headquarters = Govt. Medical College Road [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| website = {{url|ittihadul.org}}
| country = Jammu and Kashmir
}}
'''Jammu & Kashmir Ittihadul Muslimeen''' ([[Urdu]]: جموں و کشمیر اتحاد المسلمین) (abbr. JKIM) is a Kashmiri [[Shia Islam|Shiite Muslim]] political party which aims for [[Shia–Sunni relations|Shi'a–Sunni unity]] in Kashmir and the political rights to people of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] through peaceful struggle.<ref name="JKIM website"/> It was founded by [[Mohammad Abbas Ansari]] and his followers in 1962 at Srinagar, Kashmir.<ref name="f376">{{cite web | title=Indian police stop Kashmir procession, 60 hurt | website=[[Reuters]] | date=26 December 2009 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kashmir-procession-idUSTRE5BP0PL20091226 | access-date=18 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="h748">{{cite web | last=Masood | first=Bashaarat | title=Hurriyat ex-chairman, Shia cleric Abbas Ansari dies | website=[[The Indian Express]] | date=25 October 2022 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/srinagar/maulana-abbas-ansari-former-hurriyat-chief-and-prominent-shia-cleric-dies-at-86-8228974/ | access-date=18 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/public-funeral-for-separatist-molvi-abbas-ansari/cid/1894203 | title=Jammu & Kashmir: Public funeral for separatist Molvi Abbas Ansari | access-date=2022-10-29 | archive-date=2022-10-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026022950/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/public-funeral-for-separatist-molvi-abbas-ansari/cid/1894203 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
Jammu & Kashmir Ittihadul Muslimeen was founded by a group of Shiite Muslim clergy and scholars headed by [[Mohammad Abbas Ansari]] on 27 March 1962, in [[Srinagar]], Jammu and Kashmir, who was the ex-chairman of the [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference]]. The founder of JKIM & Islamic Unity leader Maulana Mohammad Abbas Ansari first founded Anjumani Safina (Safina Association) in May 1961. The association was confined to a limited orbit, therefore in view of the vast interests of the Nation its extent was necessary. It was very important to take revolutionary steps to expose its vast ideologies publicly. In his quest for forging unity among the people of the valley particularly Muslim, Maulana Abbas Ansari and the members of the Anjumani Safina made an all-embracing political party "Jammu & Kashmir Ittihadul-Muslimeen" (JKIM) (Unity of Muslims) in 1962 at its historic Chattabal (Srinagar) General Session of the Organization. Since Ansari's death in 2022, it has been headed by his son, [[Masroor Abbas Ansari]].<ref name="l848">{{cite web | author=The Hindu Bureau | title=Separatists from Hurriyat, JKLF taken to police station in Srinagar following bid to revive: Jammu and Kashmir Police | website=[[The Hindu]] | date=9 July 2023 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/separatists-from-hurriyat-jklf-make-a-bid-to-revive-taken-to-police-station-in-srinagar-jk-police/article67061825.ece | access-date=18 July 2023}}</ref>

==8th Moharram Procession==
A grand Processions on 8th of the Islamic month of [[Muharram]] in [[Kashmir]] mark the Day for commemorating the death of [[Husayn ibn Ali]] in the [[Battle of Karbala]].<ref name=RW2010>{{cite web|author1=Islamic Republic News Agency|author-link=Islamic Republic News Agency|title=India: Govt clamps curfew to stop main Ashura procession in Kashmir|url=http://img.static.reliefweb.int/report/india/india-govt-clamps-curfew-stop-main-ashura-procession-kashmir|publisher=[[ReliefWeb]]|accessdate=11 April 2015|date=17 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102161119/http://img.static.reliefweb.int/report/india/india-govt-clamps-curfew-stop-main-ashura-procession-kashmir|archive-date=2 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> All the major mourning processions have been banned by the [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]] since the 1990s when there was a rise in [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|insurgency in the state]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Ashura to be observed across Valley today|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/community/ashura-to-be-observed-across-valley-today/149732.html|accessdate=26 January 2017|work=The Tribune|date=24 October 2015}}</ref><ref name=HT2010>{{cite news|last1=Ashiq |first1=Peerzada |title=Curfew to prevent Muharram procession |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/curfew-to-prevent-muharram-procession/article1-638588.aspx |accessdate=11 April 2015 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=15 December 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091004/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/curfew-to-prevent-muharram-procession/article1-638588.aspx |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Smaller processions are permitted in some predominantly [[Shia]] parts of the state, including in the districts of [[Baramulla district|Baramulla]], [[Budgam district|Budgam]], [[Leh district|Leh]] and [[Kargil district|Kargil]]. In the state capital of [[Srinagar]], processions are not allowed along the traditional route that begins at Guru Bazar, passes through M A Road and culminated at Dalgate on 8th Moharram and the second one from Abi Guzar, passes through Maisuma, and ends at Zadibal on [[Ashura]]. JKIM never accepted this ban calling it unjust and unconstitutional and invited mourners to join the 8th procession. there were sometimes clashes between the mourners and the police.<ref name=HT2010/><ref name=TT2009>{{cite news|title=Muharram in Srinagar marred by violence|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1091229/jsp/nation/story_11919545.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150301153022/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1091229/jsp/nation/story_11919545.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 1, 2015|accessdate=11 April 2015|work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|date=28 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hamdani |first1=Syed Imran Ali |title=Amid curbs on traditional route, district admin monitors Zadibal procession |url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2014/Nov/5/amid-curbs-on-traditional-route-district-admin-monitors-zadibal-procession-12.asp |accessdate=15 April 2015 |work=GreaterKashmir.com |date=5 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411082035/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2014/Nov/5/amid-curbs-on-traditional-route-district-admin-monitors-zadibal-procession-12.asp |archivedate=11 April 2015 }}</ref>

The government privately cites fear of militant strikes as a reason for the restrictions.<ref name=RW2010/> Shia leaders in the state, such as [[Mohammad Abbas Ansari]], complained that the restrictions are discriminatory and impinge on their [[freedom of religion]].<ref name=RW2010/><ref name= Scoop>{{cite news|title=Molvi Abbas denounces Ban on Ashura Processions|url=http://www.scoopnews.in/det.aspx?q=33420|accessdate=10 February 2014|newspaper=Scoop News}}</ref>

In 2023, the Muharram 8th procession was allowed after 34 years of hiatus.<ref>{{cite web | title=Historic 8th Muharram Procession Takes Place in Kashmir Valley After 34 Years | website=[[The Chenab Times]] | date=27 July 2023 | url=https://thechenabtimes.com/2023/07/27/historic-8th-muharram-procession-takes-place-in-kashmir-valley-after-34-years/ | access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Excelsior | first=Daily | title=Muharram Procession Held First Time After 34 Years In Srinagar: LG Manoj Sinha | website=[[Daily Excelsior]] | date=27 July 2023 | url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/muharram-procession-held-first-time-after-34-years-in-srinagar-lg-manoj-sinha/ | access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref>

==Decision of MHA==
The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) on 11 march, 2025 declared "[[Jammu & Kashmir Ittihadul Muslimeen]] (JKIM) headed by chairman and shia leader [[Maulana]] [[Masroor Abbas Ansari]] -- as unlawful association and banned it with immediate effect for a period of next five years.<ref name="AutoUH-6"> https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/centre-bans-mirwaizs-awami-action-committee-jk-ittihadul-muslimeen-for-five-years/amp</ref>

"[[Jammu & Kashmir Ittihadul Muslimeen]] and Awami Action Committee have been declared unlawful associations under UAPA. These organisations were found inciting people to cause law and order situations, posing a threat to the unity and integrity of Bharat," Union Home Minister [[Amit Shah]] posted on X.<REF name="AutoUH-6"/>

JKIM chairman [[Maulana]] [[Masroor Abbas Ansari]] strongly condemned the ban calling it unjustified & unfair ban and unconstitutional. He said that his organization has advocated for the aspirations & rights of the people of J&K through completely peaceful, non-violent & democratic means & seeks a permanent & lasting solution to the problems of people.
He added that religious sentiments of Millions of people are associated with JKIM and this organization has always been a pioneer in social services & its connection with the people is strong and invincible, so this voice cannot be silenced.
He urged the MHA to review this decision and revoke the ban because coercion and restrictions do not solve problems but create further complications. “If they don’t, we will pursue legal action. Justice may be delayed in Kashmir, but we will continue to fight.”<ref> https://maktoobmedia.com/india/undemocratic-lack-of-confidence-in-union-govt-kashmiris-decry-ban-on-two-kashmiri-groups/</ref>

==List of officeholders==

<timeline>
ImageSize = width:500 height:auto barincrement:40
PlotArea = top:10 bottom:20 right:5 left:5
AlignBars = late
DateFormat = yyyy
Period = from:1962 till:2055
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:1962
Colors =
id:Past value:green
id:Actual value:yellow
BarData =
barset:PM
PlotData =
align:left fontsize:S shift:(3,-4) anchor:from width:20
barset:PM
from: 1962 till: 2022 color:Past text:"[[Mohammad Abbas Ansari]]" fontsize:12
from: 2022 till: end color:Actual text:"[[Masroor Abbas Ansari]]" fontsize:12
barset:Skip
</timeline>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}};color:white"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}};color:white"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}};color:white"|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=3 style="background-color:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}};color:white"|Term in office
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}};color:white"|Reference
|-
!style="background-color:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}};color:white"|Assumed office
!style="background-color:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}};color:white"|Left office
!style="background-color:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}};color:white"|Time in office
|-
!1
| [[File:Mohammad Abbas Ansari.jpeg|227x227px]]
|[[Mohammad Abbas Ansari]] (1936–2022)
| 31 March 1962
| 25 October 2022
|{{age in years and days|5 March 1962|25 October 2022}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-25 |title=Peace Advocate, Ex-Hurriyat Chairman Abbas Ansari Dies in Srinagar {{!}} NewsClick |url=https://www.newsclick.in/peace-advocate-ex-hurriyat-chairman-abbas-ansari-dies-srinagar?amp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127062724/https://www.newsclick.in/peace-advocate-ex-hurriyat-chairman-abbas-ansari-dies-srinagar?amp |archive-date=27 November 2024 |access-date=2025-02-04 |work=NewsClick |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!2
|[[File:2024_Meeting_of_members,_Srinagar.jpg|180x180px]]
|[[Masroor Abbas Ansari]] (b. 1975)
| 27 October 2022
| Incumbent
| {{age in years and days|25 October 2022}}
|<ref> {{Cite web |date=2022-10-26 |title=Abbas Ansari passes away in Srinagar |url=https://kashmirreader.com/2022/10/26/abbas-ansari-passes-away-in-srinagar/ |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=Kashmir Reader |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}
==See also==
* [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference]]
* [[Mohammad Abbas Ansari]]
* [[Masroor Abbas Ansari]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Political parties in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Kashmir separatist movement]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1962]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jammu and Kashmir Ittihadul Muslimeen}}

Associated Cement Company cricket team

2025-09-18T15:39:39Z

Matrika: formatting fix

{{Short description|Indian cricket team}}
'''Associated Cement Company''' were an [[India]]n [[first-class cricket]] team, sponsored by [[ACC Limited|the Associated Cement Company]], that competed in the [[Moin-ud-Dowlah Gold Cup Tournament]] and played other first-class matches between 1961 and 1971.

==Tour of Pakistan, 1961-62==
Under the captaincy of the former [[Test cricket|Test]] player [[Madhav Mantri]], who had just turned 40 and had not played regular first-class cricket since 1956–57, Associated Cement Company toured [[Pakistan]] in September 1961, playing three first-class matches.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/3/Associated_Cement_Company_in_Pakistan_1961-62.html Associated Cement Company in Pakistan 1961-62]</ref> [[Ebrahim Maka]] and [[Rusi Modi]] were two other members of the team whose Test careers had finished in the early 1950s. In contrast, [[Dilip Sardesai]] played his first Test a few weeks after the tour, and five members of the team made their first-class debuts in the match in [[Lahore]] against [[Pakistan Eaglets cricket team|Pakistan Eaglets]].<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/25/25161.html Pakistan Eaglets v Associated Cement Company 1961-62]</ref>

Mantri made the team's top score of the tour with 73 in the second innings against Pakistan Eaglets after the team had trailed on the first innings by 183 runs. Needing 130 to win, Pakistan Eaglets finished on 101 for 7, [[Bal Kadbet]] taking 4 for 29 on his first-class debut. [[Imtiaz Ahmed (cricketer, born 1928)|Imtiaz Ahmed]]'s XI won the next match by 54 runs, although Sardesai made 68 and 34, top-scoring in each innings, and [[Polly Umrigar]] took 5 for 58 and 7 for 32.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/25/25165.html Imtiaz Ahmed's XI v Associated Cement Company 1961-62]</ref> Umrigar also took five wickets in an innings in the last match, against [[Pakistan International Airlines cricket team|Pakistan International Airlines]], but Associated Cement Company lost by an innings.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/25/25166.html Pakistan International Airlines v Associated Cement Company 1961-62]</ref>

==Moin-ud-Dowlah Gold Cup Tournament, 1962-63 to 1971-72==
Associated Cement Company were more successful in the Moin-ud-Dowlah Gold Cup Tournament. They won in the first season of the tournament's revival in 1962–63, finished second in 1963–64, then won again in 1964–65.{{cn|date=July 2024}}

Fielding nine players who had made the tour to Pakistan, and captained again by Mantri, they had the better of their two drawn matches in the 1962-63 tournament. In the final against M.A. Chidambaram's XI, Umrigar made 60 and 104 and took three wickets, and [[Bapu Nadkarni]] made 98 and 77 and took six wickets.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/25/25817.html Associated Cement Company v M.A. Chidambaram's XI 1962-63]</ref> Their first-innings lead won them the trophy. Later that season, in a [[friendly match]] in aid of the national Defence Fund, Associated Cement Company had their first outright victory, over the [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]] Chief Minister's XI.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/25/25962.html Andhra Chief Minister's XI v Associated Cement Company 1962-63]</ref>

Nadkarni took over the captaincy in 1963–64. Associated Cement Company won their semi-final against Hyderabad Cricket Association XI by an innings,<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/26/26451.html Hyderabad Cricket Association XI v Associated Cement Company 1963-64]</ref> but lost the low-scoring final by five wickets.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/26/26452.html Associated Cement Company v Maharaj Kumar of Vizianagram's XI 1963-64]</ref> In 1964–65, they again won their semi-final, then overwhelmed the [[Indian Starlets]] in the final when Sardesai scored 222 and Umrigar 128, putting on 297 for the fourth wicket.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/27/27263.html Associated Cement Company v Indian Starlets 1964-65]</ref>

[[State Bank of India cricket team|State Bank of India]] took a five-run first-innings lead in a drawn semi-final to knock Associated Cement Company out of the 1965-66 tournament.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/27/27807.html Associated Cement Company v State Bank of India 1965-66]</ref> Associated Cement Company's last appearances were in the 1971-72 tournament, when captained by [[Vijay Bhosle]] they were unable to match State Bank of India's first innings of 500 for 7 declared in the final. Bhosle top-scored with 91.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/32/32047.html Associated Cement Company v State Bank of India 1971-72]</ref>

==Overall record==
In all, Associated Cement Company played 13 first-class matches, winning three, losing three, and drawing seven.

==Leading players==
The three leading players were Nadkarni (12 matches, 702 runs at 39.00,<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1035/f_Batting_by_Team.html Bapu Nadkarni batting by team]</ref> 51 wickets at 16.05),<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1035/f_Bowling_by_Team.html Bapu Nadkarni bowling by team]</ref> Umrigar (11 matches, 798 runs at 44.33,<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/0/838/f_Batting_by_Team.html Polly Umrigar batting by team]</ref> 40 wickets at 18.65) <ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/0/838/f_Bowling_by_Team.html Polly Umrigar bowling by team]</ref> and Sardesai (9 matches, 734 runs at 45.87).<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1162/f_Batting_by_Team.html Dilip Sardesai batting by team]</ref> Several players played their entire first-class careers with Associated Cement Company, among whom [[Bal Kadbet]] (11 matches, 20 wickets at 32.30) played the most matches. [[Vishwanath Bondre]]<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/38/38428/38428.html Vishwanath Bondre at CricketArchive]</ref> was the only player to appear in all 13 matches.

==Other matches==
Associated Cement Company are one of the teams that have taken part in the ''[[Times of India]]'' Challenge Shield, an annual sub-first-class cricket tournament contested in [[Mumbai]] by company teams since 1931. Associated Cement Company won the Shield five times between 1952 and 1961.<ref>James Astill, ''The Great Tamasha'', Wisden Sports Writing, London, 2013, pp. 40-41.</ref><ref>Boria Majumdar, ''Cricket in Colonial India 1780-1947'', Routledge, London, 2008, p. 136.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/503/First-Class_Matches.html First-class matches played by Associated Cement Company at CricketArchive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215054705/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/503/First-Class_Matches.html |date=2017-12-15 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Associated Cement Company cricket team}}
[[Category:First-class cricket teams in India]]
[[Category:Former senior cricket teams in India]]

Monti Fest

2025-09-08T08:20:17Z

Matrika:

{{Short description|Konkani Catholic feast}}
{{italics}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}

[[File:Monti Fest Pune.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A Monti Fest celebration by Mangalorean Catholics in [[Poona (Pune)]], [[Maharashtra]]]]
'''''Monti Fest''''' is a [[Catholic Christian]] festival held on the 8th of September every year, by the [[Latin Christian]] community of [[Konkani people]], originating in the [[Konkan region]] of [[Indian Christians|India]] & the Konkani Christian migrants in the [[Canara]] sub-region of [[Carnataca]], India.<ref>
{{cite news
| last = Dsouza
| first = Anil
| url = https://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusiveDisplay.aspx?articlesID=5066
| title = Monthi Fest – Much More than Tradition
| date = 7 September 2019
| publisher = [[Daijiworld Media|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd, Mangalore]]
| access-date = 10 September 2019
}}
</ref> This festival celebrates the [[Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary]].

For the [[Mangalorean Christian]]s the feast day includes the blessing of ''novem'' (new crops),<ref>
{{cite news
| last = Lobo
| first = Dean
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/monti-fest-novem-jevan-and-vorn-join-in-the-mangalorean-feast/articleshow/60409861.cms
| title = Monti Fest, novem jevan and vorn...join in the Mangalorean feast
| date = 8 September 2017
| work = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 10 September 2019
}}
</ref> it is also marked by ''novem jevan'' (vegetarian meals) & because it is also a [[harvest festival]] for Mangalorean Christians.<ref>{{cite web | title=Monti Fest, novem jevan and vorn...join in the Mangalorean feast | work=The Times of India | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/monti-fest-novem-jevan-and-vorn-join-in-the-mangalorean-feast/amp_articleshow/60409861.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250908072841/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/monti-fest-novem-jevan-and-vorn-join-in-the-mangalorean-feast/amp_articleshow/60409861.cms | archive-date=8 September 2025 }}</ref> In certain [[Goan Catholic]] dialects the festival's name is corrupted to "''Moti Fest''".<ref>
{{cite news
| last = Couthino
| first = Jenny
| date = 9 October 2008
| title = Moti Fest, pork sausages and Church of Qatar
| url = http://www.merinews.com/catFull.jsp?articleID=143490
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20121208205433/http://www.merinews.com/catFull.jsp?articleID=143490
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 8 December 2012
| work = Merinews
| access-date = 10 September 2019
}}
</ref>

According to the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] scholar, [[Pratap Naik]], the festival derives its name from the ''[[Capela de Nossa Senhora do Monte]]'' ([[indo-Portuguese creole|Portuguese]] for "Chapel of Our Lady of the Mount") in [[Old Goa]].<ref name=“naik”>
{{cite news
|last= Monterio
|first= John
|date= 8 September 2015
|title= Monthi Fest rooted in Goa - Not in Farangipet?
|url= http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=351626
|publisher= [[Daijiworld Media|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd, Mangalore]]
|quote= In his article published in ''Raknno'', the Konkani weekly of the [[Diocese of Mangalore]], dated 3 September 2015, Fr Pratap Naik SJ, opines that the festival originated in [[Old Goa]] during the sixteenth century AD.
|access-date= 10 September 2019}}
</ref> The chapel was constructed in 1519 on a hillock commanding a view of the [[Mandovi River]] on the orders of [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] in honour of [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Our Lady]].<ref>
{{cite web
| url = https://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/attractions/church-of-our-lady-of-the-mount/a/poi-sig/1047342/356195
| title = Church of Our Lady of the Mount: Church in Old Goa
| publisher = [[Lonely Planet]]
| access-date = 10 September 2019
}}
</ref> The feast day on 8 September, called ''Monti Saibinnichem Fest'' (Konkani for "Feast of the Lady of the Mount"), was instituted in the sixteenth century and continues to this day. Flowers and garlands are an integral part of the celebration, leading to the Konkani epithet ''Fulanchem Fest'' (Feast of flowers).<ref>
{{cite news
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/the-feast-of-our-lady-of-the-mount-at-old-goa/articleshow/65767851.cms
| title = The feast of Our Lady of the Mount at Old Goa
| date = 11 September 2017
| work = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 10 September 2019
}}
</ref>

Naik observes the following: [[Shaivite]] Konkani people of those days celebrated the festival associated with [[Gowri Habba]] and [[Ganesh Chaturthi]]. According to the Hindu calendar, [[Bhadrapad]] month commences after [[Shravana (month)|Shravan]] month. On the fourth day of Bhadrapad comes [[Ganesh Chaturthi]]. For this feast all members of the Konkani Hindu family gather and celebrate from one-and-half to ten days. During this festive period [[Ganesha]]'s idol is installed in the house and flowers are offered to it daily. On one day during this festive period new corn is ceremoniously partaken. The [[Christianisation of Goa]] led to the mass conversion of Hindus from Ilhas de Goa ([[Tiswadi]]), Jesuits taught the converts to give [[votive offerings]] of flowers to honour ''Monti Saibinn'' (the Lady of the Mount) instead. Thus, the Nativity feast which is celebrated by most Christians all over the world on 8 September, came to be called ''Monti Saibinichem Fest'' (the Feast of the Lady of the Mount) for Konkani Christians.

Thanks to the initiative taken by Joachim Miranda, Monti Fest celebrations were renewed at [[Monte Mariano Church]], [[Farangipet]], Mangalore in 1799, after a 15-year-long intermission due to the [[Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam]] which ended with the [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)]]. Miranda was a Goan posted in Mangalore at the time, and would have been familiar with the festal celebration in Goa. Thus, Goa is said to be the original host of ''Monti Fest''.<ref name=“naik”/> Though [[Tippu Sultan]] destroyed the churches, seminaries & convents of Canara; he spared the Monte Mariano Church at Farangipet in deference to the friendship of his father [[Hyder Ali]] with Miranda.<ref>
{{cite news
| last = Patrao
| first = Michael
| date = 7 September 2019
| title = Friendship anchors a harvest fest
| url = https://www.deccanherald.com/spectrum/spectrum-top-stories/friendship-anchors-a-harvest-fest-759650.html
| work = [[The Deccan Herald]]
| access-date = 10 September 2019
}}
</ref> The [[Bandra Fest]], celebrated by the [[Bombay East Indian Catholics]], is a similar grand affair & coincides annually with ''Monti Fest''.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{Goan Catholics}}

[[Category:Patronal festivals in India]]
[[Category:Mangalorean Catholics| ]]
[[Category:September observances]]
[[Category:Marian feast days]]

Nilamber-Pitamber University

2025-09-07T00:48:37Z

Matrika: cleanup

{{short description|State university in Medininagar, Jharkhand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| image = Nilamber-Pitamber University logo.png
| name = Nilamber-Pitamber University
| motto =
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|2009}}
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| endowment =
| chairman =
| chancellor = [[Governor of Jharkhand]]
| vice_chancellor = Dr. Dinesh Kumar Singh
| city = [[Medininagar]]
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| country = [[India]]
| coor =
| publictransit =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| staff =
| former_names =
| campus = [[Urban areas|Urban]]
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]<ref name="ugc.gov.in">{{cite web | title= State University | website=ugc.gov.in | url=https://www.ugc.gov.in/stateuniversitylist.aspx?id=hNojG1lMzmFiTOmAQfy4gQ==&Unitype=iA7z/ds2To+MdcuCvitOpQ== | access-date=19 Mar 2023}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://www.npu.ac.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Nilamber-Pitamber University''' ('''NPU''') is a [[state university (India)|state university]] located in [[Medininagar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[India]].<ref name="Lagatar English 2023">{{cite web | title=Daltonganj: 431 applications for 134 PhD seats in Nilamber-Pitamber University | website=Lagatar English | date=1 Mar 2023 | url=https://lagatar24.com/daltonganj-431-applications-for-134-phd-seats-in-nilamber-pitamber-university/151996/ | access-date=19 Mar 2023}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India 2023">{{cite web | title=Nilamber Pitamber University Extends Last Date For Phd Application - Ranchi News | website=The Times of India | date=24 Feb 2023 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/nilamber-pitamber-university-extends-last-date-for-phd-application/articleshow/98194961.cms | access-date=19 Mar 2023}}</ref><ref name="Lagatar English 2022">{{cite web | title=Daltonganj: Nilamber Pitamber University set to move to new admin building | website=Lagatar English | date=2 Aug 2022 | url=https://lagatar24.com/daltonganj-nilamber-pitamber-university-set-to-move-to-new-admin-building/111967/ | access-date=19 Mar 2023}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph India 2020">{{cite web | title=Nilamber-Pitamber University looks for exam centres to accommodate student rush | website=Telegraph India | date=23 Aug 2020 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/nilamber-pitamber-university-looks-for-exam-centres-to-accommodate-student-rush/cid/1789867 | access-date=19 Mar 2023}}</ref>

== Colleges ==
Sources:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Colleges {{!}} Nilamber-Pitamber University. |url=https://npu.ac.in/Pages/Colleges |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=npu.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-20 |title=List Of Colleges Affiliated With Nilamber-Pitamber University, Palamu - We Make Simple |url=https://wemakesimple.com/list-of-colleges-affiliated-to-nilamber-pitamber-university-palamu/ |access-date=2023-03-20 |language=hi-IN}}</ref>
=== Constituent colleges ===

* G.L.A. College, Medininagar
* J. S. College, Medininagar
* Y.S.N.M. College, Medininagar
* S.S.J.S.N. College, Garhwa
* Degree College, Manika, Latehar
* Model Degree College, Garhwa

=== Permanent Affiliated Colleges ===

* Banwari Sahu College, Latehar
* A.K. Singh College, Japla
* S.P.D. College, Garhwa
* B.S.M. College, Bhawanathpur
* Majdur Kisan College, Panki
* Gopinath Singh Mahila College, Garhwa

=== Affiliated Colleges ===

* Sukhdeo Sahay Madheshwar Sahay Degree College, Tarhassi
* Gulab Chand Prasad Agrawal Degree College, Sadma, Chhattarpur
* Sankar Pratap Dev Degree College, Nagar Untanri, Garhwa
* Sant Tulsi Dash College, Rehla, Palamu
* Vananchal College of Science, Garhwa
* St. Xavier College, Mahuadand, Jharkhand
* Maa Nagina Shahi Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Nagaruntari
* Haji Naeemul Haque Degree College Dhurki, Garhwa
* Shonebhadra Adarsh Degree College, Kandi

=== Medical College ===

* [[Medini Rai Medical College and Hospital, Palamu]]

=== Dental College ===

* Vananchal Dental College & Hospital, Garhwa

=== B.ED. Colleges ===

* G.L.A. College B.Ed. Course, Medininagar
* Indra Singh B.Ed. College, Garhwa
* Kumaresh International B.Ed. College, Rajwadih, Palamu
* Jyoti Prakash Mahila B.Ed. College, Chiyanki, Palamu
* Elite Public B.Ed. College, Medininagar, Palamu
* S.B. Pandey Sanathan Teachers Training College
* R.K. Vyawasaik Sikshan Sansthan, Sonpurwa, Garhwa
* Sidhnath B.Ed. College
* Pt. Jagnarayan Tripathi B.Ed. College
* Gopinath Singh B.Ed. College, Latdag, Meral
* K.P.N.S. B.Ed. College, Chainpur

=== LAW College ===

* Bhishma Narain Singh Law College, Medininagar, Palamu

=== Nursing Colleges ===

* Vananchal College of Nursing, Farathia, Garhwa
* Arogyam Hospital & College of Nursing, Garhwa
* Aviram G.V.S.S. College of Nursing, Chandwa

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.npu.ac.in/}}

{{Universities in Jharkhand}}
{{Nilamber-Pitamber University}}
{{authority control}}

{{coord|24.042|84.091|display=title}}

[[Category:Nilamber-Pitamber University| ]]
[[Category:Medininagar]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2009]]
[[Category:State universities in Jharkhand]]

{{Jharkhand-university-stub}}

The Bioscope Man

2025-07-18T18:46:21Z

Matrika: Started new post

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox book
| name = The Bioscope Man
| orig title =
| translator =
| image = The Bioscope Man.jpg
| author = [[Indrajit Hazra]]
| cover_artist =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| genre = [[Novel]]
| publisher = Penguin Books India
| release_date = 1 May 2008
| media_type = Paperback
| pages = pp 308
| isbn = 9780143101741
| oclc=
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}

'''''The Bioscope Man''''' is the third novel of Indian author [[Indrajit Hazra]]. It is set in [[Calcutta]] and stitches early 20th century Indian cultural and cinema history with the farcical story of Abani Chatterjee to conduct a darkly comic investigation of the phenomena of pretending, lying and acting. It was published by [[Penguin Group|Penguin]] Books [[India]] on 1 May 2008,<ref>See Penguin India's page on ''The Bioscope Man'' http://www.penguinbooksindia.com/en/content/bioscope-man</ref> and was translated into French the following year by Marc Amfreville. The French translation was entitled ''Le Roi du Cinéma Muet'' and was published by Le Cherche Midi.<ref>Hazra's author page on his French publisher's website http://www.cherche-midi.com/theme/Le_roi_du_cinema_muet-Indrajit_HAZRA-9782749113906.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://loumanolit.canalblog.com/archives/2010/08/31/18730372.html|title = Indrajit Hazra - le Roi du cinéma muet - Lectures de Lounima|date = 31 August 2010}}</ref>

==Plot summary==

''The Bioscope Man'' is the recollections of Abani Chatterjee, a washed-out silent-era movie actor, who, through this book, makes a bid to convince the reader that misfortune and bad taste of [[The Times|the times]] conspired to turn him into a non-entity.

As [[Calcutta]]'s star begins to fade, with the capital of His Majesty's India shifting to [[Delhi]], Abani's is on the rise. He is well on his way to becoming the country's first silent-screen star. But just as he is about to find fame and adulation, absurd personal disaster strikes, and Abani becomes a pariah in the world of the bioscope. In a city recently stripped of power and prestige, and in a family house that is in disrepair, he spins himself into a cocoon of solitude and denial, a talent he has inherited from both his parents.

In 1920, German director [[Fritz Lang]] comes calling to make his "India film" on the great 18th century English Orientalist Sir [[William Jones (philologist)|William Jones]]. When Abani is offered a role, he convinces Lang to make a bioscope on Pandit Ramlochan Sharma, Jones' Sanskrit tutor, instead. Naturally, Abani plays the lead. The result is ''The Pandit and the Englishman'', a film that mirrors the vocabulary of Abani's life, hinting at the dangers of pretence and turning away, the virtues of lying and self-deception, the deranging allure of fame and impossible affections.

Afterwards, Abani writes a long letter, in which he tells his story. ''The Bioscope Man'' is that story.

==Characters==

* ''Tarini Chatterjee'': Abani's father, a senior clerk at East Indian Railway.
* ''Shabitri Chatterjee'': Abani's mother, a housewife.
* ''Adela Quested'': Daughter of Tarini's boss at [[Great Eastern Railway]], Edward Quested
* ''Shombhu Lahiri (Shombhu-mama)'': Abani's uncle, chief projectionist at the Elphinstone theatre, who introduces him to the bioscope world.
* ''Durga Devi/Felicia Miller'': Actress who would co-star in bioscopes with Abani.
* ''Lalji Hemraj'': Businessman who starts the Alochhaya Theatre and Bioscope Company.
* ''Fritz Lang'': Austrian filmmaker who comes from Berlin to Calcutta to make his "India film".
* ''William Jones'': 18th century English scholar of ancient Indian texts and founder of [[the Asiatic Society]].
* ''Ramlochan Sharma'': Sanskrit and grammar tutor to William Jones.
* ''Anna Maria Jones'': Wife of William Jones.
* ''Kuli'': Girl who conducts daily chores for Ramlochan.

==Reception==

Brinda Bose wrote in ''[[India Today]]'', "journalist and novelist Indrajit Hazra's ''The Bioscope Man'' sneaks us adroitly past the cameras of the silent film industry and exposes with a wacky and trenchant black humour the bathos, the pathos and the incredible magic of the moving image in the heart of Bengali-land about a hundred years ago. There is no denying that Hazra's third novel is as much a paean to [[Calcutta]] as it is to cinema, but refreshingly, it is never sentimental, crisscrossed as it is continually by an incisive, rigorous irony of vision and verbal play that serves to remind us that the city, somewhat like the pictures that it throws up on celluloid, is at least partially what we make of it—or make up about it."<ref name="Bose 2008">{{cite news |last1=Bose |first1=Brinda |title=Silence in the city |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/books/story/20080623-silence-in-the-city-736601-2008-06-12 |access-date=21 July 2021 |work=India Today |date=14 June 2008}}</ref>

Madhu Jain of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote, "While the author has woven many themes into the novel - a critique of [[Orientalism]], a portrait of the Bengali bhadralok in Victorian India, self-deception, the birth and infancy of silent movies - it is the marvellously drawn portrait of the actor whose rapid rise and fall marks him. The actor's reflections upon his life and work are riveting."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jain |first1=Madhu |title=The truth will set you free |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/booksreviews/The-truth-will-set-you-free/Article1-314794.aspx |access-date=21 July 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=2 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629070324/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/booksreviews/The-truth-will-set-you-free/Article1-314794.aspx |archive-date=29 June 2010}}</ref>

''The Book Review'' magazine praised Hazra's craft of telling a powerful story and his use of English language in a creative and artistic manner in its review of ''The Bioscope Man''. "''The Bioscope Man'' is the longest and most ambitious of his three books," the magazine wrote, "but Hazra does not disappoint. Far from it. In fact, he proves without a doubt that this country can produce English writers in whose hands the language is a hundred-eyed beast, shimmering with myriad coloured scales, tamed and trained to turn reading into a fast moving motion of coherently flowing images....Hazra should be read for his prose alone. But he also knows how to tell a meaty story with deft techniques... ''The Bioscope Man'' is a ragingly powerful story."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rumjhumkbiswas.wordpress.com/2009/06/16/the-trajectory-of-chiaroscuro/ |title=THE TRAJECTORY OF CHIAROSCURO {{pipe}} Writers & Writerisms |accessdate=2013-06-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606172453/http://rumjhumkbiswas.wordpress.com/2009/06/16/the-trajectory-of-chiaroscuro/ |archivedate=2014-06-06 }}</ref>

The French translation of the novel was reviewed on the La PAL D'Heclea literary blog. The blog said, "Moi qui aime, par moments, sortir de ma zone de confort (comprendre les romans policiers, les thrillers et de temps en temps de la fantasy), on peut dire que j'ai été on ne peut plus gâtée! Pour commencer, j'ai adoré l'écriture, magnifique (bon j'ai lu une traduction, mais je pense que le fond est tout de même là), j'ai relu certaines phrases plusieurs fois, pas parce que je ne comprenais pas mais juste pour le plaisir... et il est rare que je m'arrête dans ma lecture pour me dire "Wahouh c'est super bien dit"..."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hecleaspal.canalblog.com/archives/2009/09/08/14996517.html|title = {Le Roi du cinéma muet} de Indrajit Hazra - la P(ile) A L(ire) d'Heclea|date = 8 September 2009}}</ref>

==Previous works==

Before publishing ''The Bioscope Man'', Indrajit Hazra also published ''The Burnt Forehead of Max Saul'' (Ravi Dayal Publisher, 2000) and ''The Garden of Earthly Delights'' (India Ink, 2003). Both of these novels were also translated into French.<ref>See Hazra's bio on Penguin India's website http://www.penguinbooksindia.com/en/content/indrajit-hazra</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bioscope Man}}
[[Category:2008 Indian novels]]
[[Category:Novels set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Novels about actors]]

Lal Chowk Assembly constituency

2025-07-16T16:32:49Z

Matrika: creating new article

{{Update|date=August 2024}}
{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Lal Chowk
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 22
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = Sheikh Ahsan Ahmed
| party = [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|district = [[Srinagar district|Srinagar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Srinagar Lok Sabha constituency|Srinagar]]
|established = 2022
|electors = 
|reservation = None
}}

'''Lal Chowk Assembly constituency''' is an assembly constituency in the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-16 |title=Srinagar Legislative Assembly 2024: Dates, schedule, key candidates; all you need to know |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/jammu-kashmir/srinagar-legislative-assembly-2024-dates-schedule-key-candidates-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/112564833.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-08-17 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Sheikh Ahsan Ahmed]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Lal Chowk<ref name="&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Lal Chowk">{{cite news |title=&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Lal Chowk |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0822.htm |access-date=16 July 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=8 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716163034/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0822.htm |archive-date=16 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sheikh Ahsan Ahmed]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |votes=16,731 |percentage=45.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohammad Ashraf Mir]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party |votes=5,388 |percentage=14.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zuhaib Yousf Mir |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=4,966 |percentage=13.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manzoor Ahmad Bhat |party=Independent politician |votes=4,475 |percentage=12.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aijaz Hussain Rather |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,881 |percentage=8.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gazanfar Ali |party=Independent politician |votes=461 |percentage=1.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rashid Haroon |party=Jammu and Kashmir Awami National Conference |votes=374 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=585 |percentage=1.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,343 |percentage=30.81% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=36,811 |percentage=34.34% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,07,199 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]

Hinduism in Cuba

2025-05-30T18:58:53Z

Matrika: new the info initial version...

{{Short description|none}} 
[[Hinduism]] is a [[minority religion]] in [[Cuba]]. Hinduism is followed by 0.2% of the population of Cuba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_63_2.asp|title=Cuba, Religion And Social Profile - National Profiles - International Data - TheARDA|website=Thearda.com|access-date=22 April 2019|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020141323/https://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_63_2.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.religiousintelligence.co.uk/country/?CountryID=76|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194233/http://www.religiousintelligence.co.uk/country/?CountryID=76|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 September 2007|title=Religious Intelligence - Country Profile: Cuba (Republic of Cuba)|date=27 September 2007|access-date=22 April 2019}}</ref> [[ISKCON]] also has a presence in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iskconnews.org/krishna-comes-to-cuba,3256/|title=Krishna Comes to Cuba|website=Iskconnews.org|access-date=22 April 2019|archive-date=22 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422222622/https://iskconnews.org/krishna-comes-to-cuba,3256/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations
|title = Historical Population
|type =
|footnote =
|align = left
|width =
|state =
|shading =
|pop_name =
|percentages =
|source = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_63_2.asp|title=Cuba, Religion And Social Profile - National Profiles - International Data - TheARDA|website=Thearda.com|access-date=22 April 2019|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020141323/https://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_63_2.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|2007|23,927
}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! '''Year'''
! '''Percent'''
! '''Increase'''
|-
| '''2007'''
| '''0.2%'''
| style="background:" | '''-'''
|}

In 2007, Cuba had about 23,927 Hindus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_63_2.asp|title=Cuba, Religion And Social Profile - National Profiles - International Data - TheARDA|website=Thearda.com|access-date=22 April 2019|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020141323/https://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_63_2.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{North America in topic|Hinduism in}}

[[Category:Religion in Cuba]]
[[Category:Hinduism in North America|Cuba]]
[[Category:Hinduism by country|Cuba]]

Coat of arms of Sikkim

2025-05-22T00:28:43Z

Matrika: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Emblem of Sikkim]]

Panchali (narrative form)

2025-03-23T23:47:02Z

Matrika: put up biography - done

'''Panchali''' is an [[Speech|oral]] [[narrative form]] of songs and stories in [[Assamese people|Assamese]] and [[Bengali culture]].<ref name="Roy2010">{{cite book|last=Roy|first=Manisha|title=Bengali Women|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xOZOS5DlsTcC&pg=PA191|accessdate=29 August 2015|date=2010-02-15|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226230443|pages=191–}}</ref> ('''panchali gaan''' collectively refers to the Bengali ballad songs) During a panchali recitation, the singer walks among the listeners making gestures to accompany the story.<ref name="Datta1992">{{cite book|last=Datta|first=Utpal|title=Girish Chandra Ghosh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oCARY9BKjT4C&pg=PA8|accessdate=29 August 2015|date=1992-01-01|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=9788172011970|pages=8–}}</ref> The tradition is found among both Hindu and Muslim communities.<ref name="Sengupta2011">{{cite book|last=Sengupta|first=Nitish K.|title=Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVSh_TyJ0YoC&pg=PA113|accessdate=29 August 2015|date=2011-01-01|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=9780143416784|pages=113–}}</ref> The themes are typically religious and reflect a variety of impacts on the culture through a period of several centuries.<ref name="Yamin">{{cite book|last=Yamin|first=Mohammed|title=Impact of Islam on Orissan Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AN5KebBJxzcC&pg=PA61|accessdate=29 August 2015|publisher=Readworthy|isbn=9789350181027|pages=61–}}</ref> Some focus on the duties of a good wife.<ref name="Roy2010"/>

Interspersed in the presentation of Bengali folk opera, there are frequently breaks which are filled with panchali and other forms of songs.<ref name="ChakrabartiChakrabarti2013">{{cite book|last1=Chakrabarti|first1=Kunal|last2=Chakrabarti|first2=Shubhra|title=Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVOFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA465|accessdate=29 August 2015|date=2013-08-22|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810880245|pages=465–}}</ref> The panchali is followed by the singing of a religious song in [[Assam]].<ref name="Barthakur2003">{{cite book|last=Barthakur|first=Dilip Ranjan|title=The Music and Musical Instruments of North Eastern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oP4vH-4oSEcC&pg=PA42|accessdate=29 August 2015|year=2003|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170998815|pages=42–}}</ref>

Some popular Bengali "panchali"s include [[Lokkhir panchali (The Ballad of Goddess Lakshmi)]], [[Sriram panchali (Ballad about Ram)|Sriram panchali (The Ballad Lord Rāma)]], [[Bishohorir panchali (Ballad of Manasa)|Bishohorir panchali (The Ballad of Goddess Manasā)]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Narrative forms]]
[[Category:Culture of Bengal]]
[[Category:Folk opera]]

Aurat

2025-02-13T22:38:37Z

Matrika: starting info...

{{Wiktionary}}
{{Wikiquote}}
'''Aurat''' may refer to:

[[Aurat (word)]], the word for woman in many Asian languages
{{TOC right}}

==Movements==
* [[Aurat March]], a women's procession walk in Pakistan
* [[Aurat Foundation]], a women's rights organization in Delhi, India

==Films==
* [[Aurat (1940 film)|''Aurat'' (1940 film)]], an Indian film directed by Mehboob Khan
* [[Aurat (1953 film)|''Aurat'' (1953 film)]], a Hindi film directed by B. Verma
* [[Aurat (1967 film)|''Aurat'' (1967 film)]], an Indian Hindi-language film directed by S. S. Balan
* ''[[Aurat Pair Ki Juti Nahin Hai]]'', a 1985 Indian drama film directed by B.K. Adarsh
* [[Aurat (1986 film)|''Aurat'' (1986 film)]], by B. R. Ishaara and starring Zeenat Aman, see [[Zeenat Aman filmography]]
* ''[[Zakhmi Aurat]]'', a 1988 Indian Hindi movie directed by Avtar Bhogal
* [[Aurat Teri Yehi Kahani (1954 film)|''Aurat Teri Yehi Kahani'' (1954 film)]], a Hindi film directed by Chaturbhuj Doshi
* ''[[Aurat Teri Yehi Kahani]]'', a 1988 Indian Bollywood film directed by Mohanji Prasad
* ''[[Aaj Kie Aurat]]'', a 1993 Indian film
* ''[[Aurat Aurat Aurat]]'', a 1996 Bollywood film directed by K. Vishwanath

== Television ==
* ''[[Adhoori Aurat]]'', a 2013 Pakistani drama serial
* [[Aurat (TV series)|''Aurat'' (TV series)]], a 1990s Doordarshan India TV series

==Other==
* Awrah, or [[intimate parts in Islam]]

{{disambiguation}}