Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Hanuman Ansh

2026-07-15T14:32:27Z

Masterstrock:

{{Infobox film
| image = Poster_of_Hanuman_Ansh.jpg
| caption = Poster of Hanuman Ansh
| director = Vishal Chaturvedi<ref>{{cite news |title=Film Inspired by Sant Sri Neem Karoli Baba, Hanuman Ansh Set for June Release |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/film-inspired-by-sant-sri-neem-karoli-baba-hanuman-ansh-set-for-june-release20260227184627/ |work=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>
| writer = Vishal Chaturvedi
| producer = Ragini S, Namrata G Singh, Anupriya A Nagar, Sudha Chaturvedi
| starring = [[Chandan Anand]], Shobhinaw Satyaa, Purnima Tiwari,
| cinematography = Vishal Bawa
| editing = Shankh Rajadhyaksha
| music = Sadhu Sushil Tiwari
| studio = Swambhu Media Network
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|7|31}}
| runtime = 150
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
| italic_title =
| name =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| native_name =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = Divine Detour
| narrator =
| animator =
| layout_artist =
| background_artist =
| color_process =
}}

'''Hanuman Ansh''' is an upcoming Bollywood devotional drama film, written and directed by Vishal Chaturvedi<ref>{{cite news |title=Film Hanuman Ansh Offers Spiritual Solutions to Societal Problems," Says Director Vishal Chaturvedi |url=https://www.mid-day.com/buzzfeed/article/film-hanuman-ansh-offers-spiritual-solutions-to-societal-problems-says-director-vishal-chaturvedi-9044 |access-date=2 March 2026 |work=Mid-day}}</ref>. Based on the life of [[Neem Karoli Baba]],<ref>{{cite news |title='संत बने एक्टर, चरित्र से खिलवाड़ नहीं', नीम करोली बाबा पर बनेगी फिल्म, प्रेमानंद महाराज ने दी चेतावनी |url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/bollywood-news/story/neem-karoli-baba-biopic-hanuman-ansh-film-premanand-maharaj-warned-tmova-dskc-2517847-2026-04-07 |access-date=7 April 2026 |work=AajTak |date=7 April 2026 |language=hi}}</ref> popularly known as Maharaj-ji, it is said to be the first part of a spiritual trilogy based on the book “Divine Detour” by Vishal Chaturvedi<ref>{{cite web |title=A Doctor's 20-Year Divine Journey to Make "Hanuman Ansh" {{!}} The Magic of Kainchi Dham | website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3oyk-9gLxjA |date=1 June 2026}}</ref>. Hanuman Ansh is produced by Swambhu Media Network Pvt. Ltd., Ragini S., Namrata G. S., and Anupriya A. Nagar.
Hanuman Ansh has an ensemble cast. Chandan Anand and Shobhinav Satyaa<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=
Yogesh Shukla |user=yogeshshuklabkt |number=2061051287358328899 |title=आज मेरे शासकीय आवास,लालबाग पर "हनुमान अंश" फिल्म के मुख्य अभिनेता श्री सोभिनव सत्य जी का आत्मीय आगमन हुआ। यह फिल्म परम पूज्य नीम करौली बाबा जी के प्रेरणादायी जीवन पर आधारित है, जो 19 जून को प्रदर्शित होने जा रही है।}}</ref> have been cast in leading roles, backed by Nikhil Dubey, Udaysinh Rajput (and many more, including Purnima Tiwari, Mannish Chaudhary, and others). The screenwriter and dialogue writer of Hanuman Ansh is Vishal Chaturvedi, who once upon a time used to be a doctor but now is a filmmaker. Vishal Bawa have taken care of cinematography and editing by Shankh Rajadhyaksha , respectively. sound designer Shishir Chousalkar and the team of Mayur Mohanan took care of the sound, while VFX of the film is taken care of by [[Pankaj Vashisht]].
The film’s soundtrack is released by Junglee Music and [[Times Music]] under Swambhu Media, featuring devotional songs sung and composed by artists including Sadhu S. Tiwari, Rishi Pathak, Krishna Das, and Shreyas Dharmadhikari.<ref>{{cite news |title=प्रेमानंद महाराज ने दिया नीम करोली बाबा पर बन रही फिल्म को लेकर बड़ा बयान, मेकर्स को चेताया {{!}} Premanand Maharaj Warns Neem Karoli Baba Biopic Hanuman Ansh Makers Said Mirch Masala Na Parose |url=https://www.patrika.com/bollywood-news/premanand-maharaj-warns-neem-karoli-baba-biopic-hanuman-ansh-makers-said-mirch-masala-na-parose-20484403 |work=Patrika News |date=8 April 2026 |language=hi}}</ref>

==Plot==
The movie takes place in the spiritual center of early 20th century India. Lakshman Das, aged thirteen, leaves his home town, Braj, following the death of his mother, the only woman he loved in his life, thinking that only divine love could bring them back together. It was not an ascetic pursuit for him, but rather a union with Lord Rama through [[Hanuman]]. When Lakshman arrives at a [[Vaishnavism]] temple in Rajkot, he is seen by the old Mahant (the priest) as a like-minded individual and decides to test him. But the boy remains quiet and unassuming; he declines comfort and compliments, and finally leaves silently, proving that religious organizations can also be a kind of bondage.<ref>{{cite news |title=Film Inspired by Sant Sri Neem Karoli Baba, Hanuman Ansh Set for June Release - Bollywood Times 11 |url=https://bollywoodtimes11.com/film-inspired-by-sant-sri-neem-karoli-baba-hanuman-ansh-set-for-june-release/ |date=27 February 2026}}</ref>
For many years Lakshman wanders around quietly practicing meditation sitting under trees, sleeping beside rivers and living on alms. He learns about spirituality from the songs of the birds and other elements of nature. Once he spends so much time underwater that the villagers assume that he drowns until he resurfaces. Now twenty-five years old, Lakshman (who wears a loincloth) boards a passenger train bound for Britain in first class even without a ticket. The colonial official tells him to get out of the train; but just when Lakshman is getting down from the train, the train mysteriously stops. The puzzled officials check the engine and the brakes and discover that nothing works. The railway manager comes and Lakshman whispers to him his name. Afterward he forgives all those people and takes out four first-class tickets for himself from nowhere. He makes one demand, that is, no saint in India should ever be asked to leave a train for not having a ticket. When leaving, Lakshman touches the ground and predicts that one day there will be a station where the train stops. That station is called Neem Karori Station, and Lakshman is now called [[Neem Karoli Baba]]<ref>{{cite news |title=बाबा नीम करौली के जीवन से प्रेरित फिल्म हनुमान अंश |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow/story-film-trilogy-on-neem-karoli-baba-by-dr-vishal-chaturvedi-to-inspire-spiritual-awakening-201751634919850.html |work=www.livehindustan.com |date=4 July 2025 |language=hi}}</ref>.
By virtue of such wondrous occurrences and acts of selflessness, such as feeding the poor and the ill, Lakshman Das embodies everything taught by Neem Karoli Baba, namely “Love all, serve all, say Ram.” As a result of his devotion to Hanuman, he is appropriately referred to as Hanuman Ansh, meaning the “essence of Hanuman.”<ref>{{cite news |title=Hanuman Ansh Movie: नीम करोली बाबा पर फिल्म बनाने वाले मेकर्स को प्रेमानंद महाराज ने दी सलाह, ये गलती न करें |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/entertainment/hanuman-ansh-movie-neem-karoli-baba-biopic-premanand-maharaj-advice?page=3&src=android |work=Prabhat Khabar |date=8 April 2026 |language=hi}}</ref>

==Cast==
* '''[[Chandan K Anand]]''' as Bhonsle
* '''Shobhinav Satya''' as [[Neem Karoli Baba]]
* '''Nikhil Dubey''' as Sudhir
* '''Rishi Pathak''' as Akbarpur Hanuman Mandir pujari
* '''Udaysinh Rajput''' as Banshidhar
* '''Purnima Tiwari''' as Rambeti

==Production==
Hanuman Ansh was officially launched with the theatrical poster being unveiled at Kainchi Dham,<ref>{{cite news |title=नीम करोली बाबा पर आधारित 'हनुमान अंश' का पोस्टर हुआ रिलीज, 'डिवाइन डेटूर' से प्रेरित है फिल्म; जानें रिलीज डेट |url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/bollywood/hanuman-ansh-announced-a-spiritual-trilogy-on-neem-karoli-baba-coming-june-2026-02-20 |access-date=20 Feb 2026 |work=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> which happens to be the main ashram of Neem Karoli Baba, sometime in the beginning of 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=Film Inspired by Sant Sri Neem Karoli Baba, Hanuman Ansh Set for June Release |url=https://www.bollywoodkibaten.in/press-release/film-inspired-by-sant-sri-neem-karoli-baba-hanuman-ansh-set-for-june-release/62182 |work=BollyWood ki Baten |date=28 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref> The filming took place in several locations like Chitrakoot, Uttar Pradesh, and Mumbai. The plot revolves around the life and teachings of Neem Karoli Baba with a focus on faith, devotion, and service. As per interviews, director Vishal Chaturvedi revealed that it was a very personal project for him and not a typical commercial movie<ref>{{cite news |title=प्रेमानंद महाराज की नीम करोली बाबा पर फिल्म को लेकर चेतावनी- एक्टर साधना करे, चरित्र संग खिलवाड़ नहीं |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/news-from-bollywood/premanand-maharaj-warns-makers-over-neem-karoli-baba-biopic-hanuman-ansh-know-what-he-said/articleshow/130102837.cms |work=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>.

==Music==
The soundtrack of Hanuman Ansh consists of multiple devotional tracks. Key songs released include: 
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ Hanuman Ansh soundtrack (2026)
! Song
! Singer(s)
! Music by
! Lyrics by
|-
| ''Aavagaman''
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
| Traditional (arranged by Sadhu S. Tiwari)
|-
| ''Saasa Haale''
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
| Traditional
|-
| ''Zid Pe Aa Gayi Parvati''
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
|-
| ''Maine Tere Hi Bharose'' (tentative)
| Sunil
| Traditional (folk)
| Traditional
|-
| ''Jai Hanuman''<ref>{{cite web |title=Jai Hanuman (Full Video) {{!}} Hanuman Ansh {{!}} Latest Hanuman Song{{!}} New Hanuman Bhajan {{!}} Bhakti Geet 2026 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uvtz4-h00VI&list=RDUvtz4-h00VI&start_radio=1 |date=13 जुलाई 2026}}</ref>
| Shreyas Dharmadhikari
| Rishi Pathak
| Shreyas Dharmadhikari, Rishi Pathak
|-
| ''Ram Bhajan Ki Or''
| Nivedita Padmanabhan
| Rishi Pathak
| Rishi Pathak
|-
| ''Bajrang Baanka''
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
| Traditional
|-
| ''Vaishnav Jan To''
| Rishi Pathak
| Rishi Pathak
| Traditional
|-
| ''Hey Kharari''<ref>{{cite web |title=Hey Kharari (From "Hanuman Ansh") | website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LGErAK9-v0I&list=RDLGErAK9-v0I&start_radio=1 |date=1 June 2026}}</ref>
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
|-
| ''Om Namah Shivaya''
| Krishna Das
| Krishna Das
| Jeff Kagel
|-
| ''Shri Ram Jai Ram''
| Krishna Das
| Krishna Das
| Jeff Kagel
|-
| ''Hriday Mein Jinke SitaRam''
| Vishal Chaturvedi
| Dhirendra Mulkalwar
| Vishal Chaturvedi
|}

==Release==
Hanuman Ansh will be release theaters in India on 31st July 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=हनुमान अंश में दिखेगा श्री नीब करौरी बाबा का दिव्य जीवन, प्रेम और सेवा के संदेश के साथ 31 जुलाई को रिलीज होगी फिल्म |url=https://www.punjabkesari.in/entertainment/news/neem-karoli-baba-life-inspires-upcoming-film-hanuman-ansh-2356080 |work=punjabkesari |date=11 July 2026}}</ref> The movie will be released in the Hindi language, along with its translation/subtitle in regional dialects (Braj and Bundeli). There has been no official distributor revealed yet. Posters and teasers<ref>{{cite web |title=Hanuman Ansh{{!}} Official Teaser{{!}} Shobhinaw Satyaa{{!}} Vishal Chaturvedi{{!}} In Cinemas 31st July 2026 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YZ2FbpJDVf0 |date=10 July 2026}}</ref> of this movie have been shared on social media from the beginning of 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hanuman Ansh teaser introduces spiritual cinematic experience inspired by the legacy of Neeb Karori Baba |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/hanuman-ansh-teaser-introduces-spiritual-cinematic-experience-inspired-by-the-legacy-of-neeb-karori-baba-3356214/ |work=Bollywood Life |date=11 July 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|39390582}}

Hanuman Ansh

2026-07-15T14:30:20Z

Masterstrock:

{{Infobox film
| image = Poster_of_Hanuman_Ansh.jpg
| caption = Poster of Hanuman Ansh
| director = Vishal Chaturvedi<ref>{{cite news |title=Film Inspired by Sant Sri Neem Karoli Baba, Hanuman Ansh Set for June Release |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/film-inspired-by-sant-sri-neem-karoli-baba-hanuman-ansh-set-for-june-release20260227184627/ |work=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>
| writer = Vishal Chaturvedi
| producer = Ragini S, Namrata G Singh, Anupriya A Nagar, Sudha Chaturvedi
| starring = [[Chandan Anand]], Shobhinaw Satyaa, Purnima Tiwari,
| cinematography = Vishal Bawa
| editing = Shankh Rajadhyaksha
| music = Sadhu Sushil Tiwari
| studio = Swambhu Media Network
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|7|31}}
| runtime = 150
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
| italic_title =
| name =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| native_name =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = Divine Detour
| narrator =
| animator =
| layout_artist =
| background_artist =
| color_process =
}}

'''Hanuman Ansh''' is an upcoming Bollywood devotional drama film, written and directed by Vishal Chaturvedi<ref>{{cite news |title=Film Hanuman Ansh Offers Spiritual Solutions to Societal Problems," Says Director Vishal Chaturvedi |url=https://www.mid-day.com/buzzfeed/article/film-hanuman-ansh-offers-spiritual-solutions-to-societal-problems-says-director-vishal-chaturvedi-9044 |access-date=2 March 2026 |work=Mid-day}}</ref>. Based on the life of [[Neem Karoli Baba]],<ref>{{cite news |title='संत बने एक्टर, चरित्र से खिलवाड़ नहीं', नीम करोली बाबा पर बनेगी फिल्म, प्रेमानंद महाराज ने दी चेतावनी |url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/bollywood-news/story/neem-karoli-baba-biopic-hanuman-ansh-film-premanand-maharaj-warned-tmova-dskc-2517847-2026-04-07 |access-date=7 April 2026 |work=AajTak |date=7 April 2026 |language=hi}}</ref> popularly known as Maharaj-ji, it is said to be the first part of a spiritual trilogy based on the book “Divine Detour” by Chaturvedi<ref>{{cite web |title=A Doctor's 20-Year Divine Journey to Make "Hanuman Ansh" {{!}} The Magic of Kainchi Dham | website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3oyk-9gLxjA |date=1 June 2026}}</ref>. Hanuman Ansh is produced by Swambhu Media Network Pvt. Ltd., Ragini S., Namrata G. S., and Anupriya A. Nagar.
Hanuman Ansh has an ensemble cast. Chandan Anand and Shobhinav Satyaa<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=
Yogesh Shukla |user=yogeshshuklabkt |number=2061051287358328899 |title=आज मेरे शासकीय आवास,लालबाग पर "हनुमान अंश" फिल्म के मुख्य अभिनेता श्री सोभिनव सत्य जी का आत्मीय आगमन हुआ। यह फिल्म परम पूज्य नीम करौली बाबा जी के प्रेरणादायी जीवन पर आधारित है, जो 19 जून को प्रदर्शित होने जा रही है।}}</ref> have been cast in leading roles, backed by Nikhil Dubey, Udaysinh Rajput (and many more, including Purnima Tiwari, Mannish Chaudhary, and others). The screenwriter and dialogue writer of Hanuman Ansh is Vishal Chaturvedi, who once upon a time used to be a doctor but now is a filmmaker. Vishal Bawa have taken care of cinematography and editing by Shankh Rajadhyaksha , respectively. sound designer Shishir Chousalkar and the team of Mayur Mohanan took care of the sound, while VFX of the film is taken care of by [[Pankaj Vashisht]].
The film’s soundtrack is released by Junglee Music and [[Times Music]] under Swambhu Media, featuring devotional songs sung and composed by artists including Sadhu S. Tiwari, Rishi Pathak, Krishna Das, and Shreyas Dharmadhikari.<ref>{{cite news |title=प्रेमानंद महाराज ने दिया नीम करोली बाबा पर बन रही फिल्म को लेकर बड़ा बयान, मेकर्स को चेताया {{!}} Premanand Maharaj Warns Neem Karoli Baba Biopic Hanuman Ansh Makers Said Mirch Masala Na Parose |url=https://www.patrika.com/bollywood-news/premanand-maharaj-warns-neem-karoli-baba-biopic-hanuman-ansh-makers-said-mirch-masala-na-parose-20484403 |work=Patrika News |date=8 April 2026 |language=hi}}</ref>

==Plot==
The movie takes place in the spiritual center of early 20th century India. Lakshman Das, aged thirteen, leaves his home town, Braj, following the death of his mother, the only woman he loved in his life, thinking that only divine love could bring them back together. It was not an ascetic pursuit for him, but rather a union with Lord Rama through [[Hanuman]]. When Lakshman arrives at a [[Vaishnavism]] temple in Rajkot, he is seen by the old Mahant (the priest) as a like-minded individual and decides to test him. But the boy remains quiet and unassuming; he declines comfort and compliments, and finally leaves silently, proving that religious organizations can also be a kind of bondage.<ref>{{cite news |title=Film Inspired by Sant Sri Neem Karoli Baba, Hanuman Ansh Set for June Release - Bollywood Times 11 |url=https://bollywoodtimes11.com/film-inspired-by-sant-sri-neem-karoli-baba-hanuman-ansh-set-for-june-release/ |date=27 February 2026}}</ref>
For many years Lakshman wanders around quietly practicing meditation sitting under trees, sleeping beside rivers and living on alms. He learns about spirituality from the songs of the birds and other elements of nature. Once he spends so much time underwater that the villagers assume that he drowns until he resurfaces. Now twenty-five years old, Lakshman (who wears a loincloth) boards a passenger train bound for Britain in first class even without a ticket. The colonial official tells him to get out of the train; but just when Lakshman is getting down from the train, the train mysteriously stops. The puzzled officials check the engine and the brakes and discover that nothing works. The railway manager comes and Lakshman whispers to him his name. Afterward he forgives all those people and takes out four first-class tickets for himself from nowhere. He makes one demand, that is, no saint in India should ever be asked to leave a train for not having a ticket. When leaving, Lakshman touches the ground and predicts that one day there will be a station where the train stops. That station is called Neem Karori Station, and Lakshman is now called [[Neem Karoli Baba]]<ref>{{cite news |title=बाबा नीम करौली के जीवन से प्रेरित फिल्म हनुमान अंश |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow/story-film-trilogy-on-neem-karoli-baba-by-dr-vishal-chaturvedi-to-inspire-spiritual-awakening-201751634919850.html |work=www.livehindustan.com |date=4 July 2025 |language=hi}}</ref>.
By virtue of such wondrous occurrences and acts of selflessness, such as feeding the poor and the ill, Lakshman Das embodies everything taught by Neem Karoli Baba, namely “Love all, serve all, say Ram.” As a result of his devotion to Hanuman, he is appropriately referred to as Hanuman Ansh, meaning the “essence of Hanuman.”<ref>{{cite news |title=Hanuman Ansh Movie: नीम करोली बाबा पर फिल्म बनाने वाले मेकर्स को प्रेमानंद महाराज ने दी सलाह, ये गलती न करें |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/entertainment/hanuman-ansh-movie-neem-karoli-baba-biopic-premanand-maharaj-advice?page=3&src=android |work=Prabhat Khabar |date=8 April 2026 |language=hi}}</ref>

==Cast==
* '''[[Chandan K Anand]]''' as Bhonsle
* '''Shobhinav Satya''' as [[Neem Karoli Baba]]
* '''Nikhil Dubey''' as Sudhir
* '''Rishi Pathak''' as Akbarpur Hanuman Mandir pujari
* '''Udaysinh Rajput''' as Banshidhar
* '''Purnima Tiwari''' as Rambeti

==Production==
Hanuman Ansh was officially launched with the theatrical poster being unveiled at Kainchi Dham,<ref>{{cite news |title=नीम करोली बाबा पर आधारित 'हनुमान अंश' का पोस्टर हुआ रिलीज, 'डिवाइन डेटूर' से प्रेरित है फिल्म; जानें रिलीज डेट |url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/bollywood/hanuman-ansh-announced-a-spiritual-trilogy-on-neem-karoli-baba-coming-june-2026-02-20 |access-date=20 Feb 2026 |work=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> which happens to be the main ashram of Neem Karoli Baba, sometime in the beginning of 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=Film Inspired by Sant Sri Neem Karoli Baba, Hanuman Ansh Set for June Release |url=https://www.bollywoodkibaten.in/press-release/film-inspired-by-sant-sri-neem-karoli-baba-hanuman-ansh-set-for-june-release/62182 |work=BollyWood ki Baten |date=28 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref> The filming took place in several locations like Chitrakoot, Uttar Pradesh, and Mumbai. The plot revolves around the life and teachings of Neem Karoli Baba with a focus on faith, devotion, and service. As per interviews, director Vishal Chaturvedi revealed that it was a very personal project for him and not a typical commercial movie<ref>{{cite news |title=प्रेमानंद महाराज की नीम करोली बाबा पर फिल्म को लेकर चेतावनी- एक्टर साधना करे, चरित्र संग खिलवाड़ नहीं |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/news-from-bollywood/premanand-maharaj-warns-makers-over-neem-karoli-baba-biopic-hanuman-ansh-know-what-he-said/articleshow/130102837.cms |work=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>.

==Music==
The soundtrack of Hanuman Ansh consists of multiple devotional tracks. Key songs released include: 
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ Hanuman Ansh soundtrack (2026)
! Song
! Singer(s)
! Music by
! Lyrics by
|-
| ''Aavagaman''
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
| Traditional (arranged by Sadhu S. Tiwari)
|-
| ''Saasa Haale''
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
| Traditional
|-
| ''Zid Pe Aa Gayi Parvati''
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
|-
| ''Maine Tere Hi Bharose'' (tentative)
| Sunil
| Traditional (folk)
| Traditional
|-
| ''Jai Hanuman''<ref>{{cite web |title=Jai Hanuman (Full Video) {{!}} Hanuman Ansh {{!}} Latest Hanuman Song{{!}} New Hanuman Bhajan {{!}} Bhakti Geet 2026 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uvtz4-h00VI&list=RDUvtz4-h00VI&start_radio=1 |date=13 जुलाई 2026}}</ref>
| Shreyas Dharmadhikari
| Rishi Pathak
| Shreyas Dharmadhikari, Rishi Pathak
|-
| ''Ram Bhajan Ki Or''
| Nivedita Padmanabhan
| Rishi Pathak
| Rishi Pathak
|-
| ''Bajrang Baanka''
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
| Traditional
|-
| ''Vaishnav Jan To''
| Rishi Pathak
| Rishi Pathak
| Traditional
|-
| ''Hey Kharari''<ref>{{cite web |title=Hey Kharari (From "Hanuman Ansh") | website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LGErAK9-v0I&list=RDLGErAK9-v0I&start_radio=1 |date=1 June 2026}}</ref>
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
|-
| ''Om Namah Shivaya''
| Krishna Das
| Krishna Das
| Jeff Kagel
|-
| ''Shri Ram Jai Ram''
| Krishna Das
| Krishna Das
| Jeff Kagel
|-
| ''Hriday Mein Jinke SitaRam''
| Vishal Chaturvedi
| Dhirendra Mulkalwar
| Vishal Chaturvedi
|}

==Release==
Hanuman Ansh will be release theaters in India on 31st July 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=हनुमान अंश में दिखेगा श्री नीब करौरी बाबा का दिव्य जीवन, प्रेम और सेवा के संदेश के साथ 31 जुलाई को रिलीज होगी फिल्म |url=https://www.punjabkesari.in/entertainment/news/neem-karoli-baba-life-inspires-upcoming-film-hanuman-ansh-2356080 |work=punjabkesari |date=11 July 2026}}</ref> The movie will be released in the Hindi language, along with its translation/subtitle in regional dialects (Braj and Bundeli). There has been no official distributor revealed yet. Posters and teasers<ref>{{cite web |title=Hanuman Ansh{{!}} Official Teaser{{!}} Shobhinaw Satyaa{{!}} Vishal Chaturvedi{{!}} In Cinemas 31st July 2026 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YZ2FbpJDVf0 |date=10 July 2026}}</ref> of this movie have been shared on social media from the beginning of 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hanuman Ansh teaser introduces spiritual cinematic experience inspired by the legacy of Neeb Karori Baba |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/hanuman-ansh-teaser-introduces-spiritual-cinematic-experience-inspired-by-the-legacy-of-neeb-karori-baba-3356214/ |work=Bollywood Life |date=11 July 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|39390582}}

Draft:Pankaj Vashisht

2026-07-15T14:09:12Z

Masterstrock:

{{Infobox person
| name = Pankaj Vashisht
| image = Pankaj Vashisht.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Pankaj Vashisht
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = pa
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Koi (Kuntipur)]], [[Punjab]], [[India]]
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = Visual effects supervisor, CGI artist, film editor
| years_active = 2016–present
| employer = Freelance
| known_for = Visual effects and CGI work in Indian films and streaming productions
| notable_works = ''[[Drishyam 2 (2022 film)]]'', ''[[Heropanti 2]]'', ''[[Kill (film)]]'', ''[[Apurva]]'', ''[[Sukhee]]'', ''[[Citadel: Honey Bunny]]'', ''[[Bad Cop (TV series)]]'', ''Raid 2'', ''[[Hanuman Ansh]]''
| website =
| module =
{{IMDb name|11732251}}
}}
```

'''Pankaj Vashisht'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Hindi Editor Pankaj Vashisht Biography, News, Photos, Videos |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/editor/pankaj-vashisht |website=nettv4u |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian [[visual effects]] (VFX) supervisor, CGI artist, and film editor. Since beginning his career in 2016, he has worked on feature films, web series, television productions, commercials, and music videos, specializing in visual effects, computer-generated imagery (CGI), compositing, and digital post-production.
Originally from [[Punjab]], Pankaj started his career as a video editor before establishing himself in the visual effects industry. Over the years, he has contributed to several commercially released films and streaming productions, working in roles including VFX artist, CGI artist, VFX supervisor, and editor.

==Early life==
Pankaj Vashisht was born in Village [[Koi (Kuntipur)]], Punjab, India.<ref>{{cite web |title=VFX Rising Star's Journey From Punjab Village To Bollywood |url=https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/CU2306/S00030/vfx-rising-star-s-journey-from-punjab-village-to-bollywood.html |website=scoop |language=en}}</ref> He developed an interest in filmmaking, editing, and digital visual effects at an early age before pursuing a career in the Indian entertainment industry.

==Career==
Pankaj Vashisht began his professional career in the film industry in 2016, initially working as a video editor and [[visual effects]] artist. Over the years, he expanded his work into CGI supervision, compositing, motion graphics, and VFX supervision for films, web series, television productions, and music videos.
He has been credited on numerous Hindi-language feature films and streaming productions, including work on [[Drishyam 2 (2022 film)]], [[Heropanti 2]], [[Kill (film)]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Kill (2024) Cast and Crew |url=https://www.moviefone.com/movie/kill/vQuDjrZpSpIAcW8vjBzPf1/credits/ |website=Moviefone |language=en}}</ref>, [[Apurva]], [[Sukhee]], [[Citadel: Honey Bunny]], [[Bad Cop (TV series)]], Raid 2 (2025), and several other productions. His IMDb profile also lists him as the Visual Effects Supervisor for the upcoming film [[Hanuman Ansh]].
Apart from feature films, Vashisht has worked on television series, music videos, promotional campaigns, and independent productions as a VFX artist, CGI supervisor, and editor.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pankaj Vashisht |url=https://trakt.tv/people/pankaj-vashisht |website=Trakt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Films with visual effects by Pankaj Vashisht |url=https://letterboxd.com/visual-effects/pankaj-vashisht/ |website=letterboxd.com |language=en}}</ref>
In addition to his technical work, he has also written song lyrics, including the independent music release "Ek Pyaar Ki Dastaan"<ref>{{cite web |title=Pankaj Vashisht {{!}} Visual Effects, Editor, Director |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm11732251/ |website=IMDb}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pankaj Vashisht |url=https://www.gawby.com/en/person/6658959 |website=GAWBY |language=en |access-date=2026-02-14 |archive-date=2025-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126173634/https://www.gawby.com/en/person/6658959 |url-status=dead }}</ref>.

== Filmography ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Heropanti 2]]'' || Visual effects artist ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Drishyam 2 (2022 film)]]'' || Visual effects artist ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Siya (film)]]'' || Visual effects artist ||
|-
| 2022 || ''Duranga'' || Visual effects artist ||
|-
| 2022 || ''Recommended for You'' || Visual effects artist || Short Film
|-
| 2023 || ''Any How Mitti Pao'' || Visual effects artist ||
|-
| 2023 || ''Gumraah'' || Visual effects artist ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Kill (film)]]'' || CGI & Visual effects artist ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Apurva]]'' || Visual effects artist ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Sukhee]]'' || Visual effects artist ||
|-
| 2023 || ''Chill Bro'' || Visual effects artist ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Acting Ka Bhoot]]'' || Visual effects artist ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Citadel: Honey Bunny]]'' || Visual effects artist ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Bad Cop (TV series)]]'' || CGI & Visual effects artist ||
|-
| 2024 || ''Heartbeats: Pyaar Aur Armaan'' || Visual effects artist || Television series
|-
| 2024 || ''Kalwa'' || Visual effects artist ||
|-
| 2024 || ''Ghamasaan'' || Visual effects artist ||
|-
| 2024 || ''Naam Mein Kya Rakha Hai'' || Visual effects artist || Short Film
|-
| 2025 || ''Raid 2'' || Visual effects artist ||
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Hanuman Ansh]]'' || Visual effects supervisor || Upcoming film
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

Koi (Kuntipur)

2026-07-15T13:59:21Z

Masterstrock: Added settlement infobox and organized key geographical information

{{use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Koi (Kuntipur)
| other_name = Kuntipur
| native_name = ਕੋਈ (ਕੁੰਤੀਪੁਰ)
| native_name_lang = pa
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of Koi (Kuntipur) in Punjab, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|31|48|55.86|N|75|49|59.01|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hoshiarpur district|Hoshiarpur]]
| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name3 = [[Dasuya|Dasuya]]
| elevation_m = 239
| area_total_ha = 902
| population_total = 1,203
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_male =
| population_female =
| demographics_type1 = Literacy
| demographics1_title1 = Rate (2011)
| demographics1_info1 = 79.2%
| blank1_name_sec1 = Scheduled Castes
| blank1_info_sec1 = 6.9% (83)
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 144213
| area_code_type = [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD code]]
| area_code = 01886
| iso_code = IN-PB
| language =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| website = {{URL|hoshiarpur.nic.in}}
}}

'''Koi''', also known by its traditional name '''Kuntipur''', is a village located in [[Dasuya]] tehsil of [[Hoshiarpur district]] in the state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India.<ref name="census2011">{{Cite web |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/30952-koi-punjab.html |title=Koi Village Population – Census 2011 |website=Census2011.co.in |access-date=2 June 2025}}</ref> The village sits at an elevation of 239 metres (784 ft) above sea level within the [[Shivalik Hills|Shivalik]] foothills region of northern Punjab. It is governed through a [[gram panchayat]] and falls within the [[Urmar Tanda|Urmar]] assembly constituency, which forms part of the [[Hoshiarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hoshiarpur parliamentary constituency]].

== Etymology ==

The village's historical name, '''Kuntipur''', is linked by local tradition to [[Kunti]], the mother of the [[Pandava]]s in the Sanskrit epic [[Mahabharata]]. According to accounts preserved in the broader Dasuya–Kamahi Devi area, the Pandavas are said to have passed through the Shivalik forests of this region during their thirteenth year of exile (''agyatvas'')—an incognito period—before travelling to the kingdom of Raja Virata, identified with present-day [[Dasuya]].<ref name="kamahidevi">{{Cite web |url=https://kamahidevi.com/ |title=About the Area – Kamahi Devi Temple |publisher=Kamahi Devi Temple, Hoshiarpur |access-date=2 June 2025}}</ref> Local tradition further holds that a banyan tree at Kuntipur marks the location where the Pandavas are said to have concealed their weapons during their period of disguise. The settlement came to be named Kuntipur after the association with Mata Kunti, and over time this contracted into the modern name Koi.<ref name="kamahidevi"/>

These traditions form part of a wider regional layer of Mahabharata-associated folklore. The official website of [[Hoshiarpur district]] notes that "the legends associate several places in the district with Pandavas" and that Dasuya is mentioned in the epic as the seat of Raja Virata, in whose service the Pandavas lived during their exile.<ref name="hoshiarpurhist">{{Cite web |url=https://hoshiarpur.nic.in/history/ |title=History of Hoshiarpur District |publisher=District Hoshiarpur, Government of Punjab, India |access-date=2 June 2025}}</ref> The district tourism page similarly records that Hoshiarpur's history "reaches back to the Mahabharata… with various sites here linked to its valiant heroes, the Pandavas."<ref name="hoshiarpurtourism">{{Cite web |url=https://hoshiarpur.nic.in/tourism/ |title=Tourism – District Hoshiarpur |publisher=District Hoshiarpur, Government of Punjab, India |access-date=2 June 2025}}</ref>

== Geography ==

Koi is situated approximately 45 km from the district headquarters at [[Hoshiarpur]] and 23 km from the sub-district headquarters at [[Dasuya]]. The state capital [[Chandigarh]] is approximately 176 km to the south. The village covers a total geographical area of 902 hectares, and its census village code is 030952.<ref name="census2011"/> The nearest town for major economic activity is Gardhiwala.

Neighbouring villages include Sansarpur (approximately 1 km), Dehrian (2 km), San Chak (2 km), Sangwal (2 km), and Kalowal (2 km). The nearest urban centres are [[Dasuya]] (approximately 23 km), [[Talwara]] (approximately 20 km), [[Urmar Tanda]] (approximately 23 km), and [[Mukerian]] (approximately 26 km).

The village is connected to the regional road network via National Highway 503A and National Highway 3 (India, new numbering)|National Highway 3.

== Demographics ==

According to the [[Census of India|2011 Census of India]], Koi had a total population of 1,203 persons, comprising 608 males and 595 females, giving a [[sex ratio]] of 978 females per 1,000 males.<ref name="census2011"/> The village comprised 259 households.

Children in the age group 0–6 years numbered 135, of whom 48 (35.6%) were girls. The [[scheduled caste]] population stood at 83 persons, constituting approximately 6.9% of the total population. No [[scheduled tribe]] population was recorded at the time of the census.<ref name="census2011"/>

The overall literacy rate was 79.2%, with 953 persons recorded as literate; 469 of these were women. The working population—those engaged in economic activity—constituted approximately 18.5% of the total population.<ref name="census2011"/>

The official and predominant language of the village is [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].

== Administration ==

Koi functions as its own [[gram panchayat]], as recorded in 2009 panchayat statistics. The gram panchayat is headed by an elected representative known as the [[sarpanch]]. The village falls within the [[Urmar Tanda|Urmar]] assembly constituency of Punjab, which in turn is part of the [[Hoshiarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hoshiarpur parliamentary constituency]]. The [[Postal Index Number|PIN code]] for the village is 144213, with the postal head office at Bhanowal.

== Education ==

The principal educational institution within the village is Government High School Koi (GHS Koi), a government-run secondary school. Higher educational institutions are available in the nearby towns of Dasuya, Gardhiwala, and Hoshiarpur.

== Religious sites ==

[[File:Kuntipur Mata Temple, Koi.jpg|thumb|right|Inside View of Kuntipur Mata Temple, Koi]]
The Kunti Mata Mandir and the Mata Kunti Devi Temple, both situated near the village, are associated with the local tradition linking the area to Mata Kunti of the Mahabharata. A centre of the [[Radha Soami|Radha Soami Satsang Beas]] is located approximately 0.6 km from the village, within the Hoshiarpur–Garhdiwala corridor. The broader region, which lies at the foothills of the Shivaliks, has historically been a site of Hindu temple worship and pilgrimage, a character reflected in the nearby Kamakshi Devi (Kamahi Devi) temple complex in the Dasuya forest division.<ref name="kamahidevi"/>

== Transport ==

The village has no railway station within 10 km. The nearest rail connections are at Dasuya railway station (approximately 16 km) and Tanda Urmar railway station (approximately 25 km). Bus services are accessible at stops along the Dasuya–Kamahi Devi Road, approximately 5–6 km from the village.

The nearest airports are [[Pathankot Airport]] (approximately 53 km), Gaggal Airport near [[Dharamshala]] (approximately 77 km), and [[Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport]] at Amritsar (approximately 106 km).

== See also ==

* [[Hoshiarpur district]]
* [[Dasuya]]
* [[Shivalik Hills]]
* [[Mahabharata]]
* [[Pandava]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://hoshiarpur.nic.in/ Official website – Hoshiarpur District, Government of Punjab]
* [https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/30952-koi-punjab.html Koi village – Census of India, 2011]
* [https://hoshiarpur.nic.in/history/ History of Hoshiarpur District – Government of Punjab]
* [https://hoshiarpur.nic.in/tourism/ Tourism – District Hoshiarpur, Government of Punjab]

Draft:Pankaj Vashisht

2026-07-15T13:47:45Z

Masterstrock: Added {{Infobox person}} with sourced biographical information

{{Infobox person
| name = Pankaj Vashisht
| image = Pankaj Vashisht.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Pankaj Vashisht
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = pa
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Koi Kuntipur, Punjab, India
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = Visual effects supervisor, CGI artist, film editor
| years_active = 2016–present
| employer = Freelance
| known_for = Visual effects and CGI work in Indian films and streaming productions
| notable_works = ''[[Drishyam 2 (2022 film)]]'', ''[[Heropanti 2]]'', ''[[Kill (film)]]'', ''[[Apurva]]'', ''[[Sukhee]]'', ''[[Citadel: Honey Bunny]]'', ''[[Bad Cop (TV series)]]'', ''Raid 2'', ''[[Hanuman Ansh]]''
| website =
| module =
{{IMDb name|11732251}}
}}
```

'''Pankaj Vashisht'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Hindi Editor Pankaj Vashisht Biography, News, Photos, Videos |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/editor/pankaj-vashisht |website=nettv4u |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian [[visual effects]] (VFX) supervisor, CGI artist, and film editor. Since beginning his career in 2016, he has worked on feature films, web series, television productions, commercials, and music videos, specializing in visual effects, computer-generated imagery (CGI), compositing, and digital post-production.
Originally from [[Punjab]], Pankaj started his career as a video editor before establishing himself in the visual effects industry. Over the years, he has contributed to several commercially released films and streaming productions, working in roles including VFX artist, CGI artist, VFX supervisor, and editor.

==Early life==
Pankaj Vashisht was born in Village Koi Kuntipur, Punjab, India.<ref>{{cite web |title=VFX Rising Star's Journey From Punjab Village To Bollywood |url=https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/CU2306/S00030/vfx-rising-star-s-journey-from-punjab-village-to-bollywood.html |website=scoop |language=en}}</ref> He developed an interest in filmmaking, editing, and digital visual effects at an early age before pursuing a career in the Indian entertainment industry.

==Career==
Vashisht began his professional career in the film industry in 2016, initially working as a video editor and visual effects artist. Over the years, he expanded his work into CGI supervision, compositing, motion graphics, and VFX supervision for films, web series, television productions, and music videos.
He has been credited on numerous Hindi-language feature films and streaming productions, including work on [[Drishyam 2 (2022 film)]], [[Heropanti 2]], [[Kill (film)]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Kill (2024) Cast and Crew |url=https://www.moviefone.com/movie/kill/vQuDjrZpSpIAcW8vjBzPf1/credits/ |website=Moviefone |language=en}}</ref>, [[Apurva]], [[Sukhee]], [[Citadel: Honey Bunny]], [[Bad Cop (TV series)]], Raid 2 (2025), and several other productions. His IMDb profile also lists him as the Visual Effects Supervisor for the upcoming film [[Hanuman Ansh]].
Apart from feature films, Vashisht has worked on television series, music videos, promotional campaigns, and independent productions as a VFX artist, CGI supervisor, and editor.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pankaj Vashisht |url=https://trakt.tv/people/pankaj-vashisht |website=Trakt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Films with visual effects by Pankaj Vashisht |url=https://letterboxd.com/visual-effects/pankaj-vashisht/ |website=letterboxd.com |language=en}}</ref>
In addition to his technical work, he has also written song lyrics, including the independent music release "Ek Pyaar Ki Dastaan"<ref>{{cite web |title=Pankaj Vashisht {{!}} Visual Effects, Editor, Director |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm11732251/ |website=IMDb}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pankaj Vashisht |url=https://www.gawby.com/en/person/6658959 |website=GAWBY |language=en |access-date=2026-02-14 |archive-date=2025-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126173634/https://www.gawby.com/en/person/6658959 |url-status=dead }}</ref>.

== Filmography ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Heropanti 2]]'' || Visual effects artist ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Drishyam 2 (2022 film)]]'' || Visual effects artist ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Siya (film)]]'' || Visual effects artist ||
|-
| 2022 || ''Duranga'' || Visual effects artist ||
|-
| 2022 || ''Recommended for You'' || Visual effects artist || Short Film
|-
| 2023 || ''Any How Mitti Pao'' || Visual effects artist ||
|-
| 2023 || ''Gumraah'' || Visual effects artist ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Kill (film)]]'' || CGI & Visual effects artist ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Apurva]]'' || Visual effects artist ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Sukhee]]'' || Visual effects artist ||
|-
| 2023 || ''Chill Bro'' || Visual effects artist ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Acting Ka Bhoot]]'' || Visual effects artist ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Citadel: Honey Bunny]]'' || Visual effects artist ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Bad Cop (TV series)]]'' || CGI & Visual effects artist ||
|-
| 2024 || ''Heartbeats: Pyaar Aur Armaan'' || Visual effects artist || Television series
|-
| 2024 || ''Kalwa'' || Visual effects artist ||
|-
| 2024 || ''Ghamasaan'' || Visual effects artist ||
|-
| 2024 || ''Naam Mein Kya Rakha Hai'' || Visual effects artist || Short Film
|-
| 2025 || ''Raid 2'' || Visual effects artist ||
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Hanuman Ansh]]'' || Visual effects supervisor || Upcoming film
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

Hanuman Ansh

2026-07-15T12:49:08Z

Masterstrock: Created new article on the upcoming Indian film Hanuman Ansh with reliable sources~~~~

{{Infobox film
| image = Poster_of_Hanuman_Ansh.jpg
| caption = Poster of Hanuman Ansh
| director = Vishal Chaturvedi<ref>{{cite news |title=Film Inspired by Sant Sri Neem Karoli Baba, Hanuman Ansh Set for June Release |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/film-inspired-by-sant-sri-neem-karoli-baba-hanuman-ansh-set-for-june-release20260227184627/ |work=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>
| writer = Vishal Chaturvedi
| producer = Ragini S, Namrata G Singh, Anupriya A Nagar, Sudha Chaturvedi
| starring = [[Chandan Anand]], Shobhinaw Satyaa, Purnima Tiwari,
| cinematography = Vishal Bawa
| editing = Shankh Rajadhyaksha
| music = Sadhu Sushil Tiwari
| studio = Swambhu Media Network
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|7|31}}
| runtime = 150
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
| italic_title =
| name =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| native_name =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = Divine Detour
| narrator =
| animator =
| layout_artist =
| background_artist =
| color_process =
}}

'''Hanuman Ansh''' is an upcoming Bollywood devotional drama film, written and directed by Vishal Chaturvedi<ref>{{cite news |title=Film Hanuman Ansh Offers Spiritual Solutions to Societal Problems," Says Director Vishal Chaturvedi |url=https://www.mid-day.com/buzzfeed/article/film-hanuman-ansh-offers-spiritual-solutions-to-societal-problems-says-director-vishal-chaturvedi-9044 |access-date=2 March 2026 |work=Mid-day}}</ref>. Based on the life of [[Neem Karoli Baba]],<ref>{{cite news |title='संत बने एक्टर, चरित्र से खिलवाड़ नहीं', नीम करोली बाबा पर बनेगी फिल्म, प्रेमानंद महाराज ने दी चेतावनी |url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/bollywood-news/story/neem-karoli-baba-biopic-hanuman-ansh-film-premanand-maharaj-warned-tmova-dskc-2517847-2026-04-07 |access-date=7 April 2026 |work=AajTak |date=7 April 2026 |language=hi}}</ref> popularly known as Maharaj-ji, it is said to be the first part of a spiritual trilogy based on the book “Divine Detour” by Chaturvedi<ref>{{cite web |title=A Doctor's 20-Year Divine Journey to Make "Hanuman Ansh" {{!}} The Magic of Kainchi Dham | website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3oyk-9gLxjA |date=1 June 2026}}</ref>. Hanuman Ansh is produced by Swambhu Media Network Pvt. Ltd., Ragini S., Namrata G. S., and Anupriya A. Nagar.
Hanuman Ansh has an ensemble cast. Chandan Anand and Shobhinav Satyaa<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=
Yogesh Shukla |user=yogeshshuklabkt |number=2061051287358328899 |title=आज मेरे शासकीय आवास,लालबाग पर "हनुमान अंश" फिल्म के मुख्य अभिनेता श्री सोभिनव सत्य जी का आत्मीय आगमन हुआ। यह फिल्म परम पूज्य नीम करौली बाबा जी के प्रेरणादायी जीवन पर आधारित है, जो 19 जून को प्रदर्शित होने जा रही है।}}</ref> have been cast in leading roles, backed by Nikhil Dubey, Udaysinh Rajput (and many more, including Purnima Tiwari, Mannish Chaudhary, and others). The screenwriter and dialogue writer of Hanuman Ansh is Vishal Chaturvedi, who once upon a time used to be a doctor but now is a filmmaker. Vishal Bawa have taken care of cinematography and editing by Shankh Rajadhyaksha , respectively. sound designer Shishir Chousalkar and the team of Mayur Mohanan took care of the sound, while VFX of the film is taken care of by Pankaj Vashisht.
The film’s soundtrack is released by Junglee Music and [[Times Music]] under Swambhu Media, featuring devotional songs sung and composed by artists including Sadhu S. Tiwari, Rishi Pathak, Krishna Das, and Shreyas Dharmadhikari.<ref>{{cite news |title=प्रेमानंद महाराज ने दिया नीम करोली बाबा पर बन रही फिल्म को लेकर बड़ा बयान, मेकर्स को चेताया {{!}} Premanand Maharaj Warns Neem Karoli Baba Biopic Hanuman Ansh Makers Said Mirch Masala Na Parose |url=https://www.patrika.com/bollywood-news/premanand-maharaj-warns-neem-karoli-baba-biopic-hanuman-ansh-makers-said-mirch-masala-na-parose-20484403 |work=Patrika News |date=8 April 2026 |language=hi}}</ref>

==Plot==
The movie takes place in the spiritual center of early 20th century India. Lakshman Das, aged thirteen, leaves his home town, Braj, following the death of his mother, the only woman he loved in his life, thinking that only divine love could bring them back together. It was not an ascetic pursuit for him, but rather a union with Lord Rama through [[Hanuman]]. When Lakshman arrives at a [[Vaishnavism]] temple in Rajkot, he is seen by the old Mahant (the priest) as a like-minded individual and decides to test him. But the boy remains quiet and unassuming; he declines comfort and compliments, and finally leaves silently, proving that religious organizations can also be a kind of bondage.<ref>{{cite news |title=Film Inspired by Sant Sri Neem Karoli Baba, Hanuman Ansh Set for June Release - Bollywood Times 11 |url=https://bollywoodtimes11.com/film-inspired-by-sant-sri-neem-karoli-baba-hanuman-ansh-set-for-june-release/ |date=27 February 2026}}</ref>
For many years Lakshman wanders around quietly practicing meditation sitting under trees, sleeping beside rivers and living on alms. He learns about spirituality from the songs of the birds and other elements of nature. Once he spends so much time underwater that the villagers assume that he drowns until he resurfaces. Now twenty-five years old, Lakshman (who wears a loincloth) boards a passenger train bound for Britain in first class even without a ticket. The colonial official tells him to get out of the train; but just when Lakshman is getting down from the train, the train mysteriously stops. The puzzled officials check the engine and the brakes and discover that nothing works. The railway manager comes and Lakshman whispers to him his name. Afterward he forgives all those people and takes out four first-class tickets for himself from nowhere. He makes one demand, that is, no saint in India should ever be asked to leave a train for not having a ticket. When leaving, Lakshman touches the ground and predicts that one day there will be a station where the train stops. That station is called Neem Karori Station, and Lakshman is now called [[Neem Karoli Baba]]<ref>{{cite news |title=बाबा नीम करौली के जीवन से प्रेरित फिल्म हनुमान अंश |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow/story-film-trilogy-on-neem-karoli-baba-by-dr-vishal-chaturvedi-to-inspire-spiritual-awakening-201751634919850.html |work=www.livehindustan.com |date=4 July 2025 |language=hi}}</ref>.
By virtue of such wondrous occurrences and acts of selflessness, such as feeding the poor and the ill, Lakshman Das embodies everything taught by Neem Karoli Baba, namely “Love all, serve all, say Ram.” As a result of his devotion to Hanuman, he is appropriately referred to as Hanuman Ansh, meaning the “essence of Hanuman.”<ref>{{cite news |title=Hanuman Ansh Movie: नीम करोली बाबा पर फिल्म बनाने वाले मेकर्स को प्रेमानंद महाराज ने दी सलाह, ये गलती न करें |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/entertainment/hanuman-ansh-movie-neem-karoli-baba-biopic-premanand-maharaj-advice?page=3&src=android |work=Prabhat Khabar |date=8 April 2026 |language=hi}}</ref>

==Cast==
* '''[[Chandan K Anand]]''' as Bhonsle
* '''Shobhinav Satya''' as [[Neem Karoli Baba]]
* '''Nikhil Dubey''' as Sudhir
* '''Rishi Pathak''' as Akbarpur Hanuman Mandir pujari
* '''Udaysinh Rajput''' as Banshidhar
* '''Purnima Tiwari''' as Rambeti

==Production==
Hanuman Ansh was officially launched with the theatrical poster being unveiled at Kainchi Dham,<ref>{{cite news |title=नीम करोली बाबा पर आधारित 'हनुमान अंश' का पोस्टर हुआ रिलीज, 'डिवाइन डेटूर' से प्रेरित है फिल्म; जानें रिलीज डेट |url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/bollywood/hanuman-ansh-announced-a-spiritual-trilogy-on-neem-karoli-baba-coming-june-2026-02-20 |access-date=20 Feb 2026 |work=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> which happens to be the main ashram of Neem Karoli Baba, sometime in the beginning of 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=Film Inspired by Sant Sri Neem Karoli Baba, Hanuman Ansh Set for June Release |url=https://www.bollywoodkibaten.in/press-release/film-inspired-by-sant-sri-neem-karoli-baba-hanuman-ansh-set-for-june-release/62182 |work=BollyWood ki Baten |date=28 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref> The filming took place in several locations like Chitrakoot, Uttar Pradesh, and Mumbai. The plot revolves around the life and teachings of Neem Karoli Baba with a focus on faith, devotion, and service. As per interviews, director Vishal Chaturvedi revealed that it was a very personal project for him and not a typical commercial movie<ref>{{cite news |title=प्रेमानंद महाराज की नीम करोली बाबा पर फिल्म को लेकर चेतावनी- एक्टर साधना करे, चरित्र संग खिलवाड़ नहीं |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/news-from-bollywood/premanand-maharaj-warns-makers-over-neem-karoli-baba-biopic-hanuman-ansh-know-what-he-said/articleshow/130102837.cms |work=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>.

==Music==
The soundtrack of Hanuman Ansh consists of multiple devotional tracks. Key songs released include: 
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ Hanuman Ansh soundtrack (2026)
! Song
! Singer(s)
! Music by
! Lyrics by
|-
| ''Aavagaman''
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
| Traditional (arranged by Sadhu S. Tiwari)
|-
| ''Saasa Haale''
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
| Traditional
|-
| ''Zid Pe Aa Gayi Parvati''
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
|-
| ''Maine Tere Hi Bharose'' (tentative)
| Sunil
| Traditional (folk)
| Traditional
|-
| ''Jai Hanuman''<ref>{{cite web |title=Jai Hanuman (Full Video) {{!}} Hanuman Ansh {{!}} Latest Hanuman Song{{!}} New Hanuman Bhajan {{!}} Bhakti Geet 2026 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uvtz4-h00VI&list=RDUvtz4-h00VI&start_radio=1 |date=13 जुलाई 2026}}</ref>
| Shreyas Dharmadhikari
| Rishi Pathak
| Shreyas Dharmadhikari, Rishi Pathak
|-
| ''Ram Bhajan Ki Or''
| Nivedita Padmanabhan
| Rishi Pathak
| Rishi Pathak
|-
| ''Bajrang Baanka''
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
| Traditional
|-
| ''Vaishnav Jan To''
| Rishi Pathak
| Rishi Pathak
| Traditional
|-
| ''Hey Kharari''<ref>{{cite web |title=Hey Kharari (From "Hanuman Ansh") | website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LGErAK9-v0I&list=RDLGErAK9-v0I&start_radio=1 |date=1 June 2026}}</ref>
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
| Sadhu S. Tiwari
|-
| ''Om Namah Shivaya''
| Krishna Das
| Krishna Das
| Jeff Kagel
|-
| ''Shri Ram Jai Ram''
| Krishna Das
| Krishna Das
| Jeff Kagel
|-
| ''Hriday Mein Jinke SitaRam''
| Vishal Chaturvedi
| Dhirendra Mulkalwar
| Vishal Chaturvedi
|}

==Release==
Hanuman Ansh will be release theaters in India on 31st July 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=हनुमान अंश में दिखेगा श्री नीब करौरी बाबा का दिव्य जीवन, प्रेम और सेवा के संदेश के साथ 31 जुलाई को रिलीज होगी फिल्म |url=https://www.punjabkesari.in/entertainment/news/neem-karoli-baba-life-inspires-upcoming-film-hanuman-ansh-2356080 |work=punjabkesari |date=11 July 2026}}</ref> The movie will be released in the Hindi language, along with its translation/subtitle in regional dialects (Braj and Bundeli). There has been no official distributor revealed yet. Posters and teasers<ref>{{cite web |title=Hanuman Ansh{{!}} Official Teaser{{!}} Shobhinaw Satyaa{{!}} Vishal Chaturvedi{{!}} In Cinemas 31st July 2026 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YZ2FbpJDVf0 |date=10 July 2026}}</ref> of this movie have been shared on social media from the beginning of 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hanuman Ansh teaser introduces spiritual cinematic experience inspired by the legacy of Neeb Karori Baba |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/hanuman-ansh-teaser-introduces-spiritual-cinematic-experience-inspired-by-the-legacy-of-neeb-karori-baba-3356214/ |work=Bollywood Life |date=11 July 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|39390582}}

Chalakudy Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-08T07:13:03Z

Masterstrock: new.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
|name = Chalakudy {{Small|KL-11}}
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok_Sabha_constituencies/2019/Kerala/Chalakudy.map}}

|map_caption = Chalakudy Lok Sabha constituency
|established = 2009
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|incumbent_image = Benny Behanan BNC.jpg
|mp = [[Benny Behanan]]
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election in Kerala|2024]]
|state = [[Kerala]]
|reservation= None
|assembly_cons =[[Kaipamangalam (Assembly constituency)|Kaipamangalam]] [[Chalakudy (Assembly constituency)|Chalakudy]] [[Kodungallur (Assembly constituency)|Kodungallur]] [[Perumbavoor (State Assembly constituency)|Perumbavoor]] [[Angamaly (State Assembly constituency)|Angamaly]] [[Aluva (State Assembly constituency)|Aluva]] [[Kunnathunad (State Assembly constituency)|Kunnathunad]]
}}
'''Chalakudy''' is one of the 20 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in the [[South India]]n state of [[Kerala]]. It came into existence in 2008, following the [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of parliamentary constituencies based on recommendations of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]]. The constituency comprises seven assembly segments spread over two districts—[[Thrissur district|Thrissur]] (3) and [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]] (4).

==Assembly segments==

Chalakudy Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following seven legislative assembly segments:
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|-
|69
|[[Kaipamangalam (State Assembly constituency)|Kaipamangalam]]
|rowspan=3|[[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
|[[K. K Valsaraj]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| 72
|[[Chalakudy (State Assembly constituency)|Chalakudy]]
|[[T. J. Saneesh Kumar Joseph]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|73
|[[Kodungallur (State Assembly constituency)|Kodungallur]]
|[[O. J. Janeesh]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|74
|[[Perumbavoor (State Assembly constituency)|Perumbavoor]]
|rowspan=4|[[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
|[[Manoj Moothedan]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|75
|[[Angamaly (State Assembly constituency)|Angamaly]]
|[[Roji M. John]]
|-
|76
|[[Aluva (State Assembly constituency)|Aluva]]
|[[Anwar Sadath]]
|-
|84
|[[Kunnathunad (State Assembly constituency)|Kunnathunad]] (SC)
|[[V. P. Sajeendran]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

Kaipamangalam assembly segment came into existence in 2008, following delimitation of legislative assembly constituencies. Chalakudy, Kodungallur, Perumbavoor, and Angamaly were part of the erstwhile [[Mukundapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mukundapuram Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="h1">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/07/stories/2008020754400500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080210064242/http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/07/stories/2008020754400500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 February 2008|title=Chalakudy throws up new challenges|author=Santhosh, K.|date=7 February 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=31 December 2009}}</ref>

== Members of Parliament ==
'''As Crangannur in [[Thiru–Kochi]]'''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Lok Sabha
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! Tenure
|-
|[[1951-52 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[1st Lok Sabha|1st]]
|[[K.T. Achuthan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1952-1957
|-
|}

'''As Mukundapuram'''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Lok Sabha
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! Tenure
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[2nd Lok Sabha|2nd]]
|Narayankutty Menon
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|1957-1962
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[3rd Lok Sabha|3rd]]
|rowspan=2 |[[Panampilly Govinda Menon]]
| rowspan="4" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|rowspan=4 |[[Indian National Congress]]
|1962-1967
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[4th Lok Sabha|4th]]
|1967-1971
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[5th Lok Sabha|5th]]
|rowspan=2 |A. C. George
|1971-1977
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[6th Lok Sabha|6th]]
|1977-1980
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[7th Lok Sabha|7th]]
|[[E. Balanandan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|1980-1984
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[8th Lok Sabha|7th]]
|K. Mohandas
|{{Full party name with color|Kerala Congress}}
|1984-1989
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[9th Lok Sabha|8th]]
|rowspan=2 |[[Savithri Lakshmanan]]
| rowspan="5" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|rowspan=5 |[[Indian National Congress]]
|1989-1991
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[10th Lok Sabha|9th]]
|1991-1996
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[11th Lok Sabha|10th]]
|[[P. C. Chacko]]
|1996-1998
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[12th Lok Sabha|11th]]
|[[A. C. Jose]]
|1998-1999
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[13th Lok Sabha|12th]]
|[[K. Karunakaran]]
|1999-2004
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[14th Lok Sabha|13th]]
|[[Lonappan Nambadan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|2004-2009
|-
|}

'''As Chalakudy'''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Lok Sabha
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! Tenure
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[15th Lok Sabha|15th]]
|[[K. P. Dhanapalan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|2009-2014
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[16th Lok Sabha|16th]]
|[[Innocent (actor)|Innocent Vareed Thekkethala]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
 (supported by [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]])
|2014-2019
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[17th Lok Sabha|17th]]
|rowspan=2|[[Benny Behanan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan=2|2019 - incumbent
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[18th Lok Sabha|18th]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
===General Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Chalakudy]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Chalakudy">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Chalakudy |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1111.htm |access-date=2 August 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802110025/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1111.htm |archive-date=2 August 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Benny Behanan]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=3,94,171|percentage=41.44|change={{decrease}}6.37}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[C. Raveendranath]]|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=3,30,417|percentage=34.73|change={{increase}}0.28}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=K.M. Unnikrishnan|party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|votes=1,06,400|percentage=11.18|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Adv Charley Paul|party=Twenty20 Party|votes=1,05,642|percentage=11.11|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=8,063|percentage=0.85|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rosilin Chacko|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=2,410|percentage=0.25|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=9,53,520|percentage=72.72|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019===
According to Election Commission, there are 11,85,268 registered voters in Chalakudy Constituency for 2019 Lok Sabha Election.<ref>Indiancrux : {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190421174800/https://www.indiancrux.info/2019/04/2019-general-election-chalakudy-constituency-live-results.html 2019 General Election Chalakudy Constituency Live Results ]}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: [[Chalakudy]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Benny Behanan]]|votes=4,73,444|percentage=47.81|change={{increase}}8.87}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]|votes=3,41,170|percentage=34.45|change={{decrease}}6.05}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[A. N. Radhakrishnan]]|votes=1,28,996|percentage=15.6|change={{increase}}5.11}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=P. P. Moidheen Kunju|votes=4,687|percentage=0.5|change={{decrease}}1.13}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=7,578|percentage=0.8|change={{decrease}}0.39}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 1,32,274
|percentage = 13.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=9,90,433|percentage=80.51|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| |winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election, 2014===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general election]]: [[Chalakudy]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|candidate=[[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]{{efn|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|Left Democratic Front]] supported candidate}}|votes=3,58,440|percentage=40.50|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[P. C. Chacko]]|votes=3,44,556|percentage=38.93|change=-11.40}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=B. Gopalakrishnan|votes=92,848|percentage=10.49|change=+4.77}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=K.M. Noordeen|votes=35,189|percentage=3.98|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Shafeer Muhammed|votes=14,386|percentage=1.63|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=K. Ambujakshan|votes=12,942|percentage=1.46|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=10,552|percentage=1.19|change=---}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 13,884
|percentage = 1.57
|change = -7.47
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=8,84,033|percentage=76.94|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| |winner = Left Democratic Front (Kerala)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Thrissur district]]
* [[Ernakulam district]]
* [[Mukundapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
* [[Muvattupuzha (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081218010942/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp Election Commission of India]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190421174800/https://www.indiancrux.info/2019/04/2019-general-election-chalakudy-constituency-live-results.html 2019 General Election Chalakudy Constituency Live Results]}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Kerala}}
{{coord|10.3|76.3|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Kerala]]
[[Category:Politics of Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Chalakudy]]

Artabhaga

2026-05-06T19:03:57Z

Masterstrock: Adding some page added tags!

{{Short description|Vedic scholar at Ancient Mithila University}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Sanatana]] [[Hinduism]]
| native_name = आर्तभाग
| native_name_lang = sa
| era = Later Vedic Period
| occupation = Philosopher, Vedic Scholar
| father = Ṛtabhāga
| alma_mater = [[Ancient Mithila University]]
| name = Artabhaga
| alias = Jaratkarava Artabhaga
}}
'''Artabhaga''' ([[Sanskrit]]: आर्तभाग, [[Romanization|Romanised]]:''Ārtabhāga'') was an Indian philosopher who participated in the ''[[Bahudakshina Yajna]]'' organised by the [[Janaka|King Janaka]] of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] at his court.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2015-02-23 |title=Yajnavalkya and Artabhaga [Section II] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-brihadaranyaka-upanishad/d/doc118304.html |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-04-18 |title=Artabhaga, Ārtabhāga: 3 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/artabhaga |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> He was a Vedic sage in the line of ''[[Jaratkaru|Jaratkāru]]''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Upanishads |url=https://upanishads.org.in/upanishads/12/3/2/13 |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=upanishads.org.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bombay |first=Asiatic Society of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8EA8_Xv5BRYC&q=artabhaga |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay |date=1902 |publisher=The Society |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Raimon |first=Panikkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rCZSDQAAQBAJ&q=artabhaga |title=Hinduism: The Vedic Experience: Mantramanjari |date=2016-12-15 |publisher=Orbis Books |isbn=978-1-60833-669-2 |language=ar}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Artabhaga was the son of ''Ṛtabhāga''.<ref name=":0" />

== Description ==
Artabhaga was the second [[Brahmin]] scholar in the Bahudakshina Yajna organised at the court of [[Kriti Janaka|King Kriti Janaka]] in Mithila, who debated and asked questions to the sage [[Yajnavalkya]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=The turning point |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2015/sunday-edition/the-turning-point.html |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref> The dialogues between the Brahmins Artabhaga and Yajnavalkya is known as ''Yajnavalkya - Artabhaga Samvada'' or ''Yajnavalkya - Artabhaga Shastrartha''. This dialogue is recorded in the [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

When the first opponent [[Ashvala]] asked some questions on the topics of the [[Vedas|Vedic]] philosophy to the sage Yajnavalkya and got answers of all the questions from the sage Yajnavalkya, then he kept quiet and became silent.<ref name=":2" /> After that it was Artabhaga who started [[Shastrartha]] with the sage Yajnavalkya. Artabhaga also asked many questions with the sage Yajnavalkya related to the Vedic philosophy but was unable to defeat him. The sage Yajnavalkya answered all questions inquired by Artabhaga.<ref name=":1" />

== Yajnavalkya - Artabhaga Shastrartha ==
The core topics of the ''Artabhaga - Yajnavalkya Shastrartha'' were ''Grahas'' and ''Atigrahas''. In the Shastrartha, Artabhaga first asked the number of Grahas and Atigrahas with the sage Yajnavalkya. Then Yajnavalkya replied that there are eight Grahas and eight Atigrahas. He further mentioned and explained each Grahas and its Atigrahas in the Shastrartha, when it was inquired by Artabhaga. The first Graha he mentioned was Prāṇa, that is nose, which is controlled by the Atigraha of Apāna, that is odour. The term Apāna means the air we breathe. The second Graha is Vāgvai, that is organ of speech, which is controlled by the Atigraha of "''Name",'' that is utterance. The third graha is Jihvā, that is tongue, which is controlled by the Atigraha of taste. The fourth graha is cakśu, that is eyes, which is controlled by the Atigraha of colour. The fifth graha is Śrotraṃ, that is ear, which is controlled by the Atigraha of sound. The sixth graha is Mano, that is mind, which is controlled by the Atigraha of desire. Similarly the seventh graha is Hastau, that is hand, which is controlled by the Atigraha of work. And the last and eighth graha is Tvagvai, that is skin, which is controlled by the Atigraha of touch.

After that Artabhaga in his next question inquired about the ''death of death''.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />{{India-philosopher-stub}}

[[Category:Sanskrit and Vedic learning in Mithila]]
[[Category:Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Vedas]]
[[Category:Rishis]]

Sivaganga Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-05T02:48:23Z

Masterstrock: Put Up New Stub

{{Short description|Parliamentary constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
|name = Sivaganga
| map_image = Sivaganga_lok_sabha_constituency.png
|map_caption = Area of Sivaganga Lok Sabha Constituency
|mp = [[Karti Chidambaram|Karti P. Chidambaram]]
|party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|established = 1967
|reservation = None
|state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|preceded_by = [[P. R. Senthilnathan]]
|electors = {{formatnum:1552019}}
|assembly_cons = * [[Tirumayam (state assembly constituency)|Tirumayam]]
* [[Alangudi (state assembly constituency)|Alangudi]]
* [[Karaikudi (state assembly constituency)|Karaikudi]]
* [[Tiruppattur, Sivaganga Assembly constituency|Tiruppattur]]
* [[Sivaganga (state assembly constituency)|Sivaganga]]
* [[Manamadurai (state assembly constituency)|Manamadurai]]
}}

'''Sivaganga Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 39 [[Lok Sabha]] ([[Parliament of India|parliamentary]]) constituencies in [[Tamil Nadu]], a [[Federated state|state]] in southern India. Its Tamil Nadu Parliamentary Constituency number is 31.

==Assembly segments==

=== From 2009 ===
{| class="wikitable"
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number
! width="200px" |Name
! width="100px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
! width="150px" |District
! colspan="2"|Party
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|181
|[[Tirumayam Assembly constituency|Thirumayam]]
|None
| rowspan="2" |[[Pudukkottai district|Pudukkottai]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
|182
|[[Alangudi Assembly constituency|Alangudi]]
|None
|-
|184
|[[Karaikudi Assembly constituency|Karaikudi]]
|None
| rowspan="4" |[[Sivaganga district|Sivaganga]]
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|rowspan=4}}
|-
|185
|[[Tiruppattur, Sivaganga Assembly constituency|Tiruppattur]]
|None
|-
|186
|[[Sivaganga Assembly constituency|Sivaganga]]
|None
|-
|187
|[[Manamadurai Assembly constituency|Manamadurai]]
|SC
|}

=== Before 2009 ===

# [[Tirumayam Assembly constituency|Thirumayam]]
# [[Tiruppattur, Sivaganga Assembly constituency|Tirupathur]]
# [[Karaikudi Assembly constituency|Karaikudi]]
# [[Tiruvadanai Assembly constituency|Thiruvadanai]] (moved to [[Ramanathapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Ramanathapuram Constituency]])
# [[Ilaiyangudi Assembly constituency|Ilayankudi]] (defunct)
# [[Sivaganga Assembly constituency|Sivagangai]]

==History==
From 1967, the Sivanganga parliament seat was held by the Indian National Congress for nine times during 1980,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1980 to the Seventh Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=79}}</ref> 1984,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1984 to the Eighth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=73}}</ref> 1989,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1989 to the Ninth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=81}}</ref> 1991,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1991/VOL_I_LS_91.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1991 to the Tenth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=51}}</ref> 1999,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1999 to the Thirteenth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=85}}</ref> 2004,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=94}}</ref> 2009 and 2019 elections,<ref name="Rit">{{cite web|title=Seventeenth Loksabha, Member of the Parliament|publisher=Parliament of India|year=2019|access-date=28 September 2019|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/AlphabeticalList.aspx}}</ref> ADMK twice during the 1977 and 2014 elections,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1977 to the Sixth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=80}}</ref> [[Tamil Maanila Congress]] twice during 1996 and 1998 elections,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1996 to the Eleventh Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=86}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1998 to the Twelfth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=85}}</ref> and Dravid Munnetra Kazhagam twice during the 1967 and 1971 elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1967 to the Fourth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=67}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS_71.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1971 to the Fifth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=71}}</ref>

The seventeenth and the eighteenth, current Member of Parliament from the constituency is Karti Chidambaram from the INC.

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Period
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| Fourth||1967–71||rowspan=2|[[Tha. Kiruttinan|Kiruttinan]]||{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| Fifth||1971–77
|-
| Sixth||1977–80||[[Periasamy Thiagarajan]]||{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| Seventh||1980–84||[[R. V. Swaminathan]]||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| Eighth||1984–89||rowspan=5|[[P. Chidambaram]]
|-
| Ninth||1989–91
|-
| Tenth||1991–96
|-
| Elewenth||1996–98||{{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| Twelfth||1998–99
|-
| [[13th Lok Sabha|Thirteenth]]||1999-04||[[E. M. Sudarsana Natchiappan]]||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[14th Lok Sabha|Fourteenth]]||2004–2009||rowspan=2|[[P. Chidambaram]]
|-
| [[15th Lok Sabha|Fifteenth]]||2009–2014
|-
| [[16th Lok Sabha|Sixteenth]]||2014–2019||[[P. R. Senthilnathan]]||{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[17th Lok Sabha|Seventeenth]]||2019–2024||rowspan=2|[[Karti Chidambaram]]||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[18th Lok Sabha|Eighteenth]]||2024–2029
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of Winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2024|2024]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|40.60}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2019|2019]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|52.36}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2014|2014]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.71}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2009|2009]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|43.17}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2004|2004]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|60.01}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1999|1999]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|40.23}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1998|1998]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}|51.15}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1996|1996]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}|64.79}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|67.49}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1989|1989]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|65.86}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|68.10}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|60.81}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|71.30}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|61.21}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.17}}}}

=== General Elections 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Indian general election]]: Sivaganga}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Karti Chidambaram]] |party=Indian National Congress|votes=427,677 |percentage=40.60 |change=-11.76 }}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Xavier Das|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=222,013|percentage=21.08|change=New}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Devanathan Yadav|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=195,788|percentage=18.59|change=-3.04}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=V. Ezhilarasi|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=163,412|percentage=15.51|change=+8.83}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the above|party=None of the above|votes=8,189|percentage=0.78|change=-0.08}}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=205,664 |percentage=19.52|change=-11.21 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=10,53,419|percentage=64.26|change=-5.64}}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress|loser= |swing=-11.76}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Indian general election]]: Sivaganga}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Karti Chidambaram]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes={{formatnum:566104}} |percentage=52.36 |change=+42.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[H. Raja]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=2,33,860|percentage=21.63|change=+8.50}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=V. Pandi|party=Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazhagam|votes=1,22,534|percentage=11.33|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=V. Sakthi Priya|party= Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=72,240|percentage=6.68|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Snehan]]|party=Makkal Needhi Maiam|votes=22,931|percentage=2.12|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the above|party=None of the above|votes=9,283|percentage=0.86|change=+0.07}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes={{formatnum:332244}} |percentage=30.73 |change=+8.22 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=10,81,167|percentage=69.90|change=-2.49}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = {{formatnum:1552019}} |change =+9.89 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= +5.65}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Elections 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Indian general election]]: Sivaganga}}
{{
Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate=[[P. R. Senthilnathan]]
|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|votes={{formatnum:475993}}
|percentage=46.71
|change=+3.97
}}
{{
Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate=Dhurai Raaj Subha
|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|votes={{formatnum:246608}}
|percentage=24.20
|change= ''New''
}}
{{
Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate=H. Raja
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes={{formatnum:133763}}
|percentage=13.13
|change= ''New''
}}
{{
Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate=[[Karti Chidambaram]]
|party=Indian National Congress
|votes={{formatnum:104678}}
|percentage=10.27
|change=-32.90
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate=S. Krishnan
|party=Communist Party of India
|votes=20,473
|percentage=2.01
|change= ''New''
}}
{{
Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate=None of the above
|party=None of the above
|votes=8,042
|percentage=0.79
|change= N/A
}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes={{formatnum:229385}} |percentage=22.51 |change=22.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes={{formatnum:1018994}} |percentage=72.75 |change=+1.26}}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing=+3.54}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Indian general election]]: Sivaganga}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. Chidambaram]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes={{formatnum:334348}} |percentage=43.17% |change=-16.84% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. S. Raja Kannappan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes={{formatnum:330994}} |percentage=42.74% |change=7.12% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Barwatha Regina Papa |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=60,054 |percentage=7.75% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thoothai M. Selvam |party=Independent politician |votes=6,997 |percentage=0.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. G. Devar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=6,600 |percentage=0.85% |change=-0.12% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Malairaj |party=Independent politician |votes=6,481 |percentage=0.84% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,354 |percentage=0.43% |change=-23.96% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes={{formatnum:774440}} |percentage=70.98% |change= 9.31% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = {{formatnum:1092438}} |change =0.82% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -16.84% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2004===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Indian general election]]: Sivaganga}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. Chidambaram]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes={{formatnum:400393}} |percentage=60.01% |change=19.78% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. P. Karuppiah |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes={{formatnum:237668}} |percentage=35.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subramanian Mutharaiyar M. Arimalam |party=Independent politician |votes=9,709 |percentage=1.46% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Nowshad Ali Khan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=6,503 |percentage=0.97% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Chidambaram |party=Independent politician |votes=4,512 |percentage=0.68% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes={{formatnum:162725}} |percentage=24.39% |change=20.50% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes={{formatnum:667208}} |percentage=61.58% |change= 5.72% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = {{formatnum:1083542}} |change =-3.01% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 19.78% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Indian general election]]: Sivaganga}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[E. M. Sudarsana Natchiappan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes={{formatnum:246078}} |percentage=40.23% |change=34.49% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[H. Raja]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes={{formatnum:222267}} |percentage=36.34% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. Chidambaram]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes={{formatnum:127528}} |percentage=20.85% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. M. Vimalraj |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=3,796 |percentage=0.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Chidambaram |party=Independent politician |votes=3,151 |percentage=0.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Ramu |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=2,909 |percentage=0.48% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,811 |percentage=3.89% |change=-6.06% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes={{formatnum:611631}} |percentage=55.86% |change= -7.95% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = {{formatnum:1117223}} |change =3.81% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= -24.55% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1998===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Indian general election]]: Sivaganga}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. Chidambaram]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes={{formatnum:303854}} |percentage=51.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Kalimuthu]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes={{formatnum:244713}} |percentage=41.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Gowri Shankaran |party=Indian National Congress |votes=34,114 |percentage=5.74% |change=-20.79% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Santhi Udayappan |party=Puthiya Tamilagam |votes=6,847 |percentage=1.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=E. Nallasamy |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=3,839 |percentage=0.65% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=59,141 |percentage=9.96% |change=-28.30% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes={{formatnum:594036}} |percentage=57.45% |change= -6.36% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = {{formatnum:1076206}} |change =1.78% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= -13.64% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Indian general election]]: Sivaganga}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. Chidambaram]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes={{formatnum:418774}} |percentage=64.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Gowri Shankaran |party=Indian National Congress |votes={{formatnum:171472}} |percentage=26.53% |change=-40.96% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Ganesan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,164 |percentage=6.37% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Pattabiramasamy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,739 |percentage=1.04% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Jesu |party=Independent politician |votes=3,115 |percentage=0.48% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes={{formatnum:247302}} |percentage=38.26% |change=-0.12% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes={{formatnum:646379}} |percentage=63.81% |change= 1.41% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = {{formatnum:1057381}} |change =6.02% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -2.70% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Indian general election]]: Sivaganga}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. Chidambaram]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes={{formatnum:402029}} |percentage=67.49% |change=1.63% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Kasinathan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes={{formatnum:173432}} |percentage=29.12% |change=-3.14% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Nagarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,792 |percentage=0.47% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Sathaiah |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=2,742 |percentage=0.46% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes={{formatnum:228597}} |percentage=38.38% |change=4.77% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes={{formatnum:595664}} |percentage=62.40% |change= -3.57% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = {{formatnum:997331}} |change =-0.53% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 1.63% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Indian general election]]: Sivaganga}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. Chidambaram]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes={{formatnum:430290}} |percentage=65.86% |change=-2.25% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Ganesan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes={{formatnum:210738}} |percentage=32.26% |change=2.53% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Rajangam |party=Independent politician |votes=3,576 |percentage=0.55% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes={{formatnum:219552}} |percentage=33.60% |change=-4.77% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes={{formatnum:653349}} |percentage=65.97% |change= -7.95% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = {{formatnum:1002667}} |change =27.89% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -2.25% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Indian general election]]: Sivaganga}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. Chidambaram]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes={{formatnum:377160}} |percentage=68.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tha. Kiruttinan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes={{formatnum:164627}} |percentage=29.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. K. Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=12,005 |percentage=2.17% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes={{formatnum:212533}} |percentage=38.38% |change=11.70% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes={{formatnum:553792}} |percentage=73.92% |change= 3.07% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = {{formatnum:784016}} |change =8.05% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress (I) |swing= 7.29% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Indian general election]]: Sivaganga}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[R. V. Swaminathan]] |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes={{formatnum:306748}} |percentage=60.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Pandian |party=Communist Party of India |votes={{formatnum:172187}} |percentage=34.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Subramanian |party=Independent politician |votes=17,705 |percentage=3.51% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. N. K. Seenipulavar |party=Independent politician |votes=3,073 |percentage=0.61% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Somasundaram Odaiyar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,529 |percentage=0.50% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes={{formatnum:134561}} |percentage=26.68% |change=-17.81% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes={{formatnum:504428}} |percentage=70.85% |change= 2.44% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = {{formatnum:725576}} |change =2.15% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (I) |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -10.49% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Indian general election]]: Sivaganga}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Thiagarajan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes={{formatnum:338999}} |percentage=71.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Ramanathan Chettiar |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes={{formatnum:127466}} |percentage=26.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. M. Santhakumari |party=Independent politician |votes=4,716 |percentage=0.99% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Somasundaram Odaiyar |party=Independent politician |votes=4,284 |percentage=0.90% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes={{formatnum:211533}} |percentage=44.49% |change=22.06% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes={{formatnum:475465}} |percentage=68.41% |change= -5.82% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = {{formatnum:710297}} |change =15.59% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 10.09% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Indian general election]]: Sivaganga}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tha. Kiruttinan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes={{formatnum:273194}} |percentage=61.21% |change=8.04% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kannappa Valliappan |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes={{formatnum:173106}} |percentage=38.79% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes={{formatnum:100088}} |percentage=22.43% |change=8.68% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes={{formatnum:446300}} |percentage=74.24% |change= -4.80% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = {{formatnum:614497}} |change =10.80% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 8.04% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Indian general election]]: Sivaganga}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tha. Kiruttinan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes={{formatnum:225106}} |percentage=53.17% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subramanian |party=Indian National Congress |votes={{formatnum:166889}} |percentage=39.42% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Narayanan |party=Communist Party of India |votes=26,588 |percentage=6.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Krishnasarma |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=4,795 |percentage=1.13% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=58,217 |percentage=13.75% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes={{formatnum:423378}} |percentage=79.03% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = {{formatnum:554582}} |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==Issues==
===Demands of the people of Sivaganga Constituency===

To set up the already planned SIPCOTs at [[karaikudi]] and Sivaganga and to encourage more Industries in [[Sivaganga]] Constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2019 |title=காரைக்குடி சிப்காட்டுக்கான அரசாணை ரத்து! |url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/24-by-7-news/thamizhagam/sivagangai-karaikudi-sipcot-decision-cancel-tn-govt |access-date=2023-02-25 |website=nakkheeran |language=en}}</ref><ref name=din>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2018 |title=தொழில் வளர்ச்சியில் பின்தங்கிய சிவகங்கை |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-district-news-sivagangai/news/2162875 |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=Dinamalar |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2023 |title=நிலம் கையகப்படுத்தும் பணி முடிவடைந்து 2 ஆண்டுகளாகியும் செயல்பாட்டுக்கு வராத சிப்காட் திட்டம்: சிவகங்கை மக்கள் அதிருப்தி |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/986768-sivagangai-sipcot-project-not-operational-even-2-years-after-completion-of-land-acquisition.html |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=1 September 2021 |title=தமிழகத்தில் 18 இடங்களில் புதிய தொழில் பூங்காக்கள் அமைச்சர் தங்கம் தென்னரசு தகவல் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/News/State/2021/09/01053237/Minister-of-New-Industrial-Parks-in-18-places-in-Tamil.vpf |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=சிவகங்கை மாவட்டத்தில் 30 ஆண்டுகளாகியும் மாறாத தொழில் வளம்: அரசு நடவடிக்கை எடுக்குமா? {{!}} Dinakaran |url=https://m.dinakaran.com/article/News_Detail/700648/amp |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=m.dinakaran.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=தேனி, சிவகங்கை, தருமபுரி, தூத்துக்குடி அடியோடு மாறுது! தமிழ்நாட்டிற்கு பெரிய ஜாக்பாட்! தொழிற்புரட்சி |language=ta |trans-title=Theni, Sivagangai, Dharmapuri, Tuticorin will change drastically – Big jackpot for Tamil Nadu! industrial revolution |url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/amphtml/news/chennai/sipcot-has-listed-7-upcoming-industrial-parks-spread-over-6-035-acres-594479.html}}</ref> To bring more investors and companies to the already existing [[State Industries Promotion Corporation of Tamil Nadu|SIPCOT]] at [[Manamadurai]] and there by increasing the employment opportunities to the constituency people.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kandavel |first=Sangeetha |date=27 January 2022 |title='We want to create 46 lakh jobs by 2030' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/we-want-to-create-46-lakh-jobs-by-2030/article38336329.ece |access-date=2023-02-25 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2021 |title=மானாமதுரையில் 21 நிறுவனங்களை வெளியேற்றிய சிப்காட் நிர்வாகம் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/todays-paper/regional04/705171-.html |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=இந்து தமிழ் திசை |language=ta}}</ref> To relocate the loss making kirungakottai SIDCO either to manamadurai or to [[Thirupuvanam, Sivaganga|thiruppuvanam]] since it is located in remote area which leads to poor accessible by public and investors due to which no one is interested in investing in Kirungakottai [[Small Industries Development Corporation|SIDCO]].<ref name=din/> To provide more employment opportunities based on the Graphite-based jobs in Sivaganga by using the existing graphite mines as like similar to that of Andhra Pradesh's [[Rajahmundry]] and also to create the Graphite Mineral-based Industrial Cluster at Sivaganga. To operate the Tamil Nadu's only spices board Park in full-fledged manner which is located at Sivaganga and also steps should be taken by the elected representative to get approval from State Urban Organization Director for the effective functioning of the Spices Park.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 November 2021 |title=Petition in Madras high court seeks nod for Spices Park in Sivaganga district |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/petition-in-hc-seeks-nod-for-spices-park-in-sivaganga-district/articleshow/87788226.cms |access-date=2023-02-25 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2019 |title=கொதிக்கும் விவசாயிகள்: ஸ்பைசஸ் பார்க்கிற்கு அரசே முட்டுக்கட்டை: 5 ஆண்டாக கண்டுகொள்ளாத அ.தி.மு.க., எம்.பி. |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-district-news-sivagangai/news/2182060 |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=Dinamalar |language=ta}}</ref> To bring an Agro Based Industrial cluster related with [[Capsicum]] Plantation near [[Ilayangudi]] as these areas have more capsicum plantation. To provide and improve optimal situation for those employees who relay on wood charcoal (or charcoal heap) business in and around Manamadurai area and to improve the existing facilities for such businesses in that area thereby improving the employment opportunities by providing a favourable situation to them.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 February 2017 |title=End of the line for Tamil Nadu charcoal industry |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/end-of-the-line-for-tn-charcoal-industry/articleshow/57240670.cms |access-date=2023-03-09 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> To promote employment opportunities on Geographical Indication recognized clay iratics of Manamadurai, Kandangi Sarees, Tiruppachetti Billhooks, Aathangudi Tiles, Chettinad Cuisine. To promote Agro based Industries at Sivaganga and Manamadurai. To improve facilities available at the existing tourism spots in [[Tiruppattur, Sivaganga|Thirupathur]] Constituency and [[Keezhadi]]. To improve facilities to the existing agro oil, coir based industries and automotive spare parts based industries at Thiruppathur and [[Singampuneri]] by providing favourable situation to them. To reconstruct the [[Chettinad Airport|old airport at Karaikudi]] and bring it back to service.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 February 2023 |title=Need to develop Chettinadu region stressed |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/need-to-develop-chettinadu-region-stressed/article66459746.ece |access-date=2023-02-25 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> To construct a new Government Nursing College at [[Poovanthi]] and also to add more Facilities in [[Government Sivagangai Medical College and Hospital|Sivagangai Medical College Hospital]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2021 |title=சிவகங்கை அரசு மருத்துவக் கல்லூரியில் செவிலியர் பயிற்சி தொடங்குவதில் இழுபறி : சுகாதாரத் துறை அமைச்சர் கவனிப்பாரா? |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/todays-paper/regional04/690938-.html |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref> To construct New Government Veterinary College at Kundrakudi and also to construct new IRT Polytechnic College at Manamadurai and also to provide a favourable situation to the people who are relaying in Manufacturing Utensils in Karaikudi region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2020 |title=சிவகங்கை சீமைக்கு 35 வயது திட்டங்கள் தீண்டாத ஒரு மாவட்டம் மந்தகதியில் மக்களின் பொருளாதாரம் வேலைதேடி இடம்பெயரும் சோகம் |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-district-news-sivagangai/news/2501948 |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=Dinamalar |language=ta}}</ref> To get more water facility from Vaigai Dam to Sivagangai District areas to increase the cultivation. Steps should be taken to provide stoppage for all trains at District Headquarters Railway Station Sivaganga (which includes 20973 and 20974 – [[Ajmer–Rameswaram Humsafar Express|Ajmeer Rameswaram Humsafar Express]], 22535 – [[Rameswaram–Manduadih Express|Rameswaram Banaras Express]], 06036 and 06035 – [[Ernakulam Velankanni Express]], 07355 and 07356 – Hubli Rameswaram Express, 22613 and 22614 – [[Rameswaram–Faizabad Shraddha Sethu Express|Shraddha Sethu Express]], 20683 and 20684 [[Thamirabarani Express|Tambaram Sengottai Tambaram Triweekly super fast express]] etc.) Since all of these trains are skipping sivaganga which caused huge inconvenience to many people of [[Sivaganga District]].

Also, the surveys taken by Railway boards are being shelved. New railway routes between Madurai-Melur-Tirupattur-Karaikudi, Dindigul-Natham-Tirupattur-Karaikudi were requested since decades and are shelved, waiting for approvals since long time. New east coast rail route between Karaikudi-Devakottai-Ramanathapuram-Tuticorin-Kanyakumari are being abandoned due to lack of finance.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Progress of surveys (Tamilnadu) | date=2014-04-30 | url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1399881183201-Progress_of_Surveys.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724182609/http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1399881183201-Progress_of_Surveys.pdf | archive-date=2014-07-24}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Sivaganga]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of Lok Sabha elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/tamilnadu/sivaganga/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Sivagangai lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|9.8|78.5|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sivagangai (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Tamil Nadu]]

Abdulla Aboobacker

2026-05-04T17:51:35Z

Masterstrock: Adding initial article needs work

{{short description|Indian athlete}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| honorific_prefix = [[Warrant Officer|JWO]]
| name = Abdulla Aboobacker
| full_name = Abdulla Ibnu Aboobacker Narangolintevida
| image = Abdulla Aboobacker.jpg
| image_size = 150px
| sport = [[Track and field]]
| event = [[Triple jump]]
| alma_mater = [[Mar Athanasius College of Engineering]]
| caption = Aboobacker in 2022
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1996|1|17}}
| birth_place = [[Nadapuram]], [[Kerala]], India <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/aug/08/abdulla-aboobacker-bags-silvernadapuram-residents-erupt-in-joy-2485178.html |title=Abdulla Aboobacker bags silver, Nadapuram residents erupt in joy |website=newindianexpress.com |date=8 August 2022 |access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref>
| pb = 17.19 m (2022)
| module = {{Infobox military person|embed=yes
| allegiance =
| branch = {{Air Force|India}}
| service_years = 2014–present
| rank = [[File:Indian IAF OR-7.svg|25px]] [[Warrant Officer|Junior Warrant Officer]]
}}
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Athletics (sport)|athletics]]}} [[File:Athletics pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]]|[[Athletics at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's triple jump|Triple jump]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2023 Asian Athletics Championships|2023 Bangkok]]|[[2023 Asian Athletics Championships|Triple jump]]}}
}}
'''Abdulla Aboobacker''' (born 17 January 1996) is an Indian [[triple jump]]er. He won the gold medal in the men's triple jump at the [[2023 Asian Athletics Championships|2023 Asian Championships]] and the silver medal at the [[2022 Commonwealth Games]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Nag |first=Utathya |date=7 August 2022 |title=Eldhose Paul wins India's first triple jump gold medal; Abdulla Aboobacker bags silver |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/commonwealth-games-2022-athletics-india-triple-jump-eldhose-paul-abdulla-result |accessdate=7 August 2022 |publisher=[[Olympics.com]]}}</ref> He has also competed in the [[Athletics at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's triple jump|men's triple jump]] at the [[2022 Asian Games]], where he narrowly missed a medal with a fourth-place finish.

== Results ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Date
!Competition
!Cnt.
!Cat
!Race
!Pl.
!Result
!Score
!Wind
!Remarks
|-
|1 March 2022
|Indian Open Jumps Competitions, Thiruvananthapuram
|IND
|F
|F
|3.
|16.81
|1114
|NWI
|
|-
|23 March 2022
|Indian Grand Prix, Thiruvananthapuram
|IND
|F
|F
|2.
|16.70
|1136
| -0.6
|
|-
|6 April 2022
|National Federation Cup, CH Muhammed Koya Stadium, Thenhipalam
|IND
|F
|F
|4.
|16.50
|1111
| +0.2
|
|-
|21 May 2022
|Indian Grand Prix, Bhubaneshwar
|IND
|F
|F
|1.
|17.19
|1185
| +1.4
|
|-
|14 June 2022
|National Inter State Senior Athletics Ch., Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Chennai
|IND
|B
|F
|2.
|17.14
|1179
|0.0
|
|-
|21 July 2022
|World Athletics Championships, Oregon 2022, Hayward Field, Eugene
|USA
|OW
|Q2
|10.
|16.45
|1106
|0.0
|
|-
|7 August 2022
|XXII Commonwealth Games, Alexander Stadium, Birmingham
|GBR
|A
|F1
|2.
|17.02
|1167
| +1.2
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{sports links}}

{{Footer Asian Champions men's triple jump}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aboobacker, Abdulla}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Athletes from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian men triple jumpers]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2024 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:World Athletics Championships athletes for India]]
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships winners]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games athletes for India]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists in athletics]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

{{India-athletics-bio-stub}}

All-India Services Act, 1951

2026-05-04T05:49:49Z

Masterstrock: Adding first stub initial version!

{{Short description|Indian legislation}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox legislation
|short_title = All-India Services Act, 1951
|long_title = An Act to regulate the recruitment, and the conditions of service of persons appointed, to the All-India Services common to the Union and the States.
|territorial_extent = Whole of [[India]]
|legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
|enacted_by = [[Parliament of India]]
|status = amended
|citation = [https://web.archive.org/web/20180216205607/http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/P-ACT/1951/A1951-61.pdf No. 61 of 1951]
|image = Emblem of India.svg
|imagesize = 200px
|amended_by =
* ''The All India Services (Amendment) Act, 1958 (Act {{abbr|no.|number}} 25 of 1963)''
* ''The All India Services (Amendment) Act, 1963 (Act no. 25 of 1963)''
* ''The All India Services (Amendment) Act, 1975 (Act no. 19 of 1975)''
* ''The All India Services Regulations (Indemnity) Act, 1975 (Act no. 25 of 1975)''
|date_assented = 29 October 1951 {{small|(by the [[President of India]], [[Rajendra Prasad]])}}
|caption = [[Emblem of India]]
|summary = Creates [[All India Services]], namely, the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) and the [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS), [[Indian Forest Service]] (IFS) as per the articles 312, 313, and 314 of the [[Constitution of India]].
|date_effective=29 October 1951|date_commenced=29 October 1951}}

The '''All-India Services Act, 1951''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: {{IAST|Akhila Bhāratīya Sevāem Adhiniyama, 1951}}) is an Indian legislation. The act established two [[All India Services]] and provides for the creation of three more.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/P-ACT/1951/A1951-61.pdf|title=The All India Services Act, 1951 (Act no. 61 of 1951)|date=29 October 1951|website=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=16 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216205607/http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/P-ACT/1951/A1951-61.pdf|archive-date=16 February 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==History==
During the occupation of India by the [[East India Company]], the civil services were divided into three — covenanted, uncovenanted and special civil services. The covenanted civil service, or the Honourable East India Company's Civil Service (HEICCS), as it was called, largely consisted of British civil servants occupying the senior posts in the government.<ref name=":162">{{Cite book|title=Indian Polity: A view of system of administration in India (classic reprint)|last=Chesney|first=George Tomkyns|publisher=Forgotten Books|year=2016|isbn=978-1333187644|location=[[London]]|publication-date=8 December 2017|oclc=982769345|author-link=George Tomkyns Chesney|orig-year=1870|df=dmy}}</ref><ref name="CUC Civil Service2" /> The uncovenanted civil service was solely introduced to facilitate the entry of Indians into the lower rung of the administration.<ref name=":162" /><ref name="CUC Civil Service2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpregion/asia/india/indiaofficerecordsfamilyhistory/occupations/civilservice/civilservice.html|title=Civil Service|date=8 June 2011|publisher=[[The British Library]]|access-date=4 September 2017|archive-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925105401/http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpregion/asia/india/indiaofficerecordsfamilyhistory/occupations/civilservice/civilservice.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":52">{{Cite book|title=Public Administration in South Asia: India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan (Public Administration and Public Policy)|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2013|isbn=978-1439869116|editor-last=Sabharwal|editor-first=Meghna|edition=1st|location=[[Abingdon-on-Thames]]|oclc=1004349979|editor-last2=Berman|editor-first2=Evan M.}}</ref> The special service consisted of specialised departments, such as the Indian Forest Service, [[Indian Imperial Police|Indian Police]] and [[Indian Political Department|Indian Political Service]], whose ranks were drawn from either the covenanted civil services or the [[British Indian Army]]. The Indian Police ranked many British Indian Army officers among its members, although after 1893, an annual exam was used to select its officers.<ref name="CUC Civil Service2" /><ref name=":52" /> In 1858, the HEICCS was replaced by the [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]] (ICS),<ref name=":162" /><ref name="CUC Civil Service2" /> which became the highest [[civil service]] in [[British India|British-ruled India]] between 1858 and 1947. The last British appointments to the ICS were made in 1942.<ref name="CUC Civil Service2" /><ref name=":52" />

With the passing of the ''[[Government of India Act, 1919]]'', the Imperial Services — under the oversight of the [[Secretary of State for India]] — were split into two arms, the [[All India Services]] and the [[Central Civil Services of India|Central Services]].<ref name="Public Personnel Administration2">{{cite book|title=Public Personnel Administration : Theory and Practice|last1=Goel|first1=S.L.|last2=Rajneesh|first2=Shalini|publisher=Deep and Deep Publications|others=Foreword by [[Vasundhara Raje]]|year=2002|isbn=978-8176293952|location=[[Delhi]]|oclc=51300460}}</ref> The Imperial Civil Service was one of the ten All India Services.

In 1946, at the Premier's Conference, the then-Central Cabinet decided to form the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), based on the Imperial Civil Service (ICS);<ref name=":052">{{Cite web|url=http://dopt.gov.in/sites/default/files/BaswanReport.pdf|title=To take a comprehensive look at the requirement of IAS officers over a longer time frame|last1=Baswan|first1=B. S.|last2=Barik|first2=R. K.|year=2016|website=Department of Personnel and Training, [[Government of India]]|publisher=[[Indian Institute of Public Administration]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=23 January 2018|last3=Ali|first3=Akber|last4=Singh|first4=Pankaj Kumar}}</ref><ref name=":172">{{Cite book|title=The Service of the State: The IAS Reconsidered|last=Ghose|first=Bhaskar|publisher=[[Penguin Group]]|year=2011|isbn=978-0670083817|location=[[New Delhi]]|publication-date=9 June 2011|oclc=986241038}}</ref> and the [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS), based on the Imperial Police (IP).<ref name=":052" />{{Blockquote|quote=There is no alternative to this administrative system... If you do not adopt this course, then do not follow the present Constitution. Substitute something else... these people are the instrument. Remove them and I see nothing but a picture of chaos all over the country.|author=[[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]] {{small|in the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] discussing the role of [[All India Services]].}}|source=<ref name="Discussion in Constituent Assembly on role of Indian Administrative Service">{{Cite web |url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Debates/cadebatefiles/C10101949.html |title=Discussion in Constituent Assembly on role of Indian Administrative Service |work= [[Parliament of India]]|access-date=26 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/sardar-vallabhbhai-patel-birth-anniversary-india-narendra-modi-bjp-4914433/|title=The great unifier|last=Naidu|first=M Venkaiah|author-link=Venkaiah Naidu|date=October 31, 2017|oclc=70274541|website=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=January 21, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sardar-patels-great-contribution-was-the-indian-administrative/articleshow/61356227.cms|title=Sardar Patel's great contribution was the Indian Administrative Service|date=October 31, 2018|website=[[The Economic Times]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|oclc=61311680|access-date=January 21, 2018}}</ref><ref name=":Save the integrity of the civil service">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/op-ed/020717/save-the-integrity-of-the-civil-service.html|title=Save the integrity of the civil service|last=Noorani|first=A.G.|date=2 July 2017|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=4 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="One Who Forged India’s Steel Frame">{{Cite web|title=One Who Forged India's Steel Frame|url=http://www.boloji.com/index.cfm?md=Content&sd=Articles&ArticleID=15210|publisher=H.N. Bali|access-date=15 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730005641/http://www.boloji.com/index.cfm?md=Content&sd=Articles&ArticleID=15210|archive-date=30 July 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>}}When India was [[Partition of India|partitioned]] following the departure of the British in 1947, the [[Imperial Civil Service]] was divided between the new [[dominion]]s of [[Dominion of India|India]] and [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]]. The Indian remnant of the ICS was named the [[Indian Administrative Service]],<ref name=":182">{{Cite book|title=Government Employment and Pay: A Global and Regional Perspective|last1=Schiavo-Campo|first1=Salvatore|last2=Tommaso|first2=de Giulio|last3=Mukherjee|first3=Amitabha|publisher=[[World Bank]]|year=1999|location=[[Washington D. C.]]|page=23|oclc=913715804}}</ref> while the [[Pakistan]] remnant was named the [[Pakistan Administrative Service]] (PAS). The modern Indian Administrative Service and Indian Police Service were created under the Article 312(2) in [[Part XIV of the Constitution of India|part XIV]] of the [[Constitution of India]],<ref name="Services under the Union and the states2">{{Cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/Const.Pock%202Pg.Rom8Fsss(19).pdf|title=Part XIV of the Constitution of India- Services under the Union and the States - Article 312(2)|website=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]], [[Government of India]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203131448/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/Const.Pock%202Pg.Rom8Fsss(19).pdf|archive-date=3 December 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=16 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dopt.gov.in/sites/default/files/Revised_AIS_Rule_Vol_I_Rule_01.pdf|title=Relevant portions of the constitution relating to the All India Services|website=Department of Personnel and Training, [[Government of India]]|access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref> and the ''All India Services Act, 1951''.<ref name=":062">{{Cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/P-ACT/1951/A1951-61.pdf|title=The All India Services Act, 1951 (Act no. 61 of 1951)|date=29 October 1951|website=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=16 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216205607/http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/P-ACT/1951/A1951-61.pdf|archive-date=16 February 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Provisions ==
The Act creates two All India Services as per Article 312(2) in [[Part XIV of the Constitution of India|part XIV]] of the [[Constitution of India]], namely, the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) and the [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS).<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Services under the Union and the states">{{Cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/Const.Pock%202Pg.Rom8Fsss(19).pdf|title=Part XIV of the Constitution of India- Services under the Union and the States - Article 312(2)|website=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]], [[Government of India]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203131448/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/Const.Pock%202Pg.Rom8Fsss(19).pdf|archive-date=3 December 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=16 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The act — subject to a two-thirds majority ([[supermajority]]) in the [[Rajya Sabha]] — also provides for the creation of three more [[All India Services]], namely, the [[Indian Engineering Service]], the [[Indian Forest Service]], and [[Combined Medical Services Examination|Indian Medical and Health Service]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The All-India Services Act, 1951 - Act No. 61 of 1951 |url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1951-61_0.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223003232/https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1951-61_0.pdf |archive-date=23 December 2018 |date=29 October 1951 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The All-India Services (Amendment) Bill, 1962 |url=http://164.100.47.4/billstexts/lsbilltexts/asintroduced/103_1962_LS_Eng.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203153018/http://164.100.47.4/billstexts/lsbilltexts/asintroduced/103_1962_LS_Eng.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chapter VIII All India Services |url=http://interstatecouncil.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/CHAPTERVIII.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214181348/http://interstatecouncil.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/CHAPTERVIII.pdf |archive-date=14 February 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Of these, only the [[Indian Forest Service]] was created under the ''All India Services Act, 1951'' in 1966.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ifs.nic.in|title=Introduction|website=[[Indian Forest Service]], [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref>

==Amendments==
The ''All India Services Act, 1951'' has been amended four times.
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+Amendments to the ''All India Services Act, 1951''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Legislation/billspassed.aspx|title=Legislation|website=[[Lok Sabha]]|publisher=[[Parliament of India]]|access-date=16 February 2018}}</ref>
!No.
!Short title
!Citation
!Status
|-
|1
|''The All India Services (Amendment) Act, 1958''
|Act {{abbr|no.|number}} 25 of 1963
|In force
|-
|2
|''The All India Services (Amendment) Act, 1963''
|Act no. 25 of 1963
|In force
|-
|3
|''The All India Services (Amendment) Act, 1975''
|Act no. 19 of 1975
|[[Repeal]]ed<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/repealedActs.jsp|title=Repealed Acts|website=India Code|publisher=Legislative Department, [[Government of India]]|access-date=31 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
|4.
|''The All India Services Regulations (Indemnity) Act, 1975''
|Act no. 25 of 1975
|Repealed<ref name=":1" />
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
===Books===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|title=Public Administration in India|last=Tummala|first=Krishna Kumar|publisher=Allied Publishers|year=1996|isbn=978-8170235903|location=[[Mumbai]]|oclc=313439426}}
* {{Cite book|title=Indian Polity: A view of system of administration in India (classic reprint)|last=Chesney|first=George Tomkyns|publisher=Forgotten Books|year=2016|isbn=978-1333187644|location=[[London]]|publication-date=8 December 2017|oclc=982769345|author-link=George Tomkyns Chesney|orig-year=1870|df=dmy}}
* {{Cite book|title=Public Administration in South Asia: India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan (Public Administration and Public Policy)|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2013|isbn=978-1439869116|editor-last=Sabharwal|editor-first=Meghna|edition=1st|location=[[Abingdon-on-Thames]]|oclc=1004349979|editor-last2=Berman|editor-first2=Evan M.}}
* {{cite book|title=Public Personnel Administration : Theory and Practice|last1=Goel|first1=S.L.|last2=Rajneesh|first2=Shalini|publisher=Deep and Deep Publications|others=Foreword by [[Vasundhara Raje]]|year=2002|isbn=978-8176293952|location=[[Delhi]]|oclc=51300460}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Service of the State: The IAS Reconsidered|last=Ghose|first=Bhaskar|publisher=[[Penguin Group]]|year=2011|isbn=978-0670083817|location=[[New Delhi]]|publication-date=9 June 2011|oclc=986241038}}
{{Refend}}

===Paper===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://dopt.gov.in/sites/default/files/BaswanReport.pdf|title=To take a comprehensive look at the requirement of IAS officers over a longer time frame|last1=Baswan|first1=B. S.|last2=Barik|first2=R. K.|year=2016|website=Department of Personnel and Training, [[Government of India]]|publisher=[[Indian Institute of Public Administration]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=23 January 2018|last3=Ali|first3=Akber|last4=Singh|first4=Pankaj Kumar}}
{{Refend}}

[[Category:All India Services]]
[[Category:1951 in India]]
[[Category:Nehru administration]]
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1951]]

IC 814: The Kandahar Hijack

2026-04-30T12:16:37Z

Masterstrock: new new stub.

{{Short description|2024 Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = IC 814 - The Kandahar Hijack.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Promotional release poster
| genre = [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| based_on = {{based on|Flight Into Fear
The Captain's Story|[[Devi Sharan]] and Srinjoy Chowdhury}}
| creator = [[Anubhav Sinha]] Trishant Srivastava
| writer = {{ubl|[[Adrian Levy]]|Trishant Srivastava}}
| director = Anubhav Sinha
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Vijay Varma]]
* [[Naseeruddin Shah]]
* [[Pankaj Kapur]]
* [[Dia Mirza]]
* [[Arvind Swamy]]
}}
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| composer = Alex Lamy Richard Harvey
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 6
| executive_producer =
| producer = Sarita Patil Sanjay Routray Anubhav Sinha
| cinematography = [[Ewan Mulligan]] Ravi Kiran Ayyagari
| editor = Amarjit Singh
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 28-46 mins
| company = [[Matchbox Shots]] Benaras Mediaworks
| channel = [[Netflix]]
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2024|8|29}}
| opentheme =
}}
'''''IC 814: The Kandahar Hijack''''' is 2024 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Thriller film|crime thriller]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television mini series about the hijacking of [[Indian Airlines Flight 814]] in 1999. It is directed by [[Anubhav Sinha]] and written by [[Adrian Levy]] and Trishant Srivastava.<ref>{{cite web | title=IC 814: The Kandahar Hijack | website=BBFC | date=29 August 2024 | url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/ic-814-the-kandahar-hijack-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdizodu5 | access-date=29 August 2024 | archive-date=29 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829181828/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/ic-814-the-kandahar-hijack-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdizodu5 | url-status=live }}</ref> Produced by Sarita Patil and Sanjay Routray under [[Matchbox Shots]] and Benaras Mediaworks, it stars an ensemble cast led by [[Vijay Varma]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Pankaj Kapur]], [[Dia Mirza]] and [[Arvind Swamy]].<ref>{{cite news |title=IC814 The Kandahar Hijack: Vijay Varma, Dia Mirza and Naseeruddin Shah star in hard-hitting series on India's longest hijack |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/ic814-the-kandahar-hijack-vijay-varma-dia-mirza-and-naseeruddin-shah-star-in-hard-hitting-series-on-indias-longest-hijack-9187877/ |access-date=17 June 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=29 February 2024 |language=en |archive-date=19 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819085220/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/ic814-the-kandahar-hijack-vijay-varma-dia-mirza-and-naseeruddin-shah-star-in-hard-hitting-series-on-indias-longest-hijack-9187877/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Naseeruddin Shah, Vijay Varma to lead Anubhav Sinha's 'IC 814: The Kandahar Hijack'; first look pictures out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/naseeruddin-shah-vijay-varma-to-lead-anubhav-sinhas-ic814-the-kandahar-hijack-first-look-pictures-out/article67899114.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=29 February 2024 |access-date=29 August 2024 |archive-date=29 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829181832/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/naseeruddin-shah-vijay-varma-to-lead-anubhav-sinhas-ic814-the-kandahar-hijack-first-look-pictures-out/article67899114.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Ninad Kamat]] serves as narrator.

The series premiered globally on [[Netflix]] on 29 August 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title='IC 814: The Kandahar Hijack' to release on Netflix on August 29, teaser out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ic-814-the-kandahar-hijack-to-release-on-netflix-on-august-29-teaser-out/article68480702.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=3 August 2024 |access-date=29 August 2024 |archive-date=21 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821124005/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ic-814-the-kandahar-hijack-to-release-on-netflix-on-august-29-teaser-out/article68480702.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> It was the most watched show on [[Netflix]] for the first week of September.<ref>{{cite web |title=IC 816: The Kandahar Hijack most watched web series for two weeks straight, says Ormax report|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/ic-814-the-kandahar-hijack-most-watched-web-series-for-two-weeks-straight-says-ormax-report/cid/2047036|website=The Telegraph |language=en-IN |date=10 September 2024 |access-date=12 September 2024}}</ref>

== Plot ==
On Christmas eve in 1999, passengers board Indian Airlines flight 814 in Kathmandu, Nepal. As the plane makes its usual short-haul journey back to New Delhi, five Pakistani terrorists take over the flight, demanding the release of militants held in an Indian prison. IC 814 makes several stops in Amritsar, Lahore, and Dubai, before ending up in Kandahar, Afghanistan, where they are then confronted by the Taliban.

== Cast ==

=== IC 814 Crew ===
* [[Vijay Varma]] as Captain Sharan Dev, pilot-in-command of [[IC 814]] (anagram of Devi Sharan)
* Karan Desai as First Officer Sunil Sachdeva, co-pilot of IC-814 (based on Rajinder Kumar)
* Girish Dhaneja as Flight Engineer Rajendra Nangia (based on Anil Jaggia)
* [[Mohit Shewani]] as Flight Purser Arun Kapoor (based on chief flight attendant Anil Sharma)
* [[Additi Gupta]] as Air Hostess Chhaya
* [[Patralekha]] as Air Hostess Indrani

=== IC 814 passengers ===

* Nikhil Angrish as Rupesh (based on Rupin Katiyal)

=== IC 814 hijackers ===

*Harry Parmar as Amjad Farooqui alias "Doctor" (hijacker)
*Diljhon Singh as Sunny Ahmed Qazi alias "Burger" (hijacker)
*[[Rajiv Thakur]] as Ibrahim Akhtar alias "Chief" (hijacker)
*Kunal Chopra as Zahoor Mistry alias "Bhola" (hijacker)
* Kamal Batra as Shakir alias "Shankar" (hijacker)

=== Miscellaneous ===
* [[Naseeruddin Shah]] as [[Cabinet Secretary (India)|Cabinet Secretary]] Vinay Kaul, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] (based on [[Prabhat Kumar]])
* [[Pankaj Kapur]] as Vijaybhan Singh, [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]] (based on [[Jaswant Singh]])
* [[Arvind Swamy]] as [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary]] D.R.Sivaramakrishnan aka DRS, [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]]
* [[Dia Mirza]] as Shalini "Sha" Chandra, Editor of [[Times of India|India Headlines]]
* [[Kumud Mishra]] as Ranjan Mishra, Joint Secretary of [[Research and Analysis Wing|R&AW]] (based on Anand Arni)
* [[Manoj Pahwa]] as Mukul Mohan, Additional Director of [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|IB]]
* Ujjawal Gauraha as Sarwar Mallik
* [[Aditya Srivastava]] as V K Agarwal, Head of [[Research and Analysis Wing|R&AW]] (based on [[A. S. Dulat]])
* [[Amrita Puri]] as Nandini Martin, Reporter of India Headlines newspaper
* [[Dibyendu Bhattacharya]] as Abhijeet Kumar, senior officer in [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|MEA]]
* [[Pooja Gor]] as Simar Dev, Sharan's wife
* [[Kanwaljit Singh (actor)|Kanwaljit Singh]] as J P Kohli, Director of [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|IB]]
* [[Anupam Tripathi]] as Ram Chandra Yadav, [[Research and Analysis Wing|R&AW agent]] in [[Kathmandu]]
* [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]] as Sanjay Mehta, Assistant Director of [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|IB]]
* [[Sushant Singh]] as [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt. General]] Ravi Shankar, [[Director General of the National Security Guard|Director General of NSG]] (cameo appearance)
* Mu'azzam Bhat as [[Wakil Ahmed Muttawakil]], [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Afghanistan)|Foreign Minister of Afghanistan]]
* Asif Ali as Usmani
* Meer Sadhwani as Nabibullah Barkazai
* [[Ninad Kamat]] as Narrator

== Production ==
The series is adapted from the book ''Flight Into Fear'' by Devi Sharan and Srinjoy Chowdhury.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Naman |title=Anubhav Sinha Talks Taking Flight With Netflix's 'IC 814' Hijack Drama (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/anubhav-sinha-ic-814-the-kandahar-hijack-netflix-1236116242/ |website=Variety |date=26 August 2024 |access-date=29 August 2024 |archive-date=27 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827120413/https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/anubhav-sinha-ic-814-the-kandahar-hijack-netflix-1236116242/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2023, a series on [[Amazon Prime Video]] was canceled due to the [[Tandav (TV series)#Controversy|Tandav]] controversy.<ref>{{cite web | title=Vishal Bhardwaj reveals Prime Video dropped his Kandahar hijacking project after Tandav: 'They were paranoid, wanted nothing political' | website=The Indian Express | date=17 December 2023 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/vishal-bhardwaj-reveals-prime-video-dropped-his-kandahar-hijacking-project-after-tandav-they-were-paranoid-wanted-nothing-political-9071879/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Spoke to Vishal Bhardwaj about my take on Kandahar hijacking, he approved of it: Anubhav Sinha | website=Hindustan Times | date=19 August 2024 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/spoke-to-vishal-bhardwaj-about-my-take-on-kandahar-hijacking-he-approved-of-it-anubhav-sinha-101724073334557.html}}</ref>

In February 2024, the series was announced on [[Netflix]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Naman |title=Netflix Unveils Star-Studded 2024 India Slate |url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/netflix-2024-india-1235926247/ |website=Variety |date=29 February 2024 |access-date=29 August 2024 |archive-date=6 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240306145605/https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/netflix-2024-india-1235926247/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The trailer of this series was released on 19 August 2024.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Naman |title=High-Stakes Netflix Drama 'IC 814: The Kandahar Hijack' From Anubhav Sinha Unveils Trailer (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/asia/netflix-ic-814-the-kandahar-hijack-trailer-1236108908/ |website=Variety |date=19 August 2024 |access-date=29 August 2024 |archive-date=29 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829181836/https://variety.com/2024/tv/asia/netflix-ic-814-the-kandahar-hijack-trailer-1236108908/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Asian News International]] filed suit in India against Netflix in September 2024 for alleged use of their copyrighted material in the film footage.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian news agency ANI sues Netflix for using its content in hijack drama |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/ani-news-agency-files-suit-against-netflix-using-its-content-indian-hijack-drama-2024-09-09/ |publisher=Reuters |access-date=18 December 2024 |date=9 September 2024}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and stated that "Authentic and to the point, Vijay Varma starrer is as good a web series as any we have seen this year."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Saibal |title=IC 814: The Kandahar Hijack Review - Vijay Varma Gives The Notion Of Heroism A Fresh Spin|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ic-814-the-kandahar-hijack-review-vijay-varma-gives-the-notion-of-heroism-a-fresh-spin-3-5-stars-6443223 |website=NDTV |language=en|date=29 August 2024}}</ref> Shubham Kulkarni of ''[[OTT Play]]'' gave the series 4/5 stars and stated "''IC 814: The Kandahar Hijack'' doesn't forcefully create a hero and Anubhav Sinha wins exactly there when he honours each being who managed to save even themselves."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Shubham |title=IC 814: The Kandahar Hijack Review Ft, Anubhav Sinha, Vijay Varma & team |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/ic-814-the-kandahar-hijack-review-anubhav-sinha-vijay-varma-dia-mirza/e35f45e7b4910 |website=OTTPlay |language=en|date=29 August 2024}}</ref> Divya Raje Bhonsale of ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'' rated the series 4/5 stars and states "A gripping Netflix series based on the 1999 Kandahar hijack, 'IC 814' features an impressive ensemble cast and a razor-sharp script. Must-watch for fans of historical dramas."<ref>{{cite web |title='IC 814: The Kandahar Hijack' Review: A masterclass in storytelling |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/review/netflix-ic-814-the-kandahar-hijack-review-directed-by-anubhav-sinha-1.9854488 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en |date=29 August 2024}}</ref> A critic for ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated the web series 3.5 stars out of 5 and wrote "On the whole, ''IC 814: The Kandahar Hijack'' sees the coming together of some of the most talented names of Indian cinema and also throws light on the shocking aspects of the 1999 hijack episode. Due to the taut execution, strong script and of course the ensemble cast, the show is sure to get a huge viewership."<ref>{{cite news|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|title=Web Series Review: IC 814: THE KANDAHAR HIJACK shines through a taut execution, strong script and the ensemble cast|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/web-series-review-ic-814-kandahar-hijack-shines-taut-execution-strong-script-ensemble-cast/|magazine=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=30 August 2024}}</ref>

[[Sukanya Verma]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated the series 3.5 stars out of 5 stars and notes "''IC 814: The Kandahar Hijack'' begins by asking why the hijack lasted seven days and ends in wondering if the good guys fought the bad ones hard enough."<ref>{{cite web |last1=VERMA |first1=SUKANYA |title=IC 814: The Kandahar Hijack Review: Gripping!! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ic-814-the-kandahar-hijack-review/20240829.htm |website=Rediff |language=en |access-date=29 August 2024 |archive-date=29 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829182415/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ic-814-the-kandahar-hijack-review/20240829.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the series 3/5 stars and notes "The Vijay Varma-Naseeruddin Shah-Pankaj Kapur show keeps it grounded, even when it’s in the air, and manages to distribute the tension evenly throughout."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gupta |first1=Shubhra |title=IC 814 The Kandahar Hijack review: Effective and sharp, Vijay Varma-Anubhav Sinha series bravely unpacks the truth |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/ic-814-the-kandahar-hijack-review-effective-and-sharp-vijay-varma-anubhav-sinha-series-bravely-unpacks-the-truth-9539581/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=29 August 2024}}</ref> Shreyas Pande from ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated the series 2.5 stars out of 5 stars and states "It’s a new leap here, as he (Anubhav Sinha) makes his web series debut and largely creates an engaging experience by showing nearly all that transpired during the dreadful hijack. Yet, something seems amiss. As the credits roll, you know certain information and it is just about enough to leave you curious. Nothing more, nothing less."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pande |first1=Shreyas |title=IC 814: The Kandahar Hijack Series Review: Anubhav Sinha's docu-drama engages but doesn't sustain |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/review/2024/Aug/29/ic-814-the-kandahar-hijack-series-review-anubhav-sinhas-docu-drama-engages-but-doesnt-sustain |website=Cinema Express |language=en |date=29 August 2024 |access-date=29 August 2024 |archive-date=29 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829111914/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/review/2024/Aug/29/ic-814-the-kandahar-hijack-series-review-anubhav-sinhas-docu-drama-engages-but-doesnt-sustain |url-status=live }}</ref> Devansh Sharma of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' notes "But in his (Anubhav Sinha) debut web series, he pulls off the Herculean task of telling a historical hijack story through a holistic, accurate, and non-judgemental lens."<ref>{{cite web | last=Sharma | first=Devansh | title=IC 814 The Kandahar Hijack review: Avengers of Indian acting assemble for Anubhav Sinha's gripping, nuanced thriller | website=Hindustan Times | date=29 August 2024 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/ic-814-the-kandahar-hijack-review-avengers-of-indian-acting-assemble-for-anubhav-sinha-gripping-nuanced-thriller-netflix-101724903900302.html}}</ref> Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' notes "Anubhav Sinha recreates the story of the longest hijack in Indian aviation history with precision, fairness and a touch of humanity."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=Anuj |title='IC 814: The Kandahar Hijack' series review: Vijay Varma, Manoj Pahwa power this stirring political thriller |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ic-814-the-kandahar-hijack-series-review-vijay-varma-manoj-pahwa-power-this-stirring-political-thriller/article68581196.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=29 August 2024 |access-date=29 August 2024 |archive-date=29 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829182047/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ic-814-the-kandahar-hijack-series-review-vijay-varma-manoj-pahwa-power-this-stirring-political-thriller/article68581196.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Criticisms by experts, Indian officials and survivors ===
Several experts, high-ranking officers, senior journalists and the crew of the flight, including the former [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (RAW) chief [[A. S. Dulat|A.S. Dulat]] and Former Indian High Commissioner to Pakistan, have criticized the series for its historical inaccuracies and not showing the passengers' perspective correctly.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-05 |title=Not just the names, Anubhav Sinha's IC 814 hijacked several facts |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ic-814-anubhav-sinha-hijacked-netflix-series-taliban-passangers-crew-experts-facts-revealed-2594338-2024-09-05 |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Journalist [[Vir Sanghvi]] said the series misleadingly downplays the role of the [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI) to the point of serving as "propaganda" for the spy agency, and minimizes the threat posed by the hijackers. Historian [[Hindol Sengupta]] said the film is "pathetic", accusing the filmmakers of glorifying terrorism and failing to "acknowledge the long-term impact of the terrorists released during the hijacking, diminishing the severity of the real-life events", according to a report in the ''[[Swarajya (magazine)|Swarajya]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-02 |title=Did Netflix series 'IC 814: The Kandahar Hijack' incorrectly use Hindu names for hijackers? The controversy explained |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/netflix-series-ic-814-the-kandahar-hijack-incorrectl-names-hijackers-controversy-13810676.html |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us |quote=As per a report in the Swarajya, historian Hindol Sengupta called the film “pathetic” for what he sees as its glorification of terrorists. He added that the series doesn’t acknowledge the long-term impact of the terrorists released during the hijacking, diminishing the severity of the real-life events... Vir Sanghvi, a veteran journalist, accused the Netflix serial of serving as propaganda for Pakistan’s spy agency, the ISI. He has slammed the filmmakers for being naive and misleading, suggesting that the series offers a whitewashed portrayal of an ISI operation while failing to accurately represent the threat posed by the hijackers.}}</ref>

Dulat told India Today TV "There’s no doubt that the ISI had a role in this. It wasn’t just based on our intelligence reports; a well-known Pakistani journalist was in Kandahar at the time. He reported that it was obvious the ISI was orchestrating and controlling the entire operation".<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Bhattacharya">{{cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=Samir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xO3HAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA213 |title=Nothing But! |date=2014 |publisher=[[Partridge Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-48281-787-4 |page=213 |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908102941/https://books.google.com/books?id=xO3HAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA213 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> G Parthasarathy, India's high commissioner to Pakistan at the time of the IC 814 hijacking, calls Sinha's portrayal of [[al-Qaida]] and [[Taliban]] roles "ridiculous". He said in an interview, "It was totally Pakistani involvement. The persons concerned were Pakistanis. The people they wanted released were Pakistanis. So there is no question of al-Qaida, that's the farthest thing to say".<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Bhattacharya" />

The series also shows intelligence from the Kathmandu RAW team on a possible hijacking of an Indian aircraft reaching the agency's headquarters in Delhi, which has been denied by multiple officers of RAW, including Dulat.<ref name=":2" />

The series is also criticized{{By whom|date=December 2024}} for its gentle portrayal of the hijackers, with hijackers being empathetic towards the injured crew and passengers on board, while in reality, the hijackers had killed a person onboard and stabbed a German citizen Satnam Singh.<ref name="Ordeal">{{cite magazine |date=7 January 2000 |title=An eight-day ordeal |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30253146.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016221548/https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30253146.ece |archive-date=16 October 2020 |access-date=2 September 2020 |magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-02 |title=Who Was Rupin Katyal, the Lone Fatality of IC 814 Hijack, How He Died? Everything You Need To Know |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/who-was-rupin-katyal-the-lone-fatality-of-ic-814-hijack-how-he-died-everything-you-need-to-know-9036062.html |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

The series also failed to show the hijackers' attempts to religiously convert the passengers on board.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-04 |title=Convert to Islam: Most brutal IC 814 hijacker told passengers |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ic-814-kandahar-hijack-doctor-shakir-killed-rupin-katyal-tried-to-convert-passengers-to-islam-indian-airlines-hijackers-2593420-2024-09-04 |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Ipseeta Menon, one of the survivors of the hijack'','' recalled how the hijackers tried to convert them. She said "The Netflix series has missed the long speeches by 'Doctor'[one of the hijackers]".<ref name=":2" /> She also said "The high tension among the passengers hasn't been captured well".

==== Names of terrorists ====
The series has been criticized for changing the [[Islamic terrorism|Pakistani terrorists]] real names to code names and Hindu names.<ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news |date=2024-09-01 |title='IC 814 - The Kandahar': Netizens REACTS as makers name Muslim hijackers as 'Bhola' and 'Shankar' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ic-814-the-kandahar-netizens-reacts-as-makers-name-muslim-hijackers-as-bhola-and-shankar/articleshow/112963575.cms |access-date=2024-09-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The identities of the five hijackers were determined to be [[Indian Airlines Flight 814#Hijackers|Ibrahim Akhtar]] (from [[Bahawalpur]]), [[Indian Airlines Flight 814#Hijackers|Shahid Akhtar Sayeed]], [[Indian Airlines Flight 814#Hijackers|Sunny Ahmed Qaz]]<nowiki/>i, [[Indian Airlines Flight 814#Hijackers|Zahoor Mistry]] (all three from [[Karachi]]) and [[Indian Airlines Flight 814#Hijackers|Shakir]] (from [[Sukkur]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=Brigadier Samir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xO3HAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA213 |title=NOTHING BUT! |date=2014 |publisher=Partridge Publishing |isbn=978-1-4828-1787-4 |language=en}}</ref> However, the series used their code names like Bhola, Shankar, Doctor, Burger, and Chief.<ref name="The Times of India"/> This decision has led to accusations that the series downplays the identities of the terrorists, which some viewers argue dilutes the historical context and impact of the real events.<ref name="The Times of India"/>

Journalist [[Neelesh Misra|Neelesh Mishra]], who has written a [[173 Hours in Captivity|book on the hijacking]], said "All the hijackers assumed false names. That is how they referred to each other and how the passengers referred to them throughout the hijacking".<ref name=":0"/> He clarified that he had not seen the series.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-01 |title=IC 814 The Kandahar Hijack: Writer Shares REAL Reason Terrorists' Names Changed in Anubhav Sinha Show |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/ic-814-the-kandahar-hijack-anubhav-sinha-terrorists-real-names-changed-9035074.html |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

Following the public uproar, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|India's Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] directed the content chief of Netflix India to appear before it and offer an explanation about the allegedly contentious aspects of the web series.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-02 |title=Netflix India content head summoned over 'IC 814' row: Government sources |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/netflix-content-head-summoned-by-controversy-ic-814-the-kandahar-hijack-government-sources-2592065-2024-09-02}}</ref> Netflix responded by saying it would add new opening disclaimers to include the real and code names of the hijackers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-03 |title=Netflix will add disclaimers to Indian hijack drama after outrage over Hindu names |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/netflix-add-disclaimers-indian-hijack-134039395.html |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=Yahoo Finance |language=en-US}}</ref> However, some viewers outside India reported that this disclaimer was missing in version shown outside of India and was only present in the Indian version of it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-04 |title=IC 814 row: Has Netflix added disclaimer ONLY for its Indian audience? User on X calls out OTT platform |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/ic-814-row-has-netflix-added-disclaimer-only-for-its-indian-audience-user-on-x-call-out-ott-platform-755958 |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=WION |language=en-us}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt28106741}}
* {{Netflix title}}

{{Netflix original current series}}
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2020s Indian television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Netflix television dramas]]
[[Category:Crime thriller television series]]
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]
[[Category:Television series based on actual events]]
[[Category:Works about Islamic terrorism]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Osama bin Laden]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations in popular culture]]

Sutapa Basu

2026-04-29T04:40:15Z

Masterstrock: Put Up Data

{{short description|Indian author|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Sutapa Basu
| occupation = Author, Educationist, Poet, Writing Coach
| nationality = Indian
| education = Post Graduate in English Literature {{!}}
Bachelors of Arts in Education
| alma_mater = [[Convent of Jesus and Mary, Ambala]]
[[Visva-Bharati University]]
[[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University]]
| awards = Author Award 2019 -The Curse of Nader Shah
Write India Campaign 2016 - First Prize
Public Diplomacy Forum 2021 - Excellence in Publishing
| birth_place = [[Bankura]], [[West Bengal]], India
| birth_date = 20 January 1957
}}

'''Sutapa Basu''' is an Indian author, educationist, poet, translator and a writing coach. She is a best-selling, award-winning author most known for her works ''Dangle'',<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news18.com/news/books/book-review-sutapa-basus-dangle-is-an-intricate-tale-of-battling-inner-demons-1244530.html|title=Book Review: Sutapa Basu's 'Dangle' is an intricate tale of battling inner demons|work=News18|access-date=2018-01-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.womensweb.in/2017/06/dangle-sutapa-basu-book-review/|title=Dangle By Sutapa Basu Has A Psychological Twist That Will Keep You Turning Pages [#BookReview]|date=2017-06-06|work=Women's Web: For Women Who Do|access-date=2018-01-20|language=en-US}}</ref> ''Padmavati''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.writersmelon.com/wm/padmavati-sutapa-basu-tells-extraordinary-story-extraordinary-queen/|title=Padmavati By Sutapa Basu Tells An Extraordinary Story About An Extraordinary Queen - WritersMelon|date=2017-11-28|work=WritersMelon|access-date=2018-01-20|language=en-GB}}</ref> and ''Genghis Khan,''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/interviews/i-fell-in-love-with-genghis-khan-says-author-of-book-that-destroys-myths-about-the-warlord/articleshow/66311448.cms|title=I fell in love with Genghis Khan, says author of book that destroys myths about the warlord|newspaper=The Times of India |date=22 October 2018 |language=en-GB}}</ref> ''The Curse of Nader Shah and The Birth Of My Nation''.

Sutapa has been the Director, Publishing at Encyclopædia Britannica Ltd, South Asia and Eupheus Learning Solutions.

== Early life and education ==
Basu was born in [[Bankura]], [[West Bengal]].{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} Her father, Lt Col Subrata Bose, was an officer in the army and her mother, Susmita Bose, was a homemaker. She graduated from [[Convent of Jesus and Mary]] at [[Ambala]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2015-08-17 |title=SUTAPA BASU |url=https://incrediblewomenofindia.wordpress.com/2015/08/17/sutapa-basu/ |work=INCREDIBLE 18-01-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> She completed graduation with Honours in English Literature from [[Visva-Bharati University|Visvabharati University]], [[Santiniketan]] and Post Graduation in English Literature from [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University|HN Bahuguna University]], [[Uttarakhand]]. She also holds a teaching degree from [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda|Maharaja Sayaji Rao University]], Vadodara.<ref name=":0" />

She lives in [[Delhi]] with her husband, Col. Satchit Kumar Basu, an ex-Army officer and family.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

== Career ==

=== As a publishing professional ===
Her professional life of 47 years includes work as an educational faculty and creative writing trainer. As a publishing professional that spans a 25 year career with [[Oxford University Press]] (India), [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] (South Asia)'','' Eupheus Learning Solutions and Readomania,''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sutapa Basu's Profile |url=http://www.readomania.com/author/sutapa |access-date=2018-01-20 |website=www.readomania.com}}</ref>''she has designed and supervised publishing of more than 400 titles.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

=== As an author ===
Basu is the author of 10 books which include ''Dangle''<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://cafedissensusblog.com/2016/05/09/an-interview-with-author-sutapa-basu/|title=An Interview with author, Sutapa Basu|date=2016-05-09|work=Cafe Dissensus Everyday|access-date=2018-01-20|language=en-US}}</ref> and ''Padmavati,''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.writersmelon.com/wm/padmavati-sutapa-basu-tells-extraordinary-story-extraordinary-queen/|title=Writers Melon}}</ref>''The Legend of Genghis Khan, The Curse of Nader Shah, Out of the Blue, The Anatomy of Affection, Princesses, Monsters and Magical Creatures, The Cursed Inheritance''<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2021 |title=Can a cursed inheritance be turned into a blessing? |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/books-education/can-cursed-inheritance-turned-blessing-1502954879.html |access-date=26 Jan 2024 |website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]}}</ref>'', The Birth of My Nation, and Parvatibai''<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 Nov 2023 |title=Micro Review: 'Parvatibai: The Forgotten Witness of the Batt .. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/reviews/micro-review-parvatibai-the-forgotten-witness-of-the-battle-of-panipat-by-sutapa-basu/articleshow/105498151.cms?from=mdr |access-date=26 Jan 2024 |website=[[Timesofindia.com]]}}</ref>''.'' Dangle was her debut novel, a psychological thriller. She has contributed short stories to ''Crossed and Knotted'', ''Defiant Dreams'' and ''When they Spoke'' anthologies and poems to ''Muse India,'' ''Kaafiyana'', ''The Dawn Beyond Waste'' and ''Remnants of Loss'' poetry collections.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

She is the editor of ''Chronicles of Urban Nomads, Crossed and Knotted, Rudraksha - When Gods Came Calling''. Sutapa Basu won the first position for writing a short story in the genre of mythological-fiction in response to the prompt given by author [[Amish Tripathi]] in the 2017 TOI Write India Season 1.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/write-india-winner-sutapa-basu-illustrates-her-glorious-promenade-with-write-india/articleshow/58063779.cms|title=Write India winner Sutapa Basu illustrates her Season 1 journey - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-01-20}}</ref>

Her debut book, ''Dangle'' <ref name=":2" /> was nominated for the Anupam Kher Award for Best Debut English Novel in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/pune-international-literary-festival-institutes-anupam-kher-award/article_3e8ac550-9606-11e7-8101-3fb336b12418.html|title=Pune International Literary Festival Institutes Anupam Kher Award|last=India-West|first=R.M. VIJAYAKAR, Special to|work=India West|access-date=2018-01-20|language=en}}</ref> Basu's story, "Classroom Wiles" that talks about an English Teacher's first day at school, was one of the stories in a play directed by Sujata Soni Bali called "Once Upon a Time."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.asianage.com/life/art/120417/life-in-five-stories.html|title=Life in five stories|date=2017-04-12|website=www.asianage.com |access-date=2018-01-20}}</ref> Her non-fiction book for children, ''The Birth Of My Nation'', has been prescribed as a Reader for students of several schools in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rawat |first=Surabhi |date=26 Jan 2023 |title=I was appalled at people's misinformed ignorance about our c .. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/interviews/i-was-appalled-at-peoples-misinformed-ignorance-about-our-country-sutapa-basu-on-writing-her-new-book-the-birth-of-my-nation/articleshow/97345080.cms?from=mdr |access-date=26 Jan 2024 |website=[[timesofindia.indiatimes.com]]}}</ref>

She is well-known for her best-selling historical fiction, ''Padmavati''<ref name=":1" />'', The Queen Tells Her Own Story'' published in 2017. This is the first book in the '''Heroic Women of India Series'''. Her second historical fiction initiated the '''Invader Series''' with ''The Legend of Genghis Khan''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tulika |first=Tulika |date=8 Feb 2019 |title=The Legend of Genghis Khan – A #Review |url=https://beataboutthebook.wordpress.com/2019/02/08/the-legend-of-genghis-khan-a-review/ |access-date=25 Jan 2024 |website=[[Beataboutthebook]]}}</ref> was published in 2018 and continued with ''The Curse of Nader Shah''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Ninu |date=8 November 2019 |title=The Curse of Nader Shah – Rise and Fall of a Tyrant by Sutapa Basu |url=https://bookishloom.wordpress.com/2019/11/08/the-curse-of-nader-shah-rise-and-fall-of-a-tyrant-by-sutapa-basu/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=[[Bookishloom]]}}</ref> was published in 2019. Two of her anthology of short stories was published in 2020 and two books, ''The Cursed Inheritance (a mystery adventure)'' and ''Princesses, Monsters and Magical Creatures ( the'' English translation from Bengali of the iconic ''Thakurmar Jhuli )''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghoshal |first=Somak |date=1 Oct 2021 |title=More than a century later, Thakurmar Jhuli still spins magic |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/relationships/raising-parents/a-century-on-thakurmar-jhuli-still-weaves-magic-111633015357469.html |access-date=26 Jan 2024 |work=[[LiveMint]] |pages=1}}</ref> were released in 2021. ''The Birth of My Nation'' was released in 2022 and Parvatibai (this is the second book in the '''Heroic Women of India Series''') was launched in 2023. Her books have been published by Readomania Publishers till now.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

=== As a writing coach ===
'''''Sutapa’s Studio''''' is a learning space for writers. Basu mentors children, young adults, and aspiring authors in creative writing skills at ''Sutapa’s Studio''. Recently an anthology ''Love Can Kill And Other Stories'' authored by the mentees of ''Sutapa’s Studio'' has been released.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

=== As a podcaster and talk show host ===
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=October 2024}}
Sutapa hosts her own podcast called ''The Sutapa Basu Show''.

Sutapa’s stories, poems and talks are podcast by the East London Talking Stories Radio Show and CBSE Shiksha Vani.

She writes a travel vlog called ''Sutapa’s Itchy Feet'' and maintains a YouTube Channel with videos, interviews, blogs and stories.

''Bistro Buzz - Conversations with Sutapa Basu'' is a Facebook live chat with eminent personalities.

== Awards & Recognition ==

* Best Fiction Award by AutHer Awards, 2020,<ref>{{Cite news |title=AutHer Awards 2020 declares its top winners - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/auther-awards-2020-declares-its-top-winners/articleshow/74549974.cms |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=The Times of India |date=9 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref> instituted by JK papers and the [[The Times of India|Times of India]] for ''The Curse of Nader Shah''
* First Prize of the Times of India Write India Campaign for Amish Tripathi.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Write India winner Sutapa Basu illustrates her Season 1 journey - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/write-india-winner-sutapa-basu-illustrates-her-glorious-promenade-with-write-india/articleshow/58063779.cms |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=The Times of India |date=7 April 2017 |language=en}}</ref> 2016
* Nominated for the Anupam Kher Award for Best Debut English Novel in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Orange City Lit Fest |title=Historical novels, thrillers, children's literature, translations and short stories |url=https://oclfnagpur.com/sutapa-basu}}</ref>
* Award for Excellence in Publishing by the [[Public Diplomacy Forum]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chronicles |first=Chrysanthemum |date=2021-06-12 |title=Review of 'The Cursed Inheritance' a Novella by Sutapa Basu |url=https://www.chrysanthemumchronicles.com/post/review-of-the-cursed-inheritance-a-novella-by-sutapa-basu |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=Chrysanthemum_C |language=en}}</ref>
* Nominated for Best Young Adult Book by Women Auther Awards and Valley of Words Book Awards - ''The Birth Of My Nation'' (2023){{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

== Bibliography ==

=== Historical Fiction ===

==== Heroic Women of India Series ====
''Padmavati, The Queen Tells Her Own Story'' (Readomania, 2017)

''Parvatibai, The Forgotten Witness of the Battle of Panipat (Readomania'', 2023)

==== Invader Series ====
''The Legend of Genghis Khan'' (Readomania, 2018)

''The Curse of Nader Shah'' (Readomania, 2019)

=== Fiction ===

==== Thrillers ====
''Dangle''

''The Cursed Inheritance'' (Readomania, 2021)

==== Children's Literature ====
''Princesses, Monsters, and Magical Creatures'' (Readomania, 2021)

==== Anthologies ====
''Out of the Blue, Stories with a Twist'' (Readomania, 2020)

''The Anatomy of Affection, Tales that Touch You'' (Readomania, 2020)

=== Non-Fiction ===
''The Birth Of My Nation'', Tracing India’s Nationhood (Readomania, 2022)

=== Academic ===
''The English Tree, Books 1 to 8 (Eupheus Learning Solutions, 2022)''

''The English Route, Books 1 to 8 (Saraswati House, 2016)''

''Emerald, Term Books 1 to 5 (Saraswati House, 2018)''

=== Podcast ===
The Sutapa Basu Show

East London Radio Show Talking Stories

StoryTelling on CBSE Shiksha Vani

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.sutapabasu.com/ Sutapa Basu's webpage]
* [https://www.linkedin.com/in/sutapabasu Sutapa Basu on Linkedin]
* [https://www.facebook.com/sutapabsu20 Sutapa Basu on Facebook]
* [https://www.instagram.com/sutapa57 Sutapa Basu on Instagram]
* [https://www.threads.net/@sutapa57 Sutapa Basu on Threads]
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcN07OcZWeRFKUDk5kJHs0A Sutapa Basu's YouTube Channel]

{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Books|Schools}}
{{Authority control}}

==See also==
* [[List of Indian writers]]
* [[Indian English literature]]
*[[Ramendra Kumar (author)|Ramendra Kumar]]
*[[Arup Kumar Dutta]]
*[[Arundhati Roy]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basu, Sutapa}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Novelists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Bankura]]
[[Category:Women writers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women novelists]]

Netunceliyan I

2026-04-28T18:59:09Z

Masterstrock: Put up some details more to come.

{{Short description|Pandya ruler from Tamilakam}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Netunceliyan
| image = Silappatikaram_(9).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = [[Kannagi]] asking for justice in the court of Netunceliyan, a scene from the ''[[Cilappatikaram]]''
| title = Āriyappaṭai-kaṭanta Neṭuñceḻiyaṉ (lit., he who won a victory against an [[Aryan]] army)<ref>{{cite book |last=Sastri |first=K. A. Nilakanta |title=A History of South India |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.16035/page/121/mode/1up |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1955 |page=121 |access-date=26 April 2026}}</ref>
| succession = [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandyan Ruler]]
| reign = 270 BCE<ref>{{cite book
|last=Ashok
|first=Sowmiya
|title=The Dig: Keeladi and the Politics of India’s Past
|year=2025
|publisher=John Murray India
|page=170
|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Bf6fEQAAQBAJ&pg=PT170
}}</ref>
| predecessor =
| successor = Vetrivēl Seliyan<ref>{{cite book |last=Dikshitar |first=V. R. Ramachandra |title=The Silappadikaram |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1939 |page=309 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.35913/page/271/mode/1up |access-date=26 April 2026}}</ref>
| issue = Vetrivēl Seliyan
| spouse = [[Kopperundevi]]
| house = [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandyan]]
| religion =
}}

'''Netunceliyan''', was an early [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] king. Netunceliyan was known by the title ''Āriyappaṭai-kaṭanta Neṭuñceḻiyaṉ'' (he who won a victory against an [[Aryan]] army). He is a character in [[Ilango Adigal]]'s ''[[Cilappatikaram]],'' one of the [[Five Great Epics]] in [[Tamil literature]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Sastri |first=K. A. Nilakanta |title=A History of South India |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.16035/page/121/mode/1up |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1955 |page=121 |access-date=26 April 2026}}</ref>

== Literature ==

The ''[[Cilappatikāram]]''<nowiki/>'s ''Katturaikadai'' canto mentions [[Neduncheziyan]]'s victory over [[Aryans]]:

{{cquote|[...] These and many other things, illustrative of the unmatched rule of righteousness of the Pandyan Neduncheziyan, who vanquished the army of the northern Aryas, and established peace in the southern [[Tamilakam|Tamil country]] [...]
| source = ''[[Cilappatikāram]]'', Book II: ''Maduraikkāndam'', Canto XXIII: ''Katturaikādai''<ref>{{cite book |last=Dikshitar |first=V. R. Ramachandra |title=The Silappadikaram |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1939 |page=271 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.35913/page/271/mode/1up |access-date=26 April 2026}}</ref>
}}

Netunceliyan thus appears in ''[[Cilappatikaram]]'', which describes the tragic story of [[Kannagi]] and [[Kovalan]].{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=174–175}}{{sfn|Pollock|2003|p=296–298}} It is attributed to [[Ilango Adigal]], a [[Chera]] prince turned monk, and was probably composed between the 2nd and the 6th centuries CE.{{sfn|Sastri|2002|p=397}}{{sfn|Alain Danielou|1965|p=viii}}

The first part of ''Cilappatikāram'' describes the city of [[Poompuhar|Puhar]] in the [[Chola Empire]], where the pair of Kovalan and Kannagi reside. After Kovalan loses his wealth through his illicit relationship with the dancer [[Madhavi (Silappatikaram)|Madhavi]], he returns to Kannagi and the couple decide to move to [[Madurai]] in the [[Pandya Empire]]. The Pandyas are led by king [[Neduncheziyan]] and his wife [[Kopperundevi]].{{sfn|Parthasarathy|1993|p=73–90}}

When Kovalan attempts to sell one of the two [[silambu|anklets]] of Kannagi to raise money, the royal goldsmith, who had earlier stolen an anklet belonging to the queen Kopperundevi, finds the that anklets are similar, and falsely accuses Kovalan of stealing the queen’s anklet. Enraged by the act, the king Neduncheziyan orders Kovalan’s arrest and execution without a fair trial.{{sfn|Dikshitar|1939|p=217–221}} After Kovalan is executed, Kannagi appears in the royal court, trying to prove her husband’s innocence and demanding justice. She breaks open her remaining anklet to reveal that her anklet contained [[rubies]] whereas queen Kopperundevi's missing anklet contained [[pearl]]s. When the king realises the truth and his mistake, he kills himself due to remorse.{{sfn|Dikshitar|1939|p=247–251}}

== Archaeological evidence ==
[[File:Mangulam inscription.jpg|thumb|[[Tamil-Brahmi]] inscription from [[Mangulam]], dated to the era of Netunceliyan]]
{{Pandyan}}

According to [[Iravatham Mahadevan]], the [[Tamil Brahmi]] inscriptions discovered at [[Mangulam]], possibly mentions the [[Pandyan]] king Netunceliyan.{{sfn|Mahadevan|2003|p=43}}{{sfn|Umamaheshwari|2018|p=43}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ashok |first=Sowmiya |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Bf6fEQAAQBAJ&pg=PT170&dq=tamil+Inscription+keeladi+dating&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiFpLX7-5aTAxXTSWwGHe8OItIQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=tamil%20Inscription%20keeladi%20dating&f=false |title=The Dig: Keeladi and the Politics of India’s Past |date=2025-12-23 |publisher=Hachette India |isbn=978-93-5731-853-2 |language=en}}</ref> He is titled as ''Āriyappaṭai-kaṭanta Neṭuñceḻiyaṉ'' (Netunceliyan who defeated the Aryans), signifiying his defeat of the [[Āryāvarta|Aryans]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/about-a-secular-past/article3915017.ece | title=About a secular past | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=19 September 2012 | last1=Kavitha | first1=S. S. }}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Language
!Actor
|-
|1942
|[[Kannagi (1942 film)|''Kannagi'']]
|[[Tamil cinema|Tamil]]
|Unidentified
|-
|1964
|[[Poompuhar (film)|''Poompuhar'']]
|[[Tamil cinema|Tamil]]
|[[O. A. K. Thevar]]
|-
|1968
|''[[Kodungallooramma]]''
|[[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]
|[[Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair]]
|-
|2016
|''[[Paththini (2016 film)|Paththini]]''
|[[Sinhala films|Sinhala]]
|[[Ravindra Randeniya]]
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Sangam poets]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|first=Alain |last=Danielou|author-link=Alain Daniélou|title=Shilappadikaram (The Ankle Bracelet) by Iḷaṅkōvaṭikaḷ| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uu3QelRpmsgC|year =1965|publisher=[[New Directions Publishing]]|isbn=978-0-8112-0001-1}}
* {{cite book|first=V. R. Ramachandra |last=Dikshitar |author-link=V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar |title=The Silappadikaram |year=1939 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201802/page/n5 |isbn=978-9-390-03592-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Mahadevan |first=Iravatham |author-link=Iravatham Mahadevan |title=Early Tamil Epigraphy from the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D. |date=2003 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-01227-1 }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzEwFjKKFfIC&pg=PA279 | title=The Cilappatikaram of Ilanko Atikal: An Epic of South India| first=R. | last=Parthasarathy |author-link=R. Parthasarathy | publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]| year=1993 |isbn = 978-0-231-07848-1}}
*{{cite book|first=R |last=Parthasarathy |author-link=R. Parthasarathy |title=The Cilappatikāram: The Tale of an Anklet (Iḷaṅkōvaṭikaḷ)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWPg7EvPirgC|year=2004|publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=978-0-14-303196-3}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC | title=Literary cultures in history: reconstructions from South Asia| last=Pollock| first=Sheldon |author-link=Sheldon Pollock | publisher=[[University of California Press]]| year=2003|isbn = 0-520-22821-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Sastri |first=Nilakanta |author-link=Nilakanta Sastri |orig-year=1955 |title=A History of South India |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New Delhi |edition=Reprinted |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-195-60686-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Umamaheshwari |first=R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TRxJDwAAQBAJ&dq=Mangulam+inscription+jain&pg=PA43 |title=Reading History with the Tamil Jainas: A Study on Identity, Memory and Marginalisation |date=2018 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |isbn=978-81-322-3756-3 }}
* {{cite book|first=Kamil |last=Zvelebil|author-link=Kamil Zvelebil|title=The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=degUAAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |isbn=978-9-004-03591-1 }}
{{refend}}

{{Cilappatikaram}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:3rd-century BC Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Characters in Silappatikaram]]
[[Category:Pandyan kings]]

Murud taluka

2026-04-25T17:51:32Z

Masterstrock: created a data!

{{Short description|Taluka in Maharashtra India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Murud
| settlement_type = [[Taluka]]
| map_caption = Location of Murud
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.329|N|72.960|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in the [[Maharashtra]] state of [[India]]
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and Territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Konkan Division]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Raigad district|Raigad]]
| established_title =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Murud, Raigad]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| governing_body = Panchayat Samiti Murud Raigad
| leader_title = [[Chairperson]]
| leader_name = Mrs. Nita Nilesh Dhatwal
| leader_title1 = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name1 = -
| leader_title2 = [[Maval (Lok Sabha constituency)|MP]]
| leader_name2 = [[Sunil Tatkare]] {{small|([[Raigad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raigad Constituency]])}}
| leader_title3 = [[Alibag (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|MLA]]
| leader_name3 = [[Mahendra Dalvi]] {{small|([[Alibag (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Alibag constituency]])}}
| population_demonym = Murudkar
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 402401
| area_code = 02141
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = MH-46, MH-06
| population_total = 205,585
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_urban =
| population_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 1503.61
| population_density_km2 = auto
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Murud taluka''' is a [[subdistrict]]/[[upazila]]/[[tehsil]] in [[Raigad district]] of the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="Prahar-20141127">{{cite news|url=http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444 |title=महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व तालुके - महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व जिल्ह्यांतील तालुके महसुली विभागांनिहाय जाणून घ्या. |language=mr |date=2014-11-27 |work=Prahar |access-date=2015-08-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722032645/http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444 |archive-date=2015-07-22 }}</ref><ref name="RaigadDistrictCollectorate-20150815">{{cite web|url=http://raigad.nic.in/htmldocs/sub_division1.htm|title=Details of Sub-Divisions, Tahasils, Villages, Circles and Sazzas in Raigad district|publisher=Raigad District Collectorate|access-date=15 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614080045/http://raigad.nic.in/htmldocs/sub_division1.htm|archive-date=14 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Raigad district==
As of August 2015, there were 8 sub-divisions, 15 talukas, 1970 villages, 60 revenue circles and 350 sazzas in Raigad district. The talukas being [[Alibag taluka|Alibag]], [[Karjat taluka, Raigad|Karjat]], [[Khalapur taluka|Khalapur]], [[Mahad taluka|Mahad]], [[Mangaon taluka|Mangaon]], [[Mhasala taluka|Mhasala]], Murud, [[Panvel taluka|Panvel]], [[Pen taluka|Pen]], [[Poladpur taluka|Poladpur]], [[Roha taluka|Roha]], [[Shrivardhan taluka|Shrivardhan]], [[Sudhagad - Pali taluka|Sudhagad Pali]], [[Tala taluka|Tala]] and [[Uran taluka|Uran]].<ref name="RaigadDistrictCollectorate-20150815" />

== Demographics ==

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Murud taluk (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|darkorange|76.34}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Maharashtra|Islam]]|green|20.33}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|mediumblue|1.58}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Maharashtra|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|1.20}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.55}}
}}

Murud taluka has a population of 74,207 according to the 2011 census. Murud had a literacy rate of 83.49% and a sex ratio of 1039 females per 1000 males. 7,561 (10.19%) are under 7 years of age. 12,216 (16.46%) lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 2.54% and 18.30% of the population respectively.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Raigad |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/822/download/36165/DH_2011_2724_PART_A_DCHB_RAIGARH.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages of Murud taluk (2011)<ref name="langs" />
|label1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1 = 73.76 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 18.99 |color2 = green
|label3 = 'Other' Marathi |value3 = 2.34 |color3 = tomato
|label4 = [[Hindi]] |value4 = 2.01 |color4 = orange
|label5 = Others |value5 = 2.90 |color5 = grey
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 73.76% of the population in the taluka spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 18.99% [[Urdu]] and 2.01% [[Hindi]] as their first language. 2.34% of the population recorded their language as 'Others' under Marathi.<ref name="langs">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official|http://164.100.185.253/murud/}}

{{Raigad district topics}}

[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Talukas in Raigad district]]

Nalwa Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:38:25Z

Masterstrock: created a details!

{{Short description|Haryana Legislature territory in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nalwa Assembly constituency
|type= SLA
| map_image = Nalwa Assembly constituency map.svg
|state = [[Haryana]]
|established = 2009
|abolished =
| electors = 1,80,098
|mla = [[Randhir Panihar]]
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| constituency_no = 53
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| district = [[Hisar district|Hisar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Hisar Lok Sabha constituency|Hisar]]
| reservation = None
}}

'''Nalwa Assembly constituency''' in [[Hisar district]] is one of the 90 [[Haryana Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies of [[Haryana]] state in northern [[India]].<ref name=ceo1>{{Cite web |url=http://ceoharyana.nic.in/?module=pages&pageid=75 |title=Haryana Assembly constituencies |access-date=11 May 2016 |archive-date=24 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024160419/http://ceoharyana.nic.in/?module=pages&pageid=75 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==History==
Nalwa became a new Assembly constituency of [[Legislative Assembly of Haryana]] in the state of [[Haryana]] in the 2008 delimitation exercise. Earlier, most of the villages of this constituency were under Adampur, a stronghold of [[Bhajan Lal Bishnoi|Bhajan Lal]]. Some of the villages were earlier with the Bawani Khera Constituency.

==Overview==
Nalwa is part of [[Hisar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hisar Lok Sabha constituency]] along with eight other Assembly segments, namely, Uchana in [[Jind district]] and [[Adampur, Haryana Assembly constituency|Adampur]], [[Uklana Assembly constituency|Uklana]], [[Narnaund Assembly constituency|Narnaund]], [[Hansi Assembly constituency|Hansi]], [[Barwala Assembly constituency|Barwala]], [[Hisar Assembly constituency|Hisar]] and [[Bawani Khera Assembly constituency|Bawani Khera]] in [[Hisar district]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nalwa Assembly constituency Election Result 2024 - Candidates, MLAs, Live Updates & News |url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/nalwa.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Till 2009: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Sampat Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan=2|[[Ranbir Singh Gangwa]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
| [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Randhir Panihar]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Nalwa<ref name="Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Nalwa">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Nalwa |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-S0753.htm |accessdate=3 November 2024 |date=8 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Randhir Panihar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=66,330 |percentage=51.20% |change={{increase}}10.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anil Maan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=54,186 |percentage=41.83% |change={{increase}}9.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Virender Chaudhary |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=3,891 |percentage=3.00% |change={{decrease}}14.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sarwan Kumar Verma |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,611 |percentage=2.02% |change={{decrease}}1.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Umesh Sharma |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=1,193 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=507 |percentage=0.39% |change={{decrease}}0.04 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,144 |percentage=9.37% |change= {{increase}}1.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,29,546 |percentage=71.82% |change= {{increase}}1.93 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,80,098 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.99 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}10.12 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Nalwa<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ranbir Singh Gangwa]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=47,523 |percentage=41.09% |change={{increase}}29.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Randhir Panihar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=37,851 |percentage=32.72% |change={{increase}}15.7 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Virender Choudhary |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=20,516 |percentage=17.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Advocate Bajrang Indal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,510 |percentage=3.03% |change={{increase}}1.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Randeep Lohchab |party=Independent politician |votes=1,828 |percentage=1.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satpal Kajla |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=1,286 |percentage=1.11% |change={{decrease}}34.57 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,672 |percentage=8.36% |change= {{increase}}2.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,15,668 |percentage=69.89% |change= {{decrease}}7.31 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,65,498 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.67 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{increase}}5.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
[[Ranbir Singh Gangwa|Ranbir Singh Gangwa Prajapati]] of [[Indian National Lok Dal]] won the [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]] on 19 October 2014. He is an ex-member of parliament and a senior leader of Indian national Lokdal party. He defeated ex finance minister and sitting MLA professor Sampat Singh and ex deputy chief minister of Haryana shri Chandermohan Bishnoi with a margin of 7100 votes.<ref name=hr>{{Cite web |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS07.htm?st=S07 |title=Haryana Results |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-date=16 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216120445/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS074.htm?ac=4 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=ceo3>{{Cite web |url=http://ceoharyana.nic.in/?module=pages&pageid=63 |title=CEO results |access-date=11 May 2016 |archive-date=16 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616183617/http://ceoharyana.nic.in/?module=pages&pageid=63 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Nalwa<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS07.htm?st=S07|title=Haryana Results|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216120445/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS074.htm?ac=4|url-status=dead|website=Election Commission of India, Constituencywise-All Candidates }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ranbir Singh Gangwa]] |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=41,950 |percentage=35.68% |change={{increase}}12.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chander Mohan |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=34,835 |percentage=29.63% |change={{increase}}0.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sampat Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,014 |percentage=17.02% |change={{decrease}}23.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Master Hari Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,074 |percentage=11.12% |change={{increase}}9.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pardeep Ambedkar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,313 |percentage=1.97% |change={{decrease}}1.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Singh Bishnoi |party=Haryana Lokhit Party |votes=1,210 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shankuntla Jakhar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=962 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,115 |percentage=6.05% |change= {{decrease}}5.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,17,582 |percentage=77.20% |change= {{decrease}}0.18 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,52,300 |ref = |change= {{increase}}24.99 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}4.77 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
Nalwa constituency was represented by an ex-minister of Haryana and senior Congress leader of the Haryana State Assembly, Professor [[Sampat Singh]]. He won the October 2009 elections with a margin of 10,901 votes, defeating Jasma Devi of the Haryana Janhit Congress. Jasma Devi is the wife of [[Bhajan Lal Bishnoi|Bhajan Lal]] and this was the first defeat of the Bhajanlal clan in Haryana state politics. This defeat led to the downfall of Bhajanlal's Haryana Janhit Congress in literal terms for just after winning, five out of total six MLAs of Haryana Janhit Congress left the HJC and joined the Congress.
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Nalwa}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sampat Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=38,138 |percentage=40.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jasma Devi |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=27,237 |percentage=28.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ranbir Singh Gangwa]] |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=21,799 |percentage=23.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gangadhar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,877 |percentage=3.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madan Rawalwasia |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,144 |percentage=1.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,901 |percentage=11.56% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=94,295 |percentage=77.38% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,21,852 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Nalwa]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Haryana constituencies}}
{{Hisar district topics}}
{{coord|28.94|75.82|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Hisar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2009]]

National Bal Bhavan

2026-04-18T23:05:08Z

Masterstrock: created pg!

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = National Bal Bhavan
| native_name = राष्ट्रीय बाल भवन
| native_name_lang = hi
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map2 =
| map2_size =
| map2_alt =
| map2_caption =
| abbreviation =
| nickname = NBB
| pronunciation =
| pronounce_ref =
| pronounce_comment =
| named_after =
| predecessor =
| merged_into =
| successor =
| formation = 1956
| founder = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| founding_location =
| extinction = 
| merger =
| type =
| tax_id = 
| registration_id = 
| status = Active
| purpose =
| professional_title =
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| location = National Bal Bhavan, Kotla Marg, ITO, Mandi House, Delhi, 110002
| coordinates = 
| origins =
| region_served = India
| products =
| services =
| methods =
| fields =
| membership =
| num_members_year =
| language =
| owner = 
| secretary_general = 
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| board_of_directors =
| key_people =
| main_organ =
| parent_organization =
| subsidiaries =
| secessions =
| affiliations = [[Ministry of Education]]
| budget =
| budget_year =
| revenue =
| revenue_year =
| disbursements =
| expenses =
| expenses_year =
| endowment =
| endowment_year =
| num_staff =
| num_staff_year =
| num_volunteers =
| num_volunteers_year =
| num_students =
| num_students_year =
| former_name = Bal Bhavan Society India
| website = {{URL|http://nationalbalbhavan.nic.in/}}
| remarks =
| footnotes =
| bodystyle =
}}
'''National Bal Bhavan''' ('''NBB''') ({{Translation|National Children's House}}) is an autonomous institute, run and funded by the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]], [[Government of India]] headquartered in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite book |title=India, a reference annual |date=2007 |publisher= [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]|pages=237 |isbn=9788123014234 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OwEwAQAAIAAJ&q=Indira+Gandhi+National+Bal+Bhavan}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=National Bal Bhavan |url=https://mhrd.gov.in/nbb |website=mhrd.gov.in |date=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=National Bal Bhawan gets IAF pavilion with flight simulator |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/national-bal-bhawan-gets-iaf-pavilion-with-flight-simulator-1575507-2019-07-31 |publisher=[[India Today]] |date=31 July 2019}}</ref> It was founded in 1956 by Prime Minister, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. It was established with the purpose to provide opportunities for creative pursuits to children in the age group of 5 to 16 years.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Tondon |editor1-first=Satyapal |title=School Administration |date=2009 |publisher=Global Vision Pub House |isbn=9788182202351 |pages=17 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xpvQmQot4jkC&dq=Indira+Gandhi+National+Bal+Bhavan&pg=PA17}}</ref>

[[Indira Gandhi]] was appointed as the first chairperson of National Bal Bhavan. Currently, there are 73 Bal Bhavans across [[India]], which are affiliated to the National Bal Bhavan, [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=National Bal Bhawan |url=https://archive.india.gov.in/sectors/education/index.php?id=19 |website=India.gov.in |accessdate=21 August 2019 |archive-date=8 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708174436/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/sectors/education/index.php?id=19 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[National Bal Shree Honour]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
* [http://nationalbalbhavan.nic.in/ Official website]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1956]]

{{India-org-stub}}

Duhai RRTS station

2026-04-18T07:23:11Z

Masterstrock: new.

{{Short description|RapidX's Delhi–Meerut RRTS station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:A06 Duhai RRTS station.svg|40px]] Duhai
| type = {{RapidX Infobox station line|line=Delhi–Meerut}}
| style = RapidX
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Duhai, Basantpur Saitli, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201003
| country = {{flagu|India}}
| coordinates = {{coord|28.72734|N|77.47179|E|display=inline}}
| elevation =
| line = {{rcb|RapidX|Delhi–Meerut|croute}} RRTS
| connections =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| platform = [[Island platform]] 
Platform-1 → {{stl|RapidX|Duhai Depot}} Platform-2 → {{stl|RapidX|Duhai Depot}} / {{stl|RapidX|Modipuram}} [[Side platform]] Platform-2 → {{stl|RapidX|Duhai Depot}} / {{stl|RapidX|Modipuram}} Platform-3 → {{stl|RapidX|Sarai Kale Khan}}
| levels = 2
| tracks = 3
| parking = {{parking symbol}} Four-Wheeler Parking
| opened = {{start date and age|21 October 2023|df=yes}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code =
| owned = [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation|NCRTC]]
| operator = [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation|NCRTC]]
| status = Operational
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=RapidX|line1=Delhi–Meerut|left1=Guldhar|to-left1=|right1=Duhai Depot|to-right1=Duhai Depot|line2=Delhi–Meerut|left2=Guldhar|right2=Murad Nagar}}
| pass_system =
| route_map = {{Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #FFFA4A
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Duhai RRTS station'''<ref>{{cite web |title=DELHI-Ghaziabad-Meerut MAP |url=https://ncrtc.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/RevisedDELHI-Ghaziabad-Meerut-MAP.jpg |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=ncrtc.in}}</ref> is an elevated RRTS station in the Ghaziabad district of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. This will serve as a RRTS station for higher-speed trains on the [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System]] that can reach speeds of up to 180 km/h.

Duhai RRTS station was commissioned on 20 October 2023 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] along with the 17 km long Sahibad-Duhaiyya section of [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi–Meerut RRTS]]<ref name="timesofindia-indiatimes32">{{cite web |author1=Abhijay Jha |title=RRTS section nears launch, but links to metro, bus stand will take longer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ghaziabad/rrts-section-nears-launch-but-links-to-metro-bus-stand-will-take-longer/articleshow/99022765.cms?from=mdr |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi-Meerut RRTS corridor: Duhai-Sahibabad section likely to open for public by April – Details inside |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-delhi-meerut-rrts-corridor-duhai-sahibabad-section-likely-to-open-for-public-by-april-details-inside-2992108/ |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=www.financialexpress.com |language=en}}</ref> and was open to general public on 21 October 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2023-10-20 |title=PM Modi inaugurates the priority section of Delhi-Ghaziabad-Meerut RRTS Corridor |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/delhimeerut-rrts-corridor-pm-modi-launches-namo-bharat-rapidx-train-connecting-Guldhar-to-duhai-depot-11697778894740.html |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=DHNS |title=PM Modi flags off NaMo Bharat, India's 1st Regional Rapid Rail Service (RRTS) {{!}} Details here |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/delhi/pm-modi-flags-off-namo-bharat-indias-1st-regional-rapid-rail-service-rrts-details-here-2735778 |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff Reporter |date=2023-10-20 |title=PM Narendra Modi Flags off India’s First Namo Bharat Train on Delhi-Meerut RRTS Corridor |url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/pm-narendra-modi-flags-off-indias-first-namo-bharat-train-on-delhi-meerut-rrts-corridor/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Metro Rail News |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
The [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]] (NCRTC) had invited tenders for the construction of the Duhai RRTS station along with the 4.5 km long Guldhar–Duhai section of the 82.15 km Delhi-Meerut RRTS line. Apco Infratech and China Railway First Group ([[Joint venture|JV]]) emerged as the lowest bidder for construction work. Under the agreement, companies started construction of Duhai RRTS station.<ref name="themetrorailguy1">{{cite web |title=APCO-CRFG & KEC-CCECC Resume Work on Delhi – Meerut RRTS Line |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/05/25/apco-crfg-kec-ccecc-resume-work-on-delhi-meerut-rrts-line/ |website=www.themetrorailguy.com |publisher=The Metro Rail Guy |access-date=1 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
The Duhai RRTS station will have three levels - platform, concourse and street level. Duhai RRTS station will be 215 meters long and 26 meters wide. The rail tracks will be constructed at a height of 24 meters above the ground level.<ref name="msn">{{cite web |title=Delhi-Meerut RRTS update: Ghaziabad station to have 5 exits, to be linked with Naya Bus Stand Metro Station |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/delhi-meerut-rrts-update-ghaziabad-station-to-have-5-exits-to-be-linked-with-naya-bus-stand-metro-station/ar-AA17f11J |website=www.msn.com |access-date=1 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = [[File:A06 Duhai RRTS station.svg|frameless|20px]] Duhai track layout
| title color = white
| title-bg = #{{rail color|RapidX|Delhi–Meerut}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map1 = HSTg\HSTg
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[File:AS2 Duhai Depot RRTS station.svg|frameless|20px]] {{stl|RapidX|Duhai Depot}} / [[File:A07 Murad Nagar RRTS station.svg|frameless|20px]] {{stl|RapidX|Murad Nagar}}
*'''P1'''\PSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\*'''P2'''
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[File:AS2 Duhai Depot RRTS station.svg|frameless|20px]] {{stl|RapidX|Duhai Depot}}
HSTg\HSTg
| map2 = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[File:AS2 Duhai Depot RRTS station.svg|frameless|20px]] {{stl|RapidX|Duhai Depot}} / [[File:A07 Murad Nagar RRTS station.svg|frameless|20px]] {{stl|RapidX|Murad Nagar}}
*'''P2'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P3'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[File:A05 Guldhar RRTS station.svg|frameless|20px]] [[Guldhar RRTS station|DPS Rajnagar Guldhar]]
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with three tracks <nowiki>|</nowiki> One Side & Island platform</div>
}}}}
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
| width="50" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''G'''
| width="100" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Street level
| width="500" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Exit/Entrance
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''L1'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Mezzanine
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Fare control, station agent, Ticket/token, shops
|-
| rowspan="5" style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;text-align:left;" |'''L2'''
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |Towards → [[File:AS2 Duhai Depot RRTS station.svg|frameless|20px]] {{stl|RapidX|Duhai Depot}} '''''(Operational during peak hours)'''''
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Island platform]] | '''P1''' doors will open on the right | '''P2''' doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Platform 2''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → [[File:AS2 Duhai Depot RRTS station.svg|frameless|20px]] {{stl|RapidX|Duhai Depot}} Towards → [[File:A10 Meerut South RRTS station.svg|frameless|20px]] {{stl|RapidX|Meerut South}} '''Next Station:'''[[File:A07 Murad Nagar RRTS station.svg|frameless|20px]] {{stl|RapidX|Murad Nagar}}
|-
| width="100" |'''Platform 3''' '''Westbound'''
| width="500" |Towards ← [[File:A03 Sahibabad RRTS station.svg|frameless|20px]] {{stl|RapidX|Sahibabad}} '''Next Station:'''[[File:A05 Guldhar RRTS station.svg|frameless|20px]] [[Guldhar RRTS station|DPS Rajnagar Guldhar]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" |[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|-
|}
There are 4 Gate points – 1, 2, 3 and 4. Commuters can use either of the points for their travel:-

* Gate 1 - Towards Drizzling Land Water Park (Meerut Side)
* Gate 2 (Closed) - Towards Babu Banarasi Das Institute of Technology (Meerut Side)
* Gate 3 - Towards IAMR Group of Institutions (Delhi Side)
* Gate 4 - Towards Delhi Side

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{RapidX|Delhi–Meerut=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Ghaziabad district]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2023]]

Ichalkaranji Assembly constituency

2026-04-17T00:47:06Z

Masterstrock: new a info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ichalkaranji
| constituency_no = 279
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 279-Ichalkaranji.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Hatkanangle Lok Sabha constituency|Hatkanangle]]
| district = [[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]]
| established = 1978
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Rahul Awade]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| incumbent_image =
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| electors =312,823
}}
'''Ichalkaranji Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]] state, western India. This constituency is located in [[Kolhapur district]].<ref name="ECI-20081126" />

==Geographical scope==
The constituency comprises Ichalkaranji revenue circle and Ichalkaranji Municipal Council belonging to [[Hatkanangale]] taluka.<ref name="ECI-20081126">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India|pages=274|access-date=2015-08-14}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ichalkaranji Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/ichalkaranji.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| colspan="4"|{{center|''Until 1978: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Shivagonda Patil
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Kallappa Awade]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| K. L. Malabade
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| rowspan="3"|[[Prakashanna Awade]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Suresh Ganpati Halvankar|Suresh Halvankar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Prakashanna Awade]]
|{{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Rahul Awade]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ichalkaranji}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rahul Awade]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,31,919 |percentage = 60.68% |change={{increase}}27.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madan Sitaram Karande |party=Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 75,108 |percentage = 34.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chopade Vitthal Pundlik |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,461 |percentage = 1.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ravi Gajanan Gondkar |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 2,143 |percentage = 0.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sam Alias Sachin Shivaji Athawale |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,133 |percentage = 0.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,487 |percentage = 0.68% |change={{decrease}}0.07 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 56,811 |percentage = 26.13% |change= {{increase}}1.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,18,897 |percentage = 69.97% |change= {{increase}}1.42 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 2,17,410}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,12,823|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.61 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}2.16 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ichalkaranji<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Prakashanna Awade]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,16,886 |percentage = 58.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Suresh Ganpati Halvankar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 67,076 |percentage = 33.58% |change={{decrease}}13.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rahul Prakash Khanjire|party=Indian National Congress |votes = 7,262 |percentage = 3.64% |change={{decrease}}36.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shashikant Vasantrao Amane|party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 3,693 |percentage = 1.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,513 |percentage = 0.76% |change={{decrease}}0.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Santosh Dattatray Koli (Balmaharaj) |party=Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha |votes = 1,331 |percentage = 0.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 49,810 |percentage = 24.94% |change= {{increase}}17.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,01,271 |percentage = 68.59% |change= {{decrease}}5.66 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,99,758}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,93,431|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.03 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}11.04 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ichalkaranji<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Suresh Ganpati Halvankar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 94,214 |percentage = 47.48% |change={{decrease}}1.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Prakashanna Awade]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 78,989 |percentage = 39.80% |change={{increase}}3.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madan Sitaram Karande|party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 14,797 |percentage = 7.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Muralidhar Raghunath Jadhav |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 3,902 |percentage = 1.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jaju Mishrilal Gopikishan |party=Jai Janseva Party |votes = 2,038 |percentage = 1.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sadashiv Annappa Malabade |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 1,574 |percentage = 0.79% |change={{decrease}}1.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,505 |percentage = 0.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,225 |percentage = 7.67% |change= {{decrease}}5.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,00,133 |percentage = 74.37% |change= {{increase}}3.60 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,98,444}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,69,122|ref = |change= {{increase}}2.90 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}1.64 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ichalkaranji<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Suresh Ganpati Halvankar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 90,104 |percentage = 49.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Prakashanna Awade]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 66,867 |percentage = 36.45% |change={{decrease}}22.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jambhale Ashok Ramchandra |party=Independent politician |votes = 9,613 |percentage = 5.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bargir Raj Appalal |party=Independent politician |votes = 7,660 |percentage = 4.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Datta Hari Mane |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 3,966 |percentage = 2.16% |change={{decrease}}3.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vijay Dinkar Kamble |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,616 |percentage = 0.88% |change={{decrease}}1.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Suresh Annappa Gadage |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,446 |percentage = 0.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,237 |percentage = 12.67% |change= {{decrease}}27.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,83,452 |percentage = 70.14% |change= {{increase}}0.90 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,83,433}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,61,541|ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.11 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.77 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ichalkaranji}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Prakashanna Awade]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 1,07,846 |percentage = 58.89% |change={{increase}}16.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pujari Shankarrao Ramchandra |party=Independent politician |votes = 34,672 |percentage = 18.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shirgave Dhonidlal Abdul |party=Independent politician |votes = 23,455 |percentage = 12.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Salunkhe Suryaji Ramchandra |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 10,622 |percentage = 5.80% |change={{decrease}}1.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Belekar Krishna Sudam |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,708 |percentage = 2.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 73,174 |percentage = 39.96% |change= {{increase}}24.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,83,131 |percentage = 69.24% |change= {{increase}}3.47 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,83,129}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,64,487|ref = |change= {{increase}}14.00 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}16.71 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ichalkaranji<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Prakashanna Awade]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 64,365 |percentage = 42.18% |change={{decrease}}4.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Ramchandra Jambhale |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 41,402 |percentage = 27.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shankarrao Pujari |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 29,950 |percentage = 19.63% |change={{increase}}15.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Comred Suryaji Salunkhe |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 11,313 |percentage = 7.41% |change={{decrease}}37.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hogade Pratap Ganapatrao |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 4,474 |percentage = 2.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,963 |percentage = 15.05% |change= {{increase}}13.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,58,540 |percentage = 68.33% |change= {{decrease}}13.16 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,52,600}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,32,006|ref = |change= {{increase}}4.03 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}4.45 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ichalkaranji<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Prakashanna Awade]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 82,086 |percentage = 46.63% |change={{increase}}1.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=K. L. Malabade |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 79,643 |percentage = 45.24% |change={{decrease}}4.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Masal Bapuso Krishnath |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 6,458 |percentage = 3.67% |change={{decrease}}1.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jaju Mishrilal Gopikishan |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,514 |percentage = 3.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Kisan Shankar |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,530 |percentage = 0.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,443 |percentage = 1.39% |change= {{decrease}}2.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,80,056 |percentage = 80.73% |change= {{increase}}8.49 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,76,037}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,23,027|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.61 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}2.63 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ichalkaranji<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=K. L. Malabade |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 72,600 |percentage = 49.26% |change={{increase}}21.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Prakashanna Awade]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 66,446 |percentage = 45.09% |change={{increase}}0.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mishrilal Gopikisan Jaju |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 7,566 |percentage = 5.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,154 |percentage = 4.18% |change= {{decrease}}12.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,49,123 |percentage = 71.28% |change= {{decrease}}3.31 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,47,371}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,09,200|ref = |change= {{increase}}33.53 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.44 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ichalkaranji<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Prakashanna Awade]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 51,791 |percentage = 44.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=K. L. Malabade |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 32,244 |percentage = 27.90% |change={{increase}}11.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Swami Mallaya Dattatraya |party=Independent politician |votes = 18,033 |percentage = 15.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nemishte Raghunath Tukaram |party=Janata Party |votes = 11,604 |percentage = 10.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Murdande Gajanan Shankar |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,475 |percentage = 1.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,547 |percentage = 16.92% |change= {{increase}}4.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,17,076 |percentage = 74.73% |change= {{increase}}4.07 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,15,557}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,56,668|ref = |change= {{increase}}18.70 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (U) |swing= {{decrease}}3.13 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ichalkaranji<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Kallappa Awade|Kallappa Baburao Awade]] |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 44,104 |percentage = 47.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khanjire Babasaheb Bhausaheb |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 32,905 |percentage = 35.77% |change={{increase}}10.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. P. Patil |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 14,738 |percentage = 16.02% |change={{decrease}}27.84 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,199 |percentage = 12.18% |change= {{decrease}}2.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 93,199 |percentage = 70.61% |change= {{decrease}}7.33 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 91,978}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,31,983|ref = |change= {{increase}}16.71 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (U) |loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}4.09 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ichalkaranji<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Shivagonda Pirgonda |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 38,206 |percentage = 43.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Kallappa Awade|Kallappa Baburao Awade]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 25,686 |percentage = 29.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khanjire Babasheb Bhausaheb |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 22,169 |percentage = 25.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chavan Raghunath Dayanu |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,039 |percentage = 1.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,520 |percentage = 14.37% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 88,477 |percentage = 78.24% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 87,100}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,13,083|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kolhapur district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|16.70|74.46|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kolhapur district]]
[[Category:Ichalkaranji]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Tabu filmography

2026-04-16T18:50:07Z

Masterstrock: Put Up Info

{{Short description|none}}
{{featured list}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
[[File:Tabu promoting De De Pyaar De.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Tabu at an event for ''[[De De Pyaar De]]'' in 2019|alt=Tabu poses for the camera.]]
[[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] is an Indian actress that appears primarily in [[Bollywood|Hindi]] films. Her first credited role came as a teenager in [[Dev Anand]]'s ''[[Hum Naujawan]]'' (1985), and her first major role was in the Telugu film ''[[Coolie No. 1 (1991 film)|Coolie No. 1]]'' (1991).<ref name="2states">{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/6443 |title=2 States of stardom – When child stars grow up! |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=17 April 2014 |access-date=29 July 2014 |author=Vijayakar, Rajiv |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219232703/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/6443 |archive-date=19 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Hemant |title=KRR taught Tabu to give sexy expressions in a bedroom! |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/KRR-taught-Tabu-to-give-sexy-expressions-in-a-bedroom/articleshow/46243134.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 February 2013 |access-date=8 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221231439/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/KRR-taught-Tabu-to-give-sexy-expressions-in-a-bedroom/articleshow/46243134.cms |archive-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> In 1994, Tabu received the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut]] for the Hindi action drama ''[[Vijaypath]]'', which marked her first of many collaborations with co-star [[Ajay Devgn]].<ref name="oldawards">{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/11841/index.html |title=Tabu: Awards & Nominations|access-date=23 July 2010 |work=Bollywood Hungama|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213155416/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/11841/index.html|archive-date=13 December 2010}}</ref> The year 1996 was key for Tabu.<ref name="tribune">{{cite news |last=Bose |first=Derek |title=Cut above the rest |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090719/spectrum/main5.htm |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=19 July 2009 |access-date=8 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110132/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090719/spectrum/main5.htm |archive-date= 4 March 2016}}</ref> Her performance as a young woman affected by the [[Punjab insurgency]] in [[Gulzar]]'s ''[[Maachis]]'' proved to be a breakthrough, winning her the [[National Film Award for Best Actress]].<ref name="tribune"/><ref name="nf1">{{cite web |title=44th National Film Awards – 1997 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm44thNFAAward.aspx |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=1 December 2012 |page=24 |format=PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505172151/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm44thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=5 May 2014}}</ref> Also that year, Tabu won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu]] for the romance ''[[Ninne Pelladata (1996 film)|Ninne Pelladata]]'', and featured alongside [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] in the comedy film ''[[Saajan Chale Sasural]]''.<ref name="ninne">{{cite news |url=http://www.filmfare.com/site/october97/south3e.htm |title=Filmfare South Special Best Actress|access-date=4 June 2015 |work=[[Filmfare]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980705062035/http://www.filmfare.com/site/october97/south3e.htm|archive-date=5 July 1998}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |website=[[Box Office India]] |title=Box Office 1999 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=202&catName=MTk5Ng== |access-date=8 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010125314/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=202&catName=MTk5Ng%3D%3D |archive-date=10 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Tabu had a brief role in the war film ''[[Border (1997 film)|Border]]'', the highest-grossing Hindi film of 1997, and portrayed a village girl opposite [[Anil Kapoor]] in the [[Priyadarshan]]-directed drama ''[[Virasat (1997 film)|Virasat]]''.<ref name="top">{{cite news |last=Vijayakar |first=Rajiv |title=Numero Unos: A Survey Of The Top Hit Films – Part 5 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3741/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=26 July 2012 |access-date=8 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610050124/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3741/ |archive-date=10 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Chowdhury |first=Nandita |title=Innocent Temptress |url=http://www.indiatoday.com/itoday/08091997/tabu.html |work=[[India Today]] |date=8 September 1997 |access-date=8 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034415/http://www.indiatoday.com/itoday/08091997/tabu.html |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> Among her 1999 releases were two of the top-grossing Bollywood films of the year{{mdash}}the comedy ''[[Biwi No.1]]'', and the family drama ''[[Hum Saath-Saath Hain]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Nahta |first=Komal |title=2000 can only be better! |url=http://m.rediff.com/movies/2000/jan/03box.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=3 January 2000 |access-date=8 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610050700/http://m.rediff.com/movies/2000/jan/03box.htm |archive-date=10 June 2015}}</ref> She also starred as the rebellious daughter of a corrupt politician in Gulzar's critically praised drama ''[[Hu Tu Tu]]'' (1999).<ref name="power">{{cite web |last=Verma |first=Suparn |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/1999/jan/21hut.htm |title=The power game |work=Rediff.com |date=21 January 1999 |access-date=4 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712111751/http://in.rediff.com/movies/1999/jan/21hut.htm |archive-date=12 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.rediff.com/entertai/2002/jan/24sld5.htm |title=The importance of being Tabu |work=Rediff.com |date=24 January 2002 |access-date=9 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610065913/http://m.rediff.com/entertai/2002/jan/24sld5.htm |archive-date=10 June 2015}}</ref> The following year, she starred in ''[[Kandukondain Kandukondain]]'', a Tamil adaptation of ''[[Sense and Sensibility]]'', and played a submissive homemaker in the bilingual drama ''[[Astitva]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2000/05/28/stories/09280223.htm |title=From the known to the unknown |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 May 2000 |access-date=22 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019141252/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2000/05/28/stories/09280223.htm |archive-date=19 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="singular">{{cite news |last=Bamzai |first=Kaveree |url=http://www.indiatoday.com/itoday/20070625/cinema.html |title=A Singular Star |work=India Today |date=25 June 2007 |access-date=8 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034510/http://www.indiatoday.com/itoday/20070625/cinema.html |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> Tabu garnered a second National Film Award for Best Actress for portraying a bar dancer in [[Madhur Bhandarkar]]'s crime drama ''[[Chandni Bar]]'' (2001).<ref name="verve">{{cite news |last=Jahagirdar-Saxena |first=Shraddha |title=Nothing serious about Tabu |url=http://www.vervemagazine.in/people/nothing-serious-about-tabu |work=[[Verve (Indian magazine)|Verve]] |date=25 July 2007 |access-date=8 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610131135/http://www.vervemagazine.in/people/nothing-serious-about-tabu |archive-date=10 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="nfa2">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/26tabu.htm |title=Tabu, Shobhana share National Award for Best Actress |work=Rediff.com |date=26 July 2002 |access-date=4 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924141722/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/26tabu.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> In 2003, she starred in the Bengali film ''[[Abar Aranye]]'', and portrayed a character based on [[Lady Macbeth]], in ''[[Maqbool]]''{{mdash}}an adaptation of ''[[Macbeth]]'' from [[Vishal Bhardwaj]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Tabus-Bengali-film-set-for-April-release/articleshow/31269703.cms |title=Tabu's Bengali film set for April release |work=The Times of India |date=14 December 2002|access-date=8 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701194637/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Tabus-Bengali-film-set-for-April-release/articleshow/31269703.cms|archive-date=1 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BurnettStreete2011">{{cite book |last1=Burnett |first1=Mark Thornton |last2=Streete |first2=Adrian |last3=Wray |first3=Ramona |title=The Edinburgh Companion to Shakespeare and the Arts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JAKrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA506 |date=31 October 2011 |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] |isbn=978-0-7486-3524-5 |page=506 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216123435/https://books.google.com/books?id=JAKrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA506 |archive-date=16 February 2017}}</ref> Following a few commercial failures,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=13355160&cid=13262136 |title=Award-winning actress in sex trap? |website=[[Sify]] |date=8 January 2004 |access-date=29 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915223543/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=13355160&cid=13262136 |archive-date=15 September 2015}}</ref> Tabu played multiple roles in [[M. F. Husain]]'s musical drama ''[[Meenaxi: Tale of Three Cities]]''.<ref name="meenaxi">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2004/04/meenaxi_review.shtml|last=Gajjar|first=Manish|title=BBC - Shropshire - Bollywood - Meenaxi Review|website=[[BBC.co.uk]]|access-date=22 August 2023|date=14 December 2004|archive-date=14 December 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041214095139/http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2004/04/meenaxi_review.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> Tabu's first international project came with [[Mira Nair]]'s [[The Namesake (film)|adaptation]] of [[Jhumpa Lahiri]]'s novel ''[[The Namesake (novel)|The Namesake]]''.<ref name="singular"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Holden |first=Stephen |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/09/movies/09name.html?_r=0 |title=Film Review: Modernity and Tradition at a Cultural Crossroads |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=9 March 2007 |access-date=8 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609123339/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/09/movies/09name.html?_r=0 |archive-date= 9 June 2015}}</ref> In [[R. Balki]]'s ''[[Cheeni Kum]]'' (2007), Tabu starred alongside [[Amitabh Bachchan]] as a woman romantically involved with a much older man;<ref name="verve"/> the role earned her a record fourth [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress]].{{efn|Tabu had previously won the award for ''Virasat'', ''Hu Tu Tu'' and ''Astitva''.<ref name="GulazāraChatterjee2003"/>}}<ref name="ff07">{{cite news |title=Darsheel, Tabu bag critics award at Filmfare |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/darsheel-tabu-bag-critics-award-at-filmfare/276569/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=24 February 2008|access-date=3 June 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007013820/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/darsheel-tabu-bag-critics-award-at-filmfare/276569|archive-date=7 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Padma Shri for Tabu, Kajol, Jayaram and Usha Uthup |url=http://gulfnews.com/cmlink/old-gulfnews/news/world/india/padma-shri-for-tabu-kajol-jayaram-and-usha-uthup-1.752323 |work=[[Gulf News]] |date=26 January 2011 |access-date=10 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610110227/http://gulfnews.com/cmlink/old-gulfnews/news/world/india/padma-shri-for-tabu-kajol-jayaram-and-usha-uthup-1.752323 |archive-date=10 June 2015}}</ref>

Following a brief role in [[Ang Lee]]'s adventure film ''[[Life of Pi (film)|Life of Pi]]'' (2012),<ref>{{cite news |last=Chowdhary |first=Y. Sunita |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/old-wine-in-new-bottle/article1267610.ece |title=Old wine in new bottle |work=The Hindu |date=31 May 2008|access-date=8 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="masala">{{cite web |last=Dedhia |first=Sonal |title=Tabu: I really miss doing masala films |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview-with-tabu-on-life-of-pi/20121122.htm |work=Rediff.com |date=22 November 2012 |access-date=3 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609095324/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview-with-tabu-on-life-of-pi/20121122.htm |archive-date= 9 June 2015}}</ref> Tabu starred alongside [[Salman Khan]] in ''[[Jai Ho (film)|Jai Ho]]'', and garnered critical acclaim for playing the [[Gertrude (Hamlet)|Gertrude]] character in Bhardwaj's ''[[Haider (film)|Haider]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kapoor |first=Reena |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141003/entertainment-bollywood/article/tabu-basks-haider-%E2%80%99s-glow |title=Tabu basks in Haider's glow |work=The Hindu |date=3 October 2014 |access-date=9 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609102603/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141003/entertainment-bollywood/article/tabu-basks-haider-%E2%80%99s-glow |archive-date= 9 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Vashisht |first=Sunanda |title=Haider is not the only story of Kashmir |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-haider-is-not-the-only-story-of-kashmir-2024038 |access-date=15 April 2015 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=7 October 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220084047/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-haider-is-not-the-only-story-of-kashmir-2024038 |archive-date=20 December 2014}}</ref> She won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]] for the latter.<ref name="ff14">{{cite web |title=60th Filmfare Awards: The complete list of winners |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/60th-filmfare-awards-the-complete-list-of-winners/525960-8-66.html |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |access-date=26 February 2015 |date=1 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150228222509/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/60th-filmfare-awards-the-complete-list-of-winners/525960-8-66.html |archive-date=28 February 2015}}</ref> Tabu's career continued to expand with starring roles opposite Devgn in the thriller ''[[Drishyam (2015 film)|Drishyam]]'' (2015), the horror comedy ''[[Golmaal Again]]'' (2017), and the romantic comedy ''[[De De Pyaar De]]'' (2019).<ref>{{cite news |last=Mehta |first=Ankita |title='Drishyam' Review Roundup: An Edge of Your Seat Drama with Nail-biting Moments |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/drishyam-review-roundup-edge-your-seat-drama-nail-biting-moments-641050 |newspaper=[[International Business Times]] |date=30 July 2015 |access-date=18 February 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216145706/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/drishyam-review-roundup-edge-your-seat-drama-nail-biting-moments-641050 |archive-date=16 December 2015}}</ref> She gained acclaim for playing a murderess in ''[[Andhadhun]]'' (2018), which ranks as one of the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Indian films]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Bengani |first=Sneha |title=AndhaDhun Proves Again that Tabu is Indeed the Reigning Queen of Grey |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/andhadhun-proves-again-that-tabu-is-indeed-the-reigning-queen-of-grey-1901125.html |work=CNN-News18 |date=7 October 2018 |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014165043/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/andhadhun-proves-again-that-tabu-is-indeed-the-reigning-queen-of-grey-1901125.html |archive-date=14 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Top All Time All Format Worldwide Grossers – Andhadhun 13th |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5012 |website=Box Office India |date=16 May 2019|access-date=16 May 2019}}</ref> In 2020, she featured in the top-grossing Telugu film ''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]'', winning the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]], and starred in the British miniseries ''[[A Suitable Boy (series)|A Suitable Boy]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Allu Arjun's Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo emerges as the third highest grosser ever in Telugu |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/feb/12/allu-arjuns-ala-vaikunthapurramuloo-emerges-as-the-third-highest-grosser-of-telugu-17014.html |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=12 February 2020 |access-date=12 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=67th Parle Filmfare Awards South 2022 full winners list Telugu: 'Pushpa' bags 7 titles, Sai Pallavi wins Black Lady for 'Love Story'; 'Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo' shines |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/67th-parle-filmfare-awards-south-2022-full-winners-list-telugu-pushpa-bags-7-titles-sai-pallavi-wins-black-lady-for-love-story-ala-vaikunthapurramuloo-shines/articleshow/94747276.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=21 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 October 2020 |title=Mira Nair's A Suitable Boy to stream on Netflix from October 23 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/mira-nair-a-suitable-boy-to-stream-on-netflix-from-october-23-6717268/|access-date=27 January 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Further commercial successes came in 2022 with the sequels ''[[Drishyam 2 (2022 film)|Drishyam 2]]'' and ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2]]'' and the heist comedy ''[[Crew (film)|Crew]]'' (2024).<ref>{{cite news |last=Suri |first=Rishabh |title=Tabu on back-to-back hits Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2 and Drishyam 2: Making a film is like a gamble |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/tabu-on-back-to-back-hits-bhool-bhulaiyaa-2-and-drishyam-2-making-a-film-is-like-a-gamble-101670869628451.html |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=12 December 2022|access-date=2 February 2023}}</ref> ''Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2'' won her another Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress.<ref name="ff23win">{{cite news |title=Winners of the 68th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2023 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2023/winners |date=28 April 2023 |work=Filmfare|access-date=28 April 2023}}</ref>

==Films==
{{pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ List of Tabu film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role(s)
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| 1982
! scope="row" | ''[[Bazaar (1982 film)|Bazaar]]''
| Unnamed
| rowspan="2" | [[Hindi]]
| Uncredited appearance in the song "Chale Aao Saiyan"
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="2states"/>
|-
| 1985
! scope="row" |''[[Hum Naujawan]]''
| Priya
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/507054 |title=Hum Naujawan (1986) |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=29 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831230236/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/507054 |archive-date=31 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 1991
! scope="row" |''[[Coolie No. 1 (1991 film)|Coolie No. 1]]''
| Ranjani
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="telugu">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/06/24/stories/2002062400170200.htm |title=Heading for Hyderabad again |date=24 June 2006 |access-date=29 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129103505/http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/06/24/stories/2002062400170200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=29 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/movies/coolie-no1/story.html |title=Coolie No. 1 Story |work=[[Oneindia]] |access-date=4 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705125716/http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/movies/coolie-no1/story.html |archive-date= 5 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1994
! scope="row" |''[[Pehla Pehla Pyar]]''
| Sapna
| rowspan="4" |Hindi
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540177 |title=Pehla Pehla Pyaar (1994) |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=29 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810042830/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540177 |archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Vijaypath]]''
| Mohini / Vrushali
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="oldawards"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508675 |title=Vijaypath (1994) |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=29 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831180611/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508675 |archive-date=31 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1995
! scope="row" |''[[Prem (film)|Prem]]''
| Laachi/Sonia{{efn|name=dual|Tabu played dual roles in the film.<ref name="tabbu">{{cite web |last=Taliculam |first=Sharmila |title=Commercial films can get you only so far |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/apr/04tabu.htm |work=Rediff.com |date=4 April 1997 |access-date=4 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224926/http://www.rediff.com/movies/apr/04tabu.htm |archive-date= 3 March 2016}}</ref>}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/58602 |title=Prem (1995) |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=29 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810042035/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/58602 |archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Saajan Ki Baahon Mein]]''
| Kavita Verma
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508541 |title=Saajan Ki Baahon Mein (1995) |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=29 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906214147/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508541 |archive-date= 6 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Sisindri]]''
| Herself
| Telugu
| Cameo appearance
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YubHfXNKo9c |title=Sisindri Telugu Full Length Movie: Nagarjuna, Tabu |publisher=[[Annapurna Studios]] |date=10 August 2013 |access-date=4 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225061121/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YubHfXNKo9c |archive-date=25 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Haqeeqat (1995 film)|Haqeeqat]]''
| Sudha Singh
| rowspan="2" | Hindi
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539319 |title=Haqeeqat (1995) |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=29 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810044757/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539319 |archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1996
! scope="row" |''[[Himmat (1996 film)|Himmat]]''
| Anjali Pathak
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539366 |title=Himmat (1996) |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=29 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810044623/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539366 |archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Kadhal Desam]]''
| Divya
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534572 |title=Kadhal Desam (1996) |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=29 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810045020/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534572 |archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Tu Chor Main Sipahi]]''
| Kajal
| rowspan="2" | Hindi
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508499 |title=Tu Chor Main Sipahi (1996) |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=29 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719172453/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508499 |archive-date=19 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Jeet (1996 film)|Jeet]]''
| Tulsibai
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539581 |title=Jeet (1996) |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=29 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901014515/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539581 |archive-date= 1 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.filmfare.com/conti.htm |title=Filmfare Awards Nomination Form|access-date=4 June 2015 |work=Filmfare|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970428134801/http://www.filmfare.com/conti.htm|archive-date=28 April 1997}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Kaalapani]]''
| Parvathi
| [[Malayalam]]
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="tribune"/>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Maachis]]''
| Veerandar
| rowspan="2" | Hindi
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/533194 |title=Maachis (1996) |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=29 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810042131/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/533194 |archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.filmfare.com/award.htm |title=Filmfare Awards Nomination Form|access-date=4 June 2015 |work=Filmfare|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970428133635/http://www.filmfare.com/award.htm|archive-date=28 April 1997}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Saajan Chale Sasural]]''
| {{sort|Khurana|Divya Khurana}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201634 |title=Saajan Chale Sasural (1996) |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=29 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810043306/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201634 |archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Ninne Pelladata (1996 film)|Ninne Pelladata]]''
| Mahalakshmi
| Telugu
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="ninne"/><ref>{{cite video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3TNmQ1XM2fM |title=Ninne Pelladatha Telugu Full Length Movie: Nagarjuna,Tabu |publisher=Annapurna Studios |date=16 August 2013 |access-date=4 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318104809/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3TNmQ1XM2fM |archive-date=18 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1997
! scope="row" |''[[Darmiyaan: In Between]]''
| Chitra
| rowspan="3" | Hindi
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/504791 |title=Darmiyaan (1997) |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=29 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810044313/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/504791 |archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Virasat (1997 film)|Virasat]]''
| Gehna Rane
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201807 |title=Virasat (1997) |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=29 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810040201/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201807 |archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.filmfare.com/site/march98/cover-n.htm |title=And the nominees were...|access-date=8 June 2015 |work=Filmfare|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980705052447/http://www.filmfare.com/site/march98/cover-n.htm|archive-date=5 July 1998}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Border (1997 film)|Border]]''
| Yamora Kaur
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="GulazāraChatterjee2003">{{cite book |author1=Gulzar |last2=Chatterjee |first2=Saibal |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&pg=PT658 |year=2003 |publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]] |isbn=978-81-7991-066-5 |page=658 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103043159/http://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&pg=PT658 |archive-date= 3 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201680 |title=Border (1997) |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=29 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810043135/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201680 |archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Iruvar]]''
| Senthamarai
| Tamil
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/movies/iruvar.html |title=Iruvar |work=Oneindia |access-date=29 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705120704/http://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/movies/iruvar.html |archive-date= 5 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Chachi 420]]''
| {{sort|Paswan|Janki Paswan}}
| Hindi
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/533189 |title=Chachi 420 (1997) |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=29 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810042655/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/533189 |archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1998
! scope="row" |''[[Aavida Maa Aavide]]''
| Archana
| Telugu
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9g-gcdyHFbo |title=Aavida Maa Aavide Full Movie |publisher=iDream Movies |date=14 July 2013 |access-date=4 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308053743/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9g-gcdyHFbo |archive-date= 8 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[2001: Do Hazaar Ek]]''
| Billu
| rowspan="2" | Hindi
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_9dTEjKqR-Q |title=2001: Do Hazaar Ek (1998) Full Movie: Dimple Kapadia, Jackie Shroff, Rajat Bedi, Tabu |publisher=Goldmines Movies |date=1 May 2015 |access-date=4 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312153536/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_9dTEjKqR-Q |archive-date=12 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Thayin Manikodi]]''
| Anjali
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=4 September 1998 |title=Film Reviews: Ellamae En Pondattithan / En Aaasai Raasavae / Thaayin Manikkodi |pages=26 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/980904/09/09040223.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=4 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010407071455/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/980904/09/09040223.htm |archive-date=7 April 2001}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Hanuman (1998 film)|Hanuman]]''
| Anja
| [[English language|English]]
| [[French language|French]]-Indian film
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |last=Harvey |first=Dennis |url=https://variety.com/1999/film/reviews/hanuman-2-1200459466/ |title=Review: 'Hanuman' |work=Variety |date=18 October 1999 |access-date=29 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304221928/http://variety.com/1999/film/reviews/hanuman-2-1200459466/ |archive-date= 4 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1999
! scope="row" | ''[[Hu Tu Tu]]''
| Parveen "Panna"
| rowspan="6" | Hindi
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="power"/> <ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indiafm.com/filmfare/99/nominations.shtml |title=Filmfare Awards by year: 1999 Nominations|access-date=8 June 2015 |work=Bollywood Hungama|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001119072600/http://www.indiafm.com/filmfare/99/nominations.shtml|archive-date=19 November 2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indiafm.com/filmfare/99/winners.shtml |title=Filmfare Awards by year: 1999 Winners|access-date=8 June 2015 |work=Bollywood Hungama|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001017195340/http://www.indiafm.com/filmfare/99/winners.shtml|archive-date=17 October 2000}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Biwi No.1]]''
| Lovely Khurana
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/biwi_no1_1999/ |title=Biwi No.1 (1999) |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=29 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207113018/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/biwi_no1_1999/ |archive-date= 7 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Kohram]]''
| {{sort|Patkar|ACP Kiran Patkar}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539723 |title=Kohram (1999) |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=4 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402200042/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539723 |archive-date= 2 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Hum Saath-Saath Hain]]''
| Sadhna Sharma Chaturvedi
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |last=Someshwar |first=Savera R. |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1999/nov/06hssh.htm |title=It's not HAHK..! |work=Rediff.com |date=6 November 1999 |access-date=4 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907110803/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1999/nov/06hssh.htm |archive-date= 7 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Thakshak]]''
| {{sort|Dev|Suman Dev}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201781 |title=Thakshak (1999) |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=4 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401151404/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201781 |archive-date= 1 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2000
! scope="row" |''[[Hera Pheri (2000 film)|Hera Pheri]]''
| {{sort|Panikar|Anuradha Panikar}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/hera-pheri/ |title=Hera Pheri (2000) |website=Rotten Tomatoes |access-date=29 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506061219/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/hera-pheri/ |archive-date= 6 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Kandukondain Kandukondain]]''
| Sowmya
| Tamil
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="Dhananjayan2014">{{cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G |title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931 TO 2013: Tamil Films that have earned National and International Recognition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e07vBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA388 |date=3 November 2014 |publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers |pages=388–390 |id=GGKEY:L1DLZDAEJ47 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216123535/https://books.google.com/books?id=e07vBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA388 |archive-date=16 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Tarkieb]]''
| {{sort|Choubey|Roshni Choubey}}
| rowspan="3" | Hindi
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538447 |title=Tarkieb (2000) |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=29 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901161857/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538447 |archive-date= 1 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Dil Pe Mat Le Yaar]]''
| {{sort|Lal|Kamya Lal}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201716 |title=Dil Pe Mat Le Yaar (2000) |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=29 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105211847/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201716 |archive-date= 5 January 2015}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Shikari (2000 film)|Shikari]]''
| Suman
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/540365 |title=Shikari Review |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=15 December 2000 |access-date=4 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104020/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/540365 |archive-date= 4 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Astitva]]''
| {{sort|Pandit|Aditi Pandit}}
| Hindi [[Marathi language|Marathi]]{{efn|Bilingual film<ref>{{cite web |last=Das |first=Ronjita |title='Someone told us Tabu spoke Marathi': Sachin Khedekar |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/oct/09sachin1.htm |work=Rediff.com |date=9 October 2000 |access-date=10 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206185243/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/oct/09sachin1.htm |archive-date= 6 February 2017}}</ref>}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |last=Someshwar |first=Savera R. |url=http://m.rediff.com/movies/2000/oct/05astit.htm |title=Astitva mirrors society, and Tabu is its reflection! |work=Rediff.com |date=5 October 2000 |access-date=4 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604105441/http://m.rediff.com/movies/2000/oct/05astit.htm |archive-date= 4 June 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |last=Bhayani |first=Viral |url=http://www.indiatoday.com.au/yourstory9.htm |title=Kaho Na Pyar Hai Grabs 9 Awards at the 46th Filmfare Awards |work=India Today |access-date=8 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310024545/http://indiatoday.com.au/yourstory9.htm |archive-date=10 March 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indiafm.com/filmfare/annual/2000/nominations.shtml |title=Annual Filmfare Awards 2000: The Nominations|access-date=8 June 2015 |work=Bollywood Hungama|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010331150942/http://www.indiafm.com/filmfare/annual/2000/nominations.shtml|archive-date=31 March 2001}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Ghaath (2000 film)|Ghaath]]''
| {{sort|Choudhary|Kavita Choudhary}}
| Hindi
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |last=Das |first=Ronjita |url=http://m.rediff.com/movies/2000/dec/09ghaath.htm |title=A cop-out! |work=Rediff.com |date=9 December 2000 |access-date=4 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604124712/http://m.rediff.com/movies/2000/dec/09ghaath.htm |archive-date= 4 June 2015}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Snegithiye]]''
| ACP Gayatri Varma
| Tamil
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/504193 |title=Snegithiye (2000) |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=29 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903083534/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/504193 |archive-date= 3 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Cover Story (2000 film)|Cover Story]]''
| {{sort|Khan|Jasmine Khan}}
| Malayalam
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |author=Rajitha |url=http://m.rediff.com/movies/2001/mar/31tt.htm |title=Not quite a cover-up! |work=Rediff.com |date=31 March 2001 |access-date=4 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604105502/http://m.rediff.com/movies/2001/mar/31tt.htm |archive-date= 4 June 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2001
! scope="row" |''[[Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya (2001 film)|Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya]]''
| {{sort|Batra|Roshni Batra}}
| Hindi
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539166 |title=Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya (2001) |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=29 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901093149/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539166 |archive-date= 1 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Chandni Bar]]''
| Mumtaz
| rowspan="4" |Hindi
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="oldawards"/> <ref name="nfa2"/> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/chandni_bar/ |title=Chandni Bar (2001) |website=Rotten Tomatoes |access-date=29 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812180003/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/chandni_bar/ |archive-date=12 August 2014}}</ref> 
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Aamdani Atthani Kharcha Rupaiyaa]]''
| Meena
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Priyanka |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/dec/21aam.htm |title=Money for Nothing |work=Rediff.com |date=21 December 2001 |access-date=4 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075840/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/dec/21aam.htm |archive-date= 4 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2002
! scope="row" |''[[Maa Tujhhe Salaam (film)|Maa Tujhhe Salaam]]''
| {{sort|Khanna|Captain Sonia Khanna}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/maa-tujhhe-salaam/ |title=Maa Tujhhe Salaam (2002) |website=Rotten Tomatoes |access-date=29 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308224446/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/maa-tujhhe-salaam/ |archive-date=8 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Filhaal...]]''
| {{sort|Singh|Rewa Singh}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201741 |title=Filhaal (2002) |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=29 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901121324/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201741 |archive-date= 1 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Chennakesava Reddy]]''
| Devi
| Telugu
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/30/stories/2002093000850400.htm |title=Faction frictions |date=30 September 2002 |access-date=23 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031201045424/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/30/stories/2002093000850400.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date= 1 December 2003}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Zindagi Khoobsoorat Hai]]''
| Shalu
| rowspan="2" | Hindi
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508507 |title=Zindagi Khoobsoorat Hai (2002) |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=3 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331053729/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508507 |archive-date=31 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Saathiya (film)|Saathiya]]''
| {{sort|Rao|Savitri Rao}}
| Cameo appearance
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b88d50d6e |title=Saathiya (2002) |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |access-date=4 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724214024/http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b88d50d6e |archive-date=24 July 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/57072 |title=Saathiya (2002) |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=24 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303200531/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/57072 |archive-date= 3 March 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2003
! scope="row" |''[[Abar Aranye]]''
| Amrita
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramnarayanan |first=Gowri |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2003/08/17/stories/2003081700320500.htm |title=Past, present ... and the future |date=17 August 2003 |access-date=3 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051129024711/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2003/08/17/stories/2003081700320500.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=29 November 2005}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''Khanjar''
| Shilpa
| rowspan="7" | Hindi
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/khanjar/hindi/khanjar-movie-reviews-761-2.html |title=Khanjar Review |work=The Full Hyderabad |author=Rohit Murari|access-date=3 June 2015}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Hawa (2003 film)|Hawa]]''
| Sanjana
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534779 |title=Hawa (2003) |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=3 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331084458/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534779 |archive-date=31 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Jaal: The Trap|Jaal]]''
| {{sort|Pandit|Neha Pandit}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/66548 |title=Jaal – The Trap (2003) |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=3 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409144316/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/66548 |archive-date= 9 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Maqbool]]''
| Nimmi
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |last=Elley |first=Derek |url=https://variety.com/2003/film/reviews/maqbool-1200538293/ |title=Review: 'Maqbool' |work=Variety |date=28 October 2003 |access-date=3 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304230313/http://variety.com/2003/film/reviews/maqbool-1200538293/ |archive-date= 4 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004
! scope="row" |''[[Main Hoon Na]]''
| Aparna
| Cameo appearance
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Main-Hoon-Naas-lesser-known-facts/photostory/34421991.cms |title=Main Hoon Naa's lesser known facts |work=The Times of India |access-date=9 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308195625/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Main-Hoon-Naas-lesser-known-facts/photostory/34421991.cms |archive-date= 8 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Meenaxi: Tale of Three Cities]]''
| Meenaxi / Maria Zarkova / Tanu{{efn|Tabu played multiple roles in the film.<ref name="meenaxi"/>}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="meenaxi"/>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2005
! scope="row" |''[[Bhagmati – The Queen of Fortunes]]''
| Shivranjani/Bhagmati
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/aug/24ashok.htm |title='I don't need Tabu to sell Bhaggmati' |work=Rediff.com |date=24 August 2005 |access-date=3 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206184738/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/aug/24ashok.htm |archive-date= 6 February 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534501 |title=Bhaggmati – The Queen of Fortunes (2005) |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=3 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402220148/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534501 |archive-date= 2 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Andarivaadu]]''
| Shanthi
| Telugu
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/andarivadu-review-telugu-pclvKcfiibagc.html |title=Review: Andarivaadu |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=29 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924142255/http://www.sify.com/movies/andarivadu-review-telugu-pclvKcfiibagc.html |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Silsiilay]]''
| Rehana
| Hindi
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/sil/20050617.htm |title=Silsiilay: Women's lib, anyone? |work=Rediff.com |date=17 June 2005 |access-date=3 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120094107/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/sil/20050617.htm |archive-date=20 November 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2006
! scope="row" |''[[Shock (2006 film)|Shock]]''
| Gita
| Telugu
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/gripping-but-no-shock-value/article3176977.ece |title=Gripping, but no shock value |work=The Hindu |date=11 February 2006|access-date=23 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701194637/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/gripping-but-no-shock-value/article3176977.ece|archive-date=1 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Fanaa (2006 film)|Fanaa]]''
| {{sort|Tyagi|Malini Tyagi}}
| Hindi
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |title=Fanaa (2006) — Acting credits |url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/349042/Fanaa/cast |access-date=3 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307153653/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/349042/Fanaa/cast |department=Movies & TV Dept. |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2016 |archive-date= 7 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |{{sort|Namesake|''[[The Namesake (film)|The Namesake]]''}}
| Ashima
| English
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/namesake/ |title=The Namesake (2006) |website=Rotten Tomatoes |access-date=3 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150804092828/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/namesake/ |archive-date= 4 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2007
! scope="row" |''[[Sarhad Paar]]''
| Pammi
| Hindi
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |last=Vijayan |first=Vipin |title=Sarhad Paar: Terrible! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/sarhad/20070312.htm |work=Rediff.com |date=12 March 2007 |access-date=3 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603170241/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/sarhad/20070312.htm |archive-date= 3 June 2015}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Rakkilippattu]]''
| ACP Gayatri Varma
| Malayalam
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Rakkilipattu Movie Review – Another colorful entertainer |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/rakkilipattu-telugu-movie-review-9038.html |website=IndiaGlitz.com |date=20 February 2007 |access-date=3 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207031537/http://www.indiaglitz.com/rakkilipattu-telugu-movie-review-9038.html |archive-date= 7 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Cheeni Kum]]''
| {{sort|Verma|Nina Verma}}
| rowspan="2" | Hindi
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="ff07"/> <ref>{{cite news |last=Siddiqui |first=Rana |title=Tabu returns, and how! |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/tabu-returns-and-how/article2272498.ece |work=The Hindu |date=27 May 2007|access-date=3 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701194637/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/tabu-returns-and-how/article2272498.ece|archive-date=1 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Om Shanti Om (film)|Om Shanti Om]]''
| Herself
| Special appearance in the song "Deewangi Deewangi"
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |title=Om Shanti Om (2007) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54373 |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=27 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025045139/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54373 |archive-date=25 October 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |last=Goyal |first=Divya |title=Handling a crew of 300 is easier than disputes between maids: Farah Khan |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/handling-a-crew-of-300-is-easier-than-disputes-between-maids-farah-khan/#sthash.hecJLk9d.dpuf |work=The Indian Express |date=29 April 2014 |access-date=9 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150902103529/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/handling-a-crew-of-300-is-easier-than-disputes-between-maids-farah-khan/ |archive-date= 2 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008
! scope="row" |''[[Idi Sangathi]]''
| Swarajyalakshmi
| rowspan="2" | Telugu
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |title=Idi Sangathi is disappointing |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/feb/25ssis.htm |work=Rediff.com |date=25 February 2008 |access-date=3 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825225733/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/feb/25ssis.htm |archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Pandurangadu]]''
| Amrutha
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/56th-Filmfare-Awards-2008-South/articleshow/4804867.cms |title=56th Filmfare Awards 2008 – South |work=The Times of India |date=22 July 2009 |access-date=3 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316071605/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/56th-Filmfare-Awards-2008-South/articleshow/4804867.cms |archive-date=16 March 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/hyderabadlive/hlive_fullstory.php?id=14685990&cid=14433480&name=| archive-url=https://archive.today/20150721111814/http://www.sify.com/hyderabadlive/hlive_fullstory.php?id=14685990&cid=14433480&name=| url-status=dead| archive-date=21 July 2015 |title=Pandurangadu |website=[[Sify]]| access-date=3 June 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010
! scope="row" |''[[Toh Baat Pakki!]]''
| {{sort|Saxena|Rajeshwari Saxena}}
| rowspan="2" | Hindi
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |last=Malani |first=Gaurav |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-02-19/news/27577435_1_nisha-yuvraj-rahul |title=Toh Baat Pakki : Movie Review |work=The Times of India |date=19 February 2010|access-date=3 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305102411/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-02-19/news/27577435_1_nisha-yuvraj-rahul|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Khuda Kasam]]''
| {{sort|Singh|Neetu Singh}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |last=Dhaniwala |first=Mrigank |title='Khuda Kasam' Review |url=http://www.koimoi.com/reviews/khuda-kasam-review/?singlepage=1 |publisher=Koimoi |date=26 November 2010 |access-date=3 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705210947/http://www.koimoi.com/reviews/khuda-kasam-review/?singlepage=1 |archive-date= 5 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2011
! scope="row" |''[[Urumi (film)|Urumi]]''
| Herself
| Malayalam
| Special appearance in the song "Aaranne Aaranne"
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="masala"/> <ref>{{cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/sivan-in-focu/article3480385.ece |title=Sivan in focus |work=The Hindu |date=21 May 2014|access-date=24 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2012
! scope="row" |''[[Life of Pi (film)|Life of Pi]]''
| {{sort|Patel|Gita Patel}}
| English
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |title=Life of Pi (2012) — Cast, Credits & Awards |url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/442403/Life-of-Pi/details |access-date=3 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901110726/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/442403/Life-of-Pi/details |department=Movies & TV Dept. |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2014 |archive-date= 1 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
! scope="row" |''[[David (2013 Hindi film)|David]]''
| Frenny
| rowspan="12" |Hindi
| Simultaneously shot in Tamil as ''[[David (2013 Tamil film)|David]]'' (2013){{Efn|Her scenes were dubbed from the Hindi version.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2013/Feb/07/david-tamil-448424.html|title=David (Tamil)|first=Malini|last=Mannath|date=7 February 2013|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|quote=The poor lip-sync only makes it worse, particularly in the scenes of Tabu and Hattangadi}}</ref>
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |title=Of Davids and Goliaths |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/of-davids-and-goliaths/article4373756.ece |work=The Hindu |date=3 February 2013 |access-date=3 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831162156/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/of-davids-and-goliaths/article4373756.ece |archive-date=31 August 2014}}</ref>}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-david-is-underwhelming/20130201.htm| title=Review: David is well-acted but underwhelming | author=Sukanya Verma | work=Rediff.com | access-date=1 February 2013}}{{Rating|2.5|5}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014
! scope="row" |''[[Jai Ho (film)|Jai Ho]]''
| {{sort|Agnihotri|Geeta Agnihotri Khanna}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/jai_ho/ |title=Jai Ho (2014) |website=Rotten Tomatoes |access-date=3 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619090940/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/jai_ho/ |archive-date=19 June 2015}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Haider (film)|Haider]]''
| {{sort|Meer|Ghazala Meer}}
| Also playback singer for the song "Roshe Valle"
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="ff14" /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/677639 |title=Haider (2014) |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=30 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408073711/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/677639 |archive-date= 8 April 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |last=Dubey |first=Rachana |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Tabu-turns-singer-for-Haider/articleshow/37688571.cms |title=Tabu turns singer for Haider |work=The Times of India |date=3 July 2014 |access-date=30 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910170314/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Tabu-turns-singer-for-Haider/articleshow/37688571.cms |archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015
! scope="row" |''[[Drishyam (2015 film)|Drishyam]]''
| {{sort|Deshmukh|[[Inspector General of Police|IG]] Meera Deshmukh}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Moumita |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-revealed-tabu-as-ig-meera-deshmukh-in-drishyam-2090739 |title=Revealed: Tabu as IG Meera Deshmukh in Drishyam! |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=30 May 2015 |access-date=4 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602183530/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-revealed-tabu-as-ig-meera-deshmukh-in-drishyam-2090739 |archive-date= 2 June 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |title=Nominations for the 61st Britannia Filmfare Awards |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-61st-britannia-filmfare-awards-11809.html |work=Filmfare |date=11 January 2016 |access-date=11 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413161505/http://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-61st-britannia-filmfare-awards-11809.html |archive-date=13 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Talvar (film)|Talvar]]''
| {{sort|Kumar|Reema Kumar}}
| Cameo appearance
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/tabu-talwar-filhaal-meghna-gulzar-196098-2014-06-07 |title=Tabu quietly starts shooting for Meghna Gulzar's Talwar |work=India Today |date=7 June 2014 |access-date=30 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808051534/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/tabu-talwar-filhaal-meghna-gulzar/1/365838.html |archive-date= 8 August 2014}}</ref> <ref name="mint">{{cite news |last=Jhunjhunwala |first=Udita |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/HUJSMrlgGVSuEuo9uVAqBL/Tabu--Coming-back-home.html |title=Coming back home |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=27 September 2014 |access-date=9 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004165449/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/HUJSMrlgGVSuEuo9uVAqBL/Tabu--Coming-back-home.html |archive-date= 4 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
! scope="row" |''[[Fitoor]]''
| {{sort|Jaan|Begum Hazrat Jaan}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/fitoor-movie-review-1231 |title=Fitoor Movie Review |publisher=NDTV |date=12 February 2016 |access-date=18 February 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215032558/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/fitoor-movie-review-1231 |archive-date=15 February 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
! scope="row" |''[[Golmaal Again]]''
| {{sort|Matthew|Anna Matthew}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/tabu-joins-the-golmaal-again-family/articleshow/56890188.cms |title=Tabu joins the 'Golmaal Again' family |work=[[Times of India]] |date=31 January 2017 |access-date=1 February 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201102413/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/tabu-joins-the-golmaal-again-family/articleshow/56890188.cms |archive-date= 1 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2018
! scope="row" |''[[Missing (2018 film)|Missing]]''
| Aparna Dubey
| Also playback singer for the song "Soja Re"
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |last=Iyer |first=Sanyukta |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/A-hat-trick-of-horror/articleshow/48048840.cms |title=A hat-trick of horror |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=13 July 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713133334/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/A-hat-trick-of-horror/articleshow/48048840.cms |archive-date=13 July 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |last=Lohana |first=Avinash |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Tabu-records-her-song-for-Missing/articleshow/48510685.cms |title=Tabu records her song for 'Missing' |work=The Times of India |date=17 August 2015 |access-date=18 February 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211152859/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Tabu-records-her-song-for-Missing/articleshow/48510685.cms |archive-date=11 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Sanju]]''
| Herself
| Cameo appearance
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tabu-to-do-a-cameo-role-in-sanjay-dutt-biopic-will-play-herself-in-the-ranbir-kapoor-starrer-328025.html |title=Tabu To Do A Cameo Role In Sanjay Dutt Biopic, Will Play Herself In The Ranbir Kapoor Starrer |publisher=[[Indiatimes]] |date=17 August 2017 |access-date=21 August 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821015959/http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tabu-to-do-a-cameo-role-in-sanjay-dutt-biopic-will-play-herself-in-the-ranbir-kapoor-starrer-328025.html |archive-date=21 August 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Andhadhun]]''
| Simi Sinha
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/andhadhun-movie-review-ayushmann-khurrana-has-never-been-better-tabu-is-astounding-radhika-apte-pitc-1926582 |title=AndhaDhun Movie Review: Ayushmann Khurrana Has Never Been Better, Tabu Is Astounding, Radhika Apte Pitch-Perfect |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |publisher=NDTV |date=4 October 2018|access-date=5 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005143622/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/andhadhun-movie-review-ayushmann-khurrana-has-never-been-better-tabu-is-astounding-radhika-apte-pitc-1926582|archive-date=5 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-64th-vimal-filmfare-awards-2019_-32898-1.html |title=Nominations for the 64th Vimal Filmfare Awards 2019 |work=Filmfare |date=12 March 2019 |access-date=13 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316052927/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-64th-vimal-filmfare-awards-2019_-32898-1.html |archive-date=16 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019
! scope="row" |''[[De De Pyaar De]]''
| Manjana "Manju" Rao Mehra
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/tabu-says-de-de-pyaar-de-is-not-about-mindless-laughter-there-is-seriousness-and-maturity-1524497-2019-05-14 |title=Tabu says De De Pyaar De is not about mindless laughter: There is seriousness and maturity |work=India Today |date=14 May 2019|access-date=16 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517042122/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/tabu-says-de-de-pyaar-de-is-not-about-mindless-laughter-there-is-seriousness-and-maturity-1524497-2019-05-14|archive-date=17 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Bharat (film)|Bharat]]''
| Meher/Gudiya Kumar{{efn|name=character|Tabu played a single character with two or more names.}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |title=Tabu opens up about her role in Salman Khan starrer 'Bharat' – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/tabu-opens-up-about-her-role-in-salman-khan-starrer-bharat/articleshow/69354407.cms |access-date=29 March 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=16 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020
! scope="row"| ''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]''
| Yasoda "Yasu"
| Telugu
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ala-vaikunthapurramuloo-review-this-trivikram-srinivas-and-allu-arjun-film-hits-the-right-notes/article30549122.ece |title=Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo' review: This Trivikram Srinivas and Allu Arjun film hits the right notes |work=The Hindu |date=16 January 2020 |author=Sangeetha Devi Dundoo}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Jawaani Jaaneman]]''
| Ananya
| rowspan="9" | Hindi
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/jawaani-jaaneman-review-tabu-shines-in-short-role-breezy-storytelling-a-quirky-saif-win-hearts/articleshow/73894129.cms |title='Jawaani Jaaneman' review: Tabu shines in short role; breezy storytelling & a quirky Saif win hearts |work=The Economic Times |date=3 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022
! scope="row"|''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2]]''
| Manjulika/Anjulika
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |title=Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2 Review: Tabu steals the show in this Kartik Aaryan film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/bhool-bhulaiyaa-2-review-tabu-steals-the-show-in-this-kartik-aaryan-film-1951679-2022-05-19 |website=[[India Today]]|access-date=20 May 2022|archive-date=19 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519223430/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/bollywood/story/bhool-bhulaiyaa-2-review-tabu-steals-the-show-in-this-kartik-aaryan-film-1951679-2022-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Drishyam 2 (2022 film)|Drishyam 2]]''
| {{sort|Deshmukh| Meera Deshmukh}}
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |title=Drishyam 2 Movie Review |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/drishyam-2-movie-review-55834.html |magazine=Filmfare|access-date=19 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2023
! scope="row"|''[[Kuttey]]''
| Poonam "Pammi" Sandhu
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kuttey-review-unnecessary-violence-use-of-cuss-words-and-a-huge-waste-of-some-good-craftsmen-11978302.html/amp |title=Kuttey movie review: Unnecessary violence, use of cuss words and a huge waste of some good craftsmen |website=Firstpost |date=13 January 2023 |access-date= 13 January 2023}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Bholaa]]''
| Diana Joseph
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/entertainment/ajay-devgn-tabu-get-candid-at-new-bholaa-teaser-launch-101674543271967.html |title=Ajay Devgn, Tabu get candid at new Bholaa teaser launch |work=Hindustan Times |date=24 January 2023 |accessdate=2 February 2023}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Khufiya]]''
| Krishna Mehra
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |title=Vishal Bhardwaj on Netflix film Khufiya: Changed gender of character for Tabu |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/vishal-bhardwaj-on-netflix-film-khufiya-changed-gender-of-character-for-tabu/cid/1883388 |access-date=2 February 2023 |work=The Telegraph |date=30 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2024
! scope="row"| ''[[Crew (film)|Crew]]''
| Geeta Sethi
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |title=Kareena Kapoor, Tabu, Kriti Sanon starrer 'The Crew' to release on this date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kareena-kapoor-tabu-kriti-sanon-starrer-the-crew-to-release-on-this-date/articleshow/101429165.cms |date=2 July 2023 |work=The Times of India |access-date=2 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha]]''
| Vasudha Chaudhary
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=6 February 2023 |title=Ajay Devgn, Tabu starrer Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha goes on floor, see photo |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/ajay-devgn-tabu-starrer-auron-mein-kahan-dum-tha-goes-floor-see-photo/ |access-date=6 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2026
!scope="row" | ''[[Bhooth Bangla]]''
| Yashoda
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tabu joins the cast of Akshay Kumar starrer Bhooth Bangla; actress drops pic|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/tabu-joins-cast-akshay-kumar-starrer-bhooth-bangla-actress-drops-pic/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=12 January 2025 |access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
| TBA
| {{pending film|italic=no|''[[Puri Jagannadh|Slumdog: 33 Temple Road]]''}}
| TBA
| Telugu
| Filming
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 July 2025 |title=Puri Jagannadh's next film with Vijay Sethupathi, Tabu and Samyuktha, goes on floors |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2025/Jul/08/puri-jagannadhs-next-film-with-vijay-sethupathi-tabu-and-samyuktha-goes-on-floors |access-date=17 July 2025 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Tabu television credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Refh}}
|-
| 2019
| ''Thriller Factory''
| Divya (voice)
|Hindi
|Audio series
| align="center"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/anurag-kashyap-ropes-in-tabu-and-nawazuddin-siddiqui-for-thriller-factory-38000-1.html|title=Anurag Kashyap ropes in Tabu and Nawazuddin Siddiqui for Thriller Factory|last=Deshmukh|first=Ashwini|work=Filmfare|date=13 December 2019|access-date=15 December 2019|archive-date=14 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214213812/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/anurag-kashyap-ropes-in-tabu-and-nawazuddin-siddiqui-for-thriller-factory-38000-1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| ''[[A Suitable Boy (series)|A Suitable Boy]]''
| Saaeda Bai
| rowspan="2" | English
| Miniseries
| align="center"| <ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC – Cast announced for BBC One's A Suitable Boy, the first screen adaptation of Vikram Seth's classic novel – Media Centre |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2019/a-suitable-boy-cast|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905014114/https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2019/a-suitable-boy-cast|archive-date=5 September 2019|access-date=5 September 2019 |website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Dune: Prophecy]]''
| Sister [[Francesca (Dune character)|Francesca]]
| TV series
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web |last=Otterson |first=Joe |date=13 May 2024 |title='Dune: Prophecy' Casts Indian Superstar Tabu (Exclusive) |url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/dune-prophecy-cast-tabu-1236000907/ |access-date=13 May 2024 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |archive-date=13 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513200508/https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/dune-prophecy-cast-tabu-1236000907/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[List of awards and nominations received by Tabu]]

==Footnotes==
{{notelist|30em}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0007102|name=Tabu}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120113091148/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/index/id/7747 Tabu] on [[Bollywood Hungama]]

{{Portal bar|Bollywood|Film}}

[[Category:Indian filmographies|Tabu]]
[[Category:Actress filmographies]]

2021 Nabanna Abhijan

2026-04-15T10:17:57Z

Masterstrock: Adding the data more to come

{{Short description|Indian Protest Rally}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = 2021 Nabanna Abhijan
| subtitle =
| partof =
| image =
| caption =
| date = 11 February 2021
| place = Main places of clashes: {{unbulleted list
| [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]]
| [[Howrah]]
| [[North Kolkata]]
| [[Entally#Road|Moulali]]
| [[Nabanna (building)|Nabanna]]
}}
| coordinates =
| causes = Protests against unemployment, lack of education and other alleged failures of [[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]]-led [[Government of West Bengal]]
| goals =
| methods = [[Political demonstration|Protest march]]
| status =
| result =
| side1 = [[Government of West Bengal]] [[West Bengal Police]] [[Kolkata Police]]
| side2 = [[Students Federation of India]] [[Democratic Youth Federation of India]] [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] Other Left parties and student organisations
| side3 =
| side4 =
| leadfigures1 =
| leadfigures2 =
| leadfigures3 =
| leadfigures4 =
| howmany1 =~4000<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/police-and-left-youths-clash-bandh-today/cid/1806436|title=Police and Left youths clash, bandh today|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>
| howmany2 = 60000+ protestors<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/west-bengal-singur-nabanna-left-student-union-protest-unemployment-mamata-banerjee-1598809-2019-09-13|title=West Bengal: 1000s of Left protestors ask for jobs, police respond with tear gas, lathicharge|website=India Today}}</ref>
| howmany3 =
| howmany4 =
| casualties1 = {{unbulleted list
| '''Injuries:''' 25 (as per Police)<ref name="auto3"/>
}}
| casualties2 = {{unbulleted list
| '''Arrests:''' 42
| '''Injuries:''' {{unbulleted list
| 38 (as per Police)<ref name="auto3"/>
| 150+ (according to a press report)<ref name="auto"/>
| 400-500 (as per SFI)<ref name="auto3"/>
}}
| '''Deaths:''' 1 {{small|(Disputed: death caused by [[Baton charge|lathi charge]] according to the protestors<ref name="auto5"/> and natural cause of death according to [[Autopsy|post mortem]] report<ref name=zee/><ref name="TOI"/><ref name=pratidin/><ref name=indianexpress/>)}}
}}
| casualties3 =
| casualties4 =
| fatalities =
| injuries =
| arrests =
| damage =
| buildings =
| detentions =
| charged =
| fined =
| effect =
| effect_label =
| casualties_label =
| notes =
| sidebox =
}}

'''2021 Nabanna Abhijan''' ({{translation|''March to Nabanna''}}) was a [[Political demonstration|protest march]] to the [[West Bengal]] state secretariat [[Nabanna (building)|Nabanna]], organised by [[Students Federation of India]] (SFI), [[Democratic Youth Federation of India]] (DYFI), [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] and other Left parties and student organisations on 11 February 2021 against the alleged failures of [[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]]-led [[Government of West Bengal]], which eventually turned into a conflict between the police and protesters.<ref name="auto3"/> The protest march saw a massive involvement of youths, students and activists from SFI, DYFI and 8 other Left parties along with [[Indian National Congress]] and it's unions. Unemployment was one of major issues of this protest.

Students and youths gathered at many places in Kolkata like [[Sealdah]], [[College Street (Kolkata)|College Street]], [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]] etc. to start the march. In [[Hooghly district]], the march began from [[Singur]].<ref name="auto2"/> In [[Howrah district]], the march started from [[Howrah railway station|Howrah station]] though in many places they were blocked by the police.<ref name=thehindu>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/left-activists-try-to-enter-west-bengal-secretariat-held/article33809100.ece|title=Violence erupts in Kolkata during Left parties' march to Secretariat|first=Shiv Sahay|last=Singh|date=February 11, 2021|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Issues==
The main issues mainly revolved around unemployment, i.e. job crisis and industrialization.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Debayan |date=February 11, 2021 |title=Kolkata: Activists Clash With Cops During March for Jobs, Industry |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/left-activists-violent-clash-with-police-during-nabanna-march |website=The Quint}}</ref><ref name="auto2"/> DYFI claimed that its activists will reach Nabanna to submit thousands of applications signed by unemployed youths from West Bengal. They demanded for non-discriminatory access to education, secure jobs, good health, and all that the Constitution aspires to achieve.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shubham |date=February 22, 2021 |title=Death of a Comrade and More Brutal Assaults |url=https://www.newsclick.in/Death-Comrade-More-Brutal-Assaults |website=NewsClick}}</ref> SFI national secretary Mayukh Biswas alleged that getting jobs through the Public Service Commission, College Service Commission and the likes have almost stopped. He further alleged that there has been a de-industrialisation drive, resulting in a severe crisis in job opportunities.<ref name="auto6">{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Snigdhendu |date=February 11, 2021 |title=Kolkata: Left Workers Suffer Bleeding Injuries During a Protest As Police Use Force |url=https://thewire.in/rights/kolkata-left-workers-suffer-bleeding-injuries-during-a-protest-as-police-use-force |website=The Wire}}</ref>

==Clashes and conflicts==
Earlier in the day, a few Left supporters suddenly gathered outside Nabanna and started raising slogans and posters. They were arrested by the police.<ref name=thehindu/>

The Police had set up at least 25 police pickets along the route of the rally with 4,000 personnel on duty.<ref name="auto3"/> The police had barricaded six entry points to [[Howrah]], including [[Rail Museum, Howrah|Howrah Rail Museum]], Banstala Ghat, Fersore Road, Mullik Fatak, [[Betar|Betor Mor]], and Lakshminarayan Tala.<ref name="auto4"/> Security has been tightened in Howrah and police have erected barricades at Howrah Maidan area, about 4 km away from state secretariat Nabanna to stop the protesters.<ref name="auto2"/> There was constant drone surveillance at these points, along with stationed water cannons. The police had allowed the protestors to march only until Dufferin Road, which is approximately six kilometers short of Nabanna.<ref name="auto4"/>

One of the major conflict-point was [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]], where protestors continued to occupy several areas in despite the police using force to disperse them. The main clash happened at Esplanade's Dorina crossing, where the protestors are blocked by the two-tier barricade. The protesters tried to break barricades and push forward. Water cannons had been set up at two points at the crossing. The police fired water cannons and tear gas shells to them. When protesters tried to counter with pelting stones, the police did the same. As tension grew more, the police [[Baton charge|lathicharged]] protesters.<ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto2"/>

The protesters held blockades in various areas of central Kolkata.<ref name="auto4"/> Other scuffles between the police and agitators took place at [[Entally#Road|Moulali]],<ref name="auto6"/> [[Howrah]], [[North Kolkata]] etc. The protestors were also reportedly trying to make their way inside Nabanna in Howrah when the police stopped them. According to reports, all DYFI members were arrested from the spot, and some others were detained.<ref name="auto4"/>

==Casualties and aftermath==
There are conflicting claims on how many students and workers were injured (38 according to police sources, more than 150 according to another report<ref name="auto"/> and more than 400 as per SFI state secretary Srijan Bhattacharya)<ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto6"/> which included broken skulls, bleeding noses and laceration wounds. One report suggested that an activist named Maidul Islam Midya was hit so hard in the abdomen area with a force that led to the bursting of his kidney. There were also reports of alleged custodial torture of another activist.<ref name="auto"/> One of the protesters' eye was injured and many others were gravely wounded. Police sources said 25 policemen got injured in the clash.<ref name="auto3"/>

Maidul Islam Midya, one of the DYFI activists and a resident of Kotalpur in [[Bankura district]] who was injured during the rally, died on February 15 after surviving for four days in a private hospital of South Kolkata's Camac Street.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/dyfi-mans-death-left-and-congress-block-rail-tracks-at-56-places-7195055/|title=DYFI man's death: Left and Congress block rail tracks at '56 places'|date=February 19, 2021|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> According to [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] leader Dr. Fuad Halim,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr Fuad Halim|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/west-bengal/dr-fuad-halim-ballygunge-candidate-s25a161c001/|work=News18|access-date=9 October 2021}}</ref> the 32-year-old Midya's multiple muscles were badly damaged due to the brutal beating of Police and those muscle injuries caused [[rhabdomyolysis]] leading to a kidney failure, and his lungs were also affected. He suffered a massive cardiac arrest and died in morning.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiablooms.com/news-details/N/69363/left-youth-activist-allegedly-injured-during-nabanna-abhiyan-dies-in-kolkata-hospital.html|title=Left youth activist allegedly injured during Nabanna Abhiyan dies in Kolkata hospital|website=Indiablooms}}</ref> The police department raised several questions regarding the death, pointing out that they had no idea where Maidul was for three days after being injured.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 February 2021|title=Left Party worker's Death: '১১ ফেব্রুয়ারি আহত হলে ১৩ তারিখ পর্যন্ত কোথায় ছিলেন?' মইদুল ইসলামের মৃত্যু নিয়ে প্রশ্ন পুলিশের|url=https://bengali.abplive.com/videos/news/left-party-worker-s-death-if-maidul-was-injured-on-february-11-then-where-was-he-until-the-13th-police-raise-questions-802022|work=ABP Ananda|language=bn|access-date=9 December 2021}}</ref> [[List of chief ministers of West Bengal|Chief Minister]] [[Mamata Banerjee]] claimed that Maidul's family and the police had not been informed about his admission to the hospital.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 February 2021|title=Left Party worker's Death: 'তিনদিন আগে একটি ছেলেকে ভর্তি করা হল, কিন্তু বাড়ির লোক-পুলিশকে কিছু জানানো হল না!' মইদুলের মৃত্যুতে প্রতিক্রিয়া মুখ্যমন্ত্রীর|url=https://bengali.abplive.com/videos/news/left-party-worker-s-death-i-am-ready-to-give-a-job-and-help-the-family-financially-announces-mamata-banerjee-802017|work=ABP Ananda|language=bn|access-date=9 December 2021}}</ref> She ordered a probe into his death and offered a job and financial support to his family.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 February 2021|title='Injuries as Severe as Building Collapse Victims': Left Activist Hurt in Police Beating Dies|url=https://thewire.in/rights/kolkata-bengal-left-dyfi-activist-dies-protest-sfi-trinamool-congress|work=The Wire|access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Suryagni |date=15 February 2021 |title=Mamata Banerjee orders probe into Left worker's death, says will offer job to family |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dyfi-left-leader-death-mamata-banerjee-orders-probe-1769589-2021-02-15 |access-date=20 October 2021 |work=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=17 February 2021|title=DYFI leader's death: মইদুলের মৃত্যুর তদন্তে বিশেষ তদন্তকারী দল গঠন লালবাজারের|url=https://bengali.abplive.com/videos/news/dyfi-leader-s-death-lalbazar-police-form-a-special-investigation-team-to-probe-the-death-of-maidul-802284|work=ABP Ananda|language=bn|access-date=27 October 2021}}</ref>

Maidul's death led to fresh outbreak of violence in parts of Bengal, with the activists of DYFI and SFI again clashing with the Kolkata Police officials, demanding action against the officers who were involved in the lathi-charge.<ref name="frontline">{{Cite web |last=Chattopadhyay |first=Suhrid Sankar |date=15 February 2021 |title=Violence in Bengal after Left activist dies of injuries suffered during police action against protesters on February 11 |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/dispatches/violence-in-bengal-after-left-activist-dies-of-injuries-suffered-during-police-action-against-protesters-on-february-11/article33844258.ece |access-date=27 October 2021 |work=Frontline}}</ref> DYFI cadres assaulted a cop of Kolkata Police.<ref>{{Cite AV media|date=15 February 2021|title=On Duty পুলিসকে বেধড়ক মার বাম কর্মী-সমর্থকদের, ছিঁড়ল পোশাক, প্রাণ বাঁচাতে রেস্তোরাঁয় আশ্রয় {{!}} DYFI|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cdZ9p-cV4v4|publisher=Zee 24 Ghanta|via=[[YouTube]]|language=bn|access-date=27 October 2021}}</ref><ref name=zee>{{Cite web|date=15 February 2021|title=LIVE: মইদুলের শরীরে অভ্যন্তরীণ আঘাত নেই, জানাল ময়নাতদন্তের প্রাথমিক রিপোর্ট|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/kolkata/live-updates/live-update-maidul-islam-midya-death-of-a-young-leader-injured-in-the-nabanna-obhijan-368508|work=Zee 24 Ghanta|language=bn|access-date=27 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=16 February 2021|title=Cop assaulted by protesters in Kolkata as anger mounts over death of DYFI worker|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election/cop-assaulted-by-protesters-in-kolkata-as-anger-mounts-over-death-of-dyfi-worker-101613439641021.html|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=27 October 2021}}</ref>{{Verify source|date=May 2022}} Police lodged FIR against unidentified Left activists on the basis of a complaint by the aggrieved cop.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 February 2021|title=মইদুলের মৃত্যুতে তদন্তের দাবিতে হাইকোর্টে CPM, পুলিসের উপর হামলায় পালটা FIR থানায়|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/state/the-cpm-in-the-high-court-demanding-an-inquiry-into-maiduls-death-retaliated-by-attacking-the-police-at-the-fir-police-station_368612.html|work=Zee 24 Ghanta|language=bn|access-date=8 December 2021}}</ref> Left and Congress also blocked rail tracks at 56 places of the state including Amta, Howrah, Burdwan and other parts of the state, between noon and 4 pm. At some places, police forced protesters to lift the blockade after 4 pm.<ref name="auto5"/>

They decided to take out a procession for Maidul's death in the city, though permission of the procession was allegedly denied by the Kolkata Police. They had also called for a 12-hour bandh across the state on February 12. Notably the Bengal government issued a notification on February 11 evening, cancelling all types of leave for government employees and those in state-aided institutions to condemn the strike called by the Lefts.<ref name="auto3"/> Because of the bandh, schools faced problem in functioning on the day of reopening after a long shutdown caused by the Covid situation. In Siliguri, a headmistress expelled the protesters from her school after they entered there raising slogans.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 February 2021|title=West Bengal Bandh Today: কোথাও স্কুলে ঝুলল তালা, কোথাও ধর্মঘটীদের ধমক দিয়ে স্কুল থেকে বের করে দেওয়া হল !|url=https://bengali.abplive.com/news/states/west-bengal-bandh-update-school-closed-by-left-congress-strike-supporters-in-some-areas-of-north-bengal-801605|work=ABP Ananda|language=bn|access-date=28 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=13 February 2021|title=বাম আন্দোলনের জের, স্কুল যাওয়ার অভিজ্ঞতা সুখকর হল না পড়ুয়াদের|url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=13&nID=277182&P=1&nPID=20210213|newspaper=Bartaman|language=bn|access-date=28 October 2021}}</ref> The Left cadres created troubles in some places by attacking vehicles, threatening auto and bus drivers which caused the retailers to shut down their stores. The strikers blocked rail tracks, severely beat a bike rider and also got into scuffle with the police. However, with the exception of some scattered unrest, the picture of the entire state on that day was like any other day as the call for strike did not receive good response.<ref>{{Cite news|date=13 February 2021|title=ধর্মঘটের রাজনীতি প্রত্যাখ্যান বাংলার|url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=13&nID=277126&P=1&nPID=20210213|newspaper=Bartaman|language=bn|access-date=28 October 2021}}</ref>

A DYFI member named Dipak Kumar Panja had gone missing from the day of the march. His family lodged a complaint to the Police.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiablooms.com/news-details/N/69387/dyfi-activist-goes-missing-from-feb-11-nabanna-abhijan-rally-family-lodges-complaint.html|title=DYFI activist goes missing from Feb 11 Nabanna Abhijan rally, family lodges complaint|website=Indiablooms}}</ref> Afterwards he was found.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 March 2021|title=WB Assembly Election 2021 : বালি স্টেশনে 'অসংলগ্ন' অবস্থায় উদ্ধার নবান্ন অভিযানে নিখোঁজ দীপক পাঁজা|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/state/wb-assembly-election-2021-deepak-panja-rescued-from-bally-station_371383.html|work=Zee 24 Ghanta|language=bn|access-date=28 October 2021}}</ref>

Meanwhile, the initial post-mortem report of the deceased Maidul found no major internal or external injury on his body. The report mentioned 'an enlarged heart, [[Pleural effusion|water in the pleura]] and that Midya's kidneys were damaged'. "Our probe is on and we are finding out what transpired till Midya was picked up in an ambulance 600 [[Metre|m]] from the clash spot," said a detective department officer. Maidul's body was brought to the DYFI office and there he was paid last respects.<ref name=zee/><ref name="TOI">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Dwaipayan |date=21 February 2021 |title=No major injury on Midda: Initial report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/no-major-injury-on-midda-initial-report/articleshow/81130490.cms |access-date=9 October 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The final post-mortem report revealed that he died of illness.<ref name="pratidin">{{Cite web |last=Mandal |first=Subhajit |date=9 March 2021 |title=পুলিশের লাঠিতে নয়, DYFI নেতা মইদুলের মৃত্যু অসুস্থতার কারণেই! দাবি ময়নাতদন্তের রিপোর্টে |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/kolkata/dyfi-leader-maidul-islam-midda-died-of-illness-says-post-mortem-report/ |access-date=28 October 2021 |work=Sangbad Pratidin |language=bn}}</ref><ref name=indianexpress>{{Cite web|date=10 March 2021|title=লাঠির ঘায়ে নয়, অসুস্থতার কারণেই মৃত্যু DYFI নেতা মইদুলের: ময়না তদন্ত|url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/west-bengal/dyfi-leader-maidul-islam-died-due-to-serious-health-ailment-revelas-post-mortem-state/|work=Indian Express Bangla|language=bn|access-date=29 October 2021}}</ref>

==Reception==
Human rights activist and the vice-president of Association for Protection of Democratic Rights (APDR), which is the state's largest human rights organisation, Ranjit Sur criticised the role of the police, "I strongly condemn the police brutality on Leftist student and youth activists." In a statement, CPI(ML)(Liberation) West Bengal state committee criticised the police action, saying it was “most unwelcome at a time when the Narendra Modi-led Union government is trying to oppress all kinds of the democratic activity."<ref name="auto6"/> Describing Maidul's death as "extremely unfortunate", TMC spokesperson [[Kunal Ghosh]] said that there were still certain things to consider. "First, it was seen that the police were being attacked with stones, and suddenly roads were being blocked by the protesters. In this situation, it is the job of the police to clear the roads. In that tussle he (Maidul) may have gotten injured. There is no scope of labelling it a political attack. The second point is that it has to be seen which nursing home he was treated in, what kind of treatment he underwent and whether he had any prior illnesses," he said. The Trinamool leadership, while acknowledging that the death was unfortunate, said further investigation was needed before blaming the police. Condemning the violence, perpetrated by Left activists, that followed Maidul's death, [[Department of School Education (West Bengal)|State Education Minister]] [[Partha Chatterjee (politician)|Partha Chatterjee]] said "Simply because they have no support of the masses and the youth are not with them they have embarked on this path of violence. It is not acceptable."<ref name=frontline/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2021 protests]]
[[Category:Protests in India]]
[[Category:February 2021 in India]]
[[Category:2020s in West Bengal]]

Turuvekere Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:49:35Z

Masterstrock: Put Up Article

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Turuvekere
|type= SLA
|constituency_no = 130
|map_image = 130-Turuvekere constituency.svg
|map_caption =
|map_alt =
|state = [[Karnataka]]
|district = [[Tumkur district|Tumkur]]
|loksabha_cons = [[Tumkur Lok Sabha constituency|Tumkur]]
|established = 1956
|electors = {{formatnum:199012}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
|reservation = None
|mla = [[M. T. Krishnappa]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
|latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|preceded_by = A. S. Jayaram
}}
'''Turuvekere Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 constituencies in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] of [[Karnataka]], a southern state of [[India]]. It is also part of [[Tumkur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= 9 October 2017}}</ref>

[[M. T. Krishnappa]] is the current MLA from Turuvekere.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || B. Hutche Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || T. Subramanya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || B. Hutche Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1963 elections in India#Mysore|1963 By-election]] {{efn|Died on
05/06/1963}} || B. Byrappaji
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || M. N. Ramanna || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || B. Byrappaji
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || K. H. Ramakrishnaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || B. Byrappaji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || K. H. Ramakrishnaiah || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || S. Rudrappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || H. B. Nanjegowda (Murthy) || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || [[M. D. Lakshminarayana]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[M. T. Krishnappa]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[Jaggesh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2008 elections in India#Karnataka|2008 By-election]] {{efn|Resigned on 10/07/2008}} || rowspan="2" | [[M. T. Krishnappa]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || Jayaram. A. S || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[M. T. Krishnappa]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|}
{{notelist}}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Turuvekere <ref name=election2023/><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Turuvekere">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Turuvekere |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10130.htm?ac=130 |access-date=10 May 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250510104311/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10130.htm?ac=130 |archive-date=10 May 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. T. Krishnappa]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 68,163 |percentage = 42.51% |change = {{increase}}4.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Masala Jayaram |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 58,240 |percentage = 36.32% |change = {{decrease}}3.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bml. Kanthraj |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,536 |percentage = 19.04% |change = {{increase}}3.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jayaram. G. C |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 1,018 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 588 |percentage = 0.37% |change = {{decrease}}0.25 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,923 |percentage = 6.19% |change = {{increase}}4.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 160,443 |percentage = 87.81% |change = {{increase}}3.05 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 160,338}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 182,717 |ref = |change = {{increase}}0.84 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}2.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Turuvekere <ref name="election2018">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election -2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=7 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Jayaram. A. S |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 60,710 |percentage = 39.54% |change = {{increase}}37.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. T. Krishnappa]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 58,661 |percentage = 38.21% |change = {{decrease}}8.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rangappa T. Chowdri |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,584 |percentage = 16.01% |change = {{increase}}10.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Narayan Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,566 |percentage = 2.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. D. Ramesh |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,148 |percentage = 1.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 954 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,049 |percentage = 1.33% |change = {{decrease}}4.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 153,591 |percentage = 84.76% |change = {{increase}}5.16 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 153,539}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 181,202 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.94 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}6.82 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Turuvekere <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. T. Krishnappa]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 66,089 |percentage = 46.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Masala Jayaram |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 57,164 |percentage = 40.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Geetha Rajanna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,513 |percentage = 5.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. K. Somashekara |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,542 |percentage = 2.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivakumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,121 |percentage = 0.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajashekara |party = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |votes = 1,068 |percentage = 0.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,925 |percentage = 6.26% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 140,120 |percentage = 79.60% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 142,545}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 176,022 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 elections in India#Karnataka|2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Turuvekere <ref>{{cite web |url=https://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/13assemblymemberslist.htm |title=Thirteenth Karnataka Legislative Assembly |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=kla.kar.nic.in |publisher=[[]] |archive-date= 6 Apr 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406163649/https://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/13assemblymemberslist.htm}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. T. Krishnappa]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = |percentage = |change = }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}37.49 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Turuvekere <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Jaggesh]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 47,849 |percentage = 37.49% |change = {{increase}}10.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. D. Lakshminarayana Annaiah |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 38,323 |percentage = 30.02% |change = {{increase}}0.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. T. Krishnappa]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 35,459 |percentage = 27.78% |change = {{decrease}}11.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. R. Rajashekar Shekar |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,798 |percentage = 2.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. S. Umesh |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,624 |percentage = 1.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. S. Basavalingaiah |party = Swarna Yuga Party |votes = 1,586 |percentage = 1.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,526 |percentage = 7.46% |change = {{decrease}}1.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 127,717 |percentage = 78.05% |change = {{increase}}4.19 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 127,639}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 163,631 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.68 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}1.46 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Turuvekere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. T. Krishnappa]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 39,934 |percentage = 38.95% |change = {{increase}}31.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lakshmi Narayana M. D(annaiah) |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 30,776 |percentage = 30.01% |change = {{decrease}}10.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Jaggesh]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,009 |percentage = 27.32% |change = {{increase}}13.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Visheshwaraiah. M |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,095 |percentage = 2.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Siddabasappa. M. B |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 904 |percentage = 0.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishnappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 819 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,158 |percentage = 8.93% |change = {{decrease}}7.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 102,699 |percentage = 73.86% |change = {{decrease}}3.84 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 102,537}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 139,046 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.21 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}1.51 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Turuvekere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. D. Lakshminarayana]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 38,122 |percentage = 40.46% |change = {{increase}}8.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. T. Krishnappa]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 22,790 |percentage = 24.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Rudrappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,650 |percentage = 13.43% |change = {{decrease}}5.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. B. Nanjegowda (Murthy) |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 7,304 |percentage = 7.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. H. Hanumanthe Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,274 |percentage = 7.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. M. Siddananjappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,849 |percentage = 6.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,332 |percentage = 16.27% |change = {{increase}}0.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 98,029 |percentage = 77.70% |change = {{decrease}}0.66 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 94,219}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,807 |percentage = 3.88% |change = {{increase}}2.87 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 126,162 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.07 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{decrease}}6.55 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Turuvekere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. B. Nanjegowda (Murthy) |party = Janata Dal |votes = 44,384 |percentage = 47.01% |change = {{increase}}34.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. D. Lakshminarayana]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 29,780 |percentage = 31.55% |change = {{increase}}19.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. T. Krishnappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,062 |percentage = 19.13% |change = {{decrease}}35.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Sivanna |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 1,219 |percentage = 1.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,604 |percentage = 15.47% |change = {{decrease}}19.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 95,911 |percentage = 78.36% |change = {{increase}}2.40 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 94,404}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 967 |percentage = 1.01% |change = {{decrease}}3.99 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 122,403 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.26 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}7.17 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Turuvekere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. Rudrappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 43,803 |percentage = 54.18% |change = {{increase}}9.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. B. Nanjegowda |party = Janata Party |votes = 15,586 |percentage = 19.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. H. Ramakrishnaiah |party = Janata Dal |votes = 10,308 |percentage = 12.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. B. Kumaraswamy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 9,696 |percentage = 11.99% |change = {{increase}}9.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandraiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 582 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 28,217 |percentage = 34.90% |change = {{increase}}28.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 85,101 |percentage = 75.96% |change = {{decrease}}0.52 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 80,848}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,253 |percentage = 5.00% |change = {{increase}}3.77 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 112,030 |ref = |change = {{increase}}23.11 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}2.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Turuvekere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. H. Ramakrishnaiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 35,272 |percentage = 51.31% |change = {{increase}}44.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Byrappaji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,788 |percentage = 44.79% |change = {{decrease}}9.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. S. Shanthakumar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,392 |percentage = 2.03% |change = {{decrease}}10.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bommegowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 781 |percentage = 1.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,484 |percentage = 6.52% |change = {{decrease}}20.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 69,593 |percentage = 76.48% |change = {{decrease}}0.42 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 68,737}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 856 |percentage = 1.23% |change = {{decrease}}0.18 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,998 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.66 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}2.76 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Turuvekere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. Byrappaji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 33,110 |percentage = 54.07% |change = {{increase}}29.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. H. Ramakrishnaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 16,423 |percentage = 26.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. S. Shanthakumar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 7,603 |percentage = 12.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. A. Ramaiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 3,878 |percentage = 6.33% |change = {{decrease}}28.68 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,687 |percentage = 27.25% |change = {{increase}}22.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 62,113 |percentage = 76.90% |change = {{decrease}}4.36 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 61,238}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 875 |percentage = 1.41% |change = {{decrease}}0.30 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,774 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.85 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}14.81 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Turuvekere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. H. Ramakrishnaiah |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 23,270 |percentage = 39.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. M. Nanjappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 20,747 |percentage = 35.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Byrappaji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,550 |percentage = 24.55% |change = {{decrease}}39.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. N. N. Murthy |party = Independent politician |votes = 698 |percentage = 1.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,523 |percentage = 4.26% |change = {{decrease}}26.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 60,299 |percentage = 81.26% |change = {{increase}}8.15 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 59,265}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,034 |percentage = 1.71% |change = {{increase}}1.71 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,209 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.80 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}24.92 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Turuvekere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. Byrappaji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,990 |percentage = 64.18% |change = {{increase}}17.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Sivanna |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 16,157 |percentage = 33.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Seetharamaiah |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 1,141 |percentage = 2.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,833 |percentage = 30.72% |change = {{increase}}28.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 49,411 |percentage = 73.11% |change = {{increase}}1.12 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 48,288}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,584 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.80 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}17.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Turuvekere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. N. Ramanna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,022 |percentage = 46.31% |change = {{increase}}6.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Byrappaji |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 17,065 |percentage = 43.85% |change = {{decrease}}16.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Shivana Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,830 |percentage = 9.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 957 |percentage = 2.46% |change = {{decrease}}18.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 40,955 |percentage = 71.99% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 38,917}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,889 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{decrease}}14.21 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1963 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1963 elections in India#Mysore|1963 Mysore State Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Turuvekere <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. Byrappaji |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 20,289 |percentage = 60.52% |change = {{increase}}6.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. H. Padmavathi |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,238 |percentage = 39.48% |change = {{decrease}}6.03 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,051 |percentage = 21.03% |change = {{increase}}12.05 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 33,527}}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{increase}}6.03 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Turuvekere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. Hutche Gowda |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 18,695 |percentage = 54.49% |change = {{increase}}16.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Subramanya |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,615 |percentage = 45.51% |change = {{decrease}}16.15 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,080 |percentage = 8.98% |change = {{decrease}}14.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 36,110 |percentage = 72.78% |change = {{increase}}2.54 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 34,310}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,618 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.27 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}7.17 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Turuvekere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = T. Subramanya |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,313 |percentage = 61.66% |change = {{increase}}26.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Shivana Gowda |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 12,010 |percentage = 38.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,303 |percentage = 23.32% |change = {{increase}}20.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 31,323 |percentage = 70.24% |change = {{increase}}0.41 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 31,323}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 44,593 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.14 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |swing = {{increase}}23.48 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Turuvekere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. Hutche Gowda |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 10,603 |percentage = 38.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Subramanya |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,823 |percentage = 35.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Sivanna |party = Socialist Party (India) |votes = 7,345 |percentage = 26.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 780 |percentage = 2.81% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 27,771 |percentage = 69.83% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 27,771}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 39,767 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Tumkur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|13.16|76.67|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Tumakuru district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Mysore State]]

Baba Bakala Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:15:29Z

Masterstrock: Adding a article needs work!

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Baba Bakala
| map_image = 25-Baba Bakala.svg
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Amritsar district|Amritsar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Khadoor Sahib (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khadoor Sahib]]
| reservation = SC
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 25
| mla = [[Dalbir Singh Tong]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:199929}} (in 2022){{update after|2027|02}}
}}
'''Baba Bakala''' is a [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] constituency in [[Amritsar district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state, India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |title=List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=19 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2016 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Dalbir Singh Tong]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Baba Bakala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Dalbir Singh Tong]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Punjab Election 2022: Complete List of AAP Candidates, Check Names HERE|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/punjab-election-2022-complete-list-of-aap-candidates-check-names-announced-5198549/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-22|website=www.india.com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122030948/https://www.india.com/news/india/punjab-election-2022-complete-list-of-aap-candidates-check-names-announced-5198549/ |archive-date=22 January 2022 }}</ref>
|votes = 52,468
|percentage = 39.98
|change = {{increase}}9.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Santokh Singh Bhalaipur<ref name="Punjab INC 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Congress Candidates and their Constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-congress-candidates/2407341/ |access-date=18 February 2022 |work=FE Online |agency=The Indian Express Group |issue=The Financial Express (India) |date=February 18, 2022}}</ref>
|votes = 32,916
|percentage = 25.08
|change = {{decrease}}10.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Baljit Singh Jalal
|votes = 30,969
|percentage = 23.6
|change = {{decrease}}5.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Manjit Singh Mianwind|Manjeet Singh Manna Mianwind]]
|votes = 5,366
|percentage = 4.09
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = Natha Singh
|votes = 4,310
|percentage = 3.28
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Gurnam Kaur
|votes = 2,520
|percentage = 1.92
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 931
|percentage = 0.71
|change = {{increase}}0.04
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 19,552
|percentage = 14.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,31,237
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,99,929
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Aam Aadmi Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Baba Bakala<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/members/detail/22|title= Amritsar Central Assembly election result, 2012|accessdate= 13 January 2017}}</ref><ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Santokh Singh Bhalaipur
|votes = 45965
|percentage = 35.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Dalbir Singh Tong
|votes = 39378
|percentage = 30.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Malkiat Singh
|votes = 38265
|percentage = 29.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Revolutionary Marxist Party of India
|candidate = Amrik Singh
|votes = 2925
|percentage = 2.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Aapna Punjab party
|candidate = Baljit Sing Bhatti
|votes = 1174
|percentage = 0.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Democratic Swaraj Party
|candidate = Kamaljit Singh
|votes = 1,071
|percentage = 0.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Swinder Singh
|votes = 974
|percentage = 0.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 876
|percentage = 0.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:188189}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Shiromani Akali Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Previous Results===
{| class="wikitable sotable"
!Year||A C No.||Name||Party||Votes||Runner Up||Party||Votes
|-
|2012||25||[[Manjit Singh Mianwind]]||SAD||60244||Ranjit Singh (Chhajjalwadi)||INC||31019
|-
|2007||25||Manjinder Singh Kang||SAD||53014||Jasbir Singh Gill (Dimpa)||INC||48835
|-
|2002||12||[[Jasbir Singh Gill]]||INC||45832||Manjinder Singh Kang||SAD||39382
|-
|1997||12||Manmohan Singh Sathiala||SAD||36775|| [[Jasbir Singh Gill]]||INC||26741
|-
|1992||12||Vir Pawan Kumar||INC||3636||Kulwant Singh||IND||3107
|-
|1985||12||Sant Singh||INC||25564||Sukhdev Singh Umranangal||SAD||22651
|-
|1980||12||Jiwan Singh Umranangal||SAD||31225||Gurdial Singh Dhillon||INC(I)||29533
|-
|1977||12||Jiwan Singh Umara Nangal||SAD||30368||Sohan Singh Jallal Usman||INC||20414
|-
|1972||21||Sohan Singh||INC||24477||Wihhian Singh||SAD||16295
|-
|1969||21||Hari Singh||SAD||25433||Sohan Singh||INC||22750
|-
|1967||21||Sohan Singh||INC||20401||Kartar Singh||IND||12148
|-
|1962||122||Kartar Singh||IND||22662||Sohan Singh||INC||21391
|-
|1962||By Polls in 1964||Sohan Singh||INC||22623||Gurbachan Singh||IND||18615
|-
|1957||75||Sohan Singh||INC||19425||Makhan Singh||CPI||8738
|-
|1951||97||Sohan Singh||INC||16732||Avtar Singh||SAD||13877
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|31.56|75.26|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Amritsar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in East Punjab]]

Athmallik Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:15:24Z

Masterstrock: Adding the entry more to come!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Athmallik}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Athmallik
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 63
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Northern Division
| district = [[Angul district|Angul]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sambalpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sambalpur]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Nalini Kanta Pradhan]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,09,796{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Athmallik''' (Sl. No.: 63) is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha|constituency]] of [[Angul district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=63|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309183925/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=63|url-status=usurped|archive-date=9 March 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Athmallik (63) District : Agul |accessdate= 5 March 2014}}</ref>

This constituency includes [[Athmallik]], Athmallik block, [[Kishorenagar]] block and 9 [[Gram panchayat|GP]]s (Antulia, Saradhapur, Matiasahi, Manikajodi, Jagannathpur, Tainsi, Kothabhuin, Tikarpada and Purunakote) of Angul block.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf|title=Assembly Constituencies and their Extent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls|title=Seats of Odisha}}</ref>

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp115.htm|title= 115 - Athmallik Assembly Constituency|year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 9 March 2014}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|52.35}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|53.56}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|44.85}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|48.46}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|45.77}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|59.77}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|47.64}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|53.84}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|48.06}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|60.32}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|50.48}}
}}

Since its formation in 1951, 18 elections were held till date including in one bypoll in 1955.<ref name="byElections1952-95">{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/Bye-ele-results%2052-95.xls |title=Details of Assembly By- Elections since 1952 (Year-Wise) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>

List of members elected from Athmallik constituency are:<ref name=prevMLAs>{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual - 2011 - List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly - (1951–2004) |access-date=6 October 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Athmallik Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/athmallik.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 9 March 2014}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Athamallik Assembly Election Results 2024: Athamallik Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/athamallik-constituency-result-18063 |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Nalini Kanta Pradhan]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=6|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |accessdate=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|[[Ramesh Chandra Sai]]
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1" />
| rowspan="2" |Sanjeeb Kumar Sahoo
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Athamallik Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/athamallik-odisha-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Nagendra Kumar Pradhan]]
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Amarnath Pradhan
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|[[Nagendra Kumar Pradhan]]
|{{full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Amarnath Pradhan
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Bhajaman Behera
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Balakrushna Patnaik
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Bhajaman Behera
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|Rajkishore Pradhan
|{{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Surendra Pradhan
|{{full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
| rowspan="2" |Khetra Mohan Panigrahi
|{{full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|{{full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
|1955 (bypoll){{efn|Resignation of Dwitiya Roul}}
|Raja Kishore Chandra Deo
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Dwitiya Roul
|{{full party name with color|Independent}}
|}

==Election results==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 25 May 2024 in 3rd phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 6th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Nalini Kanta Pradhan]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Sanjeeb Kumar Sahoo by a margin of 16,153 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Athmallik}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Nalini Kanta Pradhan]]
|votes = 93,957
|percentage = 52.35
|change = {{decrease}}1.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sanjeeb Kumar Sahoo
|votes = 77,804
|percentage = 43.35
|change = {{increase}}19.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Himanshu Shekhar Chaulia
|votes = 5,126
|percentage = 2.86
|change = {{decrease}}16.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,631
|percentage = 0.91
|change = {{decrease}}0.15
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16,153
|percentage = 9.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,79,491
|percentage = 85.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Ramesh Chandra Sai]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Bhagirathi Pradhan by a margin of 47,184 votes.<ref name="election2019" />

{{Election box begin|
| title=[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Athmallik <ref name="TP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-III) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase3/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%283rd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf|website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=21 April 2019}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Ramesh Chandra Sai]]
|votes = 86,254
|percentage = 53.56
|change = {{increase}}8.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bhagirathi Pradhan
|votes = 39,070
|percentage = 24.26
|change = {{increase}}8.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Bijayananda Chaulia
|votes = 30,925
|percentage = 19.20
|change = {{decrease}}11.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,717
|percentage = 1.06
|change = ''-''
|Symbol =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 47,184
|percentage = 28.59
|change = 14.73
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,65,035
|percentage = 79.56
|change = {{down}}0.13
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,01,661
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Sanjeeb Kumar Sahoo defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Surendra Kumar Pradhan by a margin of 19,533 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url= http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html |title= Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014 |work= leadtech.in |accessdate= 29 May 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html |archive-date= 2014-08-18 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=63|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140605133534/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=63|url-status=usurped|archive-date=5 June 2014|publisher=Empowering India|accessdate=5 June 2014}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Athmallik <ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Athmallik|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1863.htm?ac=63|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014, Constituency: Athmallik (63)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=63|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140605133534/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=63|url-status=usurped|archive-date=5 June 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Sanjeeb Kumar Sahoo
|votes = 63,226
|percentage = 44.85
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Surendra Kumar Pradhan
|votes = 43,693
|percentage = 31.00
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bhagirathi Pradhan
|votes = 22,463
|percentage = 15.93
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,450
|percentage = 1.03
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 19,533
|percentage = 13.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,40,967
|percentage = 79.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,76,891
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Sanjeeb Kumar Sahoo defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Mousumi Pradhan by a margin of 18,981 votes.<ref name=":2" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Athmallik<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the LEgislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Sanjeeb Kumar Sahoo
|votes = 61,388
|percentage = 48.86
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mousumi Pradhan
|votes = 42,407
|percentage = 33.75
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bhagirathi Pradhan
|votes = 12,674
|percentage = 10.09
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 18,981
|percentage = 15.11{{efn|%of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,25,672
|percentage = 72.67
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Angul district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coord|20.72|84.54|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Politics of Angul district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]

Ranchi–Godda Intercity Express

2026-04-03T20:50:14Z

Masterstrock:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Ranchi–Godda Intercity Express
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2012|12|25}}
| last =
| operator = [[South Eastern Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Ranchi Junction}}
| stops = 20
| end = {{stnlnk|Godda}}
| distance = {{convert|455|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 9 hours 47 mins
| frequency = Daily
| class = 1 AC,AC 2 Tier,AC 3 Tier, Sleeper class, General unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = No
| observation =
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| other facilities =
| stock = Standard [[Indian Railways]] Coaches
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 18619 / 18620
| speed = {{convert|42|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 18619 / 20 '''Ranchi–Godda Intercity Express''' is a [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] [[South Eastern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Ranchi}} and {{stnlnk|Godda}} in India.<ref>[https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/deoghar-10814378.html], ''jagran.com'', 23 October 2013</ref>

It operates as train number 18619 from {{stnlnk|Ranchi}} to {{stnlnk|Godda}} and as train number 18620 in the reverse direction serving the states of [[Jharkhand]] & [[West Bengal]].

==Coaches==
The 18619 / 20 Ranchi–Godda Intercity Express has one AC 3 Tier, four Sleeper Class, three general unreserved & two SLR (seating with luggage rake) coaches. It does not carry a [[pantry car]].

As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

The train has been allotted a 10-coach rake of [[ICF coach]].

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:green;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 10

|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]]
||SLR||GS||GS||B1||S1||S2||S3||S4||GS||SLR
|}

==Service==
The 18619 {{stnlnk|Ranchi}}–{{stnlnk|Godda}} Intercity Express covers the distance of {{convert|410|km|0|abbr=on}} in 9 hours 50 mins (42 km/h) and in 9 hours 45 mins as the 18620 {{stnlnk|Godda}}–{{stnlnk|Ranchi Junction}} Intercity Express (42 km/h).

As the average speed of the train is slightly more than {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per railway rules, its fare doesn't includes a Superfast surcharge.

==Schedule==

Running days : '''Daily''' from both the sides.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Train number !! Station code !! Departure station !! Departure time (IST) !! Arrival station !! Arrival time
|-
| 18619 || RNC || [[Ranchi Junction railway station|Ranchi]] || 9:25 PM || {{stnlnk|Godda}} || Next day 9:35 AM
|-
| 18620 || GODA || {{stnlnk|Godda}} || 4:30 PM || [[Ranchi Junction railway station|Ranchi]] || Next day 4:35 AM
|}

==Routing==
The 18619 / 20 Ranchi–Godda Intercity Express runs from {{stnlnk|Ranchi}} via {{stnlnk|Bokaro Steel City}}, {{stnlnk|Dhanbad}}, {{stnlnk|Jasidih}}, {{stnlnk|Dumka}} to {{stnlnk|Godda}}.

==Traction==
As the route is not fully electrified, a {{stnlnk|Satragachi}}-based [[Indian locomotive class WDM-3A|WDM-3A]] diesel locomotive pulls the train to Jasidih and from there it runs with a Howrah-based WAP- 4 electric locomotive pulls to its entire destination.

== See also ==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Godda]]
* [[Indian Railways]]
* {{stnlnk|Dumka}}
* {{stnlnk|Jasidih Junction}}
* [[Jasidih–Dumka–Rampurhat line]]
* {{stnlnk|Ranchi Junction}}
* [[List of railway stations in India]]
* [[South Eastern Railway zone]]
}}
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|India|Trains|Transport}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Rail travel in India}}
* [http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/index_new.html/ Ministry of Railways. (Official site)]
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/ranchi-dumka-intercity-express-18619/20870/384/9610 18619 Intercity Express] at India Rail Info
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/dumka-ranchi-intercity-express-18620/20871/9610/384 18620 Intercity Express] at India Rail Info

|{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranchi - Dumka Intercity Express}}
[[Category:Intercity Express (Indian Railways) trains]]
[[Category:Transport in Ranchi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]

Hawazin

2026-03-26T18:17:51Z

Masterstrock:

{{Short description|Former Arabian tribe}}
{{Infobox tribe
| name = Hawazin ({{langx|ar|هوازن}})
| type = [[Qays]]i, [[Adnanite]], [[Ishmaelites|Ishmaelite]]
| image = Hawazin Flag (20).png
| image_size = 170px
| alt =
| caption = Banner of the Hawazin at the [[Battle of Siffin]]
| nisba = al-Hawazini (الهوازني)
| location = [[Hejaz]]
| descended = Hawazin ibn Mansur ibn Ikrima ibn Khasafa ibn Qays ʿAylān ibn Mudar ibn Nizar ibn Ma'add ibn Adnan.
| parent_tribe = [[Qays]]
| branches = *[[Banu Sa'd]]
*[[Banu Jusham]]
*[[Banu Thaqif]]
*[[Banu 'Amir]]
| religion = [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|Polytheism]] (Pre-Islam) [[Islam]] (Post Islam)
}}

The '''Hawazin''' ({{langx|ar|هوازن}} / [[ALA-LC]]: ''Hawāzin'') were an [[Arab]] tribe originally based in the western [[Najd]] and around [[Ta'if]] in the [[Hejaz]]. They formed part of the larger [[Qays]] tribal group. The Hawazin consisted of the subtribes of [[Banu Sa'd]], and [[Banu Jusham]], as well as the powerful [[Banu Thaqif]] and [[Banu Amir]], which were both often counted separately from the Hawazin.

The tribe often clashed with their one-time patrons, the [[Ghatafan]], and on occasion, sub-tribes of the Hawazin fought each other. The tribe had little contact with the [[Islam]]ic prophet [[Muhammad]] until 630 when they were defeated by Muhammad's forces at the [[Battle of Hunayn]]. The Hawazin tribe were one of the first to rebel and fight against the early Muslim state based in [[Medina]] during the [[Ridda wars]], which followed Muhammad's death in 632.

According to [[oral tradition]] and [[genealogy]] studies, the modern-day tribe of [[Otaibah]] based in Saudi Arabia are descendants of the Hawazin.<ref name="Al-Qthami 1985">{{Cite book|title=North of Hejaz|last=Al-Qthami|first=Hmood Dawi|publisher=Dar Al Bayan|year=1985|location=Jeddah}}</ref><ref name="The Tribe of Otaibah">{{cite web|url=http://www.4sa.cn/otaibi/ketab-otayba.htm|title=The Tribe of Otaibah|last1=Al Rougi|first1=Hindees|access-date=2017-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514095554/http://www.4sa.cn/otaibi/ketab-otayba.htm|archive-date=2018-05-14|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="H. Kindermann- 2007">H. Kindermann-[C.E. Bosworth]. "'Utayba." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2007.</ref>

[[File:Banu Hawazin.png|thumb|Ancestry of the Hawazin Tribe]]

==Origins and branches==
The tribe formed part of the larger [[Qays|Qays Aylan]] group (also known simply as "Qays"). In the traditional sources, references to the Hawazin were often restricted to certain descendants of the tribe, known as ''ʿUjz Hawāzin'' (the rear of Hawazin); these subtribes were the [[Banu Sa'ad|Banu Sa'd]], and [[Banu Jusham]]. The founders of these subtribes were either the sons of Bakr ibn Hawazin or the sons of Mu'awiya ibn Bakr ibn Hawazin. Two other major branches of the Hawazin, the [[Banu Amir|Banu Amir ibn Sa'sa'a]] and the [[Banu Thaqif]], were often grouped separately from the other Hawazin sub-tribes.<ref name="Watt2862">Watt 1971, p. 286.</ref>

==History==
===Pre-Islamic era===
The Hawazin were pastoral nomads that inhabited the steppes between [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]].<ref>Donner 2010, p. 95.</ref> Beginning around 550 CE, the Hawazin became a vassal tribe of the [[Banu Abs|Banu 'Abs]] of [[Ghatafan]] under the 'Absi chieftain [[Zuhayr ibn Jadhima]].<ref name="Watt285">Watt 1971, p. 286.</ref><ref name="Fück1023">Fück 1965, p. 1023.</ref> When the latter was killed by the Banu 'Amir ibn Sa'sa' some years later, the Hawazin discontinued their tribute to Ghatafan.<ref name="Watt285"/><ref name="Fück1023"/> Sporadic battles and wars occurred in the following years, often between the bulk of the Hawazin, in alliance with the [[Banu Sulaym]], on one side, and the bulk of the Ghatafan on the other.<ref name="Watt285"/> Less often, there were armed feuds among certain Hawazin subtribes, particularly between the Banu Jusham and [[Banu Fazara]].<ref name="Watt285"/>

During the [[Fijar War]] in the late 6th century, the Hawazin and much of the Qays, excluding the Ghatafan but including the Banu 'Amir, [[Banu Muharib]] and Banu Sulaym, fought against the [[Quraysh]] and [[Kinana]] tribes. The war was precipitated by the murder of 'Urwa ibn al-Rahhal of the Banu 'Amir by al-Barrad ibn Qays al-Damri of Kinana while 'Urwa was escorting a [[Lakhmid]] caravan from [[al-Hirah]] to [[Ukaz (city)|Ukaz]] during the holy season; this was considered sacrilegious by the pagan Arabs, hence the war's name, ''ḥarb al-fijār'' (the war of sacrilege).<ref name="Fück883">Fück 1965, p. 883.</ref> This incident occurred amid a trade war between the Quraysh of [[Mecca]] and the Banu Thaqif of [[Ta'if]]; the latter were both kinsmen and allies of the Hawazin.<ref name="Watt285"/> The war consisted of eight battle days occurring over the span of four years.<ref name="Fück883"/>

After hearing news of 'Urwa's death, the Hawazin pursued al-Barrad's Qurayshi patron [[Harb ibn Umayya]] and other Qurayshi chieftains from Ukaz to [[Nakhla (Saudi Arabia)|Nakhla]]; the Quraysh were defeated, but the chieftains were able to escape to Mecca.<ref name="Fück883"/> The following year, the Hawazin were again victorious against the Quraysh and Kinana at Shamta near Ukaz.<ref name="Fück883"/> The latter became the site of battle during the next year, and the Hawazin once again defeated the same parties.<ref name="Fück883"/> The Quraysh and Kinana defeated the Hawazin at Ukaz or a nearby site called Sharab in the fourth major battle of the Fijar War, but the Hawazin recuperated and landed a blow against the Quraysh in the [[Al Harrah, Saudi Arabia|al-Harrah]] volcanic fields north of Mecca in the fifth and final significant engagement of the war.<ref name="Fück883"/> Afterward, minor clashes occurred before peace was established.<ref name="Fück883"/>

===Islamic era===
There was scant contact between the Hawazin and the [[Islam]]ic prophet [[Muhammad]], who hailed from the Quraysh tribe.<ref name="Watt2862">Watt 1971, p. 286.</ref> However, there were generally good relations with the Banu 'Amir.<ref name="Watt2862"/> Also, Muhammad's wet nurse, [[Halimah bint Abi Dhuayb|Halima bint Abu Dhu'ayb]], came from the Hawazin subtribe of Banu Sa'd.<ref name="Watt2862"/> It was not until [[Conquest of Mecca|Muhammad's victorious entry into Mecca]], that the first major encounter between the main body of Hawazin and the Muslims under Muhammad occurred.<ref name="Watt2862"/> Muhammad heard that Malik ibn 'Awf of the Banu Nasr bin Saad<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ibn al-Atheer Abu Hassan |title=asid alghabat t aleilmia |language=Arabic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=almaseudiu |title=altanbih walashraf |language=Arabic}}</ref> was mobilizing a large force of Hawazin and Thaqif tribesmen near Mecca, thus threatening the city and the Muslims, and prompting Muhammad's forces, including a 2,000 Qurayshi tribesmen, to confront Malik's forces at the [[Battle of Hunayn]] in 630.<ref name="Watt2862"/> During this engagement, the Thaqif managed to escape to Ta'if, but the Hawazin were routed and lost much of their property.<ref name="Watt2862"/> However, Muhammad immediately reconciled with the Hawazin by returning Malik's wife and children to him, giving him a gift of camels and recognizing his chieftainship of the Hawazin.<ref name="Watt2862"/> The Hawazin had to pay a sum to retrieve their captive women and children.<ref name="Watt2862"/>

The Hawazin discontinued the ''[[Sadaqah|sadaqa]]'' (voluntary donation) given to Muslim authorities in [[Medina]] following Muhammad's death in 632, and like many other Arab tribes, Hawazin did take part in combat against the successor of [[Muhammad|Muhammed]], [[Abu Bakr]] during the [[Ridda Wars]]. Hawazin ultimately returned to the Islamic fold by the end of the war.<ref>Donner 2010, p. 101.</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QRUwnwEACAAJ|title=United Arab Emirates: A New Perspective|author1=Ibrahim Abed|author2=Peter Hellyer|publisher=Trident Press|year=2001|isbn=978-1-900724-47-0|pages=81–84}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last1=Donner|first1=Fred M.|title=Muhammad and the Believers, at the Origins of Islam|date=2010|publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-674-05097-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qBzRj7OajmEC}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Fück|first1=J. W.|editor1=Lewis, B |editor2=Pellat, Ch |editor3=Schacht, J. |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 2, C-G|edition=2nd|date=1965|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=90-04-07026-5|title=Fidjār|pages=883–884}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Fück|first1=J. W.|editor1=Lewis, B |editor2=Pellat, Ch |editor3=Schacht, J. |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 2, C-G|edition=2nd|date=1965|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=90-04-07026-5|title=Ghatafan|pages=1023–1024}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Watt|first1=W. Montgomery|editor1=Lewis, B |editor2=Ménage, M. L. |editor3=Pellat, Ch |editor4=Schacht, J. |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 3, H-Iram|edition=2nd|date=1971|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=90-04-08118-6|title=Hawāzin|pages=285–286}}
{{refend}}
{{Historical Arab tribes}}

[[Category:Hawazin| ]]
[[Category:Tribes of Arabia]]

Swarnalatha Rangarajan

2026-03-26T08:42:33Z

Masterstrock: redirect created

{{short description|Indian academic and writer}}
{{multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=June 2025}}
{{notability|date=June 2025}}
}}

[[File:Swarnalatha Rangarajan.jpg|thumb|Swarnalatha Rangarajan]]
'''Swarnalatha Rangarajan''' is an Indian academic and writer, specialising in ecocriticism and ecological fiction. She has written a monograph on ecocriticism and has edited books and journals on ecocriticism and [[Ecosophy]]. She has published short stories, poetry, and one novel. She is a professor of English at the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, [[IIT Madras]].

== Academic career ==
Rangarajan studied English at the [[University of Madras]], receiving her MA in 1992 and her MPhil in 1993.<ref name="mad">{{cite web |title=Swarnalatha R |url=https://hss.iitm.ac.in/swarnalatha-r/ |website=Indian Institute of Technology Madras |access-date=3 June 2025}}</ref> In 1999–2000, Rangarajan was a Fulbright pre-doctoral fellow at [[Harvard University]].<ref name="crassh" /> She took her PhD at the University of Madras in 2002.<ref name="mad"/><ref name="crassh" />

She was Professor of English and Comparative Religions at the Department of Humanities in BITS Pilani.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

She was Charles Wallace India Trust Visiting Fellow at the [[Centre for Research in the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities]] (CRASSH) at Cambridge University in 2013.<ref name="crassh">{{cite web |last1=Rangarajan |title=Swarnalatha Rangarajan |url=https://www.crassh.cam.ac.uk/about/people/swarnalatha-rangarajan/ |website=University of Cambridge Centre for Research in the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities |date=25 July 2013 |access-date=3 June 2025}}</ref>

She has been a professor of English at the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, [[IIT Madras]], since 2010.<ref name="mad"/><ref name="crassh" />

She is the founding editor of the ''[[Indian Journal of Ecocriticism]]'' (IJE) and served as a guest editor for special issues on Indian ecosophy for Canadian journal ''[[The Trumpeter (journal)|The Trumpeter]]''.<ref name="crassh" /> She has published articles on ecocriticism in several journals.<ref name="crassh" />

She has co-edited books including ''Ecoambiguity, Community, and Development: Toward a Politicized Ecocriticism'' (2014) and ''Ecocriticism of the Global South'' (2015).<ref name="bloom">{{cite web |title=Swarnalatha Rangarajan |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/author/swarnalatha-rangarajan/ |website=Bloomsbury Publishing}}</ref> In 2024, she co-edited ''The Bloomsbury Handbook to the Medical-Environmental Humanities'' with Scott Slovic and Vidya Sarveswaran.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Slovic |editor1-first=Scott |editor2-last=Rangarajan |editor2-first=Swarnalatha |editor3-last=Sarveswaran |editor3-first=Vidya |title=The Bloomsbury Handbook to the Medical-Environmental Humanities |date=2024 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=9781350304543}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rosenthal |first1=Debra J. |title=Book Review |journal=Journal of Ecohumanism |date=January 2023 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=123–15 |doi=10.33182/joe.v2i1.2932 |url=https://ecohumanism.co.uk/joe/ecohumanism/article/view/2932/2393|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Her monograph ''Ecocriticism: Big Ideas and Practical Solutions'' appeared in 2018.<ref name="bloom" />

She co-translated ''Mayilamma: The Life of a Tribal Eco-Warrior'' (Orient Blackswan, 2018) and co-edited a collection of interviews with contemporary women writers from Tamil Nadu, ''Lifescapes: Interviews with Contemporary Women Writers from Tamil Nadu'', in 2019.<ref name="oop" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Swarnalatha Rangarajan |url=https://womenunlimited.in/author/post/swarnalatha-rangarajan-2/ |website=Women Unlimited |access-date=3 June 2025}}</ref>

==Writing career==
Rangarajan's short fiction has been published in journals including ''[[South Asian Review]]'', ''[[New Asian Writing]]'', ''[[India Currents]]'', ''[[Asia Writes]]'', and ''[[Out of Print Magazine]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rangarajan |first1=Swarnalatha |title='In the Forests of Himmapan' by Swarnalatha Rangarajan (India) |url=https://new-asian-writing.com/%E2%80%98in-the-forests-of-himmapan%E2%80%99-by-swarnalatha-rangarajan-india/ |website=New Asian Writing |access-date=3 June 2025 |date=22 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Rangarajan |first1=Swarnalatha |title=The Twice-Born River |url=https://outofprintmagazine.co.in/2024/03/04/the-twice-born-river/ |website=Out of Print Magazine |access-date=3 June 2025 |date=24 March 2024}}</ref> Her poetry has appeared in the collection ''All the Worlds Between'' (Yoda Press, 2017) and in ''[[Muse India]]''.<ref name="oop">{{cite web |title=About Swarnalatha Rangarajan |url=https://outofprintmagazine.co.in/author/swarnalatha-rangarajan/ |website=Out of Print Magazine |access-date=3 June 2025}}</ref>

Her first novel, ''Final Instructions'' (Authorspress), was published in 2015.<ref name="nie">{{cite web |title=Professor at IIT-M Launches Novel on Bhopal Gas Tragedy |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Professor-at-IIT-M-Launches-Novel-on-Bhopal-Gas-Tragedy/2015/09/03/article3007057.ece |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=3 June 2025 |date=3 Sep 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118101016/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Professor-at-IIT-M-Launches-Novel-on-Bhopal-Gas-Tragedy/2015/09/03/article3007057.ece |archive-date=18 November 2015 }}</ref> It is inspired by the [[Bhopal disaster]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sampath |first1=Janani |title=Fiction out of real tragedy |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Fiction-out-of-Real-Tragedy/2015/06/30/article2893359.ece |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=3 June 2025 |date=30 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029184303/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Fiction-out-of-Real-Tragedy/2015/06/30/article2893359.ece |archive-date=29 October 2015 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rangarajan, Swarnalatha}}
[[Category:Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Indian women academics]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Madras]]

Kesava Pillai of Kandamath

2026-03-24T01:40:07Z

Masterstrock: new a entry.

{{short description|Indian Zamindar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific_prefix = [[M. R. Ry.]]
|name = Kesava Pillai of Kandamath
|image =Pillai of Kandamath.png
|image_size =180px
|office2 = [[Jenmi]] of Chenkal and [[Neyyattinkara]]
|monarch2= [[Ayilyam Thirunal]] [[Visakham Thirunal]] Sree [[Moolam Thirunal]]
|predecessor2 = Kanakku Chempakaraman Padmanabhan Mootha Pillai of Kandamath
|successor2 = Neyyattinkara Padmanabha Pillai
|office3 = Member of the [[Sree Moolam Popular Assembly]] as [[Neyyattinkara]]
|successor3= [[Land reform in Kerala]]
}}

[[M. R. Ry.]] '''Chempakaraman Padmanabhan Kesava Pillai of Kandamath''', [[Pillai (Kerala title)|Pillai]] of Kandamath (1830–1924), was an Indian [[Zamindar]], one of the [[jenmi]]s of Travancore and a member of the [[Sree Moolam Popular Assembly]].

==Life==

===Early life===

He was born in Vaikkom, Travancore, where his father, Brahmasree Neelakantan Namboodiripad was an ecclesiastical dignitary linked to the [[Vaikom Temple]]. His mother belonged to the family of feudatory Chiefs of Kandamath.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} He inherited Kandamath from his uncle, the previous Mootha Pillai of Kandamath, Kanakku Chempakaraman Padmanabhan Pandarathil. The Pillais of Kandamath settled Kandamath in medieval times.<ref>Land Revenue Assessment Papers 1867 ii/1868/xiv of Southern Division held at Arayoor Village Office, Neyyatinkara, Kerala</ref> According to popular lore and family-papers called ''Kandamukhathu Madom Granthavari'' (collection of palm-leaf documents), they settled at Kandamath on the banks of the [[Neyyar (river)|Neyyar]] in medieval times having originally been nobles from Kandiyoor Matom, cadet branch of the ancient line of Odanad rulers of Kayamkulam Kingdom who sought refuge in their kinsmen of the Travancore Court.

===Reforms===
He was nominated for the seat of Neyyatinkara Taluk by the Maharajah in the newly formed Sree Mulam Council,<ref>Page 201, History of the Kerala Legislative Assembly, KLA Archives, Trivandrum, Kerala http://www.niyamasabha.org/</ref> representing his land-holdings. He took a liberal view on [[untouchability]], minor crimes and punishment of the depressed classes. He initiated various reforms for the education and general upliftment of the working classes. He allotted land to the Anglican Church Mission to build and run a church school at Palli Potta in Chenkal, Neyyattinkara.

He was known for his vehement opposition to the changes to the [[Marumakkathayam]] Laws of Succession. Due to the support he had given to the conservative faction within the court of Travancore, he was considered an old-timer after having failed to convince the Government from pushing the reforms through. However, this was far from the truth.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}} Although claiming absolute loyalty to the crown, he was a staunch liberal and saw these proposed changes as an erosion of the rights of the common man against the state. This legislation created the division of family property possible in the landed families and affected the hegemony of the Nambudiri Brahmins, Rajas and upper class aristocratic Jenmi families.

===Family===
His remains were scattered into the Ganges at Benares from the [[Travancore]] ghat. His niece, Janaki Amma, was the mother of Gopala Menon, a judge of Travancore High Court who was presented to the King-Emperor, His Majesty King [[Edward VII]] at the 1908 Royal Levee in London; and the future diplomat [[K. P. S. Menon]]. Among sons, Neyyatinkara K. Padmanabha Pillai ("N.K." Padmanabha Pillai), was elected to the State Council and served as the second President of the Congress Party after [[Pattom A. Thanu Pillai]]. Sreedharan Nayar Kandamath, held several provincial positions and was one of the founders of Travancore Urban Bank. His daughter, Sumathy Amma, married into the [[Thachudaya Kaimal]] family of Mundanad.

===Legacy===
His ancestral estate of Kandamath at Chenkal, and most of his extensive landed properties, were lost to his heirs in the political turmoil following the introduction of land reforms by Communists in Kerala.{{page needed|date=January 2019}} The family continues the many charitable endowments in health and education. His portrait is included in the collection held by the legislative library in Kerala, in the former barracks of the [[Nair Brigade]].<ref>Karunakaran Nair in Tharishuthala Kudumba Diary edited by K. Karunakaran Nair 2001 accessed from Kerala Council for Historical Research http://www.keralahistory.ac.in/test/family.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818194546/http://www.keralahistory.ac.in/test/family.htm |date=18 August 2016 }} See 45</ref>

==See also==
* [[Odanad]]
* [[Pulleri Illathu Madhusoodanan Thangal]]
* [[Mannarghat Nair]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1830 births]]
[[Category:1924 deaths]]
[[Category:People from the Kingdom of Travancore]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian royalty]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian philanthropists]]

History of Sikhism

2026-03-23T23:08:43Z

Masterstrock: Improved wording and formatting

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Very long|date=August 2024}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}
[[Guru Nanak]] founded the [[Sikhism|Sikh]] religion in the [[Punjab region]] of the northern part of the [[Indian subcontinent]] in the 15th century and opposed many traditional practices like [[fasting]], [[janeu|Upanayana]], [[Idolatry in Sikhism|idolatry]], [[caste system in India|caste system]], [[sanyasi|ascetism]], [[Adhan|azan]], [[Lobh|economic materialism]], and gender discrimination.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dzeCy_zL0Q8C | title=Religion and the Specter of the West: Sikhism, India, Postcoloniality, and the Politics of Translation | isbn=978-0-231-51980-9 | last1=Mandair | first1=Arvind-Pal S. | date=22 October 2009 | publisher=Columbia University Press }}</ref>

[[Guru Gobind Singh]], tenth of the ten [[Sikh gurus|Sikh Gurus]], founded the [[Khalsa]] panth in the [[Punjab region]] of the northern part of the [[Indian subcontinent]] in the end of seventeenth century.<ref>{{cite web | title =BBC History of Sikhism – The Khalsa | work =Sikh world history | publisher =BBC Religion & Ethics | date =29 August 2003 | url =https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/history/history_1.shtml | access-date =2008-04-04 | archive-date =14 July 2019 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190714194027/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/history/history_1.shtml | url-status =live }}</ref> He baptised five Sikh people from different parts of India, with different social backgrounds, to form the Khalsa. Those five [[Panj Pyare|Beloved Ones]], the Pañj Piārē, then baptised him into the Khalsa fold.<ref>{{cite book | last = Singh | first = Patwant | title = The Sikhs | publisher = Knopf | pages = [https://archive.org/details/sikhs00sing/page/14 14] | isbn = 0-375-40728-6 | year = 2000 | url = https://archive.org/details/sikhs00sing/page/14 }}</ref> This gives the order of Khalsa a history of around 500 years. Historical theory and analysis suggests that Sikhism came into existence during the early medieval period of the [[Bhakti movement]] and also after repeated invasions by Muslim rulers upon the Hindu community during [[Mughal rule]], which lasted between (1526–1857 AD) especially in the region of [[North India]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://deemagclinic.com/2020/02/13/was-sikhism-created-to-protect-hindus-from-muslim-rulers/ | title=Was Sikhism created to protect Hindus from Muslim rulers? | date=13 February 2020 | access-date=30 December 2022 | archive-date=30 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230142502/https://deemagclinic.com/2020/02/13/was-sikhism-created-to-protect-hindus-from-muslim-rulers/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sikhnet.com/news/sikh-gurus-and-bhakti-movement | title=The Sikh Gurus and the Bhakti Movement | date=5 November 2018 | access-date=30 December 2022 | archive-date=30 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230142520/https://www.sikhnet.com/news/sikh-gurus-and-bhakti-movement | url-status=live }}</ref>

The history of the Sikh faith is closely associated with the [[history of Punjab]] and the socio-political situation in the north-west of the Indian subcontinent during the 17th century. From the rule of India by the Mughal Emperor [[Jahangir]] ({{reign | 1605 |1627}}), Sikhism came into conflict with Mughal laws, because they were affecting political successions of [[Mughals]] while cherishing Sufi saints from [[Islam]]. Mughal rulers killed many prominent Sikhs for refusing to obey their orders,<ref name=IslamistPersecution8>Pashaura Singh (2005), Understanding the Martyrdom of Dhan Dhan Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji, Journal of Punjab Studies, 12(1), pages 29-62</ref> and for opposing the [[persecution of Sikhs]].<ref name="IslamistPersecution9">{{cite journal | last = McLeod | first = Hew | title = Sikhs and Muslims in the Punjab | journal = South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies | volume = 22 | issue = s1 | pages = 155–165 | year = 1987 | doi = 10.1080/00856408708723379 }}</ref> Of the ten Sikh gurus,<ref name="IslamistPersecution1">V. D. Mahajan (1970). Muslim Rule In India. S. Chand, New Delhi, p.223.</ref><ref name="IslamistPersecution3">{{cite book|title= Later Mughals|first= William|last= Irvine|publisher= Harvard Press |isbn= 9781290917766|year= 2012}}</ref><ref name="IslamistPersecution4">{{cite book |author1= Pashaura Singh |author2= Louis Fenech | title= The Oxford handbook of Sikh studies | publisher= Oxford University Press | location= Oxford, UK | year= 2014 | isbn= 978-0-19-969930-8 | pages= 236–238}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last= Gandhi | first= Surjit | title= History of Sikh gurus retold | publisher=Atlantic Publishers | year=2007 | isbn=978-81-269-0858-5 | pages=653–691}}</ref><ref name="IslamistPersecution5">{{cite book | last= Singh | first= Prithi | title= The history of Sikh gurus | publisher= Lotus Press | year= 2006 | isbn= 978-81-8382-075-2 | page= 124}}</ref> two, [[Guru Arjan]] and [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]], were tortured and executed,<ref name="Singh2003">{{cite book|last= Singh|first= Prof. Kartar|title= Life Story Of Guru Nanak|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nhKMUnfLZLEC&pg=PA88|access-date= 26 November 2010|date= 2003-01-01|publisher= Hemkunt Press|isbn= 978-81-7010-162-8|page= 90}}</ref><ref name="IslamistPersecution2">{{cite book | last= Siṅgha | first= Kirapāla | title= Select documents on Partition of Punjab-1947 | publisher= National Book | year= 2006 | isbn= 978-81-7116-445-5 | page=234}}</ref> and close kin of several gurus (such as the seven and nine-year old sons of [[Guru Gobind Singh]]), were brutally killed,<ref name="pri">{{cite book | last = Singh | first = Prithi Pal | title = The history of Sikh Gurus | publisher = Lotus Press | pages = 158 | isbn = 81-8382-075-1 | year = 2006 }}</ref><ref name="IslamistPersecution6">{{cite web|url= http://www.sikhpoint.com/religion/sikhcommunity/bandasinghbahadur.htm/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=16&Itemid=8|title= Life of Banda Singh|first= Ernest|last= Abel}}{{Dead link|date= January 2020 |bot= InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted= yes }}</ref> along with numerous other main revered figures of Sikhism (such as [[Banda Bahadur]] (1716), [[Bhai Mati Das]], [[Bhai Sati Das]] and [[Bhai Dayala]]), who were also tortured and killed<ref name="IslamistPersecution5" /><ref name="pri" /><ref name="IslamistPersecution6" /> by Mughal rulers for refusing their orders,<ref name="IslamistPersecution8" /><ref name="IslamistPersecution1" /><ref name="IslamistPersecution6" /><ref name="pri" /> and for opposing the persecution of [[Sikhs]] and [[Hindus]].<ref name=IslamistPersecution9/><ref name=IslamistPersecution2/><ref name=IslamistPersecution3/><ref name=IslamistPersecution5/> Subsequently, Sikhism militarised itself to oppose Mughal hegemony. The emergence of the [[Sikh Confederacy]] under the misls and [[Sikh Empire]] under the reign of the Maharajah [[Ranjit Singh]] ({{reign | 1792 | 1839}}) was characterised by [[religious tolerance]] and [[Religious pluralism|pluralism]] with Christians, Muslims and Hindus in positions of power. The establishment of the Sikh Empire in 1799 is commonly considered the zenith of Sikhism in the political sphere,<ref name="Lafont">{{cite book | last = Lafont | first = Jean-Marie | title = Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Lord of the Five Rivers (French Sources of Indian History Sources) | publisher = Oxford University Press | date = 16 May 2002 | location = USA | pages = 23–29 | isbn = 0-19-566111-7}}</ref> during its existence (from 1799 to 1849) the Sikh Empire came to include [[Kashmir]], [[Ladakh]], and [[Peshawar]]. A number of [[Punjabi Hindu|Hindu]] and [[Punjabi Muslim|Muslim]] peasants converted to Sikhism.<ref name="Singh2008">
{{cite book
|last1= Singh |first1= Pritam
|title= Federalism, Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy
|date= 2008 |publisher= Routledge |isbn= 9781134049455
|language= en
|quote= A lot of Hindu and Muslim peasants converted to Sikhism from conviction, fear, economic motives, or a combination of the three (Khushwant Singh 1999: 106; Ganda Singh 1935: 73).
}}
</ref> [[Hari Singh Nalwa]], the Commander-in-chief of the Sikh army along the northwest Frontier from 1825 to 1837, took the boundary of the Sikh Empire to the very mouth of the [[Khyber Pass]]. The Sikh Empire's secular administration integrated innovative military, economic and governmental reforms.

Sikh organizations, including the [[Chief Khalsa Diwan|Chief Khalsa Dewan]] and [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] led by [[Master Tara Singh]], [[opposition to the partition of India|strongly opposed the partition of India]], viewing the possibility of the creation of Pakistan as inviting persecution.<ref name="KudaisyaYong2004">{{cite book |last1=Kudaisya |first1=Gyanesh |last2=Yong |first2=Tan Tai |title=The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia |date=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-44048-1 |page=100 |language=en |quote=No sooner was it made public than the Sikhs launched a virulent campaign against the Lahore Resolution. Pakistan was portrayed as a possible return to an unhappy past when Sikhs were persecuted and Muslims the persecutor. Public speeches by various Sikh political leaders on the subject of Pakistan invariably raised images of atrocities committed by Muslims on Sikhs and of the martyrdom of their ''gurus'' and heroes. Reactions to the Lahore Resolution were uniformly negative and Sikh leaders of all political persuasions made it clear that Pakistan would be 'wholeheartedly resisted'. The Shiromani Akali Dal, the party with a substantial following amongst the rural Sikhs, organized several well-attended conferences in Lahore to condemn the Muslim League. Master Tara Singh, leader of the Akali Dal, declared that his party would fight Pakistan 'tooth and nail'. Not be outdone, other Sikh political organizations, rival to the Akali Dal, namely the Central Khalsa Young Men Union and the moderate and loyalist Chief Khalsa Dewan, declared in an equally strong language their unequivocal opposition to the Pakistan scheme.}}</ref> The months leading up to the [[partition of India]] in 1947, saw heavy conflict in the [[Punjab Region|Punjab]] between Sikhs and Muslims, which saw the effective religious migration of Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus from [[Punjab (Pakistan)|West Punjab]] and organized ethnic cleansing of Punjabi Muslims from [[Punjab (India)|East Punjab]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://caravanmagazine.in/vantage/did-sikhs-squads-participate-organised-attempt-cleanse-east-punjab-during-partition | title=Did Sikh squads participate in an organised attempt to cleanse East Punjab during Partition? | access-date=30 December 2022 | archive-date=30 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230155309/https://caravanmagazine.in/vantage/did-sikhs-squads-participate-organised-attempt-cleanse-east-punjab-during-partition | url-status=live }}</ref> Currently, most Sikhs live in the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], where they formed about 60 percent of the state population.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/census-2011-age-of-sikhs-drops-in-punjab-migration-to-blame/articleshow/48689317.cms | title=Census 2011: %age of Sikhs drops in Punjab; migration to blame? | newspaper=The Times of India | date=27 August 2015 | access-date=30 December 2022 | archive-date=27 April 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427202431/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/census-2011-age-of-sikhs-drops-in-punjab-migration-to-blame/articleshow/48689317.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early Modern (1469 CE –1708 CE) ==

{{More citations needed section|date=May 2024}}

===Guru Nanak ===
{{Main|Guru Nanak}}
[[File:Sikh Gurus with Bhai Bala and Bhai Mardana.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Guru Nanak Dev Ji]] (1469 – 1539 CE)]]
Guru Nanak (1469–1539), founder of Sikhism, was born to [[Mehta Kalu]] and [[Mata Tripta]], in the village of [[Nankana Sahib|Talwandi]], now called Nankana Sahib, near [[Lahore]].<ref name=Singh_2006_1>{{cite book | last=Singh | first=Khushwant | author-link=Khushwant Singh | year=2006 | title=The Illustrated History of the Sikhs | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=India | isbn = 0-19-567747-1 | pages=12–13}} Also, as according to the Purātan Janamsākhī (the birth stories of Nanak).</ref> His father, Mehta Kalu, was a Patwari, an [[accountant]] of land revenue in the government. Nanak's mother was Mata Tripta, and he had one older sister, [[Bibi Nanki]].

From an early age, Guru Nanak seemed to have acquired a questioning and enquiring mind and refused as a child to wear the ritualistic sacred thread called a [[janeu]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nesbitt |first1=Eleanor M. |last2=Kaur |first2=Gopinder |title=Guru Nanak. Vol. 2. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fKq_PKUltzoC&dq=Guru+Nanak+refused+as+a+child+to+wear+the+ritualistic+sacred+thread+called+a+janeu&pg=PA9 |page=72 |date=1998|publisher=Bayeux Arts |isbn=978-1-896209-27-2 }}</ref> and instead said that he would wear the true name of God in his heart as protection, as the thread which could be broken, be soiled, burnt or lost could not offer any security at all. From early childhood, Bibi Nanki saw in her brother the Light of God but she did not reveal this secret to anyone. She is known as the first disciple of Guru Nanak.

Even as a boy, his desire to explore the mysteries of life eventually led him to leave home. Nanak married Sulakhni, daughter of Moolchand Chona, a trader from [[Batala]], and they had two sons, [[Sri Chand]] and [[Lakhmi Das|Lakhmi Chand]].

His brother-in-law, Jai Ram, the husband of his sister Nanki, obtained a job for him in [[Sultanpur Lodhi|Sultanpur]] as the manager of the government granary. One morning, when he was twenty-eight, Guru Nanak went as usual down to the river to bathe and [[meditate]]. It was said that he was gone for three days. When he reappeared, it is said he was "filled with the spirit of God". His first words after his re-emergence were: "There is no Hindu, there is no Muslim". With this [[secular]] principle he began his [[missionary]] work.<ref name=Shackle_2005>{{cite book | last=Shackle | first=Christopher |author2=Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh | year=2005 | title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures | publisher=Routledge | location=United Kingdom | isbn = 0-415-26604-1 | pages=xiii–xiv | no-pp=true}}</ref> He made four distinct major journeys, in the four different directions, which are called [[Udasis]], spanning many thousands of kilometres, preaching the message of God.<ref name=Singh_2006_1/>

Guru Nanak spent the final years of his life in [[Kartarpur, Pakistan|Kartarpur]] where [[Langar (Sikhism)|Langar]] free blessed food was available. The food would be partaken of by Hindus, rich, poor, both high and so-called low castes. Guru Nanak worked in the fields and earned his livelihood. After appointing Bhai Lehna as the new Sikh Guru, on 22 September 1539, aged 70, Guru Nanak died.

===Guru Angad===
{{Main|Guru Angad}}

[[File:Guru Angad Devi from a painting at Baoli Sahib-Goindwal.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Guru Angad]] (1504 – 1552 CE)]]
In 1538, Guru Nanak chose [[Lehna]], his disciple, as a successor to the Guruship rather than one of his sons.<ref name=Shackle_2005/> Bhai Lehna was named Guru Angad and became the successor of Guru Nanak. Bhai Lehna was born in the village of Harike in [[Ferozepur]] district in [[Punjab region|Punjab]], on 31 March 1504. He was the son of a small trader named Pheru. His mother's name was Mata Ramo (also known as Mata Sabhirai, Mansa Devi, Daya Kaur). Baba Narayan Das Trehan was his grandfather, whose ancestral house was at Matte-di-Sarai near Muktsar.

Under the influence of his mother, Bhai Lehna began to worship [[Durga]] (a Hindu goddess). He used to lead a group of [[Hindu]] worshippers to Jwalamukhi Temple every year. He married [[Mata Khivi]] in January 1520 and had two sons, (Dasu and Datu), and two daughters (Amro and Anokhi). The whole Pheru family had to leave their ancestral village because of the ransacking by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] and Afghan military who had come with Emperor [[Babur]]. After this, the family settled at the village of [[Khadur Sahib]] by the [[River Beas]], near [[Tarn Taran Sahib|Tarn Taran]] Sahib, a small town about 25 km from [[Amritsar]] city.

One day, Bhai Lehna heard the recitation of a hymn of [[Guru Nanak]] from Bhai Jodha (a Sikh of Guru Nanak Sahib) who was in Khadur Sahib. He was thrilled and decided to proceed to [[Kartarpur, Pakistan|Kartarpur]] to have an audience ([[Darśana|darshan]]) with Guru Nanak. So while on the annual pilgrimage to Jwalamukhi Temple, Bhai Lehna left his journey to visit Kartarpur and see Baba Nanak. His very first meeting with Guru Nanak completely transformed him. He renounced the worship of the Hindu goddess, dedicated himself to the service of Guru Nanak and so became his disciple (his Sikh), and began to live in Kartarpur.

His devotion and service ([[Selfless service|Sewa]]) to Guru Nanak and his holy mission was so great that he was instated as the Second Nanak on 7 September 1539 by Guru Nanak. Earlier Guru Nanak tested him in various ways and found an embodiment of obedience and service in him. He spent six or seven years in the service of Guru Nanak at Kartarpur.

When Guru Nanak died on 22 September 1539, Guru Angad left Kartarpur for the village of Khadur Sahib (near Goindwal Sahib). He carried forward the principles of Guru Nanak both in letter and spirit. Yogis and Saints of different sects visited him and held detailed discussions about Sikhism with him.

Guru Angad introduced a new alphabet known as [[Gurmukhi]] Script, modifying the old Punjabi script's characters. Soon, this script became very popular and started to be used by the people in general. He took great interest in the education of children by opening many schools for their instruction and thus increased the number of literate people. For the youth, he started the tradition of Mall Akhara, where physical, as well as spiritual exercises, were held. He collected the facts about Guru Nanak's life from [[Bhai Bala]] and wrote the first biography of Guru Nanak. He also wrote 63 [[Salok]]s (stanzas), which are included in the [[Guru Granth Sahib]]. He popularized and expanded the institution of ''Guru ka Langar'' that had been started by Guru Nanak.

Guru Angad travelled widely and visited all important religious places and centres established by Guru Nanak for the preaching of Sikhism. He also established hundreds of new Centres of Sikhism (Sikh religious Institutions) and thus strengthened the base of Sikhism. The period of his Guruship was the most crucial one. The Sikh community had moved from having a founder to a succession of Gurus and the infrastructure of Sikh society was strengthened and crystallised.

===Guru Amar Das===
{{Main|Guru Amar Das}}
[[File:Amardas-Goindwal.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Guru Amar Das]] (1479 – 1574 CE)]]
Guru Amar Das became the third Sikh guru in 1552 at the age of 73.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Pashaura |title=The Sikh Gurus: Unity and Continuity of the Office of Authority. |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429455322-3/sikh-gurus-pashaura-singh |website=Taylor Frances |publisher=The Sikh World. Routledge |access-date=October 5, 2024 |date=2023|doi=10.4324/9780429455322-3 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Goindwal]] became an important centre for Sikhism during the Guruship of Guru Amar Das. He continued to preach the principle of equality for women, the prohibition of [[Sati (practice)|Sati]] and the practice of [[Langar (Sikhism)|Langar]].<ref name=Duggal_1988>{{cite book | last=Duggal | first=Kartar Singh | year=1988 | title=Philosophy and Faith of Sikhism | publisher=Himalayan Institute Press | isbn = 0-89389-109-6 | page=15}}</ref> In 1567, [[Emperor Akbar]] sat with the ordinary and poor people of Punjab to have Langar. Guru Amar Das also trained 140 apostles, of which 52 were women, to manage the rapid expansion of the religion.<ref name=Brar_1998>{{cite web | last=Brar | first=Sandeep Singh | year=1998 | title=The Sikhism Homepage: Guru Amar Das | url=http://www.sikhs.org/guru3.htm | access-date=2006-05-26 | archive-date=4 May 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504143213/http://www.sikhs.org/guru3.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> Before he died in 1574 aged 95, he appointed his son-in-law Jetha as the fourth Sikh Guru.

It is recorded that before becoming a Sikh, Bhai Amar Das, as he was known at the time, was a very religious Vaishanavite Hindu who spent most of his life performing all of the ritual pilgrimages and fasts of a devout Hindu. One day, Bhai Amar Das heard some hymns of Guru Nanak being sung by Bibi Amro, the daughter of [[Guru Angad]], the second [[Sikh Guru]]. Bibi Amro was married to Bhai Amar Das' brother, Bhai Manak Chand's son who was called Bhai Jasso. Bhai Amar Das was so impressed and moved by these [[Shabda|Shabad]]s that he immediately decided to go to see [[Guru Angad]] at [[Khadur Sahib]]. It is recorded that this event took place when Amar Das was 61 years old.

In 1535, after meeting Guru Angad, Amar Das became a devout Sikh and fully dedicated himself to serving ([[Selfless service|Sewa]]) the Guru and the community. He moved to Khadur Sahib, where he fetched water for the Guru's bath, washed his clothes, and collected wood for the 'Guru ka Langar'. His devotion was so complete that he was seen as having no worldly interests, earning him the nickname Amru.

However, as a result of Amar Das' commitment to Sikh principles, dedicated service, and devotion to the Sikh cause, Guru Angad Sahib appointed Bhai Amar Das as the third Nanak in March 1552 at the age of 73. He established his headquarters in the newly built town of Goindwal, which Guru Angad had established.

Soon large numbers of Sikhs started flocking to Goindwal to see the new Guru. Here, Guru Amar Das propagated the Sikh faith in a vigorous, systematic, and planned manner. He divided the Sikh Sangat area into 22 preaching centres or Manjis, each under the charge of a devout Sikh. He himself visited and sent Sikh missionaries to different parts of India to spread Sikhism.

Guru Amar Das was impressed with [[Bhai Gurdas]]' thorough knowledge of [[Hindi]] and [[Sanskrit]] and the Hindu scriptures. Following the tradition of sending out [[Masand]]s across the country, Guru Amar Das deputed Bhai Gurdas to [[Agra]] to spread the gospel of Sikhism. Before leaving, Guru Amar Das prescribed the following routine for Sikhs:

{{cquote|He who calls himself a Sikh of the True Guru, He must get up in the morning and say his prayers. He must rise in the early hours and bathe in the holy tank. He must meditate on God as advised by the Guru. And rid him of the afflictions of sins and evil. As the day dawns, he should recite scriptures, and repeat God's name in every activity. He to whom the Guru takes kindly is shown the path. Nanak! I seek the dust of the feet of the Guru's Sikh who himself remembers God and makes others remember Him. (Gauri)}}

The Guru strengthened the tradition of '[[Guru ka Langar]]' and made it compulsory for the visitor to the Guru to eat first, saying that 'Pehle Pangat Phir Sangat' (first visit the Langar then go to the Guru). Once [[Mughal emperors|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]] came to see the Guru and he had to eat the coarse rice in the Langar before he could have an audience with the Guru. The emperor was so impressed with this system that he expressed his desire to grant some royal property for 'Guru ka Langar', but the Guru declined it with respect.

He introduced new birth, marriage, and death ceremonies. Thus he raised the status of women and protected the rights of female infants who were killed without question as they were deemed to have no status. These teachings were met with stiff resistance from the Orthodox Hindus.

Guru Amar Das not only preached the equality of people irrespective of their caste but also fostered the idea of women's equality. He preached strongly against the practice of [[Sati (practice)|Sati]] (a Hindu wife burning on her husband's funeral pyre). Guru Amar Das also disapproved of a young widow remaining unmarried for the rest of her life.

Guru Amar Das constructed "Baoli" at Goindwal Sahib having eighty-four steps and made it a Sikh pilgrimage centre for the first time in the history of Sikhism. He reproduced more copies of the hymns of Guru Nanak and Guru Angad. He also composed 869 (according to some chronicles these were 709) verses (stanzas) including [[Anand Sahib]], and then later on [[Guru Arjan]] (fifth Guru) made all the Shabads part of [[Guru Granth Sahib]].

When the time came for the Guru's younger daughter [[Bibi Bhani]] to marry, he selected a pious and diligent young follower of his called Jetha from [[Lahore]]. Jetha had come to visit the Guru with a party of pilgrims from Lahore and had become so enchanted by the Guru's teachings that he had decided to settle in [[Goindwal]]. Here he earned a livelihood selling boiled chickpeas and would regularly attend the services of Guru Amar Das in his spare time.

Guru Amar Das did not consider any of his sons fit for Guruship and chose instead his son-in-law (Guru) Ram Das to succeed him. Guru Amar Das Sahib at the age of 95 died on 1 September 1574 at Goindwal in District [[Amritsar]], after giving the responsibility of Guruship to the Fourth Nanak, [[Guru Ram Das]].

===Guru Ram Das===
{{Main|Guru Ram Das}}
[[File:Guru Ram Das.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Guru Ram Das]] (1534 – 1581 CE)]]
Guru Ram Das (Punjabi: ਗੁਰੂ ਰਾਮ ਦਾਸ) (Born in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan on 24 September 1534 – 1 September 1581, Amritsar, Punjab, India) was the fourth of the Ten Gurus of Sikhism, and he became Guru on 30 August 1574, following in the footsteps of Guru Amar Das. He was born in Lahore to a Sodhi family of the Khatri clan. His father was Hari Das and his mother Anup Devi, and his name was Jetha, meaning 'first born'. His wife was Bibi Bhani, the younger daughter of Guru Amar Das, the third guru of the Sikhs. They had three sons: Prithi Chand, Mahan dev, and Arjan Dev.{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}}

As a Guru one of his main contributions to Sikhism was organising the structure of Sikh society. Additionally, he was the author of Laava, the hymns of the Marriage Rites, the designer of the Harmandir Sahib, and the planner and creator of the township of Ramdaspur (later [[Amritsar]]).{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

A hymn by Guru Ram Das from Ang 305 of the Guru Granth Sahib:
"One who calls himself a Sikh of the True Guru shall get up early morning and meditate on the Lord's Name. Make effort regularly to cleanse, bathe and dip in the ambrosial pool. Upon Guru's instructions, chant Har, Har singing which, all misdeeds, sins, and pains shall go away."

Guru Ram Das nominated Guru Arjan, his youngest son, as the next Guru of the Sikhs.

===Guru Arjan Dev===
{{Main|Guru Arjan}}
[[File:Repoussé plaque (gilded panel) depicting Guru Arjan overseeing the construction of the Golden Temple (Harmandir Sahib or Darbar Sahib) at Amritsar (then Ramdaspur), located in Gurdwara Lachi Ber.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Guru Arjan]] (1563 – 1606 CE)]]
In 1581, Guru Arjan — the youngest son of the fourth guru — became the Fifth Guru of the Sikhs. In addition to being responsible for building the [[Harimandir Sahib|Golden Temple]], he prepared the Sikh [[Sacred text]] and his personal addition of some 2,000 plus hymns in the [[Guru Granth Sahib|Gurū Granth Sāhib]]. He compiled and composed the most hymns. He even added many [[Sufism|Sufi Saints]], Bhagats, Bhatts and [[Gursikh]]s verses such as [[Fariduddin Ganjshakar|Sheik Farid]], [[Kabir|Sant Kabir]], [[Namdev|Bhagat Namdev]] and [[Bhai Mardana]].

In 1604 he installed the [[Adi Granth|Ādi Granth]] for the first time as the [[Holy Book]] of the Sikhs. He is known as ''Shaheedan-De-Sartaaj'' or ''Crown of Martyrs'' because he gave Jehangir's son langer and made him hear Kirtan, his son, Khusrau, was revolting against Jehangir. Guru Arjan refused to convert to Islam when he was given the choice.<ref name=Shackle_2005/>

===Guru Hargobind===
{{Main|Guru Har Gobind}}
[[File:Guru Hargobind, The sixth Guru of Sikhism.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Guru Har Gobind]] (1595 – 1644 CE)]]
Guru Hargobind became the sixth guru of the Sikhs. He carried two swords — one for Spiritual reasons and one for temporal (worldly) reasons.<ref name=Mahmood_2002>{{cite book | last=Mahmood | first=Cynthia | year=2002 | title=A Sea of Orange | publisher=Xlibris | location=United States | isbn = 1-4010-2856-X | page=16}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}} From this point onward, the Sikhs became a military force and always had a trained fighting force to defend their independence, establishing the [[Akal Sena]].

Guru Hargobind fixed two [[Nishan Sahib]]s at Akal Bunga in front of the [[Akal Takht]]. One flag is towards the [[Harmandir Sahib]] and the other shorter flag is towards Akal Takht. The first represents the reins of the spiritual authority while the later represents temporal power stating temporal power should be under the reins of the spiritual authority.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

===Guru Har Rai===
{{Main|Guru Har Rai}}
[[File:Guru Har Rai.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Guru Har Rai]] (1630 – 1661 CE)]]
Guru Har Rai (Punjabi: ਗੁਰੂ ਹਰਿ ਰਾਇ) (26 February 1630 – 6 October 1661) was the seventh of the ten Gurus of Sikhism, becoming Guru on 8 March 1644, following in the footsteps of his grandfather, Guru Har Gobind, who was the sixth guru. Before Guru Har Rai died, he nominated Guru Har Krishan, his youngest son, as the next Guru of the Sikhs.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

As a child, Guru Har Rai was disturbed by the suffering of a flower damaged by his robe, foreshadowing his lifelong compassion for living things. His grandfather, a renowned hunter, had saved Emperor Jahangir from a tiger. While Guru Har Rai continued hunting until age 31, he permitted no animals to be killed during his grand hunts, instead capturing them for his zoo. He also toured the Malwa and Doaba regions of Punjab.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

His son, Ram Rai, tried to ease Aurangzeb's concerns about a line in Guru Nanak's verse, claiming the word "Mussalman" was a copyist's error. The Guru refused to meet him again, stating, "Ram Rai, you have disobeyed my order and sinned; I will never see you again because of your infidelity." It was reported that Ram Rai performed miracles in the Mughal court against his father's wishes, despite the Guru teaching Sikhs to reject magic and myths. Before his death at 31, Guru Har Rai passed the Gaddi of Nanak to his five-year-old son, Guru Har Krishan.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

Guru Har Rai was the son of Baba Gurdita and Mata Nihal Kaur (also known as Mata Ananti). Baba Gurdita was the son of the sixth Guru, Guru Hargobind. Guru Har Rai married Mata Kishan Kaur (sometimes also referred to as Sulakhni), daughter of Sri Daya Ram of Anoopshahr (Bulandshahr) in Uttar Pradesh on Har Sudi 3, Samvat 1697. Guru Har Rai had two sons: Baba Ram Rai and Sri Har Krishan.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

Though a man of peace, Guru Har Rai maintained the armed Sikh warriors established by his grandfather, Guru Hargobind, and fostered their military spirit. However, he refrained from direct political conflict with the Mughal Empire. When Dara Shikoh, the eldest son of Emperor Shah Jahan, sought help in his succession war against his brother Aurangzeb, the Guru, honoring a promise to his grandfather to use the Sikh cavalry only for defense, nonetheless assisted Dara by hiding the ferry boats he needed for his escape from Aurangzeb's forces.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

===Guru Har Krishan===
{{Main|Guru Har Krishan}}
[[File:Sri Guru Har Krishan Ji Gurudwara Pothi Mala.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Guru Har Krishan]] (1656 – 1664 CE)]]
Guru Har Krishan born in Kirat Pur, Ropar (Punjabi: ਗੁਰੂ ਹਰਿ ਕ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਨ) (7 July 1656 – 30 March 1664) was the eighth of the Ten Gurus of Sikhism, becoming the Guru on 7 October 1661, following in the footsteps of his father, Guru Har Rai. Before Har Krishan died of complications of [[Smallpox]], he nominated his granduncle, Guru Teg Bahadur, as the next Guru of the Sikhs. The following is a summary of the main highlights of his short life:

{{cquote|Sri Guru Harkrishan Ji was the epitome of sensibility, generosity, and courage. There is a famous incident from an early age. Once on the way to Delhi from Punjab he met an arrogant [[Brahmin]] [[Pandit|Pundit]] called Lal Chand in Panjokhara town. The Pundit asked him to recite Salokas from the Geeta since his name was similar to that of Lord Krishna. Guru Ji invited a mute person called Chhajju Mehra and placed his stick on his head. He immediately started interpreting salokas from the Geeta. Everybody around was dumbstruck. Lal Chand's arrogance too was shattered and he asked for Guru Ji's forgiveness.}}

When Har Krishan stayed in Delhi there was a smallpox epidemic and many people were dying. According to Sikh history at Har Krishan's blessing, the lake at Bangla Sahib provided cure for thousands. Gurdwara Bangla Sahib was constructed in the Guru's memory. This is where he stayed during his visit to Delhi. Gurdwara Bala Sahib was built in south Delhi besides the bank of the river Yamuna, where Har Krishan was cremated at the age of about 7 years and 8 months. Guru Har Krishan was the youngest Guru at only 7 years of age. He did not make any contributions to Gurbani.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

===Guru Tegh Bahadur===
{{Main|Guru Tegh Bahadur}}
[[File:Guru Tegh Bahadur, Pahari painting.png|thumb|Guru Tegh Bahadur, Pahari painting]]
Guru Tegh Bahadur was the ninth of the Sikh Gurus. The eighth Sikh Guru, Guru Har Krishan, nominated him, his grand-uncle as the next Guru before he died. Guru Tegh Bahadur was actually the son of the sixth Sikh Guru, Guru Hargobind.

He sacrificed himself to protect Hindus. Aurungzeb was forcibly converting Hindus to Muslims. Hindus from Kashmir came to Guru Teg Bahadur for protection and requested for assistance. Guru asked them to tell Aurungzeb that if he will be able to convert Guru Teg Bahadur to Islam then they all become Muslim. He was asked by Aurungzeb, the Mughal emperor, under coercion by conservative Naqshbandi clerics, to convert to Islam or to sacrifice himself. The exact place where he died is in front of the [[Red Fort]] in Delhi (Lal Qila) and the gurdwara is called Sisganj.<ref name=Rama_1986>{{cite book | last=Rama | first=Swuami | year=1986 | title=Celestiyal Song/Gobind Geet: The Dramatic DialogueyBetween Guru Gobind Singh and Banda Singh Bahadyur | publisher=Hyimalayan Iystitute Press | isbn = 0-89389-103-7 | pages=7–8}}</ref> This marked a turning point for Sikhism. His successor, [[Guru Gobind Singh]] further militarised his followers.

While, [[Bhai Mati Das]] along with his younger brother [[Bhai Sati Das]] were [[martyr]]s of early [[Sikh]] history. Bhai Mati Das, [[Bhai Dayala]], and Bhai Sati Das were executed at a ''kotwali'' (police-station) in the [[Chandni Chowk]] area of [[Old Delhi|Delhi]], under the express orders of Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] just before the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur. Bhai Mati Das was executed by being bound between two pillars and cut in two.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Harjinder |title=Game of Love |date=2011 |publisher=Akaal Publishers |location=Walsall |isbn=9780955458712 |page=15 |edition= Second}}</ref>

===Guru Gobind Singh===
{{Main|Guru Gobind Singh}}
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2024}}

==== Birth and Childhood ====
[[File:Takht Sri Patna Sahib 02.jpg|thumb|Takht Sri Patna Sahib, where Guru Gobind Singh was born.]]
Guru Gobind Singh was the tenth guru of Sikhs. He was born in 1666 at [[Patna]] (Capital of [[Bihar, India]]) and did his basic schooling there. Along with the religious scriptures, he also studied the Bihari language at Patna. His Uncle, Bhai Kripal, trained him in archery and swordsmanship and soon he became a great marksman. When Guru Tegh Bahadur returned from Dhaka (now '''Bangladesh'''‘s Capital) to Patna he saw his five years old child for the first time, and kissed and embraced his divine boy. The Guru blossomed under the spiritual guidance of his father, but it was short-lived since Guru Tegh bahadur had to leave Patna for Anandpur.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

Gobind Rai, as he was called then, was beloved of many people in Patna including a large number of Muslims. The child had a charming personality which attracted everyone he met, even for a short while. When he was six years old he had learnt Hindi, Marathi and Gurumukhi. He was a very bold and courageous boy, and had all the qualities of a great man and a natural leader.

A Raja's childless Queen had developed special fondness for the young [[Guru Gobind Singh]], who, too, often came here to sit in the Queen's lap giving her immense delight and spiritual solace. She fed the [[Guru Gobind Singh|Child Gobind]] and his playmates, at his demand, with boiled and salted gram.

==== In Kashmir ====
[[File:Detail of a mural from Gurdwara Baba Atal Rai depicting Guru Tegh Bahadar and a young Guru Gobind Singh receiving a delegation of Kashmiri Pandits whom petition their help against religious persecution.jpg|thumb|Detail of a mural from Gurdwara Baba Atal Rai depicting Guru Tegh Bahadar and a young Guru Gobind Singh (then known as Gobind Das or Gobind Rai) receiving a delegation of Kashmiri Pandits (alt. spelt as 'Pundits') whom petition their help against religious persecution of Kashmiri Hindus by the Mughal Empire. This fresco no longer exists and has since been lost.]]
In 1675 Pundits from Kashmir in India came to Anandpur Sahib pleading to Guru Teg Bahadur (father of Guru Gobind Singh) about [[Aurangzeb]] forcing them to convert to Islam. Guru Teg Bahadur told them that martyrdom of a great man was needed. His son, Guru Gobind Singh said "Who could be greater than you", to his father. Guru Teg Bahadur told pundits to tell Aurangzeb's men that if Guru Teg Bahadur will become Muslim, they all will.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

==== Stay at Paonta Sahib and Anandpur Sahib ====
After Guru Tegh Bahadur's martyrdom Guru Gobind Singh created many poems compositions and letters, including Zafarnama, Ugardandis, Lakhi Jungle Khalsa, Hikayatan, Akal Ustat, Jaap Sahib etc., these were incorporated into the [[Dasam Granth]] and [[Sarbloh Granth]] respectively. He stayed at Anandpur Sahib for most of his life and the Hindu Hill Chieftains were jealous of his riches so the Kingdoms of [[Kahlur Fort|Kahlur]], [[Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]], [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]] and common Hindus made an alliance to fight him. He and the kingdom of Una allied and won the Battle of Bhangani. The even more Himachali states allied and still lost. This showed the Guruji's influence and military strength in the area.

==== Mughal-Sikh Wars and Death of the Sahibzadas ====
[[File:Painting of the court of Guru Gobind Singh.jpg|thumb|Painting of the court of Guru Gobind Singh. Illustration from a manuscript of Krishnavatar]]
They allied with [[Wazir Khan (Sirhind)|Wazir Khan]] of Sirhind and the [[Lahore Subah|Subedar of Lahore]] and together they still lost and one day Guruji started retreating from [[Anandpur Sahib]] and he got separated with his two sons aged 5 and 9 due to the cold Sirsa River. He entrusted his Brahmin cook, Gangu Brahmin, to take care of them but he sold them to Wazir Khan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Surjit Singh |title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606-1708 C.E. |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist. |year=2007 |isbn=9788126908585 |volume=2 |pages=839}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=The encyclopaedia of Sikhism |date=1992–1998 |publisher=Punjabi University |author=Harbans Singh |isbn=0-8364-2883-8 |volume=2 |location=Patiala |pages=113–114 |oclc=29703420}}</ref> In the meantime Aurangzeb dispatched 50,000-75,000 troops to attack the Guruji. after he sent his elder sons and 42 others to fight only 17,000 Mughals came back alive, his elder sons died on the battlefield with bravery and honour. The younger sons and their grandmother remained trapped in the same week that their brothers died. Wazir Khan said that he would give them riches if they convert and immurement if they do not, they chose death, till now [[Fateh Singh (Sikhism)|Sahibzada Fateh Singh]] is the youngest Martyr in the history of the World. Guru Gobind Singh sent his letter of victory to Aurangzeb and they signed a treaty. Later when Aurangzeb Died and the Guru was in Rajputana there was a war of succession between Muhammad Azam Shah and Bahadur Shah I and Guru Gobind Singh sided with Bahadur Shah I who was secular in his views. On his way to Aurangabad he was stabbed three times in his lungs and killed the assassin. He survived for three more weeks and but later died from his wounds.{{cn|date=October 2024}}
[[File:Hazur Sahib, Nanded, Maharashtra, September 2012.jpg|thumb|Takht Sri Hazur Sahib, Nanded where Guru Gobind Singh died.]]

Before his death, Guru Gobind Singh declared that the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] would be the ultimate spiritual authority for Sikhs, while the [[Khalsa Panth]] would hold temporal authority. The first compilation of the Sikh Holy Scripture was completed by the Fifth Guru, Guru Arjan, in 1604, although earlier Gurus also documented their revelations. This scripture is unique as it was compiled by the faith's founders during their lifetimes. The Guru Granth Sahib is particularly unique among sacred texts in that it is written in [[Gurmukhi]] script but contains many languages including [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]]. Sikhs consider the Guru Granth Sahib the last, perpetual living guru.
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Keshgarh Sahib Gurudwara at Anandpur Sahib.jpg|[[Keshgarh Sahib]] Gurudwara at [[Anandpur Sahib]], Punjab, the birthplace of Khalsa.
File:An inscription naming the five members of the Khalsa Panth, Takht Sri Keshgarh Sahib.jpg|An inscription naming the five members of the [[Khalsa Panth]], at Takht [[Keshgarh Sahib]], the birthplace of Khalsa on [[Baisakh]] 1, 1756 [[Vikram Samvat]].
File:Guru Gobind Singh creates the Khalsa.jpg|The creation of the Khalsa; initiated by [[Guru Gobind Singh]], the tenth Sikh Guru.
File:Guru Gobind Singh with followers.jpg|Guru Gobind Singh on march to Aurangabad
File:Sikh flag.jpg|One of the two Sikh Nishan Sahibs
File:Takht Sri Kesgarh Sahib - Anandpur Sahib.jpg|[[Anandpur Sahib]] where the Khalsa was formed
</gallery>

== Late Modern Age (1708–1748 CE) ==

=== Banda Singh Bahadur ===
{{Main|Banda Singh Bahadur}}
[[File:Banda Bahadur the Sikh Warrior ,.JPG|250px|thumb|Statue of Baba [[Banda Singh Bahadur]] at [[Battle of Chappar Chiri|Chappar Chiri]].]]
Banda Singh Bahadur was chosen to lead the Sikhs by [[Guru Gobind Singh]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Sagoo|first=Harbans|title=Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovereignty|year=2001|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|page=94}}</ref> He was successful in setting up a Sikh Empire that spread from [[Uttar Pradesh]] to [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. He fought the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] state tyranny and gave the common people of Punjab courage, equality, and rights.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Gurbaksh|title=The Khalsa Generals|year=1927|publisher=Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society|isbn=0969409249|page=13}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Surjit|title=History Of Sikh Gurus Retold 1606–1708 C.e. Vol# 2|year=2007|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=9788126908585|page=1012}}</ref> On his way to Punjab, Banda Singh punished robbers and other criminal elements making him popular with the people.<ref>{{cite book|last=Seetal|first=Sohan|title=Rise of the Sikh Power and Maharaja Ranjeet Singh|year=1971|publisher=Dhanpat Rai|location=The University of Michigan|page=31}}</ref> Banda Singh inspired the minds of the non-Muslim people, who came to look upon the Sikhs as defenders of their faith and country.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Teja|title=A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765|year=1999|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University|location=Patiala|isbn=9788173800078|page=86}}</ref> Banda Singh possessed no army but Guru Gobind Singh in a [[Hukamnama]] called to the people of Punjab to take arms under the leadership of Banda Singh overthrow and destroy the oppressive [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rulers,<ref>{{cite book|last=Kalsi|first=Sewa|title=Sikhism|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9781438106472|page=109}}</ref> oppressed Muslims and oppressed Hindus also joined him in the popular revolt against the tyrants.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Gurbaksh|title=The Khalsa Generals|year=1927|publisher=Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society|isbn=0969409249|page=7}}</ref>

Banda Singh Bahadur camped in [[Kharkhoda (Haryana)|Khar Khoda]], near [[Sonipat]] from there he took over Sonipat and [[Kaithal]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Ralhan|first=O. P.|title=The Great Gurus of the Sikhs: Banda Bahadur, Asht Ratnas etc|year=1997|publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd|isbn=9788174884794|page=38}}</ref> In 1709 Banda Singh captured the Mughal city of [[Samana, Punjab|Samana]] with the help of revolting oppressed Hindu and common folk, killing about 10,000 Muslims.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Teja|title=A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765|year=1999|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University|location=Patiala|isbn=9788173800078|page=79}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Dātā|first=Piārā|title=Banda Singh Bahadur|year=2006|publisher=National Book Shop|isbn=9788171160495|page=37}}</ref> Samana which was famous for minting coins, with this treasury the Sikhs became financially stable. The Sikhs soon took over [[Saraswati Nagar]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Harbans|title=The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism: A-D|year=1995|publisher=Punjabi University|isbn=9788173801006|page=273}}</ref> and Sadhora (near [[Jagadhri]]).<ref>{{cite book|last=Sagoo|first=Harbans|title=Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovereignty|year=2001|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|location=Pennsylvania State University|page=128}}</ref> The Sikhs then captured the [[Cis-Sutlej]] areas of Punjab including [[Ghurham]], [[Kapori]], [[Banoor]], [[Malerkotla]], and [[Nahan]]. The Sikhs captured [[Sirhind]] in 1710 and killed the Governor of Sirhind, [[Wazir Khan (Sirhind)|Wazir Khan]] who was responsible for the death of the two youngest sons of Guru Gobind Singh at Sirhind. Becoming the ruler of Sirhind Banda Singh gave order to give ownership of the land to the farmers and let them live in dignity and self-respect.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Gurbaksh|title=The Khalsa Generals|year=1927|publisher=Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society|isbn=0969409249|page=8}}</ref> Petty officials were also satisfied with the change. Dindar Khan, an official of the nearby village, took [[Amrit Sanskar|Amrit]] and became Dinder Singh and the newspaper writer of Sirhind, Mir Nasir-ud-din, became Mir Nasir Singh.<ref>{{cite book|title=Later Mughal|year=1991|publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distributors|location=New Delhi|page=98}}</ref>
[[File:FatehBurj Minar view from ground.jpg|thumb|Fateh Burj, dedicated to Banda Singh Bahadur]]
Banda Singh developed the village of Mukhlisgarh, and made it his capital. He then renamed the city it to [[Lohgarh (Bilaspur)|Lohgarh]] (fortress of steel) where he issued his own [[Mint (coin)|mint]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Grewal|first=J. S.|title=The Sikhs of the Punjab|year=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521637640|page=[https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/83 83]|url=https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/83}}</ref> The coin described Lohgarh: "Struck in the City of Peace, illustrating the beauty of civic life, and the ornament of the blessed throne." He briefly established a state in Punjab for half a year. Banda Singh sent Sikhs to the [[Uttar Pradesh]] and Sikhs took over [[Saharanpur]], [[Jalalabad]], [[Saharanpur]], and other areas nearby bringing relief to the repressed population.<ref name="Singh 1927 9">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Gurbaksh|title=The Khalsa Generals|year=1927|publisher=Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society|isbn=0969409249|page=9}}</ref> In the regions of [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]] and [[Amritsar district|Amritsar]], the Sikhs started fighting for the rights of the people. They used their newly established power to remove corrupt officials and replace them with honest ones.<ref name="Singh 1927 9"/>

Banda Singh is known to have abolished or halted the [[Zamindar]]i system in time he was active and gave the farmers [[Self-ownership|proprietorship]] of their own land.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jawandha|first=Nahar|title=Glimpses of Sikhism|year=2010|publisher=Sanbun Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=9789380213255|page=81}}</ref> It seems that all classes of government officers were addicted to extortion and corruption and the whole system of regulatory and order was subverted.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sagoo|first=Harbans|title=Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovereignty|year=2001|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=9788176293006|page=158}}</ref> Local tradition recalls that the people from the neighborhood of [[Sadaura]] came to Banda Singh complaining of the iniquities practices by their landlords. Banda Singh ordered Baj Singh to open fire on them. The people were astonished at the strange reply to their representation, and asked him what he meant. He told them that they deserved no better treatment when being thousands in number they still allowed themselves to be cowed down by a handful of Zamindars.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Teja|title=A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765|year=1999|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University|location=Patiala|isbn=9788173800078|page=85}}</ref>

The rule of the Sikhs over the entire [[East Punjab|Punjab]] east of Lahore obstructed the communication between [[Delhi]] and [[Lahore]], the capital of Punjab, and this worried Mughal Emperor [[Bahadur Shah I|Bahadur Shah]] He gave up his plan to subdue rebels in [[Rajasthan]] and marched towards Punjab.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singha|first=H.S.|title=Sikh Studies, Book 6|year=2005|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=9788170102588|page=14}}</ref> The entire [[Imperialism|Imperial]] force was organised to defeat and kill Banda Singh.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Harbans|title=The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism: A-D|year=1995|publisher=Punjabi University|isbn=9788173801006|page=27}}</ref> All the generals were directed to join the Emperor’s army. To ensure that there were no Sikh agents in the army camps, an order was issued on 29 August 1710 to all Hindus to shave off their beards.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bakshi|first=S. R.|title=Early Aryans to Swaraj|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Q6sU7dUap1oC|year=2005|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=9788176255370|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Q6sU7dUap1oC/page/n33 25]}}</ref>

Banda Singh was in Uttar Pradesh when the Moghal army under the orders of Munim Khan<ref>{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=S.R.|title=Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study Including Source Material, Volume 2|year=1999|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|isbn=9788171568185|page=627}}</ref> marched to Sirhind and before the return of Banda Singh, they had already taken Sirhind and the areas around it. The Sikhs therefore moved to Lohgarh for their final battle. The Sikhs defeated the army but reinforcements were called and they laid siege on the fort with 60,000 troops.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jaques|first=Tony|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|year=2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313335389|page=595}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Gupta|first=Hari|title=History of the Sikhs: Evolution of Sikh confederacies, 1708–1769 (3rd rev. ed.)|year=1978|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|location=the University of Virginia|page=19}}</ref> Gulab Singh dressed himself in the garments of Banda Singh and seated himself in his place.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ralhan|first=O. P.|title=The Great Gurus of the Sikhs: Banda Bahadur, Asht Ratnas etc|year=1997|publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd.|isbn=9788174884794|page=17}}</ref> Banda Singh left the fort at night and went to a secret place in the hills and [[Chamba district|Chamba]] forests. The failure of the army to kill or catch Banda Singh shocked Emperor, Bahadur Shah and On 10 December 1710 he ordered that wherever a Sikh was found, he should be murdered.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Gurbaksh|title=The Khalsa Generals|year=1927|publisher=Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society|isbn=0969409249|page=10}}</ref> The Emperor became mentally disturbed and died on 18 February 1712.<ref>{{cite book|last=Johar|first=Surinder|title=The Sikh Sword to Power|year=2002|publisher=Arsee Publishers|location=The University of Michigan|page=27}}</ref>

[[File:Mehdiana 5.jpg|thumb|250px|Sculpture at [[Mehdiana Sahib]] of the execution of [[Banda Singh Bahadur]] in 1716 by the Mughals.]]
Banda Singh Bahadur wrote [[Hukamnama]]s to the Sikhs telling them to get themselves reorganised and join him at once.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Teja|title=A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765|year=1999|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University|location=Patiala|isbn=9788173800078|page=91}}</ref> In 1711 the Sikhs gathered near [[Kiratpur Sahib]] and defeated Raja [[Bhim Chand (Kahlur)|Bhim Chand]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Kapoor|first=Sukhbir|title=The Ideal Man: The Concept of Guru Gobind Singh, the Tenth Prophet of the Sikhs|year=1988|publisher=Khalsa College London Press|location=The University of Virginia|page=177}}</ref> who was responsible for organising all the Hill Rajas against Guru Gobind Singh and instigating battles with him. After Bhim Chand’s dead the other Hill Rajas accepted their subordinate status and paid revenues to Banda Singh.
While Bahadur Shah's 4 sons were killing themselves for the throne of the Mughal Emperor<ref>{{cite book|title=General Knowledge Digest 2010|year=2010|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=9780070699397|page=2.134}}</ref> Banda Singh Bahadur recaptured Sadhura and Lohgarh. [[Farrukh Siyar]], the next Moghal Emperor, appointed Abdus Samad Khan as the governor of Lahore and Zakaria Khan, Abdus Samad Khan's son, the [[Faujdar]] of Jammu.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Teja|title=A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765|year=1999|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University|location=Patiala|isbn=9788173800078|page=93}}</ref> In 1713 the Sikhs left Lohgarh and Sadhura and went to the remote hills of Jammu and where they built Dera Baba Banda Singh.<ref name="Singh 2007">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Patwant|title=The Sikhs|year=2007|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc|isbn=9780307429339}}</ref> During this time Sikhs were being hunted down especially by [[pathan]]s in the [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]] region.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sastri|first=Kallidaikurichi|title=A Comprehensive History of India: 1712–1772|year=1978|publisher=Orient Longmans|location=the University of Michigan|page=243}}</ref>
Banda Singh came out and captured Kalanaur and Batala<ref>{{cite book|last=Gill|first=Pritam|title=History of Sikh nation: foundation, assassination, resurrection|year=1978|publisher=New Academic Pub. Co.|location=The University of Michigan|page=279}}</ref> which rebuked Farrukh Siyar to issue Mughal and Hindu officials and chiefs to proceed with their troops to Lahore to reinforce his army.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Teja|title=A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765|year=1999|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University|location=Patiala|isbn=9788173800078|page=94}}</ref>

In March 1715, Banda Singh Bahadur was in the village of Gurdas Nangal, [[Gurdaspur]], Punjab, when the army under the rule of Samad Khan,<ref>{{cite book|last=Jawandha|first=Nahar|title=Glimpses of Sikhism|year=2010|publisher=Sanbun Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=9789380213255|page=82}}</ref> the Mogual king of Delhi laid siege to the Sikh forces.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pletcher|first=Kenneth|title=The History of India|year=2010|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=9781615302017|page=200}}</ref> The Sikhs fought and defended the small fort for eight months.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hoiberg|first=Dale|title=Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1-5|year=2000|publisher=Popular Prakashan|location=New Delhi|isbn=9780852297605|page=157}}</ref> On 7 December 1715 Banda Singh starving soldiers were captured.

==== Execution ====
On 7 December 1715 [[Banda Singh Bahadur]]<ref name="Sagoo 2001">{{cite book|last=Sagoo|first=Harbans|title=Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovereignty|year=2001|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MIL4xwcCmxkC|isbn=9788176293006|access-date=30 May 2020|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322055610/https://books.google.com/books?id=MIL4xwcCmxkC|url-status=live}}</ref> was captured from the Gurdas Nangal fort and put in an iron cage and the remaining Sikhs were captured, chained.<ref>{{cite book|last=Duggal|first=Kartar|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh: The Last to Lay Arms|year=2001|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=9788170174103|page=41}}</ref> The Sikhs were brought to Delhi in a procession with the 780 Sikh prisoners, 2,000 Sikh heads hung on spears, and 700 cartloads of heads of slaughtered Sikhs used to terrorise the population.<ref>{{cite book|last=Johar|first=Surinder|title=Guru Gobind Singh|year=1987|publisher=Enkay Publishers|location=The University of Michigan|isbn=9788185148045|page=208}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Sastri|first=Kallidaikurichi|title=A Comprehensive History of India: 1712–1772|year=1978|publisher=Orient Longmans|location=The University of Michigan|page=245}}</ref> They were put in the [[Red Fort|Delhi fort]] and pressured to give up their faith and become Muslims.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Gurbaksh|title=The Khalsa Generals|year=1927|publisher=Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society|isbn=0969409249|page=12}}</ref>
On their firm refusal all of them were ordered to be executed. Every day, 100 Sikhs were brought out of the fort and murdered in public daily,<ref>{{cite book|last=Jawandha|first=Nahar|title=Glimpses of Sikhism|year=2010|publisher=Sanbun Publishers|isbn=9789380213255|page=89}}</ref> which went on approximately seven days. After 3 months of confinement<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Ganda|title=Life of Banda Singh Bahadur: Based on Contemporary and Original Records|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.514005|year=1935|publisher=Sikh History Research Department|page=229}}</ref> On 9 June 1716, Banda Singh’s eyes were [[Eye-gouging|gouged]], his limbs were severed, his skin removed, and then he was killed.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Kulwant|title=Sri Gur Panth Prakash: Episodes 1 to 81|year=2006|publisher=Institute of Sikh Studies|isbn=9788185815282|page=415}}</ref>

=== Sikhs retreat to jungles ===
[[File:Nihang Singh and Nihang Singhani.jpg|thumb|[[Nihang]] Singh and Nihang Singhani.]]
In 1716 [[Farrukh Siyar]], the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor, issued all Sikhs to be converted to Islam or die, an attempt to destroy the power of the Sikhs and to exterminate the community as a whole.<ref>{{cite book|last=Grewal|first=Jaspal|title=The Sikhs of the Punjab (Revised)|year=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521637640|page=[https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/83 83]|url=https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/83}}</ref> A reward was offered for the head of every Sikh.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kohli|first=Surinder|title=The Sikh and Sikhism|year=1993|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|location=New Delhi|page=59}}</ref> For a time it appeared as if the boast of Farrukh Siyar to wipe out the name of Sikhs from the land was going to be fulfilled. Hundreds of Sikhs were brought in from their villages and executed, and thousands who had joined merely for the sake of booty cut off their hair and went back to the Hindu fold again.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Surjit|title=Sikhs in the Eighteenth Century: Their Struggle for Survival and Supremacy|year=1999|publisher=Singh Bros.|location=the University of Michigan|isbn=9788172052171|page=80}}</ref> Besides these there were some Sikhs who had not yet received the baptism of Guru Gobind Singh, nor did they feel encouraged to do so, as the adoption of the outward symbols meant courting death.

After a few years Adbus Samad Khan, the Governor of [[Lahore]], Punjab and other Mughal officers began to pursue Sikhs less and thus the Sikhs came back to the villages and started going to the Gurdwaras again,<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Teja|title=A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765|year=1999|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University|location=Patiala|isbn=9788173800078|page=106}}</ref> which were managed by [[Udasi]]s when the Sikhs were in hiding. The Sikhs celebrated [[Bandhi Chorh Diwas]] and [[Vaisakhi]] at [[Harmandir Sahib]].
The Khalsa had been split into two major factions Bandia Khalsa and Tat Khalsa and tensions were spewing between the two.

Under the authority of [[Mata Sundari]] [[Bhai Mani Singh]] become the [[Jathedar]] of the Harminder Sahib<ref>{{cite book|last=Jawandha|first=Nahar|title=Glimpses of Sikhism|year=2010|publisher=Sanbun Publishers|isbn=9789380213255|page=58}}</ref> and a leader of the Sikhs and the Bandia Khalsa and Tat Khalsa joined by Bhai Mani Singh into the Tat Khalsa<ref>{{cite book|last=Dhanoa|first=Surain|title=Raj Karega Khalsa|year=2005|publisher=Sanbun Publishers|page=142}}</ref> and after the event from that day the Bandeis assumed a quieter role and practically disappeared from the pages of history. A police post was established at Amritsar to keep a check on the Sikhs.
Mani Singh was killed by cutting each of his body joint .<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Bhagat|title=Sikh Polity in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries|year=1978|publisher=Oriental Publishers & Distributors|page=58}}</ref>

Abdus Samad Khan, was transferred to Multan in 1726, and his more energetic Son, Zakaria Khan, also known as Khan Bahadur,<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Teja|title=A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765|year=1999|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University|location=Patiala|isbn=9788173800078|page=113}}</ref> was appointed to take his place as the governor of Lahore. In 1726, [[Bhai Tara Singh Wan|Tarra Singh of Wan]], a renowned Sikh leader, and his 26 men was killed after Governor Zakaria Khan, sent 2200 [[horse]]s, 40 [[zamburak]]s, 5 [[elephant]]s and 4 [[cannon]]s, under the command of his deputy, Momin Khan.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Teja|title=A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765|year=1999|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University|location=Patiala|isbn=9788173800078|page=115}}</ref> The murder of Tarra Singh spread across the Sikhs in Punjab and the Sikhs. Finding no Sikhs around, the government falsely announced in each village with the beat of a drum, that all Sikhs had been eliminated but the common people knew the truth that this was not the case.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Gurbaksh|title=The Khalsa Generals|year=1927|publisher=Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society|isbn=0969409249|page=15}}</ref> The Sikhs did not face the army directly, because of their small numbers, but adopted ''dhai phut'' [[guerrilla warfare]] (hit and run) tactics.

Under the leadership of Nawab Kapoor Singh and Jathedar Darbara Singh, in attempt to weaken their enemy looted many of the Mughals caravans and supplies and for some years no money from revenue could reach the government treasury.<ref name="Singh 1999 116">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Teja|title=A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765|year=1999|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University|location=Patiala|isbn=9788173800078|page=116}}</ref> When the forces of government tried to punish the outlaws, they were unable to contact them, as the Sikhs did not live in houses or forts, but ran away to their rendezvous in forests or other places difficult to access.

=== Nawab Kapur Singh ===
{{Main|Nawab Kapur Singh}}
[[File:Nawab Kapur Singh.png|thumb|Nawab Kapur Singh]]
Nawab Kapur Singh was born in 1697 in a village near [[Sheikhupura]] in what is today [[Punjab, Pakistan]]. He was a volunteer at Darbar Sahib Amritsar. His was cleaning shoes of Sangat that come to pay their respect to Darbar Sahib, work in the kitchen to feed the Sangat. He was given a [[jagir]] in 1733 when the Governor of Punjab offered the Sikhs the [[Nawab]]ship (ownership of an estate) and a valuable royal robe, the Khalsa accepted it all in the name of Kapur Singh.<ref name="McLeod 2009 107">{{cite book|last=McLeod|first=W. H.|title=The A to Z of Sikhism|year=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810863446|page=107}}</ref> Henceforth, he became known as Nawab Kapur Singh. In 1748 he would organise the early [[Sikh Misls]] into the [[Dal Khalsa (Sikh Empire)|Dal Khalsa]] (Budda Dal and Tarna Dal).<ref>{{cite book|last=Singha|first=H.S.|title=Sikh Studies, Book 7|year=2005|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=9788170102458|page=35}}</ref>

Nawab Kapur Singh’s father was Chaudhri Daleep Singh as a boy he memorised [[Gurbani]] [[Nitnem]] and was taught the arts of war.<ref name="Singh 1927 14">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Gurbaksh|title=The Khalsa Generals|year=1927|publisher=Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society|isbn=0969409249|page=14}}</ref> Kapur Singh was attracted to the [[Khalsa Panth]] after the execution of [[Bhai Tara Singh Wan|Bhai Tara Singh]], of the village of Van, in 1726.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singha|first=H.S.|title=Sikh Studies, Book 6|year=2005|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=9788170102588|page=27}}</ref>

==== Extensive looting of the Mughal government ====
The [[Sarbat Khalsa|Khalsa]] held a meeting to make plans to respond to the state repression against the people of the region and they decided to take possession of government money and weapons in order to weaken the administration, and to equip themselves to face the everyday attacks.<ref name="Singh 1927 14"/> Kapur Singh was assigned to plan and execute these projects.

Information was obtained that money was being transported from [[Multan]] to the [[Lahore]] treasure; the Khalsa looted the money and took over the arms and horses of the guards.<ref name="Singh 1927 14"/> They then took over one lakh rupees from the Kasoor estate treasury going from Kasur to Lahore.<ref name="Johar 2002 48">{{cite book|last=Johar|first=Surinder|title=The Sikh Sword to Power|year=2002|publisher=Arsee Publishers|location=the University of Michigan|page=48}}</ref> Next they captured a caravan from [[Afghanistan]] region which resulted in capturing numerous arms and horses.

The Khalsa seized a number of ''vilayati'' (Superior Central Asian) horses from Murtaza Khan was going to [[Delhi]] in the jungle of [[Kahna Nau|Kahna Kachha]].<ref name="Singh 1999 116"/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Dhamija|first=Sumant|title=The Lion Hearted Jassa Singh Ahluwalia of Punjab|journal=Indian Defence Review|year=2004|volume=25|series=2|page=88|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H6fqIFGD-E0C&q=jassa+singh+Mata+Sundari|access-date=5 October 2020|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322055610/https://books.google.com/books?id=H6fqIFGD-E0C&q=jassa+singh+Mata+Sundari|url-status=live}}</ref> Some additional war supplies were being taken from Afghanistan to Delhi and Kapur Singh organised an attack to capture them. In another attack, the Khalsa recovered gold and silver which was intended to be carried from Peshawar to Delhi by Jaffar Khan, a royal official.<ref name="Johar 2002 48"/>

==== Government sides with the Khalsa ====
The Mughal rulers and the commanders alongside the Delhi government lost all hope of defeating the Sikhs through repression and decided to develop another strategy, Zakaria Khan, the Governor of Lahore, went to Delhi where it was decided to befriend the Sikhs and rule in cooperation with them and in 1733 the Delhi rulers withdrew all orders against the Khalsa.<ref name="McLeod 2009 107"/> The Sikhs were now permitted to own land and to move freely without any state violence against them.<ref name="Singh 1927 16">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Gurbaksh|title=The Khalsa Generals|year=1927|publisher=Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society|isbn=0969409249|page=16}}</ref> To co-operate with the [[Khalsa Panth]], and win the goodwill of the people, the government sent an offer of an estate and [[Nawab]]ship through a famous Lahore Sikh, Subeg Singh.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jawandha|first=Nahar|title=Glimpses of Sikhism|year=2010|publisher=Sanbun Publishers|isbn=9789380213255|page=221}}</ref> The Khalsa did not wanted to rule freely and not to be under the rule of a subordinate position. However this offer was eventually accepted and this title was bestowed on [[Nawab Kapur Singh|Kapur Singh]] after it was sanctified by the touch of [[Panj Pyare|Five Khalsas]] feet.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Teja|title=A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765|year=1999|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University|location=Patiala|isbn=9788173800078|page=117}}</ref> Thus Kapur Singh became Nawab Kapur Singh. Kapur Singh guided the Sikhs in strengthening themselves and preaching Gurmat to the people. He knew that peace would be short-lived. He encouraged people to freely visit their [[Gurdwara]]s and meet their relatives in the villages.<ref name="Singh 1927 16"/>

==== Dal Khalsa ====
{{Main|Dal Khalsa (Sikh Empire)}}
[[File:Dilruba detail.jpg|thumb|[[Ragi (Sikhism)|Ragi]]s recite [[Sikh scriptures]] alongside playing portable instruments such as the [[Dilruba]].]]
The Khalsa reorganised themselves into two divisions, the younger generation would be part of the Taruna Dal, which provided the main fighting force, while the Sikhs above the age of forty years would be a part of the Budha Dal, which provided the responsibility of the management of Gurdwaras and Gurmat preaching.<ref>{{cite book|last=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=9788170103011|page=39}}</ref> The Budha Dal would be responsible to keep track of the movements of government forces, plan their defense strategies, and they provide a reserve fighting force for the Taruna Dal.<ref name="Singh 1927 16"/>

The following measures were established by Nawab Kapur Singh:<ref name="Singh 1927 17">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Gurbaksh|title=The Khalsa Generals|year=1927|publisher=Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society|isbn=0969409249|page=17}}</ref>
* All money obtained from anywhere by any [[Jatha]] should be deposited in the Common Khalsa Fund.
* The Khalsa should have their common [[Langar (Sikhism)|Langer]] for both the Dals.
* Every Sikh should respect the orders of his [[Jathedar]]. Anyone going anywhere would get permission from him and report to him on his return.

==== 5 Sikh Misls of the Dal Khalsa ====
The Taruna Dal quickly increased to more than 12,000 recruits and it soon became difficult to manage the house and feeding of such a large number of people at one place.<ref name="Singh 1927 17"/>
It was then decided to have five divisions of the Dal, each to draw rations from the central stocks and cook its own [[Langar (Sikhism)|langar]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Chhabra|first=G. S.|title=Advanced History of the Punjab, Volume 1|year=1968|publisher=New Academic Publishing Company|location=he University of Virginia|page=358}}</ref> These five divisions were stationed around the five ''sarovars'' (sacred pools) around [[Amritsar]] they were Ramsar, Bibeksar, Lachmansar, Kaulsar and Santokhsar.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nijjar|first=Bakhshish|title=Panjab Under the Later Mughals, 1707–1759|year=1972|publisher=New Academic Publishing Company|page=107}}</ref> The divisions later became known as [[Misl]]s and their number increased to eleven. Each took over and ruled a different region of the [[Punjab region|Punjab]]. Collectively they called themselves the [[Sarbat Khalsa]].

==== Preparing Jassa Singh Ahluwalia for leadership ====
Being the leader of the Khalsa [[Nawab Kapur Singh]] was given an additional responsibility by [[Mata Sundari]], the wife of [[Guru Gobind Singh]] sent Kapur Singh the young [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]] and told him that Ahluwalia was like a son to her and that the Nawab should raise him like an ideal Sikh. Ahluwalia under the guidance of Kapur Singh, was given a good education in [[Gurbani]] and thorough training in managing the Sikh affairs.<ref name="Singh 1927 18">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Gurbaksh|title=The Khalsa Generals|year=1927|publisher=Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society|isbn=0969409249|page=18}}</ref>
Later Jassa Singh Ahluwalia would become an important role in leading the Sikhs to self-rule.

==== State oppression ====
In 1735, the rulers of Lahore attacked and repossessed the [[jagir]] (estate) given to the Sikhs only two years before<ref>{{cite book|last=Singha|first=H.S.|title=Sikh Studies, Book 6|year=2005|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=9788170102588|page=30}}</ref> however [[Nawab Kapur Singh]] in reaction decided the whole [[Punjab region|Punjab]] should be taken over by the Sikhs.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Sangat|title=The Sikhs in History|year=1995|publisher=S. Singh|location=New York|page=99}}</ref> This decision was taken against heavy odds but was endorsed by the [[Khalsa]] and all the Sikhs assured him of their full cooperation in his endeavor for self-rule. [[Zakariya Khan Bahadur]] sent roaming squads to hunt and kill the Sikhs. Orders were issued to all administrators down to the village level officials to seek Sikhs, murder them, get them arrested, or report their whereabouts to the governments. One year's wages were offered to anyone who would murder a Sikh and deliver his head to the police station.<ref name="Singh 1927 18"/>
Rewards were also promised to those who helped arrest Sikhs. Persons providing food or shelter to Sikhs or helping them in any way were severely punished.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Teja|title=A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765|year=1999|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University|location=Patiala|isbn=9788173800078|page=119}}</ref>

This was the period when the Sikhs were sawed into pieces,<ref>{{cite book |last=Sethi |first=Amarjit |title=Universal Sikhism |year=1972 |publisher=Hemkunt Press |location=The University of California |page=144}}</ref> burnt alive,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sumant Dhamija |title=Sikhs in the 18th Century: 1748–68 |journal=The Sikh Review |year=2005 |volume=53 |issue=7–12; 619–624 |page=52 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObIlAQAAIAAJ |access-date=2013-09-18}}</ref> their heads crushed with hammers<ref name="Singh 1927 19">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Gurbaksh |title=The Khalsa Generals |year=1927 |publisher=Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society |isbn=0969409249 |page=19}}</ref>
and young children were pierced with spears before their mother’s eyes.<ref>{{cite book |last=Randhawa |first=Ajit |title=Evolution of Faith and Religion: An Exploration |year=2009 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=9781449000806 |page=238}}</ref> To keep their morale high, the Sikhs developed their own high-sounding terminologies and slogans:<ref name="Singh 1927 19"/> For example. Tree leaves boiled for food were called ‘green dish’; the parched [[chickpea]]s were called ‘almonds’; the [[Acacia nilotica|Babul tree]] was a ‘rose’; a blind man was a ‘brave man’, getting on the back of a [[Bovinae|buffalo]] was ‘riding an elephant’.

The army pursued the Sikhs hiding near the hills and forced them to cross the rivers and seek safety in the [[Malwa (Punjab)|Malwa]] tract.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Harbans|title=The Heritage of the Sikh|year=1983|publisher=Manohar Publications|page=127}}</ref> When Kapur Singh reached [[Patiala district|Patiala]] he met [[Maharaja]] [[Maharaja of Patiala|Baba Ala Singh]] who then took [[Amrit Sanskar|Amrit]]<ref>{{cite book|last=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=9788170103011|page=15}}</ref> and Kapur Singh helped him increase the boundaries of his state. In 1736 the Khalsa attacked [[Sirhind]], where the two younger sons of [[Guru Gobind Singh]] were killed. The Khalsa took over the city, the took over the treasury and they established the [[Gurdwara]]s at the historical places and withdrew.<ref name="Singh 1927 19"/> Near [[Amritsar]], the Lahore government sent troops to attack the Sikhs. Kapur Singh entrusted the treasury to [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]] and engaged the enemy, allowing Jassa Singh to lead a safe retreat to [[Tarn Taran Sahib]]. Kapur Singh requested reinforcements from the Tauna Dal. After a day of fighting, he launched a surprise attack from trenches, killing three generals and many Mughal officers, forcing the Mughal army to retreat to Lahore.

Zakaria Khan called his advisers to plan another strategy to deal with the Sikhs. It was suggested that the Sikhs should not be allowed to visit the Amrit Sarovar,<ref name="Singha 2005 31">{{cite book|last=Singha|first=H.S.|title=Sikh Studies, Book 6|year=2005|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=9788170102588|page=31}}</ref> which was believed to be the fountain of their lives and source of their strength. Strong contingents were posted around the city and all entries to [[Harmandir Sahib]] were checked. The Sikhs, however, risking their lives, continued to pay their respects to the holy place and take a dip in the Sarovar (sacred pool) in the dark of the night. When Kapur Singh went to Amritsar he had a fight with [[Qadi]] Abdul Rehman. He had declared that Sikhs the so-called [[lions]], would not dare to come to Amritsar and face him. In the ensuing fight Abdul Rehman was killed.<ref>{{cite book|last=Surjit|first=Gandhi|title=Struggle of the Sikhs for sovereignty|year=1980|publisher=Gur Das Kapur|page=74}}</ref> When his son tried to save him, he too died. In 1738 [[Bhai Mani Singh]] was executed.

==== Sikhs attack Nader Shah ====
[[File:Afsharids. Nadir Shah. As king, AH 1148-1160, AD 1736-1747. AR Double-Rupi (26.5mm, 22.96 g, 9h). Lahore mint. Dated AH 1152 (AD 1739–40). Near EF. (317 2).jpg|thumb|Afsharids. Nadir Shah. As king, AH 1148-1160, AD 1736-1747. AR Double-Rupi (26.5mm, 22.96 g, 9h). Lahore mint. Dated AH 1152 (AD 1739–40). Near EF.]]
In 1739 [[Nader Shah]] of the [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] [[Afsharid dynasty]] invaded and looted the treasury of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Nader Shah killed more than 100,000 people in Delhi and carried off all of the gold and valuables.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mitchell|first=Augustus|title=An accompaniment to Mitchell's map of the world|url=https://archive.org/details/anaccompaniment05mitcgoog|year=1840|publisher=R.L. Barnes|location=Harvard University|page=[https://archive.org/details/anaccompaniment05mitcgoog/page/n518 510]}}</ref> He added to his caravan hundreds of elephants and horses, along with thousands of young women and Indian [[artisans]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Kemhunt to Sachkhand - pages from 'Kalgidhar Chamatkar' |author=Bhai Vir Singhji |translator=Bimal Kaur |journal=The Sikh Review |year=2005|volume=53|issue=1–6; 613–618|page=40 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9nXXAAAAMAAJ |access-date=2013-09-18}}</ref> When [[Nawab Kapur Singh|Kapur Singh]] learned of this, he decided to warn Nader Shah that if not the local rulers, then the Sikhs would protect the innocent women of Muslims and Hindus from being sold as slaves. While crossing The river [[Chenab River|Chenab]], the Sikhs attacked the rear end of the caravan, freed many of the women, freed the artisans, and recovered part of the treasure.<ref>{{cite book|last=Chhabra|first=G. S.|title=Advance Study in the History of Modern India (Volume 1: 1707–1803)|year=2005|publisher=Lotus Press|location=India|isbn=9788189093068|page=10}}</ref>

==== Sikhs kill Massa Rangar ====
[[Massa Ranghar]], the Mughal official, had seized [[Amritsar]]. While smoking and drinking in the [[Harmandir Sahib]], he watched the dances of [[nautch]] girls.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Parm|title=Golden Temple|year=1999|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University|isbn=9788173805691|page=4}}</ref> The Sikhs who had moved to [[Bikaner district|Bikaner]], a desert region, for safety, were outraged to hear of this desecration. In 1740 [[Sukha Singh]] and [[Mehtab Singh Bhangu|Mehtab Singh]], went to Amritsar disguised as revenue collectors.<ref>{{cite book|last=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=9788170103011|page=137}}</ref> They tied their horses outside, walked straight into the [[Harmandir Sahib]], cut off his head,<ref>{{cite book|last=Kohli|first=Surinder|title=The Sikh and Sikhism|year=1993|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|page=60}}</ref> and took it with them. It was a lesson for the ruler that no tyrant would go unpunished.

==== Sikhs loot Abdus Samad Khan ====
[[Abd al-Samad Khan|Abdus Samad Khan]], a senior Mughal royal commander, was sent from [[Delhi]] to subdue the Sikhs.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Harbans|title=The Heritage of the Sikhs|year=1964|publisher=Asia Publishing House|page=56}}</ref> Kapur Singh learned of this scheme and planned his own strategy accordingly. As soon as the army was sent out to hunt for the Sikhs, a [[Jatha]] of commandos disguised as messengers of Khan went to the [[Armory (military)|armory]]. The commander there was told that Abdus Samad Khan was holding the Sikhs under siege and wanted him with all his force to go and arrest them. The few guards left behind were then overpowered by the Sikhs, and all the arms and ammunition were looted and brought to the Sikh camp.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Gurbaksh|title=The Khalsa Generals|year=1927|publisher=Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society|isbn=0969409249|page=21}}</ref>

== Age of Revolution (1748–1799 CE) ==

=== Mughal-Sikh Battles ===
Abdus Samad Khan sent many roaming squads to search for and kill Sikhs. He was responsible for the torture and murder of [[Bhai Mani Singh]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Jawandha|first=Nahar|title=Glimpses of Sikhism|year=2010|publisher=Sanbun Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=9789380213255|page=58}}</ref> the head [[Granthi]] of Harmandir Sahib. Samad Khan was afraid that Sikhs would kill him so he remained far behind the fighting lines.<ref>{{cite book|last=Chhabra|first=G. S.|title=Advanced History of the Punjab, Volume 1|year=1968|publisher=New Academic Publishing Company|location=The University of Virginia|page=363}}</ref> Kapur Singh had a plan to get him. During the battle Kapur Singh ordered his men to retreat drawing the fighting army with them. He then wheeled around and fell upon the rear of the army.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Panjab Past and Present, Volume 11|year=1977|publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University|location=The University of California|page=85}}</ref> Samad Khan and his guards were lying dead on the field within hours. The Punjab governor also took extra precautions for safety against the Sikhs. He started to live in the fort. He would not even dare to visit the mosque outside the fort for prayers.

On the request of the Budha Dal members, Kapur Singh visited [[Patiala]]. The sons of Sardar Ala Singh, the founder and [[Maharajah]] of the [[Patiala district|Patiala state]], gave him a royal welcome. Kapur Singh subdued all local administrators around Delhi who were not behaving well towards their people.

Zakaria Khan died in 1745. His successor tightened the security around [[Amritsar]]. Kapur Singh planned to break the siege of Amritsar. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was made the commander of the attacking Sikh forces. In 1748, the Sikhs attacked. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, with his commandos behind him, dashed to the army commander and cut him into two with his sword. The commander's nephew was also killed.

=== The Khalsa advanced military strategies ===
The Sikhs built their first fort Ram Rauni at Amritsar in 1748.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kaur|first=Madanjit|title=The Golden Temple: Past and Present|year=1983|publisher=Department of Guru Nanak Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University Press|location=The University of Michigan|page=43}}</ref> In December 1748, Governor Mir Mannu had to take his forces outside of [[Lahore]] to stop the advance of [[Ahmad Shah Abdali]]. The Sikhs quickly overpowered the police defending the station in Lahore and confiscated all of their weapons and released all the prisoners.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gill|first=Tarlochan|title=History of the Sikhs|year=1996|publisher=Canada Centre Publications|page=24}}</ref> Nawab Kapur Singh told the sheriff to inform the Governor that, the sheriff of God, the True Emperor, came and did what he was commanded to do. Before the policemen could report the matter to the authorities, or the army could be called in, the Khalsa were already riding their horses back to the forest.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Gurbaksh|title=The Khalsa Generals|year=1927|publisher=Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society|isbn=0969409249|page=24}}</ref>
Nawab Kapur Singh died in 1753.

=== Jassa Singh Ahluwalia ===
{{Main|Jassa Singh Ahluwalia}}

Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was born in 1718. His father, Badar Singh, died when Ahluwalia was only four years old.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jawandha|first=Nahar|title=Glimpses of Sikhism|publisher=Sanbun Publishers|isbn=9789380213255|page=209|year=2010}}</ref> His mother took him to [[Mata Sundari]], the wife of [[Guru Gobind Singh]] when Ahluwalia was young.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Dhamija|first=Sumant|title=The Lion Hearted Jassa Singh Ahluwalia of Punjab|journal=Indian Defence Review|year=2004|volume=25|series=2|page=87|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H6fqIFGD-E0C&q=jassa+singh+Mata+Sundari|access-date=5 October 2020|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322055610/https://books.google.com/books?id=H6fqIFGD-E0C&q=jassa+singh+Mata+Sundari|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Parm|title=Golden Temple|year=1999|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University|isbn=9788173805691|page=19}}</ref> Mata Sundri was impressed by his melodious singing of hymns and kept the Ahluwalia near her. Later Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was adopted by Nawab Kapoor Singh,<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Ganda|title=Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia|year=1990|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University|page=32}}</ref> then the leader of the Sikh nation. Ahluwalia followed all Sikh qualities required for a leader Ahluwalia would sing [[Asa di Var]] in the morning and it was appreciated by all the [[Dal Khalsa (Sikh Empire)|Dal Khalsa]] and Ahluwalia kept busy doing [[Selfless service|seva]] (selfless service). He became very popular with the Sikhs. He used to tie his [[turban]] in the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] fashion as he grew up in Delhi. Ahluwalia learned [[Equestrianism|horseback riding]] and [[swordsmanship]] from expert teachers.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Gurbaksh|title=The Khalsa Generals|year=1927|publisher=Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society|isbn=0969409249|page=25}}</ref>

In 1748, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia became the supreme commander of all the Misls<ref name="H. S. Singha 2000 111">{{cite book|last=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=9788170103011|page=111}}</ref> and was given the title Sultanul Kaum (King of the Nation).<ref>{{cite book|last=Griffin|first=Lepel|title=The Panjab chiefs, historical and biographical notices|year=1865|publisher=Oxford University|page=172}}</ref> As leader of the Ahluwalia Misl and later all the Misls under Dal Khalsa, he played a key role in leading the Khalsa to self-rule in [[Punjab]]. In 1761, under his leadership, the Dal Khalsa captured Lahore, the capital of Punjab, for the first time.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singha|first=H.S.|title=Sikh Studies, Book 6|year=2005|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=9788170102588|page=39}}</ref> They were the masters of Lahore for a few months and minted their own Nanakshahi [[rupee]] coin in the name of 'Guru Nanak – Guru Gobind Singh'.<ref name="Singha 2000 111">{{cite book|last=Singha|first=H. S.|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=9788170103011|page=111}}</ref>

==== Chhota Ghalughara (The Lesser Massacre) ====
{{Main|Chhota Ghallughara}}
In 1746 about seven thousand Sikhs were killed and three thousand to fifteen thousand<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ajit Singh |title=Tozuk-e-Jehangiri misquoted in Dr Hari Ram Gupta's ''History of the Sikhs'' |journal=The Sikh Review |year=2003 |volume=51 |issue=1–6; 589–594 |page=40 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o3XXAAAAMAAJ |access-date=2013-09-18}}</ref> Sikhs were taken prisoner by order of the [[Mughal Empire]] when Zakaria Khan, The Governor of Lahore, and Lakhpat Rai, the [[Divan]] (Revenue Minister) of Zakaria Khan, sent military squads to kill the Sikhs.<ref name="Kohli 1993 62">{{cite book |last=Kohli |first=Surinder |title=The Sikh and Sikhism |year=1993 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |page=62}}</ref><ref name="Mehta 2005 675">{{cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: 1707 - 1813 |year=2005 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=9781932705546 |page=675}}</ref>

Jaspat Rai, a [[jagir]]dar (landlord) of the [[Eminabad]] area and also the brother of Lakhpat Rai, faced the Sikhs in a battle one of the Sikhs held the tail of his elephant and got on his back from behind and with a quick move, he chopped off his head.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dilagir|first=Harajindar|title=The Sikh Reference Book|year=1997|publisher=Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre|location=Denmark|isbn=9780969596424|page=446}}</ref> Seeing their master killed, the troops fled. Lakhpat Rai, after this incident, committed himself to destroying the Sikhs.<ref name="Mehta 2005 675"/>

Through March–May 1746, a new wave of violence was started against the Sikhs with all of the resources available to the Mughal government, village officials were ordered to co-operate in the expedition. Zakaria Khan issued the order that no one was to give any help or shelter to Sikhs and warned that severe consequences would be taken against anyone disobeying these orders.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kapoor|first=Sukhbir|title=The Ideal Man: The Concept of Guru Gobind Singh, the Tenth Prophet of the Sikhs|year=1988|publisher=Khalsa College London Press|page=181}}</ref> Local people were forcibly employed to search for the Sikhs to be killed by the army. Lakhpat Rai ordered Sikh places of worship to be destroyed and their holy books burnt.<ref>{{cite book|last=Johar|first=Surinder|title=The Sikh Sword to Power|year=2002|publisher=Arsee Publishers|page=68}}</ref> Information about including Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and a large body of Sikhs were camping in riverbeds in the [[Gurdaspur district]] ([[Kahnuwan]] tract). Zakaria Khan managed to have 3,000 Sikhs of these Sikhs captured and later got them beheaded in batches at Nakhas (site of the horse market outside the Delhi gate).<ref>{{cite book|last=Kumar|first=Ram|title=The Sikh struggle: origin, evolution, and present phase|year=1991|publisher=Chanakya Publications|page=75}}</ref> Sikhs raised a memorial shrine known as the Shahidganj (the treasure house of martyrs) at that place latter.

In 1747, Shah Nawaz took over as Governor of Lahore. To please the Sikhs, Lakhpat Rai was put in prison by the new Governor.<ref name="Kohli 1993 62"/> Lakhpat Rai received severe punishment and was eventually killed by the Sikhs.

==== Reclaiming Amritsar ====
In 1747 Salabat Khan, a newly appointed Mughal commander, placed police around Amritsar and built observation posts to spot and kill Sikhs coming to the Amrit Sarovar for a holy dip.<ref name="Singha 2005 31"/> Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and Nawab Kapoor Singh led the Sikhs to Amritsar, and Salabat Khan was killed by Ahluwalia, and his nephew was killed by the arrow of Kapur Singh.<ref name="Singh 2007"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Gurbaksh|title=The Khalsa Generals|year=1927|publisher=Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society|isbn=0969409249|page=27}}</ref>
The Sikhs restored Harmandir Sahib and celebrated their [[Bandi Chhor Divas|Diwali]] gathering there.

==== Reorganisation of the Misls ====
In 1748 all the Misls joined themselves under one command and on the advice of the aging [[Jathedar]] Nawab Kapoor Singh Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was made the supreme leader.<ref name="Singha 2000 111"/> They also decided to declare that the Punjab belonged to them and they would be the sovereign rulers of their state. The Sikhs also built their first fort, called Ram Rauni, at [[Amritsar]].

==== Khalsa side with the Government ====
[[Adina Beg]], the [[Faujdar]] (garrison commander) of [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]], sent a message to the [[Dal Khalsa (Sikh Empire)|Dal Khalsa]] chief to cooperate with him in the civil administration, and he wanted a meeting to discuss the matter.<ref>{{cite book|last=Markovit|first=Claude|title=A History of Modern India: 1480 - 1950|year=2002|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=9781843310044|page=199}}</ref> This was seen as a trick to disarm the Sikhs and keep them under government control. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia replied that their meeting place would be the battleground and the discussion would be carried out by their swords. Beg attacked the Ram Rauni fort at Amritsar and besieged the Sikhs there.<ref>{{cite book|last=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=9788170103011|page=10}}</ref> Dewan Kaura Mal advised the Governor to lift the siege and prepare the army to protect the state from the Durrani invader, Ahmed Shah Abdali. Kaura Mal had a part of the revenue of Patti area given to the Sikhs for the improvement and management of Harmandir Sahib, Amritsar.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|title=A History of the Sikhs: 1469–1839|year=1963|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=134}}</ref>

Kaura Mal had to go to [[Multan]] to quell a rebellion there. He asked the Sikhs for help and they agreed to join him. After the victory at Multan, Kaura came to pay his respects to the [[Harmandir Sahib|Darbar Sahib]], and offered 11,000 rupees and built Gurdwara Bal-Leela; He also spent 3,000,000 rupees to build a Sarover (holy water) at [[Nankana Sahib]], the birthplace of Guru Nanak Dev.<ref>{{cite book|last=Tasneem|first=Niranjan|title=The Lost Meaning|year=2006|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=9788126017966|page=153}}</ref> In 1752, Kaura Mall was killed in a battle with Ahmed Shah Abdali and state policy towards the Sikhs quickly changed. Mir Mannu, the Governor, started hunting Sikhs again. He arrested many men and women, put them in prison and tortured them. In November 1753,{{citation needed|date=January 2017}} when he went to kill the Sikhs hiding in the fields, they showered him with a hail of bullets and Mannu fell from the horse and the animal dragged him to death. The Sikhs immediately proceeded to Lahore, attacked the prison, and got all the prisoners released and led them to safety in the forests.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Gurbaksh|title=The Khalsa Generals|year=1927|publisher=Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society|isbn=0969409249|page=29}}</ref>

==== Harmandir Sahib demolished in 1757 ====
[[File:Akali Deep Singh.jpg|thumb|Baba Deep Singh Shaheed]]
In May 1757, the [[Afghans|Afghan]] [[Durrani Empire|Durrani]] general of [[Ahmad Shah Abdali]], Jahan Khan attacked Amritsar with a huge army and the Sikhs because of their small numbers decided to withdraw to the forests. Their fort, Ram Rauni, was demolished,{{citation needed|date=January 2017}} [[Harmandir Sahib]] was also demolished, and the army desecrated the Sarovar (Holy water) by filling it with debris and dead animals.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mehta|first=Jaswant|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: 1707 - 1813|year=2005|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=9781932705546|page=256}}</ref> [[Baba Deep Singh]] made history when he cut through 20,000 Durrani soldiers and reached Harmandir Sahib, Amritsar.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singha|first=H.S.|title=Sikh Studies, Book 7|year=2005|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=9788170102458|page=36}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Johar|first=Surinder|title=The Sikh Sword to Power|year=2002|publisher=Arsee Publishers|location=The University of Michigan|page=88}}</ref>

==== The Khalsa territorial gains ====
[[Adina Beg]] did not pay revenues to the government so the Governor dismissed him<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Diwan|title=The Revolution of Guru Nanak|year=1993|publisher=Peoples Publishing House|page=186}}</ref> and appointed a new [[Faujdar]] (garrison commander) in his place. The army was sent to arrest him and this prompted Adina Beg to request Sikh help. The Sikhs took advantage of the situation and to weaken the government, they fought against the army. One of the commanders was killed by the Sikhs and the other deserted. Later, the Sikhs attacked [[Jalandhar]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Dhavan|first=Purnima|title=When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199756551|page=91}}</ref> and thus became the rulers of all the tracts between [[Sutlej]] and [[Beas River|Beas]] rivers, called [[Doaba]].<ref name="Singh 1927 33">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Gurbaksh|title=The Khalsa Generals|year=1927|publisher=Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society|isbn=0969409249|page=33}}</ref>
Instead of roaming in the forests now they were ruling the cities.

The Sikhs started bringing more areas under their control and realising revenue from them. In 1758, joined by the [[Maratha Empire|Mahrattas]],<ref>{{cite book|last=A. H.|first=Bingley|title=Sikhs|year=1970|publisher=Department of Languages, Punjab|location=The University of Michigan|page=27}}</ref> they conquered Lahore and arrested many Afghan soldiers who were responsible for filling the Amrit Sarovar with debris a few months earlier. They were brought to Amritsar and made to clean the Sarovar (holy water).<ref>{{cite book |title=The Sikh Courier International, Volume 25, Issue 60 - Volume 27, Issue 64 |year=1985 |page=50 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWJRAAAAYAAJ |access-date=2013-09-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Sobati|first=Haracaran|title=The Sikh Psyche: A Study of the Fictional Writings of Bhai Vir Singh|year=1990|publisher=Eastern Book Linkers|isbn=9788185133423|page=64}}</ref> After the cleaning of the Sarovar, the soldiers were allowed to go home with a warning that they should not do that again.
[[File:Adina Beg Khan.jpg|thumb|Adina Beg Khan]]
[[Ahmed Shah Abdali]] came again in October 1759 to loot Delhi. The Sikhs gave him a good fight and killed more than 2,000 of his soldiers. Instead of getting involved with the Sikhs, he made a rapid advance to Delhi. The Khalsa decided to collect revenues from Lahore to prove to the people that the Sikhs were the rulers of the state. The Governor of Lahore closed the gates of the city and did not come out to fight against them. The Sikhs laid siege to the city. After a week, the Governor agreed to pay 30,000 [[rupee]]s to the Sikhs.

Ahmed Shah Abdali returned from Delhi in March 1761 with much gold and more than 2,000 girls as prisoners who were to be sold to the Afghans in Kabul. When Abdali was crossing the river Beas, the Sikhs swiftly fell upon them. They freed the women prisoners and escorted them back to their homes. The Sikhs seized Lahore in September 1761, after Abdali returned to [[Kabul]].

The Khalsa minted their coins in the name of [[Guru Nanak Dev]]. Sikhs, as rulers of the city, received full cooperation from the people. After becoming the Governor of Lahore, Punjab Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was given the title of [[Sultan]]-ul-Kaum (King of the Nation).<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Patwant|title=The Sikhs|year=2007|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=9780307429339}}</ref>

==== Wadda Ghalughara (The Great Massacre) ====
{{Main|Vadda Ghalughara}}
In the winter of 1762, after losing his loot from Delhi to the Sikhs, The [[Durrani]] emperor, [[Ahmad Shah Abdali]] brought a big, well equipped army to finish the Sikhs forever. Sikhs were near [[Ludhiana]] on their way to the forests and dry areas of the south and Abdali moved from Lahore very quickly and caught the Sikhs totally unprepared.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rashid|first=Haroon|title=History of the Pathans, Volume 1|year=2002|publisher=Haroon Rashid|page=166}}</ref> They had their women, children and old people with them. As many as 30,000 Sikhs are said to have been murdered by the army.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bigelow|first=Anna|title=Sharing the Sacred: Practicing Pluralism in Muslim North India|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195368239|page=69}}</ref><ref name="Mayel 2006 58">{{cite book|last=Mayel|first=Jaspal|title=Universality of the Sikh Religion|year=2006|publisher=Jaspal Mayell|isbn=9780977790708|page=58}}</ref> Jassa Singh Ahluwalia himself received about two dozen wounds. Fifty chariots were necessary to transport the heads of the victims to Lahore.<ref>{{cite book|last=Markovitz|first=Claude|title=A History of Modern India: 1480 - 1950|year=2002|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=9781843310044|page=1999}}</ref> The Sikhs call this [[Wadda Ghalughara]] (The Great Massacre).

==== Harmandir Sahib desecrated in 1762 ====
[[Ahmad Shah Abdali]], fearing Sikh retaliation, sent messages that he was willing to assign some areas to the Sikhs to be ruled by them. [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]] rejected his offers and told him that Sikhs own Punjab and they do not recognise his authority at all. Abdali went to Amritsar and destroyed the [[Harmandir Sahib]] again by filling it up with gunpowder hoping to eliminate the source of "life" of the Sikhs.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nevile|first=Pran|title=Droits, santé et participation démocratique|journal=India Perspectives|year=2004|volume=17|page=41|doi=10.7202/010572ar|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Dhavan|first=Purnima|title=When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199756551|page=112}}</ref> While Abdali was demolishing the Harminder Sahib a he was hit on the nose with a brick;<ref>{{cite book|last=Johar|first=Surinder|title=The Heritage of Amritsar|year=1978|publisher=Sundeep Prakashan|location=University of Michigan|page=69}}</ref> later in 1772 Abdali died of cancer from the 'gangrenous ulcer' that consumed his nose.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dalrymple|first=William|title=Return of a King: The Battle for Afghanistan, 1839-42|year=2013|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc|isbn=9780307958297}}</ref> Within a few months the Sikhs attacked [[Sirhind]] and moved to Amritsar.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

==== Sikhs retake Lahore ====
In 1764 the Sikhs shot dead [[Zain Khan Sirhindi]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Parm|title=Golden Temple|year=1999|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University|isbn=9788173805691|page=15}}</ref> Durrani Governor of Sirhind, and the regions around Sirhind were divided among the Sikh [[Misl]]dars and money recovered from the treasury were used to rebuild the [[Harmandir Sahib]]. [[Gurdwara Fatehgarh Sahib]] was built in Sirhind, at the location the two younger sons of [[Guru Gobind Singh]] were killed. The Sikhs started striking Govind Shahi coins<ref>{{cite book|last=Sen|first=S. N.|title=History Modern India|year=2006|publisher=New Age International|isbn=9788122417746|page=10}}</ref> and in 1765 they took over [[Lahore]] again.<ref>{{cite book|last=Grewal|first=Jaspal|title=The Sikhs of the Punjab|year=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521637640|page=[https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/246 246]|url=https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/246}}</ref>
[[File:Samadhi of ranjit singh.jpg|thumb|Gurudwara Dera Sahib, Lahore]]
In 1767 when [[Ahmed Shah Abdali]] came again he sent messages to the Sikhs for their cooperation. He offered them the governorship of Punjab but was rejected.<ref name="Singh 1927 33"/> The Sikhs using repeated guerrilla attacks took away his caravan of 1,000 camels loaded with fruits from Kabul.<ref>{{cite book|last=Seetal|first=Sohan|title=Rise of the Sikh Power and Maharaja Ranjeet Singh|year=1971|publisher=Dhanpat Rai|location=The University of Michigan|page=46}}</ref> The Sikhs were again in control of the areas between [[Sutlej]] and [[Ravi River|Ravi]]. After Abdali’s departure to Kabul, Sikhs crossed the Sutlej and brought Sirhind and other areas right up to Delhi, entire Punjab under their control.<ref name="Mayel 2006 58"/>

[[Shah Alam II]], the Mughal Emperor of Delhi was staying away in [[Allahabad]], ordered his commander Zabita Khan to fight the Sikhs.<ref name="Singh 1927 33"/> Zabita made a truce with them instead<ref>{{cite book|last=Umar|first=Muhammad|title=Muslim society in northern India during the eighteenth century|year=1998|page=533}}</ref> and then was dismissed from Alam’s service. Zabita Khan then became a Sikh and was given a new name, Dharam Singh.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jawandha|first=Nahar|title=Glimpses of Sikhism|year=2010|publisher=Sanbun Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=9789380213255|page=207}}</ref>

Qadi Nur Mohammed, who came to Punjab with Ahmad Shah Abdali and was present during many Sikh battles writes about the Sikhs:<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Gurbaksh|title=The Khalsa Generals|year=1927|publisher=Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society|isbn=0969409249|page=34}}</ref>
{{cquote|They do not kill a woman, a child, or a coward running away from the fight. They do not rob any person nor do they take away the ornaments of a woman, be she a queen or a slave girl. They commit no [[adultery]], rather they respect the women of even their enemies. They always shun thieves and adulterers and in [[generosity]] they surpass [[Hatim al-Tai|Hatim]]."}}

==== Peace in Amritsar ====
[[File:Ghulam Ali Khan 003b.jpg|thumb|{{center|In 1783, the [[Sikh]]s captured the [[Red Fort]], Delhi.}}|alt=]]
[[Ahmad Shah Abdali]], fearing the Sikhs, did not follow his normal route through Punjab while he returned to Kabul. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia did not add more areas to his [[Misl]]. Instead, whenever any wealth or villages came into the hands of the Sikhs he distributed them among the [[Jathedar]]s of all the Misls. Ahluwalia passed his last years in [[Amritsar]]. With the resources available to him, he repaired all the buildings, improved the management of the Gurdwaras, and provided better civic facilities to the residents of Amritsar. He wanted every Sikh to take [[Amrit Sanskar|Amrit]] before joining the [[Dal Khalsa (Sikh Empire)|Dal Khalsa]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Gurbaksh|title=The Khalsa Generals|year=1927|publisher=Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society|isbn=0969409249|page=35}}</ref>

Ahluwalia died in 1783 and was cremated near Amritsar. There is a city block, Katra Ahluwalia, in Amritsar named after him. This block was assigned to his Misl in honor of his having stayed there and protected the city of Amritsar.

=== Sardar Jassa Singh Ramgarhia ===
{{Main|Jassa Singh Ramgarhia}}

Jassa Singh Ramgarhia played an active role in Jassa Singh Alhuwalia’s army. He founded the Ramgarhia Misl<ref name="Duggal 2001 46">{{cite book|last=Duggal|first=Kartar|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh: The Last to Lay Arms|year=2001|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=9788170174103|page=46}}</ref> and played a major role in the battles of the [[Khalsa Panth]]. He suffered about two dozen wounds during the [[Wadda Ghalughara]]. Jassa Singh Ramgarhia was the son of Giani Bhagwan Singh<ref name="Duggal 2001 46"/> and was born in 1723. They lived in the village of Ichogil, near Lahore. His grandfather took [[Amrita|Amrit]] during the lifetime of Guru Gobind Singh,<ref name="Singh 1927 36">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Gurbaksh|title=The Khalsa Generals|year=1927|publisher=Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society|isbn=0969409249|page=36}}</ref> and joined him in many battles; he joined the forces of Banda Singh Bahadur. Ramgarhia was the oldest of five brothers. When Ramgarhia was young he had memorised [[Nitnem]] hymns and took Amrit.<ref name="Singh 1927 36"/>

==== Award of an Estate ====
In 1733, Zakaria Khan, the Governor of Punjab, needed help to protect himself from the Iranian invader, [[Nader Shah]]. He offered the Sikhs an estate and a royal robe.<ref>{{cite book|last=Markovitz|first=Claude|title=A History of Modern India: 1480 - 1950|year=2002|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=9781843310044|page=198}}</ref> The Sikhs in the name of [[Nawab Kapur Singh|Kapur Singh]] accepted it. After the battle Zakaria Khan gave five villages to the Sikhs in reward for the bravery of Giani Bhagwan Singh, father of Ramgarhia, who died in the battle. Village Vallah was awarded to Ramgarhia,<ref>{{cite book|last=Dilagir|first=Harajindar|title=The Sikh Reference Book|year=1997|publisher=Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre|location=Denmark|isbn=9780969596424|page=447}}</ref> where Ramgarhia gained the administrative experience required to become a [[Jathedar]] (leader) of the Sikhs. During this period of peace with the government, the Sikhs built their fort, Ram Rauni, in Amritsar. Zakaria died in 1745 and [[Mir Mannu]] became the Governor of Lahore.

==== Jassa Singh honored as Jassa Singh Ramgarhia ====
[[File:Statue of Jassa Singh Ramgharia.jpg|thumb|Jassa Singh Ramgharia]]
[[Mir Mannu]] (Mu'in ul-Mulk), the Governor of Lahore, was worried about the increasing power of the Sikhs so he broke the peace. Mir Mannu also ordered [[Adina Beg]], the [[Faujdar]] (garrison commander) of the [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]] region, to begin killing the Sikhs.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Gurbaksh|title=The Khalsa Generals|year=1927|publisher=Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society|isbn=0969409249|page=37}}</ref> Adina Beg was a very smart politician and wanted the Sikhs to remain involved helping them. In order to develop good relations with the Sikhs, he sent secret messages to them who were living in different places. [[Jassa Singh Ramgarhia]] responded and agreed to cooperate with the Faujdar and was made a Commander.<ref name="H. S. Singha 2000 111"/> This position helped him develop good relations with [[Divan]] Kaura Mal at Lahore and assign important posts to the Sikhs in the [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]] division.

The Governor of Lahore ordered an attack on Ram Rauni to kill the Sikhs in the fort,<ref>{{cite book|last=Surjit|first=Gandhi|title=Struggle of the Sikhs for sovereignty|year=1980|publisher=Gur Das Kapur|page=316}}</ref> with Adina Beg and Jassa Singh's forces joining the siege. After four months, the Sikhs inside ran out of supplies. Jassa Singh contacted them, joined their side, and, with the help of Divan Kaura Mal, lifted the siege.<ref name=Singh_2006_2>{{cite book | last=Singh | first=Khushwant | author-link=Khushwant Singh | year=2006 | title=The Illustrated History of the Sikhs | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=India | isbn = 0-19-567747-1 | pages=60}} Also, as according to the Purātan Janamsākhī (the birth stories of Nanak).</ref> The fort was then strengthened and renamed Ramgarh, and Jassa Singh, now the fort's Jathedar, became known as Ramgarhia.

==== Fighting the tyrannical Government ====
[[Mir Mannu]] intensified his violence and oppression against the Sikhs. There were only 900 Sikhs when he surrounded the Ramgarh fort again.<ref>{{cite book|last=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=9788170103011|page=146}}</ref> The Sikhs fought their way out bravely through thousands of army soldiers. The army demolished the fort. The hunt for and torture of the Sikhs continued until Mannu died in 1753. Mannu's death left [[Punjab region|Punjab]] without any effective Governor. It was again an opportune period for the Sikhs to organise themselves and gain strength. [[Jassa Singh Ramgarhia]] rebuilt the fort and took possession of some areas around [[Amritsar]]. The Sikhs took upon themselves the task of protecting the people in the villages from the invaders.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Gurbaksh|title=The Khalsa Generals|year=1927|publisher=Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society|isbn=0969409249|page=38}}</ref> The money they obtained from the people was called Rakhi (protection charges). The new Governor, [[Timur Shah Durrani|Taimur]], son of [[Ahmed Shah Abdali]], despised the Sikhs. In 1757, he again forced the Sikhs to vacate the fort and move to their hiding places. The fort was demolished, [[Harmandir Sahib]] was blown up, and [[Amrita|Amrit]] Sarovar was filled with debris.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}} The Governor decided to replace [[Adina Beg]]. Beg asked the Sikhs for help and they both got a chance to weaken their common enemy. Adina Beg won the battle and became the Governor of Punjab. Sikhs rebuilt their fort Ramgarh and repaired the Harmandir Sahib. Beg was well acquainted with the strength of the Sikhs and he feared they would oust him if he allowed them to grow stronger, so he led a strong army to demolish the fort.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mehta|first=Jaswant|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: 1707 - 1813|year=2005|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=9781932705546|page=257}}</ref> After fighting valiantly, the Sikhs decided to leave the fort. Adina Beg died in 1758.

==== Ramgarhia Misl Estate ====

[[Jassa Singh Ramgarhia]] occupied the area to the north of Amritsar between the [[Ravi River|Ravi]] and the [[Beas River|Beas]] rivers.<ref>{{cite book|title=Punjab District Gazetteers: Supplement|year=1980|publisher=Controller of Print. and Stationery|page=37|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kBRuAAAAMAAJ |access-date=2013-09-18}}</ref> He also added the [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]] region and [[Kangra district|Kangra]] hill areas to his estate. He had his capital in [[Sri Hargobindpur]], a town founded by the sixth Guru. The large size of Ramgarhia's territory aroused the jealousy of the other Sikh [[Misl]]s.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Gurbaksh|title=The Khalsa Generals|year=1927|publisher=Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society|isbn=0969409249|page=40}}</ref>

==== Conflicts between Misls ====
A conflict between [[Kanhaiya Misl|Jai Singh Kanhaiya]] and Jassa Singh Ramgarhia developed and the [[Bhangi Misl]] sardars also developed differences with Jai Singh Kanhaiya. A big battle was fought between Jai Singh, [[Charat Singh]], and Jassa Singh Ahluwalia on one side and Bhangis, Ramgarhias and their associates on the other side. The Bhangi side lost the battle.

Later, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, one day while hunting, happened to enter Ramgarhia territory where Jassa Singh Ramgarhia's brother arrested him. Ramgarhia apologised for the misbehaviour of his brother, and returned Ahluwalia with gifts.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dhavan|first=Purnima|title=When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199756551|page=85}}</ref>

==== Intra-Misl wars ====
Due to mutual jealousies, fights continued among the Sikh [[Sardar]]s. In 1776, the [[Bhangi Misl|Bhangis]] changed sides and joined Jai Singh Kanhaiya to defeat Jassa Singh Ramgarhia.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=R. N.|title=Historical Development of Sikhism: Religion to Politics|year=2003|publisher=Commonwealth Publishers|isbn=9788171697038|page=105}}</ref> His capital at [[Sri Hargobindpur]] was taken over and he was followed from village to village,<ref name="Singh 1927 41">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Gurbaksh|title=The Khalsa Generals|year=1927|publisher=Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society|isbn=0969409249|page=41}}</ref> and finally forced to vacate all his territory. He had to cross the river [[Sutlej]] and go to [[Maharaja of Patiala|Amar Singh]], the ruler of [[Patiala]]. Maharaja Amar Singh welcomed Ramgarhia and who then occupied the areas of Hansi and Hissar<ref>{{cite book|title=Punjab District Gazetteers: Supplement|year=1980|publisher=Controller of Print. and Stationery|page=38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kBRuAAAAMAAJ |access-date=2013-09-18}}</ref> which eventually Ramgarhia handed over to his son, [[Jodh Singh Ramgarhia]].

Maharaja Amar Singh and Ramgarhia took control of the villages on the west and north of Delhi, now forming parts of [[Haryana]] and Western [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The Sikhs disciplined and brought to justice all the Hindu Nawabs who were harassing their Muslim population. Jassa Singh Ramgarhia entered Delhi in 1783. [[Shah Alam II]], the Mughal emperor, extended the Sikhs a warm welcome.<ref name="Singh 1927 41"/> Ramgarhia left Delhi after receiving gifts from him. Because of the differences arising out of the issue of dividing the [[Jammu district|Jammu state]] revenues, longtime friends and neighbors [[Maha Singh]], [[Jathedar]] of [[Sukerchakia Misl]] and [[Jai Singh Kanheya|Jai Singh]], Jathedar of the [[Kanheya Misl]], became enemies. This resulted in a war which changed the course of Sikh history. Maha Singh requested Ramgarhia to help him. In the battle, Jai Singh lost his son, Gurbaksh Singh, while fighting with [[Ramgarhia]]s.

===Sikhs captured Delhi===
{{Main|Capture of Delhi and Red Fort (1783)|l1 = Capture of Delhi}}
[[File:Misl Cavalryman - The Sikh Army 1799-1849 - pg 6.jpg|thumb|Sikh Misl Cavalryman]]
After continuous raids, Sikhs under [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]], [[Baghel Singh|Baba Baghel Singh]], [[Jassa Singh Ramgarhia]] defeated the Mughals on 11 March 1783, captured Delhi and hoisted the Sikh flag ([[Nishan Sahib]]) in Red Fort and Ahluwalia became king but they gave it back to the Mughals after signing peace treaties.

==== The creation of the United Misl ====
[[Jai Singh Kanheya]]’s widowed daughter-in-law, [[Sada Kaur]], though very young, was a great statesperson. Sada Kaur saw the end of the Khalsa power through such mutual battles but she was able to convince [[Maha Singh]] to adopt the path of friendship.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dogra|first=R. C.|title=Encyclopaedia of Sikh Religion and Culture|year=1995|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|isbn=9780706983685|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofs0000dogr/page/401 401]|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofs0000dogr/page/401}}</ref> For this she offered the hand of her daughter, then only a child, to his son, [[Ranjit Singh]] (later the Maharaja of the Punjab), who was then just a boy. The balance of power shifted in favour of this united [[Misl]]. This made Ranjit Singh the leader of the most powerful union of the Misls.

When the Afghan invader, [[Zaman Shah Durrani]], came in 1788 the Sikhs, however, were still divided. [[Ramgarhia]] and [[Bhangi Misl]]s were not willing to help Ranjit Singh to fight the invader, so the Afghans took over Lahore and looted it. Ranjit Singh occupied Lahore in 1799<ref>{{cite book|last=Chilana|first=Rajwant|title=International Bibliography of Sikh Studies|year=2005|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781402030437|page=218}}</ref> but still the Ramgarhias and Bhangis did not accept him as the leader of all the Sikhs. They got the support of their friends and marched to Lahore to challenge Ranjit Singh. When the Bhangi leader died Jassa Singh Ramgarhia returned to his territory.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Gurbaksh|title=The Khalsa Generals|year=1927|publisher=Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society|isbn=0969409249|page=42}}</ref>
Ramgarhia was eighty years old when he died in 1803. His son, [[Jodh Singh Ramgarhia]], developed good relations with Ranjit Singh and they never fought again.

==Sikh Empire (1799–1849 CE)==
{{Main|Sikh Empire}}
[[Ranjit Singh]] was crowned on 12 April 1801 (to coincide with [[Baisakhi]]). Sahib Singh Bedi, a descendant of [[Guru Nanak Dev]], conducted the coronation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sikhcybermuseum.org.uk/People/ranjitmaharaja.htm |title="Ranjit Singh, Maharaja", Sikh Cyber Museum |publisher=Sikhcybermuseum.org.uk |access-date=2009-08-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070815130616/http://www.sikhcybermuseum.org.uk/People/ranjitmaharaja.htm |archive-date=15 August 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Gujranwala]] served as his capital from 1799. In 1802 he shifted his capital to Lahore and Amritsar. Ranjit Singh rose to power in a very short period, from a leader of a single Sikh misl to finally becoming the Maharaja (Emperor) of Punjab.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="230">
File:Golden Temple India.jpg|[[Harmandir Sahib]] (''The Golden Temple'') is culturally the most significant place of worship for the [[Sikhs]]. Maharaja Ranjit Singh rebuilt Harmandir Sahib in marble and copper in 1809, overlaid the sanctum with gold foil in 1830.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Trudy Ring |author2=Noelle Watson |author3=Paul Schellinger |title=Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places |pages=28–29 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=voerPYsAB5wC |year=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-63979-1}}</ref>
File:Alfred de Dreux - Ranjith Singh Bahadur.jpg|Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]] ruler of the [[Sikh Empire]].
File:Maharaja Sher Singh (1807-1843) seated, attended by his council in the Lahore Fort..jpg|Maharaja [[Sher Singh]] and his council in the [[Lahore Fort]] in 1841.
File:Sikhs with chakrams.jpg|''Nihang Abchal Nagar'' (Nihangs from Hazur Sahib), 1844. Shows turban-wearing Sikh soldiers with [[chakram]]s.
File:Sher Singh in Lahore.jpg|[[Sher Singh]] in [[Lahore]], c. 1845 CE.
</gallery>

===Formation===
The Sikh Empire (from 1801 to 1849) was formed on the foundations of the Punjabi Army by [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh (Punjab)|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]. The Empire extended from [[Khyber Pass]] in the west, to [[Kashmir]] in the north, to [[Sindh]] in the south, and [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]] in the east. The main geographical footprint of the empire was the [[Punjab region|Punjab]]. The religious [[demography]] of the Sikh Empire was [[Islam|Muslim]] (80%), [[Sikhism|Sikh]] (10%), [[Hinduism|Hindu]] (10%).<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/IDE822/ |title=Ranjit Singh: A Secular Sikh Sovereign |author=K.S. Duggal |isbn=978-8170172444 |publisher=Exoticindiaart.com |date=1 February 2009 |access-date=2009-08-09 |archive-date=17 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617232755/http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/IDE822/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Sikh Empire's foundations can be traced back to 1707, following [[Aurangzeb|Aurangzeb's]] death and the decline of the [[Mughal Empire]]. As the Mughal power waned, the [[Dal Khalsa (Sikh Empire)|Dal Khalsa]], the Sikh army, fought against Mughal remnants, Rajput leaders, [[Afghans]], and Punjabi Muslims. This period saw the army grow and split into semi-independent misls, each controlling different regions. Between 1762 and 1799, Sikh rulers began consolidating power within their misls. The formal establishment of the Sikh Empire occurred in 1801 with [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh's]] coronation, unifying the misls under one political entity. The misldars, affiliated with the army, were nobility with prestigious histories in Punjab.<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Ranjit Singh |volume=22 |page=892}}</ref>
[[File:Ranjit Singh at Harmandir Sahib - August Schoefft - Vienna 1850 - Princess Bamba Collection - Lahore Fort.jpg|thumb|600x600px|center|{{center|Maharaja Ranjit Singh listening to [[Guru Granth Sahib]] being recited near the [[Akal Takht]] and [[Golden Temple, Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India]].}}|alt=]]

=== Punjab flourishes in education and arts ===
The Sikh rulers were very tolerant of other religions; and arts, painting and writings flourished in Punjab. In [[Lahore]] alone there were 18 formal schools for girls besides specialist schools for technical training, languages, mathematics and logic, let alone specialised schools for the three major religions, they being [[Hinduism]], [[Islam]], and [[Sikhism]].<ref name="Sheikh">{{cite web|last=Sheikh|first=Majid|title=Destruction of schools as Leitner saw them|url=http://dawn.com/2010/10/31/destruction-of-schools-as-leitner-saw-them/|work=Dawn|access-date=4 June 2013|date=31 October 2010|archive-date=25 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525050750/http://dawn.com/2010/10/31/destruction-of-schools-as-leitner-saw-them/|url-status=live}}</ref> There were craft schools specialising in [[Persian miniature|miniature painting]], [[Sketch (drawing)|sketching]], [[Technical drawing|drafting]], [[architecture]], and [[calligraphy]]. There wasn't a [[mosque]], a [[temple]], a [[Dharamshala (type of building)|dharmsala]] that had not a school attached to it.<ref>{{cite book|last=Allender|first=Tim|title=Ruling Through Education: The Politics of Schooling in the Colonial Punjab|year=2006|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=9781932705706|page=22}}</ref> All the sciences in [[Arabic]] and [[Sanskrit]] schools and colleges, as well as [[Oriental]] literature, Oriental law, [[Logic]], [[Philosophy]], and [[Medicine]] were taught to the highest standard. In Lahore, Schools opened from 7am and closed at midday. In no case was a class allowed to exceed 50 pupils.<ref name="Leitner 2002">{{cite book|last=Leitner|first=Gottlieb|title=History of Indigenous Education in the Panjab: Since Annexation and in 1882|year=2002|publisher=Sang-e-Meel|isbn=9789693513127}}</ref>

=== Khalsa Army ===
{{Main|Sikh Khalsa Army}}
<gallery widths="200" heights="200" class="center">
File:Bodyguard of Ranjit Singh.jpg|Ghorchara (Horse-mounted) Bodyguards of [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Punjab]].
File:Sikh Akalis On March Original.jpg|Sikh Khalsa Akali Nihangs.
File:Sikh Soldiers receiving their pay at the Royal Durbar.jpg|Sikh soldiers receiving their pay at the Darbar of Ranjit Singh
File:Akali Phula Singh punishing Maharaja Ranjit Singh.jpg|Akali Phula Singh and Maharaja Ranjit Singh
File:Akalis at the Holy Tank.jpg|Akalis at a holy Tank
File:Akali Sikhs on the March.jpg|Akali warriors moving towards the capital, Lahore
File:Sikh Akalis on the March.jpg|Akali Prahlad Singh
</gallery>
The Sikh Fauj-i-Ain (regular army) consisted of roughly 71,000 men and consisted of [[infantry]], [[cavalry]], and [[artillery]] units.<ref>{{cite book|last=Stronge|first=Susan|title=The Arts of the Sikh Kingdoms|year=1999|publisher=V&A Publications|isbn=1851772618|page=144}}</ref> Ranjit Singh employed [[List of generals of Ranjit Singh|generals]] and soldiers from many countries including Russia, Italy, France, and America.{{Citation needed|date=April 2018}}

There was strong collaboration in defense against foreign incursions such as those initiated by [[Shah Zaman]] and [[Timur Shah Durrani]]. The city of [[Amritsar]] was attacked numerous times. Yet the time is remembered by Sikh historians as the "Heroic Century". This is mainly to describe the rise of Sikhs to political power against large odds. The circumstances were hostile religious environment against Sikhs, a tiny Sikh population compared to other religious and political powers, which were much larger in the region than the Sikhs.

==== Conquests and Generals ====
In 1834 the [[Khalsa]] under [[Hari Singh Nalwa]] and [[Jean-Baptiste Ventura]] conquered [[Peshawar]] and extended the Sikh Raj up to [[Jamrud]], [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Chhabra|first=G. S.|title=Advance Study in the History of Modern India (Volume-2: 1803–1920)|year=2005|publisher=Lotus Press|isbn=9788189093075|page=117}}</ref> And Jawahar Singh and Zorawar Singh extended it to West Tibet.

Later the Sikhs under Hari Singh Nalwa Campaigned against the Afghans in the third phase of the Afghan Sikh wars and they took the Winter capital of the Afghans, Peshawar. Hari Singh Nalwa is considered one of the best commanders in history and is compared to Napoleon and Genghis Khan and for conquering and controlling the Khyber Pass, the United States of America wanted to build a statue in his praise. Mothers used to say his name to scare children to sleep in Afghanistan saying 'Sleep fast Nalwa is coming'. They also brought the queen's jewel, the Koh-i-noor diamond from Afghanistan and the gates to the Somnath temple.
[[File:Alternate Sikh Empire Flag.svg|thumb|The flag of the elite soldiers of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.]]
The Maharaja Employed many Prussian, French and Italian generals to train Sikhs in a more modern manner. He divided the army into three, the modern, elite soldiers the [[Fauj-i-Khas]], the regular army including cavalry the [[Fauj-i-Ain]] and the irregular Gharcharas and Nihangs the [[Fauj i be Quawaid]].{{clarify|date=June 2025|reason=Lack of commas make this hard to discern}}

===End of empire===
==== Anglo-Sikh Wars ====
After [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]'s death in 1839, the empire was severely weakened by internal divisions and political mismanagement. This opportunity was used by the [[East India Company]] to launch the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]]. The [[Battle of Ferozeshah]] in 1845 marked many turning points, the British encountered the Punjabi Army, opening with a gun-duel in which the Sikhs "had the better of the British artillery". But as the British made advancements, Europeans in the British army were especially targeted, as the Sikhs believed if the army "became demoralised, the backbone of the enemy's position would be broken".<ref>Ranjit Singh: administration and British policy, (Prakash, pp. 31–33)</ref> The fighting continued throughout the night earning the nickname "night of terrors". The British position "grew graver as the night wore on", and "suffered terrible casualties with every single member of the Governor General's staff either killed or wounded".<ref name="Maharaja Ranjit Singh p.136-137">Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the last to lay arms, (Duggal, pp. 136–137)</ref>

British General [[James Hope Grant|Sir James Hope Grant]] recorded: "Truly the night was one of gloom and forbidding and perhaps never in the annals of warfare has a British Army on such a large scale been nearer to a defeat which would have involved annihilation".<ref name="Maharaja Ranjit Singh p.136-137"/> The Punjabi ended up recovering their camp, and the British were exhausted. Lord Hardinge sent his son to Mudki with a sword from his Napoleonic campaigns. A note in [[Robert Needham Cust]]'s diary revealed that the "British generals decided to lay down arms: News came from the Governor General that our attack of yesterday had failed, that affairs were disparate, all state papers were to be destroyed, and that if the morning attack failed all would be over, this was kept secret by Mr. Currie and we were considering measures to make an unconditional surrender to save the wounded...".<ref name="Maharaja Ranjit Singh p.136-137"/>

However, a series of events of the Sikhs being betrayed by some prominent leaders in the army led to its downfall. [[Maharaja]] [[Gulab Singh]] and Dhian Singh, were Hindu [[Dogras|Dogra]]s from [[Jammu]], and top Generals of the army. [[Tej Singh]] and [[Lal Singh]] were secretly allied to the British. They supplied important war plans of the Army, and provided the British with updated vital intelligence on the Army dealings, which ended up changing the scope of the war and benefiting the British positions.<ref name="Grewal">{{cite book|title=The Sikhs of the Punjab|last=Grewal |first=J. S.|publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1998}}</ref><ref>Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the last to lay arms, (Duggal, pp. 136–138)</ref>

[[File:Battle of ferozeshah(H Martens).jpg|thumb|The [[First Anglo-Sikh War]], 1845-46.]]
The Punjab Empire was finally dissolved after a series of wars with the British at the end of the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] in 1849 into separate [[princely state]]s, and the British province of [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]] that were granted a statehood, and eventually a lieutenant governorship stationed in Lahore as a direct representative of the Royal Crown in London.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Anwar |first1=Salman |title=The Impact of Annexation of Punjab by East India Company for Consolidation of British Rule in Indo-Pak Sub-Continent |url=https://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/indianStudies/PDF/2_v10_1_24.pdf |publisher=Journal of Indian Studies |access-date=October 5, 2024 |date=2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sikh Wars |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikh-Wars |website=Britannica |access-date=October 5, 2024}}</ref>

== Early Colonial Era (1849–1919 CE) ==

=== Punjab under the British Raj in India ===
<gallery>
File:Khalsacollege 3 straighten.jpg|The [[Khalsa College, Amritsar]].
File:1867 photo showing a Sikh granthi reading the Guru Granth Sahib scripture in Amritsar, British India.jpg|A [[Sikhs|Sikh]] [[Nirmala (sect)|Nirmala]] in Amritsar British India.
File:Inauguration in 1908 of Sikh Gurdwara in Shanghai.jpg|Sikh Gurudwara in China, Beijing
File:Samadhi of Maharaja Sher Singh (Front).jpg|Samadhi of Maharaja Sher Singh.
File:Darbar Hall, Gobindgarh Fort.jpg|[[Gobindgarh Fort]] in [[Amritsar]] renovated in Amritsar
File:Sikh soldier and wife outside barracks. Gouache drawing. Wellcome V0045347.jpg|A Sikh Nihang and Nihang Singhani both traditional Sikh warriors.
File:Bejewelled Sikh Ladies in a bullock carriage.jpg|Bejewelled Sikh women in a bullock carriage, temple in the background, family on foot in front, c.1874
</gallery>

==== Impact on Punjabi education ====
Every village in the [[Punjab, British India|Punjab]], through the [[Tehsildar]] (taxman), had an ample supply of the [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] ''qaida'' (beginners book), which was compulsory for females and thus, almost every Punjabi woman was literate in the sense that she could read and write the ''lundee'' form of [[Gurmukhi]].<ref name="Leitner 2002"/>

==== Sikhs in the British military ====

Under the [[East India Company]] and then British colonial rule from 1858 Sikhs were feared and respected for their martial ability. After they played a key role in the suppression of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion of 1857-8]]. Sikhs were increasingly incorporated into the Indian army because they were not only seen as 'loyal', but because the colonial government believed that they were a '[[martial race]]' whose religious traditions and popular customs made them skilled fighters.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cArhKfrY_IoC |last=Ballantyne |first=Tony |publisher=Duke University Press |year=2006 |isbn=9780822388111 |pages=229 |title=Between Colonialism and Diaspora: Sikh Cultural Formations in an Imperial World |access-date=2013-09-18}}</ref>

The Sikhs again were honoured in the [[Battle of Saragarhi]] where twenty-one Sikhs of the 4th Battalion (then 36th Sikhs) of the [[Sikh Regiment]] of British India, died defending an army post from 10,000 Afghan and Orakzai tribesmen in 1897.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Gautam|title=Valour and Sacrifice: Famous Regiments of the Indian Army|year=1990|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=9788170231400|page=185}}</ref> In the end of Partition Sikhs were 20 percent of the British army despite they 1 percent population.

==== Settlement outside Punjab ====
In the late 1800s and early 1900s Punjabi and Sikhs began to immigrate to [[East Africa]], the [[Far East]], Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Position and job
!Community, Religious Order or Sect
!Places of settlement
|-
|Policeman
|Jat
|Singapore, Malaysia, China, Hong Kong, Canada and America
|-
|Taylor
|Ramgharia
|Kenya, Uganda, Assam and Burma
|-
|Armyman
|Jat
|Europe, America, Japan, Burma, North Africa and the Mediterranean
|-
|Labour
|Mazhabi, Bhangi
|England, Cochin, Tamil Nadu and the Bombay Presidency
|-
|Businessman
|Arora, Khatri
|America, Canada and England
|-
|Farmers
|Various Castes and Tribes
|California, Scotland, West Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and East Africa
|-
|Artisans and Poets
|Khatris
|United Kingdom, Scandinavia and Oman
|-
|Traditional Warriors
|Nihangs
|Hyderabad and Egypt
|}

=== Sikhs in the World Wars ===
In two world wars 83,005 Sikh soldiers were killed and 109,045 were wounded.<ref>{{cite book|last=Spencer|first=Bob|title=Sanity and Solitude: Cogent Ramblings of a Lone Aesthetic|year=2012|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=9781477234679|page=196}}</ref> Sikh soldiers died or were wounded for the freedom of [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and the world and during shell fire.

At offset of [[World War I]], Sikh military personnel numbered around 35,000 men of the 161,000 troops, which is around 22% of the [[British Armed Forces]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Sidhu|first=Dawinder|title=Civil Rights in Wartime: The Post-9/11 Sikh Experience|year=2009|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=9781409496915|page=112}}</ref> yet the Sikhs only made up less than 2% of the total population in India. Sikhs were known as 'Black Lions' by the German and Chinese forces for their ferocity

<gallery class="center">
File:Anti-aircraft BrenGun.jpg|A Sikh in [[World War II]].
File:Indian sikh soldiers in Italian campaign.jpg|Indian Sikh soldiers in [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian campaign]].
File:Sikh soldier with captured Swastika flag.jpg|Sikh soldier with a captured swastika after the surrender of German forces in Italy, May 1945.
File:A company of 15th Sikhs (Photo 24-77).jpg|A company of [[15th Ludhiana Sikhs|15th]] Sikhs at Le Sart, France, c. 1915
File:Group of British and Indian officers, 15th Sikhs (Photo 24-76).jpg|A company of [[15th Ludhiana Sikhs|15th]] Sikhs at Le Sart, France 1915.
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-263-1580-05, Atlantikwall, Soldaten der Legion "Freies Indien".jpg|Sikh soldiers of the [[Indian Legion]] guarding the [[Atlantic Wall]] in France in March 1944. [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] initiated the legion's formation as a military force fighting alongside the [[Axis powers|Axis]] powers.
File:Indian soldiers in trench, Gallipoli,1915.jpg|Sikh Soldiers during the battle of Gallipoli.
File:SikhsInFrancePostcard.jpg|Sikhs in France fighting the Germans.
</gallery>

=== Early modern Sikh developments ===
In 1920 The [[Shiromani Akali Dal|Akali Party]] is established to free gurdwaras from corrupt masands (treasurers), and the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]] (SPGC) is founded.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Mohinder|title=The Akali Movement|year=2007|publisher=National Institute of Panjab Studies}}</ref> In 1925 [[Tara Singh (activist)#Gurdwara Act of 1925|The Punjab Sikh Gurdwaras Act]] is passed, which transfers control of the Punjab's historic gurdwaras to the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Hannum|first=Hurst|title=Autonomy, Sovereignty, and Self-Determination: The Accommodation of Conflicting Rights|year=2011|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=9780812202182|page=157}}</ref>

=== Singh Sabha Movement (1880-1919 CE) ===
The '''Singh Sabha Movement''' was a [[Sikh]] movement that began in [[Punjab]] in the 1870s in reaction to the [[Proselytism|proselytising]] activities of [[Christians]], Hindu reform movements ([[Brahmo Samaj]]is, [[Arya Samaj]]) and Muslims ([[Aligarh movement]] and [[Ahmadiyah]]). The movement was founded in an era when the [[Sikh Empire]] had been dissolved and annexed by the East India Company, the [[Khalsa]] had lost its prestige, and mainstream Sikhs were rapidly converting to other religions. The movement's aims were to "propagate the true Sikh religion and restore Sikhism to its pristine glory; to write and distribute historical and religious books of Sikhs; and to propagate [[Gurmukhi]] [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] through magazines and media." The movement sought to reform Sikhism and bring back into the Sikh fold the apostates who had converted to other religions; as well as to interest the influential British officials in furthering the Sikh community. At the time of its founding, the Singh Sabha policy was to avoid criticism of other religions and political matters unlike Hindu, Christian and Muslim protelisers.

The [[East India Company]] annexed the [[Sikh Empire]] in 1849 after the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]]. Thereafter, [[Christianity|Christian]] missionaries increased proselytising activities central [[Punjab region|Punjab]]. In 1853, [[Maharajah Dalip Singh]], the last Sikh ruler, was [[Dalip Singh Sukerchakia#Conversion to Christianity|controversially converted to Christianity]]. In parallel, [[Brahmo Samaj]]i and [[Arya Samaj]]i reform movements of Hinduism began active pursuit of Sikhs into their ''suddhi'' ceremonies. Muslim proselytizers formed the Anjuman-i-Islamia midst the Sikhs in Lahore, while the [[Ahmadiyah]] movement sought converts to their faith. The British colonial government, after annexing the Sikh empire in mid-19th-century, continue to patronize and gift land grants to these mahants, thereby increasing their strength and helped sustain the idolatry in Sikh shrines.
[[File:Gurudwara Arjun Ram (WCLA).jpg|thumb|The First Lahore Singh Sabha Gurudwara, the birthplace of Guru Ram Das]]
The annexation of the Punjab to the East India Company in the mid-19th century saw severe deterioration of Gurdwara management.

In this way the Ranjit Singh's army was disbanded and the Punjab demilitarized, and Sikh armies were required to publicly surrender their arms and return to agriculture or other pursuits. Certain groups, however, like those who held revenue-free lands (jagirdars) were allowed to decline, particularly if they were seen as “rebels,” The British were wary of giving the Sikhs unmitigated control of their own gurdwaras, and drew from Sikh factions seen as loyal to the British, like the Sikh aristocracy and Sikhs with noted family lineages, who were given patronage and pensions, and Udasis, who had gained control of historical gurdwaras in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, were allowed to retain proprietary control over lands and gurdwara buildings. The colonial administration went to considerable lengths to insert such loyalists into the Golden Temple in order to exert as much control over the Sikh body-politic as possible. One reason for this was the emergence of Sikh revivalist groups, like the Nirankaris, the Namdharis, and the Singh Sabha movement, shortly after annexation; this revivalism was spurred by a growing disaffection within the ranks of ordinary Sikhs about the perceived decline of proper Sikh practices.

Sikh institutions deteriorated further under the administration of the mahants, supported by the colonial government, who in addition to being considered as ignoring the needs of the Sikh community of the time, allowed the gurdwaras to turn into spaces for societal undesirables like petty thieves, drunks, pimps, and peddlers of unsavory and licentious music and literature, with which they themselves took part in such activities. In addition, they also allowed non-Sikh, Brahmanical practices to take root in the gurdwaras, including [[Idolatry in Sikhism|idol worship]], [[Varna (Hinduism)|caste]] discrimination, and allowing non-Sikh [[pandits]] and [[astrologers]] to frequent them, and began to simply ignore the needs of the general Sikh community, as they used gurdwara offerings and other donations as their personal revenue, and their positions became increasingly corrupt and hereditary. Some local congregations marshalled popular pressure against them and to relinquish control, but the large revenue derived from gurdwara estates empowered them to resist such pressure.

== Later Colonial Era (1919–1947 CE) ==

=== Sikh Struggles in British India ===

==== Jallianwala Bagh massacre ====
{{Main|Jallianwala Bagh massacre}}
In 1919 the massacre of [[Jallianwala Bagh]] massacre in [[Amritsar]] during the festival of [[Vaisakhi]] when 4000 peaceful protesters including women, children and the elderly were shot at under the orders of [[Reginald Dyer]].<ref name= Frontline>Swami P. ''The Queen's Visit. '''Jallianwala Bagh revisited'''. A look at the actual history of one of the most shocking events of the independence struggle.''. '''Frontline'''. Vol. 14 :: No. 22 :: 1 – 14 Nov. 1997.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Harbans|title=The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism: S-Z|year=1998|publisher=Publications Bureau|isbn=9788173805301|page=28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kohli|first=M. S.|title=Miracles of Ardaas: Incredible Adventures and Survivals|year=2003|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=9788173871528|page=173}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Bakshi|first=Ram|title=Parkash Singh Badal: Chief Minister of Punjab|year=1998|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=9788170249870|page=62}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Saka Panja Sahib|url=http://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/historical-events/the-british-and-sikhs-1849-1947/saka-panja-sahib|encyclopedia=thesikhencyclopedia.com|date=19 December 2000|access-date=5 June 2013|archive-date=15 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115235456/http://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/historical-events/the-british-and-sikhs-1849-1947/saka-panja-sahib|url-status=live}}</ref> The site of the massacre was later established as 'memorial of national importance' in 1951.<ref name="Hazra2019">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/memorialising-and-remembering-jallianwala-bagh/articleshow/68856088.cms|title=Memorialising, and Remembering, Jallianwala Bagh|last=Hazra|first=Indrajit|date=13 April 2019|work=The Economic Times|access-date=11 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Harbans|title=The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism: A-D|year=1995|publisher=Punjabi University|isbn=9788173801006|page=53}}</ref>

==== Sikh revolutionaries ====
{{Main|Indian independence movement}}
[[File:Bhagat Singh 1929.jpg|200px|thumbnail|Born in a Sikh family, [[Bhagat Singh]] is considered among the most influential revolutionaries of the [[Indian independence movement]].]]
[[Sohan Singh Bhakna]], [[Kartar Singh Sarabha]], alongside many other Punjabi's founded the [[Ghadar party]] to overthrow British colonial authority in India by means of an armed revolution. The Ghadar party is closely associated with the [[Babbar Akali Movement]], a 1921 splinter group of "militant" Sikhs who broke away from the mainstream non-violent [[Akali movement]].[[File:Ghadar Flag.png|208x208px|thumbnail|[[Ghadar Party]] flag, was an Indian revolutionary organisation primarily founded by Sikh [[Punjabis]].|alt=|left]]In 1914 [[Baba Gurdit Singh]] led the [[Komagata Maru]] ship to the port of Vancouver with 346 Sikhs on board; forced to leave port on 23 July.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pannu|first=Mohinder|title=Partners of British Rule|year=2006|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=9788177648683|page=229}}</ref> Bela Singh Jain an informer and agent of Inspector [[W. C. Hopkinson|William Hopkinson]], pulled out two guns and started shooting at the [[Khalsa Diwan Society Vancouver|Khalsa Diwan Society]] Gurdwara Sahib on West 2nd Avenue. He murdered Bhai Bhag Singh, President of the Society and Battan Singh and Bela Singh was charged with murder, but Hopkinson decided to appear as a witness in his case and made up much of his testimony at his trail and subsequently Bela Singh was acquitted. On 21 October 1914, Bhai [[Mewa Singh Lopoke|Mewa Singh]], [[Granthi]] of Khalsa Diwan Society shot William Hopkinson in the Assize court corridor with two revolvers because he believed him to be unscrupulous and corrupt, using informers to spy on Indian immigrants. Canadian policeman William Hopkinson shot and killed by Mewa Singh who is later sentenced to death.<ref>{{cite book|last=Strong-Boag|first=Veronica|title=Painting the Maple: Essays on Race, Gender, and the Construction of Canada|year=1999|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=9780774806930|page=[https://archive.org/details/paintingmapleess0000unse/page/91 91]|url=https://archive.org/details/paintingmapleess0000unse/page/91}}</ref>

In 1926 Six [[Babbar Akali movement|Babar]] (literally, lion) revolutionary Akalis, are put to death by hanging.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dilagir|first=Harajindar|title=The Sikh Reference Book|year=1997|publisher=Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre|location=Denmark|isbn=9780969596424|page=674}}</ref>

In 1931 [[Bhagat Singh]], Rajguru, and Sukhdev are convicted of murder of police inspector J.P. Saunders and executed;<ref>{{cite book|last=Gaur|first=I. D.|title=Martyr as Bridegroom: A Folk Representation of Bhagat Singh|year=2008|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=9781843313489|page=72}}</ref> Bhagat Singh is popularly known as Shaheedey Azam (supreme martyr)

In 1940 [[Udham Singh]], an Indian revolutionary [[socialist]], assassinated [[Michael O'Dwyer]] to avenge justice for the [[Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre]] when 15,000 to 20,000 people including women, children were shot at after a peaceful protest in Amritsar<ref name="Frontline"/>

[[Bhagat Puran Singh|Bhagat Puran Singh Pingalwara]] dedicated his life to the 'selfless service of humanity'.<ref>{{cite book|last=Patrika|first=Ananda|title=New Delhi, Volume 2, Part 2|year=1979|page=70|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9obiAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> He founded [[Pingalwara]] in 1947 with only a few patients, the neglected and rejected of the streets of Amritsar. An early advocate of what we today refer to as the '[[Green Revolution]]', Bhagat Puran Singh was spreading awareness about environmental pollution, and increasing soil erosion long before such ideas became popular.<ref>{{cite book|last=Brewer|first=Michael|title=Think RE!: 2|year=2005|publisher=Heinemann|isbn=9780435307264|page=43}}</ref>

The Sikhs played a pioneering role in the [[Indian independence movement]]. They made sacrifices wholly out of proportion to their demographic strength (the Sikhs make up less than 2% of the Indian population).{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

(Figures below provided by Maulana Abul Azad, President of the Congress Party at the time of Independence.){{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

Out of 2125 Indians killed during the independence movement, 1550 (73%) were Sikhs.

Out of 2646 Indians deported for life to the Andaman Islands (where the colonial government exiled political and hardened criminals) 2147 (80%) were Sikhs.

Out of 127 Indians sent to the gallows, 92 (80%) were Sikhs.

At Jallianwala Bagh out of the 1302 men, women and children killed, 799 (61%) were Sikhs.

In the Indian Liberation Army, out of the 20,000 ranks and officers, 12,000 (60%) were Sikhs.

Out of 121 persons executed during the independence movement, 73 (60%) were Sikhs.

== Indian Independence (1947–1978 CE) ==
[[File:Rawalpindi massacres survivors men.jpg|thumb|A group of Sikh male survivors of the [[Rawalpindi Massacres]], who were forcibly converted to Islam and subsequently had their ''[[Kesh (Sikhism)|kesh]]'' (unshorn hair) cut to short length]]
=== Partition of India ===
{{Further|Opposition to the partition of India}}
Sikh organizations, including the [[Chief Khalsa Diwan|Chief Khalsa Dewan]] and [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] led by [[Master Tara Singh]], condemned the [[Lahore Resolution]] and the movement to create Pakistan, viewing it as inviting possible persecution; the Sikhs largely thus [[opposition to the partition of India|strongly opposed the partition of India]].<ref name="KudaisyaYong2004"/>

=== Post Partition Years ===
The months leading up to the [[partition of India]] in 1947, saw heavy conflict in the [[Punjab Region|Punjab]] between Sikh and Muslims, which saw the effective religious migration of Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus from [[Punjab (Pakistan)|West Punjab]] which mirrored a similar religious migration of Punjabi Muslims in [[Punjab (India)|East Punjab]].<ref name="Dutt et al.">{{cite journal
| last1 = Dutt
| first1 = Amitava
|last2=Devgun |first2=Surinder
| title = Diffusion of Sikhism and recent migration patterns of Sikhs in India
| journal = GeoJournal
| volume = 1
| issue = 5
| pages = 81–89
| date = 23 September 1977
| issn = 1572-9893| doi = 10.1007/BF00704966| s2cid = 189881872
}}{{dead link|date=February 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The 1960s saw growing animosity and rioting between Punjabi Sikhs and [[Hindus]] in India,<ref>{{Citation
| last =Lukas
| first =J. Anthony
| title =Hindu vs. Sikh: Why the Killing
| newspaper =The New York Times
| pages =209
| date =20 March 1966
| url =http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10916F73D5C15768FDDA90A94DB405B868AF1D3
| access-date =24 January 2010
| archive-date =1 March 2019
| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190301013459/https://www.nytimes.com/1966/03/20/archives/hindu-vs-sikh-why-the-killing.html
| url-status =live
}}</ref> as the Punjabi Sikhs agitated for the creation of a Punjabi Sikh majority state, an undertaking which was promised to the Sikh leader [[Master Tara Singh]] by [[Nehru]] in return for Sikh political support during the negotiations for [[Indian independence movement|Indian Independence]].<ref>{{cite journal
| last =Telford
| first =Hamish
| title =The Political Economy of Punjab: Creating Space for Sikh Militancy
| journal =Asian Survey
| volume =32
| issue =11
| pages =969–987
|date=November 1992
| doi =10.2307/2645265 | jstor =2645265
}}</ref> Sikhs obtained the Sikh majority state of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] on 1 November 1966.

In 1945, the [[Sikh Rehat Maryada]] is published.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

In 1962, the [[Punjabi University]] is inaugurated at [[Patiala]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjabi University, Patiala {{!}} Higher Education Institute {{!}} NAAC "A" Grade {{!}} Punjab |url=http://punjabiuniversity.ac.in/Pages/Page.aspx?dsenc=AboutUnv |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=punjabiuniversity.ac.in}}</ref>

=== [[Punjabi Suba movement|Punjabi Suba Morcha]] ===
After the Partition of India Sikhs had been disrespected in many ways. Jawaharlal Nehru and Gandhi had stated that -

''"The brave Sikhs of Panjab are entitled to special consideration. I see nothing wrong in an area and a set up in the North wherein the Sikhs can also experience the glow of freedom.'' (Jawaharlal Nehru, Congress meeting: Calcutta - July, 1944)

But after the partition of India he did not give Sikhs even a state to themselves and this led to further grievances. Many Hindus refused to keep Punjabi as their language and only Sikhs viewed their language as Punjabi.

=== Sikhs in The Indian Army ===
Sikhs composed 18 percent of the Indian army and are the most decorated regiment in India. Sikhs composed majority of the [[Sikh Regiment]], [[Sikh Light Infantry]], [[Jat Regiment]] and [[Rajputana Rifles|Rajput Regiment]]. They fought in all [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts]] and the [[Sino-Indian War]] and got many titles and gallantry awards.

== Present day (1978–present CE) ==

=== Sikh-Nirankari Clash ===
{{Main|1978 Sikh–Nirankari clash}}
On 13 April 1978, a [[Sant Nirankari Mission|Sant Nirankari]] convention led by [[Gurbachan Singh]] in Amritsar, approved by the Akali-led Punjab government, sparked violent clashes with orthodox Sikhs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mahmood |first1=Cynthia Keppley |title=Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fhs4b |website=Jstor |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |access-date=July 29, 2024 |page=78 |date=1996|jstor=j.ctt3fhs4b |isbn=978-0-8122-1592-2 }}</ref> The Sant Nirankaris, viewed as heretical by orthodox Sikhs for revering their leaders as gurus and altering Sikh scriptures, held a procession, leading [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale|Bhindranwale]] to oppose the event. A confrontation ensued between Sant Nirankaris and a group of Sikhs led by Bhindranwale and [[Fauja Singh]], resulting in multiple deaths, including Fauja Singh's. The violence and subsequent cremation of the slain Sikhs brought Bhindranwale to national prominence.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mitra |first1=Chandan |title='Bhindranwale's rise from a small-time priest was meteoric' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/india-today-35th-anniversary/story/20111226-india-today-newsmake-of-1980s-jarnail-singh-bhindranwale-750018-2011-12-14 |website=India Today |access-date=July 28, 2024 |date=December 23, 2011}}</ref>

=== Operation Blue Star and Sikh Genocide ===
{{main|Khalistan movement|Operation Blue Star|1984 anti-Sikh riots}}
{{More citations needed section|date=June 2024}}

[[File:Akal Takht and Harmandir Sahib, Amritsar, Punjab, India.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Akal Takht]] and [[Harmandir Sahib]] (Golden Temple), was repaired by the Sikhs after[[Operation Blue Star]].<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Tatla|first=Darshan Singh|title=The politics of homeland : a study of the ethnic linkages and political mobilisation amongst Sikhs in Britain and North America|year=1993|publisher=[[University of Warwick]]|page=133|url=http://webcat.warwick.ac.uk/record=b1449488~S1|access-date=27 December 2018|archive-date=17 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617193038/http://webcat.warwick.ac.uk/record%3Db1449488~S1|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
Sikh missionary [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]] heard that in 1982 the government had created a model of the Darbar Sahib in Dehra Dun and were planning an attack.<ref name="Frank">{{cite book
| last =Frank
| first =Katherine
| author-link =Katherine Frank (biographer)
| title =Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi
| publisher =Houghton Mifflin
| date =7 January 2002
| pages =[https://archive.org/details/indiralifeofindi00fran/page/312 312–327]
| isbn =0-395-73097-X
| url =https://archive.org/details/indiralifeofindi00fran/page/312
}}</ref> Historians argue that [[Indira Gandhi|Gandhi]]'s assumption of emergency powers in 1975 resulted in the weakening of the "legitimate and impartial machinery of government" and her increasing "paranoia" of opposing political groups led her to instigate a "despotic policy of playing castes, religions and political groups against each other for political advantage." As a reaction against these actions came the emergence of the Sikh leader [[Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]] who vocalised Sikh sentiment for justice. This accelerated Punjab into a state of peaceful protests.<ref name="NYT">{{Citation
| last =Pace
| first =Eric
| title =Assassination in India: Sikhs at the center of the drama; Sikh separation dates back to '47
| newspaper =The New York Times
| pages =24
| date =1 November 1984
| url =https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20711FF385D0C728CDDA80994DC484D81
| access-date =8 February 2017
| archive-date =11 March 2020
| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200311203212/https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20711FF385D0C728CDDA80994DC484D81&legacy=true&status=nf
| url-status =live
}}</ref>

Sikhs did not get an autonomous region or even a state so following India's independence in 1947, the [[Punjabi Suba]] movement led by the Sikh political party [[Akali Dal]] trifurcated the Punjab state. Afterwards the government assured the Sikhs that only excess water would go to other states, after 5 years Chandigarh would be the capital and Sikhism would be considered a separate religion as it had been for the past centuries. Those promises were not fulfilled as 83.5% of Punjab's waters were and still are going to other states leading to desertification, Sikhs are still a part of the Hindu Marriage Act and Chandigarh is still a union territory. Subsequently, a section of the Sikh leaders started demanding more autonomy for the states, alleging that the central government was discriminating against Punjab. The early stages of the Sikh agitation for equal rights were peaceful, leading one commentator to note:<blockquote>"...over 100,000 [Sikh] volunteers have been arrested. This high number of arrests is undoubtedly, a national record and so has been the peaceful nature in which the Satyagrahas [protests] of this magnitude have been handled by the Sikhs, with extreme tolerance."</blockquote>In September 1981, Bhindranwale voluntarily offered his arrest in Amritsar, where he was detained and interrogated for twenty-five days, but was released because of lack of evidence. "For all I know, he [Bhindranwale] is completely innocent and is genuinely and exclusively dedicated to the teachings of the Gurus.” In December 1983, a senior officer in Chandigarh confessed: “It’s really shocking that we have so little against him [Bhindranwale] while we keep blaming him for all sorts of things.”

Bhindranwale and his followers were armed with traditional swords, shields and muskets. Few also had Dragunov Rifles, Kashganovs, Ak-74s and Ak-47s. These were licensed and supplied by the Indian Government. It was the peak of the Cold War and India was leaning towards Russia and Pakistan had allied with The United States of America. This is why Bhindranwale was carrying Russian made guns. The Indian Government started alleging that Bhindranwale was killing Hindus and allied with Pakistan to create Khalistan. The first time that the phrase Khalistan came was in the [[Hind Samachar]] newspaper group. The Indian secret operation called Black Cats was made by Indira Gandhi to disguise the Punjab Police as terrorists and kill Hindus in the countryside. Bhindranwale condemned these but it was not outlined on any newspapers as they were government controlled. He also made a speech that he did not hate Hindus and he had donated 5 lakhs to restore ald Hindu and Sikh architecture and Mandirs. He even adopted a Hindu women as his daughter.

In June 1984, the Indian Government ordered a military operation, [[Operation Blue Star]] to clear [[Harmandir Sahib|Harmandir Sahib, Amritsar]] and thirty other [[Gurdwaras]] of Sikhs led by [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]] who were with many other pilgrims. During this operation, the [[Indian army]] had around 3,000 casualties with 700 injuries, and 200–250 Sikh militants were killed. The handling of the operation, damage to the holy shrine and loss of life on both sides, led to widespread criticism of the Indian Government. The Indian Prime Minister [[Assassination of Indira Gandhi|Indira Gandhi was assassinated]] by her two Sikh bodyguards in retaliation. Following her death 17,000 of Sikhs were killed in the [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]]. The subsequent [[Punjab insurgency]] saw several secessionist militant groups becoming active in Punjab, supported by a section of the [[Sikh diaspora]]. Indian security forces suppressed the insurgency in the early 1990s by doing genocide upon the innocent Sikhs; over 2,500,000 Sikhs died, according to Jaswant Sikh Khalra, who was also killed by the police in a fake encounter for being against the Government.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

[[Indira Gandhi|Gandhi]]'s 1984 action to remove [[Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]] led to desecration of the [[Harmandir Sahib|Golden Temple]] in [[Operation Blue Star]] and ultimately led to Gandhi's assassination by her Sikh bodyguards. Many sources state that as much as 5 hundred thousand innocent Sikhs died by Indian police and rioters after June 1984 and Sikh population started decreasing after 1986.<blockquote>[[File:Sikh pogrom of 1984.jpg|thumb|[[1984 anti-Sikh riots]] in [[Delhi]]-[[Haryana]] areas.]]"Any knowledge of the "Amritdharis" who are dangerous people and pledged to committing murder, arson and acts of terrorism should be immediately brought to the notice of the authorities. These people may appear harmless from outside but they are basically committed to terrorism. In the interest of us all, their identity and whereabouts must always be disclosed.- Indira Gandhi during Operation Woodrose</blockquote>

<ref name="NYT" /> This led to the [[Sarbat Khalsa]] advocating the creation of a Sikh autonomous homeland, [[Khalistan]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2015}} This resulted in an explosion of violence against the Sikh community in the [[Anti Sikh Riots]] which resulted in the massacre of thousands of Sikhs throughout India; [[Khushwant Singh]] described the actions as being a Sikh [[pogrom]] in which he "felt like a refugee in my country. In fact, I felt like a Jew in Nazi Germany."In 2002 the claims of the popular right-wing Hindu organisation the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]], that "Sikhs are Hindus" angered Sikh sensibilities.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rambachan|first=Anantanand|author-link=Anantanand Rambachan|title=The Co-existence of Violence and Non-Violence in Hinduism|url=http://www.wou.edu/~khes/geog451/hindu_violence.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=The Ecumenical Review|volume=55|pages=2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226232713/http://www.wou.edu/~khes/geog451/hindu_violence.pdf|archive-date=26 February 2008|access-date=2008-04-04|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Many Sikhs still are campaigning for justice for victims; only one person has gone to jail in the 1984 anti-Sikh riots, of the violence and the political and economic needs of the Punjab espoused in the [[Khalistan movement]].

=== Sikh Equality Movement (1984-1996) ===
In the wake of the Indian government's repression of Sikhs, some Sikhs formed guerrilla bands to take on the marauding police. At the height of the Sikh resistance movement, hundreds of men fought the so-called security forces in Punjab. Some also engaged in targeted assassinations elsewhere in India, the best known being the killing of General Vaidya, who had led the Indian army in the attack on the Golden Temple. The main groups were the Babbar Khalsa, the Bhindranwala Tigers Force of Khalistan, Khalistan Commando Force, the Khalistan Liberation Force and the All India Sikh Students Federation.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

Many members joined the resistance after being radicalized by the army dragnet of the summer of 1984, designated Operation Woodrose, in which youths aged 15–24 were taken away from their homes in large numbers. Most had lost relatives or friends to army or police. Others had witnessed womenfolk being picked up by the police for torture and abuse. Many had been personally tortured before taking up arms against the state.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

=== Post-1996 ===
In 1996 the [[United Nations special rapporteur|Special Rapporteur]] for the [[Commission on Human Rights]] on freedom of religion or belief, Abdelfattah Amor (Tunisia, 1993–2004), visited India in order to compose a report on religious discrimination. In 1997,<ref>{{Citation
| last =Pike
| first =John
| title =Military: Sikhs in Punjab
| date =27 April 2005
| url =http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/punjab.htm
| access-date =2008-04-04
| archive-date =5 August 2019
| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190805181618/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/punjab.htm
| url-status =live
}}</ref> Amor concluded, "it appears that the situation of the Sikhs in the religious field is satisfactory, but that difficulties are arising in the political (foreign interference, terrorism, etc.), economic (in particular with regard to sharing of water supplies) and even occupational fields. Information received from nongovernment {{sic}} sources indicates that discrimination does exist in certain sectors of the public administration; examples include the decline in the number of Sikhs in the police force and the absence of Sikhs in personal bodyguard units since the murder of Indira Gandhi."<ref>{{Citation
| first =Abdelfattah
| last =Amor
| title =UNHR Documents on India
| year =1997
| pages =1–22
| publisher =Commission on Human Rights, 53rd Session
| url =http://ap.ohchr.org/documents/dpage_e.aspx?c=84&su=90
| access-date =24 January 2010
| archive-date =27 September 2011
| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110927160208/http://ap.ohchr.org/documents/dpage_e.aspx?c=84&su=90
| url-status =live
}} Commission on Human Rights resolution 1996/23</ref> The reduced intake of the Sikhs in the Indian armed forces also attributes to following certain orders issued in the [[The Emergency (India)|Indian Emergency]] of 1975/1977.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Sangat|title=The Sikhs in History|year=2001|publisher=Uncommon Books|location=New Delhi, India|page=382}}</ref>

== List of battles fought by Sikhs ==

# [[Battle of Rohilla]]
# [[Battle of Kartarpur]]
# [[Battle of Amritsar (1634)]]
# [[Battle of Lahira]]
# [[Battle of Bhangani]]
# [[Battle of Nadaun]]
# [[Battle of Guler (1696)]]
# [[Battle of Basoli]]
# [[First Battle of Anandpur]]
# Battle of Nirmohgarh (1702)
# [[Second Battle of Anandpur]]
# [[First Battle of Chamkaur (1702)]]
# [[First Battle of Anandpur (1704)]]
# [[Second Battle of Anandpur (1704)]]
# [[Battle of Sarsa]]
# [[Second Battle of Chamkaur (1704)]]
# [[Battle of Muktsar]]
# [[Battle of Sonepat]]<ref>{{Google books|id=NbUB_ACAR5QC|page=506|title=History of Islam}}</ref>
# [[Battle of Ambala]]
# [[Battle of Samana]]
# [[Battle of Chappar Chiri]]<ref name="Sagoo 2001" />
# [[Battle of Sadhaura]]<ref name="sarsa2">{{cite book |author=Jacques, Tony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=06k5ygAACAAJ |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-313-33536-5 |page=948}}</ref><ref name="jacques2">Jacques, p. 948</ref>
# [[Battle of Rahon (1710)]]
# [[Battle of Lohgarh]]
# [[Battle of Jammu]]
# [[Battle of Kapuri (1709)]]
# [[Battle of Jalalabad (1710)]]
# [[Siege of Gurdaspur]] or [[Battle of Gurdas Nangal]]
# Battle of Wan (1726)
# Battle of Sarai Nurdin
# [[Siege of Ram Rauni]]
# [[Battle of Amritsar (1757)]]
# Battle of Lahore (1759)
# [[Battle of Sialkot (1761)]]
# [[Battle of Gujranwala (1761)]]
# [[Sikh Occupation of Lahore]]<ref name="Mehta2">{{Cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=J. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA250 |title=Advanced study in the history of modern India 1707–1813 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6 |page=303 |access-date=2010-09-23 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322055610/https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA250 |url-status=live }}</ref>
# [[Vadda Ghalughara]] or [[Battle of Kup]]
# [[Battle of Harnaulgarh]]
# [[Skirmish of Amritsar (1762)]]
# [[Battle of Sialkot (1763)]]
# [[Battle of Sirhind (1764)]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Alikuzai |first1=Hamid Wahed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YZJcAQAAQBAJ&q=peshawar+capture+durrani+empire&pg=PA204 |title=A Concise History of Afghanistan in 25 Volumes, Volume 14 |date=October 2013 |publisher=Trafford |isbn=9781490714417 |access-date=29 December 2014 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322055639/https://books.google.com/books?id=YZJcAQAAQBAJ&q=peshawar+capture+durrani+empire&pg=PA204 |url-status=live }}</ref>
# Rescue of Hindu Girls (1769)
# [[Sikh raids on Delhi]]
# [[Battle of Delhi (1783)]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sethi |first1=Jasbir Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6sg_9N_AHbMC&q=Delhi+baghel+Singh&pg=PA89 |title=Views and Reviews |publisher=Sanbun Publishers |isbn=9788190825986 |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322055611/https://books.google.com/books?id=6sg_9N_AHbMC&q=Delhi+baghel+Singh&pg=PA89 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Hari Ram Gupta, ''History of the Sikhs: Sikh Domination of the Mughal Empire, 1764–1803,'' second ed., Munshiram Manoharlal (2000) {{ISBN|978-8121502139}}</ref>
# [[Battle of Amritsar (1797)]]
# [[Battle of Gujrat (1797)]]
# [[Battle of Amritsar (1798)]]
# [[Gurkha-Sikh War]]
# [[Battle of Attock]]
# [[Siege of Multan (1818)|Battle of Multan]]
# [[Battle of Shopian]]
# [[Battle of Peshawar (1834)]]
# [[Battle of Jamrud]]
# [[Sino-Sikh War]]
# [[Battle of Mudki]]
# [[Battle of Ferozeshah]]
# [[Battle of Baddowal]]
# [[Battle of Aliwal]]
# [[Battle of Sobraon]]
# [[Battle of Chillianwala]]
# [[Battle of Ramnagar]]
# [[Siege of Multan (disambiguation)|Siege of Multan]] (several)
# [[Battle of Gujrat]]
# [[Battle of Saragarhi]]
# [[Battle of Babeli]]

== Historical sources ==

=== Written in Gurmukhi or other Indic scripts ===

* ''[[Bhat Vahis|Bhatt Vahis]]'' (various) [<nowiki/>[[Laṇḍā scripts|Landa]]]
* ''[[Varan Bhai Gurdas|Varan]]'' (early 17th century) by [[Bhai Gurdas|Gurdas]] [<nowiki/>[[Gurmukhi]]]
* ''[[Bachittar Natak|Bichitra Natak]]'' attributed to [[Guru Gobind Singh|Gobind Si]]<nowiki/>[[Guru Gobind Singh|ngh]]
* ''[[Hukamnama|Hukamnamas]]'' (various) [Gurmukhi]
* ''Pothi Prem Ambodh'' (1693)
* ''[[Janamsakhis|J]]''<nowiki/>''[[Janamsakhis|anamsakhis]]'' (various) [Gurmukhi]
* ''[[Gurbilases]]'' (various) [Gurmukhi]:
** ''[[Sri Gur Sobha]]'' (1711) by Sainapati
** ''Gurbilas Chhevin Patshahi'' (1718) by Sohan
** ''Gurbilas Patshahi Dasvin'' (1751) by [[Koer Singh Kalal|Koer Singh]]
** ''Bansavalinama Dasan Patshahian Ka'' (1769) by Kesar Singh Chhibber
** ''Gurbilas Dasvin Patshahi'' (1797) by Sukha Singh
* ''[[Gurpranali|Gurpranalis]]'' (various) [Gurmukhi]
* ''[[Rehat|Rahit-namas]]'' (various) [Gurmukhi]:
** ''Prem Sumarag'' (c. 1718)
* ''[[Sau Sakhi]]'' (1724–1734) [Gurmukhi]
* ''Mahima Prakash Vartak'' by Kripal Das Bhalla
* ''Mahima Prakash'' by Sarup Das Bhalla
* ''[[Prachin Panth Prakash]]'' (1810s) by [[Ratan Singh Bhangu|Rattan Singh Bhangu]] [Gurmukhi]
* ''[[Suraj Prakash]]'' (1843) by [[Kavi Santokh Singh]] [Gurmukhi]
* ''[[Twarikh Guru Khalsa|Tawarikh Guru Khalsa]]'' by [[Giani Gian Singh]] [Gurmukhi]
* ''Naveen Panth Prakash'' by Giani Gian Singh [Gurmukhi]<ref name=":322">{{Cite book |last=Hasrat|first=B. J.|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism|publisher=Punjabi University|year=2004|isbn=817380530X|editor-last=Singh|editor-first=Harbans|edition=2nd|volume=4: S–Z|location=Patiala|pages=179–181}}</ref>
* ''[[Akhbar Sri Darbar Sahib Sri Amritsar Ji|Akhbar Sri Darbar Sahib]]'' [Gurmukhi]
* ''[[Khalsa Akhbar]]'' [Gurmukhi]
* ''[[Khalsa Samachar]]'' [Gurmukhi]

=== Urdu ===
* ''Gulshan-i-Punjab'' (1850) by Pandit Debi Prasad
* ''Tarikh-i-Makhzan-i-Punjab'' (1850) by Mufti Ghulam Sarwar
* ''Tarikh-i-Punjab'' (1881) by Rai Bahadur Kanhaiya Lal
* ''Tarikh-i-Lahore'' (1892) by [[Syad Muhammad Latif|Syed Muhammad Latif]]
* ''Sawanih-umri Maharaja Ranjit Singh'' (1894) by Ram Sahai Mull
* ''Khalsa Dharam Shastra'' by Bhai Avtar Singh Vahiria
* ''Shaukat-i-Khalsa'' (1910) by Giani Gian Singh

=== Persian ===

* ''[[Akbarnama]]'' (late 16th century) by [[Abul Fazl|Abu'l Fazl]]
* ''[[Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh|Muntakhib-ut-Tawarikh]]'' or ''Tawarikh-i-Badaoni'' (1595) by [[ʽAbd al-Qadir Badayuni|Mulla Abdul Qadir Badaoni]]
* ''[[Tuzk-e-Jahangiri|Tuzuk-i Jahangiri]]''
* ''Maktubat-i-Imam-i-Rabbani'' (letter no. 193, early 17th century) by [[Ahmad Sirhindi|Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi]]
* ''Tazkira Pir Hassu Teli'' by Surat Singh
* ''[[Dabestan-e Mazaheb]]''
* ''Nuskha-i Dilkusha'' by Bhimsen
* ''[[Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh|Khulasatu't-Tawarikh]]'' (1696) by [[Sujan Rai Bhandari]]
* ''[[Zafarnama (letter)|Zafarnama]]'' by [[Guru Gobind Singh|Gobind Singh]]
* ''Ahkam-i Alamgiri'' (1703–07) by Inayatullah Khan
* ''Ibratnamah'' (1716) by Sayyid Muhammad Qasim Lahori
* ''Futuhat-Nama-i-Samadi'' (1723) by Ghulam Muhay-ud-Din
* ''Asrar-i-Samadi'' (1728)
* ''[[Muntakhab-al Lubab|Muntakhab-ul-Lubab]]'' (1732) by [[Khafi Khan]]
* ''Tadhkirat al-Ahwal'' (1741) by [[Hazin Lahiji|Sheikh Ali Hazin]]
* ''[[Chahar Gulshan]]'' (1759) by Chaturman
* ''Tahmasnama'' (''Kitāb-i Qiṣṣa-i Tahmās Miskīn'' or ''Tahmās Nāma'') by Tahmas Khan Miskin
* ''Jangnama'' (1765) by Qazi Nur Muhammad
* ''Siyar-ul-Mutakherin'' (1782) by Sayyid Ghulam Hussain Khan
* ''Risala-i-Nanak'' by Budh Singh Arora and Lala Ajaib Singh Suraj<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Madra |first=Amandeep Singh |last2=Singh |first2=Parmjit |title=Browne’s Treatise on the Sikhs, 1788 |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-137-11998-8_9 |website=Springer}}</ref>
* ''[[Zafarnamah Ranjit Singh|Zafarnameh-i-Ranjit Singh]]'' by Diwan Amarnath<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Yasmeen |first=Robina |date=December 2025 |title=Unlocking the Daftar: Unexplored Archives of the Sikh Empire in Lahore (1801–1849) |url=https://www.academia.edu/145773998/Unlocking_the_Daftar_Unexplored_Archives_of_the_Sikh_Empire_in_Lahore_1801_1849 |journal=Pakistan Vision |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=1–14 |via=academia.edu}}</ref>
* ''[[Umdat-ut-Tawarikh]]'' by [[Sohan Lal Suri]]<ref name=":2" />
* ''Tawarikh-i-Punjab'' by [[Bute Shah]]<ref name=":2" />
* ''Ibratnamah'' by [[Mufti Ali-ud-Din]]<ref name=":2" />
* ''Charbagh-i-Punjab'' by [[Ganesh Das]]<ref name=":2" />
* ''Hisab-i-Fauj-i-Maharaja Ranjit Singh<ref name=":2" />''
* ''Tarikh e Punjab'' or ''Sher Singh Nama'' (ca.1840–43) by Muhammad Naqi Peshawri<ref name=":2" />
* ''Khalsa Nama'' or ''Khalisa Nama'' (ca.1806–07) by Bakhat Mal<ref name=":2" />
* ''Shir o Shakar'' by Pandit Dya Ram<ref name=":2" />
* ''Zafar Nama'' by [[Jean-Baptiste Ventura|General Ventura]] and Munshi Harbhagat Rai<ref name=":2" />
* ''Khalis Nama'' (1842–44) by Rattan Chand<ref name=":2" />
* ''Tazkar-i-Multan'' (1861) by a descendant of Shah Gerdaiz<ref name=":2" />
* ''Waqai-i Jang-e Sikhan'' (ca.1845–46) by Diwan Ajudhia Parshad<ref name=":2" />
* ''Tawarikh-e-Sikhan'' by Khushwaqt Rai<ref name=":2" />
* ''Tarikh-e-Hind'' by Ahmed Shah Batalia (specically the ''Zikr-e-Guruan va Ibtida-i-Singha va Mazhab-i-Ishan'' section)<ref name=":2" />
* ''Tarikh-i-Panjab, Tuhfat-ul-Ahbab'' (1862) by Abdul Karim<ref name=":2" />
* ''Awraq-i-Prishan-i-Tawarikh-i-Panjab''<ref name=":2" />
* ''Tarikh Saadat Jaavid'' (1850) by Harnam Singh and Gurdas Singh<ref name=":2" />
* ''Tarikh e Sikhan'' (1811) by an anonymous East India Company official, writing at Col. David Ochterlony’s direction<ref name=":2" />
* ''Kanhaya lal Hindi Rai Bahadur Ranjit Namah'' (1876)<ref name=":2" />
* ''Gulabnama'' by Kirpa Ram<ref name=":2" />
* ''Masnavi-i-Maharaja Ranjit Singh'' by Manna Lal<ref name=":2" />
* ''[[Tarikh-i-Kashmir]]''<ref name=":2" />
* ''Waquat-i-Shah Shuja'' published by Majma-ul-Bahrain Press, Ludhiana<ref name=":2" />
* ''Tarikh-i-Ahd-i-Maharaja Ranjit Singh va Sardaran-i-Khalsa''<ref name=":2" />
* ''Ahmad Yaar, Mian, Maulvi Shahnameh-i-Maharaja Ranjit Singh'' by [[Ahmad Yar|Ahmad Yaar]]<ref name=":2" />
* ''Insha-i-Khujasta'' by Qazi Nizammuddin<ref name=":2" />
* ''Risala-i-Sahibnama, Tarikh-i-Panjab'' by Ganesh Das<ref name=":2" />
* ''Makatib-i-Azizuddin'' by [[Fakir Azizuddin|Faqir]] [[Fakir Azizuddin|Azizuddin]]<ref name=":2" />
* ''Roznamcha-i Ranjit Singh''<ref name=":2" />
* ''Hisabnama'-i-Fauj-i-Ranjit Singh''<ref name=":2" />
* ''Akhbarat-i-Sikhan''<ref name=":2" />
* ''Akhbar-Darbar-e-Lahore''<ref name=":2" />
* ''Akhbar Darbar- Maharaja, Akhbarat-i-Maharaja Ranjit Singh''<ref name=":2" />
* ''Roznamcha'' by Maulvi Ahmad Baksh Chishti<ref name=":2" />
* ''Tahqiqat e Chishtia'' by Maulvi Noor Ahmad Chishti<ref name=":2" />

=== English ===

* ''The Seeks and their College at Patna'' (1781) by [[Charles Wilkins]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Ganda |date=26 November 2018 |title=Seeks and Their College at Patna by Sir Charles Wilkins – Review by Dr Ganda Singh |url=http://patshahi10.com/seeks-and-their-college-at-patna-by-sir-charles-wilkins-dr-ganda-singh |access-date=23 March 2026 |website=patshahi10}}</ref>
* ''History of the Seeks'' ''(''Asiatic Society of Bengal, 20 December 1787) by Antoine-Louis Henri Polier
* ''[[iarchive:bim_eighteenth-century_india-tracts-containing_browne-james-lieut-_1788/|India Tracts: Containing a Description of the Jungle Terry Districts, Their Revenues, Trade, and Government: With a Flan for the Improvement of Them. Also an History of the Origin and Progress of the Sicks]]'' (Logographic Press, Printing-House Square, Black-Friars, 1788) by Lt.-Col. James Browne<ref name=":1" />
* ''[[iarchive:bub_gb_CSkQAAAAYAAJ/|A Journey from Bengal to England]]'' (1798) by [[George Forster (traveller)|George Forster]]
* ''A Character of the Sieks, from the Observations of Colonel Polier and Mr Forster'' (London: Asiatic Annual Review, 1803) by Antoine-Louis Henri Polier and George Forster<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madra |first=Amandeep Singh |last2=Singh |first2=Parmjit |title=The Writings of Colonel Polier on the Sikhs, 1776–1802 |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-137-11998-8_8 |access-date=23 March 2026 |website=Springer}}</ref>
* ''[[iarchive:sketchofsikhssin00malcrich/|Sketch of the Sikhs; a singular nation, who inhabit the provinces of the Penjab, situated between the rivers Jumna and Indus]]'' (1812) by [[John Malcolm]]
* ''[[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.282535|Origin of the Sikh Power in the Punjab, and Political Life of Muha-raja Runjeet Singh, with an account of the present condition, religion, laws and customs of the Sikhs]]'' (1834) by [[Henry Prinsep|Henry T. Prinsep]]
* [[iarchive:travelsintobokha03burn/|''Travels into Bokhara; Being the account of a journey from India to Cabool, Tartary and Persia; also, Narrative of a voyage on the Indus, from the sea to Lahore.'']] (1834) by [[Alexander Burnes]]
* ''[[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.530050|Travels in Kashmir and the Panjab, containing a particular account of the government and character of the Sikhs]]'' (1845) by Baron Charles Hügel
* ''[[iarchive:punjaubbeingbrie00stei/|The Punjaub; being a brief account of the country of the Sikhs]]'' (1845) by Henry Steinbach
* ''[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Adventures_Of_An_Officer_In_The_Service_Of_Runjeet_Singh_Vol_1_%28IA_in.ernet.dli.2015.31971%29.pdf Adventures of an Officer in the Service of Runjeet Singh]'' (1845) by Henry M. L. Lawrence
* ''[[iarchive:historysikhscon01gregoog/|The history of the Sikhs; containing the lives of the Gooroos; the history of the independent Sirdars, or Missuls, and the life of the great founder of the Sikh monarchy, Maharajah Runjeet Singh;]]'' (1846, in two volumes) by William Lewis M'Gregor
* ''[[iarchive:historyofreignin00smyt/|A History of the Reigning Family of Lahore]]'' (1847) by G. Carmichael Smyth
* ''[[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.97559/|A History of the Sikhs, from the Origin of the Nation, to the Battles of the Sutlej]]'' (1849) by [[Joseph Davey Cunningham]]
* ''[[iarchive:in.gov.ignca.13852/|The Adi Granth, or the Holy Scriptures of the Sikhs, Translated from the Original Gurmukhi, with Introductory Essays]]'' (1877) by [[Ernest Trumpp]]
* ''[[iarchive:dli.csl.6612|The Panjab Chiefs. Historical and Biographical Notices of the Principal Families in the Territories Under the Panjab Government]]'' (1865, in multiple volumes and editions) by [[Lepel Griffin]]
* ''[[The Khalsa Advocate]]'' (1903–1923)
* ''[[iarchive:thesikhs00gorduoft/|The Sikhs]]'' (1904) by [[John James Hood Gordon]]
* ''[[iarchive:dli.ernet.236153/|A Short Sketch of the Life and Work of Guru Govind Singh]]'' (Lahore: The Tribune Stream Press, 1909) by Bhagat Lakshman Singh
* [[iarchive:thesikhreligion01macauoft/|''The Sikh Religion, its gurus, sacred writings and authors'']] (1909, in six volumes) by [[Max Arthur Macauliffe]]
* ''[[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.931/|The Transformation of Sikhism]]'' (1912) by Gokul Chand Narang
* ''[[iarchive:shorthistoryofsi00paynrich/|A Short History of the Sikhs]]'' (1915) by Charles Herbert Payne
* ''[[iarchive:dli.csl.7272/|European Adventurers of Northern India, 1785 to 1849]]'' (1929)
* ''[[iarchive:dli.ernet.236276/|Life of Banda Singh Bahadur, Based on Contemporary and Original Records]]'' (1935) by Ganda Singh
* ''[[iarchive:sikhismitsideals0000sing|Sikhism: Its Ideals and Institutions]]'' (1938) by Teja Singh
* ''[[iarchive:maharaja-ranjit-singh-first-death-centenary-memorial/|Maharaja Ranjit Singh: First Death Centenary Memorial]]'' (1939) by Ganda Singh
* ''[https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/7493.pdf The Sikhs, in relation to Hindus, Moslems, Christians, and Ahmadiyyas. A Study in Comparative Religion]'' (Princeton University Press, 1946) by John Clark Archer

=== French ===

* ''Memoires de l'origine et etablissement des Siks'' (1772) by Francis Xavier Wendel<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madra |first=Amandeep Singh |last2=Singh |first2=Parmjit |title=Wendel’s History of the Jats, Pathāns, and Sikhs, 1768 |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-137-11998-8_2 |access-date=23 March 2026 |website=Springer}}</ref>
* ''[[iarchive:voyagesdanslinde00solt/|Voyages dans l'Inde]]'' by [[Alexey Saltykov (1806–1859)|Alexey Saltykov]]
* ''Mémoires'' (five volumes, 1856-57) by [[Claude Auguste Court]]
* ''[[iarchive:correspondancede02jacq/|Correspondance de Victor Jacquemont avec sa famille et ses amis: pendant son voyage dans l'Inde, 1828-1831. Précédée d'une étude sur Jacquemont par Cuvillier-Fleury]]'' (1869)

=== German ===

* ''[[iarchive:kaschmirunddasr04hg/|Kaschmir und das Reich der Siek]]'' (1840) by [[Charles von Hügel|Baron Charles von Hügel]]
* ''[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006800699 Reise in Ostindien, in Briefen an Alexander von Humboldt und Carl Ritter]'' (1845) by Leopold von Orlich
* ''[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008435268 Die Religion der Sikhs, nach den Quellen Dargestellt]'' ["The religion of the Sikhs, presented according to the sources"] (1881) by [[Ernest Trumpp]]

=== Italian ===

* ''[[iarchive:storiadomogororm01manuuoft/|Storia do Mogor]]'' [translated to English] by [[Niccolao Manucci]]

=== Russian ===

* ''Ocherki Tsejlona i Indii'' [Очерки Цейлона и Индіи: изъ путевыхъ замѣтокъ Русскаго] (1878) by [[Ivan Minayev|Ivan Pavlovich Minayev]]

==See also==
{{Portal bar|History|Sikhism}}
*[[Sikh Ajaibghar]]
*[[Mehdiana Sahib]]
*[[Sikh period in Lahore]]
*[[Sikh culture]]
*[[Sikh architecture]]
*[[Sikh scriptures]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite book |last=Hans |first=Surjit |title=A Reconstruction of Sikh History from Sikh Literature |publisher=Madaan Publications |year=1988}}
* {{Cite book |last= |first= |title=Sikh History from Persian Sources: Translations of Major Texts |last2= |first2= |publisher=Tulika |year=2001 |editor-last=Grewal |editor-first=J. S. |location=New Delhi |editor-last2=Habib |editor-first2=Irfan}}
* {{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ganda |title=Early European Accounts of the Sikhs |year=1962}}
* {{Cite book |title=Sicques, Tigers or Thieves: Eyewitness Accounts of the Sikhs (1606-1810) |last2= |first2= |date=27 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781137119988 |editor-last=Madra |editor-first=Amandeep Singh |editor-last2=Singh |editor-first2=Parmjit}}
* {{Cite book |last=Panesar |first=Amar Singh |title=British Newspaper Reports on the Sikhs (in two volumes) |publisher=Ramblings of a Sikh}}
* {{Cite book |title=Sikh News in India, 1864-1924: Colonial Reports on Vernacular Newspapers of Punjab (in four volumes) |publisher=Brill |year=2025 |editor-last=Myrvold |editor-first=Kristina}}
* {{Cite book |last=McLeod |first=William Hewat |title=Early Sikh Tradition: A Study of the Janam-sakhis (1980)}}
* {{Cite book |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |title=Contesting Interpretations of the Sikh Tradition |year=1998}}
* {{Cite book |last=Suri |first=Vidya Sagar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282842/ |title=Some Original Sources of Panjab History |year=1956}}
{{Sikhism}}
{{History of religions|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Sikhism}}
[[Category:History of Sikhism| ]]
[[Category:History of religion by religion]]

Nadira (Indian actress)

2026-03-21T23:35:23Z

Masterstrock:

{{Short description|Indian actress (1932–2006)}}
{{other uses|Nadira}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nadira
| image = Nadira in Aan.webp
| alt =
| caption = Nadira in ''[[Aan (1952 film)|Aan]]'' (1952)
| birth_name = Florence Ezekiel
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1932|12|05}}
| birth_place = [[Baghdad]], [[Kingdom of Iraq]] (present-day [[Iraq]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2006|02|09|1932|12|05}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| othername =
| occupation = Actress
| yearsactive = 1952–2001
| spouse =
| awards = [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Filmfare Award]] in 1976
}}
'''Nadira''' (born '''Florence Ezekiel'''; Arabic: فلورنس حزقيال 5 December 1932 – 9 February 2006), was an Indian actress who worked in the [[Hindi cinema|Hindi film industry]]. She appeared in films from the 1950s and 1960s, including ''[[Aan]]'' (1952), ''[[Shree 420]] (1955)'', ''[[Pakeezah]]'' (1972), and ''[[Julie (1975 film)|Julie]]'' (1975), which won her the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Filmfare Best Supporting Actress Award]].<ref name=NYT/><ref name=MDY/>

==Early life==
Nadira was born on 5 December 1932 in [[Baghdad]], [[Kingdom of Iraq|Iraq]], into a [[Baghdadi Jews|Baghdadi Jewish]] family.<ref name=NYT>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/10/arts/nadira-who-played-the-vamp-in-bollywood-is-dead.html |title=Nadira, Who Played the Vamp in Bollywood, Is Dead |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=10 February 2006 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=8 January 2021}}</ref> When she was an infant, her family migrated from Baghdad to [[Mumbai|Bombay]] in search of business opportunities.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Kuldip |date=2 April 2009 |title=Nadira |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/nadira-6109051.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/nadira-6109051.html |archive-date=18 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> She had two brothers, one of whom lives in the [[United States]] and another in [[Israel]].<ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-features/jewish-stars-of-bollywood-1.515427 "Jewish Stars of Bollywood"] Haaretz (newspaper), Published 14 April 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2021</ref>

== Career ==
Nadira's first appearance in cinema was in the 1943 [[Hindi]]-language film ''[[Mauj]]'' when she was 10 or 11 years of age.<ref name=":0" />

Her breakthrough came from [[Sardar Akhtar]], wife of film director [[Mehboob Khan]] who cast her in the film ''[[Aan]]'' (1952). Her role as a [[Rajput]] princess in the film marked her rise to cinematic prominence.<ref name="MDY" /><ref name="rediff" /><ref name="NYT" /> In 1955, she played a rich socialite named Maya in ''[[Shree 420]]''.<ref name="NYT" /><ref name="MDY">{{cite web |url=http://web.mid-day.com/news/city/2006/february/130439.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060220111022/http://web.mid-day.com/news/city/2006/february/130439.htm |website=MidDay.com website |archive-date=20 February 2006 |date=31 January 2006 |title=Veteran actress Nadira passes away |access-date=8 January 2021}}</ref> She played pivotal roles in a number of films such as ''[[Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai]]'' (1960), ''[[Pakeezah]]'' (1972), ''[[Hanste Zakhm]]'' (1973), and ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony]]'' (1977). She was often cast as a temptress or vamp, roles which were used as a foil to the chaste leading lady characters that were favoured at the time by the [[Hindi cinema|Hindi film industry]].<ref name="MDY" />

Nadira won a [[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Award]] for [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]], for her role in the 1975 film ''[[Julie (1975 film)|Julie]]''.<ref name=MDY/> During the 1980s and 1990s, she mostly played supporting characters. Due to her image as a [[Westernized]] woman, she often played roles of [[Christianity in India|Christian]] or [[Anglo-Indian people|Anglo-Indian]] ladies. Her last role was in the film ''[[Josh (2000 film)|Josh]]'' (2000).

She was among the highest-paid actresses during her career, and was one of the first Indian actresses to own a [[Rolls-Royce Limited|Rolls-Royce]].<ref name=MDY/>

==Personal life==
In her later years, Nadira lived alone in [[Mumbai]], [[India]], as many of her relatives had moved to [[Israel]]. In the last three years before her death, she had been residing in her condominium with only a housekeeper. On 24 January 2006, she suffered a [[cardiac arrest]] and was admitted to a hospital in a [[Coma|semi-comatose state]]. She had multiple existing health problems, including [[Tuberculous meningitis|tubercular meningitis]], [[Liver disease|alcoholic liver disorder]], and [[paralysis]].<ref name=MDY/><ref name=rediff>{{cite web |url=https://in.rediff.com/movies/2006/jan/16nadira.htm |author=Priyanka Jain |website=Rediff.com |date=16 January 2006 |title=Nadira: A woman ahead of her time |access-date=9 January 2021}}</ref>

She died on 9 February 2006, aged 73, at the Bhatia Hospital in [[Tardeo|Tardeo, Mumbai]], following a prolonged illness.<ref name=NYT/><ref name=MDY/><ref name=rediff/>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Films
|-
! Year!! Title !! Role!!Notes
|-
| 2000||''[[Josh (2000 film)|Josh]]''<ref name=rediff/>|| Mrs. Louise||
|-
|1999||''[[Cotton Mary]]''<ref name=MDY/>|| Mattie||
|-
|1997|| ''[[Tamanna (1997 film)|Tamanna]]''<ref name=MDY/><ref name=rediff/>|| Nazneen Begum ||
|-
|1991||''[[Jhoothi Shaan]]''||Ranimaa ||
|-
|1985|| ''[[Saagar (film)|Saagar]]''<ref name=MDY/><ref name=rediff/>||Miss Joseph||
|-
|1982|| ''[[Raaste Pyar Ke]]'' ||Saraswati ||
|-
|1982||''Ashanti''||School principal||
|-
|1981|| ''[[Dahshat]]'' || Mrs. Vishal||
|-
|1981 || ''[[Aas Paas]]'' ||Rani ||
|-
|1980||''Chaal Baaz''<ref name=MDY/>|| ||
|-
|1980||''Swayamvar''|| Durgadevi Bhargav||
|-
|1979 || ''[[Duniya Meri Jeb Mein]]'' ||Mrs. Robins ||
|-
|1979 || ''Bin Phere Hum Tere''|| ||
|-
|1979 || ''Magroor'' ||Mrs. D'Sa||
|-
|1978||''Naukri''|| Lily||
|-
|1977||''Aap Ki Khatir''|| ||
|-
|1977||''Aashiq Hoon Baharon Ka'' ||Heera (Jamundas' wife)||
|-
|1977 ||''[[Amar Akbar Anthony]]''|| Laxmi's stepmother||uncredit cameo
|-
|1977||''Darling Darling''|| ||
|-
|1977 ||''Paapi''|| Old lady hit by Vikram's car||
|-
|1976||''Bhanwar''|| Sharda Devi||
|-
|1975||''[[Dharmatma]]''|| Gypsy woman||
|-
|1975||''[[Julie (1975 film)|Julie]]''<ref name=MDY/><ref name=rediff/>||Margaret 'Maggie' (Julie's Mom)
|Won [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]] in 1976
|-
|1975||''Kahte Hain Mujhko Raja'' || ||
|-
|1975||''Mere Sartaj''|| ||
|-
|1974||''Faslah''|| ||
|-
|1974||''Ishq Ishq Ishq'' || ||
|-
|1974 ||''Woh Main Nahin''|| ||
|-
|1973||''Ek Nari Do Roop''|| ||
|-
|1973 ||''[[Hanste Zakhm]]''|| Brothel Madame ||
|-
|1973||''Pyaar Ka Rishta'' || ||
|-
|1972 ||''Ek Nazar'' || Aminabai||
|-
|1972 ||''[[Raja Jani]]''|| Shanno's foster mother||
|-
|1972 ||''[[Anokha Daan]]'' || ||
|-
|1972 ||''[[Pakeezah]]''<ref name=MDY/><ref name=rediff/>|| Madame Gauhar Jaan||
|-
| 1971||''Kahin Aar Kahin Paar''|| ||
|-
|1970 ||''[[Bombay Talkie]]''|| Anjana Devi||
|-
|1970||''Chetna''|| Nirmala||
|-
|1970||''[[Ek Nanhi Munni Ladki Thi]]''||||
|-
|1970||''[[Ishq Par Zor Nahin]]''||Mrs. Doraiswamy ||
|-
|1970||''[[Safar (1970 film)|Safar]]''|| Mrs. Kapoor (Shekhar's mother)||
|-
|1969||''[[The Guru (1969 film)|The Guru]]''|| Courtesan||
|-
|1969||''Insaaf Ka Mandir''|| ||
|-
|1969 ||''Jahan Pyar Mile''|| ||
|-
| 1969||''Talash''|| Flirtatious lady in red sari||
|-
|1968||''Kahin Din Kahin Raat''|| Mrs.Indrani||
|-
|1968||''[[Sapno Ka Saudagar]]''|| Ranjana's mother||
|-
| 1968 ||''Jung Aur Aman'' || ||
|-
|1967 || ''[[C.I.D. 909]]'' || ||
|-
|1966 ||''Hum Kahan Ja Rahe Hain'' || ||
|-
|1965||''[[Chhoti Chhoti Baatein]]''||Shanta||
|-
|1965||''Accident''|| ||
|-
|1965 || ''Mehbooba'' || ||
|-
|1963 ||''[[Meri Surat Teri Ankhen]]'' || ||
|-
|1962 ||''Madam Zorro'' || ||
|-
|1962 ||''[[Gyara Hazar Ladkian]]'' || Mohana ||
|-
|1961 ||''Wazir-E-Azam'' || ||
|-
|1961 || '' Main Aur Mera Bhai'' || ||
|-
|1960 ||''Black Tiger'' || ||
|-
|1960 ||''[[Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai]]''<ref name=MDY/>|| Mrs. Kusum Sushil Verma||
|-
|1960 ||''Kala Bazar''|| Herself||
|-
|1958 || ''Pehla Pehla Pyar'' || ||
|-
|1958 ||''[[Daughter Of Sindbad]]'' || ||
|-
|1958 ||''[[Police (1958 film)|Police]]''|| ||
|-
|1957 ||''Garma Garam'' || ||
|-
|1956 ||''[[Beloved Corinna]]'' || ||
|-
|1956 ||''Talwar Ka Dhani'' || ||
|-
|1956 ||''[[Pocket Maar (1956 film)|Pocket Maar]]'' || Rita ||
|-
|1956 ||''Samundari Daku''|| ||
|-
|1956||''Sipahsalar''|| ||
|-
|1956||''[[Shri 420|Shree 420]]''<ref name=NYT/><ref name=MDY/><ref name=rediff/>|| Maya||
|-
|1955 || ''[[Pyaara Dushman (1955 film)|Pyaara Dushman]]'' || ||
|-
|1955 ||''Raftar'' || ||
|-
|1954||''Dak Babu''|| ||
|-
|1954||''Waris''|| Kanta||
|-
|1953||''Akash''|| ||
|-
|1953||''Nagma''||||
|-
|1952 ||''[[Aan]]''<ref name=NYT/><ref name=rediff/> ||Princess Rajshree||
|-
|1943 ||''[[Mauj]]''||uncredited child||
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Television
|-
! Year!! Title !! Role
|-
| 2001||''Zohra Mahal''|| Zohra Mahal
|-
| 1997||''[[Margarita (Zee TV)|Margarita]] '' || Nacha
|-
|1995|| ''[[Ek Tha Rusty (TV series)|Ek Tha Rusty (Season 1)]]'' ||Ms. Mackenzie
|-
|1995|| ''[[Thoda Sa Aasman]]''|| Mrs. Joshi
|-
|1984||''Kim (TV serial)''|| Widow of Kulu
|}

==See also==
*[[List of Indian Jews]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0618918|name=Nadira}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestSupportingActress}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nadira}}
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Jews]]
[[Category:Jewish actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Baghdadi Jews]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Indian people of Iraqi-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Iraqi emigrants to India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Jews]]
[[Category:Actors from Baghdad]]
[[Category:Jewish Indian film people]]

Maharashtra Police Headquarters

2026-03-21T13:10:47Z

Masterstrock: created details!

{{short description|Heritage building in Maharashtra}}
{{distinguish|Mumbai Police Headquarters}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Maharashtra Police Headquarters building
| native_name =
| other_name = Royal Alfred Sailors' Home
| native_language =
| image = [[File:Royal Alfred Sailors' Home, Bombay 1870.jpg|300px]]
| caption = An 1870s photograph of what was then the Royal Alfred Sailors' Home.
| type =
| coordinates = {{coord|18|55|31|N|72|50|00|E|display=inline,title}}
| locmapin = India Mumbai#India
| location = Wellington Circle, [[Lion Gate (Mumbai)|Lion Gate]]
| area = [[Fort, Mumbai]]
| built = 1876
| architect =
| architecture = [[Gothic Revival]], [[Venetian Gothic]]
| governing_body =
| owner =
| designation1 = World Heritage Site
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_criteria = ii, iv
| designation1_date = 2018
| designation1_partof = [[Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai]]
| designation1_number = 1480
}}

'''Maharashtra Police Headquarters building''' (formerly '''Royal Alfred Sailors' Home''') is a [[Heritage structures in Mumbai|Grade I listed]] [[List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India|UNESCO World Heritage Site]] in [[South Mumbai]] that was built between 1872 and 1876, and designed by the British architect [[Frederick William Stevens]], who also designed the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=(Former) Royal Alfred Sailors' Home, Bombay, by Frederick William Stevens (1847-1900) |url=http://www.victorianweb.org/art/architecture/stevens/1.html |website=www.victorianweb.org}}</ref> The building is often confused with [[Mumbai Police Headquarters]], also built in [[Gothic Revival]] style, and several newspapers often carry the image of Maharashtra headquarters while reporting on the latter.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 1, 2017 |title=Mumbai Police's over 100-yr-old office set for a facelift |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/mumbai-polices-over-100-yr-old-office-set-for-a-facelift/articleshow/61391748.cms |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 11, 2018 |title=Mumbai Police to soon get its own museum |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/mumbai-police-soon-get-its-own-museum-669443.html |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> The headquarters are located at Wellington Circle in [[Fort, Mumbai|Fort]], and face the [[Wellington Fountain]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdBbBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT42|title=Southern India: A Guide to Monuments Sites & Museums|first=George|last=Michell|date=1 May 2013|publisher=Roli Books Private Limited|isbn=9788174369031|via=Google Books}}</ref>

Royal Alfred Sailors' Home, the previous occupant of the building, was named after [[Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Prince Alfred]], the second son of [[Queen Victoria]] and Prince Albert, who visited Bombay in 1870. It was a recuperation centre for sick European sailors, and provided accommodation for 20 officers and about 100 [[Sailor|seamen]]. After 1928, it served as the Bombay Presidency Legislative Assembly and then the Maharashtra Vidhan Bhavan until 1982, when the [[Maharashtra Police]] moved into the building.

==History==
The historic structure called Royal Alfred Sailors' Home was built at the height of [[maritime trade]] in Bombay, which had become a busy port during the [[British Raj]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wright |first=Colin |title=Sailors' Home [Bombay]. |url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/s/019pho000000937u00034000.html |website=www.bl.uk}}</ref> It was designed by Frederick William Stevens, an engineer with the Indian Public Works Department, and named after the "sailor prince" [[Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]], the second son of [[Queen Victoria]] and Prince Albert who had visited Bombay in 1870.<ref name="auto"/> It could accommodate 20 officers and 100 sea men.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2016 |title=A gaze at FW Stevens' Gothic landmark in Colaba |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/a-gaze-at-fw-stevens-gothic-landmark-in-colaba/17753152 |website=mid-day}}</ref> The Maharaja of Baroda [[Khanderao II Gaekwad]] contributed {{Indian rupee}}2,00,000 towards the construction of the building.<ref name="Kidambi">{{Cite book |last1=Kidambi |first1=Prashant |last2=Kamat |first2=Manjiri |last3=Dwyer |first3=Rachel |date=October 20, 2019 |title=Bombay before Mumbai: Essays in Honour of Jim Masselos |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fkO1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT149 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=9789353056650 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

The building was Stevens's first important commission in the city and he was supervised by [[James Augustus Fuller]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Curl |first1=James Stevens |last2=Wilson |first2=Susan |date=July 6, 2015 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Architecture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Lu6BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA733 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199674985 |via=Google Books}}</ref> His efforts were described as "an early attempt to infuse Gothic architecture with Muslim nuances".<ref name="auto" /> It was acquired by the Government of India in 1928 from the Committee of Royal Alfred Sailors' Home.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=MuQiAQAAMAAJ&q=PA16 Bombay Civic Journal, Volume 11] p.16: "...they had received from the Royal Alfred Sailors' Home out of the sale proceeds of the later's premises to the Government."</ref> It then served as the Legislative Assembly and the Bombay Council Hall, until the new council hall was built in 1982.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/maharashtra-police-headquarters-set-for-rs-17-crore-facelift-1578607-2019-08-08|title=Maharashtra police headquarters set for Rs 17 crore facelift|agency=Press Trust of India |date=August 8, 2019 |magazine=India Today}}</ref> Following the departure, [[Maharashtra Police]] moved into the building and currently occupies the site.<ref name="auto1"/>

[[File:Police Head Quarters Mumbai.jpg|thumb|Facade Police Headquarters Mumbai.]]

==Architecture==
The building was constructed using blue [[basalt]], specifically the Kurla stone, in contrast to the Mumbai Police Headquarters that used yellow basalt some two decades later in 1896. Red [[Mangalore tiles]] were used for the roof. [[John Lockwood Kipling]] (father of the novelist [[Rudyard Kipling]]), who was then the principal of [[Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art]], worked on the [[capital (architecture)|capitals]] and [[cornices]].<ref name="auto" /> He supervised the students of the college who also worked on the sculptures.<ref name="auto1"/>

The sculptures were done in [[Bath stone]] by the English sculptor [[Richard Lockwood Boulton]] of [[Cheltenham]]. The [[pediment]] has sculptures of the Roman god of water and the sea, [[Neptune (mythology)|Neptune]], nymphs, sea horses, and waves that recall the building's proximity to the [[Arabian Sea]].<ref name="auto" /> Discussing the charitable institution of the Sailors' Home in an essay in the book ''Bombay Before Mumbai: Essays in Honour of Jim Masselos'', historian Preeti Chopra writes, "Even in the context of port architecture, Bombay's Sailors' Home looked as a "rather luxurious hotel" with large airy rooms and bathrooms."<ref name="Kidambi"/>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Maharashtra Police HQ (3328006669).jpg| The building was the first important commission for [[Frederick William Stevens]], who later designed the [[Victoria Terminus]].
File:Mumbai 03-2016 33 Maharashtra Police building detail.jpg| The [[pediment]] sculptures depicting [[Neptune (mythology)|Neptune]] and nymphs were done by [[Richard Lockwood Boulton]].
File:Maharashtra Police Headquarters at Fort.jpg|The building at dusk
File:Maharashtra Police Headquarters, Mumbai.jpg|The polychromatic exterior inspired by the [[Venetian Gothic]] style
File:Maharashtra_Police_-_panoramio_(2).jpg|The headquarters at Wellington Circle, with [[Wellington Fountain]] in the foreground
Maharashtra Police Headquarters by Gnoeee.jpg|The headquarters at Mumbai
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Maharashtra Police Headquarters}}

[[Category:Police headquarters]]
[[Category:1876 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Gothic Revival architecture in India]]
[[Category:Residential buildings completed in 1876]]
[[Category:Venetian Gothic architecture]]
[[Category:Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai]]

Article 21 (film)

2026-03-18T00:38:07Z

Masterstrock: slightly enhanced section as per guidelines and added references per sources

{{Short description|2023 Indian film}}
<noinclude>{{Requested move notice|1=Article 21|2=Talk:Article 21 (film)#Requested move 18 March 2026}}
</noinclude>{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Article 21
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Lenin Balakrishnan
| writer = Lenin Balakrishnan
| producer = {{Plain list|
* Joseph Dhanoop
* Praseena
}}
| starring = {{Plain list|
* [[Lena (actress)|Lena]]
* [[Aju Varghese]]
* [[Joju George]]
* Romanch Rajendran
* Bineesh Kodiyeri
}}
| cinematography = Ashkar
| distributor = Chemmeen Cinemas
| released = {{Film date|2023|7|28|df=yes}}
| runtime = 163 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Article 21''''' is a 2023 Indian film directed and written by Lenin Balakrishnan.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |title='Debutant director Lenin Balakrishnan all praise for actor Lena for her work in his Malayalam movie 'Article 21' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-of-malayalam-movie-article-21-lenin-balakrishnan-all-praise-for-actor-lena-for-her-work-in-the-film/article67126920.ece |access-date=2023-07-27 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=27 July 2023 |language=en |last1=Anand |first1=Shilpa Nair }}</ref> The film delves into the imperative of safeguarding the fundamental rights of underprivileged and marginalized segments of Indian society. The movie underscores the transformative potential of education for individuals living on the streets, while also scrutinizing the universality of human rights and the societal disparities that obstruct access to education and upward social mobility.<ref name="sanu">{{Cite web |last= |title='വെളിച്ചത്തില്‍ നിൽക്കുന്നവർ കാണുന്നുണ്ടോ, ഇരുട്ടിലെ ഈ ജീവിതങ്ങളെ': അവശതകൾ മറന്ന് സാനുമാഷ് വന്നു, ആർട്ടിക്കിൾ 21 കാണാൻ |trans-title=
'Do those who stand in the light see these lives in darkness': Sanumash came to see Article 21, forgetting the disadvantages.|url=https://www.vanitha.in/celluloid/movies/professor-mk-sanu-watched-article-21.html |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=[[Vanitha]] |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |title='ആർട്ടിക്കിൾ 21 |trans-title=Article 21 (movie review)|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-review/lena-aju-varghese-joju-george-romanch-leswin-thambu-bineesh-kodiyeri-nandan-rajesh-starrer-article-21-movie-review-rating-in-malayalam/moviereview/102210758.cms |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=[[Samayam]] |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |title='ആ സിനിമക്കായി അഞ്ചുദിവസം പട്ടിണികിടന്നു, മണിക്കൂറുകള്‍ക്കുള്ളില്‍ പത്തുപതിനഞ്ച് ബീഡി വലിക്കേണ്ടി വന്നു: ലെന |trans-title=Starved for 5 days for that film, had to smoke 15 beedis in hours: Lena|url=https://www.doolnews.com/lena-talks-about-article-64-128.html |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=DoolNews |language=ml}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Thamarai and her children, migrants from Tamil Nadu, make a living by collecting and selling scraps in Kochi. They live in an abandoned bus near a railway track, lacking the means to dream or achieve much. Dalapathi, the younger child, wishes to attend school but faces obstacles. Auto driver Vishnu and teacher Victor help them navigate these obstacles, ultimately enabling Dalapathi to enroll in school. The film, 'Article 21,' highlights the importance of education for underprivileged children in India, emphasizing the transformative power of the law and compassionate individuals.

== Cast ==
* [[Lena (actress)|Lena]] as Thamarai
* [[Aju Varghese]] as Vishnu
* [[Joju George]]
* Romanch Rajendran
* Bineesh Kodiyeri
* Leswin Ullas
* Nandan Rajesh as Muthu
* [[Manohari Joy]]
* Ambika Nair
* Majeed

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
''Article 21'' was released in theaters in Kerala on 28 July 2023, and successfully extended its release to theaters in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu through Galaxy Cinemas from 4 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ajith|first=Swathi P|date=2023-07-28 |title=Review {{!}} Lenaa and Leswin shine as 'Article 21' chronicles the journey of a young boy to education |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/07/28/malayalam-movie-article-21-lenaa-aju-varghese-lenin-balakrish-review.html |access-date=2023-09-09 |website=[[Onmanorama]]|language=en-US}}</ref>

Author and orator [[M. K. Sanu]] who recently celebrated his 96th birthday, attended a screening of the film. He commended the movie, stating that it effectively portrays the stark divide between those who have and those who do not, emphasizing the vital message of human rights—a topic frequently discussed but often lacking concrete actions to integrate the underprivileged into the broader social fabric.<ref name="sanu" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt12700092}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]

List of tallest buildings in Hyderabad

2026-03-16T10:06:33Z

Masterstrock: quick cleanup intro and updated info for clarity

{{short description|Tallest buildings in Hyderabad, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox skyline
| name = Tall buildings in Hyderabad
| image = Durgam Cheruvu Cable Bridge, Hyderabad.jpg
| caption = Hyderabad's Knowledge City business district viewed from across the [[Durgam Cheruvu Bridge]]
| tallest = SAS Crown (2024)
| tallestheight = {{convert|235.3|m|ft|0|abbr=}}
| first150 = Lodha Bellezza (2014)
| above100m = >275 (2026)
| above150m = 49 (2026)
| above200m = 3 (2026)
}}

{{GeoGroup}}[[Hyderabad]], the capital of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Telangana]], has the highest number of [[skyscraper]]s and [[Tower block|high-rise buildings]] in [[South India]].<ref name="Baski" /> The city has over 275 high-rise buildings over {{convert|100|m|ft|0|abbr=}} with 49 skyscrapers above {{convert|150|m|ft|0|abbr=}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-13 |title=Hyderabad Skyline To Billow As 30+ High-Rises Get Nod |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyderabad-skyline-to-billow-as-30-high-rises-get-nod/articleshow/106800548.cms |access-date=2025-05-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The three towers of SAS Crown are the tallest buildings in Hyderabad. Standing at {{convert|235.3|m|ft|0}} in height with 58 storeys, SAS Crown was the [[List of tallest buildings in India|24th tallest building in India]], the second-tallest outside Mumbai, and the tallest in [[South India]] when it [[Topping out|topped out]] in October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Sameer |date=2024-02-15 |title=South India's tallest skyscraper comes up in Hyderabad |url=https://www.siasat.com/south-indias-tallest-skyscraper-comes-up-in-hyderabad-2978002/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2024-02-13 |title=SAS Infra's 'The Crown' in Hyderabad becomes South India's tallest tower |url=https://telanganatoday.com/sas-infras-the-crown-in-hyderabad-becomes-south-indias-tallest-tower |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref>

Most of Hyderabad's high-rise buildings are located in key business areas such as [[Gachibowli]], [[HITEC City]], [[Raidurg]], [[Kondapur]], and [[Manikonda]] in the western regions of the city. [[Kukatpally]] and [[Miyapur]] in the city's northwest also have numerous high-rise buildings. Additionally, large-scale real estate developments are emerging in the southwest regions in newly planned localities such as Neopolis, [[Kokapet]] and [[Gandipet]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyderabad's Peripheral Areas to Drive Office Growth |url=https://www.rprealtyplus.com/news-views/hyderabads-peripheral-areas-to-drive-office-growth-119127.html |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Realty Plus Magazine |language=en}}</ref>

The city has over 182 skyscrapers under construction, each with a minimum height of {{convert|150|m|ft|0}}. The tallest of these is the Candeur Skyline project, which comprises four towers each reaching a height of {{convert|244|m|ft|0}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Gaurav |date=2024-02-16 |title=57 Stories Above, South India's Tallest Skyscraper Takes Shape In Hyderabad |url=https://www.oneindia.com/hyderabad/57-stories-above-south-indias-tallest-skyscraper-takes-shape-in-hyderabad-3752963.html |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Early Developments (Pre–2000s) ===
Prior to the 21st century, Hyderabad's urban development was largely [[Low-rise building|horizontal]], with very few structures exceeding ten storeys. Babukhan Estate, which was completed in 1987, was the first [[Tower block|high-rise]] building in Hyderabad. It stood {{convert|59|m|ft|0}} tall with 17 floors, with a mix of office spaces and retail shops.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2021-11-29 |title=Hyderabad witnessing growth of skyscrapers as demand goes up |url=https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabad-witnessing-growth-of-skyscrapers-as-demand-goes-up |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref> Babukhan Estate remained the tallest building in Hyderabad for the next 27 years until 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-31 |title=14 new 30+ floor buildings to dot Hyderabad's skyline |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/14-new-30-floor-buildings-to-dot-hyderabads-skyline/articleshow/96634914.cms |access-date=2025-05-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Over the next few decades, a few other notable high-rise buildings were constructed such as the Burgula Ramakrishna Rao Bhavan (1980s) in [[Khairatabad]] and the Swapnalok Complex (1987) in [[Secunderabad]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gupte |first1=Rupali |last2=Daga |first2=Anuj |last3=Dalal |first3=Karan |last4=Dave |first4=Shivani |last5=Verma |first5=Anil |last6=Bhan |first6=Ravindra |last7=Verma |first7=Kiran |last8=Ganju |first8=Shiban |date=2017 |title=Mumbai Modern |url=https://architexturez.net/pst/az-cf-191614-1557135878#:~:text=A%20shopping-cum-office%20complex,at%20the%20above%207%20levels. |journal=National Common Minimum Programme, Delhi Master Plan Monitor |language=en |volume=01}}</ref> However, restrictive [[Zoning|zoning regulations]] coupled with low land cost and limited demand for high-density living meant that the city never had a need for tall buildings.<ref name=":29">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-11-16 |title=KTR launches TS-bPASS, simplifies building clearance |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/ktr-launches-ts-bpass-simplifies-building-clearance/article33110004.ece |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref>
{{Chart
| chart = Hyderabad skyscraper growth.chart
| caption = Number of high-rise buildings by height in Hyderabad at the end of each year, including topped out high-rises expected to be completed in 2026. Topped out buildings which are expected to complete in 2027 or beyond are not included. Click on the legend to toggle a specific height on or off.
}}

=== First Wave of High-Rises (2000s–2010s) ===
With the turn of the century, Hyderabad began to emerge as a major hub for [[IT service management|IT services]]. New localities, such as [[HITEC City]] and [[Cyberabad]], emerged in the early 2000s and witnessed the construction of mid-rise and [[Tower block|high-rise]] office spaces. During this time, large-scale commercial and luxury residential high-rise projects started to become more common. Some of the notable projects from this period include [[Raheja Mindspace]], Lanco Hills, Malaysian Township, and Lodha Bellezza. The early 2000s also witnessed the rise in popularity of gated residential communities in emerging neighbourhoods like [[Madhapur]], [[Kondapur]], and [[Gachibowli]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baski |first=Sunny |date=2023-09-11 |title=Rental rates in Hyderabad soar as demand surges |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/hyderabad/2023/Sep/11/rental-rates-in-hyderabad-soar-as-demand-surges-2613640.html |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Hyderabad got its first [[skyscraper]]s during this period with two towers of Lodha Bellezza rising to {{convert|153|m|ft|0}} each in 2014.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Map Plot Tallest Buildings Hyderabad.png|thumb|267x267px|Map showing the distribution of buildings 100 metres (328 ft) or taller in [[Hyderabad]] as of 17 July 2025, highlighting the concentration of high-rise structures in the city's western corridor.]]

=== Policy Shifts and the Vertical Boom (Late 2010s–2020s) ===
In 2014, the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] was bifurcated into two states – [[Telangana]] and Andhra Pradesh, with Hyderabad being geographically located in Telangana. The newly formed [[Government of Telangana]] relaxed [[Floor area ratio|floor space index (FSI)]] norms and provided faster approvals for new projects with the goal of spurring growth in the [[Telangana movement|newly formed state]]. Developmental reforms such as the [[TS-iPASS|Telangana Building Permission Approval and Self-Certification System]] (TS-bPASS)<ref name=":29" /> coupled with an influx of real estate investments led to the announcement of several new high-rise projects. Between the late 2010s and early 2020s, Hyderabad witnessed a rapid construction boom, particularly around its IT corridor in the west. This was fuelled by an increase of [[Foreign direct investment in India|foreign investment]] from global technology firms and a rapidly growing [[Upper middle class|upper-middle-class]] population.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chadha |first=Sunainaa |date=16 January 2025 |title=Rs 4 crore+ luxury home sales rise 53% as upper-middle class drives demand |url=https://www.business-standard.com/amp/finance/personal-finance/rs-4-crore-luxury-home-sales-rise-53-as-upper-middle-class-drives-demand-125011600189_1.html |work=Business Standard}}</ref>

In the early 2020s, major developers like My Home Group, SAS Infra, Auro Realty, and RMZ launched large-scale residential and commercial skyscrapers in areas such as [[HITEC City]], [[Kokapet]], [[Nanakramguda]], and [[Puppalguda|Puppalaguda]]. The completion of SAS Crown in 2025 marked Hyderabad's entry into the 200m+ skyscraper league.<ref name=":4" /> [[Tower block|Residential high-rise]] gated communities with 40–50 floors became increasingly popular.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Sameer |date=2025-04-03 |title=Nod granted for 102 high-rise buildings in Hyderabad |url=https://www.siasat.com/nod-granted-for-102-high-rise-buildings-in-hyderabad-3202455/ |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en}}</ref> SAS iTower, with 5.2 million square feet of floor space, was completed in 2025 and became the [[List of largest office buildings|fourth-largest office building in the world]].<ref name=":57">{{Cite news |last=Basu |first=Indranil |date=28 April 2022 |title=Collaboration between Colliers' Capital Markets & Project Management team leads to one of the largest partnerships in South India in the office sector |url=https://www.colliers.com/en-in/news/press-release-colliers-partners-with-embassy-group-and-sas-infra |access-date=11 December 2025 |work=Colliers}}</ref><ref name=":58">{{Cite journal |last=Basu |first=Indranil |date=28 April 2022 |title=Case Study {{!}} SAS Infra - Embassy Deal |url=https://www.colliers.com/en-in/news/e22-case-study-sas-infra-embassy-deal |journal=Colliers}}</ref> The developments during this period, after the formation of Telangana, led to the rapid growth of Hyderabad into a city of global prominence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How emerging cities are taking on global innovation hubs |url=https://www.jll.com/en-uk/insights/how-emerging-cities-are-taking-on-global-innovation-hubs.html |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=www.jll.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>
[[File:SAS Crown.jpg|thumb|267x267px|The three towers of SAS Crown are currently the tallest buildings in [[Hyderabad]] and [[South India]].]]

=== Ongoing and Future Trends ===
As of 2026, Hyderabad has the [[List of tallest buildings in India#Cities with the most skyscrapers|second-highest number of skyscrapers in India]], behind only [[Mumbai]], and continues to witness a robust pipeline of new high-rise projects.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-28 |title=Hyderabad horizon billowing with 2nd highest number of skyscrapers after Mumbai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyd-horizon-billowing-with-2nd-highest-number-of-skyscrapers-after-mumbai/articleshow/101323558.cms |access-date=2025-05-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The city has several buildings over 50 floors under construction, which includes both office spaces and luxury residences.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Rise of Branded Residences - Hotelier India | date=9 August 2024 | url=https://www.hotelierindia.com/development/the-rise-of-branded-residences }}</ref> Infrastructure projects such as the [[Hyderabad Metro]] expansion, [[Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad|Outer Ring Road (ORR)]], and the Strategic Road Development Programme (SRDP) are expected to further enhance connectivity and make newer localities on the periphery of the city more accessible.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2021-12-29 |title=SRDP projects gave Hyderabad major makeover/> |url=https://telanganatoday.com/srdp-projects-gave-hyderabad-major-makeover |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Telangana government seeks Hyderabad metro expansion plan |url=https://www.constructionworld.in/transport-infrastructure/metro-rail-and-railways-infrastructure/telangana-government-seeks-hyderabad-metro-expansion-plan/37728 |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=www.constructionworld.in |language=en}}</ref>

Architecturally, the city's [[skyline]] consists of a mix of concrete buildings along with glass-and-steel structures. Glass-clad exteriors tend to be more common among office buildings. Due to the tropical climate, most of the city's residential buildings avoid excessive use of glass facades to minimize the [[greenhouse effect]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-01 |title=Trump Towers to elevate Hyderabad's skyline with Rs 3,500 crore luxury project |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/trump-towers-to-elevate-hyderabads-skyline-with-rs-3500-crore-luxury-project-2717921-2025-05-01 |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Newer projects also have an emphasis on [[sustainability]] and [[Building automation|smart building technologies]] such as energy-efficient facades, [[rainwater harvesting]], and green rooftops.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rise of Green Architecture in India: A Path Towards Sustainability |url=https://thecsruniverse.com/articles/the-rise-of-green-architecture-in-india-a-path-towards-sustainability |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=The CSR Universe |language=en}}</ref>

Over the next decade, [[Kokapet]], Neopolis, and the [[Financial District, Hyderabad|Financial District]] are projected to house several of the tallest buildings in [[South India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sekhar |first=Vineela |date=2024-11-14 |title=Hyderabad's Skyline Set for Transformation with South India's Tallest Tower |url=https://www.bizzbuzz.news/TelanganaState/GHMC/hyderabads-skyline-set-for-transformation-with-south-indias-tallest-tower-1342249 |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=www.bizzbuzz.news |language=en}}</ref> The city's skyline continues to evolve rapidly, marking Hyderabad's transformation into a major urban and economic hub in [[South Asia]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Top 10 fastest-growing cities in world where Asia leads with 4 notable cities from India including Delhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/top-10-fastest-growing-cities-in-world-where-asia-leads-with-4-notable-cities-from-india-including-delhi/articleshow/114195647.cms |access-date=2025-05-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>{{Panorama
| image = File:Hyderabad ORR Wide angle (01).jpg
| height = 220
| alt = Several completed and under-construction high-rise buildings along a major eight-lane highway.
| caption = [[panorama|Panoramic]] view of the [[Kokapet]] skyline along the [[Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad|Hyderabad Outer Ring Road]], taken in January 2025.
| fullwidth = 5567
| fullheight = 918
}}

== Cityscape ==
{{Wide image|File:Durgam Cheruvu Panorama V2.jpg|1280px|alt=Panoramic view of a lake with high rise glass office buildings on the left and low-rise residential buildings on its right.|[[panorama|Panoramic]] view of the business districts of [[HITEC City]] and [[Madhapur]], taken from the [[Durgam Cheruvu Bridge]].}}

== Map of tallest buildings ==

The map below shows the location of every building taller than {{convert|150|m|ft|0|abbr=}} in Hyderabad. Blue markers represent residential buildings whereas red markers represent commercial buildings.
{{OSM Location map
| coord={{coord|17.4181|78.4745}}
| float=center| zoom =11
| width = 1000 |height = 700
| shape1=n-circle
| shape-outline1=#000

| mark-size1=12

| mark-title1 = SAS Crown Tower 1
| mark-coord1 = {{coord|17.40167|78.33889}} | shape-color1=#06c
| mark-title2 = SAS Crown Tower 2
| mark-coord2 = {{coord|17.40139|78.33944}} | shape-color2=#06c
| mark-title3 = SAS Crown Tower 3
| mark-coord3 = {{coord|17.40083|78.33944}} | shape-color3=#06c
| mark-title4 = Diamond Tower Block C
| mark-coord4 = {{coord|17.40556|78.351556}} | shape-color4=#06c
| mark-title5 = DSR The Twins Tower A
| mark-coord5 = {{coord|17.404278|78.352528}} | shape-color5=#06c
| mark-title6 = DSR The Twins Tower B
| mark-coord6 = {{coord|17.403694|78.352361}} | shape-color6=#06c
| mark-title7 = The Trilight Tower 3 (Rigel)
| mark-coord7 = {{coord|17.400528|78.334111}} | shape-color7=#06c
| mark-title8 = Phoenix Triton
| mark-coord8 = {{coord|17.40083|78.35444}} | shape-color8=#b00
| mark-title9 = The Trilight Tower 2 (Vega)
| mark-coord9 = {{coord|17.400639|78.333611}} | shape-color9=#06c
| mark-title10 = Candeur Lakescape Tower A
| mark-coord10 = {{coord|17.478333|78.335111}} | shape-color10=#06c
| mark-title11 = Candeur Lakescape Tower B
| mark-coord11 = {{coord|17.478194|78.335639}} | shape-color11=#06c
| mark-title12 = Candeur Lakescape Tower C
| mark-coord12 = {{coord|17.478083|78.336056}} | shape-color12=#06c
| mark-title13 = Candeur Lakescape Tower D
| mark-coord13 = {{coord|17.477944|78.336583}} | shape-color13=#06c
| mark-title14 = Candeur Lakescape Tower E
| mark-coord14 = {{coord|17.478356|78.336738}} | shape-color14=#06c
| mark-title15 = Candeur Lakescape Tower F
| mark-coord15 = {{coord|17.478472|78.336194}} | shape-color15=#06c
| mark-title16 = Candeur Lakescape Tower G
| mark-coord16 = {{coord|17.478694|78.335833}} | shape-color16=#06c
| mark-title17 = Candeur Crescent Tower A
| mark-coord17 = {{coord|17.48083|78.31972}} | shape-color17=#06c
| mark-title18 = Candeur Crescent Tower B
| mark-coord18 = {{coord|17.48139|78.31972}} | shape-color18=#06c
| mark-title19 = Candeur Crescent Tower C
| mark-coord19 = {{coord|17.48111|78.31917}} | shape-color19=#06c
| mark-title20 = Candeur Crescent Tower D
| mark-coord20 = {{coord|17.48083|78.31875}} | shape-color20=#06c
| mark-title21 = Candeur Crescent Tower E
| mark-coord21 = {{coord|17.48139|78.31889}} | shape-color21=#06c
| mark-title22 = My Home Avali Tower 1
| mark-coord22 = {{coord|17.461194|78.293306}} | shape-color22=#06c
| mark-title23 = My Home Avali Tower 2
| mark-coord23 = {{coord|17.46175|78.293194}} | shape-color23=#06c
| mark-title24 = Grava Business Park Tower 1
| mark-coord24 = {{coord|17.39833|78.315}} | shape-color24=#b00
| mark-title25 = DSR Skymarq Block E
| mark-coord25 = {{coord|17.404583|78.351222}} | shape-color25=#06c
| mark-title26 = DSR Skymarq Block C
| mark-coord26 = {{coord|17.403639|78.351639}} | shape-color26=#06c
| mark-title27 = SAS iTower A
| mark-coord27 = {{coord|17.41917|78.35944}} | shape-color27=#b00
| mark-title28 = Sumadhura Olympus Tower A
| mark-coord28 = {{coord|17.419639|78.349111}} | shape-color28=#06c
| mark-title29 = Sumadhura Olympus Tower B
| mark-coord29 = {{coord|17.419528|78.349833}} | shape-color29=#06c
| mark-title30 = Lodha Bellezza Tower 3
| mark-coord30 = {{coord|17.475|78.392667}} | shape-color30=#06c
| mark-title31 = Lodha Bellezza Tower 4
| mark-coord31 = {{coord|17.47472|78.39306}} | shape-color31=#06c
| mark-title32 = My Home Nishada Tower 1
| mark-coord32 = {{coord|17.40472|78.307361}} | shape-color32=#06c
| mark-title33 = My Home Nishada Tower 2
| mark-coord33 = {{coord|17.40472|78.30833}} | shape-color33=#06c
| mark-title34 = My Home Nishada Tower 3
| mark-coord34 = {{coord|17.40444|78.30889}} | shape-color34=#06c
| mark-title35 = My Home Nishada Tower 4
| mark-coord35 = {{coord|17.40528|78.3075}} | shape-color35=#06c
| mark-title36 = My Home Nishada Tower 5
| mark-coord36 = {{coord|17.40528|78.308944}} | shape-color36=#06c
| mark-title37 = My Home Nishada Tower 6
| mark-coord37 = {{coord|17.40611|78.3075}} | shape-color37=#06c
| mark-title38 = My Home Nishada Tower 7
| mark-coord38 = {{coord|17.40583|78.30833}} | shape-color38=#06c
| mark-title39 = My Home Nishada Tower 8
| mark-coord39 = {{coord|17.40583|78.30944}} | shape-color39=#06c
| mark-title40 = My Home Vipina Tower 1
| mark-coord40 = {{coord|17.468667|78.255472}} | shape-color40=#06c
| mark-title41 = My Home Vipina Tower 2
| mark-coord41 = {{coord|17.469556|78.255472}} | shape-color41=#06c
| mark-title42 = My Home Vipina Tower 3
| mark-coord42 = {{coord|17.468556|78.256139}} | shape-color42=#06c
| mark-title43 = My Home Vipina Tower 4
| mark-coord43 = {{coord|17.469667|78.256139}} | shape-color43=#06c
| mark-title44 = My Home Vipina Tower 5
| mark-coord44 = {{coord|17.4695|78.256722}} | shape-color44=#06c
| mark-title45 = My Home Vipina Tower 6
| mark-coord45 = {{coord|17.467917|78.257389}} | shape-color45=#06c
| mark-title46 = My Home Vipina Tower 7
| mark-coord46 = {{coord|17.468833|78.257389}} | shape-color46=#06c
| mark-title47 = My Home Vipina Tower 8
| mark-coord47 = {{coord|17.469694|78.257389}} | shape-color47=#06c
| mark-title48 = ASBL Loft Tower A
| mark-coord48 = {{coord|17.407083|78.341472}} | shape-color48=#06c
| mark-title49 = ASBL Loft Tower B
| mark-coord49 = {{coord|17.406139|78.341778}} | shape-color49=#06c

| caption = Buildings taller than {{convert|150|m|ft|0|abbr=}} in [[Hyderabad]]
{{flatlist|
* {{color box|#06c|Residential}}
* {{color box|#b00|Commercial}}
}}
| auto-caption=12
}}

== Tallest buildings ==
This lists ranks the tallest completed and [[Topping out|topped out]] buildings in Hyderabad that are at least {{convert|150|m|ft|0|abbr=}} in height based on standard height measurements. This includes spires and architectural details but does not include antenna masts. The "Year" column indicates the year in which a building was completed (or the expected year of completion for buildings which have topped out but not yet completed).

{{legend|#ddffdd|Was the tallest building in Hyderabad upon completion|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|#FFFF99|Architecturally topped out but not yet completed|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|- style="background:#ececec;"
!Rank
!Name
!Location
! class="unsortable"|Image
!Height
!Floors
! data-sort-type="text" |Year
!Building type
! class="unsortable"|Notes
|- style="background:#dfd;"
! rowspan="3" |1
|SAS Crown Tower 1
|[[Kokapet]]
{{Coord|17|24|06|N|78|20|20|E||display=inline|name=}}
|[[File:SAS Crown 160525.jpg|195x195px|alt=Tall residential building complex with three towers.]]
| rowspan="3" |{{convert|235.3|m|ft|0}}
| rowspan="3" |58
| rowspan="3" |2025
| rowspan="3" |Residential
| rowspan="3" |
* Tallest building and building with the most floors in [[Hyderabad]] and [[South India]] since it topped out in October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SAS Crown - Tower 1, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192213 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SAS Crown - Tower 2, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192214 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SAS Crown - Tower 3, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192215 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=SAS Crown – Telangana RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=E6Z9n5nJkofG%2bNC5uNR6qdIeq9mtoSblhhnH%2b6ETJQUzf4MA8BcTCtG0vZsOn%2fWOmsejL8nUp4pPpszQcU%2fq3uWFBh5c6%2fOnOvQmVresbOihG5gClT0tnXCdfsRPKQrbm0SrMvAJHMgNhI%2fr1bVc2%2ftK3qNozvlkH%2b%2bOGAZ52oibhQdy4m51AA%3d%3d |access-date=4 July 2025 |website=Telangana RERA}}</ref>
* First building in [[Hyderabad]] and [[South India]] to cross 200 metres.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PR |first=ANI |date=2025-03-15 |title=Hyderabad Witnesses Its Highest Holi Celebration at SAS Crown |url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/hyderabad-witnesses-its-highest-holi-celebration-at-sas-crown/2548968/ |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
* SAS Crown Tower 2 is the thinnest skyscraper in [[South India]], with a [[slenderness ratio]] (height-to-width ratio) of 8.1.

|- style="background:#dfd;"
|SAS Crown Tower 2
|[[Kokapet]]
{{Coord|17|24|05|N|78|20|22|E||display=inline|name=}}
|[[File:SAS Crown 160525.jpg|195x195px|alt=Tall residential building complex with three towers.]]
|- style="background:#dfd;"
|SAS Crown Tower 3
|[[Kokapet]]
{{Coord|17|24|03|N|78|20|22|E||display=inline|name=}}
|[[File:SAS Crown Tower 3 and One Golden Mile.jpg|253x253px|alt=Tall residential building with a glass facade.]]
|- style="background:#FF9;"
!4
|Diamond Tower Block C
|[[Financial District, Hyderabad|Financial District]]
{{Coord|17|24|20|N|78|21|05.6|E||display=inline|name=}}
|
|{{convert|187.35|m|ft|0}}
|55
|2026
|Residential
|
* Tallest residential building (topped-out) within the [[Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad|Hyderabad Outer Ring Road]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diamond Tower - Block C, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192302 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref><ref name=":43">{{Cite web |title=Srias Diamond Towers – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=yOoEPJqkQAbRs%2bXaunnE2VaxHAAqyOz98QtTmzYPy5cX1d6Qaz47EfmjA79k4N9chP705zycUEYT7qEC8JubbAi2%2fS849nkFkmUXIl5bBQGAZJZtdM8LcynpE8sq3aoH1dUfjCM7%2bHGPhCE5M%2boAqH1lgyhYGFGetsW%2fDpl5zpNrf72y5%2b2bRQ%3d%3d |access-date=5 July 2025 |website=Telangana RERA}}</ref><ref name=":28">{{Cite web| title=Diamond Tower | url=https://www.r-one.co.in/projects-copy/diamond-tower | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250628072608/https://www.r-one.co.in/projects-copy/diamond-tower | archive-date=2025-06-28}}</ref>
|- style="background:#FF9;"
! rowspan="2" |5
|DSR The Twins Tower A
|[[Financial District, Hyderabad|Financial District]]
{{Coord|17|24|15.4|N|78|21|09.1|E||display=inline|name=}}
|
| rowspan="2" |{{convert|181.675|m|ft|0}}
| rowspan="2" |44
| rowspan="2" |2027
| rowspan="2" |Residential
| rowspan="2" |
* Topped out in January 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Twins - Tower A, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192306 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Twins - Tower B, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192307 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DSR Puppalaguda – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=PcPBuYETT7oBJFFdTcMXjfzvGEUbYXzkHDNar81PMj1YgMy84tSCJyS566tdXy%2bsDWHkGe54e97lEHSTI%2f6IkswG8DdmZZmBHewLgMfXc2cqWiSMeYUe0XbpuA3A5ZfAtXDPOePaGWgWjSgWxSxJu34HB%2frKXfJQRCd0JZTHhcFbPdp5l2PM3Q%3d%3d |access-date=5 July 2025 |website=Telangana RERA}}</ref><ref name=":25">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-24 |title=DSR Skymarq in Puppalguda |url=https://ysrealty.co.in/property/skymarq-by-dsr/ |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=YS Realty |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NA Architects |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/video/the-bold-club/na-architects/141/1 |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=www.forbesindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|- style="background:#FF9;"
|DSR The Twins Tower B
|[[Financial District, Hyderabad|Financial District]]
{{Coord|17|24|13.3|N|78|21|08.5|E||display=inline|name=}}
|
|- style="background:#FF9;"
!7
|The Trilight Tower 3 (Rigel)
|[[Kokapet]]
{{Coord|17|24|01.9|N|78|20|02.8|E||display=inline|name=}}
|
|{{convert|178.3|m|ft|0}}
|50
|2027
|Residential
|
* Topped out in Dec 2025.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":34" />
* Height of the topmost floor is {{convert|175.85|m|ft|0}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Trilight - Tower 3, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192308 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref>
|- style="background:#FF9;"
!8
|Phoenix Triton
|[[Khajaguda]]
{{Coord|17|24|03|N|78|21|16|E||display=inline|name=}}
|
|{{convert|175.1|m|ft|0}}
|42
|2026
|Commercial
|
* Tallest commercial building in [[Hyderabad]] and [[South India]] since 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Phoenix Triton, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192456 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Phoenix Triton – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=NQVB0JOQIzvYtOjywDIBbOgP9VdJc2LTmbHePUMh3SJTfMd2FoPqR4JeanYycDBbDxEeYtHcSrenugUv3gEF5qpov4Zbp46rLNSxjG%2bM%2b8SudnV0qWvNvYIf6c1NV4YzXLWj0%2fia%2fQ65TfqwnWaBAMmglNwJeOJpKuc4FIn5LzHlogM6%2bRMW9A%3d%3d |access-date=5 July 2025 |website=Telangana RERA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-10-08 |title=Real estate projects in Hyderabad may face scrutiny for lake encroachment |url=https://www.siasat.com/real-estate-projects-in-hyderabad-may-face-scrutiny-for-lake-encroachment-3109714/ |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en}}</ref>
* [[List of tallest buildings in India|Fourteenth-tallest office building in India]] at the time of topping out in 2025.
|- style="background:#FF9;"
!9
|The Trilight Tower 2 (Vega)
|[[Kokapet]]
{{Coord|17|24|02.3|N|78|20|01.0|E||display=inline|name=}}
|
|{{convert|170|m|ft|0}}
|47
|2027
|Residential
|
* Topped out in Dec 2025.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":34" />
* Height of the topmost floor is {{convert|165.5|m|ft|0}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Trilight - Tower 2, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192309 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref>
|- style="background:#FF9;"
! rowspan="7" |10
|Candeur Lakescape Tower A
|Spring Valley
{{Coord|17|28|42.0|N|78|20|06.4|E||display=inline|name=}}
|
| rowspan="7" |{{convert|166.8|m|ft|0}}
| rowspan="7" |48
| rowspan="7" |2027
| rowspan="7" |Residential
| rowspan="4" |
* Topped out in Sep 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Candeur Lakescape – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=xc5kDypGmYPZL4GG0u%2b5fqouEPrnsomrnaWaWpLsr0SEKo%2bA8fD%2b8UiOPqZCnho1u7Zcrv5avZStXsl9KSHIxWwCpTFLCFKgwgFlsA8AhxyAi%2b9RNynmrPJiyWZM3PSZdmVFLe7oMJJ2BIxJc81VfueffkfZ43oCHZBIza7%2f9BqBBZh5jEvg5Q%3d%3d |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=Telangana RERA}}</ref>
* Height of the topmost floor is {{convert|159.6|m|ft|0}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Candeur Lakescape - Tower A, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192457 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Candeur Lakescape - Tower B, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192458 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Candeur Lakescape - Tower C, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192459 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Candeur Lakescape - Tower D, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192460 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref>
|- style="background:#FF9;"
|Candeur Lakescape Tower B
|Spring Valley
{{Coord|17|28|41.5|N|78|20|08.3|E||display=inline|name=}}
|
|- style="background:#FF9;"
|Candeur Lakescape Tower C
|Spring Valley
{{Coord|17|28|41.1|N|78|20|09.8|E||display=inline|name=}}
|
|- style="background:#FF9;"
|Candeur Lakescape Tower D
|Spring Valley
{{Coord|17|28|40.6|N|78|20|11.7|E||display=inline|name=}}
|
|- style="background:#FF9;"
|Candeur Lakescape Tower E
|Spring Valley
{{Coord|17|28|42.1|N|78|20|12.3|E||display=inline|name=}}
|
|
* Topped out in Mar 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Candeur Lakescape - Tower E, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192461 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref>
|- style="background:#FF9;"
|Candeur Lakescape Tower F
|Spring Valley
{{Coord|17|28|42.5|N|78|20|10.3|E||display=inline|name=}}
|
| rowspan="2" |
* Topped out in Dec 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Candeur Lakescape - Tower F, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192462 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Candeur Lakescape - Tower G, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192463 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref>
|- style="background:#FF9;"
|Candeur Lakescape Tower G
|Spring Valley
{{Coord|17|28|43.3|N|78|20|09.0|E||display=inline|name=}}
|
|-
! rowspan="5" |17
|Candeur Crescent Tower A
|[[Serilingampally]]
{{Coord|17|28|51|N|78|19|11|E||display=inline|name=}}
|[[File:Candeur Crescent in Hyderabad 23052025.jpg|160x160px|alt=A skyscraper with a white painted exterior.]]
| rowspan="5" |{{convert|166|m|ft|0}}
| rowspan="5" |50
| rowspan="5" |2025
| rowspan="5" |Residential
| rowspan="5" |
* Tallest completed residential building within the [[Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad|Hyderabad Outer Ring Road]] since 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Candeur Crescent - Tower A, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192208 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Candeur Crescent - Tower B, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192209 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Candeur Crescent - Tower C, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192210 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Candeur Crescent - Tower D, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192211 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Candeur Crescent - Tower E, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192212 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2022-12-31 |title=2022 marks the year of highrises in Hyderabad |url=https://telanganatoday.com/2022-marks-the-year-of-highrises-in-hyderabad |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Candeur Crescent – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=xCd5T0UnYw%2fYJQXapItt0Q0badRj1mtYG0c7qwEYtMROGdcirHdMX4K%2b6aioU6eLoyXblWuF%2fgQu5V6FbXN01HR%2fk16nfpSNVLW6DqxEdhaVN6EBSbuFpbG6QO3aNemfwh4Wq3EC%2fI3TIVk1b6bq%2bzV%2f1nkg6z6rMh1GVbGtZkHZl2C7a2GDzg%3d%3d |access-date=4 July 2025 |website=Telangana RERA}}</ref>
|-
|Candeur Crescent Tower B
|[[Serilingampally]]
{{Coord|17|28|53|N|78|19|11|E||display=inline|name=}}
|[[File:Candeur Crescent in Hyderabad 23052025.jpg|160x160px|alt=A skyscraper with a white painted exterior.]]
|-
|Candeur Crescent Tower C
|[[Serilingampally]]
{{Coord|17|28|52|N|78|19|09|E||display=inline|name=}}
|[[File:Candeur Crescent in Hyderabad June2025.jpg|160x160px|alt=Three towers of a residential skyscraper complex.]]
|-
|Candeur Crescent Tower D
|[[Serilingampally]]
{{Coord|17|28|51|N|78|19|07.5|E||display=inline|name=}}
|[[File:Candeur Crescent in Hyderabad June2025.jpg|160x160px|alt=Three towers of a residential skyscraper complex.]]
|-
|Candeur Crescent Tower E
|[[Serilingampally]]
{{Coord|17|28|53|N|78|19|08|E||display=inline|name=}}
|[[File:Candeur Crescent in Hyderabad June2025.jpg|160x160px|alt=Three towers of a residential skyscraper complex.]]
|- style="background:#FF9;"
! rowspan="2" |22
|My Home Avali Tower 1
|[[Tellapur]]
{{Coord|17|27|40.3|N|78|17|35.9|E||display=inline|name=}}
|
| rowspan="2" |{{convert|158.55|m|ft|0}}
| rowspan="2" |47
| rowspan="2" |2026
| rowspan="2" |Residential
| rowspan="2" |
* {{convert|148.8|m|ft|0}} is the height of the topmost liveable floor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=My Home Avali - Tower 1, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192464 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=My Home Avali - Tower 2, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192465 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref>
|- style="background:#FF9;"
|My Home Avali Tower 2
|[[Tellapur]]
{{Coord|17|27|42.3|N|78|17|35.5|E||display=inline|name=}}
|
|- style="background:#FF9;"
!24
|Grava Business Park Tower 1
|Neopolis
{{Coord|17|23|54|N|78|18|54|E||display=inline|name=}}
|[[File:My Home Grava Business Park Tower 1.jpg|198x198px|alt=An under-construction office building with a glass facade.]]
|{{convert|156|m|ft|0}}
|36
|2026
|Commercial
|
* Tallest [[Precast concrete|precast building]] in [[India]].<ref name=":18">{{Cite journal |last=S |first=Nagareddayya |date=20 February 2022 |title=Grava Business Park PEPSCON 2022 |url=http://www.pessi.in/pdf/presentations-2022-day2/Day2-20-2022-My%20Home%20Grava_Presentation_140422%20PEPSCON2022.pdf |journal=Pre-Engineered and Precast Concrete Structures }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2022-02-10 |title='My Home Group' to build IT park in Hyderabad using eco-friendly prefabrication technology |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2022/Feb/10/my-home-group-to-build-it-park-in-hyderabad-using-eco-friendly-prefabrication-technology-2417572.html |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite web |last=More |first=Unnati |date=2025-03-06 |title=My Home Grava Residences and Business Park, Hyderabad |url=https://media.biltrax.com/my-home-grava-residences-and-business-park-hyderabad/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Biltrax Media, A Biltrax Group venture |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":53">{{Cite web |title=My Home Grava Residences Complex - The Skyscraper Center |url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/complex/6411 |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=www.skyscrapercenter.com}}</ref>
* Tallest commercial building outside the [[Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad|Hyderabad Outer Ring Road]].
|- style="background:#FF9;"
!25
|DSR Skymarq Block E
|[[Financial District, Hyderabad|Financial District]]
{{Coord|17|24|16.5|N|78|21|04.4|E||display=inline|name=}}
|
|{{convert|154.01|m|ft|0}}
|43
|2026
|Residential
|
* Topped out in November 2025.<ref name=":25" />
|- style="background:#FF9;"
!26
|DSR Skymarq Block C
|[[Financial District, Hyderabad|Financial District]]
{{Coord|17|24|13.1|N|78|21|05.9|E||display=inline|name=}}
|
|{{convert|154.01|m|ft|0}}
|41
|2026
|Residential
|
* Topped out in November 2025.<ref name=":25" />
|- style="background:#dfd;"
!27
|SAS iTower A
|[[Khajaguda]]
{{Coord|17|25|09|N|78|21|34|E||display=inline|name=}}
|[[File:SAS iTower Hyderabad 16052025.jpg|162x162px|alt=A large office building with a bluish-green glass facade.]]
|{{convert|153.95|m|ft|0}}
|37
|2025
|Commercial
|
* [[List of largest office buildings|Fourth-largest office building in the world]] by floor area (5.2 million sq.ft.) and largest in [[Hyderabad]].<ref name=":57" /><ref name=":58" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-07 |title=iSprout expands footprint in Hyderabad with 1 mn sq-ft office space - Construction Week India |url=https://www.constructionweekonline.in/business/isprout-expands-footprint-in-hyderabad-with-1-mn-sq-ft-office-space |access-date=2025-12-11 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[List of skyscrapers by floor area|Largest skyscraper in the world]] by floor area.
* Was the tallest building in [[Hyderabad]] when it topped out in 2024, before being surpassed by SAS Crown which topped out later the same year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-02 |title=Embassy Group partners with SAS Infra to develop 3 commercial spaces in Hyderabad - Construction Week India |url=https://www.constructionweekonline.in/projects-tenders/embassy-group-partners-with-sas-infra-to-develop-3-commercial-spaces-in-hyderabad |access-date=2025-05-23 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-07 |title=iSprout expands footprint in Hyderabad with 1 mn sq-ft office space - Construction Week India |url=https://www.constructionweekonline.in/business/isprout-expands-footprint-in-hyderabad-with-1-mn-sq-ft-office-space |access-date=2025-05-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SAS iTower – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=Mhx1CWgcQfnatmoj8y8t4XgB%2beawLBkRTYowubOcYTzNb0d8pkSKaRn2d0hzzMItKX%2b%2fmW%2fOmo7NJUqJDIf%2b4%2b6GEmLI%2bJtC6yN%2bNsfQmFZemSP22eXR6WpoDaZRFf0U2%2bUMruT9RCHzGC1NR8B1IjmxNpPKE36Re3kCs67fI7YTyieVUfwmew%3d%3d |access-date=4 July 2025 |website=Telangana RERA}}</ref>
* First commercial building in [[Hyderabad]] to cross 150 metres.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SAS iTower A, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192468 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" |28
|Sumadhura Olympus Tower A
|[[Financial District, Hyderabad|Financial District]]
{{Coord|17|25|10.7|N|78|20|56.8|E||display=inline|name=}}
|[[File:Sumadhura The Olympus 16052025.jpg|177x177px|alt=A residential skyscraper complex with a white painted exterior.]]
| rowspan="2" |{{convert|153.3|m|ft|0}}
| rowspan="2" |45
| rowspan="2" |2025
| rowspan="2" |Residential
| rowspan="2" |
* Tallest twin towers in [[Hyderabad]] since 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Olympus by Sumadhura - Tower A, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192509 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Olympus by Sumadhura - Tower B, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192510 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |author= |title=Sumadhura Group and Vasavi Group Launch 'The Olympus', Greater Hyderabad's tallest residential towers |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/in/news-releases/sumadhura-group-and-vasavi-group-launch-the-olympus-greater-hyderabad-s-tallest-residential-towers-861540101.html |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=www.prnewswire.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Olympus – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=Ak1V%2fjS9u%2fsSS%2fNMj65RL7kPVETQp0lbEd%2bEkbOfxorYepjHs57H%2fn93%2bOYkVYF77tooZUj%2bVWxTCOnvG8AHJBcaKQrTjDSH1G9wEhaHkq6xaJ20KRCISu9F4Y28QOuPs2QJxI3pkwQ02vXxId6IJRmC7X6yvUHQwYGCr8%2f%2b4DBWw8eWmdMUsA%3d%3d |access-date=4 July 2025 |website=Telangana RERA}}</ref>
* The height of the topmost liveable floor is {{convert|146.42|m|ft|0}}. The total structural height of {{convert|153.3|m|ft|0}} is estimated based on the building's elevation.
|-
|Sumadhura Olympus Tower B
|[[Financial District, Hyderabad|Financial District]]
{{Coord|17|25|10.3|N|78|20|59.4|E||display=inline|name=}}
|[[File:Sumadhura The Olympus 16052025.jpg|177x177px|alt=A residential skyscraper complex with a white painted exterior.]]
|- style="background:#dfd;"
! rowspan="2" |30
|Lodha Bellezza Tower 3
|[[Kukatpally]]
{{Coord|17|28|30|N|78|23|33.6|E||display=inline|name=}}
|[[File:Lodha Bellezza Kukatpally Hyderabad.jpg|160x160px|alt=A residential skyscraper complex with three towers.]]
| rowspan="2" |{{convert|153|m|ft|0}}
| rowspan="2" |45
| rowspan="2" |2014
| rowspan="2" |Residential
| rowspan="2" |
* Were the tallest buildings in [[Hyderabad]] from 2014 to 2024.
* First buildings to cross 150 metres.
* Tallest buildings completed in the 2010s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lodha Bellezza 3 - The Skyscraper Center |url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/lodha-bellezza-3/14687 |access-date=2017-01-09 |website=www.skyscrapercenter.com}}</ref>
|- style="background:#dfd;"
|Lodha Bellezza Tower 4
|[[Kukatpally]]
{{Coord|17|28|29|N|78|23|35|E||display=inline|name=}}
|[[File:Lodha Bellezza Kukatpally Hyderabad.jpg|160x160px|alt=A residential skyscraper complex with three towers.]]
|- style="background:#FF9;"
! rowspan="8" |32
|My Home Nishada Tower 1
|Neopolis
{{Coord|17|24|17|N|78|18|26.5|E||display=inline|name=}}
|[[File:My Home Nishada Tower 1.jpg|251x251px|alt=Residential skyscraper complex with a white and beige exterior.]]
| rowspan="8" |{{convert|152.1|m|ft|0}}
| rowspan="8" |45
| rowspan="8" |2026
| rowspan="8" |Residential
| rowspan="8" |
* Topped out in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=My Home Nishada - Tower 1, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192511 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=My Home Nishada - Tower 2, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192512 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=My Home Nishada - Tower 3, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192513 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=My Home Nishada - Tower 4, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192514 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=My Home Nishada - Tower 5, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192515 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=My Home Nishada - Tower 6, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192516 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=My Home Nishada - Tower 7, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192517 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=My Home Nishada - Tower 8, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192518 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MY HOME NISHADA |url=https://www.rprealtyplus.com/projects/my-home-nishada-117154.html |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=Realty Plus Magazine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nishada – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=H%2bokH%2fQ6zVd1%2fNXfljO3yKh%2fSkBJVGvEWWecyTOP0YMn5Z7mYHBps%2fCu7xyzdNZS3Lq8b3Q7xMO2ic6%2fT5v28997du8P3F%2f1h3f40LL5O%2bVRD1DU%2bJKswjk%2bhF4YRbph8Ytys1Jo4KwM35tscm4FHmsuuOjMvIhIthDdeaNLIEGaEjXpFhg2Qw%3d%3d |access-date=4 July 2025 |website=Telangana RERA}}</ref>
|- style="background:#FF9;"
|My Home Nishada Tower 2
|Neopolis
{{Coord|17|24|17|N|78|18|30|E||display=inline|name=}}
|[[File:My Home Nishada Tower 2.jpg|256x256px|alt=Residential skyscraper complex with a white and beige exterior.]]
|- style="background:#FF9;"
|My Home Nishada Tower 3
|Neopolis
{{Coord|17|24|16|N|78|18|32|E||display=inline|name=}}
|[[File:My Home Nishada Tower 3.jpg|261x261px|alt=Residential skyscraper complex with a white and beige exterior.]]
|- style="background:#FF9;"
|My Home Nishada Tower 4
|Neopolis
{{Coord|17|24|19|N|78|18|27|E||display=inline|name=}}
|[[File:My Home Nishada Neopolis Hyderabad.jpg|138x138px|alt=Residential skyscraper complex with a white and beige exterior.]]
|- style="background:#FF9;"
|My Home Nishada Tower 5
|Neopolis
{{Coord|17|24|19|N|78|18|32.2|E||display=inline|name=}}
|[[File:My Home Nishada Neopolis Hyderabad.jpg|138x138px|alt=Residential skyscraper complex with a white and beige exterior.]]
|- style="background:#FF9;"
|My Home Nishada Tower 6
|Neopolis
{{Coord|17|24|22|N|78|18|27|E||display=inline|name=}}
|[[File:My Home Nishada Neopolis Hyderabad.jpg|138x138px|alt=Residential skyscraper complex with a white and beige exterior.]]
|- style="background:#FF9;"
|My Home Nishada Tower 7
|Neopolis
{{Coord|17|24|21|N|78|18|30|E||display=inline|name=}}
|[[File:My Home Nishada Neopolis Hyderabad.jpg|138x138px|alt=Residential skyscraper complex with a white and beige exterior.]]
|- style="background:#FF9;"
|My Home Nishada Tower 8
|Neopolis
{{Coord|17|24|21|N|78|18|34|E||display=inline|name=}}
|[[File:My Home Nishada Neopolis Hyderabad.jpg|138x138px|alt=Residential skyscraper complex with a white and beige exterior.]]
|- style="background:#FF9;"
! rowspan="8" |40
|My Home Vipina Tower 1
|[[Tellapur]]
{{Coord|17|28|07.2|N|78|15|19.7|E||display=inline|name=}}
|
| rowspan="8" |{{convert|151|m|ft|0}}
| rowspan="8" |47
| rowspan="8" |2027
| rowspan="8" |Residential
| rowspan="8" |
* Topped out in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=My Home Vipina - Tower 1, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192519 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=My Home Vipina - Tower 2, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192520 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=My Home Vipina - Tower 3, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192521 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=My Home Vipina - Tower 4, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192522 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=My Home Vipina - Tower 5, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192523 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=My Home Vipina - Tower 6, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192524 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=My Home Vipina - Tower 7, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192525 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=My Home Vipina - Tower 8, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192526 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Arikatla |first=Venkat |date=2025-03-02 |title=Soaring Hyderabad Rentals: A Growing Concern |url=https://www.greatandhra.com/politics/telangana-news/soaring-hyderabad-rentals-a-growing-concern-144449 |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=greatandhra.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=My Home Vipina – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=FtWXvnkyqENPhoyy6jHyZtIzMZp0cnNIrCjsCLKSE6aH4kr1V6DW08CDu%2bWPp2mJOCyxh0ZXi8DPDrWum0kUuw2dCnSisGr658Zg1xc4rFMmhASmsRjkbHRBCfQ%2bNMhEf4mM3nSK3%2fNMMGJZHcg%2bwXak0GBJhdjVehJ8GrbzDGreCHDR%2fxHnkg%3d%3d |access-date=4 July 2025 |website=Telangana RERA}}</ref>
|- style="background:#FF9;"
|My Home Vipina Tower 2
|[[Tellapur]]
{{Coord|17|28|10.4|N|78|15|19.7|E||display=inline|name=}}
|
|- style="background:#FF9;"
|My Home Vipina Tower 3
|[[Tellapur]]
{{Coord|17|28|06.8|N|78|15|22.1|E||display=inline|name=}}
|
|- style="background:#FF9;"
|My Home Vipina Tower 4
|[[Tellapur]]
{{Coord|17|28|10.8|N|78|15|22.1|E||display=inline|name=}}
|
|- style="background:#FF9;"
|My Home Vipina Tower 5
|[[Tellapur]]
{{Coord|17|28|10.2|N|78|15|24.2|E||display=inline|name=}}
|
|- style="background:#FF9;"
|My Home Vipina Tower 6
|[[Tellapur]]
{{Coord|17|28|04.5|N|78|15|26.6|E||display=inline|name=}}
|
|- style="background:#FF9;"
|My Home Vipina Tower 7
|[[Tellapur]]
{{Coord|17|28|07.8|N|78|15|26.6|E||display=inline|name=}}
|
|- style="background:#FF9;"
|My Home Vipina Tower 8
|[[Tellapur]]
{{Coord|17|28|10.9|N|78|15|26.6|E||display=inline|name=}}
|
|- style="background:#FF9;"
! rowspan="2" |48
|ASBL Loft Tower A
|[[Financial District, Hyderabad|Financial District]]
{{Coord|17|24|25.5|N|78|20|29.3|E||display=inline|name=}}
|
|{{convert|150.35|m|ft|0}}
| rowspan="2" |46
| rowspan="2" |2029
| rowspan="2" |Residential
| rowspan="2" |
* Topped out in January 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ASBL Loft - Tower A, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192528 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ASBL Loft - Tower B, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192529 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author= |title=ASBL Loft - Standing tall at the Heart of Hyderabad's Financial District |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/asbl-loft-standing-tall-at-the-heart-of-hyderabad-s-financial-district-124102400015_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241104071557/https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/asbl-loft-standing-tall-at-the-heart-of-hyderabad-s-financial-district-124102400015_1.html |archive-date=2024-11-04 |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|- style="background:#FF9;"
|ASBL Loft Tower B
|[[Financial District, Hyderabad|Financial District]]
{{Coord|17|24|22.1|N|78|20|30.4|E||display=inline|name=}}
|
|{{convert|150|m|ft|0}}
|}

== Tallest under construction ==
Hyderabad has over 182 skyscrapers under construction, each with a minimum height of {{convert|150|m|ft|0}}. Buildings that are only approved or proposed are not included in this table.

'''Total number of skyscrapers under construction: 182'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#ececec;"
!S.No.
!Name
!Location
!Floors * No. of Towers
!Height
!Year
!Building Type
|-
!1
|Candeur Skyline
|[[Nanakramguda]]
|59 floors * 4 Towers
|{{convert|244.30|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{Cite web |author= |date=2023-08-29 |title=Hyderabad stands tall, 10 skyscrapers set to come up in Puppalaguda, Kokapet, Serilingampally |url=https://www.newstap.in/city-news/hyderabad-stands-tall-10-skyscrapers-set-to-come-up-in-puppalaguda-kokapet-serilingampally-1492100 |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=www.newstap.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Candeur Skyline – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=4%2bL9w4YOtX%2bNAB6xMwxl9W8SfcR%2bLoBDlj9BwwB7nP20Q7qRmNEXi4z7LN%2fY%2bX6NBhoKKGwG%2fbAqPUj7mR6xwAcUK%2fPQpkHQbOc4isBaGN6%2bcfzBM88cwLKf9t1vCmJW6dXAbctgXc0y5IolHLfh5qPTI8iCZnD2A1AvWW3nh4hfDhMbva4ZNQ%3d%3d |access-date=3 July 2025}}</ref>
|2029
|Residential
|-
!2
|Skyven
|[[Kokapet]]
|63 floors
|{{convert|239.90|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swapnagruha.com |url=https://swapnagruha.com/Home.aspx |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=swapnagruha.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Skyven – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=vjbEmrChV0nmt7nAoJDfgL%2fAGgAX3dIRHBd5qBvOMI%2fbPYcEMUL7478v%2bfO655fICXVhUr%2bmZWGz3CRyATcSGQSeJTBXAMLbBJJYYKBXZBWUPLBP03CCs0uioO4CE0BdCv4dCkd2lLiRA4qbaslPvQ1fPQR6OYyBlDOvd5mQX8ctTCfrt4qJgw%3d%3d |access-date=5 July 2025 |website=Telangana RERA}}</ref>
|2030
|Residential
|-
!3
|Sree Varaaha Aurum Tower A
|[[Financial District, Hyderabad|Financial District]]
|56 floors
|{{convert|229.7|m|ft|0}}<ref name=":62">{{Cite web |title=Sree Varaaha Aurum – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=DNY3pqHa%2fP2i29s4J7HfZgcDgnTnag064Gs5UtkJnN5mkh7yL2y3795fHnt0wMrvhJSj3hwcHC4P5v4cdM3JBj6U0BR6kq6m0QLq1z2iAowyWOV%2fYNbz9af%2blbDDQcDZ%2fM1ZNkKmsNTmyQpWridK1TJsx8wc5bF%2buMg2PsxpumHiU2hVJnrt%2bw%3d%3d |access-date=23 January 2026 |website=Telangana RERA}}</ref>
|2031
|Residential
|-
!4
|Sree Varaaha Aurum Tower B
|[[Financial District, Hyderabad|Financial District]]
|56 floors
|{{convert|228.2|m|ft|0}}<ref name=":62" />
|2031
|Residential
|-
!5
|My Home 99
|[[Kokapet]]
|54 floors
|{{convert|223.00|m|ft|0}}<ref name="Baski">{{Cite web |last=Baski |first=Sunny |date=2023-06-29 |title=Hyderabad rises above South Indian cities in tall buildings |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2023/Jun/29/hyderabad-rises-above-south-indian-cities-in-tall-buildings-2589488.html |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Khan">{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Sameer |date=2023-08-29 |title=Top 10 tallest buildings in Hyderabad to come up in these localities |url=https://www.siasat.com/top-10-tallest-buildings-in-hyderabad-to-come-up-in-these-localities-2680223/ |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=My Home 99 – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=yDEcskMm7o3yJ4oMUxXWH%2fVD7N%2bnmeBtxsR%2feXsn8EpkrxAF%2fhavYMYxtdNwCEy%2fGj9gVE7QUHfuX1rFsluK3aoncJKvBxnY7qFB1gR9e8n3cWO9KjH9h9zEIF0QdNINg4%2f4yq%2f2CzuGgeLkwh263%2bmuLptFR2xXL5Hti1kv76S%2bEJ7bqard%2bg%3d%3d |access-date=3 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=My Home 99 - The Skyscraper Center |url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/my-home-99/49853 |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=www.skyscrapercenter.com}}</ref>
|2028
|Residential
|-
!6
|Sree Varaaha Aurum Tower C
|[[Financial District, Hyderabad|Financial District]]
|56 floors
|{{convert|221.6|m|ft|0}}<ref name=":62" />
|2031
|Residential
|-
!7
|Sree Varaaha Aurum Tower D
|[[Financial District, Hyderabad|Financial District]]
|56 floors
|est. {{convert|221.6|m|ft|0}}<ref name=":62" />
|2031
|Residential
|-
!8
|One by MSN
|[[Kokapet]]
|57 floors * 5 Towers
|{{convert|220.83|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{Cite news |author= |date=2025-04-18 |title=MSN Realty makes real estate debut with ₹2,750 crore luxury project in Neopolis |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/msn-realty-makes-real-estate-debut-with-2750-crore-luxury-project-in-neopolis/article69465187.ece |access-date=2025-05-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author= |date=2025-04-18 |title=MSN Group Announces Foray into Realty with One by MSN Project |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/msn-group-announces-foray-into-realty-with-one-by-msn-project-1873670 |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-18 |title=Real estate gets a new player in MSN Realty at Hyderabad |url=https://www.constructionweekonline.in/projects-tenders/msn-realty-hyderabad |access-date=2025-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=One by MSN – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=GPJ3inj1pOYn8BsK%2fpz2nx4qPLHvzW7oitDo2nHDUR%2b9hJMS3IUZuWdkW93xlLsQLGeIT834ysY%2b72RzVqGdUBF7ik%2blmEnNy4kGmpUX02HbUYtJLR1BP5MuaWNi5xcTe1Fcr%2bcLOa%2fcjnaczWmTV9sxvyfcua82eItIDTEQ0T26YjIFl5lz%2fQ%3d%3d |access-date=3 July 2025}}</ref>
|2030
|Residential
|-
!9
|The Cascades Neopolis
|Neopolis
|59 floors * 5 Towers
|{{convert|218|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Riveting realty collab among 5 leading global consultants and 3 legacy Hyderabad developers |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/brand-connect/riveting-realty-collab-among-5-leading-global-consultants-and-3-legacy-hyderabad-developers/96533/1 |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=www.forbesindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Vaidehi |date=2025-08-25 |title=The Cascades Neopolis inspires a new era of wellness-centred living in Hyderabad |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/sponsored/story/the-cascades-neopolis-inspires-a-new-era-of-wellness-centred-living-in-hyderabad/ |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=Architectural Digest India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GHR Lakshmi Gets RERA Nod for 63-Floor Tower 'Cascades Neopolis' |url=https://www.constructionworld.in/latest-construction-news/real-estate-news/ghr-lakshmi-gets-rera-nod-for-63-floor-tower-/73408 |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=www.constructionworld.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Cascades Neopolis – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=750%2bwh7uVGk3Tfy9DJU6LRV4TLnmuvEb7eQeCtCrocyOEQcL1p8demUg2pMi7LfPeZSHkv3O0bwaPStak2%2fPOhCL%2b%2b9%2bfHP15safjF1pXL6K5nQa1gQvEQd8yoQcXHai6fVpAG3tcvk3zcceqG3zROFBe3KVmklShEGBZTNrUTh5xYl9hgX%2fVA%3d%3d |access-date=3 July 2025}}</ref>
|2030
|Residential
|-
!10
|Lansum Encanto
|[[Puppalguda|Puppalaguda]]
|61 floors * 3 Towers
|{{convert|217.3|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lansum Encanto – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=htymufSsc30ZHS0wvuelqwaw8BEU76A6tvvucoa7LlBmRO2mUCqo%2fcb1AgpFg%2b1X0B%2bqMNcU5Q4ldbo65971npp1JE62prxYfIZgX8oHgxrLd9MUYePxWT62ZSx%2fiE4QsGvJnGuOMJY9owG4qEQXpDLCU5lZSWcEl0Xrswi7Skmg2KFqLeV1yg%3d%3d |access-date=4 July 2025 |website=Telangana RERA}}</ref>
|2029
|Residential
|-
!11
|Brigade Gateway
|Neopolis
|58 floors * 2 Towers
|{{convert|212|m|ft|0}}<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |date=2025-01-09 |title=Brigade Group to invest Rs 4,500 cr to build Hyderabad's tallest twin skyscrapers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/brigade-group-announces-its-largest-mixed-use-project-in-hyderabad-with-over-rs-4500-crore-investment/articleshow/117063859.cms |access-date=2025-05-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Brigade Gateway – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=pvEVtm%2brsUnL6GddO7K0N4LNdA%2fvi6N9%2bBzTy1ZdWVlNs3wjfN%2b%2fYJmH87wEnMhTOpUCDvf15ZV2Wg5Uvi7JPHEj%2f5ZLsJH3RWwXWvRFaWJPESg0%2fFNME6E4GiLDBbtBE8k0UNUSrGLPekb%2bCSyvdmQakxT%2fM28r4Nx8rQIKz5jSWFN1kVNbAg%3d%3d |access-date=3 July 2025}}</ref><ref name=":56">{{Cite web |date=2025-01-08 |title=Brigade Group to invest ₹4500 crore to build a 10-acre integrated township in Hyderabad |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/real-estate/brigade-group-to-invest-rs-4500-crore-to-build-a-10-acre-integrated-township-in-hyderabad-101736340755652.html |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|2029
|Residential
|-
!12
|My Home Grava Residences Tower 1
|[[Kokapet]]
|54 floors
|{{convert|211.9|m|ft|0}}<ref name=":19" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Grava Residences – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=RrwCLf1KtImSq69Cfi058UTQQDzV3Vs%2bl4VnL%2bbw%2bw4qf9gzHTxtqVKamQvt23uptqSivFoLuOg6jDfXdVN9y0DqVwel3lWYvjfUo%2blItR0mrEMn9P4CWwSYbtwbgIXqLYCV3sJHCLHwbAXf9cuQdWL0gkfgEFPfFlUD7wB3LrRmfBj99kltOw%3d%3d |access-date=3 July 2025}}</ref><ref name=":53" />
|2028
|Residential
|-
!13
|Rajapushpa Casa Luxura Towers A,B
|Neopolis
|55 floors * 2 Towers
|{{convert|211|m|ft|0}}<ref name=":54">{{Cite web |title=Rajapushpa Casa Luxura – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=deFVl8t8F4n9a3dh4v5IqoVuWM%2bFZM87UXPqniuIT3LCKwJEfBGXSSpglw5RkD8%2foifJy3MogR45AN6kmwRjCPc3FQWs5%2fTmTqjxN5RxX3v27KKV7lm15kf08%2bNX0LQKgjsMUYmemwoDP1qj42JFlTqvt6q51eZ0oJtuHsW63A2g4Qw0LLdfhQ%3d%3d |access-date=5 July 2025 |website=Telangana RERA}}</ref><ref name=":55">{{Cite web |last=More |first=Unnati |date=2024-02-09 |title=Upcoming Residential Project - Rajapushpa Casa Luxura, Neopolis |url=https://media.biltrax.com/upcoming-luxury-residential-project-rajapushpa-casa-luxura-hyderabad/ |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Biltrax Media, A Biltrax Group venture |language=en}}</ref>
|2028
|Residential
|-
!14
|Sumadhura Palais Royale Tower 1
|[[Nanakramguda]]
|54 floors
|{{convert|211|m|ft|0}}<ref name=":39">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-02 |title=New Project by Sumadhura |url=https://ysrealty.co.in/property/the-everest-by-sumadhura/ |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=YS Realty |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":40">{{Cite web |title=Sumadhura Palais Royale – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=jew1r4vIvyufQZAyCblatdc9VaiAuKLE4SitUQg6esNU082lOvkEOixyXLwzOohLUg6oNyaVvejrUB8xYcBoIbGui8xFDrrfvCvOGp3%2bw%2bFfF2v%2fveaHP%2f7Yerg5lgSfxKVVa9j6L0Vm7m6i6OzV7LfZudltw07qkqXeXcw%2fMVM10OAlEHtQPg%3d%3d |access-date=3 July 2025}}</ref>
|2030
|Residential
|-
!15
|Pavani Mirai
|[[Puppalaguda]]
|51 floors
|{{convert|211|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Projects |url=https://pavaniinfra.com/project |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=pavaniinfra.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pavani Mirai – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=k3GDBnjQ6GE%2bcBP%2b8%2bF%2bzdoepbSDlpLQENdLHTiYGQ0JTFbFHWGo96OAu9L1Z7NLBGQ0GOalvrCxO7czV6HUKo2STADr6uXSdkP%2fMraXh2pZqC%2f3LPQcS%2fG46G1vJG5sYfnT7PoN%2bviRTwwTbsF2c3QlaJuvEJjwpr2kppkm73ld4Xb4Nxs8%2bA%3d%3d |access-date=3 July 2025}}</ref>
|2028
|Residential
|-
!16
|Yula Globus Neo
|Neopolis
|59 floors * 2 Towers
|{{convert|210.05|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yula Globus Neo – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=Vys8fVjjEEXHPf7erajisEz3zl6sSwdkjfd54WTM9LhJh%2fcMsw4YnTkXAVMLYtEZUim52qbicZcxstxTYRhyfBGZoP8xbCUTJ8%2bm%2fUS1EmjzlgOUf1I8nA%2fNrPjqutR2YyWNaRaGwuWKDEnbvKPsh3NbXhfxnoOy4RN4%2fA%2bj7PM7LiDrKDMzOQ%3d%3d |access-date=25 September 2025 |website=Telangana RERA}}</ref>
| 2030
|Residential
|-
!17
|Poulomi Pallazzo
|[[Kokapet]]
|55 floors
|{{convert|204|m|ft|0}}<ref name="Baski" /><ref name="Khan" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Poulomi Palazzo – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=wBT3iiq31AMEc5y25KoYuTLNGpjkRrVdosmZzUQxsnShFHGcpQ6kjMs6DnjxpeQUsvhAp6s3V2AqaZDAgMQt6OlDK4KFgVzMZFSvbw7AlNI4Fy7VPQjI9NTm8YgtehdICxryPDPi4ZZBI%2b3uJwAGb7qUzQjwuUbaQQfw92iSDLj3bs1Qch3hOg%3d%3d |access-date=3 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-01 |title=Hyderabad blues: Real estate sales in city see biggest drop |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/money/real-estate-sales-in-hyderabad-see-the-biggest-fall-3829295/ |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>
|2028
|Residential
|-
!18
|The Marquise Tower 3
|[[Kokapet]]
|51 floors
|{{convert|204|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-18 |title=The Marquise by Sri Sreenivasa |url=https://ysrealty.co.in/property/the-marquise/ |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=YS Realty |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Marquise – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=xwoWCTMksJNiTCVGBc9A72x63jDE%2be6BgmFDpKs4sk0zOE6Ty1SZzWqm0gG7rRLcpTQRVEoanfeCNbiH9J0L3VzZKeLBuLXfaK49acHJ7j8tAio6AXMdV9zrpWRXBIQV4GTuDN7KKGYUaU7Qpn79%2b4ze7jHm5qBLCzfVIQfCrTcFPNeoO8WzIw%3d%3d |access-date=3 July 2025}}</ref>
|2028
|Residential
|-
!19
|Brigade World Trade Center
|Neopolis
|50 floors
|{{convert|204|m|ft|0}}<ref name=":56" /><ref name="auto" />
|2029
|Commercial
|-
!20
|Rajapushpa Infina
|[[Manchirevula]]
|55 floors * 6 Towers
|{{convert|203.5|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajapushpa Infina {{!}} Bairagiguda {{!}} Hyderabad Apartments properties {{!}} JLL Homes |url=https://www.jllhomes.co.in/apartments-new/hyderabad/rajapushpa-infina |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250325122716/https://www.jllhomes.co.in/apartments-new/hyderabad/rajapushpa-infina |archive-date=2025-03-25 |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=www.jllhomes.co.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajapushpa Infina – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=JEbbLyzBcJs4STO7gplo1pVDl%2bGrqH7gGaw0pRkYgzJgNTsLVqCv3vOCTSblnYAG4CLPU1S5EPe7U7XuhZfdHj4XKjeHFs88iALCwh%2b6EvnAu832UhJu%2fhZA0GAvnPN5uwqg3e6WB8XyZMrHa7H5siXaS1pUwYfZeNhCoXzqSfOlPYaKP65niQ%3d%3d |access-date=3 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Screenshot |url=https://i.postimg.cc/hGmF3hm3/Screenshot-2025-12-15-140026.png |website=Postimg |access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref>
|2028
|Residential
|-
!21
|Rajapushpa Casa Luxura Towers C,D,E
|Neopolis
|53 floors * 3 Towers
|{{convert|203|m|ft|0}}<ref name=":54" /><ref name=":55" />
|2028
|Residential
|-
!22
|Raghava Cinq
|[[Financial District, Hyderabad|Financial District]]
|63 floors * 5 Towers
|{{convert|202.75|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-21 |title=Raghava launches 'Cinq', a high-rise residential project in Hyderabad |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/start-ups/raghava-launches-cinq-a-high-rise-residential-project-in-hyderabad/3817139/ |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinq – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=5j9jOnOw%2be9x8xYp4zxLu2vvc61ToHLdjJAXr3h62L40rbA9dIPkKdUk6az3jgnXOGm5S7gcSTmEF9CdrT4TAjW979hJoD4s7Lzpv5QIWHJ2DtcyeehA%2fQjojLZHdhLDxsbo8KugTELWcwRMd5sMiN4MQXHJAovfccQUPbJjCksymCZgZgsJgQ%3d%3d |access-date=3 July 2025}}</ref>
|2031
|Residential
|-
!23
|The Trilight Tower 1
|[[Kokapet]]
|57 floors
|{{convert|202.45|m|ft|0}}<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |author= |date=2023-02-05 |title=Trilight luxury apartment launched at Kokapet {{!}} Trilight luxury apartment launched at Kokapet |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/040223/trilight-luxury-apartment-launched-at-kokapet.html |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":34">{{Cite web |title=The Trilight – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=8qa1XWAECUg2i3pYPpI6lYkacALgLH97x1U5%2f6RsXyYRy7MVr%2bisFupZMy5oF0X6D%2fXxwCOm1wVoUrwrRcjBDwK%2fmJmsTbrPfePPRTKvOgzKFP6Y7Y7QyN4l6mtq6yTRDLtsohfPe2s6JjCwUQBgg1rJH0jJl%2ftvys5hTMiAj7szFOXQtm220w%3d%3d |access-date=3 July 2025}}</ref>
|2027
|Residential
|-
!24
|Lansum Elena
|[[Kokapet]]
|59 floors * 2 Towers
|{{convert|202|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=elenaresidences.com |url=https://elenaresidences.com/ |access-date=2024-02-13 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lansum Elena – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=GLNAH3POdKQmW2ZVVOoUMc%2fBCrqwy%2bSFWLzs8pmxF1uflqcS2fSOuG9c6qcbcijKkvZ0IQrEVSSxYcpTcdArPCuyDgDOyXw9IY1FX4KDVckUxy5yEsdCwSqRBxtm7kmm8Hmf5OhDOIk03kPHkBGEU8mKVPlDE3ZeclF1YpDfH2yb0kPsDuIMPg%3d%3d |access-date=3 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Lansum Elena Block A - The Skyscraper Center|url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/lansum-elena-block-a/50214|website=www.skyscrapercenter.com|access-date=2025-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Lansum Elena Block B - The Skyscraper Center|url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/id/50215|website=www.skyscrapercenter.com|access-date=2025-11-28}}</ref>
|2028
|Residential
|-
!25
|Rajapushpa Aurelia
|[[Tellapur]]
|56 floors * 7 Towers
|{{convert|202|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=More |first=Unnati |date=2023-11-30 |title=Upcoming Residential Project - Rajapushpa Aurelia, Tellapur |url=https://media.biltrax.com/upcoming-residential-project-rajapushpa-aurelia-tellapur-hyderabad/ |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Biltrax Media, A Biltrax Group venture |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Screenshot |url=https://i.postimg.cc/prcJtCKV/Screenshot-2025-12-13-161339.png |website=Postimg |access-date=13 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Screenshot |url=https://i.postimg.cc/BZRCNYZ8/Screenshot-2025-12-13-184241.png |website=Postimg |access-date=13 December 2025}}</ref>
|2028
|Residential
|-
!26
|Myscape Yoo Residences
|[[Nanakramguda]]
|52 floors
|{{convert|201.1|m|ft|0}}<ref name="Khan" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yoo Hyderabad by Myscape – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=djeQRl3ZwzDBgkk7zZ35Z%2buhcgi5StLeaFALCU0%2bvhEsAA54TiLZ3VNY8qyThtHWheYGEJF05tqgDNwMVCz7%2bxLfaKMY2OxEvHQTaHPTuJyX7eU%2f%2fypuzMeyVnkB0gW4Sy6f3gPQlAQ8iDy%2bghMbBUNrwrBWWcsTuEAvuQxSrPrQGz8zaX5QvA%3d%3d |access-date=3 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Yoo Hyderabad - The Skyscraper Center|url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/id/49191|website=www.skyscrapercenter.com|access-date=2025-11-28}}</ref>
|2027
|Residential
|-
!27
|Aparna Sarovar Towers
|[[Nallagandla Lake]]
|55 floors * 3 Towers
|{{convert|198.5|m|ft|0}}<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-02-16 |title=Aparna Constructions Launches Aparna Newlands And Aparna Sarovar Towers |url=https://www.oneindia.com/partner-content/aparna-constructions-launches-aparna-newlands-and-aparna-sarovar-towers-3752591.html |access-date=2025-05-27 |website= |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aparna Sarovar Towers – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=%2f1nu%2fCAT4r7C81bwRzvWqBLlLW98gb1xCccmvQpNsu4hHA2m6HSo%2fZnEqWG0tJl4ftAnVic2dS6ERrdkbxaltYpS4YtKqEwuVQVT2ZQ7rh6TEKpo9sd9ufEBBQqrSgXE6jiejP8kd0%2bLFUGggv6sDPL5GSIJOGW59WGm5W97hQkWAUxAQz%2b3cA%3d%3d |access-date=3 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Screenshot |url=https://i.postimg.cc/qMZ1fJGt/Screenshot-2025-12-13-174042.png |website=Postimg |access-date=13 December 2025}}</ref>
|2028
|Residential
|-
!28
|Amaris by Kurra Infra
|[[Financial District, Hyderabad|Financial District]]
|51 floors * 2 Towers
|{{convert|195.6|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amaris by Kurra Infra – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=2bSSI2i%2bJFofp%2bm9Rl96wxddSE%2bAHhubMEYmEYAsQn5rk%2bz0GsJYTnoBUAiawQhIsihnD5ebTuL8Y4IAq3FCI5YvaiAte%2bbo9K1taWC%2bbbJwwOtzawpcIqIQoQHHLicza%2fTwbNLaB0zbQqNobw9vfAsufmpvLB8MRRPfdT88L%2fQ589rTqzHsXA%3d%3d |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Telangana RERA}}</ref>
|2030
|Residential
|-
!29
|Navanaami Megaleio
|[[Puppalguda|Puppalaguda]]
|53 floors * 2 Towers
|193.2 meters (634 ft)<ref>{{Cite web |author= |title=Navanaami unveils its Magnum Opus - Megaleio: Hyderabad's newest Landmark and the Destination for Luxury Living |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/navanaami-unveils-its-magnum-opus-megaleio-hyderabad-s-newest-landmark-and-the-destination-for-luxury-living-124052301401_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708233052/https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/navanaami-unveils-its-magnum-opus-megaleio-hyderabad-s-newest-landmark-and-the-destination-for-luxury-living-124052301401_1.html |archive-date=2024-07-08 |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Megaleio – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=EMmGk7dXNBFMDqss2Zh9P7clwMKLDr45Ty1uSxCoaL%2bW2rGkviF08Claai0%2b0rw8YlvsR2qZ1rPxo28lWpJCAQxooLpB%2ffRduCw%2b9LFJN%2bmzbvCUL%2f5CcRG%2boU8FVK0OozSsPOEc9wwJARCPElmthViBjATvsOYP0k95NVF52sSHd95ROT74Wg%3d%3d |access-date=3 July 2025}}</ref>
|2028
|Residential
|-
!30
|Hallmark Altus Tower B
|[[Kondapur]]
|50 floors
|{{convert|193|m}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Screenshot |url=https://i.postimg.cc/4NYjKPZh/Screenshot-2025-12-14-185008.png |website=Postimg |access-date=14 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Screenshot |url=https://i.postimg.cc/VkyZJcDg/Screenshot-2025-12-14-185117.png |website=Postimg |access-date=14 December 2025}}</ref>

|2029
|Residential
|-
!31
|Aparna Aqua
|[[Manikonda|Chitrapuri Colony]]
|56 floors * 3 Towers
|{{convert|192.5|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=More |first=Unnati |date=2024-04-02 |title=Upcoming ultra-luxury residential project - Aparna Aqua, Hyderabad |url=https://media.biltrax.com/upcoming-ultra-luxury-residential-project-aparna-aqua-hyderabad/ |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=Biltrax Media, A Biltrax Group venture |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aparna Aqua – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=S8ULdU9w4J2CicsgWv0AxHxPTKX22lnaZqGtzb5XK1sRWo4LHnajMRATUXU3xalMqVz0BD49jz8GZIyADG3jM6gsctWwKVx55M9Inco6EkDAZsjUsFpUCf%2bReDNIUKDCQD3Tb6Arh%2foBDNC%2boAtL2NlkCbGvhVSLC9nGTVuwHXYeiCoIPRSa4A%3d%3d |access-date=3 July 2025}}</ref>
|2028
|Residential
|-
!32
|Raghava Iris
|[[Raidurg]]
|47 floors * 3 Towers
|{{convert|192|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2025-04-07 |title=Building the Future: Raghava's Distinctive Mark on Hyderabad's Luxury Real Estate |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/business/building-the-future-raghavas-distinctive-mark-on-hyderabads-luxury-real-estate-960779 |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iris – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=5X0j5oLocXD6R4okd1oATMwI%2f6b6p5RSfjtv6FcLt7KIDPdLgwZCY5JO3grZWIT67anLZ1icjbL%2baUduoPHCD%2f4pM2Ss0%2f9TlkaPeMJSGUxmpQZgmVCZjtnZolYmvgYarrsW6%2bc929gP7weZAuXHoAGPT7zKnWpgv1TxAPmnb%2fmg2nIEBBejWA%3d%3d |access-date=3 July 2025}}</ref>
|2028
|Residential
|-
!33
|Rise with 9 Tower 2
|Neopolis
|55 floors
|{{convert|191|m|ft|0}}<ref name=":48">{{cite web |title=Rise with 9 – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=nxsvgpgcrIQaOfn5iCLdX2jvMI%2bWfsgWzfujlNqnzK4cbrm%2bG9flr0aB1y3%2bnq55wuEpW5prYi6AiItl9EMmxiLrUk4a0JvdjVo6L%2bkTiXpYo%2bb%2bsWei1Krh%2f4pqGfmz%2bJT4zULDL%2bp7TC8RuagZ9JJRt0%2f4r6gdAQSmKVCwn6gb3KtdbPK2oQ%3d%3d |website=Telangana RERA |access-date=16 August 2025}}</ref>
|2029
|Residential

|-
!34
|Jayabheri The Pinnacle
|[[Kokapet]]
|56 floors * 2 Towers
|{{convert|190.65|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jayabheri The Pinnacle – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=TXzQj6b3JjdD1ccodE2octS7k6Q1MeLfI%2f4ubDpIZ0PK1S23a0f8OrolzLnS915Tl1JoNPzHEBkU3HxZzLre0fySjuOsi1t2jKQRgbBV02acHb9HHCo%2bpw1S8v2BOeWlJ2uyK8Odw%2b7ch2GES1zqzpj%2btlvxwjVdbO0C29h0Txrj9C%2bnIcdM9g%3d%3d |access-date=5 July 2025 |website=Telangana RERA}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=More |first=Unnati |date=2024-04-29 |title=Key Upcoming Projects by Jayabheri Group |url=https://media.biltrax.com/key-upcoming-projects-by-jayabheri-group/ |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Biltrax Media, A Biltrax Group venture |language=en}}</ref>
|2028
|Residential
|-
!35
|Sumadhura Palais Royale Tower 2
|[[Puppalguda|Puppalaguda]]
|51 floors
|{{convert|190.5|m|ft|0}}<ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" />
|2030
|Residential
|-
!36
|Rise with 9 Tower 1
|Neopolis
|53 floors
|{{convert|184.2|m|ft|0}}<ref name=":48" />
|2029
|Residential

|-
!37
|Meenakshi Elan
|[[Puppalguda|Puppalaguda]]
|46 floors * 3 Towers
|{{convert|183|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elan by Meenakshi – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=4Bxmxq6M7zsynwUc7XSWiFUMYLoWl8iFJotk4qKc3%2b4aGKBcmcOGZsNgduEtf3jORiQb9U194aPAwweWkDzY0UlDzPyOGU%2fFuch3QQJ%2b%2b4DgEYVjjHLBBrREQK5svIiQ9Cgwmje1EZb60gjW9umQadzhZROzxVfFOlQoK0%2blYJvvYEFeXNWyYQ%3d%3d |access-date=5 July 2025 |website=Telangana RERA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-25 |title=A Stacked Residence in India and a Science Museum in Rome: 8 Unbuilt Winning Proposals for Competitions Submitted by the ArchDaily Community |url=https://www.archdaily.com/1011550/a-stacked-residence-in-india-and-a-science-museum-in-rome-8-unbuilt-winning-proposals-for-competitions-submitted-by-the-archdaily-community |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=ArchDaily |language=en-US}}</ref>
|2028
|Residential
|-
!38
|Vamsiram Newmark
|[[Gandipet]]
|51 floors * 2 Towers
|{{convert|182.5|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vamsiram Newmark – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=eltQYiT81vqGLT%2bxtk%2fB0apT4XDMUx8UHTnWnGMD%2bH1BiCkW4THumo0zfRqRfJWIZZVr9LELlgcSTdmLeLmIREWYnWaE%2bh1bcqwvFRxuikfAAwDRzOlDvEJRNTxLJwa9Xy%2fiShdzMIqoGIWkD%2fgwkMQigg3h9Ukg6ermBl%2fc5ouV0w7ISbPZiA%3d%3d |access-date=5 July 2025 |website=Telangana RERA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-04 |title=Vamsiram Newmark in Narsingi |url=https://ysrealty.co.in/property/vamsiram-newmark-4-bhk-flats-in-narsingi/ |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=YS Realty |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|2028
|Residential
|-
!39
|ASBL Broadway
|[[Financial District, Hyderabad|Financial District]]
|52 floors * 3 Towers
|{{convert|181.93|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=ASBL Broadway – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=k3PKSZ%2f%2fax393TzrSH7Q8koVmyPrtQFuEOo2TeHZh5CtI8W9gaqrfTsr1IE3X8520gbKcDWVrcBiYYwsiag3zOT3XWCHQlosV7iXVHKGpsv1ko3fHUAcKRcdxrcg9UE2XTxhp%2ft3vh8ncscTJuIw%2bbge2K1M7%2baBirMe4Fq8B5hNFgJBJ%2fy8Gw%3d%3d |access-date=5 July 2025 |website=Telangana RERA}}</ref>
|2029
|Residential
|-
!40
|Manhattan by Vamsiram
|[[Khajaguda]]
|47 floors * 8 Towers
|{{convert|178.8|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sohini Manhattan – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=4d%2b1IE94KRoIp2Cyta67YnZ3OCDkkVDemycTKE8b0p0bg%2bd4aUyrOR3vsxxjH7qvckc9erLVxcGN1OeFtt%2bj7MpYmwiLSpY4oEv2cHiabSeByc25j%2bYMXs2yn5W%2bd0UygnQ5h8KZS%2bkOlTDz7%2bAVAdbxvoWPqof2ZG1Y1jRg4z1CMGP%2f9WT6yw%3d%3d |access-date=5 July 2025 |website=Telangana RERA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernandes |first=Riya |date=2024-09-17 |title=Luxury Residential Project: Vamsiram Manhattan, Telangana |url=https://media.biltrax.com/upcoming-luxury-residential-project-vamsiram-manhattan-telangana/ |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=Biltrax Media, A Biltrax Group venture |language=en}}</ref>
|2029
|Residential
|-
!41
|SSI Fortune Grande Blocks B,C,D
|Neopolis
|50 floors * 3 Towers
|{{convert|176.75|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Screenshot |url=https://i.postimg.cc/5t6wJLn8/Screenshot-2025-12-13-195628.png |website=Postimg |access-date=13 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Screenshot |url=https://i.postimg.cc/kghbTDqc/Screenshot-2025-12-13-195824.png |website=Postimg |access-date=13 December 2025}}</ref>

|2029
|Residential
|-
!42
|Sumadhura Palais Royale Tower 3
|[[Puppalguda|Puppalaguda]]
|51 floors
|{{convert|176.4|m|ft|0}}<ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" />
|2030
|Residential
|-
!43
|Capital 45
|[[Puppalaguda]]
|47 floors
|{{convert|174.8|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agrawal |first=Sakshi |date=2022-09-03 |title=Plinth work begins for Hallmark Capital 45, Hyderabad |url=https://media.biltrax.com/plinth-work-begins-for-hallmark-capital-45-hyderabad/ |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=Biltrax Media, A Biltrax Group venture |language=en}}</ref>
|2027
|Residential
|-
!44
|Diamond Tower Block B
|[[Puppalaguda]]
|50 floors
|{{convert|174.75|m|ft|0}}<ref name=":28" /><ref name=":43" />
|2027
|Residential
|-
!45
|My Home Grava Residences Towers 2–7
|[[Kokapet]]
|49 floors * 6 Towers
|{{convert|174|m|ft|0}}<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":53" />
|2028
|Residential
|-
!46
|SSI Fortune Grande Blocks A,E,F
|Neopolis
|49 floors * 3 Towers
|{{convert|173.45|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Screenshot |url=https://i.postimg.cc/WzX3tf47/Screenshot-2025-12-13-200055.png |website=Postimg |access-date=13 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Screenshot |url=https://i.postimg.cc/kghbTDqc/Screenshot-2025-12-13-195824.png |website=Postimg |access-date=13 December 2025}}</ref>

|2029
|Residential
|-
!47
|Western Marina
|[[Puppalaguda]]
|46 floors * 4 Towers
|{{convert|170|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernandes |first=Riya |date=2024-09-03 |title=Upcoming Ultra Luxurious Project – Western Marina, Hyderabad |url=https://media.biltrax.com/upcoming-ultra-luxurious-project-western-marina-hyderabad/ |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Biltrax Media, A Biltrax Group venture |language=en}}</ref>
|2027
|Residential
|-
!48
|Vrindavan by Namishree
|Spring Valley
|50 floors * 8 Towers
|{{convert|169.95|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Project Vrindavan | Flats for sale in kondapur hyderabad |date=27 April 2024 |url=https://namishree.com/projects/vrindavan/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vrindavan Namishree Luxury Homes – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=UYO%2f3h%2bqZrf9S9c9s5lcxZkxCfrfkvkDTeq%2fIhVyjkJSl1SuRGaiL%2byNqAtqBQTNWgD0vDRWVf4HFD0tanlqXVrzG27y0efmxyFlrIocLhm1bvAJWLDM5QxEbcnk8KgOnR5MHYxzq%2fSX3zOGu3xkloIaYmj%2fNsuqm4DXqlvybGISDybtMB0mMg%3d%3d |access-date=5 July 2025 |website=Telangana RERA}}</ref>
|2029
|Residential
|-
!49
|The Sky 49
|Osman Nagar
|51 floors * 2 Towers
|{{convert|167.4|m|ft|0}}
|2030
|Residential
|-
!50
|Vamsiram Vineel
|[[Narsingi, Ranga Reddy district|Narsingi]]
|36 floors
|{{convert|167|m|ft|0}}
|2028
|Commercial
|-
!51
|Sri Aditya Vantage
|[[Manchirevula]]
|43 floors * 4 Towers
|{{convert|165|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Aditya Vantage – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=3Y0mGXliKQe3OEADSNFhgGv%2fiDJZgMnU%2bVa7Z9JJKwL4mLqa2EBc0r3vrlrveJK8QbZc4fWo2CmvJEbrjralTWkOQPOe0ZLe2CT58yeFwD5TAIchADGN6LQHVTYM3cSi7gwXoARMm9ehfPq79T9BUgEnMTZ%2b9pwNGIqZb%2b7NzORtNDtY7EDHtQ%3d%3d |access-date=14 July 2025 |website=Telangana RERA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lasania |first=Yunus |date=2025-04-23 |title=Activist writes to HYDRAA over encroachment of Musi River by builder |url=https://www.siasat.com/activist-writes-to-hydraa-over-encroachment-of-musi-river-by-builder-3211371/ |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en}}</ref>
|2028
|Residential
|-
!52
|The Marquise Towers 1,2
|[[Kokapet]]
|43 floors * 2 Towers
|{{convert|163|m|ft|0}}
|2028
|Residential
|-
!53
|Godrej Madison Avenue
|[[Kokapet]]
|50 floors
|{{convert|160.3|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-25 |title=Godrej Properties sells over 300 homes worth Rs 1,000 crore at newly launched Hyderabad project |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-godrej-properties-sells-over-300-homes-worth-rs-1000-crore-at-newly-launched-hyderabad-project-3787579/ |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Godrej Madison Avenue - The Skyscraper Center |url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/id/49119 |website=www.skyscrapercenter.com |access-date=2025-11-28}}</ref>
|2029
|Residential
|-
!54
|Hallmark Altus Tower A
|[[Kondapur]]
|35 floors
|{{convert|160.3|m}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Screenshot |url=https://i.postimg.cc/4NYjKPZh/Screenshot-2025-12-14-185008.png |website=Postimg |access-date=14 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Screenshot |url=https://i.postimg.cc/YCzck9MV/Screenshot-2025-12-14-185242.png |website=Postimg |access-date=14 December 2025}}</ref>
|2029
|Residential
|-
!55
|Hallmark Altus Tower C
|[[Kondapur]]
|35 floors
|{{convert|160.3|m}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Screenshot |url=https://i.postimg.cc/4NYjKPZh/Screenshot-2025-12-14-185008.png |website=Postimg |access-date=14 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Screenshot |url=https://i.postimg.cc/YCzck9MV/Screenshot-2025-12-14-185242.png |website=Postimg |access-date=14 December 2025}}</ref>
|2029
|Residential
|-
!56
|Raichandani Eka One
|[[Kokapet]]
|42 floors
|{{convert|160.2|m|ft|0}}
|2028
|Residential
|-
!57
|Sensation Hyderabad One
|[[Financial District, Hyderabad|Financial District]]
|47 floors
|{{convert|160|m|ft|0}}
|2027
|Commercial
|-
!58
|Greenspace Marvel
|[[Puppalaguda]]
|49 floors * 2 Towers
|{{convert|159.6|m|ft|0}}
|2028
|Residential
|-
!59
|My Home Avali Towers 3,4
|[[Tellapur]]
|47 floors * 2 Towers
|{{convert|158.55|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=My Home Avali - Tower 3, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192466 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=My Home Avali - Tower 4, Hyderabad - SkyscraperPage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=192467 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=skyscraperpage.com}}</ref>
|2028
|Residential
|-
!60
|Grava Business Park Tower 2
|Neopolis
|35 floors
|{{convert|156|m|ft|0}}<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":53" />
|2027
|Commercial
|-
!61
|DSR Skymarq Tower D,F
|[[Puppalaguda]]
|41 floors * 2 Towers
|{{convert|154.01|m|ft|0}}<ref name=":25" />
|2027
|Residential
|-
!62
|Team4 Arka
|[[Manikonda]]
|44 floors * 6 Towers
|{{convert|153.9|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-02-10 |title=Team4 Arka C/o address for uber luxury living |url=https://regnews.in/team4-arka-c-o-address-for-uber-luxury-living |access-date=2025-06-10 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|2029
|Residential
|-
!63
|NSL East Luxoria
|[[Uppal Kalan]]
|45 floors * 4 Towers
|{{convert|152.37|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=NSL East Luxoria |url=https://www.homefleet.in/property/flat/nsl-east-luxoria-uppal |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Homefleet |language=en}}</ref>
|2029
|Residential
|-
!64
|Aparna Moonstone
|Gopanapalli
|45 floors * 8 Towers
|{{convert|150.35|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-03 |title=Aparna Constructions launches ₹2,525 crore 'Aparna Moonstone' luxury project in Hyderabad - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/real-estate/aparna-constructions-launches-rs-2525-crore-luxury-high-rise-project-aparna-moonstone-in-hyderabad-to-encash-growing-demand-19614922.htm |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-31 |title=Aparna Constructions to invest over Rs 2,200 cr to build new luxury housing project in Hyderabad |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/aparna-constructions-to-invest-over-rs-2200-cr-to-build-new-luxury-housing-project-in-hyderabad/articleshow/121534076.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-10 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aparna To Invest Rs 25.25 Billion In Hyderabad Housing Project |url=https://www.constructionworld.in/latest-construction-news/real-estate-news/aparna-to-invest-rs-21-billion-in-hyderabad-housing-project/74457 |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Construction World |language=en}}</ref>
|2029
|Residential
|-
!65
|My Home Apas
|[[Kokapet]]
|44 floors * 6 Towers
|{{convert|150|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arikatla |first=Venkat |date=2024-08-20 |title=Hyderabad Real Estate: Hopes, Dreams and Dangers |url=https://www.greatandhra.com/politics/telangana-news/hyderabad-real-estate-hopes-dreams-and-dangers-139970 |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=Great Andhra |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=My Home Apas - 3 BHK Apartments in Kokapet, Hyderabad |url=https://www.roofandfloor.com/hyderabad/project/my-home-apas-in-kokapet/321 |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Roof and Floor}}</ref>
|2028
|Residential
|-
!66
|Salarpuria Sattva Lakeridge
|[[Kokapet]]
|38 floors * 6 Towers
|{{convert|150|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-03 |title=Sattva Group - Construction Week India |url=https://www.constructionweekonline.in/lists/salarpuria-sattva-2 |access-date=2025-05-06 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|2028
|Residential
|-
!67
|Aparna Sunstone
|Gopanapalli
|45 floors * 9 Towers
|{{convert|150|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETRealty.com |title=Aparna Constructions invests Rs 2,851 crore to develop first phase of township in Hyderabad - ET RealEstate |url=https://realty.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/residential/aparna-constructions-invests-rs-2851-crore-to-develop-first-phase-of-township-in-hyderabad/115189863 |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=ETRealty.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Screenshot |url=https://i.postimg.cc/fLxPZGbR/Screenshot-2025-12-13-183316.png |website=Postimg |access-date=13 December 2025}}</ref>

|2028
|Residential
|-
! rowspan="3" |
| colspan="6" |'''''Total Towers (U/C)'''''
|-
| colspan="3" |'''''150m–200m'''''
| colspan="3" |'''''122 Towers'''''
|-
| colspan="3" |'''''≥200m'''''
| colspan="3" |'''''60 Towers'''''
|}

== Tallest proposed or approved ==
This lists buildings that are only proposed or approved and are planned to rise at least up to a height of {{convert|150|m|ft|0}}.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#ececec;"
!S.No.
!Name
!Location
!Floors * No. of Towers
!Height
!Building Type
!Status
|-
!1
|The Celesta Living Tower 1
|Osman Nagar
|70 floors
|est. {{convert|245|m|ft|0}}
|Residential
|Proposed<ref name=":63">{{Cite web |last=rezy.in |title=VS The Celesta Living R1004 - Upcoming Project in Gopanpalle |url=https://rezy.in/radar/1007 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=rezy.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!2
|Malisetti Dancing Daffodils
|[[Ghatkesar]]
|73 floors
|{{convert|244.6|m|ft|0}}
|Residential
|Proposed
|-
!3
|Trump Towers
|[[Kokapet]]
|63 floors * 2 Towers
|{{convert|243|m|ft|0}}
|Residential
|Proposed<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-01 |title=Trump Towers to rise in Hyderabad's Kokapet: Rs 3,500 crore project to feature 63+ floors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/trump-towers-to-rise-in-hyderabads-kokapet-rs-3500-crore-project-to-feature-63-floors/articleshow/120749943.cms |access-date=2025-06-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-01 |title=Trump Towers to elevate Hyderabad's skyline with Rs 3,500 crore luxury project |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/trump-towers-to-elevate-hyderabads-skyline-with-rs-3500-crore-luxury-project-2717921-2025-05-01 |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Md Zakariya |title=Trump's real estate foray in India: How he is earning without investing |url=https://www.business-standard.com/world-news/trump-towers-india-expansion-business-model-125032000904_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322164830/https://www.business-standard.com/world-news/trump-towers-india-expansion-business-model-125032000904_1.html |archive-date=2025-03-22 |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Business Standard |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
!4
|Navanaami One
|[[Kokapet]]
|64 floors
|{{convert|225.8|m|ft|0}}
|Residential
|Approved<ref>{{Cite web |title=Navanaami One – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=IQ96Mx%2bJSI5QiYleZpBJAuJ%2b%2f6gsWYTb703FgMCOPZow1MXQ62k%2fxdmlmmErgmFX%2by%2fKvYJo6tQEryIZv4zMMBz329TPpZabbVn3fTcc7viDL4alCFp5rXSHTjciUoMh%2flDcEWqXKja%2fKhd9twZg08K%2f6nt%2fX7fpPGWRhXMTfzrjMw6fUxe2uw%3d%3d |access-date=21 January 2026 |website=Telangana RERA}}</ref>
|-
!5
|Rajapushpa Presidentia
|[[Tellapur]]
|58 floors * 3 Towers
|{{convert|224.1|m|ft|0}}
|Residential
|Approved<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kedare |first=Rutuja |date=2023-12-14 |title=Over 1540 new construction projects tracked in November 2023 |url=https://media.biltrax.com/over-1540-new-construction-projects-tracked-in-november-2023/ |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Biltrax Media, A Biltrax Group venture |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajapushpa Presidentia – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=YuntmeqLYCIcDriau3%2fNsi2hTxBo7m4vKvPBzmGNBpwQmOAwSDMjcy%2fgKxi16k4ls4OnXPmymhZPLE3xyU1fvNU8wS5Yh6nxAbUXJfeTxt%2fvfMAPmZzADY4UtlKSvw8aVD9ODBkDd7WsWpK1by3kM1XpPtR4wiSpa6hwS0C4hRHdYcGxTeYuLA%3d%3d |access-date=5 July 2025 |website=Telangana RERA}}</ref>
|-
!6
|Raghava Nova
|[[Financial District, Hyderabad|Financial District]]
|63 floors * 2 Towers
|{{convert|220.8|m|ft|0}}
|Residential
|Approved<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raghava Nova – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=mlHDTTAZWjowC4YIPZY1VdritArlespunMZ3nOKRcbnhk6QX1cDyl4qtF2gO5Lyrj1wvGdfrsuJgkTUZ6ewUSNDW09q6lxsPxYhcFc0toA7nJMtWb8F%2brEeMRVglH4OAgXMax%2fz9ilVye4SlWsGy%2bXPRFcQtmcLONUySvK3zobAERDM9zbD2Dg%3d%3d |access-date=21 January 2026 |website=Telangana RERA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Codename Nova |url=https://www.nova-financialdistrict.com/ |website=www.nova-financialdistrict.com}}</ref>
|-
!7
|Raghuram Pradeep Puppalaguda
|[[Puppalaguda]]
|63 floors * 3 Towers
|{{convert|218|m|ft|0}}
|Residential
|Proposed<ref>{{Cite web |last=rezy.in |title=Raghuram Pradeep R1006 - Upcoming Project in Puppalguda |url=https://rezy.in/radar/1009 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=rezy.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!8
|Brigade Neopolis Phase 3
|Neopolis
|58 floors
|est. {{convert|210|m|ft|0}}
|Residential
|Proposed
|-
!9
|Myscape 212
|[[Financial District, Hyderabad|Financial District]]
|54 floors
|{{convert|207.4|m|ft|0}}
|Residential
|Approved<ref>{{Cite web |title=Myscape Two One Two – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=nUt%2bQ23eCcpFSx%2f862Ibcr4SkL%2fIT%2bqeZ8J0OBUfYvoPan4rR9QezgIjjbHVVyy7r99GJM%2fc4Qjny4Q4Q9cXP7OP6v8zWlwV3qr%2bP1rz90YjmFNc56QoB0xiFrH6fIsJvEVqXn5pmf%2fKc%2fNYYsCiroy6keWxa8YltH%2fbd6iFGPUyWUgB1FCt7g%3d%3d |access-date=5 July 2025 |website=Telangana RERA}}</ref>
|-
!10
|Rajapushpa Skyra
|Neopolis
|57 floors * 3 Towers
|{{convert|203|m|ft|0}}
|Residential
|Approved<ref>{{cite web |title=Screenshot |url=https://i.postimg.cc/sf8GdNG7/Screenshot-2025-12-15-133607.png |website=Postimg |access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Screenshot |url=https://i.postimg.cc/DftQdZgQ/Screenshot-2025-12-15-133643.png |website=Postimg |access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
!11
|MSN Neopolis Plot 6
|Neopolis
|57 floors * 3 Towers
|{{convert|201|m|ft|0}}
|Residential
|Proposed<ref>{{Cite web |last=rezy.in |title=MSN Neopolis 6 R1041 - Upcoming Project in Kokapet |url=https://rezy.in/radar/1044 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=rezy.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!12
|Unity Mall
|[[Shaikpet]]
|50 floors
|est. {{convert|200|m|ft|0}}
|Commercial
|Proposed<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-08-13 |title=Hyderabad's proposed Unity Mall to be redesigned as 50-storey tower |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2025/Aug/13/hyderabads-proposed-unity-mall-to-be-redesigned-as-50-storey-tower |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Newsmeter |date=2025-08-13 |title=5.16 acres, 50-storey tower: Raidurg's 'Unity Mall' set to become Hyderabad's tallest shopping precinct |url=https://newsmeter.in/hyderabad/5-point-16-acres-50-storey-tower-raidurgs-unity-mall-set-to-become-hyderabads-tallest-shopping-precinct-753349 |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=newsmeter.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!13
|Megha Lakeview
|[[Khajaguda]]
|48 floors
|{{convert|196|m|ft|0}}
|Residential
|Proposed<ref>{{Cite web |last=rezy.in |title=Megha Lakeview R1059 - Upcoming Project in Khajaguda |url=https://rezy.in/radar/1062 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=rezy.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!14
|Raghava Halo
|[[Serilingampally]]
|57 floors * 2 Towers
|est. {{convert|195|m|ft|0}}
|Residential
|Proposed
|-
!15
|Sattva Lago
|Neopolis
|54 floors * 7 Towers
|{{convert|190|m|ft|0}}
|Residential
|Proposed<ref>{{Cite web |last=rezy.in |title=Sattva Precient R1026 - Upcoming Project in Kokapet |url=https://rezy.in/radar/1029 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=rezy.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!16
|My Home Vanya
|[[Kokapet]]
|51 floors * 9 Towers
|{{convert|184|m|ft|0}}
|Residential
|Proposed<ref>{{Cite web |last=rezy.in |title=My Home Vanya R1027 - Upcoming Project in Vattinagulapalle |url=https://rezy.in/radar/1030 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=rezy.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!17
|Team4 Aria
|[[Madeenaguda]]
|55 floors * 7 Towers
|{{convert|181.8|m|ft|0}}
|Residential
|Approved<ref>{{Cite web |last=rezy.in |title=Team4 Aria R1010 - Upcoming Project in Madeenaguda |url=https://rezy.in/radar/1013 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=rezy.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Team4 Aria – Telangana RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=GJOBSxoRrJV22vmPufX0Gr7yMk07yLYbCxVKoNcxZkkc1ntxMSO8ZISphbUXmoy3coxHwxM7pE02LItYox2X4JJMvEj1Y7GfO%2b2glR2%2bEsPRZgOATclq7sOSqy7FnYsbMLP07RXLVISZEQXplIgkgQAgXZPTj1PU%2fIPYyjW%2fZihZGvhUfuopMw%3d%3d |access-date=10 February 2026 |website=Telangana RERA}}</ref>
|-
!18
|Auro The Altus
|[[Raidurg]]
|49 floors * 2 Towers
|{{convert|179|m|ft|0}}
|Residential
|Proposed<ref>{{Cite web |last=rezy.in |title=Auro The Altus R1058 - Upcoming Project in Raidurg Nowkhalsa |url=https://rezy.in/radar/1061 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=rezy.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!19
|Suvarnadurga Splendour
|Bandlaguda
|52 floors
|{{convert|177|m|ft|0}}
|Residential
|Proposed<ref>{{Cite web |last=rezy.in |title=SDG Splendour R1067 - Upcoming Project in Bandlaguda (Jagir) |url=https://rezy.in/radar/1070 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=rezy.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!20
|Urbanwoods Thrive
|[[Khajaguda]]
|39 floors
|{{convert|170.4|m|ft|0}}
|Commercial
|Proposed
|-
!21
|Prestige Golden Grove
|[[Patancheru]]
|53 floors * 10 Towers
|est. {{convert|170|m|ft|0}}
|Residential
|Proposed
|-
!22
|Northstar I in the Sky
|[[Manchirevula]]
|48 floors
|{{convert|168.7|m|ft|0}}
|Residential
|Proposed
|-
!23
|Terminus The Highline
|[[Narsingi, Ranga Reddy|Narsingi]]
|47 floors
|{{convert|166|m|ft|0}}
|Residential
|Proposed<ref>{{Cite web |last=rezy.in |title=Terminus The Highline R1088 - Upcoming Project in Narsingi |url=https://rezy.in/radar/1091 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=rezy.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!24
|ASBL Legacy
|[[RTC X Roads]]
|51 floors * 3 Towers
|{{convert|165|m|ft|0}}
|Residential
|Proposed
|-
!25
|Rajapushpa Sierra
|[[Tellapur]]
|50 floors * 9 Towers
|{{convert|164.55|m|ft|0}}
|Residential
|Approved<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajapushpa Sierra – RERA |url=https://rerait.telangana.gov.in/PrintPreview/PrintPreview?q=uoNfbQyHwmsaBM5tD6PAbqCpJZxcUtjjBzgLf6%2bmx2TvBs%2bxj19JH8ZZTkN%2bJBFouxRzPBHKpKBAFEe9NwKgrj%2bQuvwz5n3PwxBj%2fQImJ0gZmLo9PZkiRii01xD8oMb1Q13VnXOFOljY3fq%2f7iR1Xc1b1g%2fGvQ264FOQbS%2fm6KSJgLoo8aBdIg%3d%3d |access-date=21 January 2026 |website=Telangana RERA}}</ref>
|-
!26
|Auro Sapphire
|Kondapur
|49 floors * 4 Towers
|est. {{convert|160|m|ft|0}}
|Residential
|Proposed
|-
!27
|My Home TTPL Phase 4
|[[Tellapur]]
|50 floors * 8 Towers
|est. {{convert|160|m|ft|0}}
|Residential
|Proposed
|-
!28
|My Home Udyan
|[[Tellapur]]
|49 floors * 8 Towers
|est. {{convert|158|m|ft|0}}
|Residential
|Proposed<ref>{{Cite web |last=rezy.in |title=My Home (Phase 3) R1031 - Upcoming Project in Manmole |url=https://rezy.in/radar/1034 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=rezy.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!29
|Radhey Constructions Osman Nagar
|Osman Nagar
|48 floors * 3 Towers
|est. {{convert|158|m|ft|0}}
|Residential
|Proposed<ref>{{Cite web |last=rezy.in |title=Radhey Constructions R1007 - Upcoming Project in Osman Nagar |url=https://rezy.in/radar/1010 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=rezy.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!30
|Grava Business Park Towers 3–8
|Neopolis
|35 floors * 6 Towers
|{{convert|156|m|ft|0}}<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":53" />
|Commercial
|Approved<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" />
|-
!31
|Mayfair Gateway
|Nagulapalli
|48 floors * 12 Towers
|est. {{convert|155|m|ft|0}}
|Residential
|Proposed
|-
!32
|Mayfair Classic
|Nagulapalli
|48 floors * 10 Towers
|est. {{convert|155|m|ft|0}}
|Residential
|Proposed
|-
!33
|Auro Legala
|[[Serilingampally]]
|48 floors * 4 Towers
|est. {{convert|155|m|ft|0}}
|Residential
|Proposed<ref>{{Cite web |last=rezy.in |title=Auro Legala R1011 - Upcoming Project in Serilingampalle (M) |url=https://rezy.in/radar/1014 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=rezy.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!34
|The Celesta Living Towers 2,3
|Osman Nagar
|50 floors * 2 Towers
|est. {{convert|151|m|ft|0}}
|Residential
|Proposed<ref name=":63" />
|-
!35
|Grava Business Park Phase III
|[[Kokapet]]
|47 floors * 7 Towers
|{{convert|150|m|ft|0}}<ref name=":53" />
|Residential
|Proposed<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" />
|-
!36
|R3 Capital MXD T1
|[[Puppalaguda]]
|37 floors
|{{convert|150|m|ft|0}}
|Commercial
|Proposed
|-
!37
|DSR Hyven
|Premavathipet
|46 floors * 3 Towers
|{{convert|150|m|ft|0}}
|Residential
|Proposed<ref>{{Cite web |last=rezy.in |title=DSR Hyven R1037 - Upcoming Project in Premavathipet |url=https://rezy.in/radar/1040 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=rezy.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!38
|Phoenix Business Hub Tower 4,5
|[[Nanakramguda]]
|36 floors * 2 Towers
|{{convert|150|m|ft|0}}
|Commercial
|Proposed
|-
!39
|GAR Infobahn Tower 23
|[[Kokapet]]
|36 floors
|{{convert|150|m|ft|0}}
|Commercial
|Proposed
|-
! rowspan="3" |
| colspan="6" |'''''Total Towers (Proposed)'''''
|-
| colspan="3" |'''''150m–200m'''''
| colspan="3" |'''''125 Towers'''''
|-
| colspan="3" |'''''≥200m'''''
| colspan="3" |'''''22 Towers'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" |
| colspan="6" |'''''Total Towers (Proposed+U/C)'''''
|-
| colspan="3" |'''''150m–200m'''''
| colspan="3" |'''''247 Towers'''''
|-
| colspan="3" |'''''≥200m'''''
| colspan="3" |'''''82 Towers'''''
|}

== Timeline of tallest buildings and structures ==

=== Timeline of tallest structures ===
The following is a list of free-standing structures that in the past held, or currently holds, the title of the tallest structure in Hyderabad.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Name
!Image
!Location
!Height
!Floors
!Years as tallest
!Ref(s)
|-
|Tomb of [[Quli Qutb Mulk|Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk]]
|[[File:Tomb of Sultan Quli Qutb Shah 01.jpg|160x160px]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Qutb Shahi tombs|Qutb Shahi Tombs]], Ibrahim Bagh
|{{convert|17.8|m|ft|0}}
|–
|1543–1550 (7 years)
|<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chandavarkar |first1=Prem |last2=Muhammad Wali Ullah Khan |last3=Kasiannan |first3=Senthilpavai |last4=Sharma |first4=Rajshree |last5=Meetu |first5=Sharma Saxena |last6=Saha |first6=Sukant |date=2014 |title=21. Tomb of Sultan Quli |url=https://architexturez.net/doc/az-cf-179053 |journal=Qutb Shahi Heritage Park: Conservation and Landscape Restoration, Annual Report 2014 |language=en |volume=68 |issn=0278-4165}}</ref>
|-
|Tomb of [[Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah]]
|[[File:Golconda, tomba di Jamsheed quli qutb shah, m. 1580, 01.jpg|160x160px]]
|{{convert|30|m|ft|0}}
|–
|1550–1580 (30 years)
|<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2014 |title=20. Tomb of Jamshed Quli |url=https://architexturez.net/doc/az-cf-179052 |journal=Qutb Shahi Heritage Park: Conservation and Landscape Restoration, Annual Report 2014 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Tomb of [[Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali]]
|[[File:Tomb of Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah.jpg|160x160px]]
|{{convert|30|m|ft|0}}
|–
|1580–1591 (11 years)
|<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Bilgrami |first=Syed Ali Asgar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.63136 |title=Landmarks Of The Deccan |date=1927}}</ref>
|-
|[[Charminar]]
|[[File:Charminar-Hyderabad.jpg|213x213px]]
|[[Old City (Hyderabad, India)|Old City]]
|{{convert|56|m|ft|0}}
|4
|1591–1987 (396 years)
|<ref name=":5" />
|-
|Babukhan Estate
|[[File:Babukhan Estate.jpg|160x160px]]
|[[Basheerbagh]]
|{{convert|59|m|ft|0}}
|17
|1987–2014 (27 years)
|<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |title=Babukhan Estates |url=https://babukhanproperties.com/completed-projects/babukhan-estates-3/ |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=BabuKhan Properties |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Lodha Bellezza
|[[File:Lodha Bellezza Kukatpally Hyderabad.jpg|214x214px]]
|[[Kukatpally]]
|{{convert|153|m|ft|0}}
|45
|2014–2024 (10 years)
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|SAS iTower A
|[[File:SAS iTower Hyderabad 16052025.jpg|216x216px]]
|[[Khajaguda]]
|{{convert|153.95|m|ft|0}}
|35
|2024–2024 (<1 year)
|<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-02 |title=Embassy Group partners with SAS Infra to develop 3 commercial spaces in Hyderabad - Construction Week India |url=https://www.constructionweekonline.in/projects-tenders/embassy-group-partners-with-sas-infra-to-develop-3-commercial-spaces-in-hyderabad |access-date=2025-05-06 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|SAS Crown
|[[File:SAS Crown.jpg|213x213px]]
|[[Kokapet]]
|{{convert|235.3|m|ft|0}}
|58
|2024–present
|<ref name=":4" />
|}

=== Timeline of tallest habitable buildings ===
The following list includes only habitable buildings that in the past held, or currently holds, the title of the tallest building in Hyderabad.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Name
!Image
!Location
!Height
!Floors
!Years as tallest
!Ref(s)
|-
|[[Saifabad Palace]]
|[[File:Saifabad Palace.jpg|160x160px]]
|[[Saifabad]]
|est. {{convert|16|m|ft|0}}
|2
|1888–1893 (5 years)
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-09-28 |title=Secretariat 'G' block back from the brink |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/secretariat-g-block-back-from-the-brink-in-hyderabad/article6455105.ece |access-date=2025-05-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|[[Falaknuma Palace]]
|[[File:Taj Falaknuma Palace, Hyderabad.jpg|160x160px]]
|Falaknuma
|est. {{convert|26|m|ft|0}}
|3
|1893–1925 (32 years)
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Srishti |title=Srishti |date=5 August 2013 |url=https://www.academia.edu/4177210}}</ref>
|-
|[[Osmania General Hospital]]
|[[File:Osmania Hospital.jpg|160x160px]]
|[[Afzal Gunj]]
|est. {{convert|28|m|ft|0}}
|4
|1925–1987 (62 years)
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nanisetti |first=Serish |date=2021-06-28 |title=Plans for OGH overhaul remain only on paper |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/plans-for-ogh-overhaul-remain-only-on-paper/article35009970.ece |access-date=2025-05-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|Babukhan Estate
|[[File:Babukhan Estate.jpg|160x160px]]
|[[Basheerbagh]]
|{{convert|59|m|ft|0}}
|17
|1987–2014 (27 years)
|<ref name=":16" />
|-
|Lodha Bellezza
|[[File:Lodha Bellezza Kukatpally Hyderabad.jpg|214x214px]]
|[[Kukatpally]]
|{{convert|153|m|ft|0}}
|45
|2014–2024 (10 years)
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|SAS iTower A
|[[File:SAS iTower Hyderabad 16052025.jpg|216x216px]]
|[[Khajaguda]]
|{{convert|153.95|m|ft|0}}
|35
|2024–2024 (<1 year)
|<ref name=":14" />
|-
|SAS Crown
|[[File:SAS Crown.jpg|213x213px]]
|[[Kokapet]]
|{{convert|235.3|m|ft|0}}
|58
|2024–present
|<ref name=":4" />
|}

==See also==
{{portal|Hyderabad|Architecture|India}}
* [[List of tallest buildings in India]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Asia]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in the World]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in different cities in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://skyscrapercenter.com/city/hyderabad CTBUH Hyderabad]

{{India tallest buildings lists}}

[[Category:Lists of tallest buildings in India|Hyderabad]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Hyderabad, India]]

2016 Nagrota army base attack

2026-03-11T18:38:32Z

Masterstrock: enhanced article for clarity

{{Short description|Attack on an Indian base in Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 2016 Nagrota army base attack
| partof = [[Kashmir conflict]]
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| map = {{Location map | India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| lat_deg = 32.81667
| lat_min =
| lat_sec =
| lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 74.91667
| lon_min =
| lon_sec =
| lon_dir = E
}}
| map_size =
| map_alt = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir
| location = Nagrota
| target =
| coordinates =
| date = 29 November 2016
| time = 5.30<ref name="Nagrota and Samba attack in Kashmir: Top 5 key points to know">{{Cite news |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/nagrota-attacks-10-points-to-describe-everything-about-attack/459621/ |title=Nagrota and Samba attack in Kashmir: Top 5 key points to know |publisher=The Financial Express |date=29 November 2016 |access-date=30 November 2016}}</ref>
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| type = [[Terrorism]] [[Hostage situation]] [[Mass shooting]]
| fatalities = 10 (7 soldiers, 3 Terrorist)<ref name="Nagrota terror attack: 7 Army personnel martyred; 16 rescued in hostage-like situation">{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nagrota-terror-attack-7-Army-personnel-martyred-16-rescued-in-hostage-like-situation/articleshow/55689170.cms? |title=Nagrota terror attack: 7 Army personnel martyred; 16 rescued in hostage-like situation |work=The Times of India |date=29 November 2016 |access-date=29 November 2016}}</ref>
| injuries =
| victims = 
| perpetrator = [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]]<ref>{{cite news |title=NIA takes custody of JeM operative involved in 2016 Nagrota army camp terror attack |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/nia-takes-custody-of-jem-operative-involved-in-2016-nagrota-army-camp-terror-attack/articleshow/64332413.cms?from=mdr |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=26 May 2018}}</ref>
| assailants = 
| weapons = [[AK-47|AK-47 rifles]], several [[Magazine (firearms)|magazines]], [[Grenade|hand grenades]], [[40 mm grenade|UBGL grenades]]<ref name="Nagrota attack: Army releases list of 7 martyrs killed in terror strike">{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/nagrota-terrorists-attack-army-camp-martyrs-list-4402101/ |title=Nagrota attack: Army releases list of 7 martyrs killed in terror strike |publisher=The Indian Express |date=30 November 2016 |access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="Nagrota attack: Police probing JeM links">{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-nagrota-attack-police-probing-jem-links-2278571 |title=Nagrota attack: Police probing JeM links |publisher=DNA India |date=1 December 2016 |access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref>
| numparts =
| dfens = 
| motive =
| website = 
| module =
}}
{{Terrorist attacks in India (since 2001)}}

The [[Indian Army]] base in [[Nagrota]], in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] was attacked on 29 November 2016 by a group of  militants.

During the ensuing gun battle, seven Indian soldiers, including two officers and all three militants were killed.<ref name="Nagrota terror attack: 7 Army personnel martyred; 16 rescued in hostage-like situation"/><ref name="J&K: Seven army men killed in terror attack at Army post in Nagrota, all terrorists neutralised">{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/jk-2-officers-5-jawans-killed-after-militants-attack-army-post-in-nagrota-4401754/ |title=J&K: Seven army men killed in terror attack at Army post in Nagrota, all terrorists neutralised |publisher=The Indian Express |date=29 November 2016 |access-date=30 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="7 soldiers, 6 militants killed in twin attacks near Jammu">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/7-soldiers-6-militants-killed-in-twin-attacks-near-Jammu/article16719557.ece?homepage=true |title=7 soldiers, 6 militants killed in twin attacks near Jammu |work=The Hindu |date=29 November 2016 |access-date=30 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="Militants Attack Indian Army Base in Nagrota, Inflaming Tensions With Pakistan">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/29/world/asia/kashmir-jammu-attack.html |title=Militants Attack Indian Army Base in Nagrota, Inflaming Tensions With Pakistan |work=The New York Times |date=29 November 2016 |access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref>

==Background==
Since the killing of [[Burhan Wani]], Kashmir has seen an increase in [[2016 Kashmir unrest|violence and civic disobedience]]. This also increased tensions since the [[2016 Uri attack]] and the ensuing Indian retaliatory [[2016 Indian Line of Control strike|surgical strike]] operation.

==Attack==
On the morning of 29 November at around 5:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]],<ref name="Nagrota and Samba attack in Kashmir: Top 5 key points to know"/><ref name="7 soldiers, 6 militants killed in twin attacks near Jammu"/> three militants Numan, Aadil and Khalid dressed in Indian police uniforms attacked the [[Indian Army]]'s 166 Field Regiment unit in the town of [[Nagrota]], near the [[Jammu|Jammu city]] in the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="Nagrota terror attack: 7 Army personnel martyred; 16 rescued in hostage-like situation"/><ref name="J&K: Seven army men killed in terror attack at Army post in Nagrota, all terrorists neutralised"/><ref name="7 soldiers, 6 militants killed in two terror attacks in Jammu">{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/291116/terror-attack-on-army-camp-near-jammu-2-soldiers-injured.html |title=7 soldiers, 6 militants killed in two terror attacks in Jammu |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=29 November 2016 |access-date=30 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="Terrorists attack army camp in Nagrota, Jammu; two militants killed, three jawans martyred ">{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/militants-attack-army-camp-in-nagrota-jammu/articleshow/55677630.cms |title=Terrorists attack army camp in Nagrota, Jammu; two militants killed, three jawans martyred |publisher=The Economic Times |date=29 November 2016 |access-date=30 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="nagrota_under_seige">{{cite book |last1=Arora |first1=Bhaavna |title=Nagrota Under Siege |date=24 Dec 2024 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=978-0143470656 |page=151}}</ref> Four Indian Army soldiers, including an officer were killed in the initial gun battle.<ref name="Nagrota terror attack: 7 Army personnel martyred; 16 rescued in hostage-like situation"/><ref name="J&K: Seven army men killed in terror attack at Army post in Nagrota, all terrorists neutralised"/><ref name="7 soldiers, 6 militants killed in twin attacks near Jammu"/><ref name="7 Indian Army Soldiers Dead As Terrorists Storm Army Camp In Nagrota And Take Hostages">{{Cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/11/29/7-indian-army-soldiers-dead-as-terrorists-storm-army-camp-in-nag/ |title=7 Indian Army Soldiers Dead As Terrorists Storm Army Camp In Nagrota And Take Hostages |work=The Huffington Post |date=29 November 2016 |orig-year=30 November 2016}}</ref>

The militants then divided themselves into two groups, entered the living quarters of the base and opened fire with [[AK-47]]s and grenades. They took into hostage at least two infants, two women and over a dozen soldiers. A stand-off then ensued with the security forces.<ref name="Nagrota terror attack: 7 Army personnel martyred; 16 rescued in hostage-like situation" /><ref name="J&K: Seven army men killed in terror attack at Army post in Nagrota, all terrorists neutralised" /><ref name="7 soldiers, 6 militants killed in twin attacks near Jammu" /><ref name="7 Indian Army Soldiers Dead As Terrorists Storm Army Camp In Nagrota And Take Hostages" /> According to a statement from the Defence public relations office, "there was [a] hostage-like situation which was successfully neutralised."<ref name="J&K: Seven army men killed in terror attack at Army post in Nagrota, all terrorists neutralised" /> In the resultant gun battle, all three militants were killed and the hostages were freed by the Indian Army. Three more Indian soldiers, including an officer, were killed in the rescue operation.<ref name="Nagrota terror attack: 7 Army personnel martyred; 16 rescued in hostage-like situation" /><ref name="J&K: Seven army men killed in terror attack at Army post in Nagrota, all terrorists neutralised" /><ref name="7 soldiers, 6 militants killed in twin attacks near Jammu" /><ref name="7 soldiers, 6 militants killed in two terror attacks in Jammu" /><ref name="7 Indian Army Soldiers Dead As Terrorists Storm Army Camp In Nagrota And Take Hostages" /> Two officers of rank major, [[Akshay Girish Kumar]] and Gosavi Kunal Mannadir lost their lives in the initial response before the terrorists were neutralized.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Madhukalya |first1=Anwesha |title=Here's What You Should Know About The Nagrota Martyrs, Major Akshay Girish Kumar And Major Gosavi Kunal Mannadir |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/heres-what-you-should-know-about-the-nagrota-martyrs-major-aks_in_5c11f549e4b003d830eb12d8 |work=HuffPost |date=30 November 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

==Organizational accountability==
Investigation done by [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA) India for around 2 years, revealed this terrorist operation was owned by [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] (JeM) deputy chief [[Abdul Rauf Azhar]] as per the final chargesheet.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nagrota terror attack: NIA chargesheet names JeM chief's brother, 13 others |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/nagrota-terror-attack-nia-chargesheet-names-jem-chief-s-brother-13-others-118112001417_1.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com |agency=[[Business Standard]] |date=Nov 20, 2018}}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}}
<ref>{{cite news |title=Nagrota Terror Attack: Police Probing Jaish-e-Mohammed Links |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nagrota-terror-attack-police-probing-jaish-e-mohammed-links-1632438?utm_source=chatgpt.com |work=[[NDTV]] |date=Dec 1, 2016 |language=en}}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}} The final report provided detailed information on how the three terrorists came to India, arranged finances and took local help to execute the mission.

==See also==
*[[List of terrorist incidents in November 2016]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Portal bar|India}}

{{Kashmir conflict}}

{{coord missing|Jammu and Kashmir}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagrota army base attack}}
[[Category:Attacks on military installations in 2016]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in India]]
[[Category:2016 mass murders]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:21st-century mass murders in India]]
[[Category:November 2016 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:November 2016 in India]]
[[Category:Massacres in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2016]]
[[Category:Attacks on military installations in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:2016 murders in India]]

Sutamla

2026-03-10T19:27:46Z

Masterstrock:

{{Short description|Ahom king from 1648 to 1663}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{one source|date=January 2013}}
{{infobox royalty
| name = Sutamla
| title = [[Chao Pha|Chaopha]] Swargadeo of [[Ahom Kingdom]]
| image = Jayadhwaj Singha with Banamali dev.png
| spouse = [[Pakhori Gabharu]]
| issue = [[Ramani Gabharu]]
| full name = Bhagania Roja Jayadhwaj Singha
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_place = [[Ahom kingdom]]
| death_place = [[Ahom kingdom]]
| dynasty = [[Ahom dynasty]]
| father = [[Sutingphaa]]
| caption = Jayadhwaj Singha (right) along his spiritual preceptor Banamalidev (left). Painting from Banamali Devar Charit {{circa}} 17th century.
| succession = [[Ahom dynasty|Ahom King]]
| reign = 1648–1663
| predecessor = [[Sutingphaa]]
| successor = [[Supangmung]]
}}

{{Ahom Dynasty}}
''' Sutamla''' (ruled 1648–1663) '''Jayadhwaj Singha''' was the 20th [[Ahom Dynasty|king]] of the [[Ahom kingdom]]. During his reign the Mughal viceroy at Bengal [[Mir Jumla II]] invaded and occupied his capital [[Garhgaon]] as a result of which he had to retreat to the Namrup area, and because of this flight he is also known as the ''Bhagania Roja'' in the [[Buranji]]s. In the days of Jayadhwaj Singha Auniati Satra and [[Dakhinpat Satra]] was established. He formally accepted the initiation of Niranjan Bapu and settled him as the as Satradhikar (head of Vaisnava religious institution) in the Auniati Satra. He even exempted disciples of satra from personal labour to the state.

==Accession==
Sutamla became the king after his father, the erstwhile king [[Sutingphaa]], was deposed by the [[Burhagohain]].<ref>{{Harvcol|Gait|1906|p=123}}</ref>

==Mir Jumla's invasion==
{{main|Mir Jumla's invasion of Assam}}
[[File:Silver Coin of Jayadhwaj Singha in Ahom script.jpg|left|thumb|Coin of Jayadhwaj Singha in Ahom script.]]
After the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Shah Jahan]] fell sick in 1658, the vassal ruler of [[Cooch Behar State|Koch Bihar]], Pran Narayan, threw off the Mughal yoke and took possession of Kamrup and Hajo. The Ahoms, taking advantage of the confusion, pushed west and took control of the region up to the Sankosh river. [[Mir Jumla II]], Aurangzeb's general who pursued Prince Shuja to the Arakan, was made the governor of Bengal. Very soon he repossessed Koch Bihar and began his campaign against the Ahom kingdom on January 4, 1662. The Ahoms took a stand at the Jogighopa fort at the Manas river. Mir Jumla overran Jogighopa, Guwahati, Simlagarh, Salagarh and finally Sutamla's capital Garhgaon on March 17, which the Ahom king had abandoned for [[Namrup]].

Early onset of monsoon that year made it difficult for Mir Jumla to transfer the voluminous booty that fell into his hands following his capture of Garhgaon. [[Atan Burhagohain]], who was left behind as rearguard, began harassing the Mughal with guerrilla tactics, and Mir Jumla had to fall back to Garhgaon and Mathurapur, with the Ahoms taking back possession of the rest of the kingdom. Sutamla came down from Namrup and camped at Solaguri. After that [[Swargadeo]] Jayadhwaj Singha had to sign [[Treaty of Ghilajharighat]]. According to this treaty Swargadeo Jayadhwaj Singha sent his daughter [[Ramani Gabharu]] to the Mughal empire.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}

* {{Cite book
|last=Gait
|first=Edward A.
|year=1906
|title=A History of Assam
|isbn=9780404168193
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w-6kr1IyHJkC
|publisher=Thacker, Spink & Company
|place=Calcutta
}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:1663 deaths]]

[[Category:Ahom kings]]
{{India-royal-stub}}

Mahasharana Haralayya

2026-03-03T21:28:26Z

Masterstrock: created pg!

{{Short description|2014 film}}
{{No plot|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mahasharana Haralayya
| image =
| caption =
| director = B A Purushottham
| producer = A Devaraj
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Ramesh Aravind]]
*[[Sridhar (actor)|Sridhar]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = Jimmy Raj
| cinematography = Gouri Venkatesh
| editing = C H Kumar
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|01|10}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Mahasharana Haralayya''''' is a 2014 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film directed by B A Purushottham starring
[[Ramesh Aravind]] and [[Sridhar (actor)|Sridhar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/emotional-moment-on-maha-sharana-haralayya/articleshow/20813361.cms?from=mdr|title=Emotional moment on Maha Sharana Haralayya|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 June 2013}}</ref> and K V Ravichandra in lead roles. The film released on 10 January 2014 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-maha-sharana-haralayya-is-my-first-devotional-film-south/20140110.htm|title='Maha Sharana Haralayya is my first devotional film'|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=10 January 2014}}</ref> The film is based on the 12th century philosophers Basavanna and Haralayya.<ref name="audio"/>

==Cast==

* [[Ramesh Aravind]] as [[Basava]]nna<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/night-mare-for-ramesh-aravind/articleshow/22256767.cms|title=Night-mare for Ramesh Aravind|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=2 September 2013}}</ref>
* [[Sridhar (actor)|Sridhar]] as [[Haralayya]]
* K V Ravichandra
*[[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]] as [[Bijjala II|Bijjala]]
* [[Ramesh Bhat]] as Manchanna
*Rajvardhan as Sheelavantha<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rajvardan-makes-his-sandalwood-debut/articleshow/22146160.cms|title=Rajvardan makes his Sandalwood debut|last=Lokesh|first=Vinay|date=31 August 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Rajendra (Dingri)
* Vikram Udaykumar
* Jayalakshmi
* Sheela
* Sumithra

== Production ==
This is Ramesh Aravind's first mythological film.<ref name="B"/>

=== Filming ===

Principal photography began on 1 July 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/hubli-hosts-maha-sharana-haralayya-team/articleshow/20857392.cms?from=mdr|title=Hubli hosts Maha Sharana Haralayya team|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 July 2013}}</ref> The team successfully completed the first schedule at [[Chitradurga Fort]] on 26 July 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/mahasharana-haralayya-completes-first-schedule/articleshow/21363551.cms?from=mdr|title=Mahasharana Haralayya completes first schedule|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 July 2013}}</ref> The film was successfully wrapped on 24 August 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ramesh-wraps-shoot-for-maha-sharana-haralayya/articleshow/21822963.cms?from=mdr|title=Ramesh wraps shoot for Maha Sharana Haralayya|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 August 2013}}</ref> It was shot extensively in North Karnataka, such as Basavakalyan, Gadag, Dharwad, Kundagol and Basavana Bagewadi.<ref name="B">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/345749/back-their-roots.html|title=Back to their roots|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=20 July 2013}}</ref>

==Music==

{{Infobox album
| name = Mahasharana Haralayya
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Jimmy Raj
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2013
| recorded = 2013
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 37:22
| language = Kannada
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2012
| year = 2014
| next_title =
| next_year = 2013
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube| wR1GDDniWfI| Mahasharana Haralayya - Full Album}}
}}
}}

The soundtrack of the album was released on 13 December 2013. Mahasharana Haralayya consists of 11 songs composed by Jimmy Raj, Basavanna and BA Purushottam are the lyricists who have penned the lyrics for the songs.<ref name="audio">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/audio-of-msh-launched/articleshow/27297597.cms?from=mdr|title=Audio of MSH launched|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 December 2013}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 37:22
| title1 = Bandhanu Basavanu
| extra1 = Badari Prasad
| length1 = 4:25
| title2 = Badukinalli Sudina
| extra2 = Ajay Warier and Nanditha
| length2 = 5:31
| title3 = Andu Indu Vachana
| extra3 = Badari Prasad
| length3 = 2:32
| title4 = Kollenayya Pranigala Vachana
| extra4 = Ajay Warier
| length4 = 3:05
| title5 = Avanaadarenu Vachana
| extra5 = Ajay Warier
| length5 = 0:54
| title6 = Kayothande Ninu
| extra6 = Nanditha, Ajay Warier
| length6 = 5:26
| title7 = Koluvavane Vachana
| extra7 = Badari Prasad
| length7 = 1:02
| title8 = Nelavonde Vachana
| extra8 = Badari Prasad
| length8 = 3:20
| title9 = Shivana Sanidya
| extra9 = Nanditha, Ajay Warier
| length9 = 5:12
| title10 = Shivanoba Balla
| extra10 = Hemant Kumar
| length10 = 5:15
| title11 = Vedhakke Horeya Vachana
| extra11 = Ajay Warier
| length11 = 2:00
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

A Sharadhaa from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote "Though a predictable story, the director satisfactorily brings majesty to every frame in the film. Ramesh Aravind as Basavanna does well. Sridhar fulfills the asking of his character. Being a period film, there are one too many songs, all composed by Jimmy Raj. The Verdict: Despite some plodding on, the film showers respect for its subject. Can be watched to brush up your history".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2014/jan/11/Majestic-Retelling-of-Local-History-563045.amp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920174020/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2014/jan/11/Majestic-Retelling-of-Local-History-563045.amp|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 September 2022|title=Majestic Retelling of Local History|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=11 January 2014}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' scored the film at 3.5 out of 5 stars and says "Full marks to Ramesh Aravind, Sridhar, Ramesh Bhat and Ramakrishan for their brilliant performance. Music by Jimmi Raj is good and cinematography by Gauri Venkatesh is superb".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/mahasharana-haralayya/movie-review/28707526.cms?from=mdr|title=MAHASHARANA HARALAYYA MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 May 2016}}</ref> A critic from [[Sify]] wrote "While the camera work by Gouri Venkatesh compliments the movie, Jimmy Raj?s music needs some improvement. Supporting star cast Ramesh Bhat, Ramakrishna, Dingri Raju, Jayalakshmi, Sheela and Sumithra have all put in their best efforts. Ismail?s art direction is visible clearly onscreen and applaud able too".<ref name="Sify">{{cite news|title=Mahasharana Haralayya|url=https://m.sify.com/movies/mahasharana-haralayya-review-kannada-pcmbidbedgchg.html|accessdate=13 January 2014|work=[[Sify.com]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919192512/https://m.sify.com/movies/mahasharana-haralayya-review-kannada-pcmbidbedgchg.html|archive-date=19 September 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2014 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]

List of Indian animated films

2026-03-02T15:38:02Z

Masterstrock: general rework details for consistency also based on references

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
This is a list of [[Indian Animation Industry|Indian animated films]]. It includes theatrical films, some important short films, [[direct-to-video]] releases and International films in which Indian production houses and studios were involved.

==Notable short films==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Title !!Year!! Director(s) !! Studio !! Notes
!Ref.
|-
|''Agkadyanchi Mouj-The Game of Match Sticks'' || 1915 || [[Dadasaheb Phalke]] || || First Indian [[Stop motion|stop-motion]] film
|
|-
|''The Pea Brothers'' || 1934 || Gunamoy Banerjee || MP Studios Bharatlakshmi Studios || First animated film to get a theatrical release in India
|
|-
|''On a Moonlit Night'' || 1934 || [[Birendranath Sircar]] || [[New Theatres|New Theatres Calcutta]] || First Indian animated film with a soundtrack
|
|-
|''Cinema Kadhambam''
|1947
|N. Thanu
|[[Gemini Studios]]
|First animated film in South India
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/padma-jyoti-1937/article2683822.ece|title=Padma Jyoti 1937|last=guy|first=randor|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-04-18|language=en|archive-date=3 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503092753/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/padma-jyoti-1937/article2683822.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''The Banyan Deer'' || 1957 || Shanti S. Sharma || [[Films Division of India]] Films Division's Cartoon Unit || First film by Film Division's Cartoon Unit
|
|-
|''Inquiry ''|| 1967 || C. T. Baptista || || First film to win [[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Animation Film]]
|
|-
|''Baap Re Baap ''|| 1968 || [[Ram Mohan]] || [[Family Planning Association of India]] [[Prasad Studios]] || National Award for the Best Film on family planning
|
|-
|''You Said It ''|| 1971 || [[Ram Mohan]] || [[Prasad Studios]] ||[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Animation Film]]
|
|-
|''[[Ek Anek Aur Ekta]] ''|| 1974 || [[Vijaya Mulay]] || [[Films Division of India]] [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]] (NCERT) || Educational short film aired on [[Doordarshan]]
|
|-
|''Fire Games''
|1983
|[[Ram Mohan]]
|
|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Animation Film]]
|
|-
|''Taru''
|1984
|[[Ram Mohan]]
|[[Children's Film Society]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Taru (The Tree)|url=https://www.cfsindia.org/taru-the-tree/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-05|website=Children's Film Society, India|language=en|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505132148/https://www.cfsindia.org/taru-the-tree/}}</ref>
|
|-
|''[[Deepa & Rupa: A Fairy Tale from India]] ''|| 1990 || [[Manick Sorcar]]|| Manick Sorcar Productions || Indian-American co-production First Indian film to combine live action and animation throughout the entire length
|
|-
|''[[Printed Rainbow]]'' || 2006 || [[Gitanjali Rao]] || || ''[[Kodak Short Film Award]]'' at the [[2006 Cannes Film Festival#Parallel sections|International Critic's Week]] section of [[2006 Cannes Film Festival]]
|<ref>{{cite book|last=Dwivedi|first=Richa|date=2017|title=The Ultimate Guide to 21st Century Careers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=it8zDwAAQBAJ&q=printed+rainbow+2006+film&pg=PT49|publisher=Hachette India|pages=44–45|isbn=9789351951476|access-date=21 October 2020|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709201305/https://books.google.com/books?id=it8zDwAAQBAJ&q=printed+rainbow+2006+film&pg=PT49|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''Manpasand - The Perfect Match ''|| 2007 || [[Dhvani Desai]]|| [[Children's Film Society]] || Gold Remi Award 41st World Fest Houston USA Bronze World Medal New York Film Festival Diploma Award Prix Danube Slovakia IDPA Best Short Fiction Award
|-
|''[[True Love Story (film)|True Love Story]]'' || 2014 || [[Gitanjali Rao]] || || Screened in the [[2014 Cannes Film Festival#International Critics' Week (Semaine de la Critique)|International Critic's Week]] section of [[2014 Cannes Film Festival]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/PS4hLdTiq4cMnOwZBvRB3O/After-Titli-True-Love-Story-at-Cannes-film-fest.html|title=After 'Titli', 'True Love Story' at Cannes film fest|date=22 April 2014|access-date=1 December 2016|archive-date=25 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425112425/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/PS4hLdTiq4cMnOwZBvRB3O/After-Titli-True-Love-Story-at-Cannes-film-fest.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== Feature films ==

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title International title !! Director(s) !! Studio !! Technique !! Language !! Notes
|-

| [[List of animated feature films of 2000|2000]] || ''[[Pandavas - The Five Warriors]]'' || Usha Ganesarajah ||rowspan="4"|[[Pentamedia Graphics]] || CG animation || English || First animated feature film completely produced by an Indian studio<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bcdb.com/cartoon/77078-Pandavas_The_Five_Warriors.html |title=Pandavas: The Five Warriors (2000) Feature Length Theatrical Animated Film |publisher=Bcdb.com |date=2000-12-23 |access-date=2013-10-08 |archive-date=10 September 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130910063038/http://www.bcdb.com/cartoon/77078-Pandavas_The_Five_Warriors.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in English]]<ref name="48thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/48th_nff_2001.pdf|title=48th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=13 March 2012|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195537/http://dff.nic.in/2011/48th_nff_2001.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[List of animated feature films of 2002|2002]] || ''[[Alibaba (2002 film)|Alibaba]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/animation/interview-with-pentamedia-chairman-ceo-dr-v-chandrasekaran-good-judgement-comes-from-experience-and-experience-comes-from-bad-judgement|title=Interview with Pentamedia Chairman & CEO, Dr V Chandrasekaran "Good judgement comes from experience and experience comes from bad judgement!"|date=7 March 2005|access-date=9 June 2020|archive-date=9 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609200759/http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/animation/interview-with-pentamedia-chairman-ceo-dr-v-chandrasekaran-good-judgement-comes-from-experience-and-experience-comes-from-bad-judgement|url-status=live}}</ref> Alibaba & the Forty Thieves || Usha Ganesarajah || CG animation || English ||
|-
| [[List of animated feature films of 2003|2003]] || '' [[Son of Aladdin]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031006/login/main3.htm|title=Log in ...Tribune: IT supplement of The Tribune, Chandigarh, India. Feature page|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=8 May 2021|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119080806/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031006/login/main3.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>'' ''Mustafa and the Magician'' || [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]] || CG animation || English || Released as ''Mustafa and the Magician'' in the United States in 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mmagician3d.com/|title=Mustafa & The Magician|website=mmagician3d.com|access-date=15 December 2016|archive-date=13 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213221915/http://mmagician3d.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> and was submitted for consideration for the animated feature film Oscar by this name<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/oscars-a-record-27-animated-feature-films-vie-trophy-946614/|title=Oscars: A Record 27 Animated Feature Films Vie for the Trophy|first1=Gregg|last1=Kilday|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=11 November 2016|access-date=8 May 2021|archive-date=8 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508022448/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/oscars-a-record-27-animated-feature-films-vie-trophy-946614/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[List of animated feature films of 2004|2004]] || ''[[The Legend of Buddha]]'' || Shamboo Falke || Traditional || English ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[List of animated feature films of 2005|2005]]
|''[[Bhagmati (2005 film)|Bhagmati: The Queen of Fortunes]]'' ||Ashok Kaul || [[Essel Vision Productions|Zee Telefilms]] Zee Institute of Creative Arts (ZICA) || Live-action Traditional || Hindi || Some parts and characters are in live-action.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19981109-bhagmati-indias-first-full-length-animated-feature-film-827334-1998-11-08|title=Mix 'n' match|date=9 November 1998|access-date=21 August 2015|publisher=India Today|archive-date=14 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114232849/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bhagmati-indias-first-full-length-animated-feature-film/1/265228.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Hanuman (2005 film)|Hanuman]]'' || V.G Samant || [[Percept Picture Company]] || Traditional || Hindi || Won [[Producers Guild Film Awards#Best Special Effects|Producers Guild Award for Best Special Effects]]
|-
|''Gulliver's Travel'' || Anita Udeep || Pentamedia Graphics || CG animation || English ||<ref>{{Cite web | title=Stop-Commotion: Sorting Out This Year’s Animated Oscar Buzz {{!}} Animation World Network | url=https://www.awn.com/animationworld/stop-commotion-sorting-out-years-animated-oscar-buzz | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117171719/https://www.awn.com/animationworld/stop-commotion-sorting-out-years-animated-oscar-buzz | access-date=2025-09-17 | archive-date=2023-11-17}}</ref>
|-
|''Sahibzadey: A Saga of Valor & Sacrifice'' ||Sukhwinder Singh Vismaad ||Vismaad ||Traditional || Punjabi ||First Punjabi animated feature film<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/oldStory/78583/|title=Coming soon: Toon way to Sikh history|date=21 September 2005|access-date=12 April 2019}}</ref> [[Direct-to-video]] release<ref name=Sikh/>
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[List of animated feature films of 2006|2006]]
|'' Bal Hanuman'' || Pankaj Sharma || Astute Media Vision<ref name=Pankaj /> Eagle Home Entertainment || CG animation || Hindi || Direct-to-video release
|-
|''[[Kittu]]'' || B. Sathya || Bhargava Pictures || Traditional || Telugu || First animated film to be made in the [[Telugu cinema|Telugu language]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080912025137/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/01/31/stories/2006013100890400.htm First full-length animation in Telugu] [[The Hindu]], 31 January 2006.</ref> [[National Film Award for Best Animated Film]]<ref name="54thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/54th_nff_2006.pdf|title=54th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=24 March 2012|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193647/http://dff.nic.in/2011/54th_nff_2006.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Krishna (2006 film)|Krishna]]'' || Aman khan || Shethia Audio Video Pvt. Ltd.|| CG animation || Hindi ||
|-
|''Banda Singh Bahadur'' ||Sukhwinder Singh Vismaad ||Vismaad ||Traditional || Punjabi ||Direct-to-video release<ref name=Sikh>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/sikh-inspiration/story-SKGczRleSULJTl7sm8xZaN.html|title=Sikh inspiration|date=7 October 2012|access-date=12 April 2012|archive-date=28 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128110814/https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/sikh-inspiration/story-SKGczRleSULJTl7sm8xZaN.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4"| [[List of animated feature films of 2007|2007]]
|''[[Inimey Nangathan]]'' Desi Pundits|| Venkybabu || Maayabhimbham Media P Ltd || CG animation || Tamil || [[National Film Award for Best Animated Film]]<ref name="55thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/55th_nff_2007.pdf|title=55th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=26 March 2012|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192455/http://dff.nic.in/2011/55th_nff_2007.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Magical mystery tour -- Inimey Nangathan |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2007/09/21/stories/2007092150030200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015134732/http://hindu.com/cp/2007/09/21/stories/2007092150030200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 October 2007|access-date=2011-10-18|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=21 September 2007}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bal Ganesh]]'' || Pankaj Sharma|| [[Shemaroo Entertainment]] Astute Media Vision<ref name=Pankaj>{{cite web|url=http://www.astutemediavision.com/|title=Astute Media -|website=www.astutemediavision.com|access-date=21 November 2016|archive-date=31 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531200820/http://www.astutemediavision.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> || CG animation || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Return of Hanuman]]'' || [[Anurag Kashyap]] || Percept Picture Company [[Toonz India Ltd|Toonz Animation India]]|| Traditional || Hindi ||
|-
| ''Luv Kush - The Amazing Twins'' || Rana || Shoreline Animation || Traditional || Hindi ||<ref>{{cite book |title=Luv & Kush : the amazing twins (DVD video, 2007) |oclc=190865769 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" | [[List of animated feature films of 2008|2008]]
|''[[Ghatothkach]]'' || Singeetam Srinivasa Rao || Shemaroo Entertainment Sun Animatics || Traditional || Hindi ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merinews.com/article/animation-film-ghatothkach-to-premier-at-cannes/133673.shtml |title=Animation film 'Ghatothkach' to premier at Cannes |access-date=21 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307084012/http://www.merinews.com/article/animation-film-ghatothkach-to-premier-at-cannes/133673.shtml |archive-date=7 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dashavatar (2008 film)|Dashavatar]]'' ||Bhavik Thakore || Anushvi Production Phoebus Media|| Traditional || Hindi ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shatrughan-sinha-gives-narration-for-animation-film-dashavatar-1139196|title=Shatrughan Sinha gives narration for animation film 'Dashavatar'|date=14 December 2007|access-date=21 November 2016|archive-date=24 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124053745/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shatrughan-sinha-gives-narration-for-animation-film-dashavatar-1139196|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Cheenti Cheenti Bang Bang]]'' || R.D Mallik || Elecom Fiesta Production || Traditional || Hindi ||
|-
|''[[Roadside Romeo]]'' || [[Jugal Hansraj]] || [[The Walt Disney Company (India)|Walt Disney Pictures]] [[Yash Raj Films]] [[Walt Disney Pictures|Disney World Cinema]] [[Tata Elxsi]] || CG animation || Hindi || [[National Film Award for Best Animated Film]]<ref name="56thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/56th_nff_2008.pdf|title=56th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=27 March 2012|archive-date=19 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019152853/http://dff.nic.in/2011/56th_nff_2008.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Nominated for [[Visual Effects Society]] Award for Outstanding Animation in an Animated Motion Picture<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.visualeffectssociety.com/ayear/7th-annual-ves-awards|title=7th Annual VES Awards|date=24 March 2015|website=www.visualeffectssociety.com|access-date=21 November 2016|archive-date=27 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627040254/https://www.visualeffectssociety.com/ayear/7th-annual-ves-awards|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Pentamedia Graphics|Jai Vigneshwara]]'' || James Cliford || Pentamedia Graphics || Traditional || English ||
|-
|''Sundri: The Brave Kaur''
|Sukhwinder Singh Vismaad
|Vismaad
|Traditional
|Punjabi
|<ref name=Sikh/>
|-
|[[Jumbo (2008 film)|''Jumbo'']]
|Kompin Kemgumnird
|[[Percept Picture Company]]
|CG animation
|Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[List of animated feature films of 2009|2009]] || ''Bal Ganesh 2'' ||Pankaj Sharma|| Shemaroo Entertainment Astute Media Vision<ref name=Pankaj />|| CG animation || Hindi || Sequel to the 2007 film<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/content/articles/2009/10/16/bollywood_previews_bal_ganesh_feature.shtml|title=Bal Ganesh 2|website=www.bbc.co.uk|access-date=18 December 2023|archive-date=15 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715173806/https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/content/articles/2009/10/16/bollywood_previews_bal_ganesh_feature.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Keibu Keioiba (film)|''Keibu Keioiba'']]
|Bhumenjoy Konsam
|Makok Production Studio
|CG animation
|Meitei
|
|-
|rowspan="8"| [[List of animated feature films of 2010|2010]]
| ''Pangaa Gang'' || Pankaj Sharma|| Shemaroo Entertainment Astute Media Vision<ref name=Pankaj />|| CG animation || Hindi ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/pangaa-gang/movie-review/5449442.cms|title=Pangaa Gang Movie Review {2/5}: Critic Review of Pangaa Gang by Times of India|via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
|''Bal Hanuman 2'' || Pankaj Sharma || Astute Media Vision<ref name=Pankaj /> || CG animation || Hindi || Direct-to-video release Second film in the Bal Hanuman series
|-
|''Bal Hanuman: Return of the Demon'' || Pankaj Sharma || Astute Media Vision<ref name=Pankaj /> || CG animation|| Hindi ||Direct-to-video release Third film in Bal Hanuman series
|-
|''Bird Idol'' || Jyotin Goel || Goel Screencraft Irealities Technology || CG animation || Hindi ||<ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |author-link=Shubhra Gupta |date=23 April 2010 |title=Bird Idol |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/bird-idol/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |location=New Delhi |access-date=4 September 2024 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Lava Kusa: The Warrior Twins]]'' || Dhavala Satyam || Kanipakam Creations RVLM Animation || Traditional || Hindi ||
|-
| ''Baru-The Wonder Kid'' || Sachin Gote || Lemon N Yellow Productions Shri Vishnu Entertainment || CG animation || Hindi ||
|-
|''[[Ramayana: The Epic]]'' || Chetan Desai || Maya Digital Media [[Warner Bros.|Warner Bros. India]] || CG animation || Hindi ||
|-
|''[[Toonpur Ka Super Hero]]'' || [[Kireet Khurana]] || [[BIGFlix|Big Screen Entertainment]] [[Eros International]] [[Panorama Studios]] Climb Media || CG animation Live-action || Hindi || First Indian live action - 3D animation combination feature film
|-
|rowspan="3"| [[List of animated feature films of 2011|2011]]
|''[[Ashoka the Hero|Ashoka The Hero]]'' || Gaurav Jain || Illusion Interactive|| CG animation || Hindi ||
|-
|''[[Crackers (2011 film)|Crackers]]'' || Anil Goyal || RTM Technologies Pvt Ltd || CG animation || Hindi || Direct-to-video release
|-
|''[[Super K - The Movie]]'' ''Kiara The Brave'' || Vijay S. Bhanushali Smita Maroo || Shemaroo Entertainment A Point Studio || CG animation || Hindi || Direct-to-video release
|-
| rowspan="10" | [[List of animated feature films of 2012|2012]]
|''Bal Hanuman 4: Attack on the Universe'' || Pankaj Sharma || Astute Media Vision<ref name=Pankaj /> || CG animation || Hindi|| Direct-to-video release Fourth film in the Bal Hanuman series
|-
|''[[Chhota Bheem and the Curse of Damyaan (2012 film)|Chhota Bheem and the Curse of Damyaan]]'' || [[Rajiv Chilaka]] || Green Gold Animation || CG animation || Hindi || First theatrical release of [[Chhota Bheem]] franchise
|-
|''[[Arjun: The Warrior Prince]]'' || Arnab Chaudhuri || Disney World Cinema [[UTV Motion Pictures]] [[Disney India]] Tata Elxsi || CG animation || Hindi || FICCI BAF Award for Best Indian Animated Feature Film (Theatrical Release)<ref name="ficci-frames.com">{{Cite web| url=http://www.ficci-frames.com/FICCI_BAF_Awards2013_Winners%20List.pdf | title=FICCI BAF Awards 2013 - Winners list | access-date=23 November 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019215925/http://www.ficci-frames.com/FICCI_BAF_Awards2013_Winners%20List.pdf | archive-date=19 October 2013 | url-status=dead}}</ref> Nominated for Grand Prix at [[Annecy International Animated Film Festival|2013 Annecy International Animated Film Festival]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.annecy.org/about/archives/2013/official-selection/film-index:film-20132375|title=Annecy > About > Archives > 2013 > Official Selection > Film Index|website=www.annecy.org|access-date=24 November 2016|archive-date=25 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125045919/http://www.annecy.org/about/archives/2013/official-selection/film-index:film-20132375|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Krishna Aur Kans]]'' ''Hey Krishna'' || Vikram Veturi || [[Reliance Entertainment]] || [[Flash Animation]] || Hindi ||
|-
|''[[Delhi Safari]]'' ''Jungle Safari'' || [[Nikhil Advani]] || Krayon Pictures || CG animation || Hindi || [[National Film Award for Best Animated Film]] FICCI BAF Award for Best Indian Animated Feature Film (Theatrical Release)<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.ficci-frames.com/baf_winnerlist_2012.pdf | title=FICCI BAF Awards 2012 - Winners | access-date=23 November 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710113444/http://www.ficci-frames.com/baf_winnerlist_2012.pdf | archive-date=10 July 2012 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sons of Ram]]'' || Kushal Ruia || Maya Digital Studios [[Amar Chitra Katha|ACK Animation Studios]] [[Cartoon Network India]] || CG animation || Hindi ||
|-
|''Chooran Goli'' || Pankaj Sharma || Astute Media Vision<ref name=Pankaj /> || CG animation || Hindi || Direct-to-video release
|-
| ''[[Keymon & Nani in Space Adventure]]'' || RK Deepak || DQ Entertainment [[Viacom18 Motion Pictures]] || CG animation || Hindi || Based on Nickelodeon India's TV series ''Keymon Ache'' Released in four cities: [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]], [[Delhi]] and [[Bangalore]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k12/nov/nov62.php|title=Nick's Keymon Ache to make its theatrical debut on 9 November|date=6 November 2012|access-date=26 June 2017|archive-date=14 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614025447/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k12/nov/nov62.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Swami Ayyappan (2012 film)|Swami Ayyappan]]'' || Chetan Sharma Mahesh Vettiyar || Toonz Animation India Animagic || CG animation ||Malayalam|| <ref name="NIE 1">{{cite news|last1=Jayan|first1=Arun|title=Toon 'Swami Ayyappan' all set to hit theatres|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article1383039.ece|access-date=6 June 2014|publisher=[[New Indian Express]]|date=17 December 2012|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714234641/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article1383039.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|''Bhai Subeg Singh Shahbaz Singh''
|Sukhwinder Singh Vismaad
|Vismaad
|Traditional
|Punjabi
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/once-upon-a-time/1012971/|title=Once Upon a Time - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com|access-date=19 February 2019|archive-date=28 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128110755/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/once-upon-a-time/1012971/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="11" | [[List of animated feature films of 2013|2013]]
| ''[[The Adventures of Sinbad (film)|The Adventures of Sinbad]]'' ||Shinjan Neogi Abhishek Panchal || Lodi Films Pvt. Ltd || Traditional || Hindi ||
|-
|''Gunja A Wonder Girl'' || Reshma Jaiswal || Rudra Eye Network || CG animation || Hindi ||
|-
|''Bablu-The Naughty Genie'' || Pankaj Sharma || Astute Media Vision<ref name=Pankaj />|| CG animation || Hindi || Direct-to-video release
|-
| ''[[Chhota Bheem and the Throne of Bali]]'' || Rajiv Chilaka || Green Gold Animation || CG animation || Hindi || Second theatrical release of Chhota Bheem franchise
|-
| ''[[Savita Bhabhi (film)|Savita Bhabhi]]'' || Puneet Agarwal || [[Kirtu]] || CG animation || Hindi || [[Web film]]
|-
|''[[Once Upon a Time (2013 film)|Once Upon a Time]]'' || [[Binu Sasidharan]] || FX3 Productions VIPs International || CG animation || Malayalam ||
|-
|''[[Shivalika]]'' || {{ubl|Biman Sengupta|Bhagabat Kar}} || {{ubl|3D Wizards Pvt Ltd.|Eastern Media Ltd.}} || CG animation || Hindi ||
|-
|''Chhatrapati Shivaji - The Emperor of People's Pride''
|Azhar Khan
|Aman Anam Productions
|Traditional
|{{Plainlist|*Marathi
*Hindi
*English}}
|First multilingual Indian animated film<ref>{{Cite web |title=First multi-lingual animated movie on Shivaji |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/first-multi-lingual-animated-movie-on-shivaji-113072700090_1.html |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=Business Standard}}</ref>
|-
|'' Ghatothkach 2'' || Vijay S. Bhanushali Smita Maroo || Shemaroo Entertainment Gold Toonz || CG animation || Hindi || Direct-to-video sequel to the 2008 film
|-
|''[[Goopi Gawaiya Bagha Bajaiya]]'' ''The World of Goopi and Bagha'' || [[Shilpa Ranade]] || Paperboat Animation Studios<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paperboatstudios.co/films#filter=.feature |title=Paperboat Animation Studios |access-date=29 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316220355/http://paperboatstudios.co/films#filter=.feature |archive-date=16 March 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Children's Film Society of India]] || Traditional || Hindi || Nominated for [[Asia Pacific Screen Award for Best Animated Feature Film]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asiapacificscreenacademy.com/2013/11/2013-asia-pacific-screen-awards-nominees/ |title=News & Events - Asia Pacific Screen Awards |publisher=Asiapacificscreenacademy.com |date=2018-06-28 |access-date=2018-07-20 |archive-date=30 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830011716/http://www.asiapacificscreenacademy.com/2013/11/2013-asia-pacific-screen-awards-nominees/ |url-status=live }}</ref> FICCI BAF Award for Best Indian Animated Feature Film (Theatrical Release)<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.ficci-frames.com/FICCI_BAF_AWARDS14-Winners_List.pdf | title=FICCI BAF Awards 2014 - Winners list | access-date=23 November 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124649/http://www.ficci-frames.com/FICCI_BAF_AWARDS14-Winners_List.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mahabharat (2013 film)|Mahabharat]]''|| Amaan Khan || [[Pen India Limited]] || CG animation || Hindi ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| [[List of animated feature films of 2014|2014]]
|''Mighty Raju : Rio Calling'' || Rajiv Chilaka || Green Gold Animation || CG animation || Hindi English || First theatrical release of Mighty Raju franchise FICCI BAF Award for Best Indian Animated Feature Film (Theatrical Release)<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web| url=http://www.ficci-frames.com/winners.pdf | title=FICCI BAF Awards 2015 - Winners list | access-date=23 November 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131085025/http://www.ficci-frames.com/Winners.pdf | archive-date=31 January 2016 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|'' [[Kochadaiiyaan]]'' || [[Soundarya Rajinikanth]] || Eros International Media One Global Entertainment Cinemorphic ||CG animation || Tamil || India's first photorealistic motion capture film
|-
|''[[Chaar Sahibzaade]]'' || [[Harry Baweja]] || [[Baweja Movies]] Irealities Technology || CG animation || Punjabi ||
|-
|| [[List of animated feature films of 2015|2015]]
|''[[Bal Ganesh 3]]'' || Vijay S, Bhanushali || Shemaroo Entertainment Gold Toonz || CG animation || Hindi || Direct-to-video<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ySjmbxxvv4k |title=Bal Ganesh 3 - Official HD Trailer (Hindi) - Popular Kids Cartoon Movies |publisher=YouTube |date=2015-09-18 |access-date=2021-02-19 |archive-date=29 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629193435/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ySjmbxxvv4k |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[List of animated feature films of 2016|2016]]
|''Chhota Bheem Himalayan Adventures'' || Rajiv Chilaka || Green Gold Animation || CG animation || Hindi|| Third theatrical release of Chhota Bheem franchise FICCI BAF Award for Best Indian Animated Feature Film (Theatrical Release)<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web| url=http://www.ficci-frames.com/baf/baf2016/BAF2016_Winners_List.pdf | title=FICCI BAF Awards 2016 - Winners list | access-date=23 November 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130182551/http://www.ficci-frames.com/baf/baf2016/BAF2016_Winners_List.pdf | archive-date=30 January 2017 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Motu Patlu: King Of Kings]]'' || Suhas D. Kadav || [[Viacom 18 Motion Pictures]] Cosmos Entertainment Maya Digital Studios || CG animation || Hindi || First theatrical film based on ''[[Motu Patlu]]'' TV series
|-
|''[[Mahayoddha Rama]]'' || Rohit Vaid || [[Contiloe Entertainment|Contiloe Pictures]] || CG animation || Hindi || [[National Film Award for Best Animated Film]]<ref name="64thawardsPDF">{{cite press release|title=64th National Film Awards|url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-date=6 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606051143/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Chaar Sahibzaade: Rise of Banda Singh Bahadur]]'' || Harry Baweja || Eros International Baweja Movies Prime Focus || CG animation || Punjabi || Sequel to the 2014 film
|-
| ''[[Sarvagunakar Srimanta Sankardeva]]'' || [[Manju Borah]] || AM Television || CG animation || Assamese || First animated film in [[Assamese cinema|Assamese language]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.voiceofgreaterassam.com/wow-first-assamese-animation-film-on-srimanta-sankardeva-releasing-this-week/ |title=Wow! First Assamese Animation film on Srimanta Sankardeva Releasing This Week | Voice of Greater Assam |access-date=21 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116015029/http://www.voiceofgreaterassam.com/wow-first-assamese-animation-film-on-srimanta-sankardeva-releasing-this-week/ |archive-date=16 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|''Azzu & Gazzu - International Super Detectives''
|More Avinash
More Pradnya
|Magicwand Animation
|CG animation
|English
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Azzu & Gazzu - International Super Detectives|url=https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Azzu-Gazzu---International-Super-Detectives/0RV75U6D4PWTRQ2TBQW3VU93FV|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-05|website=[[Amazon Prime Video]]|language=en-us|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505122911/https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Azzu-Gazzu---International-Super-Detectives/0RV75U6D4PWTRQ2TBQW3VU93FV}}</ref>
|-
| [[List of animated feature films of 2017|2017]] || ''[[Hanuman Da' Damdaar]]'' || [[Ruchi Narain]] || R.A.T Films Percept Picture Company || Traditional || Hindi || <ref>{{cite web |author=TNN |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/hanuman-da-damdaar-promises-a-cool-treat-this-summer/articleshow/57875057.cms |title='Hanuman Da Damdaar' PROMISES a cool treat this summer |work=The Times Of India |access-date=2017-03-29 |archive-date=2 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402124232/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/hanuman-da-damdaar-promises-a-cool-treat-this-summer/articleshow/57875057.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[List of animated feature films of 2018|2018]] || ''Prabho Shivaji Raja'' || Nitesh Muley || Ganraj Entertainment || Traditional || Marathi || First animated film in [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] language<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/prabho-shivaji-raja-36397|title=Prabho Shivaji Raja review: Good intentions tripped by poor execution|access-date=16 February 2018|archive-date=2 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302163833/https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/prabho-shivaji-raja-36397|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Bhai Taru Singh'' || Sukhwinder Singh Vismaad || Vismaad Animation Studio || CG animation || Punjabi ||
|-
| ''[[Hanuman vs Mahiravana]]'' || Ezhil Vendan || Green Gold Animations || CG animation || Hindi || <ref name="ToI intro">{{cite news|title=A mythological animation film that will appeal to all age groups|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/a-mythological-animation-film-that-will-appeal-to-all-age-groups/articleshow/64843987.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=18 September 2018|archive-date=18 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918022511/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/a-mythological-animation-film-that-will-appeal-to-all-age-groups/articleshow/64843987.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Guru Da Banda]]'' || Jassi Chana || Pritam Film Production || CG animation || Punjabi ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[List of animated feature films of 2019|2019]] || ''[[Chhota Bheem Kung Fu Dhamaka]]'' || Rajiv Chilaka || Green Gold Animations || CG animation || Hindi || Fourth theatrical film of Chhota Bheem series
|-
|''[[Bombay Rose]]'' ||[[Gitanjali Rao]] || Cinestaan Film Company || CG animation || Hindi || [[Netflix original film]]
|-
|''Dastaan - E - Miri Piri''
|Vinod Lanjewar
|White Hill Studios Chathampeer Productions
|CG animation
|Punjabi
| Originally scheduled to release theatrically on 5 June 2019, it was postponed after objections from [[Sikh]] community.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/screening-of-film-on-sikh-guru-put-off-783313|title=Screening of film on Sikh Guru put off|website=Tribune News|access-date=7 August 2023|archive-date=7 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807111111/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/screening-of-film-on-sikh-guru-put-off-783313|url-status=live}}</ref> It was released in Australia on 30 May 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt10469048/|title=Dastaan-E-Miri Piri|website=Box Office Mojo|access-date=17 December 2023|archive-date=17 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217153418/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt10469048/|url-status=live}}</ref> It was released on [[YouTube]] on 31 October 2022.<ref>{{cite AV media |people= |date=31 October 2022 |title=Dastaan - E - Miri - Piri |trans-title= The Story of [[Miri piri]] |language=Pa |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=wzVuAAVzsnI&t=188s&pp=ygUeZGFzdGFhbiBlIG1pcmkgcGlyaSBmdWxsIG1vdmll |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{Cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|''Up Up & Up''
|[[Govind Nihalani]]
|Blue Lion Entertainment Co.
|CG animation
|English
|Direct-to-video release<ref>{{cite web|title=Up Up & Up|url=https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Up-Up-Up/0LLBZ1AHO7BASN7C9GJXI58QI0|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-05|website=[[Amazon Prime Video]]|language=en-us|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505131540/https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Up-Up-Up/0LLBZ1AHO7BASN7C9GJXI58QI0}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[List of animated feature films of 2020|2020]]|| ''[[Punyakoti]]'' ''A Truthful Mother'' || Ravishankar Venkateswaran || Puppetica Media || Traditional || Sanskrit || First Sanskrit language animation film Direct-to-video release
|-
|''[[Dhira (film)|Dhira]]''
|Arun Kumar Rapolu
|A Theorem Studios
|CG animation
|Telugu
|<ref>{{cite web|date=2020-12-02|title=Exclusive: "With 'Dhira' I fulfilled my dream of making something larger than life": Arun Kumar Rapolu|url=https://www.animationxpress.com/animation/exclusive-with-dhira-i-fulfilled-my-dream-of-making-something-larger-than-life-arun-kumar-rapolu/|access-date=2021-05-05|website=AnimationXpress|language=en-US|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505105913/https://www.animationxpress.com/animation/exclusive-with-dhira-i-fulfilled-my-dream-of-making-something-larger-than-life-arun-kumar-rapolu/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''Captain Vidyut''
|Atish Tipathi
|Parijat Animation Films
|Traditional
|Hindi
|Direct-to-video release<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.animationxpress.com/animation/animated-feature-captain-vidyut-releases-on-shemaroo-kids/|title=Animated feature, 'Captain Vidyut' releases on Shemaroo Kids|date=25 August 2020|website=AnimationXpress|access-date=8 May 2021|archive-date=8 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508024436/https://www.animationxpress.com/animation/animated-feature-captain-vidyut-releases-on-shemaroo-kids/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Karmachakra]]''
|Rajorshi Basu
|Studio Durga
|Traditional
|Bengali
|<ref name="timesofindia_aug2020">{{Cite web|title=Youngsters gear up to present a made-in-India anime - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/youngsters-gear-up-to-present-a-made-in-india-anime/articleshow/77554838.cms|access-date=2021-02-03|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=15 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615163045/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/youngsters-gear-up-to-present-a-made-in-india-anime/articleshow/77554838.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[List of animated feature films of 2022|2022]]
|''Supreme Motherhood- Journey of Mata Sahib Kaur''
|Karandeep Singh
|iRealities Studios Nihal Nihal Nihal Productions
|CG animation
|Punjabi
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adgully.com/supreme-motherhood-journey-of-mata-sahib-kaur-opens-to-great-response-117413.html|title="Supreme Motherhood- Journey of Mata Sahib Kaur opens to great response|first=Adgully|last=Bureau|website=www.adgully.com|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=14 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814120714/https://www.adgully.com/supreme-motherhood-journey-of-mata-sahib-kaur-opens-to-great-response-117413.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[List of animated feature films of 2023|2023]]
|''[[Kundan Satti]]''
|P. K. Aghasthi
|Shellammal Movie Makers
|CG animation
|Tamil
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/kundan-satti-27491|title=Kundan Satti|date=13 October 2023|website=[[Maalai Malar]]|access-date=25 October 2023|archive-date=26 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026060133/https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/kundan-satti-27491|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[List of animated feature films of 2024|2024]]
|''Appu''
|Prosenjit Ganguly
|Appu Series Productions
|CG Animation
|Hindi
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/appu/movie-review/109409916.cms|title=Appu Movie Review : An enjoyable animated film with the message of anti-poaching|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=20 April 2024|archive-date=20 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420141301/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/appu/movie-review/109409916.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Luv You Shankar]]''
|[[Rajiv S. Ruia]]
|SBM Studio
|CG animation Live-action
|Hindi
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Shreyas Talpade and Tanishaa Mukerji starrer 'Luv You Shankar' to hit theaters on April 19 |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/shreyas-talpade-and-tanishaa-mukerji-starrer-luv-you-shankar-to-hit-theaters-on-april-19-23338923 |work=Mid Day |date=8 March 2024 |access-date=24 April 2024 |archive-date=10 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410132944/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/shreyas-talpade-and-tanishaa-mukerji-starrer-luv-you-shankar-to-hit-theaters-on-april-19-23338923 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
||[[List of animated feature films of 2025|2025]]
|[[Mahavatar Narsimha|''Mahavatar Narsimha'']]
|Ashwin Kumar
|Kleem Productions, [[Hombale Films]]
|CG animation
|Multilingual
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahavatar Narsimha Release Date Announced With Epic Video |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/mahavatar-narsimha-release-date-announced-with-epic-video-aa-9333767.html |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==International co-productions==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Year !! Director(s) !! Company credit(s) !! Countries involved !! Technique(s) !! Box office gross (worldwide) || Note(s)
|-
|''[[Ramayana: The Legend of Prince Rama]]''<ref name="BL">{{cite web |url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/whatson/exhibitions/ramayana/films.html |title=Ramayana films |access-date=2008-10-15 |work=The Ramayana at the British Library |publisher=The British Library Board |year=2008 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205255/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/whatson/exhibitions/ramayana/films.html |url-status=live }}</ref>|| 1992 || Koichi Sasaki [[Yugo Sako]] [[Ram Mohan]] || Nippon Ramayana Film Co. || {{flagicon|JPN}}{{flagicon|IND}} || Traditional animation || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|-
|''[[Sinbad: Beyond the Veil of Mists]]'' || 2000 || [[Alan Jacobs (filmmaker)|Alan Jacobs]] Evan Ricks || [[Pentamedia Graphics]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pentamedia.in/|title=PENTAMEDIA :: Animation Studio :: Training in Digital Animation|website=www.pentamedia.in|access-date=21 November 2016|archive-date=27 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127003724/http://www.pentamedia.in/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Improvision|Improvision Corporation]] || {{flagicon|USA}}{{flagicon|IND}} || Computer animation || $29,245<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=sinbadbeyondveilofmists.htm|title=Sinbad: Beyond Veil of Mists (2000) - Box Office Mojo|website=www.boxofficemojo.com|access-date=19 February 2020|archive-date=20 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720051845/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=sinbadbeyondveilofmists.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> || First computer-animated feature film created exclusively using motion capture<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mag.awn.com/?article_no=1313&ltype=Columns |title=Sinbad Brings Motion Capture Feature Animation into New Terrain |access-date=2009-01-07 |last=Reber |first=Deborah |date=1999-02-01 |work=Animation World Magazine |publisher=AWN |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531042753/http://mag.awn.com/?article_no=1313&ltype=Columns |archive-date=2009-05-31 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Alpha and Omega (film)|Alpha and Omega]]'' || 2010 || [[Anthony Bell (director)|Anthony Bell]] Ben Gluck || [[Crest Animation Productions]] || {{flagicon|CAN}}{{flagicon|IND}}{{flagicon|USA}} || Computer animation || $50,507,267<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=alphaandomega.htm|title=Alpha and Omega (2010) - Box Office Mojo|website=www.boxofficemojo.com|access-date=19 February 2020|archive-date=29 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729092025/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=alphaandomega.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> || {{N/A}}
|-
| ''[[Gaturro (film)|Gaturro]]'' || 2010 || [[:es:Gustavo Cova|Gustavo Cova]] || [[Illusion Studios]] Toonz Media Group [[Ánima Estudios]] || {{flagicon|MEX}}{{flagicon|IND}}{{flagicon|ARG}} || Computer animation || $2,157,668<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?id=_fGATURROLAPELICU01&country=AR&wk=2010W39&id=_fGATURROLAPELICU01&p=.htm|title=Gaturro, la pelicula (2010)|website=www.boxofficemojo.com|access-date=19 February 2020|archive-date=20 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720051904/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?id=_fGATURROLAPELICU01&country=AR&wk=2010W39&id=_fGATURROLAPELICU01&p=.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> || FICCI BAF Award for Best Indian Animated Feature Film (Theatrical Release)<ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite web| url=http://www.ficci-frames.com/baf_winnerlist_2011.pdf | title=FICCI BAF Awards 2011 - Winners list | access-date=23 November 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125052505/http://www.ficci-frames.com/baf_winnerlist_2011.pdf | archive-date=25 November 2011 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|''[[The Prodigies (film)|The Prodigies]]'' || 2011 || Antoine Charreyron || Onyx Films Studio 37 orange Fidelite Films DQ Entertainment [[LuxAnimation]] [[Method Animation|Norman Studios]] || {{flagicon|FRA}}{{flagicon|IND}}{{flagicon|BEL}}{{flagicon|LUX}}{{flagicon|UK}}{{flagicon|CAN}} || Computer animation || $1,335,728<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?id=_fTHEPRODIGIES01&country=BE&wk=2011W23&id=_fTHEPRODIGIES01&p=.htm|title=The Prodigies (2011)|website=www.boxofficemojo.com|access-date=19 February 2020|archive-date=20 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720051826/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?id=_fTHEPRODIGIES01&country=BE&wk=2011W23&id=_fTHEPRODIGIES01&p=.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> || {{N/A}}
|-
|''[[The Swan Princess Christmas]]'' || 2012 || [[Richard Rich (director)|Richard Rich]] || [[Crest Animation Productions]] [[Nest Family Entertainment]] [[Sony Pictures Home Entertainment]] || {{flagicon|US}}{{flagicon|IND}}{{flagicon|South Korea}} || Computer animation || {{N/A}} || Direct-to-video release
|-
|''Batu Gaiden – The Return of Asi''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-03 |title='Batu Gaiden – The Return of Asi', Premiering 13th |url=http://www.sify.com/finance/batu-gaiden-the-return-of-asi-premiering-13th-april-2013-on-cartoon-network-india-news-press-releases-nemquhdjhaesi.html |access-date=2022-06-15 |website= [[Sify]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303131238/http://www.sify.com/finance/batu-gaiden-the-return-of-asi-premiering-13th-april-2013-on-cartoon-network-india-news-press-releases-nemquhdjhaesi.html |archive-date=3 March 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> || 2013 || Masatsugu Arakawa || Zero-Sum [[Level 10 Comics|Level 10 Entertainment]] Thanks Lab || {{flagicon|JPN}}{{flagicon|IND}} || Traditional animation || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|-
|''[[Saving Santa]]'' || 2013 || Leon Joosen Aaron Seelman || Gateway Films [[Prana Studios]] || {{flagicon|US}}{{flagicon|IND}}{{flagicon|UK}} || Computer animation || {{N/A}} || Direct-to-video release
|-
|''[[Walking with Dinosaurs (film)|Walking with Dinosaurs]]'' || 2013 || [[Neil Nightingale]] [[Barry Cook]] || [[Reliance Entertainment]] [[IM Global]] [[BBC Earth]] Evergreen Films [[Animal Logic]] || {{flagicon|US}}{{flagicon|IND}}{{flagicon|UK}}{{flagicon|AUS}} || Computer animation Live-action || $126,546,518<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=walkingwithdinosaurs.htm|title=Walking with Dinosaurs (2013) - Box Office Mojo|website=www.boxofficemojo.com|access-date=19 February 2020|archive-date=19 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119192920/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=walkingwithdinosaurs.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> || Computer-animated dinosaurs in live-action settings
|-
|''[[The Swan Princess: A Royal Family Tale]]'' || 2014 || Richard Rich || Crest Animation Productions Nest Family Entertainment [[Sony Wonder]] Sony Pictures Home Entertainment || {{flagicon|US}}{{flagicon|IND}}{{flagicon|South Korea}} || Computer animation || {{N/A}} || Direct-to-video release
|-
|''The Jungle Book'' || 2014 || [[Jun Falkenstein]] Kevin Johnson || DQ Entertainment || {{flagicon|FRA}}{{flagicon|IND}} || Computer animation || {{N/A}} || Direct-to-video release<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/new-animation-studio-born-dq-entertainment-plans-jungle-book-3d-44716/|title=New Animation Studio Born: DQ Entertainment Plans 'The Jungle Book' in 3D (Updated)|date=19 June 2012|access-date=19 February 2020|archive-date=16 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216120625/https://www.thewrap.com/movies/column-post/new-animation-studio-born-dq-entertainment-plans-jungle-book-3d-44716/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return]]'' || 2014 || [[Will Finn]] [[Dan St. Pierre]] || [[Summertime Entertainment]] [[Prana Studios]] || {{flagicon|USA}}{{flagicon|IND}} || Computer animation || $18,662,027<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=legendsofoz.htm|title=Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return (2014) - Box Office Mojo|website=www.boxofficemojo.com|access-date=19 February 2020|archive-date=20 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720051948/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=legendsofoz.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> || {{N/A}}
|-
|''[[The Hero of Color City]]'' || 2014 || Frank Gladstone || Exodus Film Group || {{flagicon|USA}}{{flagicon|IND}}{{flagicon|CHN}} || Computer animation || $115,335<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=heroofcolorcity.htm|title=The Hero of Color City (2014) - International Box Office Results - Box Office Mojo|website=www.boxofficemojo.com|access-date=19 February 2020|archive-date=20 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720080922/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=heroofcolorcity.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> || {{N/A}}
|-
|''[[Wicked Flying Monkeys]]'' || 2015 || Alberto Mar || Ánima Estudios<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cartoonbrew.com/feature-film/mexican-studio-anima-releases-wicked-flying-monkeys-trailer-exclusive-108259.html|title=Mexican Studio Anima Releases 'Wicked Flying Monkeys' Trailer (Exclusive)|date=24 January 2015|access-date=21 November 2016|archive-date=6 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106150849/http://www.cartoonbrew.com/feature-film/mexican-studio-anima-releases-wicked-flying-monkeys-trailer-exclusive-108259.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Discreet Arts || {{flagicon|MEX}}{{flagicon|IND}} || Computer animation || $1,801,137<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?id=_fWICKEDFLYINGMONK01&country=MX&wk=2015W15&id=_fWICKEDFLYINGMONK01&p=.htm|title=Guardians of Oz|website=www.boxofficemojo.com|access-date=19 February 2020|archive-date=20 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720051836/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?id=_fWICKEDFLYINGMONK01&country=MX&wk=2015W15&id=_fWICKEDFLYINGMONK01&p=.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> || {{N/A}}
|-
|''[[Blinky Bill the Movie]]''<ref>{{cite news|title = Meet the creators of Blinky Bill|url = http://www.mid-day.com/articles/meet-the-creators-of-blinky-bill/16524197|access-date = 25 November 2016|archive-date = 9 February 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170209193328/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/meet-the-creators-of-blinky-bill/16524197|url-status = live}}</ref> || 2015 || Deane Taylor ||[[Assemblage Entertainment]] [[Flying Bark Productions]] Telegael [[Screen Australia]] || {{flagicon|AUS}}{{flagicon|IND}}{{flagicon|US}} || Computer animation || $4,057,115<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=blinkybill.htm|title=Blinky Bill (2016) - International Box Office Results - Box Office Mojo|website=www.boxofficemojo.com|access-date=19 February 2020|archive-date=20 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720051930/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=blinkybill.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> || {{N/A}}
|-
|''[[Top Cat Begins]]'' || 2015 || Andrés Couturier || Ánima Estudios Discreet Arts [[Prana Studios]] || {{flagicon|MEX}}{{flagicon|IND}} || Computer animation || $4,571,429<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?id=_fDONGATOELINICIOD01&country=MX&wk=2015W44&id=_fDONGATOELINICIOD01&p=.htm|title=Don Gato: el inicio de la pandilla (Top Cat Begins)|website=www.boxofficemojo.com|access-date=19 February 2020|archive-date=20 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720080916/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?id=_fDONGATOELINICIOD01&country=MX&wk=2015W44&id=_fDONGATOELINICIOD01&p=.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> || Based on the animated television series ''[[Top Cat]]'' by [[Hanna-Barbera]] Prequel to ''[[Top Cat: The Movie]]'' (2011)
|-
|''[[Norm of the North]]'' || 2016 || [[Trevor Wall]] || [[Splash Entertainment]] Assemblage Entertainment Telegael || {{flagicon|US}}{{flagicon|IND}} {{flagicon|IRL}} || Computer animation || $27,426,112<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=normofthenorth.htm|title=Norm of the North (2016) - International Box Office Results - Box Office Mojo|website=www.boxofficemojo.com|access-date=19 February 2020|archive-date=20 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720080914/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=normofthenorth.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> || {{N/A}}
|-
|''[[The Swan Princess: Princess Tomorrow, Pirate Today]]'' || 2016 || Richard Rich Brian Nissen || Crest Animation Productions Nest Family Entertainment Streetlight Productions Sony Wonder Sony Pictures Home Entertainment || {{flagicon|US}}{{flagicon|IND}} || Computer animation || {{N/A}} || Direct-to-video release
|-
|''[[Bunyan and Babe]]'' || 2017 || Louis Ross || Exodus Film Group Toonz Entertainment || {{flagicon|US}}{{flagicon|IND}} || Computer animation || {{N/A}} || Digital distribution release
|-
|''[[Monster Island (2017 film)|Monster Island]]'' ||2017|| Leopoldo Aguilar || Ánima Estudios Discreet Art Productions || {{flagicon|MEX}}{{flagicon|IND}} || Computer animation || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|-
|''[[The Swan Princess: Royally Undercover]]'' || 2017 || Richard Rich || Crest Animation Productions Nest Family Entertainment Sony Wonder Streetlight Productions Sony Pictures Home Entertainment || {{flagicon|US}}{{flagicon|IND}}{{flagicon|South Korea}} || Computer animation || {{N/A}} || Direct-to-video release
|-
|''The Shonku Diaries: A Unicorn Adventure''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2024-09-21 |title=Behind the re-run of Satyajit Ray’s ‘Mahanagar’, a marble-to-magic journey |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1073519/behind-the-re-run-of-satyajit-rays-mahanagar-a-marble-to-magic-journey |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> || 2017 || Kamal Bansal || Turtle in Motion Studios || {{flagicon|US}}{{flagicon|IND}}{{flagicon|Turkey}} || Computer animation || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|}

==Unreleased/shelved films==

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Notes
|-
|''[[Alibaba Aur 41 Chor]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Andaz Naya Naya]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://koimoibollywood.blogspot.com/2013/08/salman-aamirs-andaz-apna-apnas-animated.html|title=koimoi: Salman-Aamir's Andaz Apna Apna's Animated Version Shelved?|last=Ravi|date=29 August 2013|access-date=20 July 2018|archive-date=19 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819152238/http://koimoibollywood.blogspot.com/2013/08/salman-aamirs-andaz-apna-apnas-animated.html|url-status=live}}</ref> || Animated remake of the 1994 film ''[[Andaz Apna Apna]]''
|-
|''[[Koochie Koochie Hota Hai]]'' || Animated remake of the 1998 film ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]''
|}

== Live action films with animated sequence(s) ==

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Year
! Film !! Language !! Notes
|-
|1957
|''[[Ab Dilli Dur Nahin (1957 film)|Ab Dilli Dur Nahin]]'' || [[Hindi]] || In song "Chun Chun Karati Aai Chidiyaa"
|-
|1958
|''[[Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi]]'' || Hindi || Title sequence
|-
| rowspan="2" |1968
| ''[[Padosan]]'' || Hindi || Title sequence
|-
|''[[Haseena Maan Jayegi]]'' || Hindi || Title sequence
|-
|1974
|''[[Mouchak]]'' || [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || Title sequence
|-
|1976
|''[[Chhoti Si Baat]]'' || Hindi || Title sequence
|-
|1977
|''[[Shatranj Ke Khilari]]'' || [[Urdu]] ||
|-
|1978
|''[[Pati Patni Aur Woh (1978 film)|Pati Patni Aur Woh]]'' || Hindi ||In song "Na Aaj Tha Na Kal Tha"
|-
| rowspan="2" |1980
|''[[Khubsoorat]]'' || Hindi || In song "Qayda Qayda"
|-
|''[[Do Aur Do Paanch]]'' || Hindi || Title sequence
|-
|1981
|''[[Biwi-O-Biwi]]'' || Hindi || Title sequence
|-
|1982
|''[[Kaamchor]]'' || Hindi ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1983
| ''[[Katha (1983 film)|Katha]]'' || Hindi ||
|-
|''Gupchup Gupchup'' || [[Marathi language|Marathi]] || Title sequence
|-
|1989
|''[[Raja Chinna Roja]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1990
|''[[Baap Numbri Beta Dus Numbri]]'' || Hindi || Title sequence
|-
|''[[Bobbili Raja]]'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || In song "Kanya Kumari"
|-
|1992
|''[[Chamatkar]]'' || Hindi || Title sequence
|-
| rowspan="2" |1993
|''[[Waqt Hamara Hai]]'' || Hindi || Title sequence
|-
|''[[O' Faby]]'' || [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
|1996
|''[[Daraar (film)|Daraar]]'' || Hindi || In song "Ek Ladki Mera Naam Jo Le"
|-
|1998
|''[[Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (1998 film)|Bade Miyan Chote Miyan]]'' || Hindi || Title sequence
|-
|2000
|''[[Raju Chacha]]'' || Hindi ||
|-
|2001
|''[[Aalavandhan]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
|2003
|''[[Main Prem Ki Diwani Hoon]]'' || Hindi ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004
|''[[Hum Tum (film)|Hum Tum]]'' || Hindi ||
|-
|''[[Shaadi Ka Laddoo]]'' || Hindi || In song "Chal Hatt"
|-
|2006
|''[[Bhoot Unkle]]'' || Hindi ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2007
|''[[Ta Ra Rum Pum]]'' || Hindi || In song "Ta Ra Rum Pum"
|-
|''[[My Friend Ganesha]]'' || Hindi || Live-action film with animated titular character and animated sequences
|-
|''[[Taare Zameen Par]]'' || Hindi ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2008
|''[[Thoda Pyaar Thoda Magic]]'' || Hindi ||
|-
|''[[God Tussi Great Ho]]'' || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi]]''|| Hindi
|In song "Phir Milenge Chalte Chalte"
|-
| rowspan="3" |2009
|''[[Detective Naani]]'' || Hindi ||
|-
|''[[My Friend Ganesha 2]]'' || Hindi || Live-action film with animated titular character
|-
|''[[Kick (2009 film)|Kick]]'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2010
|''[[Bhoot and Friends]]'' || Hindi ||
|-
|''[[My Friend Ganesha 3]]'' || Hindi || Live-action film with animated titular character
|-
| ''[[Tees Maar Khan (2010 film)|Tees Maar Khan]]''|| Hindi
|In song "Tees Maar Khan"
|-
| rowspan="3" |2011
|''[[Rascals (2011 film)|Rascals]]'' || Hindi || Title sequence
|-
|''[[Ready (2011 film)|Ready]]'' || Hindi || Title sequence
|-
|[[Ra.One]]
|Hindi
|Demonstration of H.A.R.T and Ra.One game introduction sequences
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
|''[[Eega]]'' || Telugu ||Live action animation of the fly protagonist
|-
|''[[Joker (2012 film)|Joker]]''|| Hindi ||
|-
|2013
|''[[Main Krishna Hoon]]'' || Hindi ||
|-
|2014
|''[[Kick (2014 film)|Kick]]'' || Hindi ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2015
|''[[O Kadhal Kanmani]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Kick 2]]''|| Telugu ||
|-
|''[[Shaandaar (2015 film)|Shaandaar]]''|| Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Munde Kamaal De]]''|| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]|| Title sequence
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|''[[Brahman Naman]]'' || [[English language|English]] || Title sequence
|-
|''[[A Flying Jatt]]''|| Hindi ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
| ''[[Ok Jaanu]]'' || Hindi ||
|-
|''[[Kaabil]]''|| Hindi ||
|-
|''[[Vikram Vedha]]''|| Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
|''[[102 Not Out]]'' || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Kaala (2018 film)|Kaala]]''|| Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Lust Stories]]''|| Hindi || Title sequence<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/meet-kochi-couple-behind-popular-title-animations-recent-anthologies-143891|title=Meet the Kochi couple behind the popular title animations for recent anthologies|date=21 February 2021|website=The News Minute|access-date=24 August 2022|archive-date=24 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824214936/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/meet-kochi-couple-behind-popular-title-animations-recent-anthologies-143891|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2020
| ''[[Ghost Stories (2020 film)|Ghost Stories]]'' || Hindi || Title sequence<ref name="auto" />
|-
| ''[[Paava Kadhaigal]]''<ref name="auto" />|| Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Chintu Ka Birthday]]''|| Hindi ||
|-
|2022
| ''[[Karthikeya 2]]'' || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2024
| ''[[Hanu-Man]]'' || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Amar Singh Chamkila (film)|Amar Singh Chamkila]]'' || Hindi || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1066200/amar-singh-chamkila-review-an-off-key-biopic-of-the-iconic-punjabi-singer|title='Amar Singh Chamkila' review: An off-key biopic of the iconic Punjabi singer|first=Nandini|last=Ramnath|date=12 April 2024|website=Scroll.in|access-date=13 April 2024|archive-date=12 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412092401/https://scroll.in/reel/1066200/amar-singh-chamkila-review-an-off-key-biopic-of-the-iconic-punjabi-singer|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]''
|Telugu
|In song "Wait of Ashwatthama (Keshava)"
|-
|[[Indian 2|''Indian 2'']]
|Tamil
|<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=LycaProductions |author=[[Lyca Productions]] |number=1813570153059115048 |title=In #Indian2 🇮🇳 RK Laxman's iconic "The Common Man" comes to life! 🤩 Witness the brilliance of motion capture animation in a heartfelt tribute to the legendary cartoonist. |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/xfnBF |archive-date=14 August 2024}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|}

==TV films==

===Cartoon Network===
{{div col}}* ''Arjun and the Adventure of Ice Lotus''
* ''[[Batu Gaiden]]''
* ''[[Chakra: The Invincible]]''
* ''[[Kid Krrish|Kid Krrish: The Rise]]'' (2 October 2013)
* ''[[Kid Krrish|Kid Krrish: Mission Bhutan]]'' (19 July 2014)<ref name="Monsoon 2014 New Content">{{cite web|title=Monsoon 2014 New Content|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/news-broadcasting/cartoon-network-brings-pokemon-latest-season-and-kid-krrish-movie-sequelthis-monsoon-140630|work=indiantelevision.com|access-date=23 June 2017|archive-date=25 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025051744/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/news-broadcasting/cartoon-network-brings-pokemon-latest-season-and-kid-krrish-movie-sequelthis-monsoon-140630|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Kid Krrish|Kid Krrish: Mystery in Mongolia]]'' (27 September 2014)
* ''[[Kid Krrish|Kid Krrish: Shakalaka Africa]]'' (25 April 2015)<ref name="Upcoming New Movie (2015) Kid Krrish 4">{{cite web|title=Upcoming New Movie (2015) Kid Krrish 4 |url=http://tv.burrp.com/channel/Cartoon%20Network/3/2015-04-25%2000:00:00 |access-date=4 April 2015 |date=2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404091227/http://tv.burrp.com/channel/Cartoon%20Network/3/2015-04-25%2000%3A00%3A00 |archive-date=4 April 2015 }}</ref><ref name="auto12">{{cite web|url=https://www.adgully.com/beat-the-heat-this-summer-with-brand-new-shows-on-cartoon-network-61282.html|title=Beat the heat this summer with brand new shows on Cartoon Network|website=www.adgully.com|access-date=26 March 2021|archive-date=15 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715115222/https://www.adgully.com/beat-the-heat-this-summer-with-brand-new-shows-on-cartoon-network-61282.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Krish, Trish and Baltiboy]]''
*[[Krishna (film series)|''Krishna'' (film series)]]
**''Krishna: The Birth''<ref name="auto13">{{cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/kids-news/cartoon-network-showcases-series-of-krishna-movies-for-janmashtami-27526.html|title=Cartoon Network showcases series of Krishna movies for Janmashtami - Exchange4media|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media|access-date=25 June 2020|archive-date=6 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206150604/https://www.exchange4media.com/kids-news/cartoon-network-showcases-series-of-krishna-movies-for-janmashtami-27526.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
** ''Krishna in Vrindavan''<ref name="auto13"/>
** ''Krishna: Kansa Vadha''<ref name="auto13"/>
** ''Krishna: Maakhan Chor''<ref name="auto13"/>
* ''My Name Is Raj''
* ''My Name Is Raj 2''
* ''My Name Is Raj 3: Attack of Demons''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/cartoon-network-beefs-up-2013-content-line-up-with-new-shows-49399.html|title=Cartoon Network beefs up 2013 content line-up with new shows - Exchange4media|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media|access-date=25 June 2020|archive-date=15 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715123710/https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/cartoon-network-beefs-up-2013-content-line-up-with-new-shows-49399.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''My Name Is Raj 4: Vizukama Ki Takaar'' (17 March 2014)
* ''My Name is Raj 5: Return of Zohak'' (19 April 2015)
* ''[[Roll No 21|Roll No 21 and the Quest for Swarnamani]]''
* ''[[Roll No 21|Roll No 21 -Space Mein Dhoom Dhadaka]]'' (11 January 2014)
* ''[[Roll No 21|Roll No 21: Time Ki Bhool Bhulaiya]]''
* ''[[Roll No 21|Roll No:21 - Ticket to Australia]]'' (31 January 2015)
* ''[[Roll No 21|Lights, camera, Roll No 21 - Kris in Bollywood]]''
* ''[[Roll No 21|Roll No 21 Scooba Dooba Ajooba]]''
* ''[[Roll No 21|Roll No 21 Ticket To China]]''
* ''[[Roll No 21|Roll No 21 Ticket To Japan]]''
* ''[[Roll No 21|Roll No 21 Voyage To Aquatica]]''
* ''[[Roll No 21|Roll No 21 Get Set Go Kris]]''
* ''[[Roll No 21|Roll No 21 Kris Aur Phantom Ka Raaz]]''
* ''[[Roll No 21|Roll No 21 Kris Aur Shoonya Registan]]''
* ''Tripura - The Three Cities of Maya'' (20 January 2011)<ref>{{cite web |author=Adgully Bureau |url=https://www.adgully.com/tripura-the-three-cities-of-maya-wins-the-best-animated-film-at-ficci-baf-awards-2011-46227.html |title='Tripura-The three cities of Maya' wins the best animated film at FICCI BAF AWARDS 2011 |publisher=Adgully.com |date= |access-date=2021-11-28 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403122130/https://www.adgully.com/tripura-the-three-cities-of-maya-wins-the-best-animated-film-at-ficci-baf-awards-2011-46227.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''[[Green Gold Animations|Vikram Betal]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/june/june181.htm|title=Cartoon Network to premiere "Vikram Betal"|date=15 June 2005|access-date=23 June 2017|archive-date=2 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202222730/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/june/june181.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

===Discovery Kids===
*''[[Little Singham]] Aur Kaal Ka Mahajaal''
*''Little Singham Mission Jai Hind''
*''Little Singham Desh Ka Sipaahi''
*''Little Singham Chala London''

===Disney Channel===
*''[[Apna Bhai Gaju Bhai]]''
*''[[Feluda: The Kathmandu Caper]]''

===DD National===
*''[[Krish, Trish and Baltiboy#Krish, Trish & Baltiboy: Bharat Hain Hum|Krish, Trish & Baltiboy: Bharat Hain Hum]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cfsindia.org/cfsi-film-krish-trish-baltiboy-i-on-doordarshan-national-network/|title=CFSI Film "Krish, Trish & Baltiboy – I " on Doordarshan National Network|access-date=1 July 2017}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Hungama TV===
*''[[Chacha Bhatija (TV series)|Chacha Bhatija]] Khazane Ki Khoj''<ref name="indiantelevision1">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/hungamas-chacha-bhatija-to-go-on-new-a-new-adventure-in-second-movie-171114|title=Hungama's 'Chacha Bhatija' to go on a new adventure in second movie|date=14 November 2017|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=17 November 2021|archive-date=17 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117094309/https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/hungamas-chacha-bhatija-to-go-on-new-a-new-adventure-in-second-movie-171114|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Chacha Bhatija Golmaal Hai Bhai Sab Golmaal Hai''<ref name="indiantelevision1"/>
*''Fatak Patak: Sheru Aur Alienoid Gabru''<ref name="laghate1">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/new-kids-franchise-fatak-patak-launches-in-india-with-animated-tv-series-merchandise/articleshow/60826601.cms|title=New kids franchise 'Fatak Patak' launches in India with animated TV series, merchandise|first=Gaurav|last=Laghate|date=25 September 2017|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=17 November 2021|archive-date=17 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117092756/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/new-kids-franchise-fatak-patak-launches-in-india-with-animated-tv-series-merchandise/articleshow/60826601.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Fatak Patak: Sheru Aur Eagon Ka Aakraman''<ref name="laghate1"/>
*''Fatak Patak: Sheru Aur Titan Taapu Ka Rahasya''<ref name="laghate1"/>
*''Fatak Patak: Sheru Aur Baaku Ka Kala Saya''<ref name="laghate1"/>

===Nickelodeon India===
{{div col}}
* ''[[Motu Patlu in Wonderland!]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afaqs.com/media/media_newslets/?id=56431_Laughter+ki+awesome+Jodi+Motu+Patlu+now+in+an+adventure+movie!|title=Indian Advertising, Media, Marketing, Digital, Advertising Agencies - afaqs!|work=afaqs.com|access-date=25 May 2015|archive-date=25 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525100953/http://www.afaqs.com/media/media_newslets/?id=56431_Laughter+ki+awesome+Jodi+Motu+Patlu+now+in+an+adventure+movie!|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Motu Patlu: Mission Moon''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://motupatlucartoons.checkingseo.com/2017/05/motu-patlu.html|title=Motu Patlu Animated Series|website=motu patlu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610165121/http://motupatlucartoons.checkingseo.com/2017/05/motu-patlu.html|archive-date=2017-06-10|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''Motu Patlu: Deep Sea Adventure''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/motu-patlu-defines-nick-s-success-141013|title=Indian Television Dot Com - Motu Patlu defines Nick's success|author=Anil Wanvari|work=indiantelevision.com|date=13 October 2014|access-date=25 May 2015|archive-date=25 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525112333/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/motu-patlu-defines-nick-s-success-141013|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Motu Patlu: Kung-Fu Kings''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/42256_Nickelodeon-launches-Motu-Patlu-merchandise-to-air-4th-movie-soon|title=Nickelodeon launches Motu-Patlu merchandise; to air 4th movie soon|work=afaqs.com|access-date=25 May 2015|archive-date=25 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525101744/http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/42256_Nickelodeon-launches-Motu-Patlu-merchandise-to-air-4th-movie-soon|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/catch-the-movie-motu-patlu-in-deep-sea-adventure%E2%80%99-only-on-nickelodeon-140523|title=Indian Television Dot Com - Catch the movie 'Motu Patlu in Deep Sea Adventure' only on Nickelodeon|author=Anil Wanvari|work=indiantelevision.com|access-date=25 May 2015|archive-date=25 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525135405/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/catch-the-movie-motu-patlu-in-deep-sea-adventure%E2%80%99-only-on-nickelodeon-140523|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Motu Patlu: Khazaane Ki Race''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/hindi/Fifth-Motu-Patlu-film-to-premiere-on-Republic-Day/articleshow/45989571.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422141029/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/hindi/Fifth-Motu-Patlu-film-to-premiere-on-Republic-Day/articleshow/45989571.cms|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 April 2016|title=Fifth 'Motu Patlu' film to premiere on Republic Day|work=The Times of India|access-date=25 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/we-deserve-it-says-nine-jaipuria-as-ad-sales-rates-hike-25-30-141217|title=Indian Television Dot Com - We deserve it, says Nina Jaipuria as ad sales rates hike 25-30%|author=Anil Wanvari|work=indiantelevision.com|access-date=25 May 2015|archive-date=6 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706032219/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/we-deserve-it-says-nine-jaipuria-as-ad-sales-rates-hike-25-30-141217|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Motu Patlu: Kung Fu Kings Returns''<ref>[http://ayztube.com/new-sixth-movie-of-motu-patlu-made-for-tv-movie-premiere-kungfu-kings-returns/ New Sixth Movie Motu Patlu made for tv movie oremiere Kungfu kings returns] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623115853/http://ayztube.com/new-sixth-movie-of-motu-patlu-made-for-tv-movie-premiere-kungfu-kings-returns/ |date=2015-06-23 }}</ref>
* ''Motu Patlu in Carnival Island!''
* ''Motu Patlu: 36 Ghante Race''
* ''Motu Patlu in Alien World!''
* ''Motu Patlu in Double Trouble''
* ''Motu Patlu: The Invisible Plane''
* ''Kung Fu Kings 5: Motu Patlu and Robo Kids''
* ''Motu Patlu in The Game of Zones''
* ''Pakdam Pakdai Attack on Tokyo''
* ''Pakdam Pakdai: Doggy Don in Egypt''
* ''[[Pakdam Pakdai Doggy Don vs Billiman]]''{{efn|name=FICCI|FICCI BAF Award for Best Indian Animated film [Direct-to-DVD
(Home Video) / Telefilms]<ref name="ReferenceA"/>}}
* ''Pakdam Pakdai Ocean Attack''
* ''Pakdam Pakdai Space Attack''
{{div col end}}
* ''Rudra: Dawn of the Dangerous Dongreela''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adgully.com/prince-of-magic-rudra-to-spread-x-mas-magic-82484.html|title=Prince of Magic "Rudra" to spread X'mas Magic|first=Adgully|last=Bureau|website=www.adgully.com|access-date=15 June 2022|archive-date=17 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517231855/https://www.adgully.com/prince-of-magic-rudra-to-spread-x-mas-magic-82484.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Rudra: Return of the Cage Magician''

===Pogo===
{{div col}}
*''Chhota Bheem Aur Krishna''
*''[[Chhota Bheem & Krishna: Pataliputra- City of the Dead]]''
*''[[Chhota Bheem: Bheem vs Aliens]]''
*''[[Chhota Bheem: Journey To Petra]]''
*''[[Chhota Bheem & Krishna: Mayanagari]]''
*''[[Chhota Bheem: Master of Shaolin]]''
*''[[Chhota Bheem: Dholakpur to Kathmandu]]''{{efn|name=FICCI2013|FICCI BAF Award for Best Indian Animated film [Direct-to-DVD
(Home Video) / Telefilms]<ref name="ficci-frames.com"/>}}
*''Chhota Bheem Aur Hanuman''
*''[[Chhota Bheem: The Rise of Kirmada]]''
*''[[Chhota Bheem and Ganesh in the Amazing Odyssey|Chhota Bheem Aur Ganesh: In The Amazing Odyssey]]''
*''[[Chhota Bheem and the Broken Amulet]]''
*''[[Chhota Bheem And The Crown of Valahalla]]''
*''[[Chhota Bheem and the Incan Adventure]]''
*''[[Chhota Bheem aur Krishna vs Zimbara]]''
*''[[Chhota Bheem And The Shinobi Secret]]''
*''Chhota Bheem Neeli Pahaadi''
*''Chhota Bheem Banjara Masti''
*''Chhota Bheem Dus Pe Dus''
*''Chhota Bheem Mayavi Gorgan''
*''Chhota Bheem Ki Baazi''
*''Chhota Bheem aur Paanch Ajoobe''
*''Chhota Bheem Mission Mangalyaan''
*''Chhota Bheem And The Sky Dragon''
* ''[[Chhota Bheem: Kung Fu Dhamaka]]''
* ''Chhota Chintu Bada Feku''
* ''Chhota Chintu Bada Baazigar''
*''Mighty Raju vs The Great Pirate''
*''Mighty Raju and The Magnetors''
*''Mighty Raju and The Commandos''
*''Mighty Raju vs Mighty Clone''
*''Chak De ! Mighty Raju''
*''Game Over Mighty Raju''
*''Mighty Raju In School's Cool''
*''Mighty Raju In Aryanagar Underwater''
*''Mighty Raju In Battery Low''
*''Mighty Raju: Aamna Samna''
*''Mighty Raju: Bachhon Ka Khel''
*''Mighty Raju: Space Race''
*''Mighty Raju: Chhutti Ho Gayi''
*''Mighty Raju: 3 Villains''
*''Mighty Raju: Superhero School''
*''Mighty Raju: Hijack''
*''Mighty Raju: Mighty Khiladi Raju''
*''Mighty Raju: Time Travel''
*''Mighty Raju: Ice Ice Mighty''
*''Mighty Raju aur alien dost''
*''[[Krish, Trish and Baltiboy]]''
*''Kumbhkaran The Movie''
*''Sholay Adventures''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/pogo-and-graphic-india-presents-sholay-adventures-150123|title=Pogo and Graphic India presents Sholay Adventures|date=23 January 2015|access-date=4 June 2017|archive-date=16 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616091541/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/pogo-and-graphic-india-presents-sholay-adventures-150123|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

===Sony Yay===
* ''Honey Bunny In Bank Robbery''<ref>{{cite web|title=Sony YAY! to premiere its first home-grown animated film on 21 Oct|url=http://www.televisionpost.com/television/sony-yay-to-premiere-its-first-home-grown-animated-film-on-21-oct/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010125329/http://www.televisionpost.com/television/sony-yay-to-premiere-its-first-home-grown-animated-film-on-21-oct/|archive-date=October 10, 2017|access-date=October 10, 2017}}</ref>
* ''Sab Jholmaal Hai – Honey Bunny Ka Space Adventure''
* ''Honey Bunny Gangs of Film City''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-23 |title=Sony YAY!'s consolidation plan in regional markets |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/sony-yays-consolidation-plan-in-regional-markets-191023 |access-date=2021-04-21 |website=Indian Television Dot Com |language=en |archive-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127144452/https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/sony-yays-consolidation-plan-in-regional-markets-191023 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''Honey Bunny in Police Petrol''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sony YAY! Announces a special Republic Day line-up of Honey Bunny movies - Tellychakkar English |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/sony-yay-announces-special-republic-day-line-of-honey-bunny-movies-200124?amp |access-date=2021-02-26 |website=tellychakkar |language=en |archive-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127131706/https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/sony-yay-announces-special-republic-day-line-of-honey-bunny-movies-200124?amp |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''Paap-O-Meter Under Attack''<ref>{{cite web |date=28 August 2020 |title=Gear up for a double dose of entertainment as Sony YAY! presents the first-ever movie of Paap-O-Meter franchise and a new show Krishna Balram |url=https://www.4psnews.com/news/story/gear-up-for-a-double-dose-of-entertainment-as-sony-yay-presents-the-firstever-movie-of-paapometer-franchise-and-a-new-show-krishna-balram |publisher=4Ps News |accessdate=10 June 2021 |archive-date=18 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218174605/https://www.4psnews.com/news/story/gear-up-for-a-double-dose-of-entertainment-as-sony-yay-presents-the-firstever-movie-of-paapometer-franchise-and-a-new-show-krishna-balram |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''Paap-O-Meter Defenders of Earth''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paap-O-Meter: Defenders of Earth |url=https://www.santabanta.com/bollywood/146352/paap-o-meter-defenders-of-earth/ }}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* ''Honey Bunny Save The Panda''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sony YAY! launches virtual property YAY! Dekho |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/amp/media-tv-news/sony-yay-launches-virtual-property-yay-dekho-108142.html |access-date=2021-04-07 |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media |archive-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127124447/https://www.exchange4media.com/amp/media-tv-news/sony-yay-launches-virtual-property-yay-dekho-108142.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''Honey Bunny in The World Tour Challenge''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=AnimationXpress |date=2021-01-05 |title=Sony YAY! rings in 2021 with an exciting programming line-up |url=https://www.animationxpress.com/animation/sony-yay-rings-in-2021-with-an-exciting-programming-line-up/ |access-date=2021-04-07 |website=AnimationXpress |language=en-US |archive-date=25 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625100528/https://www.animationxpress.com/animation/sony-yay-rings-in-2021-with-an-exciting-programming-line-up/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''Tapu and the Big Fat Alien Wedding''<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-05-16 |title=Sony YAY! to telecast first tele movie of 'Taarak Mehta Kka Chhota Chashmah' |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/people/sony-yay-to-telecast-first-tele-movie-of-taarak-mehta-kka-chhota-chashmah-220516 |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=Indian Television Dot Com |language=en |archive-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610165019/https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/people/sony-yay-to-telecast-first-tele-movie-of-taarak-mehta-kka-chhota-chashmah-220516 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Zee Kannada===
*''Siddhi Vinayak''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/aug/aug239.htm|title=Zee Kannada explores animation genre|date=25 August 2006|access-date=1 July 2017|archive-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814234214/https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/aug/aug239.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Footnotes==
{{notelist|30em}}

== See also ==
{{portal|Animation|India}}
* [[History of animation in India]]
* [[History of Disney in India]]
* [[Indian animation industry]]
* [[List of Indian animated television series]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Animated Film]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Animation Film]]
* [[List of Highest-grossing Indian animated films]]

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Animation industry in India}}
{{Animationfilmlist}}

[[Category:Indian animated films|*]]
[[Category:Lists of animated films|Indian]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian films|Animated]]

Wild Wild Punjab

2026-03-02T05:30:47Z

Masterstrock: Adding new article - done

{{Short description|Indian comedy film}}
{{Long plot|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Wild Wild Punjab
| image = Wild Wild Punjab.jpg
| caption = Official release date
| director = Simarpreet Singh
| story = [[Luv Ranjan]]
| writer = Harman Wadala Sandeep Jain
| producer = [[Ankur Garg]] Luv Ranjan
| starring = [[Varun Sharma]] [[Jassie Gill]] [[Sunny Singh (actor)|Sunny Singh]] [[Manjot Singh]]
| cinematography = Nigam Bomzan
| editing = Chetan M. Solanki
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Guru Randhawa]] Luv Ranjan Bali [[Saurabh-Vaibhav]] '''Score:''' [[Hitesh Sonik]]
| studio = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]] [[Luv Films]]
| distributor = [[Netflix]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|7|10}}
| runtime = 111 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/wild-wild-punjab-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdiynze0 |title=''Wild Wild Punjab'' (15) |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=10 July 2024 |access-date=11 July 2024 |archive-date=11 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711061200/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/wild-wild-punjab-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdiynze0 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Wild Wild Punjab''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by Simarpreet Singh. Produced by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]] and [[Luv Films]], the film stars [[Varun Sharma]], [[Jassie Gill]], [[Sunny Singh (actor)|Sunny Singh]], [[Manjot Singh]], [[Patralekha]] and [[Ishita Raj Sharma]]. It was released on [[Netflix]] on 10 July 2024 to mixed reviews from critics and audiences.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/wild-wild-punjab-gets-premiere-date-on-netflix/article68307110.ece |title='Wild Wild Punjab' gets premiere date on Netflix |newspaper=The Hindu |date=19 June 2024 |access-date=11 July 2024 |archive-date=11 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711061312/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/wild-wild-punjab-gets-premiere-date-on-netflix/article68307110.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
Gaurav Jain, pressured by his domineering father into an arranged marriage for dowry, sets out with his friends Maan Arora and Rajesh Khanna. Khanna is heartbroken after discovering his girlfriend Vaishali cheated on him and plans to confront her at her wedding in Pathankot. Their mentor Honey Singh joins them on the trip.

On the way, the group crashes a wedding to find alcohol and gets heavily drunk. The next morning, they discover Gaurav accidentally married the bride, Radha, after publicly refusing dowry when the original groom backed out. The villagers celebrate him as a hero, leaving Gaurav trapped. Unable to abandon Radha, the group takes her along.

Radha learns about Khanna’s situation and suggests he confront Vaishali while pretending to have a girlfriend. They approach Meera, who agrees only if they help her deliver drugs. This leads to clashes with gangsters, a police arrest, a jailbreak, and a gun chase in which Khanna is injured.

The gangsters later kidnap Radha, demanding Meera in exchange. The group rescues her, and the chaos leads them to Vaishali’s wedding venue. There, Vaishali learns her fiancé also cheated on her, reconciles with Khanna, and is confronted publicly as planned. The police arrive and arrest the gangsters.

== Cast ==
* [[Varun Sharma]]<ref name="Cast">{{cite web |last=Web |first=Statesman |title=Wild Wild Punjab: Cast shares road trip anecdotes ahead of Netflix release |website=The Statesman |date=8 July 2024 |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/wild-wild-punjab-cast-shares-road-trip-anecdotes-ahead-of-netflix-release-1503318119.html |access-date=23 July 2024}}</ref> as Rajesh Khanna
* [[Sunny Singh (actor)|Sunny Singh]]<ref name="Cast" /> as Maan Arora
* [[Manjot Singh]]<ref name="Cast" /> as Honey Singh
* [[Jassie Gill]]<ref name="Cast1">{{cite web |last=Poddar |first=Atreyee |title=Five reasons to watch Wild Wild Punjab this weekend! |website=Indulgexpress |date=20 July 2024 |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2024/Jul/20/five-reasons-to-watch-wild-wild-punjab-this-weekend |access-date=23 July 2024}}</ref> as Gaurav Jain
* [[Rajkummar Rao ]]<ref name= "Cast" /> as Narrator
* [[Patralekha]]<ref name="Cast" /> as Radha
* [[Ishita Raj Sharma]]<ref name="Cast" /> as Meera
* [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]]<ref name="Cast1" /> as SHO Avtar Singh, Rupnagar
* Asheema Vardaan<ref name="Cast2">{{cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |title=Wild Wild Punjab Movie Star Cast |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=10 July 2024 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/wild-wild-punjab/cast/ |access-date=23 July 2024}}</ref> as Vaishali
* [[Subha Rajput]]<ref name="Cast2" /> as Tara
* [[Gopal Datt]]<ref name="Cast1" /> as Gaurav's father
* [[Samuel John]]<ref name="Cast2" /> as Daljeet
* Anjum Batra<ref name="Cast1" /> as Dalbir
* [[Rose Sardana]] as Ginni
* Ashok Pathak as Doctor
* Harsimran oberoi as channo
* pritam Jaiswal
*Rashid*

== Production ==
The film was announced in February 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/netflix-2024-india-slate-sanjay-leela-bhansali-heeramandi-to-kajol-kriti-sanon-do-patti-and-anubhav-sinha-ic814-9187532/ |title=Netflix unveils 2024 India slate: Junaid Khan's Maharaja, Kajol's do Patti, the Great Indian Kapil Show teasers out. Watch |date=29 February 2024}}</ref> The teaser of the movie released on 29 February 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/wild-wild-punjab-teaser-varun-sharma-sunny-singh-manjot-singhs-break-up-trip-goes-awry-watch-9188007/ |title=Wild Wild Punjab teaser: Varun Sharma, Sunny Singh, Manjot Singh's break-up trip goes awry. Watch |date=29 February 2024 |access-date=11 July 2024 |archive-date=2 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302044042/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/wild-wild-punjab-teaser-varun-sharma-sunny-singh-manjot-singhs-break-up-trip-goes-awry-watch-9188007/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Wild Wild Punjab
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Guru Randhawa]], [[Luv Ranjan]], Bali and Saurabh-Vaibhav
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 8 July 2024
| recorded = 2023–2024
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=11|s=25}}
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| language = Hindi
| producer =
| misc =
}}

The soundtrack is composed by [[Guru Randhawa]], [[Luv Ranjan]], Bali and Saurabh-Vaibhav while the background score is done by [[Hitesh Sonik]]. Lyrics are written by Guru Randhawa, Happy Bains, Luv Ranjan, Bali, Harsh Tyagi and Saurabh-Vaibhav.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 11:25
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Husn Irani
| extra1 = Guru Randhawa
| lyrics1 = Guru Randhawa, Happy Bains
| music1 = [[Guru Randhawa]]
| length1 = 2:59
| title2 = I Am Over You
| extra2 = [[Amit Gupta]]
| lyrics2 = Luv Ranjan
| music2 = [[Luv Ranjan]]
| length2 = 3:33
| title3 = Meri Baggi Mera Ghoda
| extra3 = Bali
| lyrics3 = Bali
| music3 = Bali
| length3 = 3:12
| title4 = Suttebaaz Haseena
| extra4 = [[Mika Singh]]
| lyrics4 = Harsh Tyagi, Saurabh-Vaibhav
| music4 = Saurabh-Vaibhav
| length4 = 3:01
|}}

== Reception ==
''Wild Wild Punjab'' received mixed reviews from critics and audiences.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Vineeta |date=21 July 2024 |title='Wild Wild Punjab' director on 'I am over you', criticism, and casting Patralekhaa |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/wild-wild-punjab-director-simarpreet-singh-sexism-criticism-interview-exclusive-not-intentionally-sexist-2569146-2024-07-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214080326/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/wild-wild-punjab-director-simarpreet-singh-sexism-criticism-interview-exclusive-not-intentionally-sexist-2569146-2024-07-19 |archive-date=14 February 2025 |access-date=14 February 2025 |work=[[India Today]] |quote=The Netflix film 'Wild Wild Punjab' was released earlier this week to mixed reception from the critics and the audience.}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=31|count=13|average=4.5|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=11 July 2024}}

[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film 1.5/5 stars, writing, "This [[Fukrey]] lite is a load of jaded tiresomeness; Punjab deserves better."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/wild-wild-punjab-movie-review-fukrey-lite-varun-sharma-sunny-singh-luv-ranjan-9444280/ |title=Wild Wild Punjab movie review: This Fukrey lite is a load of jaded tiresomeness; Punjab deserves better |date=10 July 2024 |access-date=11 July 2024 |archive-date=11 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711033552/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/wild-wild-punjab-movie-review-fukrey-lite-varun-sharma-sunny-singh-luv-ranjan-9444280/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Vineeta Kumar of ''[[India Today]]'' awarded the film 2/5 stars, writing, "The bigger problem is not how the film treats its women, but how it doesn't see any man as a grown-up. It is funny in parts if you have the appetite for those kinds of jokes, but at best, it looks like a dull celebration of empty-headed men."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/wild-wild-punjab-review-sunny-singh-varun-sharma-film-is-funny-in-parts-but-largely-sexist-netflix-film-2564804-2024-07-10 |title='Wild Wild Punjab' Review: Funny in parts, but largely sexist |date=10 July 2024 |access-date=11 July 2024 |archive-date=11 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711044640/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/wild-wild-punjab-review-sunny-singh-varun-sharma-film-is-funny-in-parts-but-largely-sexist-netflix-film-2564804-2024-07-10 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Deepa Gahlot]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 stars.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/wild-wild-punjab-review/20240710.htm |title=Wild Wild Punjab Review: Sober Version of the Hangover |access-date=11 July 2024 |archive-date=11 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711070147/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/wild-wild-punjab-review/20240710.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Shilajit Mitra for ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Wild Wild Punjab runs low on horsepower and horseplay. Simarpreet, a debutant director, struggles to choreograph the levels of comedic chaos he clearly aspires to."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/wild-wild-punjab-movie-review-puerile-buddy-comedy-is-not-wild-enough/article68391834.ece |title='Wild Wild Punjab' movie review: Puerile buddy comedy is not wild enough |newspaper=The Hindu |last1=Mitra |first1=Shilajit |access-date=11 July 2024 |archive-date=11 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711064227/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/wild-wild-punjab-movie-review-puerile-buddy-comedy-is-not-wild-enough/article68391834.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

Monika Rawal Kukreja from ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave a positive review, writing, "Wild Wild Punjab, staying true to its title and genre, has several moments that are outright hilarious and you don't even feel like questing the whys and hows."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/wild-wild-punjab-review-varun-sharma-sunny-singh-go-wacky-wicked-and-weird-101720594644955-amp.html |title=Wild Wild Punjab review: Varun Sharma, Sunny Singh go wacky, wicked and weird}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Netflix title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes | wild_wild_punjab }}

{{Netflix}}
{{Portal bar|Film|India}}

[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Netflix original films]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) films]]

History of Thalassery

2026-02-27T20:39:22Z

Masterstrock: small expand information as per guidelines

{{Short description|none}}
{{lead too short|date=December 2018}}

Thalassery was a trade hub where [[Han Chinese|Chinese]], [[Arabs|Arab]], and [[Jews|Jewish]] traders had considerable influence in the spice market; before that the [[Greeks]] and [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] were in the trade.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} It was the European invasion that brought significant change as they enforced the trade with their military.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nair|first1=K. P. Prabhakaran|title=Agronomy and Economy of Black Pepper and Cardamom: The "King and "Queen of Spices|date=2011|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780123918772}}</ref>{{page needed|date=July 2016}}

==Arrival of the Europeans==
[[Francisco de Almeida]], the first Portuguese viceroy to India, established military barracks in [[Cannanore]] (~30 km north of Thalassery) in 1505.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://travelandculture.expertscolumn.com/history-portuguese-kerala|title=The History of Portuguese in Kerala - Travelandculture Blog|website=travelandculture.expertscolumn.com|accessdate=16 December 2018}}</ref> The Netherlands followed the Portuguese after the [[Dutch Malabar|Dutch]] army defeated the Portuguese in Cochin in 1663.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Hugo C. Cardoso |author2=Alan N. Baxter |author3=Mário Pinharanda Nunes |title=Ibero-Asian Creoles: Comparative Perspectives Volume 46 of Creole language library|date=2012|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|isbn=978-9027252692|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D2dkdVTSDjwC&q=when+did+portuguese+came+to+kannur}}</ref> The [[French Indies Company|French East India Company]] established military units in [[Thalassery]] in 1721 and later moved to Mahé (~5 km south of Thalassery).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Michell|first1=George|title=Southern India: A Guide to Monuments Sites & Museums|date=2013|publisher=Roli Books Private Limited|isbn=978-8174369031}}</ref>

[[File:Vasco da Gama - 1838.png|thumbnail|Vasco da Gama a painting- The trade alliance between Vasco da Gama and Kolathiri gave Portugal direct access to the spice trade market especially for pepper.]]

== Anglo-Mysore Wars ==
{{main article|Mysorean invasion of Kerala}}
[[File:JTG (3).jpg|thumbnail|Thalassery Jagannath Temple, Kerala]]

In 1766, Hyder Ali and his forces were welcomed to North Malabar by the Ali Raja of Arakkal kingdom in Cannanore. The [[Mysorean invasion of Malabar|Mysorean]] army, guided by Ali Raja and his brother, seized the palace of the Raja of Kolathiri in Chirakkal, causing the Raja and his family to seek refuge in the English trading station at Tellichery.{{sfn|Menon|2007|p=246}}

The [[Seven Years' War]] between British and French had repercussions for the area. The prince regent attacked [[Thalassery]] on Hyder's order to protect the French forces in Mahé from the British. British forces in Tellicherry attacked Mahé and forced the French to evacuate in 1779. This prompted the Zamorin and Kottayam Raja to ally with the British and they recaptured most of the territories that had been lost to Hyder. Later, due to an attack by the prince regent in Tellicherry, the British left Mahé.<ref name="britannica.com">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/586364/Thalassery Thalassery (India) – Encyclopædia Britannica]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.</ref>

In December 1773, the British from Thalassery stormed Arakkal Palace, which had resisted, disarming Tipu's Cannanore garrison. They forced [[Arakkal Beevi]] into a peace treaty. By the 1774 [[Treaty of Mangalore]] concluding the [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]], the English gave up their claims and declared the kingdoms in Kerala to be allies of Mysore.{{sfn|Menon|2007|p=264}}

The British exploited Hyder's death and [[Tipu Sultan|Tipu]]'s 1781 retirement to Mysore for his coronation. Tipu returned in 1789 and captured south Malabar, but he was not able to win [[Thalassery]] and North Malabar due to the English presence.{{sfn|Menon|2007}}

== The Spice Trade ==
The British established a trading post and built a factory at Tellicherry in 1694, having gained permission from [[Vadakkalankur]], the [[prince regent]] of the Raja of [[Kolathunadu|Kolatunad]]. They had already been trading on the [[Malabar coast]] for much of that century, buying pepper from [[Moplah]] merchants, and had established a similar post at [[Travancore]] ten years earlier.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Notes on the Colonial State with Reference to Malabar in the 18th and 19th Centuries |first=Bonaventure |last=Swai |journal=Social Scientist |volume=6 |issue=12 |date=July 1978 |pages=44–65 |doi=10.2307/3516674 |jstor=3516674 }}</ref>

==Thalassery Fort==
The Raja of [[Kolathunadu|Kolathunad]] laid the [[foundation stone]] for [[Thalassery]] fort.<ref name="kannurtourism.com">[http://www.kannurtourism.com/thalassery_fort.html Places – Thalassery Fort]. Kannur Tourism (9 September 2010).</ref> The Prince gave the fort and adjoining land to the British on 20 August 1708. The fort was later modified and extended by the [[British East India Company]].

Meanwhile Kurungot Nair continued his attack, until, in September1719, he suspended hostilities and formally entered into a friendship treaty with the British. The treaty gave them permission to trade pepper in Thalassery without paying duty. After the construction of the fort, Thalassery grew into a prominent trade center and a port in British Malabar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/212/historic-thalassery.php |title=Historic Thalassery, Enchanting Kerala, Newsletter |publisher=Kerala Tourism |date= |accessdate=2014-07-22}}</ref> The British won administrative authority over Malabar after annexation from Tipu Sultan in the [[Battle of Sree Rangapatnam]]. Thalassery became the capital of British North Malabar.<ref name="history">[http://www.thalassery.info/history.htm Thalassery – History]. Thalassery.info.</ref><ref name="enchantingkerala.org">[http://enchantingkerala.org/kerala-forts/thalasseri-fort.php Thalasseri Fort Kannur History Photos and Architectural details] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817204827/http://enchantingkerala.org/kerala-forts/thalasseri-fort.php |date=17 August 2016 }}. Enchantingkerala.org.</ref> When English companies united in 1702, the affiliated factories under Bombay were [[Karwar]], [[Tellicherry]], [[Calicut]] and [[Anchuthengu|Anjengo]]. Factory administration was conducted by a chief and councilors, known as 'factors'.

==Anjarakkandy Spice Plantation==
In 1797 The British East India Company established a spice plantation in [[Anjarakkandy|Anjarakandy]] in [[Thalassery]].{{sfn|Menon|2007|p=281}} In 1799 it was handed over to Lord Murdoch Brown with a 99-year lease.<ref name="keralaregistration.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaregistration.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14&Itemid=28|title=Registration Department|website=Keralaregistration.gov.in|accessdate=16 December 2018}}</ref> Coffee, cinnamon, pepper and nutmeg were cultivated there. The Anjarakandy cinnamon plantation was the world's largest at that time.

The British East India Company established the first registrar office in south India, in [[Anjarakkandy|Anjarakandy]] near [[Thalassery|Tellicherry]] in 1865, just to register the cinnamon plantation of Murdoch Brown. The Anjarakandy estate spanned {{convert|500|acre}}. He surveyed that land and appointed officers to survey the locals' land. The British approved his surveys. This established a new model of administration, its first use in Asia.<ref name="keralaregistration.gov.in"/><ref name="rendezvous2013.org">[http://www.rendezvous2013.org/about-thalassery-history.html IMA Thalassery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928144248/http://www.rendezvous2013.org/about-thalassery-history.html |date=28 September 2013 }}. Rendezvous2013.org.</ref>

==Overbury's Folly==
[[Overbury's Folly]] was built by E. N. Overbury, a local British judge in the 1870s.<ref>[http://www.justkerala.in/tourism/thalassery/thalassery-history History of Thalassery City – Thalassery History Guide Kerala]. Justkerala.in.</ref> The old market in that time was only 100 meters from the current sea shore, and the sea eroded it and surrounding areas. The seawalls built on Overbury's order saved Thalassery from further erosion, even though his order was originally mocked as a folly.<ref name="districtcourtbarassociationthalasserry.com">[http://districtcourtbarassociationthalasserry.com/thalassery_court.php District Court Bar Association Thalass Kerala, India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112044046/http://districtcourtbarassociationthalasserry.com/thalassery_court.php |date=12 November 2013 }}. Districtcourtbarassociationthalasserry.com.</ref><ref name="thehindu.com">[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/thalassery-is-a-cultural-centre/article4321569.ece Thalassery is a cultural centre]. ''The Hindu'' (19 January 2013).</ref><ref>[http://www.thalassery.info/thalassery.htm Thalassery – About Thalassery]. Thalassery.info.</ref><ref>[http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/IND_Port_of_Tellicherry_1856.php WPS – Port of Tellicherry contact information]. Worldportsource.com.</ref>

== The Pazhassi Guerilla Wars ==
[[File:Ripe jackfruit.jpg|thumb|Jackfruit from Dharmadam]]
[[File:Veera Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja.jpg|thumbnail|[[Pazhassi Raja|Veera Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja]] Painting by Raja Ravi Varma]]
After the annexation of Malabar, the British called upon Thalassery, the royal families and other major Nair and Namboothiri feudal lords to return, but this was heavily opposed by some local rulers. Along with heavy taxation and laws that curbed free movement, the appeal resulted in multiple uprisings against the British with heavy casualties to British forces. Thousands of soldiers were killed, but the resistance was eventually defeated.

[[Pazhassi Raja]] was a member of the western branch of the Kottayam royal clan. He was an expert in guerrilla warfare, was a prominent resistance leader and led one of the earliest uprisings. His war strategy had devastating effects on the British army.<ref>[http://defenceforumindia.com/forum/defence-strategic-issues/6299-kerala-varma-pazhassi-raja.html Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja]. Defenceforumindia.com (21 May 2006).</ref>

The Pazhassi war was the first major popular uprising against the British in Malabar. When Hyder occupied Malabar in 1773, the raja of Kottayam found political asylum in [[Travancore]]. [[Pazhassi Raja]], the fourth prince in line for succession to the throne during this period, became one of the ''de facto'' heads of state, surpassing several elder royals. He fought a war of resistance against Hyder from 1774 to 1793.

On account of his refusal to flee and his resolve to fight invaders, the people of Kottayam supported the raja. His troops were drawn from the [[Nambiar (Nair subcaste)|Nambiar]], [[Thiyya]] and also tribal clans such as [[Kurichiyas|Kurichias]] and [[Mullu Kurumba language|Mullukurumbas]].<ref name=kurup80>"Pazhassi Samarangal", K.K.N Kurup, 1980</ref>

Major General [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]] (one of the British commanders in the [[Battle of Waterloo]] and became the 1st [[Duke of Wellington]]), came to Thalassery to fight against Pazhassi Raja after defeating Tipu Sultan in the [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)|Battle of Sri Rangapatna]].<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/trailing-pazhassi-raja-to-his-death/article4584713.ece Trailing Pazhassi Raja to his death]. ''The Hindu'' (5 April 2013).</ref>
[[File:Sir Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington.png|thumbnail|Sir Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, chief of British forces during Pazhassi revolt that erupted in the region against the British in 1773<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/the-royal-rebel-of-kottayam/article3232114.ece|title=The royal 'rebel' of Kottayam|date=21 May 2006|accessdate=16 December 2018|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref>]]
The war between the East India Company (led by Wellesley and Collector Thomas Harvey Baber), and Kottayam, led by [[Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja]]) in the forests of [[Wayanad]], caused immense damage. The forces of Kottayam defeated the company in several skirmishes. The company started bringing reinforcements, and, due to the fall of Tipu Sultan, the EIC was able to crush the revolt.<ref name=kurup80/>

== Tellicherry British Naval Barracks ==
Thalassery hosted one of the British Navy's major naval barracks along the Arabian coast.

As a consequence of the treaty that followed the Seven Years' War (1756–1763) between Britain and France, they briefly refrained from military adventures, helping Tipu in his Malabar conquest. Upon concluding a treaty with Mysore, the British shifted most of their barracks to Tellicherry.

== The Tellicherry naval battle (1791) ==

In November 1791,{{sfn|James|1878}} three battleships anchored in Tellicherry – ''Minerva'' (a 38-gun frigate) led by Commodore [[William Cornwallis]] (later Governor General of Madras), [[Phoenix (1785)|''Phoenix'']], a 36-gun frigate led by Captain Sir [[Richard John Strachan]], and ''Perseverance'', led by Captain [[Isaac Smith (Royal Navy officer)|Isaac Smith]] – confronted a French 36-gun frigate, ''Résolute'', and a small convoy en route to Mangalore. The British sought to inspect the French vessels for military [[contraband]]. The British suspected that the shipments were for Tipu's army.{{sfn|James|1878|p=118}} The French resisted the search and a naval battle ensued. The British overpowered the French vessels, but found no contraband. The skirmishes resulted in a heavy loss of lives, both natives and Europeans. Commodore M. Saint Félix,<ref>[http://www.etab.ac-caen.fr/lebrun/histoire/affiche.php?choix=49 Lycée Le Brun de Coutances] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231857/http://www.etab.ac-caen.fr/lebrun/histoire/affiche.php?choix=49 |date=3 March 2016 }}. Etab.ac-caen.fr.</ref> of the French Navy came from Mahé in 40-gun frigate ''La Cybéle'' to Tellicherry and warned the British.

The incident had far-reaching consequences, damaging British/French relationships. His Majesty's Consul in Alexandria, Egypt, broadcast the information that France had declared war and all British and Dutch vessels had been seized by the French Navy in Indian seas.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Asiatic Annual Register Or a View of the History of Hindustan and of the Politics, Commerce and Literature of Asia. - London, D Brett 1801-12. (angl.)|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=ms9UAAAAcAAJ|p=193}}|year=1811|publisher=D brett|pages=193}}</ref> The information reached Fort St. George in Calcutta and Fort William in Bengal and war was declared to capture French territories across India. ''Cybéle'' and ''Minerva'' fought another battle in Pondicherry, which had not ceded to Britain.<ref name="Biden1830">{{cite book|first=Christopher |last=Biden|title=Naval Discipline: Subordination Contrasted with Insubordination, Or, A View of the Necessity for Passing a Law Establishing an Efficient Naval Discipline on Board Ships in the Merchant-service : Comprising a Valuable Record of Occurrences on Board Various Ships : Evincing the Advantages Arising from Good Order on the One Hand, and the Disasters Attending the Want of it on the Other|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=gu8nnAEACAAJ}}|year=1830|publisher=J.M. Richardson}}</ref> [[s:Hartley, James (DNB00)|Lt.Col. James Hartley]] commanded the expedition that captured Mahé from the French.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historical Events for Year 1793|url=http://www.historyorb.com/events/date/1793|website=Historyorb.com|accessdate=11 January 2014}}</ref>

== ''La Preneuse'' ambush (1798) ==
On 19 April 1798, HCS ''Raymond'' and HCS ''Woodcote'', both stationed at Tellicherry port, were attacked and captured by the [[French frigate Preneuse (1794)]]. ''La Preneuse'' was carrying two of Tipu Sultan's ambassadors, returning from an embassy to the French authorities on the Isle de France. These ambassadors had been trying to gain support for Tipu Sultan,<ref>Asiatic Annual Register, or a view of the History of Hindustan, for the year 1799. Published 1801. Page 3</ref> and to co-ordinate plans for future joint operations between the French and Tipu's forces.<ref name="Beauvais1829">{{cite book|first1=Charles-Théodore |last1=Beauvais|title=Victoires, conquêtes, désastres, revers et guerres civiles des français depuis les temps les plus reculés jusques et compris la bataille de Navarin: Texte|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=U3dIAAAAYAAJ}}|year=1829|publisher=C.L.F. Panckoucke}}</ref>

Embarking from Isle de France on 7 March 1798, the ''La Preneuse'', with one hundred French officers and fifty private soldiers, was intended to provide instructors and advisors to Tipu Sultan's army. Her destination was Mangalore.<ref>From the Asiatic Annual Register, or a view of the History of Hindustan, for the year 1799. Published 1801. Translation of the Narrative of Mohammed Ibrahim, one of the Ambassadors despatched by Tippoo Sultaun to the Isle de France in 1797. Page 175 – 196.</ref><ref>The Naval Chronicle, Published 1800, volume III, page 411-412.</ref><ref>[http://www.peguesthouses.co.za/portelizabeth_history.htm with the story of the battle of Algoa Bay and La Preneuse eventual destruction at Port St Louis]. Peguesthouses.co.za.</ref> This incident provided the English with a pretext and reason to resume their attack on Tipu Sultan, which led to the fall of Seringapatam in 1799.

This incident demonstrated the defencelessness of shipping in Tellicherry anchorage. A decision was taken to move the settlement's main function and garrison to Cannanore. This began the steady decline of Tellicherry.<ref>[http://historic-marine-france.com/gravures/garneray.htm garneray ambroise louis, peintre, de, marine, estampes, peintures]. Historic-marine-france.com.</ref> In 1814 Mahé was again occupied by French forces, as part of the first (1814) treaty of the "Treaties of Paris, (1814–15)", Mahé then remained under French control until India's independence.<ref>{{cite web|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/443733/Treaties-of-Paris|accessdate=11 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mahe(Mayyazhi)|url=http://mahe.gov.in/|publisher=Government of Pondycherry|accessdate=11 January 2014}}</ref>

== Indian Nationalist Movement ==
The [[Indian National Congress]] (Congress) political organization was established in 1885. It became the center point of the Indian Nationalist Movement. In 1908 a district Congress committee was formed in Thalassery. [[V K Krishna Menon]], who studied in Tellicherry, was an active member of the Tellicherry branch (started in 1916){{sfn|Menon|2007}} of the All [[Indian Home Rule Movement]] founded by [[Annie Besant]].<ref>[http://www.old.kerala.gov.in/history&culture/emergence.htm official website of kerala.gov.in] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927131405/http://www.old.kerala.gov.in/history%26culture/emergence.htm |date=27 September 2013 }}. Old.kerala.gov.in.</ref><ref>[http://kannur.nic.in/hist.htm Brief History]. Kannur (15 September 1940).</ref>
[[Mahatma Gandhi]] once had a conversation with locals in Thalassery railway station, along with [[Shaukat Ali (politician)|Shaukat Ali]] in 1934 en route to Kozhikode to attend Khilafat gathering.<ref>[http://www.thalassery.info/history/gandhiji.htm Thalassery – History – Gandhiji In Thalassery]. Thalassery.info (19 August 1920).</ref> Notable local freedom fighters include S L Prabhu, Kamala Prabhu, Mukund Maller, Dr. T V N Nair, T N Govindan Adiyodi, Sardar Chandroth Kunjiraman Nair, K P Raghavan Nair, N P Damodaran, and Adv. P Kunjiraman.<ref name="munihistory">[http://www.thalasserymunicipality.in/ml/history ചരിത്രം (History)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005053929/http://www.thalasserymunicipality.in/ml/history |date=5 October 2012 }}. Thalassery Municipality.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book |last1=James |first1=William |editor-last1=Chamier |editor-first1=Frederick |title=The Naval History of Great Britain, from the Declaration of War by France in 1793, to the Accession of George IV. |volume=3 |date=1878 |publisher=R. Bentley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gyVEAAAAYAAJ |language=en}}
* {{cite book |first=A Sreedhara |last=Menon |title=A Survey of Kerala History |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=FVsw35oEBv4C |p=246}} |date=1 January 2007 |publisher=DC Books |isbn=978-81-264-1578-6}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}

[[Category:Thalassery]]
[[Category:History of Kannur district]]

K. R. Ramesh Kumar

2026-02-27T00:04:07Z

Masterstrock: fixes

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1949)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Ramesh Kumar at Bengaluru (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| office =
| term_start =
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 = 9th [[List of Speakers of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 25 May 2018
| term_end1 = 29 July 2019
| predecessor1 = [[K. B. Koliwad]]
| successor1 = [[Vishweshwar Hegde Kageri]]
| term_start2 = 27 December 1994
| term_end2 = 24 October 1999
| predecessor2 = V. S. Koujalagi
| successor2 = [[M. V. Venkatappa]]
| office3 = [[First Siddaramaiah ministry|Minister of Health and Family Welfare of Karnataka]]
| term_start3 = 13 September 2016
| term_end3 = 23 May 2018
| predecessor3 = [[U. T. Khader]]
| successor3 = Shivanand Patil
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1949|11|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Addagal (Srinivaspur)|Addagal]], [[Srinivaspur]], [[Kolar district|Kolar]], [[Mysore State]], India
| occupation = Politician
| children =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| otherparty = [[All India Progressive Janata Dal]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Ramesh Kumar joins Cong despite opposition |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb272004/s2.asp |access-date=3 May 2024 |work=Deccan Herald |date=27 February 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040507060032/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb272004/s2.asp |archive-date=7 May 2004}}</ref>
| education = [[Bachelor of Science]]
| profession = Agriculturist
| website =
}}
'''Kanadam Ramaiah Ramesh Kumar''' (born 22 November 1949) is an Indian politician who was the 9th and 16th speaker of Karnataka Legislative Assembly and member of the [[Indian National Congress]] from the state of [[Karnataka]].

He is a six-term member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Srinivasapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Srinivaspur]] assembly constituency in Kolar district. He met [[Devaraj Urs]] during student days and was encouraged to enter politics. In 1994, he became Speaker of the assembly for his first experience with that post. In June 2016, he was inducted into the [[First Siddaramaiah ministry|Siddaramaiah-led government]] of Karnataka as a cabinet minister. He held the Health and Family Welfare Ministry portfolio in the [[Government of Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/ministry.htm |title=Health and Family Welfare Department |publisher=kla.kar.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/kagodu-gets-revenue-ramesh-kumar-given-health/article8757793.ece |title=Kagodu gets Revenue, Ramesh Kumar given Health |publisher=thehindu.com|newspaper=The Hindu |date=2016-06-22 |last1=Prabhu |first1=Nagesh }}</ref> He was elected unopposed as the speaker of [[15th Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] in 2018 after [[JD(S)]] and Congress unity.

== Political life ==
Ramesh Kumar is from the [[Indian National Congress|INC]] and represents [[Srinivasapur Assembly constituency|Srinivaspur]] constituency of [[Kolar district]], [[Karnataka]]. Ramesh Kumar started his political career in the seventies with the INC. He later joined the [[Janata Party|JP]] in the mid-1980s and joined the [[Janata Dal]] in the 1990s. In the early 2000s he came back into the INC. He acted in Mukta Mukta.

== Electoral history ==
*Ramesh Kumar won his first [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] election in [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] by beating R. G. Narayanareddy by over 18,000 votes. Ramesh Kumar fought on an [[Indian National Congress|INC]] ticket. Devaraj Urs had encouraged him to enter politics.
*In the following Karnataka Legislative Assembly election of [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] he contested as an independent, and lost the election to G. K. Venkata Shiva Reddy of Congress by a narrow margin of only about 700 votes.
*In the [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] election Ramesh Kumar stood on a [[Janata Party|JP]] ticket and won the seat by about 7,000 votes beating G. K. Venkata Shiva Reddy of the INC.
*In the [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] election Ramesh Kumar lost the seat to G. K. Venkata Shiva Reddy of the INC by about 8,000 votes.
*In the following [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] election Ramesh Kumar stood on a [[Janata Dal|JD]] ticket and won the seat by about 4,000 votes defeating G. K. Venkata Shiva Reddy of the INC. He was elected Speaker of the assembly.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/karnataka-politics/ramesh-kumar-retraces-career-as-he-quits-as-speaker-750506.html | title=Ramesh Kumar retraces career as he quits as Speaker | date=29 July 2019 }}</ref>
*In the [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] election Ramesh Kumar stood as an independent candidate and lost the assembly seat to G. K. Venkata Shiva Reddy of the INC by about 1,000 votes.
*In the [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] election Ramesh Kumar joined the INC and fought on their ticket winning by over 8,000 votes against G. K. Venkata Shiva Reddy who had by then joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]].
*The [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] election Ramesh Kumar fought on an INC ticket and lost his assembly seat by about 3,500 votes to G. K. Venkata Shiva Reddy who was on a [[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]] ticket.
*Ramesh Kumar is a sitting member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] as he won the [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013 assembly election]] on an INC ticket beating G. K. Venkata Shiva Reddy of the JD(S) by 3,000 votes.
*In [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018 assembly election]] he again won successively on an INC beating G. K. Venkata Shiva Reddy of JD(S) by 10,373 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/srinivaspur.html |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Srinivaspur Assembly Constituency |publisher=elections.in}}</ref> This was the ninth successive time that Ramesh Kumar and G. K. Venkata Shiva Reddy had contested this seat against each other and the only time Kumar had been elected consecutively. He was elected Speaker for the second time in 2018. After the JD-S and Congress coalition government collapsed, he resigned from his post in 2019.

== Membership of Legislature ==
{| class = "wikitable"
|-
! SI No.
! Year
! Constituency
! Tenure
! Party
|-
|1.
|1978
|[[Srinivasapur Assembly constituency|Srinivaspur]]
|1978–1983
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|2.
|1985
|[[Srinivasapur Assembly constituency|Srinivaspur]]
|1985–1989
|bgcolor=#1E90FF|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|3.
|1994
|[[Srinivasapur Assembly constituency|Srinivaspur]]
|1994–1999
|bgcolor=#138808|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|4.
|2004
|[[Srinivasapur Assembly constituency|Srinivaspur]]
|2004–2008
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|5.
|2013
|[[Srinivasapur Assembly constituency|Srinivaspur]]
|2013–2018
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|6.
|2018
|[[Srinivasapur Assembly constituency|Srinivaspur]]
|2018–2023
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|}

== Positions held in Government of Karnataka ==
{| class ="wikitable"
|-
! SI No.
! Post
! Tenure
|-
|1.
|[[List of Speakers of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]].
|1994–1999
|-
|2.
|[[First Siddaramaiah ministry|Minister of Health and Family Welfare]].
|2016–2018
|-
|3.
|[[List of Speakers of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]].
|2018–2019
|-
|}

==Ministry==
Besides holding the Health and Family Welfare Ministry portfolio Ramesh Kumar in his forty-year political career has held many posts in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] and the [[Government of Karnataka]]. Ramesh Kumar was the Speaker of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly from 27 December 1994 to 24 October 1999.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/kumaraswamy-criticises-former-speaker-ramesh-kumar/article4634057.ece |title=Kumaraswamy criticises former Speaker Ramesh Kumar |publisher=thehindu.com|newspaper=The Hindu |date=2013-04-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/listshow/52830155.cms |title=Karnataka cabinet reshuffle: Know your new ministers|date=20 June 2016|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/ramesh-kumar-may-contest-from-bangalore-south/article323008.ece |title=Ramesh Kumar may contest from Bangalore South |publisher=thehindu.com|newspaper=The Hindu |date=2009-03-03 }}</ref>

== Controversy ==
In 2019, Ramesh Kumar made a statement in the Assembly where he compared himself with a rape survivor having to undergo repeated questioning during the discussion on the controversial audio clips that allegedly mentioned his name for taking Rs. 5 Billion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Karnataka-assembly-speaker-Ramesh-Kumar-compares-himself-with-a-rape-survivor/articleshow/67964182.cms|title=Karnataka assembly speaker Ramesh Kumar compares himself with a rape survivor|date=February 12, 2019|first=Sandeep|last=Moudgal|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-02-04}}</ref> After facing backlash from various women legislators, activists and the media, he apologized to the MLAs later, clarifying it as a media hype.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/speakers-remark-on-rape-condemned/article26262572.ece|title=Speaker's remark on rape condemned|date=2019-02-14|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-02-04|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/i-m-sorry-media-hyped-it-karnataka-assembly-speaker-on-his-rape-remark-1455596-2019-02-14|title=I'm sorry, media hyped it: Karnataka assembly speaker on his rape remark|date=February 14, 2019|first=Nolan|last=Pinto|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-02-04}}</ref>

In 2021, Ramesh Kumar made a statement in the Karnataka assembly, "When rape is inevitable, lie down and enjoy." Criticism of Kumar's comments came from his own party members.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thewire.in/politics/when-rape-is-inevitable-lie-down-and-enjoy-it-karnataka-congress-mla-says-in-assembly|title=Ramesh kumar says enjoy rape|date=2021-12-16|website=The wire|language=en-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/members.htm Karnataka Legislative Assembly]
{{Indian National Congress|state=Karnataka}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, K. R. Ramesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 1978–1983]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 1985–1989]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2004–2007]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2018–2023]]

Nangal Choudhary

2026-02-23T15:53:08Z

Masterstrock: slightly fix content for clarity and corrected details as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|{{Confusing|reason=the article has poor grammar and the terminology is hard to understand without explanation|date=May 2021}}{{More citations needed|date=May 2021}}}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nangal Choudhary
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =Clockwise from top: govt collage
| image_flag =
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|27.8923|N|76.1122|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{Flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mahendragarh district|Mahendragarh]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| government_footnotes =
| governing_body = [[Municipal committee]]
|leader_party = [[BJP]]
|leader_title =
|leader_name = Sunil Sherawat
|leader_title1 =
|leader_name1 = Dr. Abhey Singh Yadav (Retd. IAS)
|leader_title2 =
| unit_pref = Metric


| area_footnotes =
| area_urban_footnotes = 
| area_rural_footnotes = 
| area_metro_footnotes = 
| area_magnitude = 
| area_note =
| area_water_percent =
| area_rank =
| area_blank1_title =
| area_blank2_title =

| area_total_km2 =
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_urban_km2 =
| area_rural_km2 =
| area_metro_km2 =
| area_blank1_km2 =
| area_blank2_km2 =

| area_total_ha =
| area_land_ha =
| area_water_ha =
| area_urban_ha =
| area_rural_ha =
| area_metro_ha =
| area_blank1_ha =
| area_blank2_ha =
| length_km =
| width_km =
| dimensions_footnotes =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 302
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 8536
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| timezone1 = IST
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =123023
| area_code_type =
| area_code =01282
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-HR]]
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Haryanvi]], [[Hindi]]
| registration_plate = HR-35 xxxx ([[Commercial vehicle|for non-commercial vehicles]]) HR-66 xxxx ([[Commercial vehicle|for commercial vehicles]])
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 879 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Cw]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|570|mm|in}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|38|°C|°F}}
| blank4_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank4_info_sec2 = {{convert|04|°C|°F}}
| website = {{URL|https://ulbharyana.gov.in/NangalChaudhary/844}} 
| footnotes =
}}
'''Nangal Choudhary''' is an important town and a [[Subdivision in India|sub-division]] in the [[Mahendragarh district]] near [[Narnaul]] in India, within the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]]. It is situated in the [[Ahirwal]] region. Roughly 84 villages fall under this sub-division and Nangal Chaudhary is the main market for them.

The newly declared Integrated Multi-Modal Logistics Hub (IMLH) project will be located entirely within the Nangal Chaudhary Sub-division; once completed it will be largest logistics hub in North India and will spur growth in region.

== History ==

During the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule, Narnaul was a flourishing town. Approximately 500 years before the Vikram Samvat year 1962, during the reign of Akbar, his governor [[Shah Quli Khan (governor)|Nawab Shah Quli Khan]] constructed numerous buildings and established several gardens in Narnaul. He also built a mausoleum there. Later, Sonu Choudhary gained control of Nangal Choudhary. He subsequently shared possession of the land with Sitaram. These two then divided the land among their descendants. Over time, four Hindu castes – [[Mali caste|Mali]]s, [[Brahmin]]s, [[Prajapati]]s, and [[Rajput]]s – came to possess equal shares of the land. They governed it and collected revenue from its cultivation.

Originally, when Udai re-established this village, he named it Udai Nangal. The exact time when it became known as Nangal Choudhary is unclear. However, the Choudhary family of this village made significant donations and built schools. In recognition of this generosity, the villagers renamed the village as an act of respect and gratitude towards the family, who later migrated to Kolkata around the 1950s when it was the capital of India. This village has a continuous history on its original site and has never been uninhabited or relocated.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

Subsequently, the Nawab of Jhajjar leased this village on a sharecropping (Batai) basis and collected the associated dues. In the year 1914 of the Samvat calendar, a British officer contracted out this land for one year at a rate of Rs 1525. However, after Samvat 1915, the [[Maharaja of Patiala]] revoked this contract and resumed direct revenue collection.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

In 2012, Nangal Choudhary's administrative status was elevated by the Chief Minister of Haryana, Mr. Bhupender Singh Hooda, who granted it Tehsil and Municipal Committee status. On May 9, 2023, the Haryana Government further upgraded Nangal Choudhary to a Sub-Division. infrastructural improvements in Nangal Choudhary include a new Fire Station, Bus Stand, Sewage Treatment Plant (STP), a well-maintained sewerage system, along with well-constructed internal roads, a new Judicial Complex and a Mini-Secretariat for the sub-division. Nangal Choudhary already has a modern Police Station equipped with CCTV surveillance in key town squares, monitored by the police. Furthermore, the newly constructed 10-lane expressway (NH 148-B) connecting Narnaul to the NH8 Junction, which bypasses the main part of Nangal Choudhary (creating a 3-sided ring road), has established a distinct identity for the town and significantly eased travel to neighboring areas. The anticipated Integrated Multimodal Logistics Hub (IMLH) is also expected to be a major catalyst for future growth in the region.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

==Geography==
Currently, Nangal Choudhary is one of district sub-division headquarters situated in southern part of the district and touches the districts of Kotputli-Behror and Neem Ka Thana of Rajasthan state. The upland tract unit covers the area between northern Narnaul and Nangal Choudhary Hills in the Narnaul Tehsil. A desert upland, situated between 284 and 302 meters above the mean sea level belongs to the Aravali System.

Nangal Choudhary hills in Narnaul tehsil near [[Haryana]]-[[Rajasthan]] boundary are one of the many geographical features of Independent hill ranges in Mahendragarh in Narnaul Tehsils. East of the [[Kasoati]] or Krishnawati river stream, the elevation of 626 m and relative relief of 160 m is found near Mukandpura village. North-west and south of Narnaul town, rounded hillocks and elliptical hills are prominent features of the landscape in the sandy terrain between the Dohan and [[Kasoati]] streams. The elevation of the conical hillock near Thanwas- Nayan village is the highest, 652 m.

[[Dhosi Hill]]s is located nearby and currently the state government is developing it as religious tourism site with a ropeway system.

== Administration ==
Nangal Chaudhary has a [[Municipal council (India)|Nagar P''alika'']], ''[[Tehsil]] Office'', SDM Office, Hospital, Bus Stand and Fire Station. [[Nangal Chaudhry Assembly constituency|Nangal Chaudhary]] Assembly constituency is one of the 90 [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Haryana]] state in [[India]] since 2009. It is part of [[Mahendragarh district|Mahendragarh]] Current MLA of [[Nangal Chaudhry Assembly constituency|Nangal Chaudhary]]. Mrs Manju Choudhary has been awarded best MLA award in [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]. Ex MLA Dr Abhe Singh Yadav has been on forefront on solving Water issue and Road conditions in area and due to his visionary ideas and projects, water level has risen in multiple areas. A new Medical college in also being set up.

== People ==
[https://www.anmolindustries.com/leadership/ Late Baijnath Choudhary] also belongs to Nangal Chaudhary town. He has done lot of social work in this area which includes New hospital building, Government girls College Building, Water Pipeline project, New Market at Bus Stand and lot of social donation in area including scholarship's. He has also helped in establishing a large [[Goshala]] in Nangal Chaudhary which is one of biggest in nearby area.

Currently, his son is building a [https://www.haribhoomi.com/state-local/haryana/news/narnaul-chaudhary-baijnath-trust-build-yatri-niwas-koriyawas-medical-college-5022 7 crore Dharmshala] near the newly established 800+ Bed Narnaul Medical College.

A famous personality, [[Ramdev|Baba Ramdev]], lives in the village (Said Alipur) which is a part of this Sub-division.

== {{anchor | IMLHNC | Integrated Multimodel Logistics Hub, Nangal Chaudhary | Nangal Chaudhary Integrated Multimodel Logistics Hub | IMLH Nangal Chaudhary | Nangal Chaudhary IMLH | Integrated Multimodel Logistics Hub Mahendragarh | Mahendragarh Integrated Multimodel Logistics Hub | Mahendragarh IMLH | IMLH Mahendragarh }} Integrated Multimodel Logistics Hub (IMLH) ==

=== Logistics hub ===
'''Integrated Multimodel Logistics Hub, Nangal Chaudhary''' ('''IMLHNC''' or '''IMLH Nangal Chaudhary'''), 1,100 acre US$3.3. billion project along the [[railway in Haryana]] is part of [[Industrial corridor#India|Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project]] (DMIC) on [[Western Dedicated Freight Corridor]] (WDFC), that is on track to be completed on time by December 2017 (infrastructure and plot of land ready to be allocated to investors, as of April 2017).<ref name=ncimhb1>[http://www.constructionworld.in/News/DMIC-%7C-Bringing-opportunities-for-all-construction-related-industries/106637 DMIC: Bringing opportunities for all construction-related industries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206201907/http://www.constructionworld.in/News/DMIC-%7C-Bringing-opportunities-for-all-construction-related-industries/106637 |date=6 December 2017 }}, Construction World, April 2017.</ref><ref>[https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=hi&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.samacharjagat.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Fan-agreement-to-invest-rs-86-000-crore-in-haryana-khattar-179389 An agreement to invest Rs 86,000 crore in Haryana: Khattar], Samachar Jagat, 11 Dec 2017.</ref> Among such investors, Dr. [[B. Ravi Pillai]], owner of RP Group and the richest Indian billionaire in [[Dubai]] and [[Middle East]] which employ over 70,000 employees, offered to CM of Haryana in December 2017 to invest in logistics company in [[Nangal Choudhary#IMLHNC|Integrated Multimodel Logistics Hub, Nangal Chaudhary]] ([[North India]]'s largest logistics hub) and in [[Housing for All|Prime Minister's Housing for All (PMAY)]] low-cost urban housing in 3 Industrial Model Townships (IMT) along [[Delhi Western Peripheral Expressway]] in [[Bahadurgarh#IMTB|IMT Bahadurgarh]], [[Kundli#IMTK|IMT Kundli, Sonipat]] and [[Manesar#Industrial Model Township .28IMT.29.2C Manesar|IMT Manesar]] with construction to be completed within 1 year.<ref name=imlhnc2>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/dubai-based-company-keen-on-investing-in-state/508723.html Dubai-based company keen on investing in state] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206200929/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/dubai-based-company-keen-on-investing-in-state/508723.html |date=6 December 2017 }}, [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]], 6 Dec 2017.</ref>

===Synergy with DMIC===
The DMIC is a US$100 billion India-Japan state-sponsored industrial development project of the [[Government of India]] on the Western Dedicated Freight Corridor (WDFC), aimed at developing 7 Investment Regions of 250 sq km and 13 industrial areas across six states ([[Delhi]], Western [[Uttar Pradesh]], Southern [[Haryana]], Eastern [[Rajasthan]], Eastern [[Gujarat]], Western [[Maharashtra]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]]) in India by boosting major expansion of Infrastructure and Industry, including industrial clusters and [[Rail transport|rail]], road, [[port]] and air connectivity in the states along the route of the Corridor. This would open a floodgate of opportunities along several parts of [[Golden Quadrilateral]] such as [[National Highway 48 (India)|Delhi-Mumbai NH-48]], NH-2, NH-1 and NH -10 for developing industrial, urban and supporting infrastructure through public-private initiatives. More than 60% area of Haryana is under DMIC project, which is extended up to 150 km on both sides of the alignment of DMIC.

SPV was incorporated in 2016, GoI granted approval for IMLH on 16th May 2018, 886 acre land identified and 689 Acre transferred to SPV of which litigation free 408 acre land is developed as Phase-1A. In May 2024, state government has completed construction of road, power and water supply, while contractor has completed 95% construction for [[Dedicated freight corridors in India|DFCCIL]] rail connectivity to the project site, GoI's Public Private Partnership Appraisal Committee (PPPAC) approval application for this Public Private Partnership (PPP) was submitted on 17th April 2025.<ref name=cea1>[https://nicdc.in/assets/pdfs/01_DMU_Report_31_May_2025.pdf IMC Status report], NICDC, 21 May 2025.</ref>

[[Manesar#IMT Manesar|Manesar]]-[[Bawal#IMT Bawal|Bawal]]-[[Nangal Chaudhary#IMLH Nangal Chaudhary|Nangal Chaudhary]] is one of the investment regions selected for development in the first phase of ambitious DMIC.
* [[Manesar#IMT Manesar|Manesar]] has more than US$10 billion investment in several large multinational industries, specially from Japan, such as [[Maruti Suzuki]] and [[Toshiba]] Eco City. [[Aadhar]]'s national [[Data Center]] is also located here.
* [[Bawal#IMT Bawal|Bawal]] has been evolved as a mega industrial growth hub where HSIIDC has allotted 78 Industrial manufacturing plots to 78 medium and large scale projects multi-national companies here with capital investment of around US$4.18 billion (2016), including [[Harley-Davidson]], [[Asahi Breweries|Asahi India]], [[Miyamoto Musashi|Musashi Auto Parts India]], [[POSCO|POSCO steel]], [[Kansai Nerolac Paints]], [[YKK]], [[HEMA (store)|Euothern Hema]], [[Keihin Corporation]], [[Atlas Copco]], Ahresty Wilmington Corporation, Caparo Maruti and Haco Group along with many Indian companies such as [[Omax Corporation]], Rico Auto Corporation, Minda Auto Group, Rubyco Modular Furniture International, Tenneco Automotive India, Continental Equipment and Multicolor Steels, Caparo power plant, etc. have set up plants.
* [[Nangal Chaudhary#IMLH Nangal Chaudhary|Nangal Chaudhary]], with USD$3.3 billion phase-I investment, is North India's largest logistics and warehousing hub.

== Transport ==
[[File:Gosalla .jpg|thumbnail|Goshala]]
[[File:Gosalla cow.jpg|thumbnail|Goshala cow]]
[[File:Badalnath ji maharaj.jpg|thumbnail|Badal Nath ji Maharaj]]
[[File:Badalnath cave.jpg|thumbnail|Badal Nath cave]]
[[File:Shiv ji ka mandir.jpg|thumbnail|shiv ji ka mandir]]

===Roads===
''Road:'' Nangal Chaudhary now has 6 lane Road connectivity to Narnaul, Jaipur, Rewari, Gurugram, Chandigarh, Delhi, Ambala. Nangal Choudhary is well connected by road to [[Kotputli]] 28 km, [[Jaipur]] 138 km, [[Narnaul]] 22 km, [[Behror]] 25 km, [[Neem ka Thana]] 43 km, these and other cities of Haryana and Rajasthan.

Newly declared National Highway No. 148B (6 Lane, Part of [[Ambala-Narnaul Expressway|Ambala - Narnaul Expressway]] ) from Rajasthan Border (Kotputli) to Bhatinda (Punjab) passing through Nangal Chaudhary. This Road is currently expanded till New Delhi Mumbai Expressway Near Alwar. Post that Nangal Chaudhary will have 6 lane connectivity to all important Cities and Expressways.

Recent road development in the district has improved the connectivity of Nangal Chaudhary significantly and made travel much faster as it connected it to all nearby cities and towns with either 4 lane or 6 lane expressways. It was made possible to reach Delhi and Jaipur in 2.25 hours and Chandigarh in 4 hrs. Nangal Choudhary has 3 side Ring Road also which have ease traffic in the main city.

===Bus===
Narnaul, Nizampur, Mohindergarh, Jaipur and Kotputli connected through robust Bus network. After newly build [[Trans-Haryana Expressway|NH-152D]] (Trans-Haryana Expressway) Connectivity to Chandigarh, Ambala, Jammu, Amritsar, Jalandhar, Sangrur has been increased exponentially.

===Rail===
''Railway:'' [[Narnaul]] 22 km and [[Nizampur Gobari|Nizampur]] 14 km, is located on the Delhi-Ringas-Abu Road-Ahmedabad-Mumbai railway track. Only seven trains run on this section. The track is a part of [[Western Dedicated Freight Corridor]].
Government of India have confirmed proposal to develop IMLH at Nangal Chaudhary under DMICDC project, this will stimulate industrial growth in the region. Recently, Govt. of India have conducted survey for a new railway line from Jhajjar (Haryana) to Khairthal (Rajasthan) through Kanina, Narnaul, Nangal Chaudhary, Behror. If, this railway project finalised then Nangal Chaudhary city will have its Railway Station.

===Airport===
''Airport:'' [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Indra Gandhi International Airport]], Delhi is the nearest international and domestic airport; the second nearest international and domestic airport is Jaipur. Bacchod Airstrip is the nearest airport at 25 km.

===Distances to cities===
''Distances to cities:'' [[Mahendragarh]] 47 km, [[Rewari]] 76 km, [[Behror]] 25 km, [[Narnaul]] 22 Km, [[Alwar]] 80 km, [[Jhunjhunu]] 90 km, [[Gurgaon]] 110 km, [[Delhi]] 140 km, [[Jaipur]] 138 km, [[Chandigarh]] 397 km.

== Temple and Goshala ==
Temples in Nangal Choudhary:-

* Baba Mukandas Mandir
* Sudha Bhua Ji Mandir
* Shyam Baba Mandir
* Sahid Baba Mandir, Ganwari Jat
* Baba Bakshidas Mandir ( Said Alipur)
* Aarya sabha ( Said Alipur)
* Mata Aasawari Mandir (Nangal Choudhary)

Nangal Chaudhary has one of largest [[Goshala]] in nearby areas and it is well maintained through a trust.

==Resources==
In the vicinity of the village, [[limestone]] is found in the riverbed of Krishnawati river and village Dostpur. There are mines of various ores. In village Gulawala, [[quartz]] (Phelsphar) is found in hills. In neighboring village Aantri Biharipur, some other rare stones are found. In Nizampur, the iron ore is present in abundance. Recently, illegal stone crushers mushroomed{{Clarify|date=January 2025}} in and around this constituency.

==See also==

* [[List of cities in Haryana by population]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Mahendragarh district]]

Haiwaan: The Monster

2026-02-23T06:33:52Z

Masterstrock: new a stub.

{{Short description|2019 Indian television series produced by Ekta Kapoor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| alt_name =
| image = Haivaan Titlecard.jpg
| caption =
| genre =
| creator = [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| based_on =
| developer = [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| writer =
| story =
| screenplay =
| director = Ranjan Kumar Singh
| creative_director = Chloe Ferns Qureshi Neeraj Sachdev kadar kazi(kk)
| starring =[[Ridhima Pandit]] [[Param Singh (actor)|Param Singh]] [[Ankit Mohan]] [[Gayathiri Iyer]]
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 49 
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Ekta Kapoor]] [[Shobha Kapoor]]
| location = [[Mumbai]], India
| cinematography =
| editor = Vikas Sharma Vishal Sharma Sandip Bhatt
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime =
| company = [[Balaji Telefilms]]
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|08|31}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2020|2|16|df=y}}
| related = Haiwaan 2 : The Super Monster
}}

'''''Haiwaan: The Monster''''' was an Indian television [[supernatural]] series created by [[Ekta Kapoor]] under her [[Balaji Telefilms]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-20|title=Ekta Kapoor's upcoming sci fi thriller Haivan to star Param Singh and Ridhima Pandit?|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/ekta-kapoors-upcoming-sci-fi-thriller-haivan-star-param-singh-and-ridhima-pandit-456764|access-date=2019-06-26|website=PINKVILLA|language=en|archive-date=19 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919015819/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/ekta-kapoors-upcoming-sci-fi-thriller-haivan-star-param-singh-and-ridhima-pandit-456764|url-status=dead}}</ref> It starred [[Param Singh (actor)|Param Singh]], [[Ridhima Pandit]] and [[Ankit Mohan]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Junejo|first=Sahar|date=2019-06-20|title=Param Singh & Ridhima Pandit in Ekta Kapoor's 'Haivan'?|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/param-singh-ridhima-pandit-in-ekta-kapoors-haivan/|website=BizAsia|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story starts off with Randhir's parents getting killed by Haiwaan (a monster), and Ansh saving Randhir from it.

===12 years later===
Randhir creates a super human in his lab to defeat Haiwaan. Ansh, Randhir's best friend, becomes super human with the help of Randhir. Ansh has a super crush on Amrita, their childhood friend and Randhir constantly ends up having tiffs with Amrita but he soon falls in love with her. Amrita also slowly falls for Randhir. Ansh gets to know about Randhir's love interest and feels betrayed, thus, goes against Randhir.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Agarwal|first=Bhavna|date=2019-07-24|title=EXCLUSIVE: Ridhima Pandit and Param Singh's Haiwan: Ek Monster goes on floors; Former to play a cop?|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/exclusive-ridhima-pandit-and-param-singhs-haiwan-ek-monster-goes-floors-former-play-cop-463386|access-date=|website=PINKVILLA|language=en|archive-date=6 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206092538/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/exclusive-ridhima-pandit-and-param-singhs-haiwan-ek-monster-goes-floors-former-play-cop-463386|url-status=dead}}</ref> Amrita and Randhir get married. Whereas, Ansh turns into Haiwaan.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Param Singh (actor)|Param Singh]] as Randhir Agnihotri: Scientist by profession, Deepak and Divya's son, Ansh's best friend, Amrita's husband (2019–2020)
* [[Ridhima Pandit]] as Amrita Agnihotri (née Sharma): Dharampal's daughter, Randhir's wife, Ansh's friend (2019–2020)
* [[Ankit Mohan]] as Anshul "Ansh" Verma: Super human, Randhir's best friend (2019–2020)

===Recurring===
* [[Gayathiri Iyer]] as Jiyana "Jiya" Garewal: Scientist, Govind's daughter, Chetan's sister (2019–2020)
* Sanjay Gandhi as Dharampal Sharma: Diljit's son; Amrita's father (2019–2020)
* Vineeta Malik as Diljit Sharma: Dharampal's mother; Amrita's grandmother (2019–2020)
* Nikhil Arya as Govind Garewal: Scientist, Chetan and Jiya's father, Deepak's traitor (2019–2020)
* Sahil Phull as Chetan Garewal: Govind's son; Jia's brother (2019–2020)
* [[Manini Mishra]] as Vaishali Agnihotri: Manoj's wife; Randhir's aunt; Nisha's mother (2019–2020)
* Hemant Thatte as Manoj Agnihotri: Deepak's brother; Vaishali's husband; Randhir's uncle; Nisha's father (2019–2020)
* Heli Daruwala as Nisha Agnihotri: Manoj and Vaishali's daughter (2019–2020)
* Shourya Lathar as Hardik Patel: Jia's assistant (2019)
* Simar Khaira as sardar ji: first episode who killed by haiwaan

===Cameo===
* [[Hiten Tejwani]] as Deepak Agnihotri: Scientist, Manoj's brother, Divya's husband, Randhir's father, Nisha's uncle (2019)
* [[Dalljiet Kaur]] as Divya Agnihotri: Deepak's wife, Randhir's mother, Nisha's aunt (2019)
* [[Dheeraj Dhoopar]] (2019)
* [[Neel Motwani]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Neel Motwani And Shefali Rana Join Haiwaan|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/neel-motwani-and-shefali-rana-join-haiwaan-200115|website=Tellychakkar}}</ref> as [[Ashwathama]] (2020)
* [[Chetan Hansraj]] as Yeti Master (2020)
* [[Shefali Rana]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Neel Motwani And Shefali Rana Join Haiwaan|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/neel-motwani-and-shefali-rana-join-haiwaan-200115|website=Tellychakkar}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.zee5.com/channels/details/zee-tv/0-9-zeetv Official Website]

{{Balaji Telefilms}}

[[Category:Balaji Telefilms television series]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:2010s Indian television series]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction television series]]

{{India-tv-prog-stub}}

Suhma kingdom

2026-02-06T22:37:50Z

Masterstrock:

{{short description|Ancient kingdom in Bengal}}
{{History of Bengal}}

'''Suhma kingdom''' was an ancient kingdom during the Late [[Vedic period]] on the eastern part of the [[Indian subcontinent]], which originated in the region of [[Bengal]]. The Capital of the kingdom was [[Tamralipta Kingdom|Tamralipta]] present day [[Tamluk]]. The kingdom included present day districts of undivided [[Midnapore district|Midnapore]] ([[Tamralipta Kingdom|Tamralipta]]) and parts of [[Hooghly district|Hoogly]] and [[Howrah district|Howrah]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref name=":2">{{cite book |author=Dilip K. Chakrabarti |title=Archaeological Geography of the Ganga Plain: The Lower and the Middle Ganga |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OEZe-wAIiKIC&pg=PA125 |year=2001 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-7824-016-9 |page=125 }}</ref> This kingdom was mentioned in the epic [[Mahabharata]] along with its neighbouring kingdom ''Prasuhma''.

== References in Mahabharata ==

The founders of [[Anga kingdom|Angas]], [[Vanga kingdom|Vangas]], [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalingas]], [[Pundra kingdom|Pundras]] and Suhmas shared a common ancestry. They were all adopted sons of a king named Vali, born by a sage named Gautama Dirghatamas, who lived in [[Magadha kingdom|Magadha]] close to the city of [[Rajgir|Girivraja]].<ref>(1:104)</ref><ref>(2:21)</ref>

=== Military expeditions to Suhma ===

[[Pandu]] (the father of [[Pandavas]]) after defeating the [[Magadha kingdom|Magadhas]] and the [[Videha kingdom|Videhas]] of [[Mithila (ancient)|Mithila]], led his army against [[Kingdom of Kashi|Kashi]], Suhma, and [[Pundra kingdom|Pundra]], as well as by the strength and prowess of his arms spread the fame of the [[Kuru kingdom|Kurus]].

[[Arjuna]], that bull amongst the son of [[Pandu]], at the head of all his troops, fiercely attacked the regions called '''Suhma''' and Sumala during his military campaign to collect tribute to [[Yudhishthira]]'s [[Rajasuya]].

[[Bhima]] vanquished in battle the '''Suhmas''' and the '''Prasuhmas'''. The [[Pandava]] [[Bhima]] subjugated in battle those strong and brave heroes of fierce prowess. The heroic and mighty Vasudeva, the king of [[Pundra kingdom|Pundra]] and king Mahaujah who reigned in Kausika-Kachchha, and then attacked the king of [[Vanga kingdom|Vanga]]. Having vanquished Samudrasena and king Chandrasena and [[Tamralipta]], and also the king of the [[Mahishya|Kaivartas]] and the ruler of the '''Suhmas''', as also the kings that dwelt on the sea-shore, that bull among the Bharatas then conquered all [[Mleccha]] tribes. Karna also subjugated the [[Pundra kingdom|Pundras]] and Suhmas.

The fourth [[canto]] of the epic poem [[Raghuvamsa]], written by [[Kalidasa]] mentions that King [[Raghu]] of [[Ikshavaku]] Dynasty during his conquest in the East, he had defeated the '''Suhmas'''.In order to save their lives, they begged for his mercy. The then king (whose name is not mentioned in the [[Raghuvamsa]]) was ousted from his throne by King Raghu, but was later rethroned by him, when the king pleaded him and offered him with innumerable riches.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Klidsa|url=https://archive.org/details/raghuvamsaofkali00kliduoft|title=The Raghuvamsa of Kalidasa : with the commentary (the Samjivani) of Mallinatha; Cantos I-X; edited with a literal English translation, copious notes in Sanskrit and English, and various readings &c. &c. by M.R. Kale|last2=Mallinatha. Sajvan|last3=Kle|first3=M. R. (Moreshvar Ramchandra)|date=1922|publisher=Bombay : P.S. Rege|others=Robarts – University of Toronto}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Kingdoms of Ancient India]]
* [[History of Bengal]]

== Notes ==
*[[Mahabharata]] of [[Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa]], translated to English by Kisari Mohan Ganguli

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata}}

[[Category:Kingdoms in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Ancient Bengal]]

Vishnuvardhana (Varika king)

2026-02-05T05:16:19Z

Masterstrock: Put Up A Pg

[[File:Bijayagadhpillar inscription of Vishnuvardhana.jpg|thumb|400px|Bijayagadh pillar inscription of Vishnuvardhana.]]
{{orphan|date=May 2022}}

'''Vishnuvardhana''' was a king of the [[Virk|Varika]] tribe in [[Malwa]], and probably a feudatory of Gupta Emperor [[Samudragupta]]. His existence is attested to by the Bijayagadh inscription, which is inscribed on a sacrificial pillar. Dated to the year 428 of an unspecified era, epigraphic evidence suggests that this corresponds to the [[Vikram Samvat]] calendar, placing the date at approximately 371-372 CE.

The Bijayagadh Stone Pillar Inscription of Vishnuvardhana, locally known as Bhīm kī Lāţ, was erected at [[Bayana]] in [[Bharatpur district]] for having perfection been attained in samvat 428 on the fifteenth lunar day of the dark fortnight of (the month) Phâlguna. The Bijayagadh Stone Pillar Inscription of Vishnuvardhana reads as:<ref name="mssu.edu">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/history/primarydocs/Epigraphy/Gupta-Era/bijayagadh_stone_pillar.htm |title=Bijayagadh Stone Pillar Inscription of Vishnuvardhana |access-date=2017-08-07 |archive-date=2006-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060912185851/http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/history/primarydocs/Epigraphy/Gupta-Era/bijayagadh_stone_pillar.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{quote|Perfection has been attained! Four centuries of years, together with the twenty-eighth (year), (or in figures) 400 (ana) 20 (ana) 8, having been accomplished; on the fifteenth lunar day of the dark fortnight of (the month) Phâlguna;-on this (lunar day), (specified) as aforesaid: -
"(Line 3.)-On the ceremony of the pundarîka-sacrifice (having been performed), this sacrificial post has been caused to be set up by the '''Varika''', the illustrious '''Vishnuvarhana''' whose royalty and name are well established,-who is the excellent son of '''Yashôvardhana'''; (and) the excellent son’s son of '''Yashôrâta'''; (and) the excellent son of the son’s son of '''Vyâghrarâta''', - for the purpose of increasing (his) splendour, sacrifices, religion, welfare (in the other world), prosperity, fame, family, lineage, good fortune, and enjoyment.
(L. 4.)-Let there be success! Let there be increase! Let there be tranquillity! Let there be the condition of (his) having a son who shall live! Let there be the attainment of desires that are wished for! May there be faith and wealth!|Bijayagadh Stone Pillar Inscription of Vishnuvardhana.<ref>Fleet, John F. Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum: Inscriptions of the Early Guptas. Vol. III. Calcutta: Government of India, Central Publications Branch, 1888, 252ff [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.358795 252ff]</ref>}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Gupta and post-Gupta inscriptions]]
[[Category:Sanskrit inscriptions in India]]

Agha Hasan Amanat

2026-01-29T20:29:10Z

Masterstrock: adjusted references per standard format

{{Short description|Urdu writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
'''Agha Hasan Amanat''' (آغا حسن امانت, b. 1815, d. 1858) was an [[Urdu]] poet, writer and playwright of the nineteenth century from the city of [[Lucknow]].<ref name="ref69veyox">{{Citation | title=South Asia: the Indian subcontinent, Part 2 | author=Alison Arnold | year=1998 | publisher=Taylor & Francis, 2000 | isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC | quote=''... The court poet Agha Hasan ("Amanat") wrote this musical dance drama based on the love story of a fairy and a prince. The drama, entirely in verse, was picked up by Parsi theater companies in Bombay that produced Urdu plays in India ...''}}</ref> He was affiliated with the court of [[Wajid Ali Shah]], the princely ruler of [[Awadh]].<ref name="ref69veyox"/> His name was Agha Hasan Ali, while "''Amanat''" was his ''nom de plume'' (or ''[[takhallus]]''). He is also referred to as Amanat Lakhnavi (i.e. ''Amanat of Lucknow'') and Mirza Amanat.

==Personal history==
Agha Hasan Amanat descended from a family of [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] immigrants who moved to Lucknow in 1815. His father's name was Syed Ali Mashhadi, He was resident of Iran. He had two sons
* Syed Agha Hasan Fasahat
* Syed Agha Hasan Latafat

==Works==
Amanat's compositions and works include the first stage play in the Urdu language, ''[[Inder Sabha]]''.<ref name="ref69veyox"/> He is also credited with beginning the ''geet'' tradition in Urdu.<ref name="ref83dopac">{{Citation | title=Urdū adab | author=Sayyid Mohammad Abdullah | year=1967 | publisher=Maktaba-e-khayaban-e-adab, 1967 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jbNHAAAAMAAJ | quote=''... اردو میں اس صنف کا احیا، اودھ کے تہزیبی دور میں ھوا. امانت نے اندر سبھا میں گیت کو رواج دیا ...''}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Poetry}}
*[[Inder Sabha]]
*[[Wajid Ali Shah]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Urdu theatre]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Writers from Lucknow]]
[[Category:1815 births]]
[[Category:1858 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Oudh State]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Poets from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Uttar Pradesh]]

Baidauli (India)

2026-01-21T03:27:07Z

Masterstrock: Adding the stub needs work!

{{Infobox settlement


|name = Baidauli
|other_name =
|native_name = बैदौली
|nickname =
|settlement_type = [[Village development committee (India)|Village development committee]]
|motto =

|image_skyline =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|image_seal =
|image_map =
|mapsize =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India#Asia
|pushpin_label_position = bottom
|pushpin_mapsize =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh

|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = Block
|subdivision_name1 = [[Chhapaiya]]
|subdivision_type2 = Tehsil
|subdivision_name2 = [[Mankapur (Assembly constituency)|Manakpur]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|District]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[Gonda District|Gonda]]
|subdivision_type4 = [[States in India|State]]
|subdivision_name4 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|
|government_footnotes =
|government_type = [[Panchayati Raj]]
|leader_title = Gram Pradhan
|leader_name = Kamala Devi<ref>{{cite web |title=State Election Commission::UP |url=https://sec.up.nic.in/ElecLive/WinnerList.aspx |website=sec.up.nic.in |access-date=12 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Panchayati Raj Department - Govt of Uttar Pradesh |url=https://panchayatiraj.up.nic.in/pblc_pg/Reports/PB2FormReport?ReportType=Filled&District=GONDA |website=panchayatiraj.up.nic.in |access-date=12 December 2023}}</ref>
|leader_title1 = 
|leader_name1 =
|established_title = 
|established_date =

|unit_pref = 
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = 

|population_as_of = 2011
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total = 1189
|population_density_km2 = auto
|population_blank1_title = Ethnicities

|timezone = [[India Time]]
|utc_offset = +5:30
|timezone_DST =
|utc_offset_DST =
|coordinates = {{coord|26.97199|N|82.33990|E|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_footnotes = 
|elevation_m =

| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 271305
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 05265
| registration_plate = UP 43
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 591/598[[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
|blank_name =
|blank_info =
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Baidauli''' is a [[Village development committee (India)|village development committee in India]] situated in the [[Manakpur|Mankapur (Assembly constituency)]] Tehsil of [[Gonda district]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=censusindia.gov.in |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0952_PART_A_DCHB_GONDA.pdf |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=BhuLekh |url=http://upbhulekh.gov.in/public/village_list_new.jsp?pageId=RGPPR&dcode=183&tcode=00931&tname=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0&dname=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE |website=upbhulekh.gov.in |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=राजस्व ग्राम सार्वजनिक संपत्ति रजिस्टर |url=http://upbhulekh.gov.in/public/gramKhatauniPrint.jsp?pageId=RGPPR&gram=175830&kt=vk |website=upbhulekh.gov.in |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref>

==References==
<references />
{{Gonda district|state=expanded}}
{{UttarPradesh-geo-stub}}
[[Category:Gonda district]]
[[Category:Awadh region]]
[[Category:Villages in Gonda district]]

The Battle of Meeanee

2026-01-20T22:22:39Z

Masterstrock: Put Up New Article

{{Short description|Painting by Edward Armitage}}
{{Infobox artwork
| image_file=Edward Armitage (1817-96) - The Battle of Meeanee, 17 February 1843 - RCIN 407185 - Royal Collection.jpg
| title= The Battle of Meeanee
| image_upright=1.6
| artist=[[Edward Armitage]]
| year=1847
| type=[[Oil painting|Oil on canvas]], [[history painting]]
| height_metric=396.2
| width_metric=579.1
| metric_unit=cm
| imperial_unit=in
| museum=[[Royal Collection]]
| city=[[London]]
}}

'''''The Battle of Meeanee''''' is an oil on canvas [[history painting]] by the British [[artist]] [[Edward Armitage]], from 1847. It is held in the [[Royal Collection]], in [[London]].

==History and description==
It depicts the [[Battle of Miani]] fought on 17 February 1843 during the [[British conquest of Sindh]].<ref>Hichberger p.44-45</ref> It shows the men of the [[Cheshire Regiment]] fighting in the foreground with [[Charles Napier (British Army officer, born 1782)|Charles Napier]] urging his forces forwards from horseback.<ref>Harrington p.124-26</ref> A decisive victory for the heavily outnumber British forces, the battle was acclaimed for restoring British prestige following the disastrous [[Retreat from Kabul]].<ref>Hichberger p.45</ref>

Armitage was a younger artist who had studied in the studio of [[Paul Delaroche]] in [[Paris]]. Stylistically it resembled the [[Romanticism|Romantic]] battle paintings fashionable in France's [[July Monarchy]].<ref>Hichberger p.45-46</ref> The work was displayed at a major [[art exhibition]] held in [[Westminster Hall]]. [[Queen Victoria]] attended accompanied by her husband [[Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Prince Albert]], her uncle [[Leopold I of Belgium]] and his wife [[Louise of Orléans|Louise]]. Impressed by the picture she subsequently purchased it for £400. The [[Duke of Wellington]] also attended "expressing aloud great admiration". Although Armitage's painting was widely acclaimed, Napier was himself dissatisfied with the picture and preferred a rival work of the battle by [[George Jones (painter)|George Jones]] which he considered more accurate.<ref>[https://www.rct.uk/collection/407185/the-battle-of-meeanee-17-february-1843 Royal Collection]</ref>

==Provenance==
The committee of the [[Royal Fine Art Commission (1840s)|Fine Art Commission]] had hoped to acquire the painting for the rebuilt of [[Houses of Parliament]] but yeilded to the queen's desire to buy it.<ref>Hichberger p.45</ref> The painting remains in the [[Royal Collection]] today.<ref>[https://www.rct.uk/collection/407185/the-battle-of-meeanee-17-february-1843 Royal Collection]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Harrington, Peter. ''British Artists and War: The Face of Battle in Paintings and Prints, 1700-1914''. Greenhill Books, 1993.
* Hichberger J.W.M. ''Images of the Army: The Military in British Art, 1815-1914''. Manchester University Press, 2017.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Battle of Meeanee, The}}
[[Category:1847 paintings]]
[[Category:Paintings by Edward Armitage]]
[[Category:History paintings]]
[[Category:Paintings in the Royal Collection of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Oil paintings on canvas]]
[[Category:Paintings of horses]]
[[Category:War art]]

Khari Baoli

2026-01-20T12:47:03Z

Masterstrock: improved formatting to improve readability for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{distinguish|Khari Boli}}
{{coord|28.6588423|77.2211152|display=title}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khari Baoli
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[neighbourhoods of Delhi|Neighborhood of Delhi]]
| image_skyline =
[[File:A_shop_selling_Dates_in_Khari_Baoli_market.jpg|frameless|center|150px]]
[[File:Dry fruits being sold at Khari Baoli market in Old Delhi.jpg|frameless|center|150px]]
| image_caption =
Top: A shop selling dates in Khari Baoli; Bottom: Californian almonds being sold in Old Delhi's Khari Baoli market.
| image_alt =
| pushpin_map = India New Delhi
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Delhi, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| subdivision_name3 = [[Central Delhi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| blank3_name_sec1 =
| blank3_info_sec1 =
}}

'''Khari Baoli''' ({{IPA|hns| kʰ aːriː baːwriː|lang}}) is a street in [[Old Delhi]], [[India]] known for its [[Wholesale marketing|wholesale]] grocery and [[Asia]]'s largest wholesale spice market. It sells a variety of spices, nuts, herbs and food products like rice and tea.<ref>{{cite news
|title=How a royal flu spawned a culinary gem
|url=http://www.livemint.com/2009/09/18211358/How-a-royal-flu-spawned-a-culi.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622164555/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/jW5hCxRhrHyG5xFBNncloO/How-a-royal-flu-spawned-a-culinary-gem.html
|archive-date=22 June 2018
|newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]
|date=18 September 2009
|access-date=28 June 2025
}}</ref> Operating since the 17th century, the market is situated near the historic Delhi [[Red Fort]], on the Khari Baoli Road adjacent to [[Fatehpuri Masjid]] at the western end of the [[Chandni Chowk]], and over the years has remained a tourist attraction, especially those in the heritage circuit of Old Delhi.<ref>{{cite book |first=Holly |last=Hughes |title=Frommer's 500 Places for Food & Wine Lovers |date=4 May 2009 |publisher=Frommer's |isbn=978-0-470-28775-0 |page=11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Delhi: Lonely Planet |author=Patrick Horton, Richard Plunkett, Hugh Finlay |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |year=2002 |isbn=1-86450-297-5 |page=102 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ee1HTcplZS0C&dq=khari+baoli+delhi&pg=PA102 |access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Khari Baoli |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8139346.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |date=18 July 2009 |quote=Asia's largest wholesale spice market |access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Inscriptions from the 'Khari Baoli' step-well, Delhi.jpg|thumb|Inscriptions from the 'Khari Baoli' step-well]]
[[File:Shop selling tea leaves, at Khari Baoli, Old Delhi.jpg|thumb|220px|Shop selling tea leaves, at Khari Baoli.]]
[[File:Shop selling spices, at Khari Baoli, Old Delhi.jpg|thumb|220px|Shop selling spices, at Khari Baoli.]]
[[File:Carts parked on the Spice Market, Khari Baoli Road, Old Delhi.jpg|right|220px|thumb|Carts parked on the Spice Market, Khari Baoli Road.]]
Foundations of the Khari Baoli step-well were laid by Khwaja Abdullah Laazar Qureshi during the reign of Islam Shah (Salim Shah), the son of [[Sher Shah Suri]]. The work on this building was completed in the year 1551. Nothing remains of this baoli now, save copies of inscriptions that were preserved in works like Aasar Us Sanadeed (Sir Syed Ahmad Khan) and Miftah Al Tawarikh.<ref>Aasar Us Sanadeed, author- Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, published by Urdu Academy, Delhi</ref><ref>{{cite book
|title=دِلّی کے آثارِ قدیمہ
|trans-title=Archaeological Sites of Delhi
|translator=Khaliq Anjum
|publisher=Urdu Academy, Delhi
|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/dilli-ke-aasar-e-qadeema-ebooks?lang=ur#32
|language=ur
|page=34
|access-date=28 June 2025
}}</ref>

[[Persian language|Persian]] text of the inscriptions ( see adjoining image):<ref> Hamarey Zamaney Ki Dilli, compiled and published by Dr. Mohammed Feroz Dehlavi, 2019 </ref>

1. Top inscription, which was situated close to the eleventh step of the well on the southern wall of the second floor -

بِسم الله الرحمن الرحیم در عهد زمان شاه سلطان السلاطین و المظفر
اسلام شاه بن شیر شاه سلطان خلد الله ملکه و سلطانه بنا کرده این چاه
بتوفیق الله و بروح رسول الله ملک عماد الملک عرف خواجه عبد الله
لاذر قریشی بدار الملک حضرت دهلی فی سنه اثنی و خمسین و تسعمأته

"Bismillah Al Rahman Al Rahim Dar Ahd Zaman Shah Sultan Al Salateen W Alam Zafar Islam Shah Bin Sher Shah Sultan Khalid Allah Malik W Sultan Bana Kar Do In Shah Batawfiq Allah W Barooh Rasool Allah Malik Asad Al Malik Arf Khwaja Abid Allah La Zar Qureshi Bad Ar Al Malik Hazrat Delhi Fi San Asni W Khamsin W Tasmat"

Literal English Translation:

"In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful, during the era of Shah Sultan Sultan and Al-Muzaffar, Islam Shah bin Sher Shah Sultan Khaldullah made a queen and a queen. Khamsin and Tasamata"

2. Bottom inscription, which was situated somewhere above the entrance -
بِسم الله الرحمن الرحیم و به یبقنی یا رب بعونت تمام شُد این باولی و
چاه در ماهِ رمضان سنه نهصد و پنجاه و هشت هجری بروح محمد
مصطفی رسول درگاه حضرة اله در زمان عادل اسلام شاه بن شیر شاه
بنا کرده کار گردِ دین از جمله بیشی خواجه عماد المُلک عرف لاذر قریشی
بنده کار گردِ باولی اُمید وار عنایت و برحمتک گردد با برسری بالیستک

"Bism Allah Al Rahman Al Rahim W Ba ybqni Ya Rab Baonnat Tamam Shad Ayen Baoli W Chah Dar Mahi Ramzan San Nahast W Panjah W Hasht Hijri Bar W H Mohammad Mustafi Rasool Dargah Hazrat Al Dar Zaman Al Dil Islam Shah Bin Sher Shah Bin Kar D H Kar Gar Di Deen Az Jumla Baishi Khwaza Amad Al Mulk Arf La Zar Qureshi Bandh Kargar Di Baoli Umeed W Ar Inayat W Bar Hamtak Gar D D Babar Sri Balistak."

Literal English Translation:

"In the name of Allah, the Merciful, the Merciful, and with the help of the Lord, in the month of Ramadan, nine hundred and fifty-eight Hijri, in the spirit of Muhammad Mustafa, the Messenger of God, the Dargah of Hazrat Allah was built in the time of Adil Islam by Shah Bin Sher Shah, including Beshi Khawaja. Imad-ul-Mulk aka Lazar Qureshi is a servant of God, who is blessed with hope and mercy."

The market came up around the [[Fatehpuri Masjid]], which was built in 1650 by Fatehpuri Begum, one of [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Shah Jahan]]'s wives. During Shah Jahan's reign it came to be known as Khari Baoli (from ''[[Baoli]]'', meaning [[step well]], and Khari or Khara, meaning salty) from a saline water stepwell used for animals and for bathing. It was constructed along with a [[fortified gateway]] on its western end popularly known as Lahori Gate, one of the 14 gates of the fortified city of Delhi or [[Shahjahanabad]], named so because a road through it led to the city of [[Lahore]], now in Pakistan. However, today there is no trace of either the well or the gateway here, which now lie buried under the main road of the market.

In 1936, Chowdhary Chhotu Ram, a minister in the [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]] Government, issued a law canceling all debts of the villagers.<ref>{{cite news
|last=Singh
|first=Madhulika Shankar
|title=Not all about money: Aggarwals of Delhi
|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/displayit1.asp?pathit=/index_archives/city/city.txt
|newspaper=[[Daily Pioneer]]
|date=5 October 2002
|access-date=28 June 2025
}}</ref> Thus numerous [[Agrawal]] traders lost their businesses and migrated to Delhi, settling in colonies like [[Kamla Nagar]], Shakti Nagar and Model Basti, and taking their trade to locations around the walled city of [[Old Delhi]], especially [[Chandni Chowk]], Khari Baoli, [[Dariba Kalan]], Nai Sarak, Naya Bazaar, [[Sadar Bazaar, Delhi|Sadar Bazaar]] and [[Chawri Bazaar]].
[[File:Khari baoli,Delhi.jpg|thumb|Running since the 17th century, the Khari Baoli market is nestled near the historic area of old Delhi adjacent to the Fatehpuri Masjid.]]
Here, many shops are still known by their serial numbers, e.g., "Chawal Wale 13" or "21 Number Ki Dookan," and are run by the ninth- or the tenth generation of the founders of these establishments dating to the 17th and 18th centuries.<ref name=hit>{{cite news
|last=Jha
|first=Manisha
|title=Double whammy for wholesalers
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/27/stories/2008052759110500.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530204705/http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/27/stories/2008052759110500.htm
|archive-date=30 May 2008
|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]
|date=27 May 2008
|access-date=28 June 2025
}}</ref> One such famous pickle shop which originally started in the 1860s is that of Harnarains, and currently operates under the name Harnarains International. They've been serving the nation for over a century and a half, and have landed on the tables of people like [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/255019/this-sharbat-cool.html|title=This sharbat is cool|date=2012-06-06|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=2020-02-06}}</ref>

==Overview==
[[File:Dry_fruits_being_sold_at_Khari_Baoli_market.jpg|thumb|Dry fruits being sold at Khari Baoli market]]
"Gadodia Market", situated on the south side of Khari Baoli was built by wealthy merchants in 1920s has one of the numerous spice stores and is Asia's largest wholesale spice market.<ref name="gad">{{cite news
|last=Shafi
|first=Danish
|date=29 April 2007
|title=Khari Baoli
|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]
|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=233865
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502105357/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=233865
|archive-date=2 May 2007
|url-status=dead
|access-date=28 June 2025
}}</ref> Today, Khari Baoli is not only Asia's largest spice market but also an important and busy commercial district, as it caters to vast spice market of [[North India]], including states of Jammu and Kashmir, Rajasthan and even as far as [[Madhya Pradesh]], making it perpetually crowded with traders, and shoppers looking for the cheapest deals and bargains, in the narrow margin{{clarify|date=May 2013}} spice, dry fruits and other perishable commodity markets.<ref name=hit/><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/city/delhi/Low-volumes-high-prices-/articleshow/4872118.cms Low volumes, high prices] TNN, [[The Times of India]], 9 August 2009.</ref>

The other end of the Khari Baoli market is on the GB Road (Red light district and wholesale market for engineering goods) and [[Sadar Bazaar, Delhi|Sadar Bazar]] (wholesale market for non-branded consumer goods).

There is a wholesale market for genuine herbs in Katara Tambaku where some importers and exporters do the wholesale business of herbs.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061118062313/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/06/13/stories/2005061300870200.htm Reviving the baolis of Delhi] ''[[The Hindu]]''
* [http://www.liveindia.com/delhi/Fatehpuri.html Khari Baoli in Fatehpuri] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220094843/http://www.liveindia.com/delhi/Fatehpuri.html |date=20 December 2018 }}

{{Delhi}}
{{Neighborhoods of Delhi}}

[[Category:Streets in Delhi]]
[[Category:Retail markets in Delhi]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Delhi]]
[[Category:Wholesale markets in India]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Delhi]]
[[Category:17th century in Delhi]]

Hinduism in Brazil

2026-01-17T16:40:53Z

Masterstrock:

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Infobox religious group
| group = Hindus in Brazil
| population = 21,200 (2011) {{increase}} 
'''0.01%''' of total population
| religions = [[Hinduism]]
| related-c = [[Indians in Brazil]] and [[Hindus]]
| regions = All Over [[Brazil]]
}}

[[File:Templo Hare Krishna Ashram Vrajabhumi 02.jpg|thumb|Hare krishna ashram Vrajabhumi in [[Teresópolis]].]]
[[Hinduism]] is a minority faith in Brazil followed by approximately 0.01% of its population. Hinduism in Brazil is represented mainly by [[Ananda Marga]], [[Brahma Kumaris]] and the [https://www.oshobrasil.com.br/centros_Osho.htm Osho Institute Brazil], [[ISKCON]], Yoga In Bound, Brasil Gaudiya Math and Sri Chaitanya Saraswat Math e Organização Vrinda de Paramadweit.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004322134/B9789004322134-s019.xml|chapter=New Hindu Religions in Brazil: The Hare Krishna Movement|first=Silas|last=Guerriero|date=January 1, 2017|title=Handbook of Contemporary Religions in Brazil|pages=295–302|via=brill.com|doi=10.1163/9789004322134_019|isbn=9789004322134 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The [[vedic astrology]] is also becoming popular due to Academia Brasileira de Astrologia Védica.

==Demographics==
According to the 2000 census, there were about 2,905 Hindus in Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sidra.ibge.gov.br/Tabela/2102|title=Tabela 2102: População residente por situação do domicílio, religião e sexo|website=sidra.ibge.gov.br}}</ref> According to the 2011 census, there were about 9,500 Hindus in Brazil constituting 0.005% of the population of Brazil.

{{Historical populations
|title = Historical Hindu Population
|type =
|footnote =
|align = none
|width =
|state =
|shading =
|pop_name =
|percentages =
|source ={{cn|date=August 2025}}
|2000 | 2,905
|2011 | 9,500
}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! '''Year'''
! '''Percent'''
! '''Increase'''
|-
| '''2000'''
| '''-%'''
| style="background:" | '''-'''
|-
| '''2011'''
| '''0.005%'''
| style="background: green" | '''+0.005%'''
|}

==Contemporary Society==
In 2018, the entrance gate of ISKCON Temple situated in [[Curitiba]], Brazil was targeted by unknown perpetrators. The painting of Krishna with his mother Yashoda was defaced.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.currentriggers.com/world/brazil-isckon-temple/|title=Brazil: Vandals target ISKCON Temple, deface Lord Krishna's pic|date=October 24, 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Hinduism|Brazil
}}
*[[Hinduism in Guyana]]
*[[Hinduism in South America]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{South America topic|Hinduism in}}

[[Category:Religion in Brazil]]
[[Category:Hinduism in South America|Brazil]]
[[Category:Hinduism by country|Brazil]]

1974 IFA Shield final

2026-01-12T10:25:45Z

Masterstrock: Adding basic article and citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox football match
| title = 1974 IFA Shield final
| image =
| caption =
| event = [[IFA Shield|1974 IFA Shield]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
| team1score = 1
| team2 = [[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]]
| team2score = 0
| details =
| date = 29 September 1974
| stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
| city = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| man_of_the_match1a =
| referee =
| attendance =
| weather =
| previous = 1973
| next = [[1975 IFA Shield final|1975]]
}}

The '''1974 IFA Shield final''' was the 78th final of the [[IFA Shield]], the second oldest football competition in [[India]], and was contested between Kolkata giants [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] and [[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]] on 29 September 1974 at the [[Mohun Bagan Ground]] in Kolkata.

East Bengal won the final 1–0 to claim their 13th IFA Shield title. [[Subhash Bhowmick]] scored the only goal in the final as East Bengal lifted their third consecutive IFA Shield title.<ref>{{cite web|first=Ritabrata|last=Banerjee|date=7 April 2020|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-down-the-memory-lane-east-bengal-golden-era/sm5c7t807v011wmkp5wjj6zvs|title=Indian Football: Down the memory lane - East Bengal’s ‘Golden era’ of 1970s|work=Goal|accessdate=10 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Debayan|last=Sen|date=10 February 2017|url=https://www.espn.in/football/india/story/3056297/best-matches-of-the-kolkata-derby-between-mohun-bagan-and-east-bengal|title=Best of the Kolkata derby: Bhutia's kiss, Manna's unwelcome embrace, and Chuni's biryani|work=ESPN|accessdate=10 November 2021}}</ref>

==Route to the final==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan="2"| [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
!Round
!colspan="2"| [[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]]
|- style="background:#C1E0FF"
|Opponent
|colspan="1"|Result
|Second Round Group League
|Opponent
|colspan="1"|Result
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat]]
|colspan="1"|2–2
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Matchday 1
|style="text-align:left"|Premier Tyres
|colspan="1"|2–0
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
|colspan="1"|3–0
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Matchday 2
|style="text-align:left"|[[Abahani Limited Dhaka|Abahani Krira Chakra]]
|colspan="1"|5–0
|- style="background:#C1E0FF"
|Opponent
|Result
|Knockout Stage
|Opponent
|Result
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Abahani Limited Dhaka|Abahani Krira Chakra]]
|7–0
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Semi–Final
|style="text-align:left"|[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
|3–1
|-
|}

==Match==
===Summary===
The IFA Shield final began at the [[Mohun Bagan Ground]] in Kolkata on 29 September 1974 in front of a packed crowd as two Kolkata giants [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] and [[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]] faced each other in the [[Kolkata Derby]]. East Bengal started as the favorites as they were the defending champions from the last two editions and had already won the 1973 [[Calcutta Football League]]. The game started as expected, with East Bengal dominating the proceedings. Mohun Bagan custodian Prashanta Mitra made four terrific saves to keep the mariners in the game. The only goal of the game came in the fortieth minute when [[Mohammed Habib (footballer)|Mohammed Habib]] freed himself out wide from a short corner from Samaresh Chowdhury and put in a measured cross which was headed into the goal by [[Subhash Bhowmick]]. East Bengal managed to create some more chances in the second half but was denied by Prashanta Mitra. The scoreline remained the same until the full time as East Bengal lifted their third consecutive IFA Shield title and also managed to secure a third consecutive League and Shield double.<ref name=final>{{cite news |date=30 September 1974 |title=ইস্টবেঙ্গল পরপর তিনবার শিল্ড পেল |trans-title=East Bengal wins Shield for the third consecutive time |language=bn |work=Jugantor }}</ref><ref name=final1>{{cite news |date=30 September 1974 |title=এ জয় প্রত্যাশিতই |trans-title=This win was expected |language=bn |work=Jugantor }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Rahul |last=Sadhu |date=23 January 2022 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/subhas-bhowmick-tributes-man-of-football-style-substance-7736897/ |title=Subhas Bhowmick: ‘A man of football style and substance’ |work=The Indian Express |accessdate=14 November 2022}}</ref>

===Details===
{{footballbox
|date=29 September 1974
|time=14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
|report=
|team2=[[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]]
|score= 1–0
|goals1=[[Subhash Bhowmick|Bhowmick]] {{goal|40}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Mohun Bagan Ground]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=30,000 (est.)
|referee=}}

{| width=92%
|-
|{{Football kit
|pattern_b = _EastBengal_12_13_Home
|pattern_la =
|pattern_ra =
|pattern_sh =
|pattern_so = _2 gold stripes
|leftarm = FFDF00
|body = FFDF00
|rightarm = FF0000
|shorts = 000000
|socks = FF0000
|title = East Bengal
}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la =
| pattern_b =
| pattern_ra =
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so =
| leftarm = 234f1e
| body = 800000
| rightarm = 234f1e
| shorts = ffffff
| socks = ffffff
| title = Mohun Bagan
}}
|}

{| width="100%"
|valign="top" width="40%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Biswajit Das
|-
|LB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Kajal Dhali
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Ashoke Banerjee
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Shyamal Ghosh
|-
|RB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sudhir Karmakar]]
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gautam Sarkar]]
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Samaresh Chowdhury ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|RW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Surajit Sengupta]]
|-
|LW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Subhash Bhowmick]]
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammed Habib (footballer)|Mohammed Habib]]
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Mohammed Akbar
|-
|colspan=4|'''Head Coach:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[P. K. Banerjee]]
|}
|valign="top"|
|valign="top" width="50%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align=center
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Prashanta Mitra
|-
|RB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Ajit Chakraborty
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Syed Nayeemuddin]]
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Nimai Goswami
|-
|LB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Bijoy Dikpati
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Mohon Singh
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Prasun Banerjee]]
|-
|RW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Narayanswami Ulaganathan]] || {{suboff|}}
|-
|LW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Swapan Sengupta ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sukalyan Ghosh Dastidar]] || {{suboff|}}
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Poongam Kannan
|-
|colspan=4|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|RW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Sisir Guha Dastidar || {{subon|}}
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Sankar Banerjee || {{subon|}}
|-
|colspan=4|'''Head coach:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Amal Dutta]]
|}
|}

{| width=100% style="font-size: 90%"

|style="width:60%; vertical-align:top;"|
'''Match rules'''
*90 minutes.
*Joint winners if both finals ends in a draw
|}

==See also==
*[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-ifahist.html IFA Shield Finals]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{IFA Shield}}
{{East Bengal Club}}
{{Mohun Bagan Super Giant}}

[[Category:IFA Shield finals]]
[[Category:1974–75 in Indian football]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club matches]]
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant matches]]