Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

List of states and union territories of India by sex ratio

2026-05-07T23:45:43Z

Maryparker: slightly correct structure after review also and improved wording to improve readability

{{EngvarB|date=May 2022}}
{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
[[File:Sex_ratio_total_population_2020.svg|thumb|320x320px|Map indicating the human sex ratio by country.<ref>Data from the [[CIA World Factbook]] [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080812233855/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html|date=12 August 2008}}. Map compiled in 2021, data from 2020.</ref>
{| cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" width="100%"
| valign="top" |{{Legend|#318CE7|Countries with more '''females''' than males}} {{Legend|#E66771|Countries with more '''males''' than females}} {{Legend|#7CFC00|Countries with very similar proportions of males and females (to 3 [[significant figures]], i.e., 1.00 males to 1.00 females)}} {{Legend|Grey|No data}}
|}
]]
[[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] is used to describe the ratio of females to males in a population. In India, the sex ratio has been estimated via a number of methods and data sets including the [[Census of India|decennial censuses]], the [[National Family Health Survey]]s (NFHS), the Civil Registration System, the Sample Registration System and the Health Management Information System.{{sfnp|UNPFA, Sex Ratio at Birth in India|2020|loc=3}} In 2014, the ratio of female births per 1000 male births varied from 887 to 918 using these estimates.{{sfnp|UNPFA, Sex Ratio at Birth in India|2020|loc=5}} According to the NFHS-4 (2015–16) sex ratio of the total population (females per 1,000 males) was 991 (with an urban ratio of 956 and a rural ratio of 1,009).<ref name=":nfhs">{{Cite web|date=2015–2016|others=Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.|title=National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4): India Fact Sheet|url=http://rchiips.org/nfhs/pdf/nfhs4/india.pdf|access-date=10 September 2021|website=rchiips.org|publisher=International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai.}}</ref>

In 2011–2013, it was revealed through a population census with the Sample Registration System (SRS) that the sex ratio of India was 909 females per 1000 of males.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Sex Ratio at Birth – India & Larger States|url=https://www.niti.gov.in/content/sex-ratio-females-1000-males|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812052906/https://www.niti.gov.in/content/sex-ratio-females-1000-males|archive-date=12 August 2021|access-date=8 September 2021|website=[[NITI Aayog]]}}</ref> It has skewed downwards from then, recording 900 females in 2013–2015 and 896 in 2015–17 per 1000 of males.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Tripathi|first=Rahul|date=15 July 2019|title=Survey shows sex ratio falling further to 896 in 3 years to 2017|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/survey-shows-sex-ratio-falling-further-to-896-in-3-years-to-2017/articleshow/70221462.cms?from=mdr|access-date=8 September 2021}}</ref> Furthermore, that survey conducted with the SRS also showed [[Chhattisgarh]] as the highest sex ratio at 961, while [[Haryana]] was recorded the lowest at 831.<ref name=":2" />
[[File:Visualization.svg|thumb|Sex ratio in India for census years 1931 to 2011 (in blue). The urban sex ratio (red) between 1951 and 2011 is consistently lower than the rural sex ratio (orange).<ref name=":edu">{{Citation |title=Provisional Population Totals – India |pages=78–96 |chapter=5: Gender Composition of the Population |chapter-url=https://www.educationforallinindia.com/chapter5-gender-composition-of-population-2011-census.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":mospi">{{Citation |title=Women and Men in India. Population related statistics. |chapter=1: Population |chapter-url=https://mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/reports_and_publication/statistical_publication/Women_Men/mw23/Population.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation}}</ref> The green line is the estimate of sex ratio at birth according to the National Family Health Survey 4.<ref name=":nfhs" />]]
The male-skew in India's sex ratio has increased since the early 20th century. In 1901 there were 3.2 million fewer women than men in India, but by the [[2001 Census of India|2001 Census]] the disparity had increased by more than a factor of 10, to 35 million.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Bakshi|first=Roopa|title=Declining sex-ratios – a matter of concern.|url=http://www.unicef.in/Story/1129/Declining-sex-ratios-a-matter-of-concern|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914012359/http://www.unicef.in/Story/1129/Declining-sex-ratios-a-matter-of-concern|archive-date=14 September 2019|access-date=30 July 2018|website=UNICEF}}</ref> This increase has been variously attributed to [[female infanticide]], [[Sex-selective abortion|selective abortions]] (aided by increasing access to [[Prenatal sex discernment|prenatal sex discernment procedures]]), and female child neglect.<ref name=":0" /> It has been suggested that the motivation for this selection against female children is due to the lower status and perceived usefulness of women in India's patriarchal society.

== Ranking of states and union territories ==
[[File:India sex ratio map en.svg|thumb|Map showing the sex ratio of each district in India based on the 2001 census data.]]
In the table below, the rank numbers represented by 'S' are for [[States and union territories of India|states]] while 'UT' are for [[Union territory|union territories]]. The data in the table is based on the [[2001 Census of India|population census of 2001]] and [[2011 Census of India|2011]].
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" |State/ Union Territory
! colspan="2" | NHFS-5
! colspan="2" |2011 Census
! colspan="2" |2001 Census
! colspan="2" |Change (2001 to 2011)
|-
!Rank (Sex ratio at birth)
!Sex ratio at birth<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 December 2021|others=Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India|title=Update on Child Sex Ratio|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1782601|access-date=16 January 2023|website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>
!Sex ratio
!Child sex ratio<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=13 October 2020|title=Handbook of Statistics on Indian States 2020. Social and Demographic Indicators. Table 5: State-wise Sex Ratio.|url=https://m.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=19994|access-date=9 September 2021|website=Reserve Bank of India}}</ref>|| Sex ratio<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=11 February 2014|others=Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India|title=Decline In Child Sex Ratio|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=103437|access-date=9 September 2021|website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>{{efn|"Child sex ratio" is the ratio of girls to boys in the age group of 0–6 years.}}|| Child sex ratio<ref name=":3" />|| Sex ratio<ref name=":4" />
!Child sex ratio
|-
|1
![[Lakshadweep]]
|UT1
| 1051 || 947 || 911 || 948 || 959
|{{decrease}} (−1)
|{{decrease}} (−48)
|-
|2
![[Tripura]]
|S1
| 1028 || 960 || 957 || 948 || 966
|{{increase}} (12)
|{{decrease}} (−9)
|-
|3
![[Meghalaya]]
|S2
| 989 || 989 || 970 || 972 || 973
|{{increase}} (17)
|{{decrease}} (−3)
|-
|4
![[Uttarakhand]]
|S3
| 984 || 963 || 890 || 962 || 908
|{{increase}} (1)
|{{decrease}} (−18)
|-
|5
![[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|S4
| 979 || 938 || 972|| 893 || 964
|{{increase}} (45)
|{{increase}} (8)
|-
|6
![[Karnataka]]
|S5
| 978 || 973 || 948 || 965 || 946
|{{increase}} (8)
|{{increase}} (2)
|-
|7
![[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]{{Efn|At the time of the census, [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] was a state but from 31 October 2019, it has been split into two union territories, namely [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]].}}
|UT2
|976|| 889||862|| 892||941
|{{decrease}} (−3)
|{{decrease}} (−79)
|-
|8
![[West Bengal]]
|S6
| 973 || 950 || 956 || 934 || 960
|{{increase}} (16)
|{{decrease}} (−4)
|-
|9
![[Mizoram]]
|S7
| 969 || 976 || 970 || 935 || 964
|{{increase}} (41)
|{{increase}} (6)
|-
|10
![[Sikkim]]
|S8
|969 || 890 ||957 || 875 ||963
|{{increase}} (15)
|{{decrease}} (−6)
|-
|11
![[Manipur]]
|S9
| 967 || 992 || 930 || 978 || 957
|{{increase}} (14)
|{{decrease}} (−27)
|-
|12
![[Assam]]
|S10
| 964 || 958 || 962 || 935 || 965
|{{increase}} (23)
|{{decrease}} (−3)
|-
|13
![[Chhattisgarh]]
|S11
| 960|| 991 || 969|| 989 || 975
|{{increase}} (2)
|{{decrease}} (−6)
|-
|14
![[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|UT3
| 959 || 1037|| 967 || 1001 || 967
|{{increase}} (36)
|{{steady}}
|-
|15
![[Madhya Pradesh]]
|S12
|956 ||931 ||918 || 919 ||932
|{{increase}} (12)
|{{decrease}} (−14)
|-
|16
![[Gujarat]]
|S13
| 955 || 919 || 890 || 920 || 883
|{{decrease}} (−1)
|{{increase}} (7)
|-
|17
![[Kerala]]
|S14
| 951 || 1084|| 964 || 1058 || 960
|{{increase}} (26)
|{{increase}} (4)
|-
|18
![[Nagaland]]
|S15
|945||931||943||900||964
|{{increase}} (31)
|{{decrease}} (−21)
|-
|19
![[Uttar Pradesh]]
|S16
|941 || 912 ||902 || 898 ||916
|{{increase}} (14)
|{{decrease}} (−14)
|-
|20
![[Andhra Pradesh]]
|S17
| 934 || 993 || 939 || 978 || 961
|{{increase}} (15)
|{{decrease}} (−22)
|- bgcolor="#ffdead"
|
!India
|
|929
|943
|919
|933
|927
|{{increase}} (10)
|{{decrease}} (−8)
|-
|21
!Delhi
|UT4
|923||868||871||821||868
|{{increase}} (47)
|{{increase}} (3)
|-
|22
![[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
|UT5
|914||876||968||846||957
|{{increase}} (30)
|{{increase}} (11)
|-
|23
![[Maharashtra]]
|S18
| 913 || 929 || 894 || 922 || 913
|{{increase}} (7)
|{{decrease}} (−19)
|-
|24
![[Bihar]]
|S19
|908 || 918 ||935 || 919 ||942
|{{decrease}} (−1)
|{{decrease}} (−7)
|-
|25
![[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|S20
|904|| 895||846|| 876||798
|{{increase}} (19)
|{{increase}} (48)
|-
|26
![[Jharkhand]]
|S21
|899 || 948 ||948 || 941 ||965
|{{increase}} (7)
|{{decrease}} (−17)
|-
|27
![[Telangana]]{{Efn|At the time of the census [[Telangana]] was a part of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Telangana was declared as a separate state in 2014.}}
|S22
| 894 || 988<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Year Book 2015|url=https://www.telangana.gov.in/PDFDocuments/Statistical%20Year%20Book%202015.pdf|access-date=10 September 2021|website=telangana.gov.in|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Telangana|page=3|quote=The sex ratio is defined as the number of females per 1,000 males. This ratio for the state is 988 according to 2011 Census.}}</ref> || - || - ||-
| –
| –
|-
|28
![[Odisha]]
|S23
| 894 || 979 || 941 || 972 || 953
|{{increase}} (7)
|{{decrease}} (−12)
|-
|29
![[Haryana]]
|S24
|893|| 879||834|| 861||819
|{{increase}} (18)
|{{increase}} (15)
|-
|30
![[Rajasthan]]
|S25
|891 || 928 ||888 || 921 ||909
|{{increase}} (7)
|{{decrease}} (−21)
|-
|31
![[Tamil Nadu]]
|S26
| 878 || 996 || 943 || 987 || 942
|{{increase}} (9)
|{{increase}} (1)
|-
|32
![[Himachal Pradesh]]
|S27
| 875 || 972 || 909 || 968 || 896
|{{increase}} (4)
|{{increase}} (13)
|-
|33
![[Goa]]
|S28
| 838 || 973 || 942 || 961 || 938
|{{increase}} (12)
|{{increase}} (4)
|-
|34
![[Chandigarh]]
|UT6
|838||818||880||777||845
|{{increase}} (41)
|{{increase}} (35)
|-
|35
![[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]{{efn|At the time of the census [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] and [[Daman and Diu]] were separate union territories. They became one union territories, [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]], in 2020.}}
|UT7
|817||774||926||812||979
|{{decrease}} (−38)
|{{decrease}} (−53)
|-
|36
![[Daman and Diu]]
|UT8
|817||618||904||710||926
|{{decrease}} (−92)
|{{decrease}} (−22)
|-
|}
;

;Notes:
{{notelist}}

== See also ==
{{Lists of states and territories of India}}
* [[Gender Development Index]]
* [[List of countries by sex ratio]]
* [[Child sex ratio]]
* [[List of countries by Social Progress Index]]
* [[International rankings of India]]
* [[Women in India]]
* [[Female infanticide in India]]
* [[Female foeticide in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

;Bibliography

* {{Citation|last=Kulkarni|first=Purushottam M.|title=Sex Ratio at Birth in India: Recent Trends and Patterns|year=2020|url=https://india.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/sex_ratio_at_birth_in_india_-_july.pdf|place=New Delhi, India|publisher=United Nations Population Fund|quote=(A report prepared for the United Nations Population Fund)|ref={{sfnref|UNPFA, Sex Ratio at Birth in India|2020}}}}

== Further reading ==
*{{Cite web|title=Distribution of Population, Sex Ratio, Density And Decadal Growth Rate of Population (census-2011)|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/5576-distribution-of-population-sex-ratio-density-and-decadal-growth-rate-of-population-census-2011/|access-date=9 September 2021|website=Election Commission of India|language=en-IN}}(2011 figures)
* {{cite web|title=Provisional Population Totals and Annexures|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final%20PPT%202011_progresstables.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112151910/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final%20PPT%202011_progresstables.pdf|archive-date=12 January 2012|work=Government of India (2011)|publisher=Census of India}}
*{{Cite web|title=Census of India 2001. Chapter 6: Sex Composition of the Population|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/Data_Products/Library/Provisional_Population_Total_link/PDF_Links/chapter6.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323085412/https://censusindia.gov.in/Data_Products/Library/Provisional_Population_Total_link/PDF_Links/chapter6.pdf|archive-date=23 March 2021|access-date=8 September 2021|website=Census of India}}
* {{Cite journal|last=John|first=Mary E|date=16 April 2011|title=Census 2011: Governing Populations and the Girl Child|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/census%202011.pdf|journal=Economic & Political Weekly|volume=XLVI|issue=16|via=indiaenvironmentportal.org.in}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:States and union territories of India by sex ratio}}
[[Category:Demographics of India]]
[[Category:Lists of subdivisions of India]]
[[Category:Ranked lists of country subdivisions|India, sex ratio]]
[[Category:Human sex ratio|*]]

Butterfly (2022 film)

2026-04-26T22:02:42Z

Maryparker: Added Details

{{short description|Indian Telugu-language mystery thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Butterfly
| image = Butterfly 2022 film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Ghanta Satish Babu
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Ravi Prakash Bodapati Prasad Tiruvalluri Pradeep Nallimelli
| starring = [[Anupama Parameswaran]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = [[Sameer Reddy]]
| editing = Madhu
| music = Arviz Gideon Katta
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|12|29}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Butterfly''''' is a 2022 Indian Telugu-language [[mystery film|mystery]] [[thriller film]] directed by Ghanta Satish Babu and starring [[Anupama Parameswaran]]. The film was released directly on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].

== Cast ==
*[[Anupama Parameswaran]] as Geeta
*Nihal Kodhaty as Viswa
*[[Bhumika Chawla]] as Vyjayanthi
*[[Rao Ramesh]]
*[[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]]
*[[Meghana Thota]] as Baby

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "This attempted thriller is an assault on one’s senses. However, Anupama’s performance and decent production values are the takeaways from this otherwise passable film".<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/butterfly/ottmoviereview/96590191.cms |title=''Butterfly'' Review : This attempted thriller is an assault on one's senses |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "Anupama Parameswaran is perhaps the only lifeline of the film, playing an exhausted, helpless woman thrown into an arduous situation".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2022/dec/29/butterfly-movie-review-an-invested-anupama-parameswaran-cant-salvage-this-amateurish-thriller-38188.html |title=''Butterfly'' Movie Review: An invested Anupama Parameswaran can't salvage this amateurish thriller |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

*{{IMDb title|id=tt24330464}}

[[Category:2022 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]

V. P. Raman

2026-04-22T01:43:34Z

Maryparker: added basic entry first draft - done

{{Short description|Indian lawyer and politician (1932–1991)}}
{{no footnotes|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Venkata Pattabhi Raman
| image =
| image_size = 250px
| caption =
| order1 = [[Advocate-General]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start1 = 1977
| term_end1 = 1979
| predecessor1 = [[K. Parasaran]]
| successor1 =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1932|10|3}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1991|12|2|1932|10|3|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse = kalpakam Raman
| relations =
| children = [[Mohan V. Ram]], [[P. S. Raman]], [[P. R. Raman]], 
| alma_mater = [[Loyola College, Madras]], [[Madras Law College]]
| occupation = [[lawyer]]
| profession = [[Advocate-General]]
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Venkata Pattabhi Raman''' (3 October 1932 – 2 December 1991) was an Indian lawyer and politician who served as the Advocate-General of Tamil Nadu from 1977 to 1979. His son [[Mohan Raman]] is an actor.

== Early life and education ==

Raman was born on 3 October 1932 in Madras and had his schooling at Church Park. On completion of his schooling, Raman graduated in Physics from [[Loyola College, Chennai|Loyola College]] and studied law at [[Madras Law College]] completing his studies with a gold medal.

== Politics ==
[[File:Mathialagan VPRaman Anna Rajaji Karunanidhi.jpg|left|thumb|250px|V. P. Raman, third from left (in the back row behind Annadurai)]]
Initially, Raman was attracted towards Communism. Later, however, he joined the fledgling [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].
Mr Raman was part of the committee that framed the DMK’s constitution and stood by the party in its formative years. This was confirmed by [Mr M.K. Stalin], the Chief of the DMK in a public address in 2022

== References ==
* [https://mohanramanmuses.blogspot.com/2009/02/vpraman-my-father.html]
* [http://www.deccanchronicle.com/chennai/raman-named-new-advocate-general-181]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090804133553/http://www.thehindu.com/2009/07/30/stories/2009073061010800.htm]
*The Hindu, June 19, 2022 [https://www.thehindu.com/incoming/vp-raman-an-uncrowned-king-in-his-lifetime-says-stalin/article65542540.ece]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raman, V. P.}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:Advocates general for Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]

Sardar Ravinder Singh

2026-04-21T04:28:25Z

Maryparker: added initial bio needs work - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{notability|1=Biographies|date=January 2022}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sardar Ravinder Singh
| image = Ravinder Singh KrMR.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1964|08|6}}
| birth_place = [[Karimnagar]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| order =
| office = Chairman of Telangana State Civil Supplies Corporation Limited
| term_start = 08 December 2022
| term_end = 5 December 2023
| office1 = Mayor of [[Karimnagar Municipal Corporation]]
| term_start1 = July 2014
| term_end1 = 2019
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| parents = Laxman Singh, Dannabhai
| spouse = Balbeer Kaur
| known_for =
}}
'''Sardar Ravinder Singh''' is an Indian politician. He served as the mayor of [[Karimnagar Municipal Corporation]] from July 2014 to 2019.<ref name="Karimnagar Mayor blames R&B for sinking of road">{{cite news |work=The Hindu |title=Karimnagar Mayor blames R&B for sinking of road |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/karimnagar-mayor-blames-rb-for-sinking-of-road/article23497197.ece |access-date=6 December 2021 |date=11 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109043357/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/karimnagar-mayor-blames-rb-for-sinking-of-road/article23497197.ece |archive-date=9 November 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Ravinder Singh quit TRS party and is contested MLC elections as an Independent candidate from Karimnagar Local Authorities Constituency.<ref name="10 remain in fray for Karimnagar MLC poll">{{cite news |work=The Hindu |title=10 remain in fray for Karimnagar MLC poll |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/10-remain-in-fray-for-karimnagar-mlc-poll/article37708465.ece |access-date=6 December 2021 |date=26 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206141306/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/10-remain-in-fray-for-karimnagar-mlc-poll/article37708465.ece |archive-date=6 December 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Former Karimnagar Mayor calls on CM KCR">{{cite news |work=Telangana Today |title=Former Karimnagar Mayor calls on CM KCR |url=https://telanganatoday.com/former-karimnagar-mayor-calls-on-cm-kcr |access-date=9 January 2022 |date=30 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109194026/https://telanganatoday.com/former-karimnagar-mayor-calls-on-cm-kcr |archive-date=9 January 2022}}</ref>

==Early life==
Sardar Ravinder Singh was born on 6 August 1964 in [[Karimnagar]] town to Laxman Singh and Dannabhai. He pursued degree from SRR Government Degree College, [[Karimnagar]] and L.L.B. from [[Nanded]], [[Maharashtra]]. He has practiced in the Karimnagar Court and elected as President of Karimnagar Bar Association in 2008.

==Political career==
Ravinder Singh started his political activities as a students' union leader in SRR Government Degree College and elected as college president in 1984 while pursuing his degree. He contested for Karimnagar Municipal Elections held in 1995 as an independent candidate and won as Councilor and later he joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and elected as Councilor for the second time in 2000 & Corporator from Bjp in 2005 [[Karimnagar Municipal Corporation]] elections. He served as Karimnagar BJP town president from 1999 to 2006. He quit [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and joined Telangana Rashtra Samithi in 2006 and took active leadership in the protests and demonstrations that were organized in support of the statehood movement in Karimnagar.

After formation of separate Telangana state Ravinder Singh Contested as Corpoartor from Trs party in 2014 Karimnagar Municipal Corporation elections and elected as Mayor for Karimnagar and became the first mayor from sikh community in South India & Chairman for Telangana Association of Mayors and chairman's. He was elected as Telangana Yoga Association chairman in November 2021.<ref name="Ravinder Singh elected Telangana Yoga Association chairman">{{cite news |work= The Hans India|title=Ravinder Singh elected Telangana Yoga Association chairman |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/ravinder-singh-elected-telangana-yoga-association-chairman-657790 |access-date=6 December 2021 |date=22 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206150442/https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/ravinder-singh-elected-telangana-yoga-association-chairman-657790 |archive-date=6 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Ravinder Singh resigned from trs party on 26 November 2021 and contested MLC elections as an Independent candidate from Karimnagar Local Authorities Constituency.<ref name="Denied MLC ticket, former Karimnagar mayor resigns from TRS">{{cite news |work=The New Indian Express |title=Denied MLC ticket, former Karimnagar mayor resigns from TRS |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2021/nov/26/denied-mlc-ticket-former-karimnagar-mayor-resigns-from-trs-2388214.html |access-date=6 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206151401/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2021/nov/26/denied-mlc-ticket-former-karimnagar-mayor-resigns-from-trs-2388214.html |archive-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Ravinder Singh Later Joined TRS and he has been appointed as Telangana State Civil Supplies Corporation Limited Chairman on 8 December 2022.<ref name="Telangana: Former Karimnagar mayor Ravinder Singh appointed as Civil Supplies Chairman">{{cite news |work=Telangana Today |first1= |title=Telangana: Former Karimnagar mayor Ravinder Singh appointed as Civil Supplies Chairman |url=https://telanganatoday.com/telangana-former-karimnagar-mayor-ravinder-singh-appointed-as-civil-supplies-chairman |access-date=11 December 2022 |date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211142609/https://telanganatoday.com/telangana-former-karimnagar-mayor-ravinder-singh-appointed-as-civil-supplies-chairman |archive-date=11 December 2022}}</ref> taken oath as Chairman of the Telangana State Civil Supplies Corporation Limited of Telangana State on 21 December 2022 and resigned from his post after the new Congress government formed in Telangana in December 2023.<ref name="Nominated chiefs of 20 state-run corporations quit">{{cite news |work=The Times of India |title=Nominated chiefs of 20 state-run corporations quit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/nominated-chiefs-of-20-state-run-corporations-quit/articleshow/105739006.cms |access-date=5 March 2024 |date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305182541/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/nominated-chiefs-of-20-state-run-corporations-quit/articleshow/105739006.cms |archive-date=5 March 2024}}</ref>

Later in 2026 Karimnagar municipal elections he contested from 58th division from Brs and elected as corporator.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:People from Karimnagar]]
[[Category:People from Karimnagar district]]

Sanyogitabai Holkar of Indore

2026-04-18T18:27:49Z

Maryparker: added some data initial version - done

{{Short description|Maharani consort of Indore}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| consort = yes
| name = Sanyogita Bai Holkar
| title = [[Maharani]]
| image = Maharani_Sanyogita_Bai_Sahib_Holkar_of_Indore_(1935).jpg
| alt = refer to caption
| caption = Portrait, 1935
| succession = [[Maharani]] of [[Indore State|Indore]]
| reign = 26 February 1926{{sndash}}{{nowrap|13 July 1937}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Yashwant Rao Holkar II]]|9 February 1924}}
| issue = {{plainlist|
* [[Usha Raje]]
}}
| father = Dattajirao Narayanrao
| birth_name = Chandraprabha Raje
| birth_date = {{birth date|1915|12|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kolhapur]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1937|07|13|1915|12|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Samedan]], Switzerland
| signature =
| module = {{Infobox person
| embed = yes
| education = {{plainlist|
* [[St Elphin's School]]
* [[Moira House School]]
}}
}}
}}
'''Sanyogita''' (born '''Chandraprabha Raje''', later '''Sanyogita Bai Holkar'''; 10 December 1915 – 13 July 1937) was an Indian [[socialite]] and the first wife of [[Yashwant Rao Holkar II]].<ref name="Haidar2014">{{cite book |last1=Haidar |first1=Navina Najat |last2=Stewart |first2=Courtney Ann |title=Treasures from India: Jewels from the Al-Thani Collection |date=2014 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-0-300-20887-0 |page=127 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XZqgBAAAQBAJ&dq=Sanyogita+indore&pg=PA127 |language=en}}</ref> She served as [[Maharaja|Maharani]] of [[Indore State|Indore]] from her husband’s accession on 26 February 1926 until her death in 1937.

== Early life and education ==
Sanyogita was born as Chandraprabha Raje on 10 December 1915 in [[Kolhapur]] to Dattajirao Narayanrao, the Chief of the junior branch of [[Kagal]], and his third wife.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=Royal |date=2022-09-08 |title=Kagir Junior (Jagir) |url=https://oroyalarchives.com/kagal_junior/ |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=Royal Archives |language=en-US}}</ref> She was educated privately up to the age of ten.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Women_in_India/cuO1AAAAIAAJ |title=Women in India: Who's Who? |date=1935 |publisher=National Council of Women, India. |pages=ii |language=en}}</ref> Following which, she attended [[St Elphin's School]] in [[Derbyshire]] for a while, then [[Moira House School]] in [[East Sussex]] for two and a half years.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Marriage ==
She married Yashwant Rao Holkar II on 9 February 1924.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Indian_and_Pakistan_Year_Book/HV8dAQAAMAAJ |title=The Indian and Pakistan Year Book |date=1942 |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company |pages=188 |language=en}}</ref> Her husband succeeded her father-in-law [[Tukojirao Holkar III|Tukoji Rao Holkar III]] as the [[Maharaja]] of Indore after he abdicated in his favour on 26 February 1926.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pradesh (India) |first=Madhya |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Madhya_Pradesh_District_Gazetteers_Bilas/hqE8AAAAIAAJ |title=Madhya Pradesh, District Gazetteers: Bilaspur |date=1965 |publisher=Government Central Press |pages=546 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=INDORE |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/i/indore.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803185028/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/i/indore.html |archive-date=2017-08-03 |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> Her only child with her husband [[Usha Raje]] was born on 20 October 1933 in [[Paris]].<ref name=":2" />

Along with her husband, she was extensively photographed by [[Man Ray]].<ref name="Poddar2015">{{cite book |last1=Poddar |first1=Abhishek |last2=Gaskell |first2=Nathaniel |last3=Pramod Kumar |first3=K. G |last4=Museum of Art & Photography (Bangalore |first4=India) |title=Maharanis: women of royal India |date=2015 |publisher=Mapin Publishing|location=Ahmedabad |isbn=978-93-85360-06-0 |chapter=Indore|pages=122–123 |oclc=932267190 |language=English}}</ref> She contributed to efforts in the [[Eckart Muthesius]] designed palace, [[Manik Bagh]].<ref name="Hind2019">{{cite news |title=Paris falls for glamour of India's modernist maharajah |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/paris-falls-for-glamour-of-indias-modernist-maharajah/article29522683.ece |access-date=6 October 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=26 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006140011/https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/paris-falls-for-glamour-of-indias-modernist-maharajah/article29522683.ece |archive-date=6 October 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Death==
In 1937, she visited [[Engadin]] in [[Switzerland]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Amita |date=2019-01-27 |title=Maharani Usha Raje Holkar - Unspoken Childhood, Part I |url=http://www.theindianquest.com/blog-details/Maharani-Usha-Raje-Holkar---Unspoken-Childhood-Part--I- |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=The Indian Quest Digital}}</ref> While in Switzerland, she fell seriously ill and had to undergo surgery for ruptured appendicitis by Dr. Ruppauer at Kreis Hospital in [[Samedan]].<ref name=":3" /> She died during this surgery on 13 July 1937.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Twentieth_Century/6H4ZAAAAMAAJ |title=The Twentieth Century |date=1939 |pages=39 |language=en}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Sanyogitaganj, formerly the residency bazaar of Chawanni, in Indore is named for her.<ref>{{cite book |title=Studies in the History of Malwa |date=1981 |publisher=Malava Itihas Parishad. |page=93 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mwRBAAAAMAAJ&q=Sanyogita+holkar |language=en}}</ref> In 1980, many items from Manik Bagh were sold at auction in Monaco.<ref name="Hind2019" /><ref name="HT2019">{{cite news |title=Photos: Paris gets a glimpse of the life of Indore's Modernist Maharaja |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/world-news/photos-paris-gets-a-glimpse-of-the-life-of-indore-s-modernist-maharaja/photo-NWDZy8txR3WA9T2qHN3qGI-7.html |access-date=6 October 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=27 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006140809/https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/world-news/photos-paris-gets-a-glimpse-of-the-life-of-indore-s-modernist-maharaja/photo-NWDZy8txR3WA9T2qHN3qGI-7.html |archive-date=6 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> In 2019, many were placed on display at an exhibition at the [[Musée des Arts décoratifs, Paris|Museum of Decorative Arts]] in Paris.<ref name="Hind2019" /><ref name="HT2019" />

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:centre">
File:Bernard Boutet de Monvel 004.png
File:Bernard Boutet de Monvel 002.jpg
File:Bernard Boutet de Monvel 003.jpg
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last1=Lenain |first1=Géraldine |title=Le Dernier Maharaja d'Indore |date=2022 |publisher=Seuil |isbn=978-2-02-150230-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qtRjEAAAQBAJ&dq=Sanyogita+indore&pg=PT27 |language=fr}}

[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:1937 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian princesses]]
[[Category:Indian queens consort]]
[[Category:Indian socialites]]
[[Category:People from Indore]]
[[Category:People from Kolhapur]]

S. Kathiravan

2026-04-17T08:56:44Z

Maryparker:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Manachanallur Kathiravan.jpg
| caption = Kathiravan in 2023
| name = S. Kathiravan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1975|10|12}}
| father = A. Srinivasan
| mother = S. Dhanalakshmi
| spouse = Ananthalakshmi Kathiravan
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 12 May 2021
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Manachanallur Assembly constituency|Manachanallur]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| predecessor = [[M. Paranjothi]]
| successor = [[M. Parameswari]]
}}

'''S. Kathiravan''' (born 12 October 1975) is an Indian politician who is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Manachanallur Assembly constituency|Manachanallur]] as a [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate in 2021. He is from [[reddiar]] community.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220121090235/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC144.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC144.pdf|access-date= 1 May 2022 |archive-date=21 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Manachanallur Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a144|access-date= 1 May 2022}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Kathiravan was born to A. Srinivasan and S. Dhanalakshmi on 12 October 1975. He was the last child for his parents. He has 3 elder sisters.

== Personal life ==

His father A. Srinivasan is the founder of Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Groups. They own medical colleges, hospitals, engineering colleges, schools, sugar mills, chit funds, transports, hotels.
He completed his [[Engineering]] degree in [[PSNA College of Engineering and Technology|PSNA College]].

He was married to Ananthalakshmi Kathiravan, the couple have 2 children.

== Political career ==
He joined [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] in 2021. Within one month of time he got the ticket from [[Manachanallur Assembly constituency]] to contest as a DMK candidate. He defeated the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate ex minister [[M. Paranjothi]] with a highest margin of 59,618 votes.

== Elections contested ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Constituency
! Party
! Result
! Vote %
! Runner-up
! Runner-up Party
! Runner-up vote %
! Ref.
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Manachanallur Assembly constituency|Manachanallur]]|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || Won ||59.46% || [[M. Paranjothi]]|| [[ADMK]] || 28.99%|| <ref name=":0" />
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kathiravan, S}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]

{{DMK-politician-stub}}
{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Manawar Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:34:54Z

Maryparker: Started first article from scratch.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Manawar
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 199
| map_image = 199-Manawar.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Dhar district|Dhar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhar]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Hiralal Alawa]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Ranjana Baghel]]
}}
'''Manawar''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/mp2013/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=175|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018-1">{{cite web|title=Vidhansabha Seats|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/madhyapradesh/statepc.aspx|website=electionsininda.com|publisher=Election In India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref> It comprises [[Manawar tehsil]] in [[Dhar district]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718103411/https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2023, it is represented by [[Hiralal Alawa]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] party.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Election!!Member<ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=(Madhya Pradesh) Assembly Constituency Elections|url=http://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/basoda.html|website=elections.in|access-date=23 May 2018}}</ref>!! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="5" |Shivbhanu Solanki
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Gajendra Singh Rajukhedi
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="2" |Dariyav Singh Solanki
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Ranjana Baghel]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Hiralal Alawa]]<ref name="election2018" />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name="election2023" />
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Manawar<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=26 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Hiralal Alawa]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:90229}}
|percentage = 47.87
|change = -10.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kannoj Parmeshwar (Shiwram Gopal)
|votes = {{formatnum:89521}}
|percentage = 47.5
|change = +11.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Lalsingh Barman
|votes = {{formatnum:2847}}
|percentage = 1.51
|change = +0.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Dravida Party
|candidate = Lal Singh Solanki
|votes = {{formatnum:1769}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1814}}
|percentage = 0.96
|change = -0.35
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:708}}
|percentage = 0.37
|change = -22.37
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:188484}}
|percentage = 77.86
|change = -1.59
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bhaetiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Manawar<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-2">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Hiralal Alawa]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:101500}}
|percentage = 58.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ranjna Baghel
|votes = {{formatnum:61999}}
|percentage = 35.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Jagadish Muwel
|votes = {{formatnum:4619}}
|percentage = 2.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Amichand Muwel
|votes = {{formatnum:1916}}
|percentage = 1.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2278}}
|percentage = 1.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:39501}}
|percentage = 22.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:173706}}
|percentage = 79.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bhartiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Manawar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|22.24|75.09|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Dhar district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Cuncolim Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:29:25Z

Maryparker: Added Info

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Goa State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Cuncolim
| mla = [[Yuri Alemao]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| state = [[Goa]]
| district = [[South Goa district|South Goa]]
| loksabha_cons = [[South Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Goa]]
| established = 1963
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:29526}}<ref name=results2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14168-goa-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 17 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|5}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no =34
| map_image = File:Cuncolim constitution.svg
}}

'''Cuncolim Assembly constituency''' is one of the 40 [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of the state of [[Goa]] in southern [[India]]. Cuncolim is also one of the 20 constituencies falling under [[South Goa Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of Goa Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1963 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1963]]
|[[Sebastiao Mazarelo]]
|{{Full party name with color|United Goans Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1967 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan=2|[[Roque Santana Fernandes]]
|-
|[[1972 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[Ferdino Rebello]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|[[Jose Mario Vaz (politician)|Jose Mario Vaz]] contested against afronio Vaz of (MGP)
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Urs)}}
|-
|[[1984 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
|rowspan=2|[[Manuel Gregorio Fernandes]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
|[[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|rowspan=2|[[Arecio D'Souza]]
|{{Full party name with color|United Goans Democratic Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
|[[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|rowspan=2|[[Joaquim Alemao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Subhash Rajan Naik]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Clafasio Dias]]<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3862-goa-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2017 |access-date= 7 June 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Yuri Alemao]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Cuncolim<ref name=results2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14168-goa-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 17 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceogoa.nic.in/pdf/ELECTION/Voter%20Turnout%20GE-2022.pdf |title=General Elections 2022 to Goa Legislatie Assembly - AC wise Voter Turnout |access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Yuri Alemao]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,866 |percentage=42.49% |change={{increase}}13.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Clafasio Dias]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,632 |percentage=28.56% |change={{increase}}6.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wilson Peter Cardozo |party=Revolutionary Goans Party |votes=2,430 |percentage=10.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Santosh S. Fal Dessai |party=Independent politician |votes=1,326 |percentage=5.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jorson Piedade Fernandes |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=1,282 |percentage=5.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prashant Naik |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=906 |percentage=3.90% |change={{decrease}}11.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sudesh Vinayak Bhise |party=Independent politician |votes=312 |percentage=1.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=186 |percentage=0.80% |change={{decrease}}0.30 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,234 |percentage=13.93% |change= {{increase}}13.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,219 |percentage=77.62% |change= {{increase}}1.44 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,526 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.58 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}13.90 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2017===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Cuncolim<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Successful Candidates|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/Goa/01ListOfSuccessfulCandidates.xlsx|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|format=Xlsx|accessdate=22 April 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Clafasio Dias]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,415 |percentage=28.59% |change={{decrease}}2.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Joaquim Alemao |party=Independent politician |votes=6,382 |percentage=28.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Alias Rajan K. Naik |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,047 |percentage=22.49% |change={{decrease}}14.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Elvis Gomes |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=3,437 |percentage=15.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=John Inacio Monteiro |party=Goa Vikas Party |votes=488 |percentage=2.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devendra Dessai |party=Shiv Sena |votes=313 |percentage=1.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=247 |percentage=1.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=33 |percentage=0.15% |change= {{decrease}}6.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,440 |percentage=77.20% |change= {{decrease}}0.33 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,067 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.60 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}8.70 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2012===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Cuncolim<ref>{{cite report|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012, to the Legislative Assembly of Goa|publisher=Election Commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3856-goa-2012/}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Subhash Rajan Naik]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,738 |percentage=37.29% |change={{increase}}25.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Joaquim Alemao]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,425 |percentage=30.96% |change={{decrease}}27.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=John Inacio Monteiro |party=Independent politician |votes=4,830 |percentage=23.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Milagres Gonsalves |party=Independent politician |votes=603 |percentage=2.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jose Alias Brany Fernandes |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=543 |percentage=2.62% |change={{decrease}}19.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mario Morais |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=325 |percentage=1.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rony Rodrigues |party=Independent politician |votes=191 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,313 |percentage=6.33% |change= {{decrease}}29.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,751 |percentage=77.49% |change= {{increase}}14.47 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,764 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.82 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}21.21 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2007===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Cuncolim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_GOA_after_IC.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007042153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_GOA_after_IC.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Joaquim Alemao]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,909 |percentage=58.50% |change={{increase}}14.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fernandes Jorson Piedade |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=3,408 |percentage=22.38% |change={{increase}}20.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gonsalves Milagres Methew |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,832 |percentage=12.03% |change={{decrease}}7.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rodrigues John J. |party=Independent politician |votes=758 |percentage=4.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jerry Fernandes |party=Independent politician |votes=292 |percentage=1.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,501 |percentage=36.12% |change= {{increase}}19.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,229 |percentage=62.94% |change= {{increase}}0.60 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,150 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.38 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}14.03 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Cuncolim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007072027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Joaquim Alemao]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,426 |percentage=44.47% |change={{increase}}0.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Arecio D'Souza]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=4,038 |percentage=27.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Julio D'Silva |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,881 |percentage=19.94% |change={{decrease}}6.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Laxman Ganesh |party=Independent politician |votes=703 |percentage=4.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Cardozo Filipinho Bill |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=217 |percentage=1.50% |change={{decrease}}5.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Judas Fernandes |party=Independent politician |votes=181 |percentage=1.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,388 |percentage=16.53% |change= {{decrease}}1.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,450 |percentage=62.44% |change= {{increase}}5.76 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,136 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.06 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}0.57 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Cuncolim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof%20Goa-99.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007115355/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof%20Goa-99.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Arecio D'Souza]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,481 |percentage=43.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D Silva Julio Teodomiro |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,267 |percentage=26.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Coutinho Ronulfo Lawrence Soude Alias Coutinho Ranulfo |party=Goa Rajiv Congress Party |votes=1,398 |percentage=11.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Uttam Desai |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=873 |percentage=6.99% |change={{decrease}}32.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Cardozo Fillipinho Bill John |party=Independent politician |votes=842 |percentage=6.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Desai Ulhas Bhiku |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=615 |percentage=4.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,214 |percentage=17.73% |change= {{increase}}0.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,486 |percentage=56.65% |change= {{decrease}}10.65 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,022 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.93 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=United Goans Democratic Party |swing= {{increase}}4.66 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1994===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Cuncolim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StaticialReportGOA94.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006094522/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StaticialReportGOA94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Arecio D'Souza]] |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=5,294 |percentage=39.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shantaram Laxman Naik |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,909 |percentage=21.56% |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mascarenhas Joseph Miguel |party=Independent politician |votes=2,362 |percentage=17.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dessai Shabu Babani |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,620 |percentage=12.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bill Cardozo |party=Independent politician |votes=911 |percentage=6.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Cavarlho Santano Francisco |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=88 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,385 |percentage=17.68% |change= {{increase}}9.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,492 |percentage=66.55% |change= {{decrease}}0.80 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,032 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.94 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=United Goans Democratic Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}6.62 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Cuncolim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006124346/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Manu Fernandes]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,243 |percentage=32.62% |change={{decrease}}10.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dessai Shebu Babali |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=3,192 |percentage=24.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mascarenhas Joseph Mingui |party=Independent politician |votes=2,398 |percentage=18.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D'Souza Arecio Agapito |party=Independent politician |votes=2,338 |percentage=17.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Velvatkar Prakash Ramnath |party=Independent politician |votes=550 |percentage=4.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,051 |percentage=8.08% |change= {{decrease}}12.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,009 |percentage=67.15% |change= {{increase}}3.94 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,089 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}5.34 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}10.13 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Cuncolim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144917/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Manu Fernandes]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,535 |percentage=42.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naique Dessai Motilal Rogunata |party=Independent politician |votes=2,893 |percentage=22.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ferdino Rebello]] |party=Janata Party |votes=2,057 |percentage=15.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Silva Marcus Sebastiao |party=Independent politician |votes=1,176 |percentage=9.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dessai Dattaram Dev |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=792 |percentage=6.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dessa Satish |party=Independent politician |votes=145 |percentage=1.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,642 |percentage=20.40% |change= {{decrease}}22.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,948 |percentage=62.47% |change= {{increase}}6.22 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,165 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.03 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress (U) |swing= {{decrease}}23.07 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Cuncolim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114095835/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jose Vaz]] |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=7,328 |percentage=65.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Afronio Francisco gregorio vaz(Afranco) |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=2,555 |percentage=22.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ferdino Rebello]] |party=Janata Party |votes=482 |percentage=4.33% |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dessai Sada Shambu |party=Independent politician |votes=209 |percentage=1.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paes Emiterio Nazazeno |party=Independent politician |votes=119 |percentage=1.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Cruz Furtado |party=Independent politician |votes=84 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Damodar Dattaram Delvi |party=Independent politician |votes=73 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,773 |percentage=42.87% |change= {{increase}}42.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,133 |percentage=56.51% |change= {{increase}}1.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,199 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.19 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (U) |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}34.43 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Cuncolim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114095835/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ferdino Rebello]] |party=Janata Party |votes=3,321 |percentage=31.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roque Santana Fernandes |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,281 |percentage=31.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dessai Shabu Babani |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=2,643 |percentage=24.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanvardekar Upendra Narencinva |party=Independent politician |votes=500 |percentage=4.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dessai Soda Shambu |party=Independent politician |votes=378 |percentage=3.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fernandes Hilario Roque |party=Independent politician |votes=300 |percentage=2.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=40 |percentage=0.38% |change= {{decrease}}23.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,578 |percentage=56.12% |change= {{decrease}}8.54 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,605 |ref = |change= {{increase}}30.95 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |swing= {{decrease}}26.05 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Cuncolim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_GOA_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114075126/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_GOA_72.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Roque Santana Fernandes]] |party=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |votes=5,337 |percentage=57.44% |change={{increase}}15.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fernandes A. J. Guilman |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=3,133 |percentage=33.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anasiasio Almedia |party=Samyukta Socialist Party |votes=600 |percentage=6.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,204 |percentage=23.72% |change= {{increase}}0.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,291 |percentage=64.27% |change= {{increase}}1.24 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,208 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.83 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |loser=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |swing= {{increase}}15.28 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Cuncolim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statisticall%20Report%20Goa%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085800/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statisticall%20Report%20Goa%201967.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Roque Santana Fernandes]] |party=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |votes=3,774 |percentage=42.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. M. Jaiwant |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=1,720 |percentage=19.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Almeida |party=United Goans Party (Furtado Group) |votes=1,162 |percentage=12.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. J. Furtado |party=Independent politician |votes=1,020 |percentage=11.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. P. Timotio |party=Independent politician |votes=837 |percentage=9.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=F. G. Rodolfo |party=Independent politician |votes=101 |percentage=1.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,054 |percentage=22.95% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,950 |percentage=62.01% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,952 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Goa Legislative Assembly]]
* [[South Goa district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Goa Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/71-goa/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Goa}}

{{coord|15.184|74.003|display=title}}

[[Category:South Goa district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Goa]]
[[Category:Politics of Goa]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1963]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Goa, Daman and Diu]]

Prithul Kumar

2026-04-12T09:40:02Z

Maryparker:

{{Short description|Indian civil servant}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Prithul Kumar
| image = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1976|09|13}}
| birth_place = [[Sonbhadra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| education = [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur|IIT Kanpur]]
| occupation = Civil servant
| office =
| term_start =
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| service_years =
| rank =
| known_for =
}}

'''Prithul Kumar''' (born 13 September 1976) is an [[India]]n [[civil servant]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2024-11-21 |title=NFDC Chief Prithul Kumar Outlines Film Bazaar, IFFI Growth With Series Focus, New Sections |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/nfdc-prithul-kumar-film-bazaar-iffi-growth-1236213864/ |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> He is a 2000-batch officer of the [[Indian Railway Traffic Service]] (IRTS) and currently serves as the Joint Secretary (Broadcasting) in the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information & Broadcasting]] (MIB), [[Government of India]]. He has been Joint Secretary (Films)<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-06-15 |title=MIFF 2024 {{!}} 'Committed to extending financial help': I&B secy on independent films, Payal Kapadia's movie |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/miff-2024-committed-to-extending-financial-help-ib-secy-on-independent-films-payal-kapadias-movie/article68292566.ece |access-date=2025-08-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> as well as the Managing Director of the [[National Film Development Corporation of India|National Film Development Corporation]] (NFDC).<ref name="eventfaqs">{{cite news |title=Waves of Change: I&B Ministry's Prithul Kumar on India's cultural leap into the global spotlight |url=https://in.eventfaqs.com/2025/04/14/waves-of-change-ib-ministrys-prithul-kumar-on-indias-cultural-leap-into-the-global-spotlight |work=EventFAQs |date=14 April 2025 |access-date=20 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-21 |title=NFDC Chief Prithul Kumar shares insights on Indian Film Bazaar's expansion into series development ahead of IFFI 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/indian-film-bazaar-expands-into-series-development-with-global-participation-ahead-of-iffi-2024-nfdc-chief-prithul-kumar-shares-insights/articleshow/115534792.cms |access-date=2025-08-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Kumar was born on 13 September 1976 in [[Sonbhadra district|Sonbhadra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He earned a [[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech]] in [[Civil engineering|Civil Engineering]] from the [[IIT Kanpur]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=WA |first=CRIS |title=Personal Data |url=https://irts.org.in/irts/officersdetails/index.jsp?officerId=6430 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521222343/https://irts.org.in/irts/officersdetails/index.jsp?officerId=6430 |archive-date=2024-05-21 |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=irts.org.in |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Kumar is a 2000-batch officer of the [[Indian Railway Traffic Service]].<ref>{{cite web |title=IRTS Officers List (Serving) |url=https://irts.org.in/IRTSLISTserving1.jsp |publisher=Indian Railway Traffic Service Association |access-date=20 August 2025}}</ref>
He has previously held roles, including Joint Secretary, Ministry of I&B, Member-[[Prasar Bharati|Prasar Bharti]] Board, Managing Director of NFDC, Director (Mines) in the Ministry of Mines, and Executive Director (IT) in the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]].

In August 2022, he was appointed as Joint Secretary (Films) in the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting for a five-year term, and was also given additional charge as Managing Director of NFDC.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Appointments in I&B Ministry |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/marketing/mam/prithul-kumar-appointed-joint-secretary-films-220801 |publisher=Indiantelevision.com |date=1 August 2022 |access-date=20 August 2025}}</ref> He also serves as a nominated member of the [[Prasar Bharati]] Board.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prasar Bharati Board Members |url=https://prasarbharati.gov.in/board-members/ms-neerja-sekhar-nominated-member-prasar-bharati-board-additional-secretary-cvo-ministry-of-ib/ |publisher=Prasar Bharati |access-date=20 August 2025}}</ref>

As Joint Secretary (Films), Kumar oversees the [[Film Facilitation Office]], film certification, production, archival, and film education policies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivas |first=M. |date=2024-10-25 |title=NFDC India Announces Selection for Co-Production Market at Film Bazaar |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/nfdc-india-announces-selection-for-co-production-market-at-film-bazaar-1832986 |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> He was also involved in conceptualising the government’s media and entertainment vision under the initiative "WAVES 2025".<ref name="eventfaqs" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sultan |first=Parvez |date=2023-11-07 |title=Old is gold: Film festival to screen 7 newly restored classics |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/Nov/07/old-is-gold-film-festival-to-screen-7-newly-restored-classics-2630825.html |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:People from Sonbhadra district]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

James Macarthur-Onslow

2026-04-07T16:19:19Z

Maryparker: new post

{{Short description|Australian Army officer and politician (1867–1946)}}
{{Use Australian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Major general (Australia)|Major General]]
| name = James Macarthur-Onslow
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=AUS|size=100%|VD}}
| image = James MacArthur Onslow.gif
| alt =
| caption = James MacArthur-Onslow {{circa}} 1930
| office = Member of the [[New South Wales Legislative Council]]
| term_start = 4 July 1922
| term_end = 22 April 1934
| constituency_AM2 = [[Electoral district of Eastern Suburbs (New South Wales)|Eastern Suburbs]]
| assembly2 = New South Wales Legislative
| term_start2 = 20 March 1920
| term_end2 = 17 February 1922
| predecessor2 = ''New seat''
| successor2 = [[Hyman Goldstein (politician)|Hyman Goldstein]]
| constituency_AM3 = [[Electoral district of Bondi|Bondi]]
| assembly3 = New South Wales Legislative
| term_start3 = 6 December 1913
| term_end3 = 18 February 1920
| predecessor3 = ''New seat''
| successor3 = ''Seat abolished''
| constituency_AM4 = [[Electoral district of Waverley|Waverley]]
| assembly4 = New South Wales Legislative
| term_start4 = 10 September 1907
| term_end4 = 6 November 1913
| predecessor4 = [[Thomas Jessep]]
| successor4 = [[James Fingleton]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1867|11|07|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Camden Park Estate, New South Wales]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1946|11|17|1867|11|07|df=yes}}
| death_place = Camden Park Estate, New South Wales
| party = [[Liberal Reform Party (Australia)|Liberal Reform Party]] (1910–17) [[Nationalist Party (Australia)|Nationalist Party]] (1917–20) [[Progressive Party (1920)|Progressive Party]] (1920–31) [[United Australia Party]] (1931–34)
| spouse = {{marriage|Enid Emma Macarthur|15 December 1897}}
| relations =
| mother =
| father = [[Arthur Onslow (Australian politician)|Arthur Onslow]]
| alma_mater = [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]

| nickname =
| allegiance = [[Colony of New South Wales]] Australia
| branch = [[Colonial forces of Australia#New South Wales|New South Wales Military Forces]] (1892–01) [[Australian Army Reserve|Citizens Military Force]] (1901–25)
| service_years = 1892–1925
| rank = [[Major general (Australia)|Major General]]
| unit =
| commands = 1st Light Horse Brigade (1907–10) 2nd Light Horse Regiment (1903–07) 5th Battalion, [[Australian Commonwealth Horse]] (1902)
| battles = [[Chitral Expedition]] [[Second Boer War]] [[First World War]]
| mawards = [[Colonial Auxiliary Forces Officers' Decoration]] [[Mentioned in Despatches]]
}}
[[Major general (Australia)|Major General]] '''James William Macarthur-Onslow''', {{postnominals|country=AUS|size=100%|VD}} (7 November 1867 – 17 November 1946) was a soldier, grazier and politician. The son of a prominent [[New South Wales]] family, he was commissioned in the [[New South Wales Mounted Rifles]] in 1892 and served in the [[Chitral Expedition]], [[Second Boer War]] and the [[First World War]]. Afterwards, he served in the [[New South Wales Legislative Assembly]] and [[New South Wales Legislative Council]].

==Early life==
James William Macarthur-Onslow was born on 7 November 1867 at [[Camden Park Estate, New South Wales|Camden Park Estate]], near [[Menangle, New South Wales]], the son of [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] [[Arthur Alexander Walton Onslow]] and his wife Elizabeth née Macarthur, the granddaughter of wool pioneer [[John Macarthur (wool pioneer)|John Macarthur]]. He was educated at [[Sydney Grammar School]]. After his father died in 1882 his mother Elizabeth changed her name to Macarthur-Onslow,
and in 1887 she took her children to the [[United Kingdom]] to complete their education while she studied [[dairy farming]].

Macarthur-Onslow read law at [[Trinity College, Cambridge]], receiving [[Bachelor of Arts]] (BA) and [[Bachelor of Laws]] (LLB) degrees in 1890.<ref>{{acad|id= ONSW887JW|name=Onslow (post Macarthur-Onslow), James William Macarthur}}</ref> He returned to Australia in 1891. He married Enid Emma Macarthur, the granddaughter of [[Hannibal Hawkins Macarthur]] in 1897.<ref name=adb>{{cite AuDB |first=G P |last=Walsh |title=Macarthur-Onslow, James William (1867–1946) |id2=macarthur-onslow-james-william-7287 |accessdate=2 November 2019}}</ref> – James' great-grandfather and Enid's great-grandfather were brothers.

==Military career==
Macarthur-Onslow was commissioned captain of the [[Camden, New South Wales|Camden]] Squadron of the [[New South Wales Mounted Rifles]] in 1892. In 1894 he was selected by commandant of the military forces in New South Wales, [[Colonel (United Kingdom)|Colonel]] [[Edward Hutton (British Army officer)|Edward Hutton]], for training in India with the [[11th Hussars]], the [[Royal Artillery]], and the 1st Battalion, [[King's Royal Rifle Corps]] of the [[British Army]]. He served in India from 1894 to 1895, seeing active service in the [[Chitral Expedition]].<ref name=adb/>

In 1900 Macarthur-Onslow made his own way to South Africa in 1900 to participate in the [[Second Boer War]],<ref name=adb/> where he served as [[aide-de-camp]] to Hutton, who was now a [[Major general (United Kingdom)|major general]]. He participated in operations in the [[Orange Free State]] from February to May 1900, including the actions at Vet River and Zand River, and operations in the [[South African Republic|Transvaal]] from May to November 1900.<ref name="naa"/> For this service, he was [[mentioned in despatches]] by Field Marshal [[Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts|Lord Roberts]].<ref name="mid1">{{London Gazette|issue=27353|page=5927|date=10 September 1901}}</ref> He returned to Australia in March 1901,<ref name="naa">{{cite web | title= B2455 ONSLOW James William Macarthur | publisher= [[National Archives of Australia]] | url= http://naa12.naa.gov.au/scripts/imagine.asp?B=8001585&I=1&SE=1 | accessdate= 15 November 2009 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> but was later appointed to command the 5th Battalion, [[Australian Commonwealth Horse]].<ref name="nsw"/>

Macarthur-Onslow served as [[aide-de-camp]] to the [[Governor-General of Australia]], the [[John Hope, 1st Marquess of Linlithgow|Earl of Hopetoun]] in 1902. He commanded the 2nd Light Horse Regiment from July 1903 until December 1907 when he was promoted to [[colonel]] on assuming command of the 1st Light Horse Brigade. He was on the unattached list in January 1910. Although too old for active service during the [[First World War]], Macarthur-Onslow held the rank of colonel with the Sea Transport Service of the [[First Australian Imperial Force|Australian Imperial Force]], commanding troop ships travelling between Australia, the Middle East and Britain between 1915 and 1917. He was aide-de-camp to the Governor-General a second time from 1917 to 1920. He retired with the rank of [[Major general (Australia)|major general]] in 1925.<ref name=adb/>

==Political career==
Macarthur-Onslow served the people of New South Wales as a member of the [[New South Wales Legislative Assembly]], representing the seats of [[Electoral district of Waverley|Waverley]] from 1907 to 1913,<ref>{{Cite NSW election |year=DistrictIndexes |district=Waverley |title=Elections for Waverley |accessdate=24 July 2020}}</ref> [[Electoral district of Bondi|Bondi]] from 1913 to 1920,<ref>{{Cite NSW election |year=DistrictIndexes |district=Bondi |title=Elections for Bondi |accessdate=24 July 2020}}</ref> and [[Electoral district of Eastern Suburbs (New South Wales)|Eastern Suburbs]] from 1920 to 1922.<ref name=nsw>{{cite NSW Parliament |title=Major General James William Macarthur-Onslow (1867–1946) |id=1190 |former=Yes |accessdate=11 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite NSW election |year=DistrictIndexes |district=Eastern Suburbs |title=Elections for Eastern Suburbs |accessdate=24 July 2020}}</ref> He was nominated to the [[New South Wales Legislative Council]] in 1922, then a lifetime appointment, and served there until 1933, but was largely inactive.<ref name=adb/>

==Later life==
Macarthur-Onslow served as a director of the [[Commercial Banking Company of Sydney]] Limited and [[CSR Limited|The Colonial Sugar Refining Company Limited]]. His other appointments included president of the [[Australian Club]] and director of the [[Royal Prince Alfred Hospital]] 1909 until 1929.<ref name="nsw"/>

Macarthur-Onslow died at Camden Park and was survived by his wife, his son and his two daughters.<ref name=adb/> His papers are in the Mitchell Library, [[State Library of New South Wales]].<ref name="nsw"/>

==Family tree==
{{see also|Macarthur family}}
{{Tree list}}
* '''Arthur Pooley Onslow''' m. Rosa Roberta, ''[[née]]'' Macleay (m. 1832)
**[[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] '''[[Arthur Onslow (Australian politician)|Arthur Alexander Walton Onslow]]''' (1833–1882)<ref>{{cite AuDB |first=Bede |last=Nairn |id2=onslow-arthur-alexander-4335 |title=Onslow, Arthur Alexander Walton (1833–1882) |volume=5 |pages=369–370 |accessdate=2 November 2019}}</ref> m. Elizabeth, ''née'' Macarthur (1840–1911); changed her name to Macarthur-Onslow in 1892
*** '''James William Macarthur-Onslow''' (1867–1946) m. Enid Emma, ''née'' Macarthur
*** '''James Arthur Macarthur-Onslow''' (1898–1959) m. Constance, ''née'' Herbert; disinherited and bankrupted by his father
*** '''Helen Maud Macarthur-Onslow''' (1899–1968) m. Major General Sir Reginald Stanham; inherited Camden Park Estate
**** '''Brigadier Richard Quentin Macarthur-Stanham'''; inherited Camden Park Estate
*** '''Elizabeth Enid Macarthur-Onslow''' (1903–1990) m. Frederick Rothe
*** '''William Macarthur-Onslow'''; died in WWI
*** '''Emily Susan Macarthur-Onslow''' (1869–1876)
*** '''Rosa Sibella Macarthur-Onslow''' (1871–1943)<ref>{{cite AuDB |author=Simpson, Caroline |id=A100191b.htm |title=Macarthur Onslow, Rosa Sibella (1871–1943) |volume=10 |year=1986 |access-date=28 December 2022 }}</ref>
*** [[Brigadier General (Australia)|Brigadier General]] '''[[George Macarthur-Onslow|George Macleay Macarthur-Onslow]]''' (1875–1931) m. Violet Marguerite, ''née'' Gordon (m. 16 October 1909 at Manar, near Braidwood)
*** (Francis) '''[[Arthur Macarthur-Onslow]]''' (1879–1938) m. Sylvia Seton Raymond, née Chisholm (m. 16 May 1903 at Goulburn)
**** Major General Sir '''Denzil Macarthur-Onslow''' (1904–1984)<ref>{{cite AuDB |id2= macarthuronslow-sir-denzil-14853 |last=McCarthy |first=Dayton |title=Macarthur—Onslow, Sir Denzil (1904–198) |volume=18 |year=2012 |access-date=28 December 2022 }}</ref> m. Elinor Margaret, ''née'' Caldwell (m. 1927; div. {{circa|1945}})
***** Ion Macarthur—Onslow
***** Neil Macarthur—Onslow
***** Diana Macarthur—Onslow
***** Ewan Macarthur—Onslow
**** ''Major General Sir Denzil Macarthur—Onslow (1904–1984)'' m. Dorothy Wolseley Conagher, ''née'' Scott ({{circa|1923}}–2013); (m. 1950 in Petersham)
***** Katrina Macarthur—Onslow m. Sir Charles Hobhouse
***** Lee Macarthur—Onslow (1952–2021)
** Sir '''[[Alexander Onslow|Alexander Campbell Onslow]]''' (1842–1908)<ref>{{cite AuDB |first=E. K. |last=Braybrooke |id2=onslow-sir-alexander-campbell-4334 |title=Onslow, Sir Alexander Campbell (1842–1908) |volume=5 |page=367–369 |accessdate=2 November 2019}}</ref>
{{Tree list/end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|au-nsw-la}}
{{succession box | title=Member for [[Electoral district of Waverley|Waverley]] | before=[[Thomas Jessep]] | after=[[James Fingleton]] | years=1907–1913}}
{{s-new |District}}
{{s-ttl | title=Member for [[Electoral district of Bondi|Bondi]] |years=1913–1920}}
{{s-non |reason=District abolished}}
{{s-new |District}}
{{s-ttl |title=Member for [[Electoral district of Eastern Suburbs (New South Wales)|Eastern Suburbs]] |years=1920–1922 |alongside=[[James Fingleton|Fingleton]]/[[Daniel Dwyer|Dwyer]], [[Harold Jaques|Jaques]], [[Charles Oakes|Oakes]], [[Bob O'Halloran|O'Halloran]] }}
{{s-aft | after=[[Hyman Goldstein (politician)|Hyman Goldstein]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Macarthur-Onslow, James}}
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Australian generals]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Chitral Expedition]]
[[Category:Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Members of the New South Wales Legislative Council]]
[[Category:People educated at Sydney Grammar School]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Sydney]]
[[Category:Australian military personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:1867 births]]
[[Category:1946 deaths]]
[[Category:Onslow family|James]]
[[Category:Macarthur family (Australia)|James]]
[[Category:Colony of New South Wales people]]
[[Category:Australian monarchists]]

Sameer Tanti

2026-04-03T14:19:41Z

Maryparker:

{{Short description|Indian poet}}
{{morefootnotes|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Sameer Tanti
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1955|2|6}}
| birth_place = [[Karbi Anglong district|Karbi Anglong]], [[Assam]], India
| occupation = poet, translator, editor
| language = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| nationality = Indian
| education = MA in English Literature
| alma_mater = [[Gauhati University]]
| period = 21st century
| genres = Poetry
| subjects =
| notableworks = ''Kadam Phular Raati''
| spouse = Liliban Kolkita (m. 1980)
| awards = {{plainlist|
* [[Assam Valley Literary Award]] (2012)
* [[Gangadhar National Award For Poetry]] (2020)
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Assamese|Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2024)
}}
| signature =
| years_active =
}}

'''Sameer Tanti''' (born 6 February 1955) is an [[Assamese language]] poet, storyteller, translator, painter and social worker from India. He is the 2012 winner of the [[Assam Valley Literary Award]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/assam-valley-literary-award-to-sameer-tanti/articleshow/19291139.cms?from=mdr |title= Assam Valley Literary Award to Sameer Tanti |date= 30 March 2013|publisher= The Economic Times|access-date= 31 August 2022}}</ref> TantI was born in Bihora tea estate, Golaghat. In 2024, he won the Sahitya Akademi Award for his book of poems “Foringbure Bator Kotha Jane”.<ref>https://assam.news18.com/news/assam/samir-tati-won-the-sahitya-akademi-award-for-his-poem-fringbore-bat-katha-jane-tv-biju-kd-430342.html</ref>

==Biography==
Sameer Tant was born on 6 February 1955 at Behora, Mikirchang tea estate in the [[Karbi Anglong district]] of [[Assam]], India.<ref>{{cite news| url= https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/verse-in-proletariat-heart/cid/1556571| title= Verse in Proletariat Heart : Interview with Sameer Tanti|publisher=Telegraph India|date= 21 May 2004| access-date= 31 August 2022}}</ref> He studied at Bihora Mikirchang P
primary school in [[Golaghat]], higher secondary from [[Haflong]] Government College, graduation in English literature from [[Dergaon]] college and Master's degree in English from [[Gauhati University]] in 1983. He worked as a faculty member at Saraighat College before working as a translator with an English daily newspaper in Guwahati and then as a tourist information officer in the Department of Tourism, Government of Assam.

==Works==
Sameer Tanti has written fourteen poetry books, four critical essays, and two translations of African and Japanese books. he has also edited two short story collections.<ref>{{cite news| url= https://www.sentinelassam.com/melange/traversing-into-the-subliminal-consciousness-in-conversation-with-eminent-assamese-poet-sameer-tanti/| title= Traversing into Subliminal Consciousness : Conversation with Eminent Assamese Poet Sameer Tanti|publisher=The Sentinel|date= 18 November 2018| access-date= 31 August 2022}}</ref> In his works he strives to bridge the growing disparity among different sections of society.<ref>{{cite news| url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/assam-valley-literary-award-to-sameer-tanti/articleshow/19291139.cms| title= Assam Valley Award to Sameer Tanti|publisher=The Economic Times|date= 30 May 2013| access-date= 31 August 2022}}</ref> He has presented his poetry at several international forums like Indian Poetry Festival (1987), Asian Poetry Festival (1988) and World Poetry Festival (1989).

==Awards==
* 2012: [[Assam Valley Literary Award]]
* 2016: Padmanath Vidyabinod Literary Award
* 2017: Ramanath Bhattacharya Foundation Literary Award
* 2019: Shortlisted for [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his book "Kayakolper Bela"
* 2024: [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Assamese|Sahitya Akademi Award]] for the Book ''Foringbure Bator Kotha Jane''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tribune |first=The Assam |date=2024-12-18 |title=Three Assam litterateurs honoured with Sahitya Akademi Award 2024 |url=https://assamtribune.com/assam/three-assam-litterateurs-honoured-with-sahitya-akademi-award-2024-1561566 |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* 1985: Yuddha Bhumir Kabitaa
* Shokakul Upatyaka
* Tej Andhaaror Nao
* Somoy, Sabda, Sapon
* 2001: Kadam Phular Raati
* 2012: Ananda Aru Bedonaar Baivab
* 2013: Bishad Sangeet
* 2021: Foringbure Bator Kotha Jane

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tanti, Sameer}}
[[Category:1955 births]]

[[Category:Living people]]

[[Category:Assamese-language writers]]

[[Category:Writers from Assam]]
[[Category:Poets from Assam]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian magazine editors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Gauhati University alumni]]
[[Category:Assam Valley Literary Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Assamese]]

Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum

2026-03-30T17:59:15Z

Maryparker: new new details

{{short description|2012 Telugu-language action drama film}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum
| image = Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Krish Jagarlamudi]]
| producer = {{plainlist|
*Saibabu Jagarlamudi
*Yeduguru Rajeev Reddy
}}
| screenplay = Krish Jagarlamudi
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{Ubl |[[Sai Madhav Burra]]}}
}}
| story = Krish Jagarlamudi
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Rana Daggubati]]
*[[Nayanthara]]
}}
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cinematography = [[Gnana Shekar V. S.]]
| editing = Shravan Katikaneni
| studio = [[First Frame Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[Reliance Entertainment]] 7 Seas Inc (overseas)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum in Overseas by 7 Seas Inc |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/usschedules/kvj.html |access-date=4 October 2012 |publisher=Idlebrain}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|11|30|India}}
| runtime = 139 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross = {{Estimation}}{{INR}}45 crore<ref>{{cite web |title=Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum heads towards Rs 45-cr collections |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/krishnam-vande-jagadgurum-heads-towards-rs-45-cr-collections-112120300045_1.html |website=[[Business Standard]] |language=en |date=24 January 2013 |access-date=24 January 2026}}</ref>
}}

'''''Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum''''' ({{translation|''Praise [[Krishna]], the [[Guru]] of the Universe''}}) is a 2012 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[Krish (director)|Krish]] and jointly produced by Saibabu Jagarlamudi and Rajeev Reddy on [[First Frame Entertainment]]. It has received universal acclaim for combining the art form of Surabhi and an action flick based on [[illegal mining]] in [[Bellary]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2012 |title=Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum is a bilingual |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Krishnam-Vande-Jagadgurum-is-a-bilingual/articleshow/15043626.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130128021859/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-19/news-interviews/32746008_1_telugu-and-tamil-krishnam-vande-jagadgurum-btech-babu |archive-date=28 January 2013 |access-date=19 July 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It stars [[Rana Daggubati]] and [[Nayanthara]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krish selects Nayanatara as Rana's pair in KVJ |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/79610.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320085612/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/79610.html |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date=19 March 2012 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> while [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]], [[Milind Gunaji]], [[Murali Sharma]], [[Brahmanandam]], [[Posani Krishna Murali]], and [[L. B. Sriram]] appear in supporting roles. [[Mani Sharma]] composed the music for the film.

It was released on 30 November 2012 to high critical acclaim and was declared a blockbuster at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tollywood 2012 Film Roundup – Hit Films, Flop Films 2012 |url=https://www.filmsadda.com/telugu-movies-hits-flops |access-date=31 December 2012 |publisher=filmsadda.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
Babu is a young stage artist who performs with ''Surabhi'', a [[theatrical troupe]] led by his passionate grandfather, Subrahmanyam. Though very gifted in his craft, Babu resents the art due to his poor earnings from it and makes plans to leave for a better lifestyle in [[United States|USA]]. Disappointed with his grandson’s intentions, Subrahmanyam dies of grief in his sleep, devastating everyone. Babu and the troupe travel to [[Ballari]] to fulfill Subrahmanyam's wish of having his ashes dispersed in the [[Tungabhadra River]].

Shortly after their arrival, one of the troupe’s artists engages in an altercation with Saida, a local goon, who retaliates by severing the former’s tongue and urinating in Subrahmanyam’s ashes. An infuriated Babu sets off in pursuit of Saida, and runs into Devika, a journalist and a [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] informer documenting the illegal mining operations of Reddappa, Saida’s boss and a cruel industrialist. On their way, Jogamma, an elderly woman desperately searching for Babu, finds him and reveals his tragic origins – Babu was born to Jogamma’s friends, Ramamurthy Naidu, a forest ranger, and his wife. In his infancy, Babu’s parents were murdered by his uncle, Chakravarthy, who was evading arrest for another murder. After witnessing his parents’ death, Jogamma escaped with an infant Babu and placed him in the care of Subrahmanyam, who adopted Babu as his grandson. Upon learning this, Babu realizes Subrahmanyam's love for him and swears revenge on Chakravarthy.

Continuing on their chase after Reddappa and Saida, Devika and Babu get caught in the crossfire of an attack on Reddappa by none other than Chakravarthy and his men. While Reddappa survives, Devika and Babu get injured in the attack and escape to a nearby forest, where they seek refuge with an inhabiting tribe. After tending to their injuries, the tribal people share that they migrated there after Reddappa mercilessly forced them out of their native forest and burned it to excavate the land. Devika firmly determines to seek justice for Reddappa’s crimes, while Babu insists on not interfering, leading to an altercation that separates them. Devika eventually stumbles into Chakravarthy, who reveals to her that he is the real Reddappa, and that the true Chakravarthy stole his identity after killing Babu’s parents and committing other crimes. Later, however, Chakravarthy captures Reddappa and renders him mute in response to the earlier attack.

Babu emotionally returns to Surabhi and decides to perform Subrahmanyam's last authored play, ''Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum'', with the troupe. When Chakravarthy arrives with Saida to watch the performance, Babu immediately kills the latter, and discloses his knowledge of his parents’ demise and intention to kill their slayer to Chakravarthy, unaware of his true identity. Chakravarthy deceptively offers the real Reddappa in his place to Babu, but Jogamma and Devika arrive just in time to reveal the truth. A furious Babu assaults and subdues Chakravarthy after overpowering his men, and delivers him to the tribe he displaced, who burn Chakravarthy alive to avenge their loss. Babu concludes his duty and honors Subrahmanyam by dispersing his ashes in the Tungabhadra River.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Rana Daggubati]] as Babu
* [[Nayanthara]] as Devika
* [[Milind Gunaji]] as Redappa (Fake)/Chakravarthy
* [[Murali Sharma]] as Chakravarthy (Fake)/Reddappa
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Subrahmanyam
* [[L. B. Sriram]] as Matti Raju
* [[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapoorna]] as Jogamma
* [[Adithya (actor)|Adithya]] as Ramamurthy Naidu, Babu's father
* Lakshmi Vasudevan as Babu's mother
* [[Prabhakar (Telugu actor)|Prabhakar]] as Saida
* [[Ravi Prakash (Telugu actor)|Ravi Prakash]] as Pattabhi
* [[Raghu Babu]] as Veeraraju
* [[Satyam Rajesh]] as Swamy
* [[Hema (actress)|Hema]] as Rathna Prabha
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Rangasthala Pandit a.k.a. "Rampam"
* [[Posani Krishna Murali]] as Tippu Sultan
* [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]]
* [[Roopa (actress)|Roopa Devi]]
* [[Venkatesh (actor)|Ventakesh Daggubati]] as "[[Ballari]]" Babu (special appearance) in song "Sye Andre Nanu"
* [[Sameera Reddy]] as [[item number]] in song "Sye Andre Nanu"
* [[Hazel Keech]] as item number in song "Chal Chal Chal"
{{colend}}

==Production==
Rana was cast for the lead role of Babu, a young drama artist.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LEADER AS NARASIMHA SWAMI |url=http://www.ifilmish.com/leader-as-narasimha-swami/ |publisher=ifilmish.com}}</ref> Nayanthara was cast to play the crucial role of a documentary filmmaker. She dubbed for the role herself.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nayanathara dubs for KVJ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Nayanathara-dubs-for-KVJ/articleshow/16758752.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103124937/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-10/news-interviews/34361869_1_kvj-saibaba-jagarlamudi-krishnam-vande-jagadgurum |archive-date=3 January 2013 |access-date=10 October 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Sameera Reddy]] was hired for an item number<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sameera Reddy to play an item in KVJ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Sameera-Reddy-to-play-an-item-number-in-KVJ/articleshow/16602013.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126151020/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-29/news-interviews/34163553_1_actress-sameera-reddy-saibaba-jagarlamudi-kvj |archive-date=26 January 2013 |access-date=29 September 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> with [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] making a cameo appearance in this movie.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Venkatesh to play cameo role in Rana"s Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum |url=http://timesofap.com/cinema/venkatesh-to-play-cameo-in-ranas-krishnam-vande-jagadgurum/ |access-date=1 October 2012 |publisher=timesofap.com}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption = Album cover
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2012|10|7}}
| recorded = 2012
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=37|s=44}}
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer = Mani Sharma
| prev_title = [[Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu]]
| prev_year = 2012
| next_title = [[Vetri Selvan]]
| next_year = 2012
}}

The audio launch of ''Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum'' was held on 7 October 2012 in Hyderabad. Rather differently, the film's director Krish and hero Rana Daggubati played the hosts apart from Gayathri Bhargavi. Nayantara, who seldom attends audio events, attended the function. Others who graced the event include Venkatesh, [[S. S. Rajamouli]], [[Dil Raju]], [[D. Ramanaidu]], Sirivennela Sitaramasastri, Mani Sharma, and Kota Srinivasa Rao. Venkatesh gave the first CD to S. S. Rajamouli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum audio launched |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-08/news-interviews/34321549_1_krishnam-vande-jagadgurum-nayanatara-mani-sharma |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006054122/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-08/news-interviews/34321549_1_krishnam-vande-jagadgurum-nayanatara-mani-sharma |archive-date=6 October 2013 |access-date=8 October 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 37:44
| title1 = Ararey Pasi Manasaa
| note1 =
| lyrics1 = [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri]]
| extra1 = Narendra, [[Sravana Bhargavi]]
| length1 = 5:28
| title2 = Sai Andri Nanu
| note2 =
| lyrics2 = E.S. Murthy
| extra2 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Rahul Sipligunj]], Deepu
| length2 = 4:59
| title3 = Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum
| note3 =
| lyrics3 = Sirivennela Sitaramasastri
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length3 = 9:25
| title4 = Spicy Spicy Girl
| note4 =
| lyrics4 = Sirivennela Sitaramasastri
| extra4 = [[Vedala Hemachandra|Hemachandra]], [[Chaitra H. G.|Chaitra]], Sravana Bhargavi
| length4 = 4:18
| title5 = Ranga Marthanda
| note5 =
| lyrics5 = [[Sai Madhav Burra]]
| extra5 = [[Raghu Babu]], Hemachandra, Sai Madhav Burra
| length5 = 3:19
| title6 = Chal Chal Chal
| lyrics6 = Sai Madhav Burra
| extra6 = Joanna
| length6 = 3:35
| title7 = Parinamam
| note7 = [[Instrumental]]
| extra7 = Evolution Theme
| length7 = 6:40
}}

==Release==
The [[Central Board of Film Certification]] rated it U/A<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2012 |title=Daggubati Rana dubs for KVJ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Daggubati-Rana-dubs-for-KVJ/articleshow/16234498.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423132714/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-03/news-interviews/33562057_1_b-tech-babu-ongaram-kvj |archive-date=April 23, 2013 |access-date=February 15, 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> with 14 cuts and violence in all fights has been reduced by at least 50%.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} ''Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum'' was expected to open in 1,000 screens worldwide and is likely to outnumber Aamir Khan's ''Talaash'' in terms of screens in south India. The film was to be released across an equal number of screens in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum' to hit 1,000 screens |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/294989/krishnam-vande-jagadgurum-hit-1000.html |access-date=28 November 2012 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

The film was simultaneously released as ''Ongaram'' in Tamil and as ''Action Khiladi'' in Malayalam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rana- Nayan film titled 'Ongaram'! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/rana-nayan-film-titled-ongaram-news-tamil-mhtr3Wchadf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723005452/http://www.sify.com/movies/rana-nayan-film-titled-ongaram-news-tamil-mhtr3Wchadf.html |archive-date=23 July 2012 |access-date=19 July 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> It was also dubbed and released in Hindi as ''Krishna Ka Badla'' in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rana Daggubati's 'Krishnam Vande Jagatgurum' to be dubbed in Hindi |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/rana-daggubatis-krishnam-vande-jagatgurum-to-be-dubbed-in-hindi/303323-71-216.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212070945/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/rana-daggubatis-krishnam-vande-jagatgurum-to-be-dubbed-in-hindi/303323-71-216.html |archive-date=12 December 2012 |access-date=2 November 2012}}</ref>

==Reception==
idlebrain.com jeevi gave a rating of 3/5 stating "Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum is film that mixes the sensibilities of Krish with commercial elements."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum review |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-kvj.html |access-date=30 November 2012 |publisher=idlebrain.com}}</ref> Riya Chakravarthy of [[NDTV]] gave a review stating: "Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum is a mix of a commendable acting and a good script. Like with his previous movies, Krish has once again proved his directorial credentials with this film. Overall, a good watch that will appeal to all types of audience."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Review: Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=299481&subcatg=&keyword=regional&nid=299481 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203031444/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=299481&subcatg=&keyword=regional&nid=299481 |archive-date=3 December 2012 |access-date=30 November 2012 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> [[Rediff]] gave a review stating "All in all, Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum is a film to be seen for its fine story and well-defined characteristation. It is both thought-provoking and entertaining and the music, camera work, acting and technical elements are all good. Go watch KVJ."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review: Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum is outstanding |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-krishnam-vande-jagadgurum/20121130.htm |access-date=30 November 2012 |publisher=Rediff}}</ref> [[Oneindia.in]] gave a rating 3.5/5 stating "Overall, Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum is both a good entertainer and a thought provoking movie. Rana will definitely rock you. Don't miss it this weekend."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum (KVJ) – Movie Review |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/reviews/2012/krishnam-vande-jagadgurum-movie-review-101579.html |access-date=30 November 2012 |publisher=Oneindia Entertainment}}</ref> ''Mirchi9.com'' gave a review stating "Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum is a thought provoking intense entertainer which carries an inherent message in it. Leaving aside the commercial dynamics of the movie, the movie is a must watch."<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2012 |title=Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum Review |url=http://www.mirchi9.com/movienews/krishnam-vande-jagadgurum-review-1/ |access-date=30 November 2012 |publisher=Mirchi9.com}}</ref> Tikkview.com gives 3.9/5 for this film saying that it is a mass movie.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2012 |title=Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum - For mass |url=http://www.tikkview.com/movies/2859-krishnam-vande-jagadgurum |access-date=11 February 2013 |publisher=tikkview.com}}</ref>

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ceremony
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[T. Subbarami Reddy|TSR]] - [[TV9 (Telugu)|TV9]] National Film Awards 2012<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2013 |title=TSR TV9 National film awards for 2011 and 2012 winners announcement press meet |url=https://idlebrain.com/news/functions1/announcement-tsrawardswinners.html |access-date=14 September 2013 |publisher=idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|Best Character Actor
|[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="7"|[[60th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director]]
|[[Krish (director)|Radhakrishna Jagarlamudi]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress]]
|[[Nayantara]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu|Best Supporting Actor]]
|[[Posani Krishna Murali]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director]]
|[[Manisharma]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri]] for "Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum"
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Playback Singer - Male]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] for "Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum"
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Playback Singer - Female]]
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]] for "Saayandhralo"
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="7"|[[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|Best Actor in a Supporting Role
|[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Comedian
|[[Posani Krishna Murali]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Lyricist
|[[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri]] for "Jaruguthunnaadi"
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Male Playback Singer
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Female Playback Singer
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Critics)<ref name=" Winners List ">{{Cite web |title=SIIMA Awards 2013 Winners List |url=http://timesofap.com/cinema/siima-awards-2013-winners-list-.html |access-date=15 September 2013 |publisher=timesofap.com}}</ref>
|[[Rana Daggubati]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Critics)<ref name=" Winners List " />
|[[Nayantara]]
|{{won}}
|-
|}

==Box office==
The film collected around ₹45 crore worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kanth |first=K Rajani |date=January 24, 2013 |title=Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum heads towards Rs 45-cr collections |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/krishnam-vande-jagadgurum-heads-towards-rs-45-cr-collections-112120300045_1.html |access-date=January 24, 2026 |website=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2499856}}

{{Krish (director)}}

[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films about mining]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Krish Jagarlamudi]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]
[[Category:2012 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2012 action films]]

C. N. Annadurai

2026-03-26T02:15:02Z

Maryparker:

{{Short description|Indian politician (1909–1969)}}
{{Tamil name|Natarajan|Annadurai|Conjeevaram}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = C. N. Annadurai
| image = CN_Annadurai.jpg
| caption =
| order =
| office = [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start = 14 January 1969
| term_end = 3 February 1969
| governor = [[Ujjal Singh]]
| predecessor = ''Position established'' '''Himself as Madras State'''
| successor = [[M. Karunanidhi]] [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]] (acting)
| constituency = ''Leader of the {{avoid wrap|[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council|State Legislative Council]]}}''
| order1 = 5th
| office1 = Chief Minister of Madras State
| term_start1 = 6 March 1967
| term_end1 = 13 January 1969
| governor1 = Ujjal Singh
| predecessor1 = [[M. Bhakthavatsalam]]
| successor1 = ''Position abolished'' Himself as Tamil Nadu
| constituency1 = ''Leader of the {{avoid wrap|State Legislative Council}}''
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start2 = 3 April 1962
| term_end2 = 25 February 1967
| primeminister2 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| constituency2 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu|Madras State]]
| office3 = Member of the {{avoid wrap|[[Madras State Legislative Assembly]]}}
| term_start3 = 1 April 1957
| term_end3 = 18 March 1962
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[K. Kamaraj]]
| predecessor3 = Deivasigamani
| successor3 = [[S. V. Natesa Mudaliar]]
| constituency3 = [[Kancheepuram (state assembly constituency)|Kancheepuram]]
| office4 = 1st General Secretary of the {{avoid wrap|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]}}
| term_start4 = 25 September 1960
| term_end4 = 3 February 1969 |president4 = ''Vacant'' |president5 = ''Vacant''
| predecessor4 = V. R. Nedunchezhiyan
| successor4 = V. R. Nedunchezhiyan
| term_start5 = 17 September 1949
| term_end5 = 23 April 1955
| predecessor5 = ''Position established''
| successor5 = V. R. Nedunchezhiyan
| office7 = Member of the {{avoid wrap|[[Madras Legislative Council]]}}
| term_start7 = 6 March 1967
| term_end7 = 14 January 1969
| office6 = Member of the {{avoid wrap|Tamil Nadu Legislative Council}}
| term_start6 = 14 January 1969
| term_end6 = 3 February 1969
| 1blankname6 = Leader of House
| 1namedata6 = ''Himself''
| predecessor6 = ''Position established''
| successor6 = [[Rani Annadurai]]
| office8 = Leader of the {{avoid wrap|[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council]]}}
| term_start8 = 16 January 1969
| term_end8 = 3 February 1969
| predecessor8 = ''Position established''
| successor8 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| office9 = Leader of the {{avoid wrap|Madras Legislative Council}}
| term_start9 = 17 March 1967
| term_end9 = 14 January 1969
| predecessor9 = [[R. Venkatraman]]
| successor9 = ''Position abolished''
| birth_name = Conjeevaram Natarajan Annadurai<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HU4vAAAAYAAJ&q=+Annadurai+Mudaliar+|title = Report on the General Elections in India|last1 = Election Commission|first1 = India|year = 1962}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1909|9|15}}
| birth_place = [[Kanchipuram|Conjeevaram]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] {{avoid wrap|(present-day [[Kanchipuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India)}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1969|2|3|1909|9|15}}
| death_place = [[Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India (present-day [[Chennai]])
| death_cause = 
| resting_place = [[Anna Memorial]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] (1949-1969)
| otherparty = {{ubl|[[Dravidar Kazhagam]] (1944–1949) |[[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] (until 1944)}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Rani Annadurai]]|1930}}
| awards = [[Chubb Fellowship]] (1968)
| nickname = {{cslist|''Peraringar''|''Anna''}}
| signature =
}}

'''Conjeevaram Natarajan Annadurai''' (15 September 1909{{Snd}}3 February 1969), also known as '''Perarignar Anna''', was an Indian politician who was the founder and first general-secretary of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK). He served as the fourth and last [[Chief minister (India)|chief minister]] of [[Madras State]] from 1967 until 1969, and then as the first [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|chief minister of Tamil Nadu]] for 20 days before his death in office. He was the first member of a [[Dravidian party]] to hold either post.

He was well known for his oratorical skills and was an acclaimed writer in the [[Tamil language]]. He scripted and acted in several plays. Some of his plays were later made into movies. He was the first politician from the [[Dravidian parties]] to [[Tamil cinema and Dravidian politics|use Tamil cinema]] extensively for political propaganda. Born in a middle-class family, he first worked as a school teacher, then moved into the political scene of the [[Madras Presidency]] as a journalist. He edited several political journals and enrolled as a member of the [[Dravidar Kazhagam]]. As an ardent follower of [[Periyar]], he rose in stature as a prominent member of the party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dmk official website |url=https://www.dmk.in/en/party/historyofdmk/dmk/}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Renaming of Madras State |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tracing-the-demand-to-rename-madras-state-as-tamil-nadu/article66347708.ece}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=Annadurai's death. |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ht-this-day-feb-03-1969-annadurai-is-dead-101643803678551.html}}</ref>

Due to differences looming with Periyar, on issues of separate independent state of [[Dravida Nadu]] and union with India, he crossed swords with his political mentor. The friction between the two finally erupted when Periyar married [[Maniammai]], who was much younger than him. Angered by this action of Periyar, Annadurai with his supporters parted from Dravidar Kazhagam and launched his own party, [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK).{{Citation needed|date=April 2017}} The DMK initially followed the same ideologies as its parent, Dravidar Kazhagam. But with the evolution of national politics and the constitution of India after the [[Sino-Indian War]] in 1962, Annadurai dropped the claim for an independent Dravida Nadu. Various protests against the ruling [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] government took him to prison on several occasions; the last of which was during the Madras anti-Hindi agitation of 1965. The agitation itself helped Annadurai to gain popular support for his party. His party won a landslide victory in the [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]] state elections. His cabinet was the youngest at that time in India. He legalised [[Self-Respect marriages]], enforced a two-language policy (in preference to the [[three-language formula]] in other southern states), implemented subsidies for rice, and renamed Madras State to Tamil Nadu.

However, he died of cancer just two years into office. His funeral had the [[List of largest funerals#15 million|highest attendance of any to that date]]. Several institutions and organisations are named after him. A splinter party launched by [[M. G. Ramachandran]] in 1972 was named after him as [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].

== Early life ==
Annadurai was born in a [[Tamils|Tamil]] [[Sengunthar]] family<ref>{{cite book |title=Dialogue and History: Constructing South India, 1795-1895 |first=Eugene F. |last=Irschick |publisher=University of California Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-52091-432-2 |page=203 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gwEOfHfUFTkC&pg=PA203}}</ref> on 15 September 1909 in [[Conjeevaram]], [[Madras Presidency]], in a lower-middle-class family. His father Natarajan Mudaliar<ref>{{Cite book |last=சிவத்தம்பி |first=கார்த்திகேசு |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zMQzAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9C+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D |title=தமிழில் இலக்கிய வரலாறு |date=1988 |publisher=நியூ செஞ்சுரி புக் ஹவுஸ் |language=ta}}</ref> was a [[Weaving|weaver]] and his mother was Bangaru Ammal, a temple servant.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Conjeevaram Natarajan Annadurai |url=https://www.tnpscthervupettagam.com/articles-detail/conjeevaram-natarajan-annadurai |access-date=8 September 2024 |website=tnpscthervupettagam.com}}</ref> He was raised by her sister Rajamani Ammal.
[[File:CN_Annadurai_And_Rani_Annadurai.jpg|thumb|Annadurai with his wife]]
At the age of 21, he married Rani while he was still a student. The couple had no children of their own, so they later adopted and raised Rajamani's grandchildren. He attended Pachaiyappa's High School,<ref name=TL /> but left school to work as a clerk in the town's Municipal office to assist with the family finances.

In 1934, he graduated with a [[B.A. degree]] from [[Pachaiyappa's College]] in [[Chennai]].<ref name=TL /> He then earned an [[Master of Arts|MA]] degree in [[economics]] and politics from the same college. He worked as an English teacher<ref name=Hindu>{{cite book
| last = Satyendra
| first = Kuśa
| title = Dictionary of Hindu Literature
| publisher = Sarup & Sons
| year = 2000
| pages = 9–10
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UcAwrV60cpAC
| isbn = 978-81-7625-159-4
}}</ref> in Pachaiyappa High School. Later he quit the teaching job and began involving himself in journalism and he served as an editor in few weekly magazine and then he indulged into politics.
[[File:C. N. Annadurai-1946.png|thumb|upright|Annadurai in younger times|left]]

== Religion ==
Though Annadurai was an [[atheist]] in his personal life as he took oath as the Chief Minister of the state in the 'name of conscience' rather than in the 'name of god', he proclaimed as "Only one race, Only one God" (''Ondre Kulam Oruvanae Devan'') from the Tamil work ''[[Tirumantiram]]'' penned by [[Tirumular]] in order to unify the people of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>''Daughter of the South'' By Pi. Ci Kaṇēcan̲, p. 66</ref><ref>''Ethnic movement in India'' By Ganapathy Palanithurai, R. Thandavan, p. 41</ref> Though secular to the core, he later described himself as a Hindu sans the sacred ash, a Christian minus the holy cross, and a Muslim without the prayer cap.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kannan |first=R |date=15 September 2005 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/15/stories/2005091502291000.htm |location=Chennai, India |title=C.N. Annadurai's mission incomplete |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907063022/http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/15/stories/2005091502291000.htm |archive-date=7 September 2009 |url-status=dead |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=27 August 2013 }}</ref>

Annadurai stated he would attack superstitions and religious exploitation but would never fight against the spiritual values of society. He once explained his stance towards God and religion as "I do not break coconuts for [[Pillaiyar]], (a form of worship) neither do I break his idols." (''Nan Thengayum udaipathillai; Pillaiyarum Udaipathillai'')<ref>''C.N. Annadurai'' By Pi. Ci Kaṇēcan̲. p. 25</ref>

== Political career==
=== Entry into politics ===
[[File:C. N. Annadurai and E. V. Ramasami.JPG|thumb|Annadurai and [[Periyar]]]]
{{See also|Justice party (India)|Dravidar Kazhagam}}
Annadurai's interest in politics made him join the [[Justice party (India)|Justice party]] in 1935.<ref name=encyc /> The Justice party was formed by non-[[Brahmin]] elites in 1916.<ref name=EPP>{{cite book
| last = Ralhan
| first = O.P.
| title = Encyclopaedia of Political Parties
| publisher = Anmol Publications
| year = 2002
| pages = 125–128
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=P4lCjG1DUV4C&q=Madras+Dravidian+Association&pg=PA423
| isbn = 978-81-7488-865-5
}}</ref>
The Justice party originated with the ''Madras United League'' which was initially started as a work group that helped non-Brahmin students in [[Madras]] with accommodation and later grew into a political party under the efforts of leaders like [[C. Natesa Mudaliar]], [[P. Theagaraya Chetty]] and [[T. M. Nair]]. The party was named ''South Indian Liberal Federation (S. I. L. F.)''{{Spaced en dash}}popularly known as [[Justice party (India)|Justice party]].<ref name=EPP /> The party had been in power in [[Madras Presidency]] since self-governance was introduced in 1920, until it was defeated by the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1937.<ref name=Votes1>{{cite conference
| first = Steven I
| last = Wilkinson
| title = Caste mobilization in Pre-independence Madras
| book-title = Votes and Violence: Electoral Competition and Ethnic Riots in India
| pages = 189–192
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| year = 2006
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tLpRFbLSxvAC
| isbn = 0-521-53605-7
| access-date = 16 December 2008
}}</ref> By the time Annadurai joined the Justice party, [[Periyar]] was the party president. Annadurai served as the sub-editor of the Justice magazine. He later became the editor for ''Viduthalai'' (''Freedom'' in English) and was also associated with the Tamil weekly paper, ''[[Kudi Arasu]]''. He started his own journal ''Dravida Nadu'' (named after the [[Dravida Nadu]]{{Spaced en dash}}an independent state that the party called for). In 1944, Periyar renamed the Justice party to [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] and gave up contesting in the elections.<ref name=Dickey>{{Cite journal
| last = Sarah
| first = Dickey
| title = The Politics of Adulation: Cinema and the Production of Politicians in South India
| journal = The Journal of Asian Studies
| volume = 52
| issue = 2
| pages = 340–372
| year = 1993
| doi = 10.2307/2059651
| jstor = 2059651
| s2cid = 153511979
}}</ref>

=== Differences with Periyar and birth of DMK ===
{{See also|Indian independence movement|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
The [[Indian National Congress]], which had been fighting for the independence of India from colonial British rule, was dominated by [[Brahmins]]. Periyar assumed that independent India would bring [[South India]]ns, especially [[Tamils]], under the dominance of [[Brahmins]] and [[North Indians]].<ref name=Swarna>{{cite book
| last = Rajagopaln
| first = Swarna
| title = State and Nation in South Asia
| publisher = Lynne Rienner Publishers
| year = 2001
| pages = 152–154
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q7Yz5aGeoTsC
| isbn = 978-1-55587-967-9
}}</ref>
For these reasons Periyar called for 15 August 1947, the day of Indian independence, to be a day of mourning.<ref name=Cho>{{cite news
| last = Ramaswamy
| first = Cho
| title = E.V. Ramaswami Naicker and C.N. Annadurai
| work = India Today
| url = http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/durai.html
| access-date = 19 December 2008
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081024183112/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/durai.html
| archive-date = 24 October 2008
| url-status = dead
| df = dmy-all
}}</ref>
Annadurai opposed this move and the schism between his supporters and Periyar widened.<ref name=Swarna /> He saw the gaining of independence as an overall achievement of India rather than solely that of Aryan North.<ref name=encyc>{{cite book
| last = Rajwat
| first = Mamta
| title = Encyclopaedia of Dalits in India
| publisher = Anmol Publications
| year = 2004
| pages = 246–247
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ocjlRwK1y5cC
| isbn = 978-81-261-2084-0
}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Moreover, Periyar's decision on giving up participating in democratic elections was also opposed by Annadurai, in reaction to which he walked out of a party meeting in 1948.<ref name=encyc /> Periyar considered that candidates in elections must compromise their ideologies. Moreover, it was Periyar's idea that social reformation can be better achieved outside politics, through education and canvassing the masses, rather than governments.<ref name=MR /> Eventually, when Periyar married [[Maniammai]], who was 40 years younger than him, the personal differences between Annadurai and Periyar split their supporters.<ref name=MR /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Annadurai launched his own party with his party fragment, along with [[E. V. K. Sampath]] (Periyar's nephew and until then considered his political heir<ref>{{Cite web
|url = http://sify.com/news/politics/fullstory.php?id=13493522
|title = Priest-less weddings in TN VIP families – Sify News
|website = [[Sify]]
|access-date = 20 December 2008
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090528101244/http://sify.com/news/politics/fullstory.php?id=13493522
|archive-date = 28 May 2009
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>). The new party was named [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].<ref name=halfcent>{{cite news
| last = Subramanian
| first = RS
| title = Celebrating a half century
| publisher = Frontline, The Hindu Publishing
| date = 9 October 1998
| url = http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1520/15201330.htm
| access-date = 19 February 2008
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080108070734/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1520/15201330.htm
| archive-date = 8 January 2008
| df = dmy-all
}}</ref> DMK's presence was initially restricted to urban centres and its surrounding areas. But by appealing to the urban lower, lower middle and working classes, students, Dalits and lower castes, Annadurai was able to accelerate its growth and spread. He fought for the social justice of the lower castes and thus rapidly gained popular support.<ref name=encyc />

=== Protests in 1953 ===
In 1953, Annadurai directed the DMK to undertake three protests:<ref name=MR />

* Condemning [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the then [[Prime Minister of India]], for describing the damaging Hindi letters in railway station boards by DK and DMK activists as "childish nonsense"
* Against [[C. Rajagopalachari]] (or Rajaji), the then chief minister of Madras State, for introducing a new educational system that indirectly encouraged traditional caste-based occupations called [[Kula Kalvi Thittam]]
* Against [[Kallakudi demonstration|renaming Kallakkudi]], Dalmiyapuram as the name Dalmiyapuram symbolised north Indian domination. He was eventually sentenced to three months imprisonment in this protest.

=== Dravida Nadu ===
[[File:Dravida Nadu.jpg|right|thumb|180px|''Dravida Nadu'' magazine owned and edited by Annadurai]]
{{See also|Dravida Nadu}}
During his days in Dravida Kazhagam, Annadurai had supported Periyar's call for an independent Dravida Nadu. The claim for such an independent state stayed alive in the initial days of DMK. [[E. V. K. Sampath]], who had earlier forfeited his inheritance from Periyar to join DMK, saw the call for Dravida Nadu as an unrealistic goal. Responding to Sampath's concern, Annadurai said {{cquote|We must contest more elections, win more seats and that way, win the confidence of the people; and when it is hot, we can strike and strike hard<ref name=Urmila>{{cite book
| last = Phadnis
| first = Urmila
| author-link1 = Urmila Phadnis
| author2 = Rajat Ganguly
| title = Ethnicity and Nation-building in South Asia
| publisher = Sage
| year = 2001
| page = 227
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wbf2wzyuWkUC
| isbn = 978-0-7619-9439-8
}}</ref> }}

Sampath's opposition to using film stars made him cross swords with many other members of the party. Eventually, with looming differences with Annadurai and other leaders on Dravida Nadu, Sampath left the DMK and formed his own party, the [[Tamil Nationalist Party]], in 1961.<ref name=MR /> In 1962, Annadurai said in the [[Rajya Sabha]] that ''Dravidians want the right of [[self-determination]] ... We want a separate country for southern India''.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Ganguli
| first = Amulya
| title = The DMK's negative politics
| publisher = The Tribune, India
| date = 26 May 2007
| url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070526/edit.htm
| access-date = 20 December 2008
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080726032258/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070526/edit.htm
| archive-date = 26 July 2008
| url-status = live
| df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

However, the reorganisation of states in India on linguistic basis removed Kannada, Telugu and Malayalam speaking regions from the Madras Presidency leaving behind a predominantly Tamil [[Madras State]]. Giving in to realities, Annadurai and his DMK changed the call of independent ''Dravida Nadu for Dravidians'' to independent ''Tamil Nadu for Tamils''. Annadurai felt that remaining in the Indian Union meant accepting linguistic domination and economic backwardness. Nevertheless, the [[Sino-Indian war]] brought about changes in the Indian constitution. The Sixteenth Amendment (most popularly known as the ''Anti-Secessionist Amendment'') banned any party with sectarian principles from participating in elections. When this amendment was presented in the [[Parliament of India]], Annadurai was one of its members. He vehemently debated against the amendment, but eventually could not stop it from being passed. Faced with the new constitutional changes, Annadurai and his DMK left the call for an independent Tamil homeland on the back burner.<ref name=Jeanie>{{cite book
| last = Bukowski
| first = Jeanie J
| author2 = Swarna Rajagopalan
| title = Re-distribution of Authority
| publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group
| year = 2000
| pages = 19–21
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mgK1Fltsh4cC
| isbn = 978-0-275-96377-4
}}</ref>
From then on Annadurai and his DMK aimed at achieving better co-operation between the southern states and claimed more autonomy for [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite book
| last = Jain
| first = Sumitra Kumar
| title = Party Politics and Centre-state Relations in India
| publisher = Abhinav Publications
| year = 1994
| page = 142
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Gm9p_VPDZCgC
| isbn = 978-81-7017-309-0
}}</ref>
On the party's position, Annadurai said {{cquote|To make the Dravidian state a separate state was our ideal. A situation has arisen where we can neither talk nor write about this ideal. Of course we can destroy the party by undertaking to violate the prohibition. But once the party itself is destroyed there will not be any scope for the ideal to exist or spread. That is why we had to give up the ideal.<ref name=Urmila />}}

== Anti-Hindi agitations ==
Hindi was first recommended to be an apt language for official purposes in India by a committee headed by [[Motilal Nehru]] in 1928. This move was opposed by people and politicians of Tamil Nadu, since they considered that it would make them second class citizens when compared to that of native Hindi speaking [[North Indians]].<ref name=Hardriots>{{cite journal
| last = Hardgrave
| first = Robert
| title = The Riots in Tamilnad: Problems and Prospects of India's Language Crisis
| journal = Asian Survey
| volume = 5
| issue = 8
| pages = 399–407
| year = 1965
| doi = 10.2307/2642412
| jstor = 2642412
| df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

== Protests of 1938 ==
In 1938, the Congress government in [[Madras Presidency]] headed by [[C. Rajagopalachari]] (popularly known as Rajaji) proposed the use of [[Hindi language]] as a compulsory language in schools. This move was opposed by Tamil leaders. Annadurai, along with other Tamil scholars including the poet [[Bharathidasan]], held demonstrations. Annadurai participated in the first Anti [[Hindi imposition]] conference held in [[Kanchipuram]] on 27 February 1938. Two members of the protest, Thalamuthu and Natarajan, died as a consequence of police beating the same year. With overwhelming opposition, the government of Madras Presidency finally withdrew the order in 1940. he stated that "you learn English for world communication and learn Hindi for communication in India, it seems like big door for big cat and small door for small cat, why not let the small cat also enter in big door".<ref name=Thirumavalavan>{{cite book
| last = Thirumavalavan
| author2 = Meena Kandasamy
| title = Uprrot Hindutva
| publisher = Popular Prakashan
| year = 2004
| pages = 125–126
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HfNRO-LtsN4C
| isbn = 978-81-85604-79-4
}}</ref>

== Madras Anti Hindi agitation, 1965 ==
{{Main|Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu}}
When India became a republic with its own constitution in 1950, the constitution had given special status to the Hindi language, which was to gain official status after 15 years in 1965. This move was regarded with anxiety by students in Tamil Nadu.<ref name=Hardriots /> Speaking of making Hindi as official language of India, Annadurai said ''It is claimed that Hindi should be the common language because it is spoken by the majority. Why should we then claim the tiger as our national animal instead of the rat which is so much more numerous? Or the peacock as our national bird when the crow is ubiquitous?''.<ref>{{cite web
| last = Nandivarman
| first = Ns
| title = Remembering the 1965 Anti Hindi Struggle
| publisher = Tamil Nation
| date = 27 January 2008
| url = http://www.tamilnation.org/forum/nandivarman/080127hindi.htm
| access-date = 20 December 2008
}} {{dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> In view of continued threat to impose Hindi, the DMK held an open-air conference against [[Hindi imposition]] at [[Kodambakkam]], [[Chennai]] in August 1960, which Annadurai presided over. He gave black flags to leading functionaries, to be shown to the [[President of India]] during his visit to the state. Sensing an uprising, Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] assured in the Parliament that English would continue to be the official language of India, as long as non-Hindi speaking people desire. DMK gave up the plan of showing black flags and Annadurai appealed to the Union Government to bring about a constitutional amendment incorporating the assurance.<ref name=MR />

With no constitutional amendment done, Annadurai declared 26 January 1965, the 15th [[Republic Day]] of India and also the day the Constitution, which in essence enshrined Hindi as the official language of India, came into practice, as a day of mourning. This move was opposed by the then Chief Minister of Madras State, [[Bhakthavatchalam]], as blasphemous. Hence Annadurai, who by then had been trying to shake off the secessionist image of his party, declared 24 January as a day of mourning. He also replaced the slogan of the protests to ''Down with Hindi; Long live the Republic''. Nevertheless, violence broke out on 26 January, initially in [[Madurai]] which within days spread throughout the state.<ref name=Hardriots /> Robert Hardgrave Jr, professor of humanities, government and Asian studies, suggests that the elements contributing to the riots were not instigated by DMK or Leftists or even the industrialists, as the Congress government of the state suggested, but were genuine frustrations and discontentment which lay beneath the surface of the people of the state.<ref name=Hardriots />

With violence surging, Annadurai asked the students to forfeit the protests, but some DMK leaders like [[Karunanidhi]] kept the agitations going.<ref name=Hardriots /> Nevertheless, Annadurai was arrested for instigating the agitation.<ref name=MR /> Although the violence were not directly instigated by the DMK,<ref name=Hardriots /> the agitation itself aided DMK to win the 1967 elections and Annadurai became the new Chief Minister of Madras State.<ref name=frontline3>{{cite news
| last = Viswanathan
| first = S
| title = A history of agitational politics
| publisher = Frontline, The Hindu publishing
| date = 23 April 2004
| url = http://www.flonnet.com/fl2108/stories/20040423007201600.htm
| access-date = 19 December 2008
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080302175523/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2108/stories/20040423007201600.htm
| archive-date = 2 March 2008
| df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

=== Literary contributions ===
[[File:Anna Private Library in Kanchipuram.jpg|right|thumb|Annadurai, known for his excellent oratorical skills, was fond of books. This image shows his private library.]]
{{See also|Cinema in Dravidian politics}}
Annadurai was known as one of the best Tamil orators during his time.<ref name=Hindu /> He developed a style in Tamil public speaking using metaphors and pleasing alliterations, both in spoken and written language. Annadurai was also best known for his extempore speaking ability being very well affluent on rhetoric skills.<ref>Amaresh Datta., 2005., Extempore Literature (Tamil): The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume Two) (Devraj To Jyoti) Volume 2, pp. 1249–1250.</ref>

He has published several novels, short stories<ref name=TL>{{cite web
| title = Life History and Literary Works of C.N. Annadurai
| publisher = Tamil Electronic Library
| url = http://tamilelibrary.org/teli/anna.html
| access-date = 20 December 2008
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081206112154/http://tamilelibrary.org/teli/anna.html
| archive-date = 6 December 2008
| url-status = live
| df = dmy-all
}}</ref> and plays<ref name="TVU_SRM_authors_plays">{{cite web |title=Self respect movement (Dravida Iyakkam) plays by Bharathidasan, C.N. Annadurai, M. Karunanidhi and others. |url=https://www.tamilvu.org/courses/degree/p102/p1024/html/p1024334.htm |website=Tamil Virtual University |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref> which incorporate political themes.<ref name=Hindu /> He himself acted<ref name="TVU_SRM_authors_plays" /> in some of his plays during his time in the Dravidar Kazhagam.<ref name=HGcine>{{cite journal
| last = Hardgrave, Jr
| first = Robert L
| title = Politics and the Film in Tamil Nadu: The Stars and the DMK
| journal = Asian Survey
| volume = 13
| issue = 3
| pages = 288–305
| date = March 1973
| doi = 10.2307/2643038
| jstor = 2643038
| hdl = 2152/34387
| url= https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/2152/34387/1/politicsandthefilm.pdf
}}</ref>
He introduced movie media as a major organ for propaganda of [[Dravidian politics]].<ref>{{cite news
| last = Bhanskaran
| first = Gautaman
| title = Pioneers who pushed cinema into politics
| work = Japan Times
| url = http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/eo20080829gb.html
| access-date = 13 December 2008
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090109184920/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/eo20080829gb.html
| archive-date = 9 January 2009
| url-status = live
| df = dmy-all
}}</ref> In total Annadurai scripted six screen plays.<ref name=HGcine />

His first movie ''[[Nallathambi (1949 film)|Nallathambi]]'' (Good Brother, 1948) which starred [[N. S. Krishnan]] promoted cooperative farming and abolition of [[zamindari system]].<ref name=HGcine /> His novels such as ''[[Velaikaari]]'' (Servant Maid, 1949) and ''[[Or Iravu]]'', which were later made into movies, carried the hallmarks of propaganda for Dravidian politics.<ref name="rethink">{{cite book |last=Guneratne |first=Anthony R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2IFR0oHGHKUC |title=Rethinking Third Cinema |author2=[[Wimal Dissanayake]] |last3=Chakravarty |first3=Sumita S. |author-link3=Sumita S. Chakravarty |publisher=Routledge |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-415-21354-7 |page=216}}</ref> On ''Velaikari'', Annadurai said that the movie {{cquote|made it clear that greed and avarice of the rich did not pay in the long run.[...] Some of the elementary principles of socialism and stressed that we should depend upon our own labour for our progress and well being and not some unknown factor.<ref name=HGcine />}}
''Velaikari'' made direct references against the suppressive landlords who were traditionally allied with [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and [[Gandhi]].<ref name=Dickey /> His movies had some elements of Dravidian political ideologies like [[anti-Brahminism]] and messages differing against [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] with detailed reasons and scenarios behind.<ref name=rethink /> Popular stage and cine actors who stood by Annadurai in early years were D. V. Narayanasamy, [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]], [[N. S. Krishnan]], [[S. S. Rajendran]], [[Sivaji Ganesan]]<ref name="TVU_SRM_authors_plays" /> and [[M. G. Ramachandran]].<ref name=MR>{{cite web
| last = Asaan
| first = GVK
| title = Anna the genius
| work = The birth centenary of Arignar Anna (C.N. Annadurai – 15 September 1909 – 3 February 1969) is being celebrated between September 2008 and September 2009. The first part of his life sketch appeared in the September issue. In this issue we give the second and the concluding part
| publisher = Modern Rationalist
| year = 2008
| url = http://www.themronline.com/200810mr/page14.html
| access-date = 20 December 2008
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110126110833/http://www.themronline.com/200810mr/page14.html
| archive-date = 26 January 2011
| df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

Some of his books had a social approach and its content were debatable, such as "Arya Mayai" (Aryan Illusion) in which he highlighted the view point of bringing an equal living society regardless of any caste dominance and especially drawing similarities which existed by then of the upper-[[Indian caste system|caste]] [[Brahmin]] (Aryan) people. He was fined INR 700 for sedition<ref>{{cite book
| last = Ramanujam
| first = KS
| title = The big change
| publisher = Higginbothams
| year = 1967
| page = 226
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dYIhAI1tNnEC
}}</ref> and was also sent to prison.<ref name=MR />

Some of his well-known works are his books ''Annavin Sattasabai Sorpolivukal'' (Anna's speeches at the state legislative, 1960), ''Ilatchiya varalaru'' (History of Ideals, 1948), ''Valkkaip puyal'' (Storm of life, 1948) and ''Rankon rata'' (Radha from Rangon).<ref name=Hindu /> His work ''Kambarasam'' criticises [[Ramayana]] of [[Kambar (poet)|Kamban]].<ref name=EIL>{{cite book
| last = Various authors
| title = Encyclopaedia of Indian literature vol. 1
| publisher = Sahitya Akademi
| year = 1987
| page = 181
| isbn = 978-81-260-1803-1
}}</ref> His works of fiction such as ''Kapothipura kathal'' (Love in the city of Blind), ''Parvathy B.A.,'' ''Kalinga rani'' (Queen of [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]]) and ''Pavayin payanam'' (Travels of a young lady) carried elements of political propaganda.<ref name=EIL />

At times when Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam was extensively using movies for its propaganda, censorship crippled the process. To evade censorships, DMK movies used Annadurai's popular nickname ''Anna'', which also means elder brother in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], as a pun. When praises were bestowed on the ''Anna'' on screen, the crowd would break into applause.<ref name=HGcine /> [[Kannadasan]] has criticised Anna's works that apart from ''Sivaji Kanda Hindu Rajyam''<ref name="TVU_SRM_authors_plays" /> and ''Needhi Devan Mayakkam'', the rest lacked even a plot.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kannan, R. |title=Anna: The Life and Times of C.N. Annadurai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQc_Xi0J8M0C|year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-670-08328-2|page=79}}</ref>

== Posts held ==
The provincial conference of the DMK was held at [[Tiruchirappalli]] in May 1956. Annadurai stepped down from the General Secretaryship of the party, and [[Nedunchezhian]] was elected to that position. It was at the Tiruchirappalli conference that the party decided to contest free India's second general elections which were to be held in 1957. The DMK secured 15 Assembly seats and two parliamentary seats.<ref name=MR /> Annadurai was elected from his home constituency, [[Kanchipuram]]<ref name=MR /> for the first time to the Madras Legislative Assembly.<ref name=Hindu /> In that election, the DMK won 15 seats and Annadurai became the de facto leader of the opposition in the state.<ref name=TL /> In 1962, the DMK emerged as the major political party in the state outside the Congress, winning 50 seats in the Assembly.<ref name=TL /> Although Annadurai himself lost the elections, he was nominated as a member of parliament to the upper house ([[Rajya Sabha]]).<ref name=TL /><ref name=Hindu />

== As chief minister ==
In 1967, the Congress lost nine states to opposition parties, but it was only in Madras state that a single non-Congress party majority was achieved.<ref name=Chakrabarty>{{cite book
| last = Chakrabarty
| first = Bidyut
| title = Indian Politics and Society Since Independence
| publisher = Routledge
| year = 2008
| pages = 110–111
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QzQHZ178C24C
| isbn = 978-0-415-40868-4
}}</ref> The [[1967 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|electoral victory of 1967]] is also reputed to an electoral fusion among the non-[[Indian National Congress|Congress]] parties to avoid a split in the [[Opposition (parliamentary)|Opposition]] votes. [[Rajaji|Rajagopalachari]], a former senior leader of the Congress party, had by then left the Congress and launched the right-wing [[Swatantra Party]]. He played a vital role in bringing about the electoral fusion among the opposition parties to align against the Congress.<ref name=frontline1>{{cite news
| last = Viswanathan
| first = S
| title = Dravidian power
| work = Frontline
| date = 23 April 2004
| url = http://www.frontline.in/fl2108/stories/20040423007701500.htm
| access-date = 19 February 2008
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080303061014/http://www.frontline.in/fl2108/stories/20040423007701500.htm
| archive-date = 3 March 2008
}}</ref>
At that time, his cabinet was the youngest in the country.<ref name=IT />

Annadurai legalised [[Self-Respect Movement|self-respect marriages]] for the first time in the country. Such marriages were void of priests to preside over the ceremony and thus did not need a [[Brahmin]] to carry out the wedding.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Venkatesh
| first = MR
| title = Solidarity show at wedding – ADMK's brickbats on cauvery mixes with Pranab's bonhomie
| publisher = The Telegraph, Calcutta
| date = 7 June 2004
| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040607/asp/nation/story_3340313.asp
| access-date = 20 December 2008
| location = Calcutta, India
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090816173201/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040607/asp/nation/story_3340313.asp
| archive-date = 16 August 2009
| url-status = dead
| df = dmy-all
}}</ref> Self-respect marriages were a brainchild of Periyar, who regarded the then conventional marriages as mere financial arrangements which often caused great debt through [[dowry]]. Self-Respect marriages, according to him, encouraged inter-caste marriages and caused [[arranged marriages]] to be replaced by love marriages.<ref name=sarah>{{cite journal
| last = Hodges
| first = Sara
| s2cid = 144419547
| title = Revolutionary family life and the Self Respect movement in Tamil south India
| journal = Contributions to Indian Sociology
| volume = 39
| issue = 2
| pages = 251–277
| year = 2005
| doi = 10.1177/006996670503900203
| df = dmy-all
}}</ref> Annadurai was also the first to use subsidising of the price of rice for election victory. He promised one rupee a measure of rice, which he initially implemented once in government, but had to withdraw later. Subsidising rice costs are still used as an [[election promise]] in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Rice promises stir Tamil Nadu
| work = Rediff.com
| date = 19 April 2006
| url = http://in.rediff.com/election/2006/apr/19ptn.htm
| access-date = 20 December 2008
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080907170313/http://in.rediff.com/election/2006/apr/19ptn.htm
| archive-date = 7 September 2008
| url-status = live
| df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

It was Annadurai's government that renamed the [[Madras State]] to its present-day form declaring officially as Tamil Nadu. The name change itself was first presented in the upper house ([[Rajya Sabha]]) of the [[Parliament of India]] by [[Bhupesh Gupta]], a communist MP from [[West Bengal]], but was then defeated.<ref name=Swarna /> With Annadurai as chief minister, the state assembly succeeded in passing the bill renaming the states.

Annadurai was instrumental in organising the World Tamil Conference under the aegies of UNESCO in 1967.<ref>{{cite book
| title = India through the ages
| url = https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada
| last = Gopal
| first = Madan
| year = 1990
| page = [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/192 192]
| editor = K.S. Gautam
| publisher = Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India
}}</ref> Another major achievement of Annadurai's government was to introduce a ''two language policy'' over the then popular [[three language formula]]. The three language formula, which was implemented in the neighbouring states of [[Karnataka]], Andhra Pradesh and [[Kerala]], entitled students to study three languages: the regional language, English and Hindi.<ref name=Hardriots /> It was during the period of his Chief Ministership that the Second World
Conference was conducted on a grand scale on 3 January 1968.<ref name=MR /> Nevertheless, when a commemorative stamp was released to mark the Tamil conference, Annadurai expressed his dissatisfaction that the stamp contained Hindi when it was for Tamil.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Jayakanthan
| first = Dandapani
| title = A Literary Man's Political Experiences
| publisher = Read books
| year = 2006
| page = 212
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Lnl_um7uFcsC
| isbn = 978-1-4067-3569-7
}}</ref> Annadurai also issued an order for the removal of the pictures of gods and religious symbols from public offices and buildings.<ref name=MR /> He proceeded on a world tour as an invitee of the [[Yale University]]'s Chubb Fellowship Programme and was also a guest of the State Department in the US in April–May 1968. He was awarded the [[Chubb Fellowship]] at Yale University.<ref name=MR /> The same year he was awarded an honorary doctorate from [[Annamalai University]].<ref name=TL />

== Death ==
[[File:Anna Arch.JPG|thumb|Annadurai memorial]]
On 10 September 1968 Annadurai travelled to New York for medical treatment and he was operated for cancer in the gullet at the [[Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center]]. He returned to Chennai in November and continued to address several official functions against medical advice.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article20357.ece C. N. Annadurai: a timeline] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024120150/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article20357.ece |date=24 October 2012 }}, ''The Hindu'' 15 September 2009.</ref> His health deteriorated further and he died on 3 February 1969.<ref name=MR /> His cancer was attributed to his habit of chewing tobacco.<ref name=IT>{{cite news
| last = Venkatachalapathy
| first = AR
| title = C.N. Annadurai – Politician, 1909–1969
| date = 10 April 2008
| url = http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&issueid=48&task=view&id=6878&acc=high
| access-date = 20 December 2008
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090112030229/http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&issueid=48&task=view&id=6878&acc=high
| archive-date = 12 January 2009
}}</ref> His funeral holds the record for highest number of attendees, as registered with ''[[The Guinness Book of Records]]''.<ref>{{cite news
|last = Kannan
|first = R
|title = Remembering Anna
|work = The Hindu
|date = 15 September 2004
|url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/09/15/stories/2004091503061000.htm
|access-date = 20 December 2008
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090110204857/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/09/15/stories/2004091503061000.htm
|archive-date = 10 January 2009
|url-status = usurped
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> An estimated 15 million people attended it.<ref>{{cite book
| last = McFarlan
| first = Donald
| author2 = Norris McWhirter
| title = Guinness Book of World Records
| publisher = Bantam Books
| year = 1990
| page = 400
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=y8Pm70o2tmoC&q=Annadurai+%2215+million%22+funeral
| isbn = 978-0-553-28452-2
}}</ref> His remains were buried in the northern end of [[Marina Beach]], which is now called [[Anna Memorial]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Dr Shiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COHI7LlpkSAC |title=India - A Travel Guide |date=2008 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. |isbn=978-81-284-0067-4 |pages=702 |language=en}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Annadurai statue.jpg|right|thumb|The statue of Annadurai at the [[College of Engineering, Guindy]] campus of [[Anna University]] which is named after him]]
After his electoral success with his DMK in 1967, the Congress has not yet returned to power in Tamil Nadu. His government was the first in the country to be from a non-Congress party with full majority.<ref name=Chakrabarty /> When the DMK later split, with [[M. G. Ramachandran]] forming his own [[Dravidian party]], the rebel fragment was named after Annadurai as Anna DMK. [[Anna Nagar]], a residential neighbourhood in [[Chennai]] is named after him.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} Sri Lankan [[Tamil nationalist]] leaders and writers are considered to be influenced by Annadurai's chaste Tamil movement.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Wilson
| first = Jeyarathnam
| title = Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism
| publisher = C. Hurst & Co. Publishers
| year = 2000
| page = 37
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5AQcVvbHzdcC
| isbn = 978-1-85065-519-0
}}</ref> [[Anna University]], a premier institution in science and technology was named after him. DMK's current head office built in 1987 is named after him as ''Anna Arivalayam.''<ref>{{cite web
| title = The Rising Sun
| publisher = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| url = http://www.dmk.in/rsun.html
| access-date = 20 December 2008
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090410045400/http://www.dmk.in/rsun.html
| archive-date = 10 April 2009
}}</ref> One of the major roads in Chennai was named in his honour, [[Anna Salai]]—it was previously called [[Mount Road]], and a statue of Annadurai now stands there.<ref>{{cite news
|last = Muthiah
|first = S
|title = Round Tana and around
|work = The Hindu
|date = 2 July 2003
|url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2003070200210300.htm&date=2003/07/02/&prd=mp&
|access-date = 20 December 2008
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090110123151/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2003070200210300.htm&date=2003%2F07%2F02%2F&prd=mp&
|archive-date = 10 January 2009
|url-status = usurped
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> The central government issued a commemorative coin of {{INR}} 5 denomination to mark the centenary celebrations of him on 15 September 2009 in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite news
| title = Release of Coin on Sh C N Annadurai
| publisher = Indian Stamp Ghar
| date = 16 September 2009
| url = http://www.indianstampghar.com/2009/09/news-release-of-coin-on-c-n-annadurai/
| access-date = 15 September 2010
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110713025144/http://www.indianstampghar.com/2009/09/news-release-of-coin-on-c-n-annadurai/
| archive-date = 13 July 2011
| url-status = usurped
| df = dmy-all
}}</ref> [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] hailed him as one of the great parliamentarians for speeches in [[Rajya Sabha]].<ref>{{cite news
| title = Tamil Nadu celebrates Annadurai's birth centenary
| publisher = IBN live
| date = 15 September 2008
| url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tamil-nadu-celebrates-annadurais-birth-centenary/73600-15-single.html
| access-date = 20 December 2008
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140429203947/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tamil-nadu-celebrates-annadurais-birth-centenary/73600-15-single.html
| archive-date = 29 April 2014
}}</ref> Selig Harrison, a US-based<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20080421-letter-and-spirit-735949-2008-04-10 C.N. Annadurai – Politician, 1909–1969] , indiatoday.in A.R. Venkatachalapathy, 10 April 2008.</ref> analyst of South Asian and East Asian politics and journalism<ref>
{{cite web
|title = Selig Harrison
|publisher = CIP
|url = http://www.ciponline.org/asia/Seligbio.html
|access-date = 19 December 2008
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090322134543/http://www.ciponline.org/asia/Seligbio.html
|archive-date = 22 March 2009
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}
</ref> commented, {{cquote|There is no doubt that this powerful orator is the single-most popular mass figure in the region<ref name=IT />}}
The magazine ''[[India Today]]'' has listed Annadurai in its "Top 100 people who shaped India by thought, action, art, culture and spirit".<ref>[http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/durai.html E.V. Ramaswami Naicker and C.N. Annadurai] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024183112/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/durai.html |date=24 October 2008 }}, By Cho S. Ramaswamy, india-today.com</ref> In 2010, [[Anna Centenary Library]] was established in [[Chennai]] in remembrance of Annadurai.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.deccanherald.com/content/96894/chennai-now-boasts-south-asias.html
| title = Chennai now boasts South Asia's largest library
| work = Deccan Herald
| access-date = 29 March 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141028110351/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/96894/chennai-now-boasts-south-asias.html
| archive-date = 28 October 2014
| url-status = live
| date = 15 September 2010
}}</ref>

A life-size statue of Annadurai was unveiled on 1 October 2002 in the [[Parliament House (India)|Parliament House]] by then [[President of India]], [[A.P.J. Abdul Kalam]] in his honour and the function was attended by notable politicians.<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/2002/10/02/stories/2002100201400900.htm
| title = President unveils statues of eminent leaders
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| date = 1 October 2002
| access-date = 31 October 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160113033248/http://www.thehindu.com/2002/10/02/stories/2002100201400900.htm
| archive-date = 13 January 2016
| url-status = dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/p2.htm
| title = Parliament House Estate
| access-date = 31 October 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151030180418/http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/p2.htm
| archive-date = 30 October 2015
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

On 31 July 2020, Alandur metro station in [[Chennai]] has been renamed as [[Arignar Anna Alandur metro station|Arignar Anna Alandur Metro]] by [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] to honour him.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2020/jul/31/tamil-nadu-government-to-rename-three-metro-rail-stations-in-chennai-after-late-chief-ministers-2177261.html |title=Tamil Nadu government to rename three metro rail stations in Chennai after late Chief Ministers |date=31 July 2020 |access-date=31 July 2020 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

His wife [[Rani Annadurai]] did not enter active politics after his death. She contested from [[Bangalore North Lok Sabha constituency]] in [[1977 Indian general election]] and lost. She died in 1996 at [[Chennai]]. They never had any children and hence they have adopted the four sons of Annadurai's elder sister namely Parimalam, Ilangovan, Gowthaman and Rajendra Babu.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 December 2013 |title=Annadurai's adopted son Gouthaman dead |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/annadurais-adopted-son-gouthaman-dead/articleshow/28112574.cms |access-date=22 October 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Adopted Son of the Late TN CM Commits Suicide |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=45000 |website=www.daijiworld.com |date=25 March 2008 |access-date=22 October 2025}}</ref> The granddaughter of Parimalam is Prithika Rani, an [[Indian Foreign Service]] officer of 2019 batch.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Annadurai's great granddaughter clears civil service exam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/annadurais-great-granddaughter-clears-civil-service-exam/articleshow/77415703.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |date=7 August 2020 |access-date=23 October 2025}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Credits<ref name=anna100>{{cite web
| title = C.N. Annadurai – List of creative works
| publisher = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| url = http://anna100.tn.gov.in/padaippu_%20pattial_003.html
| access-date = 18 January 2009
| language = ta
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100831092426/http://anna100.tn.gov.in/padaippu_%20pattial_003.html
| archive-date = 31 August 2010
}}</ref>
|-
| 1949
| ''[[Velaikaari]]''
| Story, Screenplay and Dialogues
|-
| 1949
| ''[[Nallathambi (1949 film)|Nallathambi]]''
| Story, Screenplay and Dialogues
|-
| 1951
| ''[[Or Iravu]]''
| Story and Dialogues
|-
| 1954
| ''[[Sorgavasal]]''
| Story and Dialogues
|-
| 1956
| ''[[Rangoon Radha]]''
| Story
|-
| 1959
| ''[[Thaai Magalukku Kattiya Thaali]]''
| Story
|-
| 1961
| ''[[Nallavan Vazhvaan]]''
| Story
|-
|1962
| ''[[Edhayum Thangum Idhayam]]''
| Story
|-
| 1970
| ''[[Kadhal Jothi]]''
| Story
|-
| 1978
| ''[[Vandikaaran Magan]]''
| Story
|}
Annadurai's first movie script, of his play Velaikkari, fetched him a fee of {{INR}} 12,000, a considerable sum at that time<ref>{{cite book|author=Kannan, R. |title=Anna: The Life and Times of C.N. Annadurai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQc_Xi0J8M0C|year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-670-08328-2|page=82}}</ref> (worth {{INR}} 1 crore in 2015 prices)

Apart from his stories, the names of some of Annadurai's works were used as film titles for ''Panathottam'' (1963), ''Valiba virundhu'' (1967), ''Kumarikottam'' (1971), ''Rajapart Rangadurai'' (1973), ''Needhi devan mayakkam'' (1982).<ref name=anna100 />

== Bibliography ==

=== Fiction ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Type
! Work
! First appeared in<ref name=anna100 />
|-
| 1939
| Novella
| ''Komalathin Kobam''
| ''Kudi arasu''
|-
| 1939
| Novella
| ''Kabothipura Kadhal''
| ''Kudi arasu''
|-
| 1942
| Novella
| ''Kumasthavin penn'' or
| ''Dravida Nadu''
|-
| 1942
| Novella
| ''Kalingarani''
| ''Dravida Nadu''
|-
| 1943
| Novella
| ''Parvathi B.A''
| ''Dravida Nadu''
|-
| 1943
| Play
| ''Chandrodhayam''
|
|-
| 1945
| Novella
| ''Dasavatharam''
| ''Dravida Nadu''
|-
| 1945
| Play
| ''Sivaji kanda Hindu samrajyam''<ref name="TVU_SRM_authors_plays" />
|
|-
| 1946
| Play
| ''Velaikaari''
|
|-
| 1946
| Novella
| ''Kumari kottam''
| ''Dravida Nadu''
|-
| 1946
| Novella
| ''Rangoon Radha''
| ''Dravida Nadu''
|-
| 1947
| Play
| ''Needhidevan mayakkam''
|
|-
| 1947
| Parable
| ''Kadhiravan Kaneen''
| ''Dravida Nadu''
|-
| 1948
| Play
| ''Nallathambi''
|
|-
| 1948
| Play
| ''Or iravu''
|
|-
| 1948
| Novella
| ''En vazhvu''
| ''Dravida Nadu''
|-
| 1953
| Play
| ''Sorgavasal''
|
|-
| 1953
| Play
| ''Kadhal jothi''
|
|-
| 1955
| Parable
| ''Kumari Surya''
| ''Dravida Nadu''
|-
| 1955
| Parable
| ''Nangai Nagaithaal''
| ''Dravida Nadu''
|-
| 1955
| Parable
| ''Oru muttalin kadhai''
| ''Dravida Nadu''
|-
| 1955
| Play
| ''Pavayin payanam''
|
|-
| 1956
| Novella
| ''Pudhiya polivu''
| ''Dravida Nadu''
|-
| 1957
| Novella
| ''Kadaisi kanavu''
| ''Dravida Nadu''
|-
| 1965
| Novella
| ''Thazhumbukal''
| ''Kanchi''
|-
| 1965
| Novella
| ''Vandikaaran magan''
| ''Kanchi''
|-
| 1968
| Novella
| ''appodhae sonnen''
| ''Kanchi''
|-
| 1970
| Play
| ''Inba oli''
| ''Kanchi'' and ''Dravida nadu''
|-
|
| Novella
| ''Romapuri Raanigal''
| ''Kanchi'' and ''Dravida nadu''
|}

=== Nonfiction ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title<ref name=TL />
|-
| 1947
| ''Kambarasam''
|-
| 1948
| ''Ariyamayai''
|}

== In popular culture ==
A scene from the film ''[[Thangarathinam]]'' (1960) shows real footage of Annadurai and other DMK leaders speaking at the ''Tirāviṭa camutāya cīrtirutta mānāṭu'' (Dravidian Community Reform Conference) held in [[Palani]] on 17 September 1960. A group of protagonists in the film are seen attending the conference. The group is shown as belonging to a reformist organisation named [[Thirukkural]] Munnanik Kazhagam ({{Langx|ta|திருக்குறள் முன்னணிக் கழகம்}}). Its acronym in Tamil is an allusion to the DMK (திமுக).<ref>{{Citation |title=தங்கரத்தினம் திரைப்படம் {{!}} Thangarathinam Full Movie HD {{!}} Tamil Old Movies {{!}} GoldenCinemas | date=20 February 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FgGwQobHwy0 |language=en |access-date=5 April 2022}}</ref>

In a scene from the film ''[[Iru Kodugal]]'' (1969), [[District Collector]] Janaki ([[Sowcar Janaki]]), meets the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]. The Chief Minister is not seen directly. Instead, C.N.Annadurai's voice (as [[Impressionist (entertainment)|imitated]] by Sivagangai Sethurajan) is heard.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2023 |title=இரு கோடுகள்: புன்னகை மன்னன் பூவிழிக் கண்ணன் ருக்மணிக்காக... |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1132211-iru-kodugal-movie.html |access-date=3 October 2023 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref> Also, a pair of glasses on the table and a pen in the foreground are seen.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Meera |date=15 September 2009 |title=Significant contribution to Tamil theatre, cinema |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/significant-contribution-to-tamil-theatre-cinema/article20358.ece |url-status=live |access-date=11 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214155445/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/significant-contribution-to-tamil-theatre-cinema/article20358.ece |archive-date=14 December 2013}}</ref>

The song sequence "Nee mannavana chinnavana" from the film ''[[Rudra Thandavam (1978 film)|Rudra Thandavam]]'' (1978) shows real footage of Annadurai's funeral.<ref>{{Citation |title=Nee Mannavana Ruthrathandavam | date=11 November 2011 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ASBLHm1Px18 |language=en |access-date=10 July 2022}}</ref>

In the film ''[[Walter Vetrivel]]'' (1993), [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] played Viswanathan (Tamil Nadu Minister for Home Affairs as per the plot). The actor's countenance in the film strongly resembles Annadurai.

In the film ''[[Iruvar]]'' (1997), [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] played Ayya Veluthambi, a character whose role is reminiscent of Annadurai.

Annadurai is portrayed in the film ''[[Kamaraj (film)|Kamaraj]]'' (2004).

[[S. S. Stanley]] played Annadurai in the film ''[[Periyar (2007 film)|Periyar]]'' (2007). Directed by [[Gnana Rajasekaran]], the film had [[Sathyaraj]] in the lead role of [[Periyar]], Annadurai's mentor. After Annadurai's death (not shown in the film), his real life photo is seen in the table of [[M. Karunanidhi]], who succeeded him as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu.

The song sequence "Nee kondru kuvithatu" from the film ''[[Indiralohathil Na Azhagappan]]'' (2008) shows real footage of Annadurai.<ref>{{Citation |title=Indiralohathil Na Azhagappan Songs {{!}} Nee Kondru Kuvithatu Video Song {{!}} Vadivelu {{!}} Sabesh Murali | date=9 September 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ercY-zE-NTw |language=en |access-date=10 July 2022}}</ref>

[[Bharathi Kannan]] played Annadurai in the film ''[[Thalaivii]]'' (2021).<ref>{{cite news |date=17 March 2020 |title=பேரறிஞர் அண்ணாவாக டைரக்டர் பாரதி கண்ணன்! |language=ta |work=Daily Thanthi |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaThuligal/2020/03/17193825/Director-Bharathi-Kannan-as-the-perarignar-anna.vpf |access-date=9 April 2022}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of places named after C. N. Annadurai]]
*[[Annadurai ministry]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-new|creation}}
{{s-ttl|title=General Secretary of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] | years= 1949–1969}}
{{s-aft|after= [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]}}

{{s-par}}
{{s-bef|before= Deivasigamani}}
{{s-ttl|title= Member of [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Madras State Legislative Assembly]] | years= 1957–1962}}
{{s-aft|after= [[S. V. Natesa Mudaliar]]}}

{{s-bef|before= Himself as Chief Minister of Madras State}}
{{s-ttl|title= [[List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] | years= 1969–1969}}
{{s-aft|after= [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]] (acting)}}
{{s-end}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|C. N. Annadurai}}
* [http://www.tamilnation.org/hundredtamils/annadurai.htm C.N.Annadurai: One Hundred Tamils of 20th Century]{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100316145926/http://anna100.tn.gov.in/ C.N.Annadurai centenary: The website for C.N.Annadurai 100th birthday]
* [http://www.arignaranna.net/ To know all about Arignar Anna visit: www.arignaranna.net]
* [http://www.annavinpadaippugal.info/ To read all works of Arignar Anna visit: www.annavinpadaippugal.info]
{{Dravidian politics}}
{{notelist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Annadurai, C. N.}}
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians|Annadurai, C.N.]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|Annadurai, C.N.]]
[[Category:1909 births|Annadurai, C.N.]]
[[Category:1969 deaths|Annadurai, C.N.]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kanchipuram district]]
[[Category:Deaths from esophageal cancer]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian political party founders]]
[[Category:Anti-Brahminism]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chennai]]
[[Category:Madras MLAs 1962–1967]]

C. P. Ramaswami Iyer

2026-03-25T22:07:36Z

Maryparker: minor enhanced page to improve readability and added references

{{Short description|Indian lawyer and politician (1879–1966)}}
{{family name hatnote|Chetput|Ramaswami Iyer|Indian name|lang=Toponymic}}
{{Indian patronymic|Ramaswami Iyer|Pattabhiraman}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Sir]]
| name = C. P. Ramaswami Iyer
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCSI|KCIE|size=100%}}
| image = CPRamaswami Aiyar 1939.jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| smallimage =
| caption = Portrait of Ramaswami Iyer, ''[[The Hindu]]'' (1939)
| order1 = [[List of Diwans of Travancore|Diwan of Travancore]]
| term_start1 = 8 October 1936
| term_end1 = 19 August 1947
| lieutenant =
| monarch1 = Sri [[Chithira Thirunal of Travancore]]
| governor-general1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Muhammad Habibullah]]
| successor1 = [[P. G. N. Unnithan]]
| order2 = Member of the Executive Council of the Viceroy of India
| term_start2 = 1931
| term_end2 = 1936
| monarch2 = [[George V of the United Kingdom]], [[Edward VIII of the United Kingdom]]
| governor-general2 = [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon]]
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| order3 = Law Member of the Executive Council of the Governor of Madras
| term_start3 = 1923
| term_end3 = 10 March 1928
| governor3 = [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon]], [[Sir Charles George Todhunter]] (acting), [[George Goschen, 2nd Viscount Goschen]]
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 = [[T. R. Venkatarama Sastri]]
| premier3 = [[Raja of Panagal]], [[P. Subbarayan]]
| order4 = Advocate-General of Madras Presidency
| term_start4 = 1920
| term_end4 = 1923
| governor4 = [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon]]
| predecessor4 = [[S. Srinivasa Iyengar]]
| premier4 =
| successor4 = [[C. Madhavan Nair]]
| birth_date = 13 November 1879
| birth_place = [[Wandiwash]], [[North Arcot|North Arcot District]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[Vandavasi]], [[Tiruvannamalai district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1966|09|26|1879|11|12}}
| death_place = [[London]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom|UK]]
| party = [[Image:Flag of Indian National Congress.png|20px]] [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = Seethamma
| relations =
| children = {{ubl|[[C. R. Pattabhiraman]]|C. R. Venkata Subban|C. R. Sundaram}}
| residence = The Grove, Madras
| alma_mater = [[Presidency College, Madras]]
| occupation = Lawyer
| profession = [[Attorney-General]], [[politician|Statesman]]
| signature = Cp sign.jpg
| website =
| footnotes =
| office = Vice-Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University
| order = 8th
| termstart = 1 July 1954
| termend = 2 July 1956
| appointer = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| predecessor = [[Acharya Narendra Dev]]
| succeeded = [[Veni Shankar Jha]]
}}
'''[[Dewan Bahadur]] Sir Chetput Pattabhiraman Ramaswami Iyer''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCSI|KCIE}} (12 November 1879 – 26 September 1966), popularly known as '''Sir C. P.''', was an Indian lawyer, [[Administrator of the Government|administrator]] and politician who served as the Advocate-General of [[Madras Presidency]] from 1920 to 1923, Law member of the Executive council of the [[Governor of Madras]] from 1923 to 1928, Law member of the Executive Council of the [[Viceroy of India]] from 1931 to 1936 and the [[List of Diwans of Travancore|Diwan of Travancore]] from 1936 to 1947. Ramaswami Iyer was born in 1879 in [[Madras]] city and studied at [[Wesley Higher Secondary School|Wesley College High School]] and [[Presidency College, Madras]] before qualifying as a lawyer from the [[Madras Law College]]. He practised as a lawyer in Madras and succeeded [[S. Srinivasa Iyengar]] as the Advocate-General of the Madras Presidency. He subsequently served as the Law member of the Governor of Madras and of the Viceroy of India before being appointed Diwan of Travancore in 1936.

Ramaswami Iyer served as Diwan from 1936 to 1947; during his tenure, many [[social reform|social]] and administrative reforms were made. However, at the same time, he is also remembered for the ruthless suppression of the communist-organized [[Punnapra-Vayalar uprising|Punnapra-Vayalar revolt]], and his controversial stand in favor of an independent Travancore. He resigned in 1947 following a failed assassination attempt. He served as a leader of the [[Indian National Congress]] in his early days. He was made a [[Order of the Indian Empire|Knight Commander of the Indian Empire]] in 1926 and a [[Order of the Star of India|Knight Commander of the Star of India]] in 1941. He returned these titles when India attained independence in 1947. He was also a member of the 1926 and 1927 delegations to the [[League of Nations]]. In his later life he served in numerous international organisations and on the board of several Indian universities. Ramaswami Iyer died in 1966 at the age of 86 while on a visit to the United Kingdom.

== Ancestry and origins ==
C.P. Ramaswami Iyer belonged to a Tamil Brahmin Iyer family whose ancestral place was the town of [[Chetput]] in the [[North Arcot]] of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sir C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar, a Biography|author=Saroja Sundararajan|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7764-326-8|year=2002|ref=Saroja Sundararajan}} p. 7</ref><ref name="cpp7">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C. P. Remembered]]'', p. 7</ref>

Ramaswami Iyer's family originated from the group which inherited the village of Chetput.<ref name="cpp7" />

C.P. was also related to Achan Dikshitar, brother of the famous [[Advaita|Advaitist]] savant [[Appayya Dikshitar]].<ref name="cpp8">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 8</ref> C.P.'s grandfather, Chetput Ramaswami Iyer served the [[British East India Company]] as [[Tehsildar]] of [[Kumbakonam]].<ref name="cpp9">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 9</ref> His family was deeply attached to the [[Sringeri mutt]].

== Early life and education ==
Ramaswami Iyer was born in a Tamil-speaking Iyer Brahmin family on [[Deepavali]] day (13 November) 1879, to [[C. R. Pattabhirama Iyer]](1857–1902), a prominent judge, and his wife, Seethalakshmi Ammal (also called Rangammal) in the town of [[Wandiwash]], [[North Arcot]].<ref name="cpp6">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 6</ref> Ramaswami had his schooling at the Wesley College High School in [[Madras]].<ref name="cpp26">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 26</ref> He had an extremely strict upbringing as a result of a prediction that the child would not pass a single exam in his life.<ref name="cpp26" /> On completion of his schooling, Ramaswami enrolled at the [[Presidency College, Madras]].<ref name="cpp28">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 28</ref>

In college, C.P. Ramaswami Iyer won prizes in English, Sanskrit and Mathematics and the Elphinstone Prize for his paper on the Nebular theory.<ref name="cpp29">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 29</ref> Ramaswami passed his degree with a gold medal and graduated with distinction from the Madras Law College.<ref name="cpp29" />

Ramaswami had always desired to become an English professor. However, his father, Pattabhirama Iyer wished that his son become a lawyer and accordingly, Ramaswami chose a career in law. He spent his college vacations in the [[Mysore kingdom]] with the [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]], [[Sir K. Seshadri Iyer]] whom he reportedly always claimed as his inspiration.<ref name="cpp29" /><ref name="cpp35">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 35</ref>

== As a lawyer ==
In 1903, C.P. joined [[V. Krishnaswamy Iyer]] as an apprentice.<ref name="cpp37">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 37</ref><ref name="somemadrasleaders">[[#Some Madras Leaders|Some Madras Leaders]]</ref> Just before the death of Pattabhirama Iyer the same year, he arranged for C.P.'s admission as a junior to [[Sir V. Bhashyam Aiyangar]]<ref name="cpp38">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 38</ref> but the latter was not able to accommodate him.<ref name="cpp39">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 39</ref>

As a result, C.P. practised on his own and made a reputation as a lawyer, aided in part by inheriting the case-books of his father-in-law, C.V. Sundara Sastri, and his brothers-in-law, Sir [[C.V. Kumaraswami Sastri]] and [[C.V. Viswanatha Sastri]], who had themselves been recently elevated to justices of the High Court. He fought and won over 300 cases,<ref name="cpp39" /> rapidly building a reputation for himself as India's foremost and highest-remunerated litigator. By 1910 his meteoric rise has led to his being acknowledged as the undisputed leader of the original bar at the Madras High Court, shortly after which he was selected as the President of the First All Indian Lawyers Conference held at Allahabad.<ref name="cpp40">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 40</ref> ''Forty-two minutes, my Lord'', he once announced to a judge who asked him how much time he would need to finish a case; the next several years saw him win spectaculator victories in some of the highest-profile cases of the time,<ref>{{Citation|work=Ivory Throne Chronicles of the House of Travancore|title=''Sir CP''|year=2013|publisher=Harper Collins|editor-first1=Manu S.|editor-last1=Pillai}}</ref> including the Ashe murder trial<ref name="cpp39" /> and the Besant Narayaniah case.,<ref name="cpp48">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 48</ref> as well as representing the [[Nizam of Hyderabad and Berar]] and the [[Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir]], rapidly earning a considerable private fortune, and rising to become the most powerful man in the Madras presidency for decades.,<ref name="dtnext.in">{{cite web | url=https://www.dtnext.in/city/2021/11/28/those-were-the-days-sir-cp-one-of-the-most-controversial-yet-fascinating-figures-of-madras | title=Those were the days: Sir CP, one of the most controversial yet fascinating figures of Madras | website=[[DT Next]] | date=28 November 2021 }}</ref> having cultured intimately close, even inappropriate friendships with [[Lord and Lady Willingdon]].

In 1920, then-Governor Lord Willingdon appointed him he the youngest-ever Advocate-General of Madras, during which tenure his income rose to an unprecedented 4,000 rupees, and in which capacity he would serve as premier state prosecutor for four years, until his subsequent promotion to the Governor's Executive Law Council, and, subsequently, the Viceregal Imperial War Council.<ref name="somemadrasleaders" /><ref name="cpp40" />

Sir. C.P. stint on the Executive Law Council was marked by an intense commitment to industrialization and lowering the levelized post of power, with C.P. championing initiatives ranging from the introduction of hydroelectricity to the Mettur, Pykara and Bhavani projects and for the development of the Cochin, Tuticorin and Vishakhapatanam ports. His superintending the completion of the hydreoelectric project at the high-altitude Pykara in until three years to completion, at an expenditure of less than 6.75 crores was particularly heralded. The more-expensive Mettur initiative, inccuring capital outlays of 385 lakh rupees, nonetheless rendered over 328,396 acres in Tanjore District fully irrigated, with excess electric power being made available downstream.

In 1920, C.P was elected to the Central Legislative Assembly from the Tanjore-Trichinopoly constituency in the vacancy caused by the resignation of A. Rangaswamy Iyenga. On 10 July 1930, which was the first meeting of the Assembly that C.P attended, the House was debating the Simon Commission Report on a cut motion. In 1928, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly and later to the Council of Imperial State State; further immediate distinctions followed in the form of further appointments of honour during this period included as the Indian envoy to the first and second [[League of Nations]], and to the [[Third Round Table Conference]].

Formal decorations rapidly followed: Sir C.P. was made a Knight Commander of the Indian Empire in 1926, and a Knight Commander of the Star of India in 1941, continually buoyed by powerful support from the likes of the Willingdons and the [[Junior Maharani of Travancore]].<ref name="dtnext.in"/> Sir C.P., at the request of his old friend the Junior Maharani of Travancore, also acceded to take on a further portfolio as the underage Maharaja's constitutional and legal adviser - a sum for which he was now earning 72,000 rupees a year.

== Indian Independence Movement ==
In his early days, C.P. was an admirer of [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]] and desired to join the Servants of India society in Poona.<ref name="cpp35" /> In 1912, he fought on behalf of Jiddu Narayaniah against [[Annie Besant]] for the custody of his sons [[J. Krishnamurti]] and Nityananda in the famous Besant Narayaniah trial and won.<ref name="somemadrasleaders" /><ref name="cpp48" /><ref name="cpp49">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 49</ref> Besant, however, later got the verdict annulled by appealing to the Privy Council in England. C.P. developed an admiration for Annie Besant<ref name="cpp49" /> and collaborated with her in organising the [[Home Rule League]] and served as its vice-president.<ref name="somemadrasleaders" /><ref name="cpp51">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 51</ref> In 1917, he became the Secretary of the [[Indian National Congress]]. He edited Besant's newspaper, ''New India'', during her incarceration.<ref name="somemadrasleaders" /><ref name="cpp51" /> at the same time, campaigning vigorously for her release.<ref name="somemadrasleaders" /> C.P. later distanced himself from the Indian Independence after disagreeing with [[Mahatma Gandhi]] over the [[Swadeshi]] and [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|Non-Cooperation]] movements.<ref name="cpp54">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 54</ref>

== As a member of the Executive Council of the Governor of Madras ==
In 1920, C.P. was nominated as the Advocate-General of [[Madras Presidency]]. He was responsible for the introduction of the City Municipalities Act and the Madras Local Boards Act. In 1923, he was nominated to the executive council of the [[Governor of Madras]] and was charged with the portfolios of law and order, police, Public Works Department, irrigation, ports and electricity.<ref name="cpp60">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 60</ref>

As a member of the executive council, C. P. laid the foundation of the [[Pykara Dam]] which was constructed between 1929 and 1932 at a cost of Rs. 67.5 million.<ref name="cpp63">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 63</ref> He also started the construction of [[Mettur Dam]] over the [[Cauvery river]].<ref name="cpp63" /> While the Pykara Hydro-electric project triggered the rapid industrialization of [[Coimbatore]],<ref name="cpp65">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 65</ref> the Mettur project was used to irrigate vast areas of Tanjore and Trichy districts.<ref name="cpp64">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 64</ref> As the member in charge of ports, C.P. was also responsible for the improvement of [[Cochin]], [[Visakhapatnam]] and [[Tuticorin]] ports.<ref name="cpp65" />

As law member, C.P. was instrumental in passing the ''[[Madras Devadasi (Prevention of Dedication) Act|Devadasi Abolition Bill]]'' proposed by [[Muthulakshmi Reddy]].<ref name="womenpolitical">{{cite book|title=The political behaviour of women in Tamil Nadu|author=Vadivelu Rajalakshmi|year=1985|publisher=Inter-India Publications}}</ref> However, owing to strong protests from ''[[devadasis]]'' across Madras Presidency, C.P. suggested that the bill be introduced only as a private bill and not a government measure.<ref name="womenpolitical" />

Between 1926 and 1927, he was the Indian Delegate at the [[League of Nations]] in Geneva.<ref name="cpp66">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 66</ref> By 1931, he was a Law Member{{Clarify|date=April 2009}} of the [[Government of India]]<ref name="cpp69">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 69</ref> and, in 1932, attended the Third [[Round Table Conference]] at London.<ref name="cpp66" />

In 1933, he was the sole Indian delegate to the [[World Economic Conference (London)|World Economic Conference]] and the next year he drafted a constitution for the state of [[Kashmir]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}

== Diwan of Travancore ==
<gallery>
File:ഭക്തി_വിലാസം._തിരുവിതാംകൂർ_ദിവാന്മാരുടെ_ഔദ്യോഗിക_വസതി._(1900).jpg|Bhakti Vilas - official palace Sir C.P. Ramaswamy Iyer as Diwan
File:Bhaktivilas.jpg|Secondary view
File:Palace_of_Trivandrum.jpg|Kowdiar Palace - official residence of the Junior Maharani and her son, the underage monarch, as well as a frequent site for the Diwan to personally counsel the Maharani
</gallery>
In 1931, when [[Chithira Thirunal]] was barred from succeeding his deceased uncle as the Maharaja of Travancore, C.P. spoke on his behalf to the Viceroy of India.<ref name="cpp83">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 83</ref> The Viceroy agreed to crown Chithira Thirunal but only on the condition that C.P. should function as adviser to the young monarch.<ref name="cpp84">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 84</ref> C.P. agreed and served as Legal and Constitutional adviser and Regent to the prince from 1931 to 1936, drawing comensation of 72,000 rupees a year for his direct services.<ref name="cpp84" /> In 1936, Maharajah Chithira Thirunal personally requested C.P. to be the [[List of Diwans of Travancore|Diwan of Travancore]]. C.P. accepted the offer and served as Diwan for a period of ten years.<ref name="cpp85">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 85</ref>

=== Travancore-Quilon Bank Collapse ===
=== Temple Entry Proclamation ===
{{See also|Temple Entry Proclamation}}
On 12 November 1936, Maharajah [[Chithira Thirunal]] issued the revolutionary Temple Entry Proclamation which gave Hindus of all castes and classes, including [[Dalit]]s or untouchables, the right to enter Hindu temples in the state.<ref name="cpp77">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 77</ref> This was bitterly opposed by conservative, yet influential upper-caste Hindus who posed a grave-threat to the life of the Diwan.<ref name="cpp80">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 80</ref> This proclamation earned for the Maharajah and his Diwan the praise of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and other reformers.<ref name="cpp80" />

=== Economic and industrial reforms ===
{{quote box
| border=1px
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| title=Master Builder
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| quote="He was builder of dams, canals, hydroelectric works, fertilizer plants, member of Viceroy's executive council, vice-chancellor of three universities, delegate at third round table conference and much more"
| salign=right
|source= ~ Khushwant Singh, ''Master Builder'', 17 July 1999<ref>{{cite book|title=Notes on the Great Indian Circus|publisher=Penguin India|first=Khushwant|last=Singh|year=2001|isbn=978-0-14-100576-8}}</ref>
}}

During C.P.'s tenure as Diwan, Travancore made rapid strides in industrial development. The Indian Aluminium Company was invited to set up a factory in the town of [[Aluva]].<ref name="cpp94">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 94</ref> The first fertiliser plant in India, the Fertilizers and Chemicals of Travancore Ltd. (FACT) was established by C. P. to manufacture [[ammonium sulphate]].<ref name="cpp94" /><ref name="cpp9799">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', pp. 97–99</ref> This was established with American collaboration in open defiance to the hostility of the Viceroy of India.<ref name="cpp9799" /> C.P. also established a plant to manufacture cement and another to manufacture [[titanium dioxide]]. The Travancore plywood factory at Punalur<ref name="cpp95">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 95</ref> The Travancore Rayons Limited was established in 1946 with a plant at [[Perumbavoor]]. The first plant to manufacture aluminium cables was opened at Kundara.<ref name="cpp95" />

By the time, C.P. stepped down as Diwan in 1947, the revenues of the state had increased fourfold from the time he had assumed charge.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}

=== Irrigation works ===
C.P. wished to establish a hydroelectric power project on the [[Periyar river]]. However, his efforts were opposed by the Government of Madras. C.P. argued as a lawyer on behalf of Travancore and won.<ref name="cpp94" /> As a result, the Pallivasal hydro-electric power project was established on the Periyar river.<ref name="cpp94" /> He initiated {{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} the Pechipara Hydro-electric Scheme (later, the Kodayar Hydroelectric Power Project in [[Kanyakumari District]]), the [[Periyar National Park|Periyar]] Game Sanctuary, and other irrigation projects.

=== Other reforms ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2009}}
C.P. carried out a great deal of pioneering work for the [[Vivekananda]] Rock at [[Cape Comorin]] and built guest-houses at [[Kanyakumari (town)|Kanyakumari]]. He renovated the [[Padmanabhapuram Palace]] of [[Marthanda Varma]]'s days (in present-day [[Kanyakumari District]]) and expanded the [[Trivandrum]] Art Gallery.

In 1937, C.P. started the [[Kerala University|University of Travancore]] with the Maharajah as Chancellor and himself as Vice Chancellor. In 1939, he was awarded an honorary L.L.D. Degree by the [[Kerala University|University of Travancore]] In 1940 under his Dewanship [[Travancore]] became the first state to nationalise road transport in [[India]].

The first cement highway in India was constructed between the capital Trivandrum and Kanniyakumari covering a distance of 88 kilometres. The same year [[capital punishment]] was abolished and [[Universal suffrage|adult franchise]] introduced. He was also the first to appoint a lady as District Judge (Mrs. [[Anna Chandy]] later became the first Indian woman High Court Judge). Iyer introduced for the first time the midday meal scheme to prompt poor children to attend school.

Sir C.P. Ramaswami Iyer introduced India’s first large-scale free midday meal program for underprivileged children through the [[Vanchi Poor Fund]] in Travancore. His pioneering efforts greatly improved school attendance and inspired similar schemes across the country

In 1941, the British conferred on him the title of Knight Commander of the Star of India (KCSI). When Indian Independence came into view [[Travancore]] and other [[Princely States]] were given two options of either staying independent or merging with the dominions of [[India]] or [[Pakistan]].

=== Punnapra-Vayalar revolt ===
{{See also|Punnapra-Vayalar uprising}}
A mass uprising broke out in the Alleppey region in October 1946. On 24 October Travancore police killed near about 200 people in Punnapra and the government ordered martial law in Alleppey and Cherthala. CP's police and army moved to Alleppey and on 27 October, Vayalar witnessed another mass uprising and 150 people were killed on the spot. On the same day, 130 people were killed in different locations of Alleppey in police shoot-outs. According to Prof. A Shreedhara Menon's ''Kerala History'', about 1,000 people died in the Punnapra Vayalar Agitation. Even though the agitation was a short-lived failure, it resulted in better administration of Travancore.

=== Declaration of independence ===
When, on 3 June 1947, the United Kingdom accepted demands for a partition and announced its intention to quit India within a short period, the Maharaja of Travancore desired to declare himself independent.<ref name="midnightp260">[[#Dominique Lapierre|Dominique Lapierre]], p. 260</ref><ref name="midnightp261">[[#Dominique Lapierre|Dominique Lapierre]], p. 261</ref><ref name="cpandindependenttravancore">{{cite journal|url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2013/stories/20030704000807800.htm|title=C.P. and independent Travancore|author=A. G. Noorani|volume=20|issue=13|year=2003|journal=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]}}</ref> Supported by the Diwan, C.P., Chithira Thirunal issued a declaration of independence on 18 June 1947.<ref name="midnightp260" /><ref name="midnightp261" /><ref name="cpandindependenttravancore" /> As Travancore's declaration of independence was unacceptable to India, negotiations were started with the Diwan by the Government of India.<ref name="cpp111">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 111</ref> Family sources indicate that C.P. himself was not in favour of independence but only greater autonomy, and that a favourable agreement had been reached between C.P. and the Indian representatives by 23 July 1947 but accession to the Indian Union could not be carried out only because it was pending approval by the Raja.<ref name="cpp112">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 112</ref><ref name="cpp113">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 113</ref><ref name="bio_thehindu">{{cite news|title=In the Name of Biography|work=The Hindu|date=20 April 2003|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2003042000160400.htm&date=2003/04/20/&prd=mag&|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103064535/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2003042000160400.htm&date=2003/04/20/&prd=mag&|url-status=usurped|archive-date=3 January 2013|author=K.N. Panikker}}</ref>

On the other hand, noted historian [[Ramachandra Guha]] has written about how C.P., egged on by [[Mohammed Ali Jinnah]], had established secret ties with senior Ministers of the British Government, who encouraged him in the hope that he would give them privileged access to [[monazite]], a material Travancore was rich in and which could give the British a lead in the [[nuclear arms race]].<ref name="strangecase_thehindu">{{cite news|title=The strange case of Sir C.P. Ramaswamy Iyer|work=The Hindu|date=25 May 2008|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/the-strange-case-of-sir-cp-ramaswamy-iyer/article1437292.ece|author=Ramachandra Guha|author-link=Ramachandra Guha}}</ref>

Nevertheless, an assassination attempt was made on C.P. on 25 July 1947 during a concert commemorating the anniversary of [[Swati Thirunal]]. C.P. survived with multiple stab wounds and hastened the accession of Travancore state to the Indian Union soon after his recovery.<ref name="midnightp261" /><ref name="cpandindependenttravancore" />

== Later years ==
After he resigned his Dewanship of [[Travancore]], C. P. left for London. In the same year, he visited Brazil on the invitation of the Government of Brazil and Argentina, Peru and Mexico as a tourist.<ref name="cpp137">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 137</ref> He also visited the United States, where he gave talks at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], and had discussions with important bank executives, journalists and US President [[Harry S. Truman]].<ref name="cpp137" />

In 1949–50, he visited the United States again as a visiting professor of the [[American Academy of Asian Studies]] at California.<ref name="cpp137" /> In 1952, he toured Australia and New Zealand as a guest of the respective governments and visited the United States again in 1953 on a lecture tour.<ref name="cpp138">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 138</ref>

From 1 July 1954 to 2 July 1956, he served as the Vice Chancellor of [[Banaras Hindu University]]. From 26 January 1955, C.P. also served as a Vice Chancellor of [[Annamalai University]], thereby becoming the first Indian to function as Vice Chancellor of two universities at the same time.<ref name="cpp139">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 139</ref>

In 1953, C.P. was appointed member of the Press Commission of India.<ref name="cpp143">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 143</ref> Two years later, C.P. toured China as the leader of an Indian universities delegation.<ref name="cpp143" /> C.P. served as a member of the University Grants Commission (1955),<ref name="cpp145">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 145</ref> the Punjab Commission (1961),<ref name="cpp144">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 144</ref> the National Integration Committee on Regionalism,<ref name="cpp145" /> the Chairman of the Hindu Religious Endowments Commission from 1960 to 1962,<ref name="cpp144" /> and President of the Inter-University board of India and Ceylon (1965).<ref name="cpp145" />

== Death ==
In September 1966, C.P. left for England to conduct research on a planned book titled "A History of My Times" at the [[India Office]] library.<ref name="cpp147">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 147</ref> At about 11:30 am, on 26 September 1966, he was in the [[National Liberal Club]] (where he had been a member for over 50 years), when he suddenly slumped on his armchair while speaking to a reporter and died instantly.<ref name="cpp3">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 3</ref><ref name="cpp4">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 4</ref> The following day, ''[[The Times]]'' carried the news of his death:{{blockquote|Sir C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar, jurist, scholar, statesman and wit, who died suddenly in London yesterday, was one of the outstanding Indians of his day<ref name="cpp207">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 207</ref>}}

Condolences were also offered by [[C. Rajagopalachari]],
[[Zakir Husain]] (then-President of India),<ref name="cpp207" /> ''[[The Hindu]]'',<ref name="cpp207" /> ''[[The Times of India]]'',<ref name="cpp207" /> Prime Minister of India [[Indira Gandhi]],<ref name="cpp208">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 208</ref> and [[K. Kamaraj]].<ref name="cpp210">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 210</ref>

== Legacy ==
C.P. was acknowledged for his talent as a lawyer, administrator and visionary.<ref name="somemadrasleaders"/> [[Edwin Samuel Montagu]], who served as the Secretary of State for India from 1917 to 1922, described him as "one of the cleverest men in India". He is credited with having transformed [[Kanyakumari district]] into the rice-bowl of [[Travancore]] and is acclaimed for being the first person to envisage the industrialisation of Madras Presidency. He is also regarded as an [[egalitarian]]<ref name="somemadrasleaders" /> and the first caste Hindu lawyer to admit a [[Dalit]], [[N. Sivaraj]] as his junior.<ref name="cpp74">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 74</ref>

Under his leadership, Travancore became the first princely state to abolish capital punishment, first to introduce free and compulsory education and the first princely state to be connected to the rest of India by air.<ref name="cpp90">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 90</ref> [[M. G. Ramachandran]], former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu recollected at C.P.'s birth centenary celebrations in 1979 that C.P. was the first to introduce the midday meal scheme in the form of the Vanchi Poor Fund in Travancore.<ref name="cpp90" /><ref name="cpp91">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 91</ref> [[C. N. Annadurai]] remarked at a speech in 1967 that C. P. was the first person in India to suggest a plan for interlinking the nation's rivers.<ref name="cpp67">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 67</ref><ref name="interlink_rivers">{{cite news|title=Proposal to interlink river|work=The Hindu: Business Line|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/mentor/2005/12/12/stories/2005121200441100.htm|date=12 December 2005}}</ref>

However, his greatest achievement is believed to be the [[Temple Entry Proclamation]] which for the first time, permitted Dalits to enter Hindu temples which he introduced despite a severe threat to his life.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

C.P. was known for his philanthropic activities and the institutions he helped establish.<ref name="somemadrasleaders" /> After his death, [[The C. P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation]] was established in his memory in order to promote traditional arts and crafts.<ref name="europa_foundationdirp210">{{cite book|title=The Europa International Foundation Directory 2006|pages=210|publisher=Taylor and Francis|year=2006|isbn=978-1-85743-388-3}}</ref>

While serving as a law member of the executive council of the Governor of Madras, Ramaswami Iyer's agenda for social reform and opening the doors of Hindu temples for Dalits and low-caste Hindus were praised by [[C. Natesa Mudaliar]], one of the founders of the [[South Indian Liberation Federation]].<ref name="southindianp51">[[#South Indian Celebrities|South Indian Celebrities]], p. 51</ref> C. P. was a patron of arts and music and was member of experts committee consisting of some of the leading musicians and scholars to advise the [[Madras Music Academy]].

C. P. was a friend of the English writer [[Somerset Maugham]] who had a prolonged discussion with while on a visit to Trivandrum.<ref name="cpp163">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 163</ref> Later, Maugham supplied a eulogy for the book, ''C.P. by his Contemporaries'':
{{blockquote|He had the geniality of the politician who for years has gone out of his way to be cordial with everyone he meets. He talked very good English, fluently, with a copious choice of words, and he put what he had to say plainly, and with logical sequence. He had a resonant voice and an easy manner. He did not agree with a good deal that I said and corrected me with decision, but with courtesy that took it for granted I was too intelligent to be affronted by contradiction<ref name="cpp163" />}}

Indian civil servant C. S. Venkatachar wrote that the Kashmir issue might have been resolved in favour of India had Jawaharlal Nehru chosen C. P. instead of Gopalaswami Ayyangar to present India's case at the United Nations.<ref name="strangecase_thehindu" /> The same view was also shared by [[Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar]].<ref name="cpp46">''[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C.P. Remembered]]'', p. 46</ref> While chairing the Indian Committee on National Integration, C.P. introduced the clause making it mandatory that newly elected member of Parliament and state assemblies should take an allegiance to the Indian Union.<ref name="regionalism_thehindu">{{cite news|title=Getting the best out of regionalism|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2009/04/17/stories/2009041750780900.htm|work=The Hindu:Business Line|date=17 April 2009|author=V.K. Raghavan}}</ref> It is believed that the introduction of this clause compelled the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] to give up its goal of secession from the Indian Union.<ref name="regionalism_thehindu" />

C.P. was an active [[freemason]] and served as a member of the [[Carnatic Lodge]].<ref name="thehindu_20100919">{{cite news|title=Madras Miscellany – Whither this National Library?|author=S. Muthiah|author-link=S. Muthiah|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article696892.ece|date=19 September 2010}}</ref>

== Criticism ==
[[File:Travancore National and quilon bank.jpg|thumb|315x315px|Sir CP Ramaswami Iyer with Directors of Travancore National and quilon bank which includes C.P. Matthen (MD), [[K. C. Mammen Mappillai]], M. O. Thomas Vakkel Modisseril(Director) and Barrister VT Thomas.]]
While being hailed as a modernising reformer by many, C. P. is also criticised as a capitalist, authoritarian, imperialist, anti-[[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christian]] (a [[Nazarene (sect)|judeo-christian]] ethnic group in Travancore) and anti-Communist by some.<ref name="bio_thehindu" /><ref name="strangecase_thehindu" /> C. P. has been sharply criticized for failing to rescue the deteriorating [[Travancore National and Quilon Bank]]<ref name="bio_thehindu" /> and for cracking down on the bank and its managing director, C. P. Mathen. It is believed that C.P., allegedly an anti-Syrian Christian framed the downfall of Quilon Bank, using his influence.<ref name="mathenpapers">{{cite news|title=C. P. Mathen papers gifted to Kerala Council for Historical Research|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/10/07/stories/2009100759851300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028135153/http://www.hindu.com/2009/10/07/stories/2009100759851300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 October 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 October 2009}}</ref> In 1946, Communist dissent over C. P.'s policies erupted in the form of the [[Punnapra-Vayalar uprising|Punnapra-Vayalar revolt]] which was crushed with a brutal hand by Travancore army and navy.<ref name="bio_thehindu" /><ref name="cpi">{{cite web|title=History of CPI|url=http://www.cpindia.org/html/body_cpi.html|publisher=Communist Party of India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210191223/http://www.cpindia.org/html/body_cpi.html|archive-date=10 February 2010}}</ref> Communist hatred over C. P.'s policies finally culminated in an assassination attempt upon the Diwan.<ref name="cpandindependenttravancore" /><ref name="bio_thehindu" /> However, despite deep antagonism between C. P. and Communists, he opposed the dismissal of the Communist government of Kerala headed by [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]] in 1959 by the Jawaharlal Nehru government as "unconstitutional".<ref name="cpp44">[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C. P. Remembered]], p. 44</ref> C. P. was also labelled as a "secessionist" due to his initial reluctance in merging Travancore with the Indian Union.<ref name="cpandindependenttravancore" /><ref name="strangecase_thehindu" /> Jawaharlal Nehru said of his attitude towards imperialism:

{{blockquote|There is little now in common between us except our nationality. He is today a full-blooded apologist of British rule in India, especially during the last few years; an admirer of dictatorship in India and elsewhere, and himself a shining ornament of autocracy in an Indian state.<ref name="bio_thehindu" />}}

His attempt to negotiate a trade agreement with Pakistan on behalf of Travancore was viewed as a betrayal by most Indians.<ref name="strangecase_thehindu" />

== Family ==

In 1895, at the age of 16, C. P. was married to nine-year-old Seethamma (1886–1930), granddaughter of Indian polyglot and judge [[C. V. Runganada Sastri]]<ref name="cpp173">[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C. P. Remembered]], p. 173</ref> and sister to High Court justices ''Dewan Bahadur [[C. V. Kumaraswami Sastri|Sir]]'' [[C. V. Kumaraswami Sastri]] and ''Dewan Bahadur'' C.V. Viswanatha Sastri, as well as cousin to ''Shankaracharya'' [[Bharati Krishna Tirtha|Bharati Krishna Tirtha Maharaj]], pontiff of the [[Dwarka Sharada Peetham|Dwaraka Math]], and later supreme pontiff of [[Smarta tradition|Smarta Hinduism]] at the [[Govardhan Math]], and to the Finance Secretary of the Madras Presidency and former [[Tehsildar]] ''Dewan Bahadur'' V.S. Viswanatha Rao. She died in March 1930<ref name="cpp178">[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C. P. Remembered]], p. 178</ref><ref name="cpp179">[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C. P. Remembered]], p. 179</ref> leaving behind three sons, [[C. R. Pattabhiraman]], C. R. Venkata Subban and C. R. Sundaram.<ref name="cpp181">[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C. P. Remembered]], p. 181</ref> Pattabhiraman participated in the Indian Independence Movement and was active in the Indian National Congress even after C. P.'s resignation from the party.<ref name="cpp181" /> He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] from Kumbakonam in 1957 and 1962<ref name="cpp181" /> and served as Deputy Minister and later, Minister of Industries from 1966 to 1967, and then Minister for Law.<ref name="cpp182">[[#Sir C. P. Remembered|Sir C. P. Remembered]], p. 182</ref> Pattabhiraman was also one of the founders of the Madras Cricket Club along with [[P. Subbarayan]].<ref name="cpp182" /> C.P.'s nephew would later go on to marry the niece and heiress to [[V.K. Krishna Menon]].

== In popular culture ==

* [[Somerset Maugham]] named a character in his 1932 novel ''The Narrow Corner'' "Ramaswami Iyer" after C. P. Ramaswami Iyer, who he had met on a visit to India.
* [[Vaikom Muhammad Basheer]] wrote a collection of essays titled ''[[Dharmarajyam]]'' against the policies of C. P. Ramaswami Iyer. The book was banned and it is said that Basheer himself got these essays printed and sold them at local shops and households, going on foot. Basheer was arrested and jailed for two years later.
* Veteran Tamil film actor [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] played the role of C. P. Ramaswami Iyer in the 1998 Malayalam movie ''[[Rakthasakshikal Sindabad]]''.<ref name="thehindu_20100527">{{cite news|title=An actor's actor|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article439396.ece|date=27 May 2010|access-date=21 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025053524/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article439396.ece|archive-date=25 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Works ==

* {{cite book|title=Gokhale: the man and his mission: Gopal Krishna Gokhale birth centenary lectures|year=1966|author=C. P. Ramaswami Iyer|publisher=Servants of India Society}}
* {{cite book|title=Biographical vistas: sketches of some eminent Indians|author=C. P. Ramaswami Iyer|year=1968|publisher=Asia Publishing House}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==

* {{cite book|title=Sir C. P. Remembered|author=Shakunthala Jagannathan|isbn=81-87111-27-5|publisher=Vakils, Feffer and Simmons Ltd.|year=1999|ref=Sir C. P. Remembered}}
* {{cite book | title=Some Madras Leaders| year=1922|pages=76–81|chapter=C. P. Ramaswami Aiyer|ref=Some Madras Leaders}}
* {{cite book|title=Freedom at midnight|first=Dominique|last=Lapierre|author2=Larry Collins |author-link2=Larry Collins (writer) |author-link=Dominique Lapierre|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|year=1997|isbn=81-259-0480-8|ref=Dominique Lapierre}}
* {{cite book | title=South Indian Celebrities Vol 1| last=Balasubramaniam| first=K. M.| year=1934| pages=36–54| publisher=Solden & Co.| location=Madras|ref=South Indian Celebrities}}
* {{cite web|url=http://cprfoundation.org/otherpages/01-cpr.htm |title=Biography and timeline at the C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930043452/http://cprfoundation.org/otherpages/01-cpr.htm |archive-date=30 September 2007 }}
* {{cite book|title=Sir C.P. Thiruvithamcore Charithrathil|author=Sreedhara Menon|language=ml}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|title=Sir C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar, a biography|author=Saroja Sundarrajan|year=2002|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7764-326-8}}
* {{cite book|title="C. P.," by his contemporaries: being a commemoration volume issued on the occasion of the eighty-first birthday of Sir C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar|year=1959|author=K. Swaminathan|publisher=C.P.'s Eighty-First Birthday Celebration Committee}}
* {{cite book|title=Immortal Punnapra-Vayalar|author=K. C. George|publisher=Communist Party of India|year=1975}}
* {{cite book|title=Selections from the writings and speeches of Sachivottama Sir C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar, Dewan of Travancore|author=P. G. Sahasranama Iyer|publisher=Government Press|year=1945}}
* {{cite book|title=A glimpse of Sir C.P. Ramaswamy Iyer Kt. at Trichinopoly|author=K. R. Venkataraman|year=1927|publisher=St. Joseph's Industrial School Press}}
* {{cite book|title=Speeches of Sachivottama Sir C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar ... Dewan of Travancore|publisher=Government Press|year=1942}}
* {{cite book|title=Triumph and Tragedy in Travancore: Annals of Sir C.P.'s Sixteen years by A. Sreedhara Menon|publisher=Current Books, Kottayam}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box | before= [[S. Srinivasa Iyengar]] | title=[[Advocate-General of Madras Presidency]] | after= | years=1920–1923}}
{{succession box | before= | title=Law Member of the [[Executive Council of the Governor of Madras]] | after= | years=1923–1928}}
{{succession box | before= | title=Law Member of the [[Executive Council of the Viceroy of India]] | after= | years=1931–1936}}
{{succession box | before= [[Muhammad Habibullah]] | title=[[Diwan of Travancore]] | after= [[P.G.N. Unnithan]] | years=1936–1947}}
{{s-end}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|C. P. Ramaswami Iyer}}

{{Kingdom of Travancore}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramaswami Iyer}}
[[Category:1879 births]]
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[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Freemasons]]
[[Category:Members of the Council of the Governor General of India]]

Tanha Dil

2026-03-23T13:10:06Z

Maryparker:

{{short description|2000 single by Shaan}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Tanha Dil
| cover =
| alt =
| type = single
| artist = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
| album = Tanha Dil
| EP =
| language = Hindi
| written =
| published =
| released = 2 January 2000 (original version)
| format =
| recorded = 1999
| studio =
| venue =
| genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]
| length = 4:55
| label = [[Virgin Records|Virgin]]
| lyricist = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
| composer = [[Ram Sampath]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| title =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External music video| 1 = {{YouTube|64KSVbMDr0c|Tanha Dil}}
}}
}}

"'''Tanha Dil'''" ({{Translation|Lonely heart}}) is a song by Indian singer [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], the first track on his 2000 album ''Tanha Dil''. The song was written and sung by [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], and composed by [[Ram Sampath]]. It was originally released as a single on 2 January 2000. In 2019, Shaan stated that "Tanha Dil will remain my all-time greatest hit"<ref>{{Cite web|title=It will remain my all-time greatest hit|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/celebrities/story/-tanha-dil-my-all-time-greatest-hit-shaan-1559618-2019-07-01|date=1 July 2019|website=India Today|access-date=27 October 2021}}</ref> The song was sampled by [[British people|British]] singer [[Melanie C]] for her song "[[Yeh Yeh Yeh]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20030915-british-singer-mel-c-croons-indipop-singer-shaans-tanha-dil-in-english-792408-2003-09-15|title=British singer Mel C croons Indipop singer Shaan's 'Tanha Dil' in English|website=[[India Today]]|date=2003-09-15|access-date=2021-11-05}}</ref>

=="Tanha Dil Tanha Safar"==
A reworked version of "Tanha Dil" was released on 19 November 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dongre |first=Divyansha |date=2022-01-03 |title=This Is Shaan: The Enduring Master of Pop |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/this-is-shaan/ |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref> This version of the song was "completely different" from the original, with a focus on mental health.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tanha Dil clocks 20 years; new version to highlight mental health, reveals Shaan|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/tanha-dil-clocks-20-years-new-version-to-highlight-mental-health-reveals-shaan-23196140|date=11 October 2021|access-date=2021-11-01|website=Midday|author=IANS}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Be patient, but do not treat them like patients|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/shaan-be-patient-but-do-not-treat-them-like-patients-23199035|date=1 November 2021|access-date=2021-11-01|website=Midday|author=Sonia Lulla}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2000 songs]]
[[Category:Songs in Hindi]]

Bhooloham

2026-03-23T10:57:30Z

Maryparker:

{{Short description|2015 Indian film by N. Kalyanakrishnan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bhooloham
| image = Bhooloham.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = N. Kalyanakrishnan
| producer = [[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|V. Ravichandran]]
| writer = [[S. P. Jananathan]] '''(Dialogue)'''
| screenplay = N. Kalyanakrishnan
| story = N. Kalyanakrishnan
| starring = {{ubl|[[Ravi Mohan]]|[[Nathan Jones (wrestler)|Nathan Jones]]|[[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]]|[[Prakash Raj]]}}
| music = [[Srikanth Deva]]
| cinematography = [[S. R. Sathish Kumar]]
| editing = N. Ganesh Kumar
| studio = [[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|Aascar Film (P) Ltd]]
| distributor = Aascar Film (P) Ltd
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2015|12|24}}
| runtime = 143 minutes<ref name="cbfc">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2014 |title=Bhooloham-Digital (Video) |url=http://cbfcindia.gov.in/html/uniquepage.aspx?lang=TAMIL&va=bhooloham&Type=search |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222144404/http://cbfcindia.gov.in/html/uniquepage.aspx?lang=TAMIL&va=bhooloham&Type=search |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=17 December 2015 |publisher=Central Board of Film Certification}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Bhooloham''''' ({{translation|World}}) is a 2015 Indian [[sports film|sports]] [[action film]] co-written and directed by N. Kalyanakrishnan and produced by [[Aascar Films]]. It stars [[Ravi Mohan]] (credited as Jayam Ravi) and [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]], while [[Nathan Jones (wrestler)|Nathan Jones]] and [[Prakash Raj]] play pivotal roles.

The film, which began during 2011, had been in its post-production stage for a long period and was released on 24 December 2015, after a long delay.

== Plot ==
There are two rival factions of boxing in [[North Madras]]: Irumbu Manithar Rasamanickam and Nattu Marunthu Vaathiyar. The Irumbu Manithar boxer Mariappan's son is Arumugam, and the Nattu Marunthu boxer Munusamy's son is Bhooloham. Now, in the present, the Irumbu Manithar boxer is Arumugam, while the Nattu Marunthu boxer is Bhooloham.

Bhooloham has a severe grudge against Arumugam because Mariappan had defeated Munusamy in a boxing match. Unable to bear this loss, Munusamy commits suicide by hanging. Bhooloham wants to avenge his father's death by killing Arumugam in the match. This rivalry is being used by Deepak Shah, an intelligent TV CEO, to make money through his FSC (Future Sports Channel) Independent Boxing Cup. Deepak exploits the boxers' innocence and makes them fight to gain [[Target rating point|TRP]]s. In the inaugural Match of IBC, Bhooloham hits Arumugam to the extent that he goes into a coma.

Bhooloham later realizes his mistake and becomes a ''[[Swami|Saamiyar]]'' (saintly person). He gets a job in his love interest Sindhu's college as a waiter. Meanwhile, Deepak, who is hell bent on fixing Bhooloham's match with Destroyer Gurudayal, hatches a conspiracy. Bhooloham, who desperately needs money to fund Arumugam's operation, falls prey to Deepak's plan. As Bhooloham hits Dayal after the match he is disqualified. Unable to bear Bhooloham's loss, his coach Rathinam Master commits suicide by consuming poison.

Meanwhile, Deepak plans to bring an [[America|American]]-based psychotic boxer Steven George to kill Dayal as to increase the TRPs of the channel. When Dayal tries to leave the tournament, Deepak threatens him that he will kill his family. Under pressure, Dayal lodges a complaint against Deepak in the Boxing Union. There, Bhooloham declares that he will fight against Steven, not to show his supremacy, but to expose Deepak's wrongdoings. He reveals that Rathinam was being pressured by Deepak for entering into the ring against Dayal, and when Bhooloham gets disqualified, Deepak deceives him. The Union supports Bhooloham, and they make a plan that Steven will declare that he will fight against Bhooloham. The plan succeeds, and Deepak, though reluctant, has to go to the Union Office for signing Bhooloham for the fight.

The agreement which Deepak poses against Bhooloham is partially rejected by Bhooloham, As Bhooloham correctly predicted the intention of Deepak to make exorbitant profit and pass the earning from the sports channel only to Deepak's clan and deprive Bhooloham of their due share of profit earned from boxing, Bhooloham openly opposes this cunning plan of Deepak in the union office and strictly advises Deepak that he will participate in the upcoming match with Steven only if international referee is present in the ring. Due to the potential of the match for immense profit, Deepak, though reluctant, is forced to sign on the agreement created by Bhooloham and the Boxing Union. This incident annoys Deepak, so he cunningly plans to take revenge by killing Bhooloham. After signing the agreement, Deepak tells Steven that he will give Steven his lifetime earnings in a single match if he kills Bhooloham using a foul punch. Steven agrees to this condition and practices hard for the match.

The match happens, and surprisingly to Deepak's shock, Bhooloham wins the match as he does not stop the match when Steven hits the foul punch and partly due to the encouragement and advice given by Arumugam to hit Steven near the hip bone, due to which Steven loses his strength. After the match, Bhooloham exposes Deepak's wrongdoings. Steven after losing the match gets ashamed and realises his mistake. He reveals that Deepak offered him $40 million to kill Bhooloham through foul, As a result, the Future Sports Channel is sealed for a lifetime, and Deepak is jailed for his malpractices. The movie ends showing, Bhooloham, Steven, Arumugam and Dayal holding the trophy together and saying that they are all winners.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Ravi Mohan]] as Bhooloham
* [[Nathan Jones (wrestler)|Nathan Jones]] as Steven George
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Deepak Shah, CEO of FSC (Future Sports Channel)
* [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]] as Sindhu
* [[Ponvannan]] as Rathinam Master
* [[Shanmugarajan]] as Arumugam's master
* I. S. Rajesh as Arumugam
* [[Arpit Ranka]] as Destroyer Gurudayal
* [[Narayan Lucky|Narayan]] as Bhoopathy
* [[Ravi Mariya]] as Thiruvengadam
* [[Chaams]] as Aalayam
* [[Bala Singh]] as Boxing Club Member
* [[Besant Ravi]] as Munusamy
* [[Shwetha Bandekar]] as TV VJ
* Akila as Arumugam's wife
* [[Sai Dheena]] as Arumugam's henchman
* Boys Rajan as TV Executive
* Kadhal Saravanan
* Sakthivel
}}

== Production ==
Jayam Ravi agreed terms to star in the film in August 2010, shortly after he had begun work for ''[[Engeyum Kadhal]]'' (2011) and ''[[Ameerin Aadhi-Bhagavan]]'' (2013). During the making of the ''[[Peraanmai]]'' (2009), Kalyanakrishnan, who was an assistant director to [[S. P. Jananathan]], had narrated the story of the film and Ravi agreed to give priority dates for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-08-05 |title=Jayam Ravi signs up for Boologam |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/jayam-ravi-signs-up-for-boologam-news-tamil-kkguSWihhfj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628151243/http://www.sify.com/movies/jayam-ravi-signs-up-for-boologam-news-tamil-kkguSWihhfj.html |archive-date=2013-06-28 |access-date=2012-08-04 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> However, delays in production of the former two films resulted in the postponement of the shoot of ''Bhooloham''. This was due to the character in ''Ameerin Aadhi-Bhagavan'' requiring Ravi to sport a beard. In July 2011, it was reported that Ravi underwent a special training course in boxing for his role as a boxer with professional athlete, Prasad, overseeing his progress.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatia |first=Richa |date=2011-07-28 |title=Jayam Ravi set to play boxer |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-28/news-interviews/29824212_1_jayam-ravi-boxer-film |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524172119/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-28/news-interviews/29824212_1_jayam-ravi-boxer-film |archive-date=2013-05-24 |access-date=2012-08-04 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

[[Amala Paul]] was approached by the producers in March 2012 to play the leading female role, but could not allot dates for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=V Lakshmi |date=2012-03-20 |title=Amala Paul not part of Boologam |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-20/news-interviews/31214105_1_amala-paul-jayam-ravi-kollywood |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524173605/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-20/news-interviews/31214105_1_amala-paul-jayam-ravi-kollywood |archive-date=2013-05-24 |access-date=2012-08-04 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Subsequently, the team approached [[Nayantara]] to play the lead role but her unavailability saw the team agree terms with [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]] to play a role in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lakshmi |first=V |date=2012-04-19 |title=Nayanthara to romance with Jayam Ravi? |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-19/news-interviews/31362111_1_jayam-ravi-nayanthara-kalyan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801051232/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-19/news-interviews/31362111_1_jayam-ravi-nayanthara-kalyan |archive-date=2013-08-01 |access-date=2012-08-04 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film is inspired from the life of a real life Asian boxing champion named Madhan. The makers hired the Australian actor of ''[[Troy (film)|Troy]]'' fame, [[Nathan Jones (wrestler)|Nathan Jones]], for a fight sequence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jayam Ravi's fighting it out with Nathan Jones |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-04/news-interviews/34239956_1_jayam-ravi-fight-sequence-stunt-scene |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202093006/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-04/news-interviews/34239956_1_jayam-ravi-fight-sequence-stunt-scene |archive-date=2 February 2014 |access-date=3 October 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

The film primarily shot in late 2012 and early 2013, and the makers worked towards a release date during the summer of 2013. Still, the film experienced further delays.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} Producer [[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|V. Ravichandran]] was unhappy about the film having more than half an hour dedicated to boxing scenes and put the film on hold, in order to edit the film's content.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A new problem for "Boologam" |url=http://www.cineulagam.com/tamil/news/cinema/a-new-problem-for-boologam/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222171726/http://www.cineulagam.com/tamil/news/cinema/a-new-problem-for-boologam/ |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=14 December 2015 |website=Cineulagam}}</ref> In early 2015, the Indian Overseas Bank's Sriram Nagar branch filed a petition in The Debt Recovery Tribunal (DRT), Chennai and requested to an interim stay on the film after Aascar Ravichandran failed to repay the loan amount he bought for the production expense of ''Bhooloham''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interim ban on Aascar Ravichandran's 'Boologam' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/interim-ban-on-aascar-ravichandran-s-boologam-news-tamil-peomileieccfe.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415035447/http://www.sify.com/movies/interim-ban-on-aascar-ravichandran-s-boologam-news-tamil-peomileieccfe.html |archive-date=2015-04-15 |website=www.sify.com}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by Srikanth Deva, uniting with Jayam Ravi for the second time after ''[[M. Kumaran S/O Mahalakshmi|M Kumaran S/O Mahalakshmi]]'', in which film too Jayam Ravi played the role of a boxer.

{| class="wikitable"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| 1 || "Bhoologam Adicha" || Sree Tamizh, Aslam Mustafa, Tupakeys || Sree Tamizh, Vijay Sagar
|-
| 2 || "Ivan Chennai" || [[Haricharan]] || Parinaman
|-
| 3 || "Maasana Kollaiyila" || [[Mukesh Mohamed|Mukesh]] || rowspan=4|Vijay Sagar
|-
| 4 || "Tattoo Tattoo" || Vaishali, [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]], MC Vickey, [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
|-
| 5 || "Vaangi Vantha" || Fefsi Doss
|-
| 6 || "Vanakkam Vanakkam" || Ebi, Naveen Madhav
|-
|}

== Critical reception ==
''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 and wrote, "The movie will definitely get your adrenaline glands flowing. Watch it for Jayam Ravi’s extraordinary effort!"<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 December 2015 |title=Movie Review 'Bhooloham': The story will get your adrenaline glands flowing |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151226/entertainment-kollywood/article/movie-review-bhooloham-story-will-get-your-adrenaline-glands}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|3557988}}

{{S. P. Jananathan}}

[[Category:2015 sports films]]
[[Category:2015 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2015 action drama films]]
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:Cross-dressing in Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Srikanth Deva]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian boxing films]]
[[Category:Sports action films]]

Allari Subhashini

2026-03-23T00:10:05Z

Maryparker:

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Allari Subhashini
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Tirumala Subhashini
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bhimavaram]], [[West Godavari district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| body_discovered =
| resting_place =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2002 – present
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| awards =
| signature =
| website =
}}
'''Allari Subhashini''' (born Tirumala Subhashini) is an Indian actress predominantly appears in Telugu films and TV serials.<ref name="nettv4u">{{cite web|title=Telugu Movie Actress Allari Subhashini|url=http://www.nettv4u.com/celebrity/telugu/movie-actress/allari-subhashini|website=nettv4u.com|accessdate=14 September 2016}}</ref> She plays supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/actress-allari-subhashini-reveals-anchor-suma-kanakala-is-the-reason-why-she-is-healthy-5531887.html|title=Actress Allari Subhashini Reveals Anchor Suma Kanakala is the Reason Why She is Healthy|date=11 July 2022|website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/chiranjeevi-helps-cancerstricken-subhashini-telugu-news-212440|title=Chiranjeevi helps cancer-stricken Subhashini - Telugu News|date=25 April 2018|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>

==Personal life==
She hails from [[Bhimavaram]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="nettv4u"/> She lost her father when she was attending school. She studied up to 7th standard. After that she got married at a very young age. She has a sister. She was a stage artist from her childhood.

==Career==
When she visited Hyderabad for a stage drama called ''Chintamani'', actor [[Tammareddy Chalapathi Rao|Chalapati Rao]] advised her to approach his son [[Ravi Babu]] who was making a debut film called [[Allari (film)|Allari]]. He offered her a role in that film. Her debut film gave her good recognition. Later she changed her name to ''Allari Subhashini''. She received many offers after that. She played significant roles in [[Sri Anjaneyam]] directed by [[Krishna Vamsi]]. She went on to act with stars like [[Nandamuri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]], [[Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao Jr.|NTR]], [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Chiranjeevi]], and [[Rajinikanth]].

==Partial filmography==
{{expand list|date=November 2017}}
{{Colbegin}}
*''[[Allari (film)|Allari]]'' (2002)
*''[[Chennakesava Reddy]]'' (2002)
*''[[Eeswar (2002 film)|Eeswar]]'' (2002)
*''[[Sri Anjaneyam]]'' (2004)
*''[[Andagadu]]'' (2005)
*''[[Kanchanamala Cable TV]]'' (2005)
*''[[Kithakithalu]]'' (2006)
*''[[Tata Birla Madhyalo Laila]]'' (2006)
*''[[Samanyudu]]'' (2006)
*''[[Allare Allari]]'' (2007)
*''[[Satyabhama (2007 film)|Satyabhama]]'' (2007) as Restaurant manager
*''[[Nee Sukhame Ne Koruthunna]]'' (2008)
*''[[John Apparao 40 Plus]]'' (2008)
*''[[Nachavule]]'' (2008)
*''[[Bendu Apparao R.M.P]]'' (2009)
*''[[Ninnu Kalisaka]]'' (2009)
*''[[Amaravathi (2009 film)|Amaravathi]]'' (2009)
*''[[Parama Veera Chakra]]'' (2011)
*''[[Money Money, More Money]]'' (2011)
*''[[Aakasame Haddu]]'' (2011)
*''[[Sudigadu]]'' (2012)
*''[[Surya vs Surya]]'' (2015)
*''[[Guntur Talkies]]'' (2016)
*''Parvathipuram'' (2016) as Ranganayaki
*''[[Konda Polam]]'' (2021)
{{colend}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|11326998}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subhashini, Allari}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actors from West Godavari district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Indian actresses]]

Aahat (Indian TV series)

2026-03-11T05:14:13Z

Maryparker:

{{Short description|Indian horror television series}}
{{Other uses|Aahat (disambiguation){{!}}Aahat}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Aaahat.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] [[Horror film|Horror]]
| creator = [[B. P. Singh]]
| writer = {{unbulleted list | Yash and Sima Shridhar Raghavan Sriram Raghavan}}
| director = {{unbulleted list|[[B. P. Singh]]|[[Santram Varma]]|Siba Mishra|Ishwar Singh|Nitesh Singh}} Sriram Raghavan
| creative_director = Chirag Shah
| composer = [[Raju Singh]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 6
| num_episodes = 554
| list_episodes = List of Aahat episodes
| executive_producer = {{unbulleted list|Chandan Rajput|Rajendra B. Patil}}
| producer = [[B. P. Singh]] [[Pradeep Uppoor]]
| location = Mumbai, India
| cinematography = {{unbulleted list|Neelaabh Kaul|J S Mangal|Madhu S Rao}}
| runtime = 42 minutes approximately
| company = Neo Films Associates (season 1) Akshaya Productions (season 1) Fireworks Productions (season 2–6)
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|1995|10|12|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2015|08|04|df=yes}}
| related =
}}

'''''Aahat''''' ({{Translation|''An approaching sound''}}) is an Indian thriller horror television [[anthology series]] created by [[B. P. Singh]] for [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19971103/30750433.html|title=Hello darkness, my old friend...|date=1997-11-03|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112211402/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19971103/30750433.html|archive-date=2014-01-12|url-status=dead|df=dmy}}</ref> The series premiered on 5 October 1995 on the network. The episodes of first, second and fifth seasons were half-hourly, while episodes of third, fourth and sixth seasons were one-hourly. [[Om Puri]], [[Mandira Bedi]], [[Tom Alter]], [[Ashutosh Rana]], [[Shivaji Satam]], [[Virendra Saxena]], [[Nivaan Sen]], and noted theater personality [[Satyadev Dubey]] have starred in the show. [[Canadians|Canadian]] actor, Remi Kaler also worked in the series in 1999 and 2000. The sixth season premiered on 18 February 2015, starring [[Shakti Anand]]<ref name="Sony's rebooted 'Aahat' to go on air from 18 February">{{cite news|title=Sony's rebooted 'Aahat' to go on air from 18 February|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/sonys-rebooted-aahat-to-go-on-air-from-18-february-150216|newspaper=Indian Television|access-date=16 February 2015|archive-date=16 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216192050/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/sonys-rebooted-aahat-to-go-on-air-from-18-february-150216|url-status=live}}</ref> and ended on 4 August 2015.<ref name="Aahat' to go off air in August?">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/tv/Aahat-to-go-off-air-in-August/videoshow/48058669.cms|title=Aahat' to go off air in August?|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=13 July 2015|archive-date=29 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029192248/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/tv/Aahat-to-go-off-air-in-August/videoshow/48058669.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
The first season was mostly a crime thriller-whodunit with only occasional episodes on the supernatural. After the first season, each story focused on a different aspect of [[paranormal]] activity, such as ghosts, zombies, [[Ghost|phantoms]], undead persons, possessed objects, evil laughing, and witches and wizards. In season 5, each story has a flashback scene of how the curse and revenge happened.

==Series overview==
{{Main|List of Aahat episodes}}
{{:List of Aahat episodes}}

===Season 1 (1995–2001)===
''Aahat'' was first shot in 1994 as a [[suspense]] thriller, and began broadcast on 5 October 1995, each story being split across two episodes. After about 40 episodes with the same theme, one episode with a supernatural theme was made and when audiences for the series rose sharply, it made the switch.<ref>{{cite news|title=I have made mistakes|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19981218/35350544p.html|newspaper=Indian Express|date=18 December 1998|access-date=5 January 2014|archive-date=6 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106033035/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19981218/35350544p.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Season 2 (2004–2005)===
Due to the popularity of the first season, Sony TV decided to bring back the series in its second season. The episode format was same as of the first season. This time the season failed to gain TRP ratings.<ref>{{cite news|title=Exit 'Idol', enter refurbished, reslotted SET|url=http://www.indiantelevision.org.in/headlines/y2k5/mar/mar6.htm|newspaper=Indian Television|access-date=1 March 2005|archive-date=3 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203192850/http://www.indiantelevision.org.in/headlines/y2k5/mar/mar6.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Season 3 (2007)===
The third season was titled as ''Aahat: Dahshat Ki Teesri Dastak'' (English: ''An approaching sound: The Third Coming of Horror''). Each story being shown in a single episode. This time too the season didn't manage to gain TRP ratings and the season was shut down soon.<ref name="The all new 'Aahat' on Sony (Saturday, 10 p.m.)">{{cite news|title=The all new "Aahat" on Sony Saturday 10 pm|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/cablewala/article2238731.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=8 January 2007|archive-date=6 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040535/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/cablewala/article2238731.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Season 4 (2009–2010)===
The fourth season was titled ''Aahat: The All New Series''. In the season, Durjan, head of Paranormal And Supernatural Activities Research who used to collect powers from the spirits for his boss sends Harsh ([[Chaitanya Choudhury]]), Raghav ([[Vishal Gandhi]]) and Yamini ([[Krystle D'Souza]]) to cope up
with a new supernatural power every week with the story being split into two episodes.

===Season 5 (2010)===
To celebrate 15 years of the series, fireworks productions created and featured a 16 - episode arc titled "Maut Ka Khel" (English: "The Game of Death") which aired starting 20 September 2010. This was heavily inspired by the 1999 [[Hollywood (film industry)|Hollywood]] horror film [[House on Haunted Hill (1999 film)|House On Haunted Hill]]. The storyline follows celebrities ([[Sidharth Shukla]], [[Roshni Chopra]], [[Aashka Goradia]], [[Vivan Bhatena]], [[Gautam Rode]], [[Ketki Dave]], [[Tanaaz Irani]], [[Bakhtiyaar Irani]], [[Aryan Vaid]], [[Bobby Darling]], [[Karishma Tanna]], [[Sanjeet Bedi]], [[Megha Gupta]], [[Pankaj Tripathi|Pankaj Tripatri]], [[Ishitta Arun]] and [[Shahbaz Khan (actor)|Shahbaz Khan]] (as the host) ) who joined a reality horror show in which the celebrities live in a 200-year-old [[haunted house]] but the show suddenly becomes a trap with real ghosts.

===Season 6 (2015)===
The first episode of the sixth installation of the series premiered on 18 February 2015.<ref name="Sony's rebooted 'Aahat' to go on air from 18 February"/> The first episode of the series had gained a TRP rating of 2.9. But after a couple of weeks, the TRP ratings dropped, and the channel had to shut down the season on 4 August 2015.<ref name="Aahat' to go off air in August?"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sony-TVs-Aahat-to-go-biweekly-again/articleshow/47672113.cms|title=Sony TV's 'Aahat' to go biweekly again|newspaper=The Times of India|date=15 June 2015|access-date=17 June 2015|archive-date=15 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615131506/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sony-TVs-Aahat-to-go-biweekly-again/articleshow/47672113.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Crossover ==

''Aahat'' had three crossover episodes with the series ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]'', once on 13 & 14 November 2009; second time on 12 & 13 February 2010 and third time on 25 & 26 June 2010.

==Reception==

===Critical response===
The first five seasons of the series received general acclaim but response for the sixth season was quite mixed. Vineeta Kumar of ''[[India TV]]'' stated, "As against everybody's expectations, ''Aahat'' (season 6) doesn't seem that impressive."<ref name="Aahat season 6: No worries, watch it with your 4 year old kid">{{cite news|url=http://indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/aahat-horror-tv-show-seaosn-6-2015-first-episode-not-so-scary--20726.html|title=Aahat season 6: No worries, watch it with your 4 year old kid|work=[[India TV]]|author=Vineeta Kumar|date=19 February 2015|access-date=23 April 2015|archive-date=12 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612013724/http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/aahat-horror-tv-show-seaosn-6-2015-first-episode-not-so-scary--20726.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sweta Kaushal of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' stated, "The new episode of ''Aahat'' (season 6) does not scare at all and lives up to all the comic cliches that Indian horror shows have been following till date. At best, it is hilarious."<ref name="Aahat is back but will it scare you?">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/television/aahat-is-back-but-will-it-scare-you/article1-1318576.aspx|title=Aahat is back but will it scare you?|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|author=Sweta Kaushal|date=19 February 2015|access-date=23 April 2015|archive-date=19 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419124912/http://www.hindustantimes.com/television/aahat-is-back-but-will-it-scare-you/article1-1318576.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Ratings===

Vineeta Kumar of ''India TV'' gave the sixth season 2/5 stars, and further stated, "For all those who would be expecting grand with the elements of horror and spook in it, ''Aahat'' has come with a slight disappointment."<ref name="Aahat season 6: No worries, watch it with your 4 year old kid"/>

Sweta Kaushal of ''Hindustan Times'' giving the same ratings to the sixth season, further stated, "The new episode shows women with bad make-up as the ghosts."<ref name="Aahat is back but will it scare you?"/>

===Awards===
Fireworks Productions was nominated for Best Continuing TV Programme and for Best Thriller/Horror Show Of The Year of [[Indian Telly Awards]] in 2002. Sujit Pattnaik and Tanmoy Ghosh won [[Indian Television Academy Awards]] for Best Visual Effects in 2010,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2010 |title=The Indian Television Academy Awards for 2010 |work=Indian Television Academy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526071130/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2010 |archive-date=26 May 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref> while Himanshu, Yogen and Kamal were nominated for the same category of the same award in 2005 and 2012, however, winning in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2011 |title=The Indian Television Academy Awards for 2011 |work=Indian Television Academy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526070936/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2011 |archive-date=26 May 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.setindia.com/shows/Aahat}}
*{{IMDb title|tt2812214|Aahat}}

{{SET Shows}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aahat}}
[[Category:1995 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2000s Indian television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian horror fiction television series]]
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]
[[Category:2015 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian anthology television series]]
[[Category:Television shows shot in Madh Fort]]
[[Category:Horror anthology television series]]

Mātali

2026-03-07T19:05:49Z

Maryparker: Started first biography w/ infobox.

{{Short description|Charioteer of Indra in Hinduism}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| name = Matali
| image = [[File:Matali invites Rama to raid on Indra's Chariot.jpg|260px]]
| caption = Matali offers Indra's chariot to Rama.
| abode = [[Svarga]]
| texts = [[Puranas]], [[Ramayana]], [[Mahabharata]]
| parents = Shamika (father), Tapasvini (mother)
}}
'''Matali''' ({{Langx|sa|मातलि|translit=Mātali}}) is the charioteer of [[Indra]], the king of the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]], in [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dowson |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=leH7AQAAQBAJ&dq=matali+charioteer+of+indra&pg=PA205 |title=A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History and Literature |date=2013-11-05 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-39029-6 |pages=205 |language=en}}</ref> He also acts as the messenger of Indra, inviting [[Dushyanta]] to help the deity in his war against the [[asura]]s in the [[Shakuntala (play)|Abhijnanashakuntalam]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=SrinagarAshram |url=http://archive.org/details/AbhijnanaShakuntalamOfKalidasaMRKale |title=Abhijnana Shakuntalam Of Kalidasa M R Kale |pages=42}}</ref> In the [[Padma Purana]], Matali engages in a philosophical discourse with King [[Yayati]] regarding the nature of the soul, old age, and other concepts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-08-23 |title=Mātali's Discourse on Old Age [Chapter 64] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-padma-purana/d/doc364271.html |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

== Hindu mythology ==
{{Hindu mythology}}

=== Birth ===
The [[Vamana Purana]] offers a legend regarding the birth of Matali. A son was once born to the sage Shamika and his wife, Tapasvini. During the great [[Hindu mythological wars|Devasura war]] between Indra and [[Andhaka]], Indra's celestial [[Vajra|thunderbolt]] is described to have broken, and upon the counsel of [[Vishnu]], the king of the devas propitiated [[Agni]] to gain a new divine weapon. He employed this weapon against the [[asura]]s, and the earth shivered due to the din of his golden chariot. Tapasvini had once been told that her child would become two if he were to be placed in an open ground at the time of an earthquake. Since she desired another child, she told Shamika to place their son upon the earth outside his hermitage. As foretold, another child, identical to the first child in every way, appeared at the side of the former. As soon as he was born, he immediately flew towards Indra. He was blessed by the [[gandharva]]s as he met the deity, and told him that he would be his charioteer. Indra enquired regarding the child's identity, and he told him that he was the son of Shamika, and was competent to drive the former's chariot as he had been blessed by the gandharvas. Indra accepted the child for the role he sought, and named him Matali.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2009-04-12 |title=Matali, Matalī, Mātali: 21 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/matali |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

=== Battle against Bali ===
In the devas' battle against [[Mahabali|Bali]], featured in the [[Bhagavata Purana]], an asura named Jambha attacked Matali with his burning javelin when the latter rescued Indra. Matali endured an extreme level of pain, and this caused the enraged Indra to employ his thunderbolt against the asura, beheading him.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2022-09-01 |title=End of the Battle Between Gods and Asuras at Nārada's Mediation [Chapter 11] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-bhagavata-purana/d/doc1128825.html |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Ravana_losing_his_heads.jpg|thumb|260x260px|Matali counsels Rama in his battle against Ravana.]]

=== Battle of Lanka ===
In the [[Ramayana]], Indra sent his own charioteer, Matali, to lend his assistance to [[Rama]], due to the fact that the prince fought afoot against [[Ravana]], who rode upon a chariot. Matali descended upon the earth and offered his obeisance to Rama, stating that he had been sent by Indra. He offered the prince the deity's own [[vimana]], great bow, arrows, shield, and spear to help him triumph over the [[rakshasa]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-09-27 |title=Rama and Ravana renew their Combat [Chapter 103] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-ramayana-of-valmiki/d/doc424732.html |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

=== Charioteer of Arjuna ===
In the [[Mahabharata]], Matali appeared before [[Arjuna]], informing him that his father, Indra, wished to see him at his own celestial abode. He drove Arjuna to [[Svarga]], patiently answering the prince's various questions regarding the presence of great personages during their journey upon the chariot. Matali escorted the prince all the way to Indra's capital, [[Amaravati (mythology)|Amaravati]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 3: Vana Parva: Indralokagamana Parva: Section XLII |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03042.htm |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref>[[File:Arjuna_riding_his_chariot,_which_is_driven_by_the_charioteer_Matali_and_drawn_by_a_horse,_has_shot_an_arrow_into_the_mouth_of_the_demon_Niwatakawaca,_who_stands_in_the_chariot._It_is_driven_by_a_serva,_Or._3390_297.tif|thumb|260x260px|Matali drives Arjuna as he fights against a Nivatakavacha.]]Matali also served as the charioteer of Arjuna when he battled the [[nivatakavacha]]s, as instructed by his father. His counsel to the prince during this conflict proved to be crucial in securing victory against his foes.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HkUQYvw2HGkC&dq=arjuna+nivatakavacha&pg=PA271 |title=Vyasa's Mahabharatam |date=2008 |publisher=Academic Publishers |isbn=978-81-89781-68-2 |pages=272–273 |language=en}}</ref>

== Other religious traditions ==
===Buddhism===
Mātali is the charioteer (''sāyāhaka'') of [[Śakra (Buddhism)|Sakka]], the [[king of the gods]] in [[Buddhist cosmology]]. In Buddhist texts, Mātali serves not only as Sakka's charioteer but also as his close companion and confidant, often accompanying him on various divine and earthly missions.

In the [[Kalpa (time)#Buddhism|current age]], Mātali is described as having a son named Sikhaṇḍī, who was initially loved by Bhaddā Suriyavaccasā, the daughter of the [[Gandhabba]] king [[Tumburu|Timbarū]]. However, her affections later shifted to [[Pancasikha|Pañcasikha]]. (DN II.268).

Mātali plays a significant role in numerous canonical texts. He is present during Sakka's battles against the [[asuras]], including the episode where he drives Sakka's chariot—known as the ''Vejayanta Ratha''—drawn by a thousand Sindh horses when Sakka flees with his bride [[Shachi|Sujātā]] (Dhammapada Aṭṭhakathā I.279f; Jātaka I.202f).

Mātali frequently appears in the human world alongside Sakka, often in [[Shapeshifting|disguise]]. Examples include his appearances as a fish in the ''Culladhanuggaha Jātaka'', a [[brahmin]] in both the ''Bilārakosiya Jātaka'' and the ''Suddhābhojana Jātaka'', and a [[Black dog (folklore)|black dog]] in the ''Mahākanha Jātaka''. On several occasions, Sakka dispatches Mātali to escort mortals to the [[Trāyastriṃśa|Tāvatiṃsa]] heaven, including figures such as Guttila, [[Nimi (king)|Nimi]], Makhādeva, and Sādhīna. During these journeys, Mātali acts as a knowledgeable guide, pointing out places of interest along the way.

Following the Buddha's descent from Tāvatiṃsa after delivering the [[Abhidhamma]] teachings, Mātali is said to have accompanied him, standing on the Buddha's left side while offering divine scents, garlands, and flowers (DhA III.226). In both the ''Bilārakosiya'' and ''Suddhābhojana Jātakas'', Mātali is identified as the son of [[Suriya]].

According to the Jātaka commentaries, [[Ānanda]] was reborn as Mātali in several previous lives (Jātaka I.206; IV.180; V.412; VI.129), as was [[Mahākāśyapa|Mahā Kassapa]] (Jātaka IV.69).

In the ''Mahāsamaya Sutta'' (DN II.258), Mātali is mentioned as a chief of the Gandhabbas, while in the ''[[Āṭānāṭiya Sutta]]'' (DN III.204), he is listed among the prominent [[Yaksha|Yakkhas]] invoked for protection by the followers of the Buddha.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite web|url=https://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/ma/maatali.htm|title=Mātali|website=www.palikanon.com}}</ref>

===Jainism===
[[Ācārya]] [[Hemacandra]]'s 12th-century [[Triṣaṣṭiśalākāpuruṣacarita]] (''The Lives of the Sixty-Three Illustrious Men''), interprets Mātali as the charioteer who served Krishna in battle.

His inclusion highlights the Jain principle of guidance and support, emphasizing the importance of wise counsel in navigating spiritual challenges.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2022-09-17 |title=Part 4: War between Kṛṣṇa and Jarāsandha |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/jainism/book/trishashti-shalaka-purusha-caritra |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

<references />

[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Characters in the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Indra]]

List of Tamil films of 1988

2026-03-07T05:32:47Z

Maryparker: update page per standard format and updated info for consistency

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
Post-amendment to the Tamil Nadu Entertainments Tax Act 1939 on 1 April 1958, Gross jumped to 140 per cent of Nett <ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20171120150153/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/tamil_nadu/1939/1939TN10.pdf Government raised entertainment tax to 40% (from 33%) in 1958]}}</ref> Commercial Taxes Department disclosed {{INR}}63 crore in entertainment tax revenue for the year.<ref>[https://ctd.tn.gov.in/documents/10184/20741/STATISTICAL+COMPENDIUM+2012-2013/9fb9d066-c862-412b-bc88-f29d4091164e?version=1.1 CTD reports {{INR}}63 crore ET collection in 1988–89]</ref>

{{Tamil films}}

The following is a list of films produced in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]] in India in 1988, presented in alphabetical order.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! [[Film director|Director]] !! [[Film producer|Producer]] !! Music !! Cast
|----
|''[[Adhu Antha Kaalam]]''
|[[Valampuri John]]
|[[Bhanu Revathi Combines]]
|[[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]
|[[Sarath Babu]], [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], [[Charan Raj]], [[Rajeev (Tamil actor)|Rajeev]]
|----
|''[[Agni Natchathiram]]''
|[[Mani Ratnam]]
|[[G. Venkateswaran|Sujatha Productions]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]], [[Nirosha]], [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]], [[Jayachitra]], [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]], [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]], [[Janagaraj]], [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Thara]]
|----
|''[[Anbe En Anbe (film)|Anbe En Anbe]]''
|[[K. Murali Raj]]
|[[Yogalaya Productions]]
|[[Udhayaraj]]
|[[Anand (actor)|Anand]], [[Madhuri (Tamil actress)|Madhuri]]
|----
|''[[Annanagar Mudhal Theru]]''
|[[Balu Anand]]
|[[Vivekanandha Film Circuit]]
|[[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]
|[[Sathyaraj]], [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]], [[Radha (actress)|Radha]], [[Anand (actor)|Anand]], [[Janagaraj]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
|----
|''[[Chutti Poonai]]''
|
|[[Lakshmi Raja Films]]
|[[R. D. Burman]]
|[[Shalini Kumar|Baby Shalini]]
|----
|''[[Dharmathin Thalaivan]]''
|[[S. P. Muthuraman]]
|[[Dhandayuthapani Films]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[Rajinikanth]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]], [[Charle]]
|----
|''[[Dhayam Onnu]]''
|[[Selvakumar]]
|[[V. N. S. Films]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]], [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]], [[Shantipriya (actress)|Nishanthi]], [[Madhuri (Tamil actress)|Madhuri]], [[Saranya Ponvannan|Saranya]], [[Pallavi (actress)|Pallavi]], [[Senthil]], [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[S. S. Chandran]]
|----
|''[[En Bommukutty Ammavukku]]''
|[[Fazil (director)|Fazil]]
|[[Pavalar Creations]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[Sathyaraj]], [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]], [[Raghuvaran]], [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]], [[Geetu Mohandas]]
|----
|''[[En Jeevan Paduthu]]''
|[[R. Sundarrajan]]
|[[Panchu Arunachalam|Panchu Associates]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], [[Saranya Ponvannan|Saranya]], [[Pratap K. Pothen]], Kapil Dev, Sudha, [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[Kovai Sarala]], [[Chinni Jayanth]]
|----
|''[[En Thamizh En Makkal]]''
|[[Santhana Bharathi]]
|[[Sivaji Productions]]
|[[Gangai Amaran]]
|[[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Vadivukkarasi]], [[Pallavi (actress)|Pallavi]], [[Nizhalgal Ravi]], [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]], [[S. S. Chandran]], [[Chinni Jayanth]]
|----
|''[[En Thangachi Padichava]]''
|[[P. Vasu]]
|[[Sree Rajakaali Amman Enterprises]]
|[[Gangai Amaran]]
|[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Rupini]], [[Chithra (actress)|Chithra]], Sudha
|----
|''[[En Thangai Kalyani]]''
|[[T. Rajendar]]
|[[T. Rajendar|Chimbu Cine Arts]]
|[[T. Rajendar]]
|[[T. Rajendar]], [[Srividya]], [[Vigdass]], Sudha, [[S. S. Chandran]], [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]], [[Renuka (actress)|Renuka]], [[Silambarasan]]
|----
|''[[En Uyir Kannamma]]''
|[[Sivachandran]]
|[[S. K. S. Film Creations]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Radha (actress)|Radha]], [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]], [[S. S. Chandran]]
|----
|''[[En Vazhi Thani Vazhi (1988 film)|En Vazhi Thani Vazhi]]''
|[[V. Azhagappan]]
|[[Rekha Movies]]
|[[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]
|[[Raghuvaran]], [[Shantipriya (actress)|Nishanthi]], [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]], [[S. S. Chandran]]
|----
|''[[Enga Ooru Kavakkaran]]''
|[[T. P. Gajendran]]
|[[Sangili Murugan|Meenakshi Arts]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[Ramarajan]], [[Gautami|Gouthami]], [[S. S. Chandran]], [[Senthil]], [[Kovai Sarala]], [[Y. Vijaya]]
|----
|''[[Ennai Vittu Pogaathe]]''
|[[T. K. Bose]]
|[[Shree Kanagadhara Art Films]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[Ramarajan]], [[Sabitha Anand]], [[Radha Ravi]], [[S. S. Chandran]], [[Senthil]]
|----
|''[[Ganam Courtar Avargale]]''
|[[Manivannan]]
|[[Kamala Jothi Combines]]
|[[Devendran]]
|[[Sathyaraj]], [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]], [[Srividya]], [[Janagaraj]]
|----
|''[[Guru Sishyan (1988 film)|Guru Sishyan]]''
|[[S. P. Muthuraman]]
|[[Panchu Arunachalam|P. A. Art Productions]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[Rajinikanth]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Gautami|Gouthami]], [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]], [[Pandiyan (actor)|Pandiyan]], [[Cho Ramaswamy|Cho]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
|----
|''[[Idhu Namma Aalu (1988 film)|Idhu Namma Aalu]]''
|[[Balakumaaran (director)|Balakumaran]]
|[[Bhagavathi Creations]]
|[[K. Bhagyaraj]]
|[[K. Bhagyaraj]], [[Shobana]], [[J. V. Somayajulu]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[Kumarimuthu]]
|----
|''[[Illam (film)|Illam]]''
|[[I. V. Sasi]]
|[[M. L. G. Creations]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[Sivakumar]], [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]], [[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]], [[Y. G. Mahendra]]
|----
|''[[Irandil Ondru]]''
|[[V. Azhagappan]]
|[[S. P. T. Films]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[Ramki]], [[Nadhiya]], [[Madhuri (Tamil actress)|Madhuri]]
|----
|''[[Ithu Engal Neethi]]''
|[[S. A. Chandrasekhar]]
|[[Lalithanjali Fine Arts]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[Ramki]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], [[Nizhalgal Ravi]], [[Vani Viswanath]], [[Raja (Tamil actor)|Raja]], [[S. S. Chandran]]
|----
|''[[Ithuthan Arambam]]''
|[[Raj Barath]]
|[[Pakshiraja Arts]]
|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|[[Pratap K. Pothen]]
|----
|''[[Jadikketha Moodi]]''
|[[Umesh-Prabhakar]]
|[[Sri Devi Kala Chithra]]
|[[Hamsalekha]]
|[[Pandiarajan]], [[Pandiyan (actor)|Pandiyan]], [[Abhinaya]], [[S. S. Chandran]], [[Kovai Sarala]]
|----
|''[[Jeeva (1988 film)|Jeeva]]''
|[[Pratap K. Pothen]]
|[[Sathya Jyothi Films]]
|[[Gangai Amaran]]
|[[Sathyaraj]], [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]], [[Nizhalgal Ravi]], [[Janagaraj]], [[Silk Smitha]]
|----
|''[[Kaalaiyum Neeye Maalaiyum Neeye]]''
|[[R. Sundarrajan]]
|[[Poornachandra Arts]]
|[[Devendran]]
|[[Vijayakanth]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]], [[Senthil]]
|----
|''[[Kadarkarai Thaagam]]''
|[[Ilango]]
|[[J. J. Enterprises]]
|[[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]
|[[Anand Babu]], [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], [[Vaishnavi (Malayali actress)|Vaishnavi]], [[Nizhalgal Ravi]], [[S. S. Chandran]]
|----
|''[[Kai Koduppal Karpagambal]]''
|[[S. Jagadeesan]]
|[[Oaam Selvi Arts]]
|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|[[K. R. Vijaya]], [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]], [[Rajeev (Tamil actor)|Rajeev]]
|----
|''[[Kai Naattu]]''
|[[V. C. Guhanathan]]
|[[Suresh Productions]]
|[[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]
|[[Raghuvaran]], [[Shantipriya (actress)|Nishanthi]], [[Madhuri (Tamil actress)|Madhuri]], [[Senthil]], [[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]], [[Mucherla Aruna|Aruna]]
|----
|''[[Kalicharan (1988 film)|Kalicharan]]''
|[[L. Raja]]
|[[Murali Cine Arts]]
|[[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]
|[[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], [[Sripriya]], [[Gautami|Gouthami]], [[Madhuri (Tamil actress)|Madhuri]], [[Charan Raj]], [[S. S. Chandran]]
|----
|''[[Kaliyugam (1988 film)|Kaliyugam]]''
|[[K. Subash]]
|[[Anandhi Films]]
|[[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]
|[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Raghuvaran]], [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]], [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]], [[Janagaraj]]
|----
|''[[Kalloori Kanavugal]]''
|[[P. J. Mohan]]
|[[Nava Kavitha Creations]]
|
|Kapil Dev, [[Viji]]
|----
|''[[Kan Simittum Neram]]''
|[[Kalaivanan Kannadasan]]
|[[R. Sarathkumar|Varalaxmi Creations]]
|[[V. S. Narasimhan]]
|[[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]], [[R. Sarathkumar]], [[S. S. Chandran]], [[Senthil]]
|----
|''[[Katha Nayagan (1988 film)|Katha Nayagan]]''
|[[Muktha Srinivasan]]
|[[Muktha Ramaswamy|Muktha films]]
|[[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]
|[[Pandiarajan]], [[S. Ve. Shekher]], [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]], [[Shobana]], [[S. S. Chandran]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
|----
|''[[Kazhugumalai Kallan]]''
|[[Rajasekhar (director)|Rajasekhar]]
|[[Sri Karpaga Vinayaga Film Circuit]]
|[[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]
|[[Charan Raj]], [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]], [[Disco Shanti]]
|----
|''[[Kodi Parakkuthu]]''
|[[Bharathiraja]]
|[[Bharathiraja|Manoj creations]]
|[[Hamsalekha]]
|[[Rajinikanth]], [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]], [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]], [[Janagaraj]]
|----
|''[[Koil Mani Osai]]''
|[[Gangai Amaran]]
|[[National Movie Makers]]
|[[Gangai Amaran]]
|[[Raghuvaran]], [[Pandiyan (actor)|Pandiyan]], [[Abhinaya]], [[Senthil]]
|----
|''[[Kunguma Kodu]]''
|[[V. Azhagappan]]
|[[Mahesh Productions]]
|[[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|[[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]], [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]], [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]], [[Ramya Krishnan]], [[Senthil]]
|----
|''[[Maduraikara Thambi]]''
|[[R. T. Annadurai]]
|[[Anand & Anand Associates]]
|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|[[Ramki]], [[Sri Bharathi]], [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]], [[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]], [[Renuka (actress)|Renuka]]
|----
|''[[Makkal Aaniyittaal]]''
|[[Rama Narayanan]]
|[[Sri Thenandal Films]]
|[[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|[[Vijayakanth]], [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]], [[M. K. Stalin]]
|----
|''[[Manaivi Oru Mandhiri]]''
|[[Rama Narayanan]]
|[[Shenbagam Movies]]
|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|[[Ramki]], [[S. Ve. Shekher]], [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]], [[S. S. Chandran]], [[Senthil]], [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]], [[Madhuri (Tamil actress)|Madhuri]], [[Kovai Sarala]], [[Lalitha Kumari]]
|----
|''[[Manamagale Vaa]]''
|[[Panchu Arunachalam]]
|[[Rajaa Enterprises]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], [[Goundamani]], [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]], [[S. S. Chandran]], [[Kovai Sarala]], [[Disco Shanti]]
|----
|''[[Manasukkul Mathappu]]''
|[[Robert–Rajasekar]]
|[[Ownland Arts]]
|[[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Saranya Ponvannan|Saranya]], [[Lissy (Malayalam actress)|Lizy]], [[Sarath Babu]], [[Janagaraj]], [[Sachu]]
|----
|''[[Mappillai Sir]]''
|[[D. S. Balagan]]
|[[Lakshmi Raja Films]]
|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|[[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]], [[Visu]], [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]], [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]], [[Kismu]], [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]]
|----
|''[[Melam Kottu Thali Kattu (film)|Melam Kottu Thali Kattu]]''
|[[Deenadayal]]
|[[Sri Devi Bagavathy Films]]
|[[Premasiri Khemadasa]]
|[[Ramarajan]], [[Pandiyan (actor)|Pandiyan]], [[Saranya Ponvannan|Saranya]], [[Lalitha Kumari]], [[S. S. Chandran]], [[Kovai Sarala]], [[Chinni Jayanth]]
|----
|''[[Adipapam|Muthal Paavam]]''
|[[P. Chandrakumar]]
|[[R. B. Choudary|Super Film International]]
|[[Usha Khanna]]-[[Jerry Amaldev]]
|[[Vimal Raj]], Abhilasha
|----
|''[[Naan Sonnathey Sattam]]''
|Rameshraj
|Sri Mathralaya Chithralaya
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[Charan Raj]], [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]]
|-
|''[[Nallavan (1988 film)|Nallavan]]''
|[[S. P. Muthuraman]]
|[[S. Thanu|Kalaippuli International]]
|[[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]
|[[Vijayakanth]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], [[M. N. Nambiar]], [[S. S. Chandran]], [[Janagaraj]], [[Vani Viswanath]], [[Disco Shanti]]
|----
|''[[Namma Ooru Nayagan]]''
|[[Yaar Kannan]]
|[[Olympic Cinemas]]
|[[Rajesh Khanna (composer)|Rajesh Khanna]]
|[[Ramarajan]], [[Gautami|Gouthami]], [[K. R. Vijaya]], [[Sripriya]], [[Senthil]], [[Kovai Sarala]]
|----
|''[[Neruppu Nila]]''
|[[Rama Narayanan]]
|[[S. R. Combines]]
|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|[[Raja (Tamil actor)|Raja]], [[Ranjini (actress)|Ranjini]], [[Viji]], [[S. S. Chandran]]
|----
|''[[Nethiyadi]]''
|[[Pandiarajan]]
|[[Avinash Arts]]
|[[Pandiarajan]]
|[[Pandiarajan]], [[Vaishnavi (Malayali actress)|Vaishnavi]], [[Janagaraj]], [[Senthil]], [[Kuyili (actress)|Kuyili]]
|----
|''[[Oomai Kuyil (1988 film)|Oomai Kuyil]]''
|[[M. R. Yogaraj]]
|[[Indralaya Films]]
|[[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]
|[[M. R. Yogaraj]], [[Ilavarasi]], [[Devi Bala]]
|----
|''[[Oomai Thurai]]''
|[[K. G. Rajasekharan]]
|[[Surya Pictures]]
|
|
|----
|''[[Oorai Therinjikitten]]''
|[[Kalaippuli G. Sekaran]]
|[[Cineco Films]]
|[[Gangai Amaran]]
|[[Pandiarajan]], [[Pallavi (actress)|Pallavi]], [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[Senthil]]
|----
|''[[Oruvar Vaazhum Aalayam]]''
|[[Shanmugapriyan]]
|[[Royal Cine Creations]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[Sivakumar]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], [[Raadhu (actress)|Raadhu]], [[Senthil]]
|----
|''[[Paadatha Thenikkal]]''
|[[Cochin Haneefa|V. M. C. Haneefa]]
|[[Poompuhar Productions]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[Sivakumar]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], [[Sujitha|Baby Sujitha]]
|----
|''[[Paarthal Pasu]]''
|[[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]
|[[C. R. Production]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[Ramarajan]], [[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]], [[Pallavi (actress)|Pallavi]], [[Sri Bharathi]], [[Dharani]], [[S. S. Chandran]], [[Senthil]]
|----
|''[[Paasa Paravaigal]]''
|[[Cochin Haneefa|V. M. C. Haneefa]]
|[[Poompuhar Productions]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[Sivakumar]], [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]], [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], [[S. S. Chandran]]
|----
|''[[Paatti Sollai Thattathe]]''
|[[Rajasekhar (director)|Rajasekhar]]
|[[AVM Productions]]
|[[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]
|[[Pandiarajan]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[S. S. Chandran]], [[Silk Smitha]], [[Disco Shanti]]
|----
|''[[Paimara Kappal]]''
|[[K. Radha]]
|[[Nirmala Aajaa Creations]]
|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|[[S. S. R. Rajendrakumar]], [[Pallavi (actress)|Pallavi]], [[Janagaraj]], [[Kalaiselvi]], [[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]]
|----
|''[[Palaivanathil Pattamoppchi]]''
|[[Durai (director)|Durai]]
|[[Sunitha Cine Arts]]
|
|[[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]], [[Senthil]]
|----
|''[[Paravaigal Palavitham]]''
|[[Robert–Rajasekar]]
|[[Esskay Film Combines]]
|[[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|[[Ramki]], [[Nirosha]], [[Janagaraj]], [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Thara]]
|----
|''[[Paris Paris (film)|Paris Paris]]''
|Rajan
|[[Cowjoy Enterprises]]
|[[T. K. Jayaraman]]
|[[Senthil]], [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]]
|----
|''[[Pattikaatu Thambi]]''
|[[Senthilnathan]]
|[[Anbalaya Films]]
|[[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]
|[[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], [[Nirosha]], [[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]], [[Sabitha Anand]], [[Senthil]]
|----
|''[[Penmani Aval Kanmani]]''
|[[Visu]]
|[[Kavithalayaa Productions]]
|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|[[Visu]], [[Pratap K. Pothen]], [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]], [[Kismu]], [[R. Dilip (Tamil actor)|Dhilip]], [[Ilavarasan]], [[Ramesh Aravind]], [[Madhuri (Tamil actress)|Madhuri]], [[Mucherla Aruna|Aruna]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[Vadivukkarasi]], [[Kamala Kamesh]]
|----
|''[[Poo Pootha Nandhavanam]]''
|[[B. V. Balaguru]]
|[[Sri Amman Creation]]
|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|[[Shridhar (actor)|Shridhar]], [[Saritha]], [[Goundamani]]
|----
|''[[Poonthotta Kaavalkaaran]]''
|[[Senthilnathan]]
|[[T. Siva|Tamil Annai Cine Creations]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[Vijayakanth]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], [[Anand (actor)|Anand]], [[Vani Viswanath]], [[S. S. Chandran]]
|----
|''[[Poovizhi Raja]]''
|[[Santhana Bharathi]]
|[[S. M. Art Films]]
|[[Yuvaraj (composer)|Yuvaraj]]
|[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Ramki]], [[Shantipriya (actress)|Nishanthi]], [[Senthil]], [[Chinni Jayanth]]
|----
|''[[Poovukkul Boogambam]]''
|[[D. R. Thyagarajan]]
|[[Lakshmi Shanthi Movies]]
|[[Sangeetha Rajan]]
|[[Thiagarajan]], [[Parvathi]], [[Charan Raj]]
|----
|''[[Poovum Puyalum]]''
|[[S. A. Chandrasekhar]]
|[[Semba Movies]]
|[[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|[[Sivakumar]], [[Charan Raj]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], [[Madhuri (Tamil actress)|Madhuri]], [[Senthil]]
|----
|''[[Puthiya Vaanam]]''
|[[R. V. Udayakumar]]
|[[R. M. Veerappan|Sathya Movies]]
|[[Hamsalekha]]
|[[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Sathyaraj]], [[Rupini]], [[Gautami|Gouthami]], [[Janagaraj]], [[Kuyili (actress)|Kuyili]], [[Disco Shanti]]
|----
|''[[Raasave Unnai Nambi]]''
|[[K. J. Bose]]
|[[Rajkiran|Red Sun Art Creations]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[Ramarajan]], [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]], [[Saritha]], [[Radha Ravi]]
|----
|''[[Raththa Dhanam]]''
|[[Sivachandran]]
|[[Kavitha Chitra Films]]
|[[Gangai Amaran]]
|[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], [[Gautami|Gouthami]], [[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]], [[Pratap K. Pothen]], [[Shari (actress)|Sadhana]], [[Nizhalgal Ravi]], [[S. S. Chandran]], [[Y. Vijaya]], [[Disco Shanti]]
|----
|''[[Rayilukku Neramachu]]''
|[[Bharathi Mohan]]
|[[Shri Shanthalaya Productions]]
|[[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|[[Ramarajan]], [[Shantipriya (actress)|Nishanthi]], [[Pandiyan (actor)|Pandiyan]], [[Madhuri (Tamil actress)|Madhuri]], [[S. S. Chandran]], [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
|----
|''[[Rendum Rendum Anju]]''
|[[Jayabharathi (director)|Jayabharathi]]
|[[Dhanalakshmi Movie Makers]]
|[[Gangai Amaran]]
|[[Sarath Babu]], [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]], [[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]], [[Senthil]]
|----
|''[[Sahadevan Mahadevan]]''
|[[Rama Narayanan]]
|[[Sri Thenandal Films]]
|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|[[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]], [[S. Ve. Shekher]], [[Pallavi (actress)|Pallavi]], [[Madhuri (Tamil actress)|Madhuri]], [[S. S. Chandran]], [[Kovai Sarala]]
|----
|''[[Sakkarai Panthal]]''
|[[Gangai Amaran]]
|[[Sangili Murugan|Meenakshi Arts]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[Charan Raj]], [[Shantipriya (actress)|Nishanthi]], [[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]], [[Goundamani]], [[Senthil]], [[Kovai Sarala]]
|----
|''[[Sathyaa]]''
|[[Suresh Krissna]]
|[[Raaj Kamal Films International]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[Kamal Haasan]], [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]], [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]], [[Janagaraj]], [[Anand (actor)|Anand]]
|----
|''[[Senthoora Poove]]''
|[[P. R. Devaraj]]
|[[Aabavanan|Tamil Ponni Art]]
|[[Manoj–Gyan]]
|[[Vijayakanth]], [[Ramki]], [[Nirosha]], [[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]], [[Senthil]]
|----
|''[[Shenbagamae Shenbagamae]]''
|[[Gangai Amaran]]
|[[Sri Lakshmana Films]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[Ramarajan]], [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]], [[Silk Smitha]], [[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]], [[Senthil]], [[S. S. Chandran]], [[Kovai Sarala]]
|----
|''[[Sigappu Thali]]''
|[[R. Thyagarajan (director)|R.Thyagarajan]]
|[[Lakshmi Raja Films]]
|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|[[Charan Raj]], [[Ramki]], [[Shantipriya (actress)|Nishanthi]], [[Saranya Ponvannan|Saranya]], [[S. S. Chandran]]
|----
|''[[Solla Thudikuthu Manasu]]''
|[[B. Lenin]]
|[[Maruthi Movie Arts]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], [[Priya (actress)|Priyasri]], [[Radha Ravi]], [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]], [[Charle]]
|----
|''[[Soora Samhaaram]]''
|[[Chitra Lakshmanan]]
|[[Gayathri Films]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[Kamal Haasan]], [[Nirosha]], [[Madhuri (Tamil actress)|Madhuri]], [[Nizhalgal Ravi]], [[Pallavi (actress)|Pallavi]], [[Janagaraj]]
|----
|''[[Sudhanthira Naattin Adimaigal]]''
|[[S. A. Chandrasekhar]]
|[[Kathambari Creations]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[Charan Raj]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], [[Nizhalgal Ravi]]
|----
|''[[Thaai Paasam]]''
|[[R. Krishnamoorthy]]
|[[Rathna Movies]]
|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|[[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], [[Rupini]], [[Srividya]], [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[S. S. Chandran]]
|----
|''[[Thaimel Aanai]]''
|[[L. Raja]]
|[[AVM Productions]]
|[[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]
|[[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], [[Raghuvaran]], [[B. Saroja Devi]], [[Ranjini (actress)|Ranjini]], [[Madhuri (Tamil actress)|Madhuri]], [[Vani Viswanath]], [[Kismu]], [[S. S. Chandran]], [[Senthil]]
|----
|''[[Thambi Thanga Kambi]]''
|[[K. Shankar]]
|[[Sankaralaya Pictures]]
|[[Gangai Amaran]]
|[[Vijayakanth]], [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]], [[Ramya Krishnan]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[Senthil]], [[Kovai Sarala]]
|----
|''[[Thanga Kalasam]]''
|[[London Gopal]]
|[[Sudha Screen]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[Pandiyan (actor)|Pandian]], [[Sudha Chandran]], [[S. Ve. Shekher]], [[Sri Jaya]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[Senthil]], [[Y. Vijaya]]
|----
|''[[Thappu Kanakku]]''
|[[Jeeva Balan]]
|[[Balan Pictures]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[Charan Raj]], [[Madhuri (Tamil actress)|Madhuri]], [[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]], [[Asha Rani (actress)|Asha Rani]]
|----
|''[[Thenpandi Seemayile]]''
|[[C. P. Kollappan]]
|[[Uzhaippalar Films]]
|[[K. Bhagyaraj]]
|[[Vijayakanth]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], [[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]], [[Pandiyan (actor)|Pandian]], [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]], [[Madhuri (Tamil actress)|Madhuri]], [[S. S. Chandran]], [[Kovai Sarala]], [[Sujitha|Baby Sujitha]]
|----
|''[[Therkathi Kallan]]''
|[[P. Kalaimani]]
|[[Everest Films]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[Vijayakanth]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], [[Sulakshana (actress)|Sulakshana]], [[Madhuri (Tamil actress)|Madhuri]], [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]], [[S. S. Chandran]], [[Janagaraj]]
|----
|''[[Ullathil Nalla Ullam]]''
|[[Manivannan]]
|[[Ajantha Creations]]
|[[Gangai Amaran]]
|[[Vijayakanth]], [[Radha (actress)|Radha]], [[Radha Ravi]], [[Madhuri (Tamil actress)|Madhuri]], [[Janagaraj]], [[Senthil]], [[Kamala Kamesh]], [[Disco Shanti]]
|----
|''[[Unnal Mudiyum Thambi]]''
|[[K. Balachander]]
|[[Kavithalayaa Productions]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[Kamal Haasan]], [[Gemini Ganesan]], [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[Janagaraj]]
|----
|''[[Urimai Geetham]]''
|[[R. V. Udayakumar]]
|[[Sivasri Pictures]]
|[[Manoj–Gyan]]
|[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], [[Pallavi (actress)|Pallavi]], [[Ranjini (actress)|Ranjini]], [[Janagaraj]]
|----
|''[[Uzhaithu Vaazha Vendum]]''
|[[Ameerjan]]
|[[Motherland Pictures]]
|[[Devendran]]
|[[Vijayakanth]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], [[Sunitha (actress)|Vidhyashree]], [[Radha Ravi]], [[S. S. Chandran]], [[Senthil]]
|----
|''[[Vacha Kuri Thappathu]]''
|[[M. R. Vijaychander]]
|[[S. P. Pushparaj]]
|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|[[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]]
|----
|''[[Valaikaapu (film)|Valaikaapu]]''
|[[A. Jayaraman]]
|[[Kavitha Chitra Combines]]
|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|[[Sathyan (Tamil actor)|Sathyan]], [[Jeevitha]], [[Senthil]]
|----
|''[[Vasanthi (1988 film)|Vasanthi]]''
|[[Chitralaya Gopu]]
|[[AVM Productions]]
|[[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]
|[[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]], [[Madhuri (Tamil actress)|Madhuri]], [[Devi Lalitha]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[S. S. Chandran]]
|----
|''[[Veedu]]''
|[[Balu Mahendra]]
|[[Sri Kala International]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[Archana (actress)|Archana]], [[Bhanu Chander]], [[Chokkalinga Bhagavathar]]
|----
|''[[Veedu Manaivi Makkal]]''
|[[T. P. Gajendran]]
|[[Sri Thenandal Films]]
|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|[[Visu]], [[K. R. Vijaya]], [[S. Ve. Shekher]], [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]], [[Anand Babu]], [[Ganga]], [[Lalitha Kumari]]
|}

== References ==
<references />

{{Tamil cinema}}
{{1988 films}}
{{Indian film list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamil Films Of 1988}}
[[Category:Lists of Tamil films by year|1988]]
[[Category:1988 in Indian cinema|Films, Tamil]]
[[Category:Lists of 1988 films by language]]
[[Category:1988 Tamil-language films| ]]

Mohan Rawale

2026-02-25T06:41:40Z

Maryparker:

{{Short description|Indian politician (1948–2020)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mohan Rawale
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1948|12|9}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| residence = [[Mumbai]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2020|12|19|1948|12|9}}
| death_place = [[Goa]], India
| constituency = [[Mumbai South Central (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Mumbai South Central]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament]]
| termstart = (1991-1996), (1996-1998), (1998-1999), (1999-2004), (2004
| termend = 2009)
| predecessor =[[Wamanrao Mahadik]]
| successor =[[Eknath Gaikwad]]
| party =[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
| religion =
| spouse = Indira Mohan Rawale
| children = 1 son and 1 daughter
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Mohan Rawale''' (9 December 1948 – 19 December 2020) was a member of the [[14th Lok Sabha]] of [[India]]. He represented the [[Mumbai South Central (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Mumbai South Central]] constituency of [[Maharashtra]] and was a member of the [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] (SS) political party before [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] party leader [[Uddhav Thackeray]] expelled him from the party in an apparent clamp down on dissidence. He joined the Nationalist Congress Party but soon after rejoined the Shiv Sena.

He was born in [[Parel]], [[Mumbai]]. He got married on 21 December 1986 to Indira Mohan Rawale and had a son and a daughter.

==Positions held==
* 1979–1984 – President, Bharatiya Vidyarthi Sena (BVS), [[Maharashtra]] now it’s [[Yuva Sena]] a youth wing of [[Shiv Sena]]
* 1991 – Elected to 10th Lok Sabha
* 1996 – Elected to 11th Lok Sabha
* 1998 – Elected to 12th Lok Sabha
* 1999 – Elected to 13th Lok Sabha
* 2004 – Elected to 14th Lok Sabha
* 2009 – Lost from [[Mumbai South (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Mumbai South]]

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Wamanrao Mahadik]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Mumbai South Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai South Central]] |years=1991–2009}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Eknath Gaikwad]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-end}}

==External links==
*[http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok12/biodata/12mh05.htm A brief biographical sketch of Mr. Mohan Rawale on the Parliament of India's website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rawale, Mohan}}
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]

{{Maharashtra-SS-politician-stub}}

Swami Yogananda

2026-02-23T20:00:24Z

Maryparker: adjusted citations based on references and fixed typos per standard format

{{notability|date=February 2026}}
{{Short description|Indian philosopher (1861–1899)}}
{{distinguish|Paramahansa Yogananda}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{religion primary|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name= Swami Yogananda
| image=File:Swami Yogananda.png
| caption= Swami Yogananda, a direct monastic disciple of [[Ramakrishna]] and the first vice-president of [[Ramakrishna Mission]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_date= {{Birth date|df=yes|1861|3|30}}
| birth_place= [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| birth_name= Yogindra Nath Choudhury
| death_date= {{death date and age|df=yes|1899|3|28|1861|3|30}}
| death_place= [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| guru= [[Ramakrishna]]
| philosophy= [[Advaita Vedanta]]
| honors=
| footnotes=
}}
'''Swami Yogananda''' ({{langx|bn|স্বামী যোগানন্দ|translit=Sbāmī Yōgānanda}}) was a disciple of [[Ramakrishna|Ramakrishna Paramahansa]], the 19th-century mystic. He took his [[Diksha|formal initiation]] from [[Sarada Devi]], the "holy mother" of [[Ramakrishna paramhangsha Order|Ramakrishna paramhansa Order]] and spiritual consort of Ramakrishna. He was the first vice-president of [[Ramakrishna Mission]]. He belonged to the family of [[Sabarna Roy Choudhury]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa disciple Swami Yogananda |url=https://www.newstrend.news/339648/sri-ramakrishna-paramahansa-swami-yogananda/ |website=newstrend.news |date=9 April 2020 |publisher=Newstrend |accessdate=9 April 2020}}</ref> an aristocratic family of erstwhile [[Bengal]]. He had a very short life, but he played a very important role during the formative years of Ramakrishna Mission. He was also a dedicated and devoted attendant to [[Sarada Devi]] during her stay in Calcutta after Ramakrishna paramhangsha's death. He was one of the disciples whom Ramakrishna paramhangsha referred to as "Iswarakoti" or the "ever perfect soul".<ref>[http://www.belurmath.org/yogananda.htm Monastic Disciples of Sri Ramakrishna]</ref>{{primary-inline|date=July 2015}}

==Biography==

===Pre-monastic life===
Yogindranath Roy Choudhury was the eldest son of Navin Chandra Choudhury and was born near [[Dakshineswar]] village on 30 March 1861. Navin Chandra was a poor descendant of the local aristocrat [[Sabarna Roy Choudhury]] family, who once owned the present metropolis of [[Kolkata]] and its adjoins.<ref>[http://www.sangrahalay.org/files/Swami%20Yogananda%20and%20the%20Savarna%20Spiritual%20Tradition.pdf Savarna Roy Choudhuri] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327160104/http://www.sangrahalay.org/files/Swami%20Yogananda%20and%20the%20Savarna%20Spiritual%20Tradition.pdf |date=27 March 2012}}</ref>
Yogindranath was contemplative in nature from his childhood. He was simple in his habit and did not hanker after any luxury. He spent much of his time in meditation and worship.<ref>The disciples of Sri Ramakrishna, publisher Advaita Ashrama, Mayawati, page 108</ref>
Yogin met [[Ramakrishna]] when he was seventeen years of age. He was then studying for his school-leaving examination, then under the [[University of Calcutta]]. Ramakrishna recognised the spiritual potentiality of Yogin and asked him to come more often, which impacted his studies and made his parents, who had high aspirations about him, concerned. To financially help his parents, he went to [[Kanpur]] in search of a job, as one of his relatives stayed there. However, he was unsuccessful in getting employment and instead devoted his time to a contemplative life. He shunned the company of people. Therefore, his parents decided to marry him off, in order that he might resume the life of a householder and take more responsibility.<ref>The disciples of Sri Ramakrishna, publisher Advaita Ashrama, Mayawati, page 111</ref>

===Influence of Ramakrishna===
After his marriage, Yogin met Ramakrishna again when the latter called him, and he once again began to frequent [[Dakshineswar]] to further his spiritual aspirations. Even after his marriage, Yogin was indifferent to worldly affairs, and hence that became the prime focus of the teaching of Ramakrishna towards him. Once, when Yogin bought a faulty cooking pan from market by trusting the shopkeeper, he was severely reprimanded by his master. Another time, Ramakrishna rebuked him when he heard that Yogin had not protested against a group of fellow passengers on a boat when they maligned Ramakrishna.<ref>Sri Ramakrishna Leela Prasanga, by Swami Saradananda, volume 2, Udbodhan publishers</ref> On another occasion he asked Yogin to return the goods bought from a shop which had given him lesser quantity. This was a part of Ramakrishna's method to develop his disciples holistically, as he often said, "A man may aspire to be religious, but he need not be a fool."<ref>The disciples of Sri Ramakrishna, publisher Advaita Ashrama, Mayawati, page 114</ref>

Yogin also tested Ramakrishna in his own way as he was critical and analytical in nature, but every time he was proved wrong and these incidents finally established his unwavering faith on his master.<ref>The disciples of Sri Ramakrishna, publisher Advaita Ashrama, Mayawati, page 116</ref> Afterwards when Ramakrishna was ill, he was one of the regular attendants by his bedside.

===Influence of Sarada Devi===
After the death of Ramakrishna, Yogin accompanied the widow [[Sarada Devi]], the holy mother and spiritual consort of Ramakrishna, to [[Vrindaban]]. There he was initiated by her in Kalababu's Kunja, an ashrama established by [[Balaram Bose]], a householder devotee of Ramakrishna, and thus he became the first disciple of Sarada Devi. After coming back to Bengal he became an attendant to the holy mother and her women disciples, including [[Yogin Ma]] and [[Golap Ma]]. He accompanied Sarada Devi to [[Puri]] along with [[Swami Brahmananda]] and looked after her when she stayed in various places in Calcutta, from 1888 to 1899. Sarada Devi used to call him affectionately as "Chhele Yogen" or the "boy Yogen".<ref>[http://saradadevi.info/GHM_book/index.html Gospel of the Holy Mother]</ref>

===Monastic life===
Yogin took the monastic vow along with his other brother disciples under the leadership of [[Swami Vivekananda]] in 1887, and took the name "Swami Yogananda" (Yoga – communion (with God), ananda – bliss), signifying his love for contemplation and meditation. He traveled to [[Varanasi]] in 1891 and stayed in a solitary garden house, living an austere life. His health broke down with the severe strain of the austerities and spiritual practices, and he came back to Calcutta, to the newly formed [[Baranagar Math]].<ref>The disciples of Sri Ramakrishna, published by Advaita Ashram, Mayawati, page 119</ref> He was at this stage permanently sick, suffering from stomach related ailments. He stayed in the house of [[Balaram Bose]], a householder devotee, and he was engaged to serve the holy mother devotedly when she was staying in the same house in Calcutta. At this stage he inducted young men to the Ramakrishna order and attracted others to the ideology.

===Activities and organizational skills===
Yogananda was the first to organise the public celebration of Ramakrishna's birthday anniversary on a large scale in [[Dakshineswar]] temple premises. Yogananda was also instrumental in providing a grand reception to [[Swami Vivekananda]] when he returned to Calcutta in 1897. On both occasions he influenced many young men and organised and coordinated the activities.<ref>The disciples of Sri Ramakrishna, publisher Advaita Ashrama, Mayawati, page 120</ref>
Yogananda was elected as the vice-president of the Ramakrishna Mission upon its formation in 1897, and he successfully steered the organisation through its formative years. In 1898 Yogananda organised the birthday anniversary of Ramakrishna in the newly formed [[Belur Math]]. He served as the office bearer till his death in 1899.

===Death===
Yogananda died on 28 March 1899 after prolonged illness. He was the first to pass away among the direct monastic disciples of Ramakrishna and Sarada Devi. During his illness he was served by Kalyanananda, a direct disciple of Vivekananda.<ref name="Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda">{{cite book|last=Abjajananda|first=Swami|title=Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda|date=2003|publisher=Advaita Ashrama|location=Mayavati|isbn=9788175052468|page=231}}</ref> [[Sister Nivedita]] was one of the witnesses to his death, and she had described the moments of his death in one of her letters to [[Josephine MacLeod]]. During his last days he was nursed by [[Yogin Ma]] and his death affected Sarada Devi.<ref>Asamanya Patralekika Nivedita, by Pravrajika Shraddhapraana, published by Sarada Math, 2008, page 40</ref>

===Character and legacy===
While soft-spoken and gentle, he was strong and independent minded. He was often direct with his criticisms, and in this matter he did not even spare Vivekananda. When the latter introduced the ideology of selfless philanthropic work, Yogananda objected to the concept because, according to him, it was not in tune with the ideology put forward by Ramakrishna. His contention was that the energy of a monk should be spent wholly for the perusal of spiritual practices.<ref>[http://www.sriramakrishna.org/yogananda.php Swami Yogananda, RMIC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927143847/http://www.sriramakrishna.org/yogananda.php |date=27 September 2011}}</ref> However he loved and respected his leader and hence these incidents never became a bone of contention. He respected and admired Sarada Devi, whom he served devotedly whenever she was in Calcutta. Despite his preference for a contemplative life, he had great organizational skills. Thus, he formed a deep impression on many young generation monks of the Ramakrishna Order.

The buildings and dormitories of residential schools under Ramakrishna Mission are named after the direct disciples of Sri Ramakrishna and in many cases other monks also.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{Internet Archive author}}
* [https://belurmath.org/swami-yogananda/ Swami Yogananda Biography]
* [http://www.abuddhistlibrary.com/Buddhism/H%20-%20World%20Religions%20and%20Poetry/World%20Religions/From%20the%20Indian%20Tradition/Teachers%20from%20the%20Indian%20Tradition/The%20Direct%20Disciples%20of%20Sri%20Ramakrishna/Life%20and%20Teachings/life_directdisciples.htm#Swami_Yogananda Swami Yogananda, a short biography]

{{Ramakrishna}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yogananda, Swami}}
[[Category:Scholars from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Advaitin philosophers]]
[[Category:1861 births]]
[[Category:1899 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Monks of the Ramakrishna Mission]]

Sarada Vidyalayam

2026-02-22T11:55:42Z

Maryparker: small rework content for consistency further and fixed typos

{{no footnotes|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Sarada Vidyalayam School
| image = Sarada School.jpg
| motto =
| established = {{Start date|df=yes|1992|07|14}}
| type =
| affiliation =
| district =
| grades = 1-10
| president =
| principal =
| head_of_school =
| dean =
| faculty = 16
| staff = 4
| enrollment = 150
| athletics =
| athletic_conference =
| colors =
| mascot =
| location = [[Kakinada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| country = India
| website = {{URL|1=http://www.sankurathri.org/index.php?page_id=7|2=sankurathri.org}}
}}

'''Sarada Vidyalayam''' is a multi-grade school founded on 14 July 1992 by [[Padma Shri]] Dr. [[Chandra Sekhar Sankurathri]]. It was founded with the objective of providing [[free education]] to children in the rural areas of [[Kakinada]], [[India]] to combat the oft-common illiteracy in the region's impoverished families. The school is funded by charitable donations raised by Dr. Sankurathri and the [[Sankurathri Foundation]] and receives no financial assistance from the Indian government or the parents of its students.

==Teaching==
While the school follows the state syllabus, the teaching methodology used is different from the methods employed in conventional schools. With a student-teacher ratio of less than 10:1, teachers can monitor the progress of each child. Besides providing an education, the school provides free bus transportation for kids who don't live within walking distance.

The school provides a lunch, which for a number of the children is their only meal of the day. The school provides medical and dental checkups (including medicines) and Hepatitis-B vaccinations. Everything from books and schoolbags to uniforms and shoes is provided to students at no charge. The school gives two sets of uniforms to each child.

==References==
*[http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/airindia/milewski_rayoflight.html CBC News Documentary]
*[http://www.cnn.com/2008/LIVING/wayoflife/08/15/heroes.sankurathri/index.html CNN 'Heroes' article on founder]
*[http://www.kruti-dhata.org/Home.htm United States based charity for school]
*[http://msmf.ca/index.php Canada based charity for school]
*[http://www.sankurathri.org/index.php?page_id=7 School]

{{Coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Schools in East Godavari district]]
[[Category:Education in Kakinada]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1992]]
[[Category:1992 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Kaoser English School

2026-02-21T02:00:26Z

Maryparker: new new entry

{{More citations needed|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Kaoser English School, Kannur
| image = File:Kaoser Campus.jpg
| location = [[Kannur]], [[Kerala]]
| country = IND
| coordinates =
| authority = Kaoser Charitable Trust
| school_board = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
| district = [[Kannur]]
| grades = K to 12
| affiliation = CBSE - Delhi (No. 930402)
| type = [[Private school|Private]]
| principal = Mr. Vinod Kumar
| system = [[Education in India|Indian]]
| established = 1994
| website = http://www.kaoserschool.com/
| Caption =
| seal_image = Kaoser Logo.jpg
}}
'''Kaoser English School''' is a senior secondary school in Kannur. The campus - spread over 15 acres, provides play grounds, recreation areas, a mosque, canteen, libraries, science laboratories, and computer labs - is located at Kakkad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kaoserschool.com/ |title=Kaoser English School |publisher=Kaoser English School |date= |accessdate=2016-12-01}}</ref>

== Origin ==
Kaoser English School, founded in 1994, is the prime project of the Kaoser Charitable Trust. The Trust, a charitable organization, is managing a number of educational institutions and charitable services. Affiliated to CBSE, New Delhi, the school has grown to a full-fledged senior secondary school with over 700 students.

== Campus ==
Kaoser English School's campus, run by Kaoser Charitable Trust and affiliated to CBSE, is located at Kakkad, and is spread over 15 acres. The school has a fleet of buses to transport students from different parts of the district. The timing of the school is from 8.00 am to 2.00 pm.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kaoserschool.com/mission.html |title=Kaoser |website=kaoserschool.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921182637/http://kaoserschool.com/mission.html |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Future plans==
The school plans on implementing sweeping expansion plans in the next few years.{{when|date=December 2016}} These include a plan for hostel and allied facilities to enhance the learning experience.

== Politics ==
Kaoser is a stronghold of the Student's Islamic Organization. This is largely due to the links of the school with the Jamaat-E-Islami Hind movement. Several activities have been, in the past, carried out under the banner of SIO. Even though politics is not encouraged openly, the overt presence of an overwhelming number of Muslim students have made SIO the sole student political body in the school.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.kaoserschool.com Official website]

{{coord|11.9120|75.3907|type:edu_region:IN-KL|display=title}}
{{Educational Institutes in Kannur}}

[[Category:Private schools in Kerala]]
[[Category:Primary schools in Kerala]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Kerala]]
[[Category:Schools in Kannur]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1994]]

Drang-Drung Glacier

2026-02-18T05:10:42Z

Maryparker: typo fix

{{Short description|Glacier in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox glacier
| name = Drang-Drung Glacier
| image = Drang-Drung-Glacier.jpg
| caption = Drang-Drung Glacier
| type = Mountain glacier
| location = [[Himalaya Range]], [[Zanskar|Zanskar Range]], [[Pensi La]], [[Ladakh]]
| map = India Ladakh#India
| map_caption = Location in India
| label_position = right
| map_size =
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=it}}
| area =
| length = {{cvt|23|km|mi|0}}
| thickness =
| terminus =
| status =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
}}

The '''Drang-Drung Glacier''' (also called '''Durung Drung Glacier''') is a mountain [[glacier]] near the [[Pensi La]] pass on the Kargil-Zanskar Road<ref name="Drang drung"/> in the [[Kargil district]] of [[Ladakh]] in [[India]].<ref name="Pensi La">{{cite book | author=Janet Rizvi | title=Ladakh: Crossroads of High Asia | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xoluAAAAMAAJ | access-date=12 July 2012 |year=1996 | publisher=Oxford University Press, 1996 | isbn=978-0-19-564016-8 | page=30}}</ref>

The Drang-Drung Glacier is likely to be the largest glacier in Ladakh after the [[Siachen Glacier]] in the [[Karakoram Range]],<ref name="Drang drung glacier">{{cite book | author=Jasbir Singh | title=The Economy of Jammu & Kashmir | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ROfsAAAAMAAJ| access-date=12 July 2012 |year=2004 | publisher=Radha Krishan Anand & Co.| isbn=978-81-88256-09-9 | page=223}}</ref> with a maximum length of {{cvt|23|km|mi|0}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.himalayanclub.org/journal/zanskar-anyone/|title=Zanskar Range|publisher=himalayanclub.org|access-date=2012-07-12|archive-date=6 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106063600/https://www.himalayanclub.org/journal/zanskar-anyone/|url-status=dead}}</ref> at an average elevation of {{cvt|4,780|m|ft mi|abbr=in}}. The glacier lies in the northeastern [[Himalayan Range]] known as the [[Zanskar Range]], {{cvt|142|km|mi|0}} south of [[Kargil town|Kargil]] and {{cvt|331|km|mi|0}} east of [[Srinagar]], the capital of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="Pensila">{{cite web | title=Zanskar | url= http://www.rang7.com/newguide/index/printpdf/slug/zanskar | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141006083159/http://www.rang7.com/newguide/index/printpdf/slug/zanskar | url-status=dead | archive-date=6 October 2014 | access-date=12 July 2012 | format=pdf | publisher=rang7.com }}</ref>

The Drang-Drung Glacier is a long river of ice and snow, a [[river source|source]] of the [[Stod River]],<ref name="Pensi La"/> a tributary of the [[Zanskar River]], itself a tributary of the [[Indus River]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourisminjammukashmir.com/zanskar-tour.htm| title= Stod a tributary of Zanskar river|publisher=tourisminjammukashmir|access-date=2012-07-12|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120724044111/http://www.tourisminjammukashmir.com/zanskar-tour.htm|archive-date=24 July 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Doda Peak with an elevation of {{cvt|6,550|m|ft mi|abbr=in}} rises from the glacier.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.himalayanclub.org/journal/expeditions-and-notes-17/|title=Expeditions and notes|publisher=himalayanclub|access-date=2012-07-12|archive-date=24 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324034317/https://himalayanclub.org/journal/expeditions-and-notes-17|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Drang Drung glacier seen from the Pensi La pass.JPG|thumb|left|250px|Drang Drung Glacier seen from [[Pensi La]]]] @ladakh_adventure_0.1

== Access ==
The Drang-Drung Glacier is accessible from [[Srinagar]] or [[Srinagar Airport]] in two days, {{cvt|331|km|mi|0}} by car or bus along [[NH 1D]], which connects Srinagar and [[Leh]] through the towns of [[Ganderbal]], [[Kangan, Jammu and Kashmir|Kangan]], [[Sonamarg]], and [[Dras]]. Kargil town is at the half-way point.{{cn|date=September 2020}} From Kargil the glacier lies on the right side of Kargil-Zanaskar Road<ref name="Drang drung"/> which passes through a gorge of the [[Suru River (Indus)|Suru River]] and below two mountain peaks, [[Nun Kun|Nun]] and [[Nun Kun|Kun]]. After crossing the [[Pensi La]] mountain pass a trek of one day<ref name="Drang drung">{{cite book | author=Prem Singh Jina | title= Ladakh: The Land and the People | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kjhcZgDy-WMC&pg=PA35 | access-date=12 July 2012 |year=1996 | publisher=Indus Publishing, 1996 | isbn=978-81-7387-057-6 | page=35}}</ref> from the road leads to the head of Drang-Drung glacier. The road is only open to traffic from May–September due to heavy snowfall at [[Zojila]] and Pensi La passes, and the best time to visit is July to August.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://travel.kashmironline.net/ladakh.asp|title=Ladakh, Zanskar, Nubra, Kargil|website=travel.kashmironline.net|access-date=2012-07-14|archive-date=21 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421030533/http://travel.kashmironline.net/ladakh.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{rs?|date=February 2023}}<ref name="Pensila"></ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ladakh}}

{{Hydrography of Ladakh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Drang-Drung}}

[[Category:Kargil district]]
[[Category:Geography of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Glaciers of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Ladakh]]

Tom Emmatty

2026-02-12T03:15:20Z

Maryparker: added a entry from scratch - done

{{Short description|Indian film director, Screen writer and Actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tom Emmatty
| birth_date = {{birth date text|15 December}} <ref>{{cite news |title=Tom Emmatty|url=https://topmovierankings.com/malayalam-director/tom-emmatty|publisher=Topmovierankings.com}}</ref>
| occupation = Film director, Screen writer, Actor
| yearsactive = 2015–present
| alma mater = [[Christ College, Irinjalakuda]]
}}

'''Tom Emmatty'''<ref name="auto">{{cite news |title=Tom Emmatty|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Tom-Emmatty|publisher=indiatimes.com}}</ref> is an Indian film director, screenwriter and actor working in [[Malayalam cinema]]. Emmatty's debut film ''[[Oru Mexican Aparatha]]'', collected more than 20cr from release centers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Box office cheers Tovino-starrer 'Oru Mexican Aparatha'|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/tovino-oru-mexican-aparatha-box-office-opening-day-collection.amp.html|access-date=5 March 2017|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=4 March 2017}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Tom Emmatty was born in Mattom, a village near Thrissur.<ref name="auto"/>

==Film career==
Emmatty started working in film industry as an assistant director for [[Roopesh Peethambaran]]’s [[You Too Brutus (film)|You Too Brutus]]. His film [[Oru Mexican Aparatha]] movie is based on the campus politics of [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam]], Kerala. [[Oru Mexican Aparatha]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/kerala-box-office-heres-oru-mexican-aparatha-oma-angamaly-diaries-opening-day-collection-718162|title = Kerala box office: Here's Oru Mexican Aparatha (OMA) and Angamaly Diaries' opening day collection report| website=[[International Business Times]] | date=4 March 2017 }}</ref> features [[Tovino Thomas]], [[Roopesh Peethambaran]], [[Kalabhavan Shajon]] and [[Neeraj Madhav]] in lead roles.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} Tom's next movie was [[The Gambler (2019 film)]] which features [[Anson Paul]], and emmatty's son George Emmatty in lead role. Emmatty's upcoming movie is Duniyavinte Orattathu<ref>{{cite news |title=Anu Sithara plays a Mattancherry bride in family thriller 'Duniyavinte Orattathu'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anu-sithara-plays-a-mattancherry-bride-in-family-thriller-duniyavinte-orattathu/articleshow/83233280.cms|publisher=indiatimes.com}}</ref> which features [[Sudhi Koppa]], [[Sreenath Bhasi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/08/20/sreenath-bhasi-in-tom-emmatty-movie-duniyavinte-oruattathu.html|title=Sreenath Bhasi join hands with Tom Emmatty for 'Duniyavinte Oruattathu'|website=Sreenath Bhasi join hands with Tom Emmatty for 'Duniyavinte Oruattathu'}}</ref> and [[Anu Sithara]] in lead roles.

==Filmography==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Year
!rowspan="2"|Title
!colspan="2"|Credited as
!rowspan="2"|Notes
|-
!Writer
!Director
|-
|2017
|''[[Oru Mexican Aparatha]]''
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|Debut movie
|-
|2019
|''[[The Gambler (2019 film)|The Gambler]]''
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|
|-
|{{TBA}}
|''Dhuniyavinte Orattathu''
|{{ya}}
|{{n/a}}
| Shooting in process
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=6981787}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Emmatty, Tom}}
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kerala]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Artists from Kerala]]

Surabhi Hande

2026-02-12T03:04:11Z

Maryparker: brief improved information for accuracy further and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian television actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Surabhi Hande
| birth_date = 20 May 1991
| birth_place = [[Jalgaon]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| yearsactive = 2011–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Durgesh Kulkarni|2018}}
| occupation = Actress
| known_for = ''[[Jai Malhar]]''
}}

'''Surabhi Hande''' is an Indian actress who mainly works in Marathi industry. She is known for her performance in [[Jai Malhar]]. She made her debut in Marathi films with [[Kedar Shinde]]'s ''[[Aga Bai Arechyaa 2]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jai Malhar fame Surabhi Hande reveals her real-life love story - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/jai-malhar-fame-surabhi-hande-reveals-her-real-life-love-story/articleshow/68008865.cms|access-date=2021-05-26|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Surabhi kickstarted her career with the play ''Swami'' at a young age of 16. She worked with [[All India Radio|AIR]] for the ‘Sugam Sangit Karyakram’. She depicted a negative role in [[Star Pravah]]'s TV show ''Ambat Goad''. Her role of the fiery [[Mhalsa]] Devi in [[Zee Marathi]] serial ''[[Jai Malhar]]'' is her most memorable role. She also appeared in the Marathi movie ''[[Aga Bai Arechyaa 2]]'' in 2015.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

==Personal life==
Surabhi is from [[Jalgaon]]. Her father, Sanjay Hande is a personality in the music field. Surabhi also keeps singing as a hobby. Her height is 5 feet 2 inches and has studied in [[Jalgaon]], [[Maharashtra|Maharashtra state]]. She got married with Durgesh Kulkarni in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jai Malhar's Mhalsa aka Surabhi Hande gets engaged; See pictures… - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/jai-malhars-mhalsa-aka-surabhi-hande-gets-engaged-see-pictures/articleshow/65588837.cms |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2012-2013
|''Aambat Goad''
|Shraddha
|Debut character role
|
|-
|2014-2017
|''[[Jai Malhar]]''
|[[Mhalsa|Mhalsa Devi]]
|Lead role
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jai Malhar has changed my life - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/jai-malhar-has-changed-my-life/articleshow/41709914.cms |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|''[[Home Minister (TV series)|Home Minister]]''
|Herself
|Special appearance
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Chala Hawa Yeu Dya]]''
|Herself
|Guest as [[Mhalsa|Mhalsa Devi]]
|
|-
|2018-2019
|''[[Lakshmi Sadaiv Mangalam]]''
|Aarvi
|Lead role
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=सध्या काय करतेय जय मल्हार' मालिकेतील म्हाळसा?, जाणून घ्या तिच्याबद्दल |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/jai-malhar-fame-actress-surabhi-hande-new-video-viral-social-media-a592/ |website=Lokmat|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 1)|Bigg Boss Marathi 1]]''
|Herself
|Guest appearance
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi written update, July 10, 2018: Day 62, Bigg Boss house turned into a hotel - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-written-update-july-10-2018-day-62-bigg-boss-house-turned-into-a-hotel/articleshow/64943133.cms |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Gatha Navnathanchi]]''
|Saptashrungi Devi
|Character role
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jai Malhar fame Surabhi Hande to make her TV comeback with Gatha Navnathanchi - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/jai-malhar-fame-surabhi-hande-to-make-her-tv-comeback-with-gatha-navnathanchi/articleshow/83946905.cms |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|}

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2015
|''[[Aga Bai Arechyaa 2]]''
|Young Shubhangi
|Film debut
|-
|2020
|''Bhootatlela''
|Shivani
|Lead role (Web series)
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Sangharsh Yoddha Manoj Jarange Patil]]''
|Jarange's wife
|Based on [[Manoj Jarange Patil]]
|-
|''[[Mogalmardini Chhatrapati Tararani]]''
|
|
|}

===Music album===
{|class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!label
!Notes
|-
|2020
|''Kshan He Ka Lamble''
|Saptsur Music
|Song debut
|}

===Plays===
*Swami

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hande, Surabhi}}
[[Category:Marathi actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Sudheer Varma

2026-02-12T02:57:18Z

Maryparker: added the entry from scratch - done

{{short description|Indian film director, writer}}
{{for|the actor|Sudheer Varma (actor)}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sudheer Varma
| image = Sudheer Varma.jpg
| caption = Varma in 2018
| native_name_lang = Telugu
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1979|10|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bhimavaram]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], Indian
| spouse = Radha Kumari
| children = 2
| occupation = {{Hlist | Film director | writer}}
| years active = 2011–present
| notable_works = ''[[Swamy Ra Ra]]'' ''[[Keshava (film)|Keshava]]''
}}

'''Sudheer Varma''' is an Indian film director and writer who predominantly works in [[Telugu cinema]]. He made his directorial debut with the film ''[[Swamy Ra Ra]]'' (2013). He later directed films such as ''[[Dohchay]]'' (2015), [[Keshava (film)|''Keshava'']] (2017), and ''[[Ranarangam]]'' (2019).

== Early life ==
Sudheer Varma Kucharlapati was born on 6 October 1979 in [[Bhimavaram]].<ref name="123t">{{Cite web |date=17 May 2017 |title=Exclusive Interview: Sudheer Varma - Nikhil will shock everyone with Keshava |url=https://www.123telugu.com/interviews/exclusive-interview-sudheer-varma-nikhil-will-shock-everyone-with-keshava.html|access-date=15 March 2021 |website=123telugu.com |language=en}}</ref> Varma was schooled in [[Visakhapatnam]] and completed his intermediate in [[Kakinada]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview with Sudheer Varma about Keshava by Maya Nelluri - Telugu cinema director |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/sudheervarma-keshava.html|access-date=15 March 2021 |website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref> He grew up in [[Narasapuram]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chowdhary |first=Y. Sunita |date=7 March 2017 |title=Sudheer Verma: Riding on concepts |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sudheer-verma-riding-on-concepts/article17422383.ece|access-date=15 March 2021 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He was an [[Electronics and Communication engineering|Electronics and Communication Engineer]] by profession. He started his career as an [[assistant director]].

== Personal life ==
Varma is married to Radha Kumari and the couple has two children.<ref name="123t" />

==Career==
Sudheer Varma released his debut directorial venture ''[[Swamy Ra Ra]]'' (2013), starring [[Nikhil Siddharth]] and [[Swathi Reddy]]. ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated that "the film will pick-pocket your brain and you'll most probably end up feeling richer, if not a millionaire."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhandaram |first=Vishnupriya |date=23 March 2013 |title=Swamy Ra Ra: Crime and comedy went up the hill |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/swamy-ra-ra-crime-and-comedy-went-up-the-hill/article4541390.ece|access-date=15 March 2021 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It was commercially successful at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swamy Raa Raa clicks at the BO |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/swamy-raa-raa-clicks-at-b-o-news-telugu-nd2rOAfgajcsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416150634/http://www.sify.com/movies/swamy-raa-raa-clicks-at-b-o-news-telugu-nd2rOAfgajcsi.html|archive-date=16 April 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film was remade in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Jamboo Savari (film)|Jamboo Savari]].''

Varma's second film was ''[[Dohchay]]'' (2015), starring [[Naga Chaitanya]] and [[Kriti Sanon]]. He later directed [[Keshava (film)|''Keshava'']] (2017) with [[Nikhil Siddharth]], [[Ritu Varma]], and [[Isha Koppikar|Isha Kopikar]] in the lead roles.

== Style and influences ==
Talking about his style he shared, "I'm influenced largely by foreign films. I am a huge fan of [[Quentin Tarantino]], [[Christopher Nolan]], [[Steven Spielberg]], and [[Martin Scorsese]]. Their work has been very important to me, in regards to my learning. As for my style, whenever I do a film, I watch a lot of films from the same genre. If I see anything interesting, I adapt it. The story structure is mine and in place even before I've thought of possible inspirations. After that, I might adapt some scenes in my films, from others. Still, I do the screenplay to suit our audience. I don't want the audience to get disconnected from my film, so I make sure our audience relate to it"{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

In another interview he said, "According to me, inspiration or copying, both are the same. That's why I give credit to the directors from whom I steal the scenes. ''[[Keshava (film)|Keshava]]'' too, is inspired from several films, but not any one particular film. So, in the special thanks card, I mentioned each director from whose films I took inspiration for ''Keshava''. This is my way of paying tribute to the scenes that have left a great impact on me. My favourite Indian directors are [[Mani Ratnam]], [[Ram Gopal Varma]], [[Rajkumar Santoshi]], and [[Rajkumar Hirani]]."<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.gulte.com/movienews/58128/Inspiration-Or-Copy-Both-Are-Same-Sudheer-Varma |title=Inspiration Or Copy, Both Are Same: Sudheer Varma |work=Gulte.com|access-date=14 December 2017 |language=en-us}}</ref>

==Filmography==

{{Pending films key}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ Film
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" width=65 |Director
! scope="col" width=65 |Writer
! scope="col" width=65 |Producer
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" | 2013
| ''[[Swamy Ra Ra]]''
| {{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/south-gossip/nikhil-siddhartha-swamy-ra-ra-made-me-an-established-actor/ |title=Nikhil Siddhartha: Swamy Ra Ra made me an established actor.}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2015
| ''[[Dohchay]]''
| {{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/naga-chaitanyas-first-look-dohchay-poster-goes-viral-photo-623781/ |title=Naga Chaitanya's First Look 'Dohchay' Poster Goes Viral.}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2017
| ''[[Keshava (film)|Keshava]]''
| {{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|
|-
! scope="row" |2018
|''[[Kirrak Party]]''
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2019
|''[[Ranarangam]]''
| {{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/special-set-for-sharwanand-sudheer-varma-film/articleshow/63367736.cms |title=Sudheer varma special set for his next movie |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |2021
|[[Super Over (film)|''Super Over'']]
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Winters |first=Bryce J. |date=21 January 2021 |title=The journey with late Telugu director Praveen Varma for "Super Over" movie cannot be forgotten |url=https://thenewscrunch.com/the-journey-with-late-telugu-director-praveen-varma-for-super-over-movie-cannot-be-forgotten/31041/|access-date=22 January 2021 |website=TheNewsCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |2022
|''[[Saakini Daakini]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|{{no}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=17 June 2021 |title=Nivetha Thomas takes her first dose of Covid-19 vaccine, asks everyone to get vaccinated |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nivetha-thomas-takes-her-first-dose-of-covid-19-vaccine-asks-everyone-to-get-vaccinated-1815990-2021-06-17|access-date=18 August 2021 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |2023
|''[[Ravanasura (film)|Ravanasura]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|{{no}}
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Ravi Teja starts shooting for Ravanasura |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/feb/02/ravi-teja-starts-shooting-for-ravanasura-29478.htmlhttps://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/feb/02/ravi-teja-starts-shooting-for-ravanasura-29478.html |newspaper=[[Cinema Express]] |access-date=2 February 2022}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2024
|''[[Appudo Ippudo Eppudo]]''
| {{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|5567731}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varma, Sudheer}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Film people from West Godavari district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Andhra Pradesh]]

Pradip Ghosh

2026-02-09T06:12:43Z

Maryparker: Started article.

{{Short description|Bengali elocutionist (1942–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pradip Ghosh
| image =
| imagesize = 200px
| caption = শ্রী প্রদীপ ঘোষ
| birth_date = {{birth date|1942|8|15|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|2020|10|16|1942|8|15|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Jodhpur Park]], [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| occupation = Administrator/ Elocutionist
| years_active =
}}
'''Pradip Ghosh''' ({{langx|bn|প্রদীপ ঘোষ }}) (15 August 1942 – 16 October 2020) was a Bengali [[elocutionist]].<ref name =ananda1 >{{ cite web |url= https://bengali.abplive.com/news/pradip-ghosh-died-748519 |title = করোনায় প্রয়াত প্রখ্যাত আবৃত্তিকার প্রদীপ ঘোষ | date = 16 October 2020 | publisher= ABP Live }}</ref> His father, elocutionist Chinmoy Jeeban Ghosh ({{langx|bn|চিন্ময় জীবন ঘোষ}}), introduced him to the art of recitation at the age of three. Ghosh was a pioneer, who made recitation widely accepted within the cultural milieu of Bengal during the 1960s.

==Profession==
He worked as Joint Director in the Department of Information and Cultural Affairs of [[Government of West Bengal]].<ref name =ht >{{ cite web |url= https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/renowned-vocalist-and-reciter-pradip-ghosh-passes-away-he-was-asymptomatic-covid-19-positive-31602827837213.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201019113853/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/renowned-vocalist-and-reciter-pradip-ghosh-passes-away-he-was-asymptomatic-covid-19-positive-31602827837213.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 19 October 2020 |title = প্রয়াত বাচিক শিল্পী প্রদীপ ঘোষ, উপসর্গহীন করোনা আক্রান্ত ছিলেন তিনি | date = 16 October 2020 | publisher= Hindustan Times }}</ref>

==Elocution==
Elocution was passion for Ghosh since his early years. He was one of the pioneers in popularizing elocution and [[recitation]] in Bengali. He had a great friendship with [[Kazi Sabyasachi]], son of [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]], and many times they shared stage and performed elocution in cultural programs together. Pradip Ghosh will be remembered for his inimitable style of recitation. His recitations are available in innumerable albums in CDs and Cassettes. Recitation of কামাল পাশা<ref>Viewable on YouTube: {{YouTube|oUuXb6yj2eg|কামাল পাশা}}; (accessed 17 October 2020)</ref> (Kamal Pasha - a poem written by [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]]) and দেবতার গ্রাস (''Debotar Gras'' - a poem written by [[Rabindranath Tagore]]) were amongst many of his notable creations.<ref name =zn >{{ cite web | url= https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/entertainment/veteran-artiste-pradip-ghosh-passes-away-after-testing-positive-for-covid_345228.html |title = কবিতাকে বাঙালীর ঘরে ঘরে পৌঁছে দিয়েছিলেন প্রদীপ ঘোষ | date = 16 October 2020 | publisher= Zee News }}</ref> Ghosh's rendition of Tagore poems touched heart of millions.<ref>Viewable on YouTube: {{YouTube|P0Da7DgWRU4|Tagore Poems Recited by Pradip Ghosh"}}; (accessed 17 October 2020)</ref> He was associated with many cultural organisations including Banichakra and Surbharati Sangeet Parishad.

==Awards==
Ghosh was the recipient of [[Kazi Sabyasachi]] Award by Government of West Bengal in 2016.<ref name =es >{{ cite web |url= https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/renowned-vocalist-pradip-ghosh-passes-away/articleshow/78696069.cms | title = আবৃত্তিকার প্রদীপ ঘোষের জীবনাবসান, শোক প্রকাশ মুখ্যমন্ত্রীর| date = 16 October 2020 | publisher= eisamay }}</ref><ref name =tw >{{cite web | url = http://www.thehawk.in/entertainment/others/eminent-reciter-pradeep-ghosh-passes-away-mamata-saddened-179408 | title = Eminent reciter Pradeep Ghosh passes away; Mamata saddened | date = 16 October 2020 | publisher = The Hawk | access-date = 17 October 2020 | archive-date = 17 October 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201017223635/http://www.thehawk.in/entertainment/others/eminent-reciter-pradeep-ghosh-passes-away-mamata-saddened-179408 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Autograph==
[[File:Autograph Pradip Ghosh.jpg|thumb|Autograph Pradip Ghosh]]He was known to give autograph in an artistic manner.

==Death==
On 16 October Ghosh died at 6.40 am in his residence at Jodhpur Park. He was suffering from fever. Blood report received after his death confirmed that he was COVID-19 positive.<ref name =ananda2 >{{ cite web |url= https://www.anandabazar.com/state/vocalist-pradip-ghosh-passes-away-dgtl-1.1216381 | title = বাচিক শিল্পী প্রদীপ ঘোষের জীবনাবসান | date = 16 October 2020 | publisher= Ananda Bazar Patrika }}</ref> Survived by his daughter Pritha Ghosh, he left behind a legacy of elocution in Bengal through his disciples and students.<ref name = op >{{ cite web |url= https://www.orissapost.com/veteran-artiste-pradip-ghosh-passes-away-at-78/ | title = Veteran Artiste Pradip Ghosh passes away at 78| date = 16 October 2020 | publisher= Orissa Post }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh, Pradip}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian spoken word artists]]
[[Category:Bengali people]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:Artists from Kolkata]]

Chakravyuh (TV series)

2026-02-08T14:29:53Z

Maryparker: Added A Entry

{{Short description|Hindi-language Indian crime thriller web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Chakravyuh web series poster.jpg
| caption = MX Player release poster
| genre =
| developer =
| director = Sajit Warrier
| based_on = {{Based on|''Anti-Social Network - An Inspector Virkar Crime Thriller''|[[Piyush Jha]]}}
| writer = Karan Shah, Chaitanya Chopra & Kailash Surendranath
| music = Faizan Hussain
| cinematography = Hari K. Vedantam
| editor =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Prateik Babbar]]
* [[Simran Mundi]]
* [[Ruhi Singh]]
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
* [[Shiv Panditt]]
* [[Gopal Dutt]]
* [[Asif Basra]]
* Ravi Pandey
}}
| producer = Applause Entertainment Ltd & Mayavid Online LLP
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 8
| list_episodes =
| company =
| language = Hindi
| country = India
| channel = [[MX Player]]
| runtime = 240 min
| released = {{Start date|2021|03|12|df=y}}
}}

''''' Chakravyuh''''' (subtitled ''An Inspector Virkar Crime Thriller'') is a [[Hindi-language]] Indian crime thriller [[MX Player|MX Original]] [[web series]], directed by Sajit Warrier and produced by Applause Entertainment Ltd, [[Kailash Surendranath]], Arti Surendranath and Mayavid Online LLP. The series features [[Prateik Babbar]], [[Simran Mundi]], [[Ruhi Singh]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]], [[Shiv Panditt]], [[Gopal Dutt]] & [[Asif Basra]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Upcoming Web Series and Films: 'चक्रव्यूह' और 'कुबूल है 2.0' समेत इस हफ़्ते रिलीज़ हो रही हैं ये वेब सीरीज़ और फ़िल्में |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/web-series-review-upcoming-web-series-and-films-this-week-chakravyuh-on-mx-player-qubool-hai-2-on-zee5-releases-on-12th-march-21448721.html |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> The show is based on the story and characters created by Filmmaker/Author [[Piyush Jha]] in his third book ''Anti-Social Network'', from his Inspector Virkar Crime-Thriller book series. The show follows Inspector Virkar who is out to solve a murder case that seems to be linked to [[cybercrime]]. The show was made available for [[streaming]] on OTT platform MX Player for free from 12 March 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=MX Player drops the trailer of 'Chakravyuh – An Inspector Virkar Crime Thriller' starring Prateik Babbar - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/mx-player-drops-the-trailer-of-chakravyuh-an-inspector-virkar-crime-thriller-starring-prateik-babbar/articleshow/81287761.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chakravyuh trailer: Prateik Babbar tackles cybercrime in MX Player Original series |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/chakravyuh-trailer-prateik-babbar-tackles-cybercrime-in-mx-player-original-series-9364231.html |website=Firstpost |date=2 March 2021}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Prateik Babbar]] as Inspector Virkar
* [[Simran Mundi]] as Naina
* [[Ruhi Singh]] as Sagarika Purohit
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as ACP Wagh
* [[Shiv Panditt]] as Roy
* [[Gopal Dutt]] as Dr. Sinha
* [[Asif Basra]] as Raut
* Ravi Pandey as Kaamat
* [[Anjali sivaraman]] as IP

==Episodes==
===Season 1===
{{Episode table|total_width= |overall=5 |title=22 |director=15 |writer=21 |airdate=15 |background=251e35|episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Phishing
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Sajit Warrier
|Story & Characters =
|WrittenBy = Based on Piyush Jha's book "Anti- Social Network", Karan Shah, Chaitanya Singh & Kailash Surendranath
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|12}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 251e35
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Click Bait
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Sajit Warrier
|Story & Characters = based on Piyush Jha's book "Anti- Social Network"
|WrittenBy = Based on Piyush Jha's book "Anti- Social Network", Karan Shah, Chaitanya Singh & Kailash Surendranath
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|12}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 251e35
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Malware
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Sajit Warrier
|Story & Characters = based on Piyush Jha's book "Anti- Social Network"
|WrittenBy = Based on Piyush Jha's book "Anti- Social Network", Karan Shah, Chaitanya Singh & Kailash Surendranath
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|12}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 251e35
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Proxy
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Sajit Warrier
|Story & Characters = based on Piyush Jha's book "Anti- Social Network"
|WrittenBy = Based on Piyush Jha's book "Anti- Social Network", Karan Shah, Chaitanya Singh & Kailash Surendranath
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|12}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 251e35
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Access Denied
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Sajit Warrier
|Story & Characters = based on Piyush Jha's book "Anti- Social Network"
|WrittenBy = Based on Piyush Jha's book "Anti- Social Network", Karan Shah, Chaitanya Singh & Kailash Surendranath
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|12}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 251e35
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Side Jacking
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Sajit Warrier
|Story & Characters = based on Piyush Jha's book "Anti- Social Network"
|WrittenBy = Based on Piyush Jha's book "Anti- Social Network", Karan Shah, Chaitanya Singh & Kailash Surendranath
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|12}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 251e35
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Trojan
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Sajit Warrier
|Story & Characters = based on Piyush Jha's book "Anti- Social Network"
|WrittenBy = Based on Piyush Jha's book "Anti- Social Network", Karan Shah, Chaitanya Singh & Kailash Surendranath
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|12}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 251e35
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Anti virus
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Sajit Warrier
|Story & Characters = based on Piyush Jha's book "Anti- Social Network"
|WrittenBy = Based on Piyush Jha's book "Anti- Social Network", Karan Shah, Chaitanya Singh & Kailash Surendranath
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|12}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 251e35
}}
}}

== Release ==
The series was made available for streaming on OTT platform MX Player for free from 12 March 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prateik Babbar: I'm on a mission to be the best version of myself |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/prateik-babbar-chakravyuh-mx-player-playing-a-cop-digital-medium-7223678/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=12 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Strong and stunning, meet the divas of Chakravyuh - An Inspector Virkar Crime Thriller! - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/strong-and-stunning-meet-the-divas-of-chakravyuh-an-inspector-virkar-crime-thriller/articleshow/81466842.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The show was critically quite successful and rose to the no.1 spot on the charts in its first week itself.<ref>{{cite web|title=The 5 Most Viewed Streaming Shows And Movies Of The Week|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/streaming/best-shows-on-web-ott-march-week-3-bombay-begums-qubool-hai-falcon-and-the-winter-soldier-marvel-mx-player-netflix-alt-balaji-zee5/?fbclid=IwAR0yQr0LBplWc1bytLYohnJnhf0kYFgk15zUX5tU16UI-3B-jqU-Ly-c7iw|website=livemint.com |publisher=film companion|date=22 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chakravyuha Review: The Show Is Riveting To Its Bloodied Finale|url=https://www.spotboye.com/just-binge/binge-reviews/chakravyuha-review-the-show-is-riveting-to-its-bloodied-finale/604b2dc6bc3c8935068fe7be?fbclid=IwAR0_GPmcAs4Upa7v42uWiD-2U2w8hfvk4JXA-WuN1idPWfZPhUZDMkbWAxc|website=spotboye.com |publisher=spotboye |date=13 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=chakravyuh-review|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/chakravyuh-review/20210316.htm?fbclid=IwAR1_yczgZwardyfExoTvZ6FJMW0UQPtKzWMBHtWKFs4elaOQaUx8b7km6gs/chakravyuh-review.html|website=rediff.com |publisher=rediff |date=16 March 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|13761658}}
* [https://www.mxplayer.in/show/watch-chakravyuh-an-inspector-virkar-crime-thriller-series-online-9010f20b375287436132bf0834179614 Chakravyuh – An Inspector Virkar Crime Thriller] on [[MX Player]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakravyuh - An Inspector Virkar Crime Thriller}}
[[Category:2020 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Crime thriller television series]]
[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]

Gopi Mohan Tagore

2026-02-07T19:29:18Z

Maryparker: minor update

{{Short description|Zamindar and Philanthropist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix= ''[[Raja]]''
| name = Gopi Mohan Tagore
| native_name = {{no bold|গোপী মোহন ঠাকুর}}
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = Gopi Mohan Tagore- রাজা গোপী মোহন ঠাকুর Colorized Portrait.png
| alt =
| caption = CS Portrait of Gopi Mohan Tagore c.1917
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1760
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal]], [[British India]] (today [[Kolkata]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1819|09|16|1760|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal]], [[British India]]
| other_names =
| predecessor = [[Darpanarayan Tagore]]
| successor = [[Hara Kumar Tagore]]
| mother =
| father = [[Darpanarayan Tagore]]
| relatives = [[Hara Kumar Tagore|Hara Kumar]] and [[Prasanna Kumar Tagore]] (sons); [[Jatindramohan Tagore|Jatindramohan]], [[Sourindra Mohan Tagore|Sourindra Mohan]], [[Shoutindra Mohan Tagore|Shoutindra Mohan]], and [[Gnanendra Mohan Tagore]] (grandchildren)
| spouse = Rukmani Tagore (1st wife) Sarla Tagore (2nd wife)
| occupation = −[[Zamindar|Landowner]] −Philanthropist
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| family = [[Tagore family]]
}}
'''Raja Gopi Mohan Tagore''' (1760–1819) was a scion of the [[Tagore family|Pathuriaghata Tagore family]] and noted [[zamindar]] and philanthropist from [[Bengal region]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name=z>{{cite book|title=The Modern History of the Indian Chiefs, Rajas, Zamindars, &c|url=https://archive.org/details/modernhistoryin00unkngoog|accessdate=3 April 2017|year=1881|publisher=J.N. Ghose|page=[https://archive.org/details/modernhistoryin00unkngoog/page/n191 163]}}</ref>

==Life and works==
He was son of [[Darpanarayan Tagore]], who branched and founded [[Pathuriaghata]] branch of Tagore family. He knew Sanskrit, French, Portuguese, English, Persian and Urdu languages.<ref name=z/> Gopi Mohan Tagore was well known for his wealth and in 1812, made what may be the largest ever gift of gold to the [[Kalighat Kali Temple|Kali temple]] at [[Kalighat]].<ref>Dutta, Kalyani, "Kalighat", in "Calcutta, the Living City", Vol I, edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, p 25, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-563696-1}}.</ref> He was one of the founders of [[Presidency College, Kolkata]], the institution that initiated western education in the country. He was fluent in English, and familiar with French, Portuguese, Sanskrit, Persian and Urdu, apart from Bengali.<ref>Sengupta, Subodh Chandra and Bose, Anjali, p 141</ref> His donation for founding of Presidency College later known as Hindu College was second largest, next only to Maharaja of Burdwan and a marble tablet was erected of him in Library Hall of College to commemorate it.<ref name=z/> He was later appointed Governor of [[Hindu College, Kolkata|Hindu College]] and instituted a scholarship in his name for the eligible students.<ref name=z/>

Gopi Mohan celebrated [[Durga Puja]] with grandeur and many Europeans including [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|General Wellesley]] attended the festival and dinner hosted by him.<ref name=z/>

He was a great patron of art, music, [[Sanskrit]] learning and athletic sports and used to donate generously for this purpose.<ref name=z/> The famous wrestler, Radha Gowla, was in his pay role.<ref name=z/> Among others in his pensioners were Lakhi Kanta, the noted Bengali lyricist and Kali Mirza, the noted singer of that time.<ref name=z/>

He was a close friend of [[Raja Raj Krishna Deb]] of [[Sovabazar Raj]].<ref name=z/> He once assisted the father of Raja Baroda Kanta Roy of [[Jessore (city)|Jessore]].<ref name=z/>

He had begun the Tagore family's art collection with the assistance of the British artist [[George Chinnery]], who had visited Calcutta in 1803.,<ref>''Prodyot Coomar Tagore, Catalogue of the Pictures and Sculptures in the Collection of the Maharajah Tagore'', Thacker, Spink Calcutta, 1905.</ref><ref name=z/> which was later expanded by his great-grandson, [[Prodyot Coomar Tagore]]. He was the founder of Shyamnagar Mulajore Kali Temple at [[Shyamnagar]]. He founded it in mid May 1802.

He had six sons and a daughter. Surjo Kumar, Chandra Kumar, Nanda Kumar, Kali Kumar, Hara Kumar and Prassana Kumar.,<ref name=z/> of which [[Hara Kumar Tagore]] and [[Prasanna Kumar Tagore]] both of whom carried forward legacy of Tagore family, were noted.<ref name=z/>

==Family tree==
{{main|Tagore_family#Family_tree}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Tagore family}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tagore, Gopi Mohan}}
[[Category:1760 births]]
[[Category:1819 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:18th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:People from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali zamindars]]
[[Category:Tagore family|Gopi Mahan]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Social workers from West Bengal]]

Anthrenus occultus

2026-02-07T00:41:56Z

Maryparker: starting some stub w/ refs...

{{Short description|Species of beetle}}
{{Speciesbox
| genus = Anthrenus
| species = occultus
| authority = Háva, 2006
| parent = Anthrenodes
}}

'''''Anthrenus (Anthrenodes) occultus''''' is a species of [[Dermestidae|carpet beetle]] found in India ([[Himachal]], [[Kashmir]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]).<ref name=wd-species/><ref name=dermestidae-herrmann/>

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=wd-species>{{Cite web |last=Háva |first=Jiří |date=2023 |title=World Dermestidae. Subfamily Megatominae |url=http://dermestidae.wz.cz/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Subfamily-Megatominae.pdf |access-date=12 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602070250/http://dermestidae.wz.cz/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Subfamily-Megatominae.pdf |archivedate=2 June 2024}}</ref>
<ref name=dermestidae-herrmann>{{Cite web |last=Herrmann |first=Andreas |date=2024 |title=Dermestidae (Abbildungen) |url=http://www.dermestidae.com/Abbildungen.html |access-date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602070649/http://www.dermestidae.com/Abbildungen.html |archivedate=2 June 2024}}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q4675744}}

[[Category:Anthrenus|occultus]]
[[Category:Beetles of India]]
[[Category:Beetles of Asia]]
[[Category:Beetles described in 2006]]

{{Anthrenus-stub}}

Anjali Gopalan

2026-02-06T05:37:36Z

Maryparker: starting new bio first draft...

{{Short description|Indian human rights and animal rights activist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anjali Gopalan
| image = Anjali Gopalan.jpg
| caption = Gopalan, circa 2009
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1957|9|1|df=y}} [[Madras]], [[Madras State]], India<ref name="world-citizenship.org">{{cite web|url=http://word.world-citizenship.org/wp-archive/1785|title=World People's Blog|accessdate=20 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402110617/http://word.world-citizenship.org/wp-archive/1785|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| occupation = LGBT rights activist,<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8130052.stm Activists welcome India gay ruling] ''[[BBC]]'' 3 July 2009 06:55 UK</ref> Executive Director of The [[Naz Foundation (India) Trust]]<ref>[http://www.nazindia.org/about.htm About Naz India ] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120629205259/http://www.nazindia.org/about.htm |date=29 June 2012 }}'' [[Naz Foundation (India) Trust]]'' retrieved 14 May 2012</ref>
| awards = ''{{section link|#Awards and recognition}}''
| education =
| alma_mater =
}}

'''Anjali Gopalan''' {{Audio|Anjali_Gopalan.ogg|pronunciation}} is an Indian [[human rights]] and [[animal rights]] activist.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-26 |title='Badhaai Do Was A Huge Step': Activist Anjali Gopalan On Queer Representation In Indian Cinema |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/originals/anjali-gopalan-queer-interview-602824.html |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=IndiaTimes |language=en-IN}}</ref> She is the founder and executive director of [[Naz Foundation (India) Trust|The Naz Foundation Trust]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-15 |title=Anjali Gopalan {{!}} WEF |url=https://www.wef.org.in/anjali-gopalan/,%20https://www.wef.org.in/anjali-gopalan/ |access-date=2024-06-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2012, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine placed Gopalan on its [[Time 100|list of the 100 most influential people in the world]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120419073132/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2111975_2111976_2112141,00.html "The 100 Most Influential People in the World: Anjali Gopalan"]. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''. (18 April 2012). Retrieved 13 May 2012.</ref>

==Early life==

Anjali Gopalan was born on September 1, 1957, in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Her father, [[Group Captain]] Dr KR Gopalan, was an officer in the [[Indian Air Force]]; her [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] mother was a homemaker.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} Gopalan did her schooling in [[La Martiniere Lucknow]].

She studied in both India and the United States and received her Bachelor's degree in political science from [[Lady Shri Ram College for Women]],<ref>[https://lsr.edu.in/distinguished-alumnae/ Lady Shri Ram College website, List of Alumni]</ref> as well as a postgraduate diploma in journalism and a Masters in International Development from the [[Indian School of International Studies|School of International studies]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]].<ref>[https://www.indiatimes.com/lifestyle/self/jnurow-here-are-10-most-prominent-alumni-of-jnu-311693.html India Times, Alumni article dated March 5, 2016]</ref>

==Social work==
{{Quote box|width=246px|quote="It is a reflection of what we are doing with our minorities. Be it in Kashmir, be it in the North East, be it rights for the sexual minority, animal rights, it is the same attitude. We are becoming more and more intolerant of the other". All individuals, if you give them the space, will prove to be productive citizens. "But if you impose your sets of right and wrong and therefore they have no right to live, then what can you expect from people?"<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/popular-and-personal/article5483312.ece|title=Popular and personal|first=Sangeeta Barooah|last=Pisharoty|date=20 December 2013|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> |source=— Anjali Gopalan on re-criminalisation of homosexuality in India}}

===Early work===
Gopalan collaborated with community-based organizations in [[New York City]],<ref name=":0" /> assisting migrants from [[Southeast Asia]] without valid documentation.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Bose|first1=Ajoy|date=7 November 2022 |title=Profile: Anjali Gopalan, Founder of the Naz Foundation Trust and human rights advocate |url=https://healthissuesindia.com/2022/11/07/profile-anjali-gopalan-founder-of-the-naz-foundation-trust-and-human-rights-advocate/ |access-date=15 September 2024 |website=Health Issues India |language=en-US}}</ref> She later founded the Naz Foundation.<ref name="world-citizenship.org"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ashoka.org/fellow/anjali-gopalan|title=Anjali Gopalan - Ashoka - Innovators for the Public|accessdate=20 March 2015}}</ref>

===1990s===

In 1994, upon returning to India, Gopalan established Delhi's first HIV clinic.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Aditya|last1=Sagar|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/originals/anjali-gopalan-queer-interview-602824.html|title='Badhaai Do Was A Huge Step': Activist Anjali Gopalan On Queer Representation In Indian Cinema|website=[[India Times]]|date=21 October 2023|access-date=15 September 2024}}</ref> The same year, she founded the [[Naz Foundation (India) Trust]], an organization focused on supporting [[LGBT]] individuals and children affected by [[HIV]].<ref name=":0" /> The foundation also works to promote the rights of individuals with marginalized sexual orientations.

===2000s===

In 2000, Gopalan opened India’s first care home for orphaned and vulnerable HIV-positive children and women.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiaanimalfund.org/partner-spotlight-all-creatures-great-and-small/|title=Partner Spotlight All Creatures Great and Small|first1=Heer|last1=Shukla|website=Indian Animal Fund|access-date=15 September 2024}}</ref> She also provided training for healthcare professionals and caregivers on how to care for HIV-positive children in both residential and foster care settings.

{{main|Naz Foundation v. Govt. of NCT of Delhi}}
In 2001, Gopalan’s organization, Naz Foundation, filed a [[Public Interest Litigation]] (PIL) challenging [[Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code]], which criminalized [[homosexuality]]. The legal challenge sought to address the harassment and discrimination faced by individuals based on their sexual orientation. In 2009, the [[Delhi High Court]] ruled in favor of the Naz Foundation, declaring Section 377 a violation of individual rights.<ref name=HII>{{cite web|url=https://healthissuesindia.com/2022/11/07/profile-anjali-gopalan-founder-of-the-naz-foundation-trust-and-human-rights-advocate/|title=Profile: Anjali Gopalan, Founder of the Naz Foundation Trust and human rights advocate|first1=Ajoy|last1=Bose|website=healthissuesindia.com|access-date=15 September 2024}}</ref>
{{Quote box|width=246px|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|align=right|quote=When I started working in the 1990s on addressing rights of gay men, I never thought that I would be sitting in a place like Madurai and discussing about LGBT issues, I feel very ecstatic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article3701774.ece?fb_action_ids=404953079560834&fb_action_types=og.likes&fb_source=aggregation&fb_aggregation_id=246965925417366|title=National Tamil Nadu: Madurai comes out of the closet|work=The Hindu|accessdate=30 July 2012}}</ref> |source=— Anjali Gopalan, on the Alan Turing Rainbow Festival Organized by [[Srishti Madurai]]}}

In 2001, Gopalan was awarded the Commonwealth Award<ref name=HII /> for her work with marginalized communities. The Chennai-based Manava Seva Dharma Samvardhani presented her with the Sadguru Gnanananda Award in 2003 for her work in supporting those living with HIV/AIDS.

In March 2007, Gopalan was honored as a Woman Achiever<ref name=HII /> by the [[Ministry of Women and Child Development]], along with nine other awardees. On July 29, 2012, Gopalan inaugurated the [[Alan Turing]] Rainbow festival and flag of Asia's first [[genderqueer]] [[pride parade]] as a part of the Turing festival organized by [[Gopi Shankar Madurai]] of Srishti Madurai. This was the first gay pride parade attended by Gopalan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianoilxpress.com/Articles.aspx?ArticleID=4377&tID=7|title=Weekend Xpress: Trendsetter|accessdate=20 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217053853/http://www.indianoilxpress.com/Articles.aspx?ArticleID=4377&tID=7|archive-date=17 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Since September 2, 2012, she has served as the advisory head of the committee of [[Srishti Madurai]].<ref name="One Who Fights For an Other">{{cite web |title=One Who Fights For an Other |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/One-Who-Fights-For-an-Other/2015/04/13/article2756559.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519130306/http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/One-Who-Fights-For-an-Other/2015/04/13/article2756559.ece |archive-date=19 May 2015 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://srishtiglobal.org/main/node/99|title=Shri. Chevalier, Anjali Gopalan|accessdate=20 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302201753/http://srishtiglobal.org/main/node/99|archive-date=2 March 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2012, Gopalan established an animal sanctuary called "All Creatures Great and Small" at Silakhari, [[Haryana|Harayana]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=All Creatures Great and Small, Animal Sanctuary, Haryana, India |url=https://allcreaturesgreatandsmall.in/ |access-date=2022-10-14 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

On October 25, 2013, Gopalan was awarded the [[Chevalier de la Legion d'Honneur]] in the order of the legions of honor, the highest award from [[France]]; the award was presented to her by [[Najat Vallaud-Belkacem]], [[Ministry of Women's Rights (France)|Minister of Women's Rights for France]]. Gopalan is the first [[Tamil people|Indian Tamil]] woman awarded the "Legion of Honour".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://epaper.newindianexpress.com/c/1837884|title=Clipping of The New Indian Express-Madurai|access-date=20 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/french-award-for-anjali-gopalan-113102501213_1.html|title=French award for Anjali Gopalan|author=Press Trust of India|newspaper=Business Standard India |date=25 October 2013|accessdate=20 March 2015}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==

* [[People of the Year|People of the Year Award]] (2014)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.limcabookofrecords.in/peopleoftheyear/7.aspx |title=Empowering Women |access-date=29 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903131540/http://www.limcabookofrecords.in/peopleoftheyear/7.aspx |archive-date=3 September 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[File:Legion Honneur Officier ribbon.svg|40px]] [[Chevalier de la Legion d'Honneur]] (2013)
* [[Time 100|''Time'' 100 Most Influential People in the World]] (2012)
* Woman Achiever Award by the [[Government of India]] (2007)<ref name="Satyamevjayate">{{Cite web|url=https://www.satyamevjayate.in/accepting-alternative-sexualities/ngo-naz-foundation.aspx#:~:text=Ms%20Gopalan%20received%20the%20Woman,Commonwealth%20Award|title=Naz Foundation - Accepting alternative sexualities {{!}} satyamevjayate.in|website=www.satyamevjayate.in|access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref>
* [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] Award (2001)<ref name="Satyamevjayate" />

== In popular culture ==
In [[Hansal Mehta]]'s 2015 [[Bollywood]] movie ''[[Aligarh (film)|Aligarh]]'', actress Nuthan Surya portrayed Gopalan.

==Anjali Gopalan Srishti Awards for Social Justice Journalism==
The academic committee of [[Srishti Madurai]] awards the ''Anjali Gopalan Srishti Awards for Social Justice Journalism'' to social [[journalists]]. The first award was received by V. Mayilvaganan and V. Narayanswamy from ''[[The Times of India]]'' for highlighting issues regarding [[genderqueer]] people and [[Santhi Soundarajan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://srishtimadurai.blogspot.in/2014/08/srishti-tamil-lambda-literary-awards.html|title=Srishti Madurai|author=Gopi Shankar|accessdate=20 March 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gopalan, Anjali}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ rights activists]]
[[Category:People from Chennai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]]
[[Category:Lady Shri Ram College alumni]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni]]

Vinod Singh (actor)

2026-02-04T21:36:38Z

Maryparker: added a bio v1 - done

{{short description|Indian TV actor and model}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
[[File:Vinod k singh1.jpg|thumb|Vinod Singh]]
'''Vinod Kumar Singh''' is an Indian television actor and model. He played the title role in the show ''[[Ayushmaan (TV series)|Ayushmaan]]''.

== Personal life ==
Vinod Singh was born to Malati Devi and Shrinath Singh. He was born in [[Visakhapatnam]], but was brought up in [[Mumbai]]. He and his twin sister are the youngest of 5 siblings. He did his schooling from [[Saint Francis D'Assisi High School]], [[Borivali]] West. He went to [[Mithibai College]] for higher education. Later, he attended Terna Engineering College, [[Nerul]], where he did Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering.

== Career ==
Vinod started his acting career with Ad Films. He has done around 424 ads, of which some were for huge brands like [[Close-Up (toothpaste)|Close Up]], [[Coca-Cola]], [[Frooti]], [[Onida Electronics|Onida]], [[Nerolac Paints]], [[Hero Honda]], [[Sony Cyber-shot]] etc. He has also appeared in a few [[music videos]]. [[Babul Supriyo]]'s music video ''Sochta hoon uska dil'' gave him overnight recognition.

Vinod made his television debut with [[SAB TV|Sab TV]]'s comedy show ''Daddy Samjha Karo''. This was followed by shows including ''[[Hip Hip Hurray (TV series)|Hip Hip Hurray]]'', ''Dil se Dosti'', ''Gharwali Uparwali, '' and ''Bahuraaniyan''. His breakthrough role was as the lead in ''Ayushmaan''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/08/02/stories/2004080200600300.htm |title=The Hindu : For a cute boy effect |website=www.hindu.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041031154829/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/08/02/stories/2004080200600300.htm |archive-date=31 October 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref> which made him a household name. He has played prominent roles in ''[[Ye Meri Life Hai]]'',<ref>"[https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050724/spectrum/tv.htm Back in the Picture]", tribuneindia.com, 24 July 2005. Retrieved 15 February 2013</ref> ''[[Amber Dhara]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-02-03/tv/27749165_1_hitman-amber-dhara-crew-member |title=Aayushman returns to TV as hitman - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214215645/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-02-03/tv/27749165_1_hitman-amber-dhara-crew-member |archive-date=14 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[Ghar Ek Sapna]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-10-19/tv/27970149_1_blind-date-older-woman-date-in-real-life |title=Vinod is scared of blind dates - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214215643/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-10-19/tv/27970149_1_blind-date-older-woman-date-in-real-life |archive-date=14 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and several other shows. He has also acted in [[Bollywood|Bollywood movies]] ''[[Stumped (film)|Stumped]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0357208/|title = Stumped|website = [[IMDb]]|date = 16 May 2003}}</ref> ''[[Hum Tum (film)|Hum Tum]]'' and ''Daughter''.<ref name="Shyam">Shyam, Kavita (2007) "[http://www.mumbaimirror.com/printarticle.aspx?page=comments&action=translate&sectid=12&contentid=20070806024435109e9157b38&subsite= Bollywood Calling!]{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}", ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]'', 6 August 2007. Retrieved 15 February 2013</ref>

He has also done a musical play ''Black Market''.

== Television ==
* ''[[Ayushmaan (TV series)|Ayushmaan]]''
* ''[[Ye Meri Life Hai]]''
* ''[[Amber Dhara]]''
* ''[[Arjun (TV series)|Arjun]]''
* ''[[Ghar Ek Sapna]]''
* ''[[Princess Dollie Aur Uska Magic Bag]]''
* ''Dil Se Dosti''
* ''[[Hip Hip Hurray (TV series)|Hip Hip Hurray]]''
* ''Daddy Samjha Karo''
* ''Bahuraaniyan''
* ''Gharwali Uparwali''
* ''Koi Jaane Kya Hoga''
* ''Mahima Shanidev Ki''
* ''Gubbare''
* ''[[Rishtey (TV series)|Rishtey]]''
* ''Kagaar''
* ''Yes or No''
* ''[[C.I.D. (Indian TV series)|CID]]''
* ''Aye Dil-E-Nadaan''
* ''[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai|Sssshhh...Phir Koi Hai]]''
* ''[[Man Mein Hai Visshwas]]''
* ''[[Supercops vs Supervillains]]''

== Filmography ==
* ''[[Stumped (film)|Stumped]]''
* ''[[Hum Tum (film)|Hum Tum]]''
* ''[[Creature 3D (film)|Creature 3D]]''
''Daughter''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gomolo.com/daughter-movie/21212 |title=Daughter review, story, songs, photos, videos |access-date=27 February 2013 |archive-date=25 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725143221/http://www.gomolo.com/daughter-movie/21212 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Other shows ==
* ''Fear Factor''
* ''[[Fame Gurukul|Celebrity Fame Gurukul]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/oct/19celeb.htm|title = Now, Celebrity Fame Gurukul}}</ref>
* ''Boogie Woogie''
* ''Kisme Kitna Hai Dum''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2007/vinod-bollywood-debut-121107.html Oneindia]
*https://m.imdb.com/name/nm1340599

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Vinod}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

K. V. Prasad

2026-02-04T03:09:15Z

Maryparker: new a data

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use DMY dates|date=January 2025}}
{{short description|Indian percussionist (born 1958)}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| honorific_prefix = Kalaimamani
| image = K.V.Prasad.jpg
| caption = Prasad in 2025
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1958|05|04|df=y}}
| birth_place = Ernakulam, Kerala
| birth_name = Krishna V. Prasad
| death_date = {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}}
| death_place =
| awards = {{bullet list|[[Kalaimamani]] (2000)|[[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] (2010)|[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2012)|
[[Sangeetha Choodamani]] (2025)}}
| genre = [[Carnatic music]]
| instrument = [[Mridangam]], Chenda, [[Idakka|Edakka]]
| years_active = 1984-present
| spouse = Usha
}}

Kalaimamani '''K. V. Prasad''' (born 4 May 1958) is an Indian percussionist from Kerala, who plays the [[Mridangam]] and performs [[Carnatic music]].  He is known for being a versatile percussionist, with deft fingering, a key element of the grand Thanjavur style he is trained in.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-06-22 |title=On his fingertips |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/on-his-fingertips/article4834182.ece |access-date=2025-03-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Career ==
K. V. Prasad born on 4 May 1958 in [[Ernakulam]], Kerala.<ref name="SNA">{{Cite web |title=K. V. Prasad |url=https://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/1741335194_K.V.%20Prasad.pdf |publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]}}</ref> As a child, whenever he went to the [[Ernakulam Shiva Temple]], with his father Krishna Iyer, who was known locally as 'Castrol Krishna Iyer', Prasad would play the [[Chenda]] in the temple. One day, Marar, the staff artist at the temple, who observed his interest on this percussion instrument, asked his father to train him in some percussion instrument.<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite news |title=മൃദംഗപ്രസാദം |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/print-edition/weekend/-malayalam-news-1.1395279 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002113354/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/print-edition/weekend/-malayalam-news-1.1395279 |archive-date=2016-10-02}}</ref> His father accepted that, but decided to teach him the [[Mridangam]] instead of the Chenda.<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite news |date=2013-06-22 |title=On his fingertips |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/on-his-fingertips/article4834182.ece |access-date=2025-08-24 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Prasad started training in Mridangam at the age of 6 under the tutelage of Ernakulam Narayana Iyer and later trained for 15 years under Parassala Ravi, principal of the [[Swathi Thirunal College of Music]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[T. K. Murthy]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Shri. K.V.Prasad, Staff Artist (Mridangam), AIR Chennai retired on 31st May 2018. |url=https://prasar9.rssing.com/chan-61257419/article4865.html |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=prasar9.rssing.com}}</ref><ref name="Indian express">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2012-05-16 |title=A musical rhythmic journey |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2011/May/25/a-musical-rhythmic-journey-256456.html |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> He also received training in other percussion instruments like the [[Chenda]] and [[Idakka|Edakka]], and in [[Carnatic music|Carnatic vocals]]. He also learnt vocal music from a very young age for almost 12 years under Ottapalam Mahadeva Iyer at the Kerala Fine Arts Hall.<ref name="Hindu"/><ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> H. This training has helped him while playing the mridangam in concerts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Music events in Chennai |url=https://www.chennaievent.com/artist-view.php?artist_id=1877 |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=chennaievent.com |language=en}}</ref>

He has accompanied [[M. S. Subbulakshmi]] from 1984 to 1998 until her retirement from public performances.<ref>{{Cite web |title=K V Prasad |url=https://hobbycue.com/people/k-v-prasad |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=hobbycue.com |language=en}}</ref> Along with M.S. Subbulakshmi, he had the privilege to represent India at the festival of India in Moscow in 1987.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2012-05-16 |title=A musical rhythmic journey |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2011/May/25/a-musical-rhythmic-journey-256456.html |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=:1>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=മൂന്ന് വർഷമായി ആ വിഷമം ദാസേട്ടനുണ്ട്, ഈ വർഷം നടക്കുമെന്ന് പ്രതീക്ഷിക്കുന്നു |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=1359881 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=ml}}</ref> He is also into film music recordings for the past 30 years and has worked with many great film music directors. He has played for a number of Malayalam film songs, many of which, like "Pramadavanamveendum" from the film ''[[His Highness Abdullah]]'' and "Orumuraivanthu" from ''[[Manichitrathazhu]]'', turned out to be hits.{{cn|date=January 2026}} He also had the opportunity to do a mridangam mix for a recording by [[Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer]] supported by [[M. S. Subbulakshmi]], which was sung informally and without any accompaniment. This was released as an album titled ''Divine Unison''.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-23 |title=The chic and the traditional |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2017/Jan/23/the-chic-and-the-traditional-1562398.html |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Prasad graduated from [[Sacred Heart College, Kochi]] in 1978.<ref name="Indian express"/><ref name="Mathrubhumi"/>

He has also worked on over 500 South Indian films with almost all the leading music directors of yesteryears, like Johnson, [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]], [[Ilaiyaraaja|Ilaiyaraja]], [[Raveendran|Raveendran Master]] and many more. Apart from Carnatic legends, he has also accompanied [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]], [[G. Harishankarr]] and [[T. H. Vinayakram]] in Holland, Hungary, Germany and Switzerland. He has also performed in United Nations Assembly Hall on 2 October 2016 in commemoration of 50th year of [[M. S. Subbulakshmi]]'s concert on 2 October 1966.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

He was an 'A Top Rank' Mridangam artist at [[All India Radio]], Chennai, after joining All India Radio, Chennai as a staff artist (instrumentalist) in 1984, and he retired from there on May 31, 2018, after 34 years of service.<ref name=":2" />

The playing that gives importance to 'gumki' (type of finger stroke on left side of the Mridangam), following and imitating different banis (unique style of singing in Carnatic music) of different singers while accompanying them, the tonal quality acquired from recording experience in AIR, the traditional purity of the soft, gentle music, and the lack of superficiality - these are the qualities of his Mridangam playing that pointed out by many including music critic [[Subbudu]].<ref name=":1" />

He regularly performs in SPIC MACAY concerts across India.

== Personal life ==
Prasad was the youngest of three brothers. His father, V. Krishnan, was a manager with Castrol in Kochi. Prasad did his schooling at SRV High School. After completing his Bachelor's degree in Botany from [[Sacred Heart College, Kochi]] in 1978, he was interested in pursuing a post-graduate degree in Botany. But witnessing the financial difficulties of his parents to educate his elder brothers, he decided to work after his degree.<ref name=":0" />

He first got a job as staff artiste at AIR, Kozhikode on a monthly contract. But he was terminated a few months later. He then worked as a parts-picker for TVS. He also represented India at the 1978 World Youth Festival held at Havana, Cuba, where he played [[Drum|Western drums]], [[Mridangam]], [[Tabla]] and also [[Chenda]].

Prasad states that his father was instrumental in moulding his career. His father was the person who asked him to send and application to AIR, Chennai which exposed him to the thriving Carnatic music scene there. Prasad attributes all his success to his family. His wife, Usha has a doctorate in music from Chennai University and writes books on music. His son, Krishna Kishore is also a percussionist, following his father's footsteps and is part of Carnatic fusion band Zinx. Prasad has also acted in a movie, '[[Oru Naal Oru Kanavu]]' by Fazil.<ref name=":0" />

== Awards and honours ==
Prasad ji is a recipient of numerous awards and honours through the course of his career. Some of the most prestigious awards are listed below:

* ''[[Kalaimamani]]'' bestowed by the Tamil Nadu Eyal Isai Nataka Mandram (2000).<ref name=":0" />
* ''Asthana Vidwan'' of the [[Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham]] (2001).<ref name="SNA" />
* ''The [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]'' (2010).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nada Vallabha K V Prasad - Mrdangam - Movies, Biography, News, Age & Photos |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/kv-prasad/34699 |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* ''The Vani Kala Sudhakara'' conferred by the Thyaga Brahma Gana Sabha, [[Chennai]] (2011).
* ''[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]'' for his contribution to the field of music (2012).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for K.V. Prasad |url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/award-honours/awardees |access-date=March 11, 2025 |website=sangeetnatak.gov.in}}</ref>
* ''[[Sangeetha Choodamani|Sangeetha Choodamani Award]]'' (2025).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=Lakshmi |date=2025-11-29 |title=Mridangist K.V. Prasad to be honoured with Sangeetha Choodamani |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/mridangist-kv-prasad-to-be-honoured-with-sangeetha-choodamani/article70338203.ece |access-date=2025-12-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

[[File:K V Prasad Award.jpg|thumb|K.V. Prasad ji receiving [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] from erstwhile President of India [[Pranab Mukherjee]] in 2012.]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, K. V.}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:Mridangam players]]
[[Category:Carnatic instrumentalists]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Indian male classical musicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kalaimamani Award]]

Bundelkhand

2026-02-04T00:15:24Z

Maryparker: further added article per standard format and updated info per sources

{{Short description|Geographical and cultural region in central India}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bundelkhand
| official_name = [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Jejakabhukti]]
| native_name = Chedi
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = [[Historical region]] [[Proposed states and territories of India|Proposed state]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| perrow = 1/2/2/1
| align = right
| total_width = 320
| image1 = Kandariya Mahadev temple and Devi Jagadambi temple, Khajuraho Temple complex, UNESCO WHS, Madya Pradesh.jpg
| image2 = Chaturbhuj Temple and Raja Mahal, Orchha.jpg
| image3 = Ramparts of Jhansi Fort.jpg
| image4 = 0121921 Neelkanth temple, Kalinjar Fort, Uttar Pradesh 050.jpg
| image5 = Eran - Monolithic Varaha and ruined Vishnu Temple in background.jpg
| image6 = Raneh Falls.jpg
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Top to Bottom; Left to Right: [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments]], [[Orchha Fort complex]], [[Jhansi Fort]], Neelkanth Temple at [[Kalinjar Fort|Kalinjar]], Varaha statue at [[Eran]] and [[Raneh Falls]]
| image_map = Bundelkhand.svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location of Bundelkhand in India
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|25.44|78.57|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{Flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District(s)]]
|subdivision_name2 = #[[Sagar District]]
# [[Damoh District]]
# [[Panna District]]
# [[Chhatarpur District]]
# [[Tikamgarh District]]
# [[Datia District]]
# [[Niwari District]]
# [[Jhansi District]]
# [[Jalaun District]]
# [[Mahoba District]]
# [[Lalitpur District, India|Lalitpur District]]
# [[Chitrakoot District]]
# [[Banda District, India|Banda District]]
# [[Hamirpur District, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur District]]
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 70,747
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 250-300
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 18,335,044
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Bundelkhandi/Bundeli
| population_note =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| timezone1_DST = +05:30
| utc_offset1_DST =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Major languages
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bundeli language|Bundeli]], [[Hindi]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = Historical [[Capital (political)|capitals]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Banda, Uttar Pradesh|Banda]], [[Ajaigarh]], [[Panna, India|Panna]], [[Orchha]] ,
| blank2_name_sec1 = Separated states
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Banda, Uttar Pradesh|Banda]], [[Orchha]], [[Jhansi]], [[Panna, India|Panna]], [[Bijawar]], [[Ajaigarh]], [[Datia]], [[Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur]], [[Charkhari]], [[Jaitpur, Kulpahar|Jaitpur]], [[Kulpahar]], [[Samthar]], [[Sarila]], [[Gursarai]], [[Barua sagar]], [[Moth, Uttar Pradesh|Moth]], [[Chirgaon]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bundelkhand''' ({{IPAc-en|'|b|ʊ|n|d|eɪ|l|ˌ|k|h|ʌ|n|d|}}, {{IPA|hi|bʊn.d̪eːl.kʰəɳɖ|lang}}) is a geographical and cultural [[List of regions in India|region]] and a [[Proposed states and union territories of India#Madhya Pradesh|proposed state]] and also a mountain range in central and North India. It corresponds to the [[Vedic period|Post-Vedic]] '''Chedi''' kingdom. The hilly region is now divided between the states of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]], with the larger portion lying in the latter state.

== Etymology ==
Bundelkhand means "[[Bundela]] domain".<ref>{{cite book |first=Ravindra K. |last=Jain |title=Between History and Legend: Status and Power in Bundelkhand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fghQhiowlycC&pg=PA1 |year=2002 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-2194-0 |page=1 }}</ref> The region was earlier known as Jejabhukti or Jejakabhukti ("Jeja's province"). According to the inscriptions of the [[Chandela]] dynasty, this name derived from Jeja, the nickname of their ruler [[Jayashakti]]. However, it is possible that the name derives from an even earlier name of the region: "Jajhauti" or "Jijhoti". After the Bundelas replaced the Chandelas around 14th century, the region came to be known as Bundelkhand after them.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA1 |title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho |first=Sisirkumar |last=Mitra |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120819979 |pages=1–4 }}</ref>

==History==
The Chandelas were a powerful dynasty in Central India, ruling from the 9th to the 12th century. They are best known for constructing the temples of Khajuraho, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite book |last=Michell |first=George |author-link=George Michell |year=1990 |title=The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India, Volume 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-008144-2 |page=327}}</ref> The Chandelas ruled over a vast territory, and their influence gradually diminished until their eventual fall in 1182 CE.

After the decline of the [[Chandela]], the Khangar community, an ancient Kshatriya clan, established their rule over parts of present-day Bundelkhand from the late 12th century until the mid-14th century.<ref name=Mittal2003>{{cite book |last=Mittal |first=J. P. |year=2003 |title=History of Ancient India: A New Version |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-8126906154 |pages=272}}</ref> The Khangar dynasty had its seat of power at Garh Kundar, a fort built by Khet Singh Khangar.<ref name=Mittal2003 /> Their rule over Jujhauti, a region in Bundelkhand, began after the fall of the Chandels in 1182 CE.<ref name=Mittal2003 />

By the 14th century, the [[Bundela]] dynasty emerged and supplanted the Khangar rulers.<ref name=WilsonBundela /> According to [[David Ludden]], ask it was shaped by Rajput conquests from the 10th century onward, the powerful Rajput clans of Bundelkhand became the raja rulers of the region, where they later submitted to the under the rule [[Mughal Empire]]. From that point onwards, they kept expanding east into the 19th century. Lesser Rajput branches (thakurs) were the main landlords, ruling villages of farming castes like Kurmis, Lodhis, Ahirs, and Gujars. Kurmis rose politically; some Ahirs married into Rajput families.Villages were linked by marriage, land, and labour migration. Officially, it was the land of Bundela Rajputs. Stronger Bundela clans dominated the east, leaving western thakurs more independent.The region was divided both by rival Rajput clans and by caste hierarchies. After Aurangzeb's death in 1707, the Bundelas renounced the authority of the Mughal empire.<ref>{{Cite book
|author= David Ludden
|author-link=David Ludden
|title = India and South Asia: A Short History
|date = 2013
|publisher = Oneworld Publications
|isbn = 9781780741086
|quote=Bundelkhand... a region defined historically by ethnic patterns of residence, migration, and power relations... they were still expanding eastward in the early nineteenth century...lineage ruled over a specific... major subordinate farming castes: Lodhis, Kurmis, Kachhis, Ahirs, and Gujars... Kurmis rose up in the political ranks... Under the Mughals, Bundelkhand became known officially as the land of Bundela Rajputs
|language = en
|url = https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/India_and_South_Asia/pBq9DwAAQBAJ?hl=en
|access-date = 2025-12-08
}}</ref>

Before the advent of British colonial rule in India, the region of Bundelkhand also included several princely states, such as [[Orchha]], [[Datia]], and [[Samthar]].<ref name=WilsonBundela>{{cite book |last=Hunter |first=William Wilson |author-link=William Wilson Hunter |year=1885 |chapter=Bundelkhand |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/imperialgazettee03huntuoft/page/150/mode/2up |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India |volume=III |edition=2nd |location=London |publisher=Trübner & Co. |page=150}}</ref> Also, kingdoms such as [[Damoh]], Ramgarh were ruled by [[Lodhi (caste)|Lodhi Rajputs]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bundela Uprising of 1842 |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?7299}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?314|title=Rani Avantibai of Ramgarh}}</ref>

==Proposed Bundelkhand state==

Bundelkhand comprises parts of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]]. While [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] government under [[Mayawati]] had proposed in 2011 creation of Bundelkhand from seven districts of [[Uttar Pradesh]], organizations such as Bundelkhand Akikrit Party and [[Bundelkhand Mukti Morcha]] (BMM) want it to include six districts from [[Madhya Pradesh]] as well.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1921363201.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329163935/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1921363201.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 March 2015 |title=Mayawati's proposal to divide Uttar Pradesh into four States goes far beyond disturbing the State's politics ahead of the elections |work=The Hindu |access-date=2019-07-04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1921363201.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329163935/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1921363201.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2015-03-29 |title=Mayawati-kind-of-Bundelkhand not acceptable: Bundela |access-date=2015-03-30}}</ref> [[Uma Bharati]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] has promised separate state of Bundelkhand within three years if her party voted to power, during campaign for [[2014 Indian general election|Loksabha Election, 2014]] at [[Jhansi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/uma-bharti-promises-separate-bundelkhand-to-voters-in-jhansi/ |title=Uma Bharti promises separate Bundelkhand to voters in Jhansi |work=The Indian Express|date=2014-04-10 |access-date=2015-03-30}}</ref> Similar promise was made by Congress leader [[Pradeep Jain Aditya]] during [[2014 Indian general election|Loksabha Election, 2014]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/videos/uttar-pradesh/ls-polls-pradeep-jain-aditya-uma-bharti-promise-separate-bundelkhand-state-401373.html |title=LS polls: Pradeep Jain Aditya, Uma Bharti promise separate Bundelkhand state |publisher=News18.com |access-date=2015-03-30}}</ref>

Since the early 1960s there has been a movement for establishing a Bundelkhand state or promoting development of the region. Bundelkhand is geographically the central part of India covering some part of Madhya Pradesh and some part of Uttar Pradesh. (At Sagar is the exact centre of the original undivided India: the granite bench mark by British surveyors indicating this is placed in the compound of a church in Sagar Cantonment.) In spite of being rich in minerals, the people of Bundelkhand are very poor and the region is underdeveloped and underrepresented in state and central politics. There are several local parties and organisations, some promoting further development of the region and some seeking statehood.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/MP-BHO-demand-for-seperate-bundelkhand-reignited-ahead-of-assembly-polls-4226793-NOR.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107023426/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/MP-BHO-demand-for-seperate-bundelkhand-reignited-ahead-of-assembly-polls-4226793-NOR.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 November 2014 |title=Demand for separate Bundelkhand reignited ahead of assembly polls separate |publisher=Daily.bhaskar.com |date=2013-04-05 |access-date=2015-03-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Atiq Khan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/nod-for-telangana-fuels-the-demand-for-bundelkhand/article63277.ece |title=Nod for Telangana fuels the demand for Bundelkhand |work=The Hindu|date=2009-12-10 |access-date=2015-03-30}}</ref> The agrarian crisis and farmers' suicides are also cited as reasons for separate statehood.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epw.in/states/farmers-suicides-and-statehood-demand-bundelkhand.html |title=Farmers' Suicides and Statehood Demand in Bundelkhand | Economic and Political Weekly |publisher=Epw.in |date=2011-07-09 |access-date=2015-03-30}}</ref>

In November 2011, the [[Uttar Pradesh]] Council of Ministers proposed to split the state into four parts, with one part being Bundelkhand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mayawati-wants-to-divide-up-into-4-states-other-parties-cornered-566270 |title=Mayawati wants to divide UP into 4 states, other parties cornered; NDTV |publisher=ndtv.com |date=2011-11-16 |access-date=2015-08-04}}</ref>

==Religion==
{{Pie chart| thumb = center
|label1=[[Hindu]]|value1=93.17|color1=Orange
|label2=[[Muslim]]|value2=5.58|color2=green
|label3=Others|value3=1.25|color3=grey
|caption=Religion in Bundelkhand (2011)<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060510061218/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ |archive-date=10 May 2006 |title=Census of India}}</ref>
}}

==Notable people==


* [[Avantibai]], (1831–1858) [[Lodhi (caste)|Lodhi]] Queen of estate of [[Dindori, Madhya Pradesh|Ramgarh]], one of the key figures in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
* [[Gopal Bhargava]], prominent [[BJP]] leader, Senior Most Legislator & Cabinet Minister of [[Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Uma Bharti]], Prominent BJP politician and the former MLA from Charkhari in UP's Bundelkhand region.
* [[Raja Bundela]] - (Raja Rajeshwar Pratap Singh Judev) is an Indian actor, producer, politician and civil activist.
* [[Dhyan Chand]], (29 August 1905 – 3 December 1979) army Major and an Indian [[field hockey]] player, regarded by many as the greatest field hockey player in history.
* Maharaja [[Chhatrasal]] Chhatrasal Bundela was an early modern Indian Rajput king, who fought against the Mughal Empire, and established his own kingdom in Bundelkhand
* [[Phoolan Devi]], (1963–2001) popularly known as "Bandit Queen", was an Indian [[dacoit]] and later a politician.
* [[Raghunath Vinayak Dhulekar]] MCA & Member of Parliament 1952, MLC & Speaker Vidhan Parishad 1958, social leader
* [[Rani Durgavati]], Queen of Gondwana (born to [[Chandela]]s of [[Mahoba]] / [[Kalinjar]]) immortalised owing to her bravery in defending her kingdom against invasion by Mughal emperor [[Akbar]]
* [[Hari Singh Gour|Dr. Hari Singh Gaur]], Member of Constitution draft committee and founder of [[University of Sagar]], later named the [[Dr. Hari Singh Gour University]] by the state government in 1983.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/university-of-saugar-alumniin-celebration-mode/article2237756.ece |title=University of Saugar alumniin celebration mode |work=The Hindu|date=18 July 2011 |access-date=2015-08-04}}</ref>
* [[Maithili Sharan Gupt]], National Hindi poet
* [[Indeevar]], one of the leading Hindi film lyricists in 1960s and 70s{{citation needed|date=April 2012}}
* [[Jhalkaribai]] (22 November 1830 – 1858) was an Indian [[Koli people|Koli]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7feHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA119|title=Women Heroes and Dalit Assertion in North India: Culture, Identity and Politics|last=Narayan|first=Badri|date=2006-11-07|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=9788132102809|language=en}}</ref> woman soldier who played an important role in the Indian Rebellion of 1857 during the battle of Jhansi.
* [[Keshavdas]] (1555 – 1617), usually known by the mononym Keshavdas or Keshavadasa, was a Sanskrit scholar & Hindi poet
* [[Subodh Khandekar]], Olympian hockey player
* [[Tushar Khandker]], player on Indian national hockey team
* [[Mastani]] Second wife of Peshwa [[Bajirao I]], the prime minister. Daughter of [[Maharaja Chhatrasal]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pulse/bajirao-mastani-and-the-history-of-bundelkhand/|title=Bajirao Mastani and the history of Bundelkhand|work=[[The Times of India]] Blog|access-date=2017-10-06|language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Pankaj Mishra]], Indian essayist and novelist
* [[Joy Mukherjee]], Indian actor and director
* [[Ram Mukherjee]], Indian director
* [[Sashadhar Mukherjee]], producer of Hindi films
* [[Subodh Mukherjee]], director, producer, writer of Hindi cinema.
* [[Harishankar Parsai]] - a noted satirist and humourist of modern Hindi literature, known for his simple and direct style.
* [[Nathuram Premi]] (1881–1960), publisher of Hindi, Sanskrit, Urdu and Jain literature. Independent scholar, Jain historian and editor of several Jain works.
* [[Rani of Jhansi]], (1828–1858) (AKA Lakshmibai Newalkar) [[Maratha]] Queen of princely state of [[Jhansi]], one of the key figures in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].
* [[Rajneesh]] - Indian godman, mystic, and founder of the Rajneesh movement
* [[Tatya Tope]], freedom fighter, fought in [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
* [[Taran Svami]], Jain Spiritual Leader
* [[Tulsidas]], the author of ''[[Ramcharitmanas]]'', born in [[Rajapur, Uttar Pradesh|Rajapur]]
* [[Vrindavan Lal Verma]], Hindi novelist (Mrig Nayani, Jhansi Ki Rani)
* [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]], of [[Transcendental Meditation]]



==In art and literature==
{{wikisource|Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1835/Scene in Bundelkhund|'Scene in Bundelkhund', a poetical illustration by L. E. L.}}
An engraving of a picture by Henry Melville entitled ''Scene near Chillah Tarah Ghaut, Bundelkhund'' was published in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1835 alongside a poetical illustration by [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]], ''Scene in Bundelkhund'', which alludes to the desperate conditions in the district due to the famine then prevailing.<ref>{{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1835|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=Bzk_AAAAYAAJ&pg=GBS.PA50|section=picture and poetical illustration|page=46|year=1834|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}</ref>

The "nearly independent territory of Bundelcund" is featured in [[Jules Verne]]'s 1872 novel ''[[Around the World in Eighty Days]]'', as the scene where [[Phileas Fogg]] and [[Jean Passepartout]] rescue the Princess [[Aouda]].

In another of Verne's novels, ''[[The Mysterious Island]]'', Captain Nemo of ''[[Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas]]'' identifies himself as Prince Dakkar, son of the Hindu raja of Bundelkhand.

==Gallery==

<gallery class="center" widths="250" heights="188">
File:Dhyanchand statue.jpg|Statue of Dhyan Chand on Sipri Hill
File:Rani Durgavati.jpg|Rani Durgavati
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Rajputana]]
* [[List of cities in Bundelkhand]]
* [[Jainism in Bundelkhand]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{EB1911 poster|Bundelkhand}}
* [https://archive.today/20130414135107/http://www.dainet.org/livelihoods/checkdams4.htm Check dam project in Bundelkhand (Development Alternatives)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080709063336/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2405/stories/20070323000106600.htm ''Historic Blend'', Frontline, Volume 24 – Issue 05 :: 10–23 March 2007]
* James Foote Holcomb, Helen Harriet Howe Holcomb, ''In the Heart of India, or, beginnings of missionary work in Bundela Land, with a short chapter on the characteristics of Bundelkhand and its people, and four chapters of Jhansi history''. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1905 [https://archive.org/details/heartofindia00holcuoft Text at archive.org]

{{Historical regions of North India}}
{{Proposed states and territories of India}}
{{Jhansi division topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bundelkhand| ]]
[[Category:Regions of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Regions of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Regions of India]]
[[Category:Proposed states and union territories of India]]

GNUKhata

2026-02-02T06:02:17Z

Maryparker: Added New Pg

{{Short description|Indian accounting software}}
{{Orphan|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox software
| name = GNUKhata
| logo = Gnukhata_icon48x48.svg
| screenshot =
| caption = GNUkhata logo
| collapsible =
| author = Krishnakant Mane
| developer =
| released =
| latest release version = 2.6.1
| latest release date = {{start date and age|2016|01|27}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gitlab.com/gnukhata/core_engine/-/blob/master/CHANGELOG |title=GNUKhata Changelog|publisher=GNUKhata GitLab repository|date=2016-01-27|access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref>
| latest preview version =
| latest preview date =
| repo = https://gitlab.com/gnukhata/core_engine
| programming language = [[Python (programming language)]]
| operating system =
| platform =
| size =
| language count =
| language footnote =
| genre =
| license = [[GNU Affero General Public License]]
| website = {{URL|https://gnukhata.org/}}
| discontinued =
}}
'''GNUKhata''' is an Indian [[accounting]] [[Free software|libreware]]. It was developed by Krishnakant Mane, a [[visually-impaired]] computer engineer and supporter of the [[GNU]] [[Free Software]] movement. It is based on the double-entry bookkeeping system.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Noronha |first=Frederick |date=2018-07-31 |title=GNUKhata: Made-for-India Accounting Software - open source for you |url=https://www.opensourceforu.com/2018/07/gnukhata-made-for-india-accounting-software/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== About the software ==

GNUKhata is developed by the [[visually-impaired]] software professional Krishnakant Mane who has stressed his goal "to make technology work for the underprivileged" through his Digital Freedom Foundation.<ref name="Techie">{{Cite news |date=2018-12-21 |title=This techie has a vision for blind |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/this-techie-has-a-vision-for-blind/articleshow/67187205.cms |access-date=2024-03-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> GNUKhata has been described as "an [Indian-focused] accounting and inventory software".<ref name="Techie" /><blockquote>Ankush Das, writing in ITSFOSS.com, describes the product as: "GNU Khata is an accounting tool. Or shall I say a collection of accounting tools? It is like the [[Evernote]] of economy management. It is so versatile that it can be used from personal Finance management to large scale business management, from store inventory management to corporate tax works."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-19 |title=GNU Khata: Open Source Accounting Software |url=https://itsfoss.com/using-gnu-khata/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=It's FOSS |language=en}}</ref></blockquote>

== Developer ==

The GNUKhata ('Khata' meaning account in [[Hindi]]) program was created by Krishnakant Mane, who is a software developer and engineer from the locality of [[Dadar]] in [[Mumbai]], who is visually-impaired and lost his eyesight at the age of three.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai: For Krishnakant Mane, there is vision, even without sight |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-for-krishnakant-mane-there-is-vision-even-without-sight-2720887 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://gnukhata.org/}}
* [https://gnukhata.in/# https://gnukhata.in/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103005711/https://gnukhata.in/|date=2019-01-03}}

[[Category:Software using the GNU Affero General Public License]]
[[Category:Free software programmed in Python]]

Dance Plus season 2

2026-01-28T00:46:22Z

Maryparker: Added New Post

{{short description|2nd season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}

{{Infobox television season
| image = Dance_Plus_(season_2).jpg
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| judges = [[Remo D'Souza]]
| coaches = [[Dharmesh Yelande]] [[Shakti Mohan]] [[Punit Pathak]]
| host = [[Raghav Juyal]]
| num_contestants = 16
| finals_venue = Mumbai
| winner = [[Tanay Malhara]]
| winner_mentor = [[Dharmesh Yelande]]
| runner_up = Wild Ripperz
}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2016|7|02}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2016|9|25}}
| network = [[Star Plus]]
}}

Season 2 of [[Dance Plus]] tagline Get Set Go premiered on 2 July 2016 on [[Star Plus]]. It was created and produced by Varun Trikha Productions, Urban Brew Studios and [[Frames Production]] and aired for 25 episodes. This time there were two talents from Nepal who progressed to the Grand Finale (Wild Ripperz Crew and Sushant Khatri). Mokshda Jailkhani was the first contestant to get the double plus. Wild Ripperz set the record by gaining Double Plus for 8 consecutive times. Auditions were conducted across several cities of [[India]] from 3 May 2016 to 26 May 2016. This show was hosted by [[Raghav Juyal]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://danceplus2016.com/dance-plus-2016-audition-details-dates-venues/8/|title=Dance Plus 2016 Audition Details (Dates & Venues)|accessdate=15 July 2016|archivedate=12 July 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712130151/http://danceplus2016.com/dance-plus-2016-audition-details-dates-venues/8/}}</ref>

==Winner==
*Tanay Malhara of team Dharmesh is India's new dance icon.
*Wild Ripperz Crew of team Dharmesh are the first runners-up.
*Piyush Bhagat of team Shakti is the second runner-up.
*Sushant Khatri of team Shakti is the third runner-up.

==Super judge==
[[Remo D'Souza]] was the super judge for this season also. He is a well-known and reputed choreographer and film director. He has directed movies like F.A.L.T.U., Any Body Can Dance (ABCD 1 and ABCD 2), [[A Flying Jatt]], and [[Race 3]]. He was also a judge on Jhalak Dikhla Ja and Dance India Dance (Season 1, Season 2, and Season 3). He has judged many dance shows previously.

==Mentors==
There are three mentors on the show
*[[Dharmesh Yelande]]
*[[Shakti Mohan]]
*[[Punit Pathak]]

All the three Mentors have their own team consisting of contestants selected in auditions. Only one winner is chosen from all the teams at the end of the competition.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.danceplus2.in/2016/07/dance-plus-2-top-12-contestants-names-mentor-teams.html|title=Dance Plus 2 2016 Top 12 Contestants Names, Team Shakti, Dharmesh and Punit|date=July 2016|accessdate=16 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714192250/http://www.danceplus2.in/2016/07/dance-plus-2-top-12-contestants-names-mentor-teams.html|archivedate=14 July 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Teams==
{| class=wikitable
!style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"|Dharmesh Yelande's Team
!style="text-align: center;"|DYT
!style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"|←Acronym↓
|-
|style="text-align: center;"|Yo Highness
|style="text-align: center;"|Group
|style="text-align: center;"|YH
|-
|style="text-align: center;"|[[Tanay Malhara]]
|style="text-align: center;"|Solo
|style="text-align: center;"|TM
|-
|style="text-align: center;"|Wild Ripperz Crew (Nepali Crew)
|style="text-align: center;"|Group
|style="text-align: center;"|WRC
|-
|style="text-align: center;" |Mokshada Jail Khaani
|style="text-align: center;"|Solo
|style="text-align: center;"|BF
|-
|style="text-align: center;"|
|style="text-align: center;"|
|style="text-align: center;"|
|-
|style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"|Shakti Mohan's Team
|style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"|SMT
|style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"|←Acronym↓
|-
|style="text-align: center;"|Piyush Bhagat
|style="text-align: center;"|Solo
|style="text-align: center;"|PB
|-
|style="text-align: center;"|Sushant Khatri (Nepal)
|style="text-align: center;"|Solo
|style="text-align: center;"|SK
|-
|style="text-align: center;"|B.A.N.D.I.T.S. Crew
|style="text-align: center;"|Group
|style="text-align: center;"|BC
|-
|style="text-align: center;"|X1X crew
|style="text-align: center;"|Group
|style="text-align: center;"|X1X
|-
|style="text-align: center;"|
|style="text-align: center;"|
|style="text-align: center;"|
|-
|style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"|Punit Pathak's Team
|style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"|PPT
|style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"|←Acronym↓
|-
|style="text-align: center;"|Shazia Samji
|style="text-align: center;"|Solo
|style="text-align: center;"|SS
|-
|style="text-align: center;"|Urban Singh Crew
|style="text-align: center;"|Group
|style="text-align: center;"|USC
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|F.A.M.O.U.S Crew
|style="text-align: center;"|Group
|style="text-align: center;"|FC
|-
|style="text-align: center;"|Mingma Lepcha
|style="text-align: center;"|Solo
|style="text-align: center;"|ML
|}

==Top 8 progress==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; width:70%;"
|-
!Date
!Team
!Contestant
|-
|17 July 2016
|Team Shakti
|Piyush Bhagat
|-
|24 July 2016
|Team Punit
|Mingma Lepcha
|-
|31 July 2016
|Team Shakti
|Sushant Khatri (Nepal)
|-
|7 August 2016
|Team Punit
|Urban Singh Crew
|-
|14 August 2016
|Team Shakti
|B.A.N.D.I.T.S. Crew
|-
|21 August 2016
|Team Dharmesh
|Wild Ripperz Crew (Nepal)
|-
|21 August 2016
|Team Dharmesh
|Tanay Malhara
|-
|21 August 2016
|Team Punit
|Elee Angels
|-
|}

== Top 4 ==
* Piyush Bhagat - 11 September 2016
* Wild Ripperz Crew from Nepal - 18 September 2016
* Sushant Khatri - 18 September 2016
* [[Tanay Malhara]]

==Final results==
*1st [[Tanay Malhara]] From Jalgaon.
*2nd Wild Ripperz Crew From Nepal.
*3rd Piyush Bhagat from Jammu
*4th Sushant Khatri from Nepal.

==Celebrity guests==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; width:70%;"
|-
!Actor
!Episode Date
!Episode No.
!Notes
|-
|[[Varun Dhawan]] & [[Jacqueline Fernandez]]||23 July 2016||7 & 8||To promote their film [[Dishoom]]
|-
|[[Tiger Shroff]] & [[Nathan Jones (wrestler)|Nathan Jones]]||31 July 2016||9 & 10||To promote their film [[A Flying Jatt]]
|-
|Lizelle D'Souza||7 August 2016||12||
|-
|[[Hrithik Roshan]] & [[Pooja Hegde]]||13 August 2016||13 & 14||To promote their film [[Mohenjo Daro]]
|-
|[[Sonakshi Sinha]]||27 August 2016||17 & 18||To promote her film [[Akira (2016 Hindi film)|Akira]]
|-
|[[Bosco-Caesar]]||3 September 2016||19||To support Piyush Bhagat
|-
|[[Prabhu Deva]] & [[Sonu Sood]]||10 September 2016||21 & 22||To promote their film [[Devi (2016 film)|Tutak Tutak Tutiya]]
|-
|[[Riteish Deshmukh]] & [[Nargis Fakhri]]||18 September 2016||24||To promote their film [[Banjo (2016 film)|Banjo]]
|-
|[[Sushant Singh Rajput]]||24 September 2016||25||To promote his film [[M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story]]
|-
|[[Ranbir Kapoor]]||25 September 2016||26||To promote his film [[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]
|-
|[[Sakshi Malik]]||25 September 2016||26||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Star Plus Shows}}
{{Dance Plus}}

[[Category:2016 Indian television seasons]]

Vidya Dhar Mahajan

2026-01-23T12:39:26Z

Maryparker: added first post first draft - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{short description|Indian historian, political scientist, and advocate}}
{{Infobox academic
| honorific_prefix = 
| name = Vidya Dhar Mahajan
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 1913
| birth_place = [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1990|7|10|1913}}
| death_place = New Delhi, India
| death_cause =
| nationality =
| citizenship =
| other_names =
| occupation = {{br separated entries|Historian|Political Scientist|[[Advocate]]}}
| period =
| known_for =
| title =
| boards = 
| spouse = Savitri Shori Mahajan
| partner =
| children = {{br separated entries|[[Mridula Mukherjee]] (daughter)|Sucheta Mahajan (daughter)}}
Ajay Mahajan (son)
| parents =
| relatives =
| awards = 
| website =
| education = {{br separated entries|[[Master of Arts]] (History and Political Science)|[[Doctor of Philosophy]]|[[Bachelor of Laws]]}}
| alma_mater = {{br separated entries|D.A.V. College, Lahore|[[Punjab University Law College]], [[Lahore]]|[[University of Delhi]]}}
| thesis_title = Executive Control Over Municipalities in the [[Punjab]] (Ph.D.)<ref name="IPSA2"/>
| thesis_url =
| thesis_year =
| school_tradition =
| doctoral_advisor =
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| influences = 
| era =
| discipline = {{br separated entries|History|Political Science|Law}}
| sub_discipline = 
| workplaces = {{br separated entries|Former professor of "history and politics" at the [[Sanatan Dharma College]] in [[Lahore]], [[British India]] (now in Pakistan) |Former professor of history at the [[Panjab University]] in [[Chandigarh]], Independent India|Advocate at the [[Supreme Court of India]]}}
| doctoral_students = 
| notable_students = 
| main_interests =
| notable_works =
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| signature =
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| footnotes =
}}

'''Vidya Dhar Mahajan''' (1913 — 10 July 1990) was an Indian historian, political scientist, and advocate.

==Biography==
Mahajan was born in 1913 in the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] of [[British India]].<ref name="VDM-LOC">{{cite web |title=Mahajan, Vidya Dhar |website=[[Library of Congress]] |place=USA |url=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n50039030.html |accessdate=27 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Colonializing Agriculture: The Myth of Punjab Exceptionalism |series=Sage Series in Modern Indian History, Volume 9 |year=2005 |page=xxii |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE]] |place=London, UK; New Delhi, India; Singapore; Thousand Oaks, California, USA |editor1-first=Bipan |editor1-last=Chandra |editor1-link=Bipan Chandra |editor2-first=Mridula |editor2-last=Mukherjee |editor3-first=Aditya |editor3-last=Mukherjee |first=Mridula |last=Mukherjee |isbn=978-8132102632 |oclc=436044740 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EviHAwAAQBAJ&q=Vidya+Dhar+Mahajan}}</ref> He did M.A. twice – in History at the [[D.A.V. College, Lahore]] and in Political Science and Law at the [[Punjab University Law College]].<ref name="pandp">{{cite book |title=Publisher's Monthly |volume=32 |year=1990 |page=5 |section=Dr. Vidya Dhar Mahajan Passes Away (Obituary) |publisher=Publishers and Publishing |place=New Delhi, India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ThRFAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Dr.+Vidya+Dhar+Mahajan+Passes+Away%22 |oclc=1774412}}</ref> In 1945, he completed Ph.D. in Political Science from the [[University of the Punjab]], and later did Law from the [[University of Delhi]].<ref name="IPSA2">{{cite journal |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |volume=4 |number=2 |date=October–December 1942 |page=225 |publisher=Indian Political Science Association |title=Report on Research Theses in Political Science, Completed or Under Preparation in Indian Universities |jstor=42743746 |jstor-access=free}}</ref><ref name="pandp"/> He served as a professor of "history and politics" at the [[Sanatan Dharma College]] in Lahore, and later as a professor of history at the Pantas U. College in New Delhi and at the [[Panjab University]] in [[Chandigarh]].<ref>{{cite journal |journal=India Quarterly |volume=2 |number=1 |date=January 1946 |page=2 |publisher=Indian Council of World Affairs |place=New Delhi, India |editor-first=A. |editor-last=Appadorai |title=Contributors to the Issue |via=SAGE |jstor=45072142 |jstor-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ACRL">{{cite book |title=Choice |volume=3 |issue=7–12 |year=1966 |publisher=[[American Library Association]] |work=[[Association of College and Research Libraries]] |issn=0009-4978 |oclc=1554411 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vK8-UcslxToC&q=%22ASSISTANT+EDITOR%3A+DR.+V.+D.+MAHAJAN%22 |quote-page=1163 |quote=''ASSISTANT EDITOR:'' DR. V. D. MAHAJAN. M. A. (Hons); LL.B.: Ph.D.: Formerly Professor of History, Pantas U. College, New Delhi. Author of Ancient India, Early History of India, India Since 1562, 2 vols.; Delhi Sultanate, Constitutional History of India, Nationalist Movement in India, International Politics, etc.}}</ref><ref name="VDM1">{{cite book |title=British Rule in India and After |first1=Vidya Dhar |last1=Mahajan |first2=Savitri Shori |last2=Mahajan |edition=6th, revised, enlarged |year=1964 |page=i |publisher=[[S. Chand]] |place=New Delhi, India |oclc=10055504 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rHk5AQAAIAAJ&q=%22Formerly+Professor+of+History%2C+Panjab+University%22 |quote=...V. D. MAHAJAN, M.A. (Hons.), Ph.D. Formerly Professor of History, Panjab University (Camp) College, New Delhi Author of: Constitution of India, England Since 1688...}}</ref> Mahajan was a member of the [[Indian History Congress|Indian History Congress Association]].<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=20 |year=1957 |page=346 |publisher=Indian History Congress |title=Vallabh Vidyanagar Session, 1957: List of Members |jstor=44304494 |jstor-access=free}}</ref> He studied India's [[early history|early]], ancient, modern, and constitutional history. He also studied the [[Nationalist Movements in India|Indian nationalist movement]] and international politics.<ref name="ACRL"/> He was also an [[advocate]] at the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref name="VDM-LOC"/>

He was married to Savitri Shori Mahajan who was a historian. Their daughters Sucheta Mahajan and [[Mridula Mukherjee]] are also historians.<ref name="TNS">{{cite news |newspaper=[[The News on Sunday]] |title=India and Pakistan Have a Shared History |last=Khan |first=Zaman |url=http://tns.thenews.com.pk/india-pakistan-shared-history/#.VYgS8-v4TGg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709180303/http://tns.thenews.com.pk/india-pakistan-shared-history/#.VYgS8-v4TGg |date=5 April 2015 |archivedate=9 July 2015 |accessdate=27 October 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sucheta and Mridula have been professors of history at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]'s Centre for Historical Studies.<ref name="TNS"/><ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |title=JNU and the school lessons in Indian nationalism |first=Vikas |last=Pathak |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/jnu-and-the-school-lessons-in-indian-nationalism/article8290539.ece |date=28 February 2016 |accessdate=27 October 2020}}</ref> Sucheta had been a visiting scholar at the [[College of Wooster]] in [[Ohio]] and ''[[:fr:Fondation Maison des Sciences de l'homme|Fondation Maison des Sciences de l'Homme]] (Foundation House of Human Sciences)'' in Paris.<ref name="TNS"/> Mahajan died on 10 July 1990 at the age of around 77 years.<ref name="VDM-LOC"/>

==Written work==
In ''The Constitution of India (1954)'', Mahajan presented an "analytical objective study" of India's constitution. In the book, he also briefly summarized the statements of India's Supreme Court and High Courts on 18 cases which declared the [[constitutional law]] on "important controversial matters". Assessing his work, Vidya Dhar Chaturvedi stated that he treated the subject matter in a "logical and lucid" manner. According to Chaturvedi, he was "not wedded to any political dogma, or party" and that his work was "free from doctrinaire or party bias".<ref name="IPSA1">{{cite journal |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |volume=16 |number=1 |date=January–March 1955 |pages=100–101 |publisher=Indian Political Science Association |editor-first=G. K. |editor-last=Gahrana |title=Reviewed Work: THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA by Vidya Dhar Mahajan |first=Vidya Dhar |last=Chaturvedi |jstor=42742693 |jstor-access=free}}</ref> Assessing Mahajan's ''International Law (1956)'', D. R. Bhandari stated that he provided a detailed study of the topics in International Law and presented opinions of various scholars on them. Bhandari, while noting the Joseph Gabriel Starke dismissed the [[Law of War]] "in a few pages", opined that Mahajan did "full justice to it". According to Bhandari, Mahajan gave "equal attention to both the aspects of the [[law of nations]] ''viz.'', the Law of Peace and the Law of War".<ref>{{cite journal |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |volume=17 |number=4 |date=October–December 1956 |pages=390–391 |publisher=Indian Political Science Association |title=Reviewed Work: International Law by VIDYA DHAR MAHAJAN |first=D. R. |last=Bhandari |jstor=42744056 |jstor-access=free}}</ref>

Mahajan's ''Chief Justice Gajendragadkar (1966)'' was a [[legal biography]] of the former [[Chief Justice of India]] [[P. B. Gajendragadkar]]. K. M. Sharma noted that, along with other biographical details, Mahajan presented a "trend analysis" of his thoughts as unveiled through his judgements in the court and pronouncements outside the court but did not provide an in-depth analysis of his decisions and his other works.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Journal of the Indian Law Institute |volume=8 |number=4 |date=October–December 1966 |pages=662–664 |publisher=Indian Law Institute |place=New Delhi, India |title=Reviewed Work: Chief Justice Gajendragadkar by Vidya Dhar Mahajan |first=K. M. |last=Sharma |jstor=43949928 |jstor-access=free}}</ref> Mahajan's ''General Clauses Acts: Central and States'' was primarily a [[Case law]] study with the General Clauses Act, 1897 as its subject matter. It also covered the Adoption of Law Orders, the English Act, and the State General Clauses Acts. Assessing the book,{{refn|group=note|Assessed the 6th edition which was published in 1990.<ref name="PMB"/>}} P. M. Bakshi (then-member of the [[Law Commission of India]]) stated that Mahajan did not organize the work on a number of clauses under enough headings and sub-headings. Bakshi noted that he also focused on the "questions which are normally dealt with in books devoted to general rules of statutory interpretation", resulting in their limited coverage in the book. The Law Commission of India suggested that the book would have been better titled as "''Interpretation of Statute'' or some similar expression".<ref name="PMB">{{cite journal |journal=Journal of the Indian Law Institute |volume=36 |number=1 |date=January–March 1994 |pages=130–133 |publisher=[[Indian Law Institute]] |place=New Delhi, India |editor1-first=Usha |editor1-last=Loghani |editor2-first=P. |editor2-last=Kalpakam |title=Reviewed Work: GENERAL CLAUSES ACTS: CENTRAL AND STATES by V. D. Mahajan |first=P. M. |last=Bakshi |jstor=43951523 |jstor-access=free}}</ref>

===On ''Germany Between Two Wars''===
Mahajan described [[Lindley Fraser]]'s ''Germany Between Two Wars (1944)'' as a propaganda work which was written to serve the [[BBC]] and was of the view that its excerpts were broadcast to the Germans with the motive of influencing the opinion of the Germans in favor of the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]]. Mahajan suggested that Fraser did a "good survey" of the history of Germany from 1918 to 1939 but presented the [[Armistice of 11 November 1918]], the defence of settlements from [[Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)]] by the Allies, the factors responsible for [[Adolf Hitler's rise to power#Seizure of control (1931–1933)|Adolf Hitler's rise to power in 1933]], the preparation for war by the [[Nazi Germany]] from 1933 to 1939, and the circumstances which lead to Hitler's declaration of war against Britain in 1939 in "a lucid style". According to Mahajan, Fraser laid "no claim to originality and impartiality".<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[India Quarterly]] |volume=2 |number=1 |date=January 1946 |pages=87–88 |publisher=[[Indian Council of World Affairs]] |place=New Delhi, India |title=Reviewed Work: GERMANY BETWEEN TWO WARS by Lindley Fraser |first=Vidya Dhar |last=Mahajan |via=[[SAGE Publications|SAGE]] |jstor=45072163 |jstor-access=free}}</ref>

==Works==
===Books===
*{{cite book |title=History of Medieval India: Muslim Rule in India – Sultanate Period Mughal Period |edition=11th, revised, enlarged |orig-year=First published 1991 |year=2018 |publisher=S. Chand |place=New Delhi, India |first=Vidya Dhar |last=Mahajan |isbn=978-8121903646 |oclc=1240697987}}
*{{cite book |title=Ancient India |edition=revised |year=2016 |orig-year=First published 1960 |publisher=S. Chand |place=New Delhi, India |first=Vidya Dhar |last=Mahajan |isbn=978-9352531325 |oclc=1000593117}}
*{{cite book |title=India Since 1526 |edition=17th, revised, enlarged |year=2000 |publisher=S. Chand |place=New Delhi, India |first=Vidya Dhar |last=Mahajan |isbn=978-8121911450 |oclc=956763986}}
*{{cite book |title=Modern Indian History |edition=17th, revised, enlarged |year=1995 |publisher=S. Chand |place=New Delhi, India |first=Vidya Dhar |last=Mahajan |isbn=978-8121904988 |oclc=896649265}}
*{{cite book |title=Constitutional History of India: Including the Nationalist Movement |edition=8th, revised, enlarged |year=1971 |publisher=S. Chand |place=New Delhi, India |first1=Vidya Dhar |last1=Mahajan |first2=Savitri |last2=Mahajan |oclc=258677576}}

===Selected papers===
*{{cite journal |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |volume=6 |number=1 |date=July–September 1944 |pages=18–27 |publisher=Indian Political Science Association |editor-first=Beni |editor-last=Prasad |title=Some Aspects of Gokhale's Political Thought |first=Vidya Dhar |last=Mahajan |jstor=42753605 |jstor-access=free}}
*{{cite journal |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |volume=5 |number=1 |date=July–September 1943 |pages=84–93 |publisher=Indian Political Science Association |editor-first=Beni |editor-last=Prasad |title=The Working of the Punjab and North–West Frontier Province Joint Public Service Commission |first=Vidya Dhar |last=Mahajan |jstor=42743055 |jstor-access=free}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahajan, Vidya Dhar}}
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:University of the Punjab alumni]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Indian political scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Supreme Court of India lawyers]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Panjab University]]
[[Category:1990 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century political scientists]]

Sreya Jayadeep

2026-01-08T00:03:57Z

Maryparker: added some article from scratch

{{short description|Indian singer}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2020}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Indian name|Sreya|Jayadeep}}

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Sreya Jayadeep
| image = Sreya Jayadeep Singer.jpg
| birth_place = [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]], India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2005|11|05|df=yes}}
| years_active = 2013 {{endash}} present
| occupation = [[Playback singer]]
}}
'''Sreya Jayadeep''' (born 5 November 2005) is an Indian singer.<ref name="manorama">{{Cite web |date=2017-11-05 |title=Happy Birthday Shreya |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2017/11/05/sreya-jayadeep-birthday-special.html |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=[[Malayala Manorama]]}}</ref> She has sung on music albums and films in [[Malayalam|South]] Indian languages. She has appeared on [[Reality television|reality shows]].<ref name="times">{{Cite web |last=Soman |first=Deepa |date=2014-09-02 |title=Surya Singer winner Shreya Jayadeep sings for M Jayachandran |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/Surya-Singer-winner-Shreya-Jayadeep-sings-for-M-Jayachandran/articleshow/41520062.cms |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

By age fourteen, she had recorded more than 60+ films, along with 200 devotional and 70 general albums. Her first commercial song was the Christian devotional album ''Hitham''; she later released ''Sreyam''. Sreya began music lessons at age three. Her teacher in classical music was Thamarakkad Krishnan Namboodiri, and playback singer Sathish Babu trained her in different genres of music. She attended Silver Hills Higher Secondary School. As of 2020 she was in tenth grade at Devagiri CMI Public School. Sreya has been touring around the world to Europe, including Britain, and been to USA, UAE, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Australia.<ref name="express">{{Cite web |last=Prasanth |first=Aniket |date=2018-09-26 |title=At 13, Sreya Jayadeep from Kerala has stirred up a real storm in the music industry |url=https://www.edexlive.com/people/2018/sep/26/this-13-year-old-from-kerala-has-stirred-up-a-real-storm-in-the-music-industry-4039.html |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Career ==

Sreya was crowned the [[Surya TV]] ‘Surya Singer – 2013’ (Malayalam) title at age 8 followed by Sun TV ‘Sun Singer – 2014 (Tamil)’. Her debut as a playback singer was in the [[Malayalam]] film ''Weeping Boy'' in 2013 with two songs, "Chema Chema Chemanoru" and "Thaaraattupaattum". Her song "Mele Manathe Eashoye" from the Christian devotional album ‘God’ under the direction of music stalwart Composer Sri. [[M. Jayachandran]] was viewed more than 11 million times. This song made her popular.<ref name="times" /> Subsequently, she received a lot of film offers and worked in Malayalam films. Her song "Enno Njan Ente" from the film [[Amar Akbar Anthony (2015 film)|''Amar Akbar Anthony'']] (2015) was well received.<ref name="toi" /><ref name="manorama" />

In 2016, she sang "Minungum Minnaminuge" in ''[[Oppam]]'' which earned more than 70 million views in [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Athira |date=2016-09-03 |title=Bonded by music |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Bonded-by-music/article14621811.ece |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> She worked with almost all the leading music directors and has worked in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and [[Kannada]] films. Sreya's Tamil song based on the biography ''Wings of Dreams'' depicted the life of Dr. [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]. She is part of Kerala Government's ‘Harithasree Project’ an environmental action initiative, Water Conservation Project by Mathrubhumi and Rubella Vaccine campaign by National Health Mission. In 2022, she replaced [[Baby Meenakshi]] as the lead Host of popular reality show [[Top Singer (TV series)|Flowers Top singer season 3]].

Sreya Jayadeep has an alto-soprano vocal range and can sing at a speed of 600+ beats per minute, according to her live performance on YouTube in Flower's Top Singer. She sang a [[K. S. Chithra]] song, which plead the audio with applause. She can play a little bit of keyboard and guitar.

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Film / Serial
! Song
|-
|2013
|[[Surya TV|Surya Singer]]
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-
|2014
|[[Sun Singer]]
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-
|2015
|[[Kerala State Film Awards]]
|[[Kerala State Film Award – Special Mention|Special Mention]]
|''[[Amar Akbar Anthony (2015 film)|Amar Akbar Antony]]''
|"Enno Njanente"
|-
|2015
|Henko Flowers and Indian Film
|Special Jury Award
|
|
|-
|2016
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|Best Playback Singer
|''Amar Akbar Anthony''
|"Enno Njanente"
|-
|2016
|Red FM Award
|Best Debut Singer
|''Amar Akbar Anthony''
|"Enno Njanente"
|-
|2016
|Red FM Award
|New Sensational Singer
|
|
|-
|2016
|[[Asiavision Awards|Asiavision Movie Awards]]
|New Sensation in Singing
|''[[Oppam]]''
|"Minungum Minnaminuge"
|-
|2016
|Flowers TV Award
|Special Jury Mention
|''Amar Akbar Anthony''
|"Enno Njanente"
|-
|2017
|[[IIFA Utsavam]] (Malayalam section)
|Best Playback Singer (Female)
|''Oppam''
|"Minungum Minnaminuge"<ref name="express" />
|-
|2017
|[[Asianet Television Awards]]
|Best Playback Singer
|[[Vanambadi]]
|
|-
|2017
|Anand TV Award
|Prodigy Singing
|
|
|-
|2017
|Thikkurissi Award
|Best Playback Singer
|''Oppam''
|"Minungum Minnaminuge"
|-
|2017
|Vayalar Ramavarma Award
|Best Playback Singer
|''Oppam''
|"Minungum Minnaminuge"
|-
|2017
|Mangalam Music awards
|Popular Singer
|''Oppam''
|"Minungum Minnaminuge"
|-
|-
|2017
|Mangalam Music awards
|Singer spl jury
|''Oppam''
|"Minungum Minnaminuge"
|-
|2018
|Flowers Music awards
|spl jury
|Pullikaran Staara
|Tapp tapp
|-
|2018
|UK event life
|Budding young nightingale
|Album
|Mele manathe Eshoye
|}

==Discography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Song !! Film / album !! Notes
|-
|2013
|"Pinneyum Snehichu"
|''Hitham''
|Album song
|-
| 2013 || "Chemma Chemma" || ''Weeping boy'' ||
|-
| 2013 || "Tharattu pattum" || ''Weeping boy'' ||
|-
| 2014 ||"Vinnile Naru Punyame"||''Sparsam''||
|-
|2014
|"Divyakarunyame"
|
|Christian devotional song
|-
| 2014 || "Aarilum ashrayam" || ||Christian devotional song
|-
| 2014 || "Mele manathe eeshoye" || ''God'' ||Christian devotional song
|-
| 2014 || "Sneham Navil" || ''Niravu''||
|-
| 2015 || "Sree Sabareesane" || Sabari Punyam ||Hindu devotional song
|-
|2015
|"Oh Snehame"
|''Kaval''
|
|-
| 2015
| "Yenno Njanente"
| ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony (2015 film)|Amar Akbar Anthony]]''
|
|-
|2015
| "Anupamasneham"
|
|
|-
|2016 || "Onam Onam Onam" ||''Ponnaavani Paattukal'' ||
|-
|2016 || "Minungum Minnaminunge" ||''[[Oppam]]'' ||
|-
|2016||"Onde Thaayi"||''[[John Jani Janardhan (2016 film)|John Jani Janardhan]]'' ||[[Kannada]] film<ref name="toi">{{Cite web |last=Waseem |first=Mohammed |date=2017-01-24 |title=Sreya sings for John Jaani Janardhan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Sreya-sings-for-John-Jaani-Janardhan/articleshow/54583892.cms |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|Title songs
|''[[Vanambadi (TV series)]]''
| Malayalam TV serial
|-
|2017
|Title songs
|''[[Mouna Raagam (Tamil TV series)]]''
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] TV series ([[Vanambadi (TV series)]]
|-
|2017
|Title song
|''[[Naamkarann|Vezhambal]]''
| Malayalam TV serial
|-
|2017||"Tapp Tapp"||''[[Pullikkaran Staraa]]''||
|-
|2017||"Snehamam eshoye" ||''Love of God Album'' ||
|-
|2018
|"Pasiyaara Yenaiyootti"
|''Vivasaayi (Farmer Tribute)''
| Tamil Album Song
|-
|2018
|Title song
|''Arundathi''
|Malayalam TV serial
|-

|2018
|"Yarusaleem"
|''[[Abrahaminte Santhathikal]]''
|
|-
|2018
|"Amma I Love You"
|''[[Bhaskar Oru Rascal]]''
|
|-
|2018||Title song||''Kuttikurumban''||Malayalam TV serial
|-
|2019||Title song||''Ayyappa Saranam''||Malayalam TV serial
|-
|2019
|"Rekkeyaa"
|''[[Kavacha]]''
|[[Kannada]] remake of "Oppam"
|-

|2019
|"Mathaliru Pookkum Kalam"
|''Professor Dinkan''
|
|-
|2020||Title song||''[[Ente Maathavu]]''||Malayalam TV serial
|-
|2021
|FLOREO - A fusion of the East and West
|
|Song released on [[YouTube]]
|-
| 2021 || "Nanmakal Nalkidum Nallavanam Yeshuve" || ''Bright Ministry (YouTube)'' ||Christian Devotional Song
|-
|2021
|Eeshoye Nee Varoo
|Celebrants India
|Christian Devotional Song produced by Angel Audios USA released on YouTube<ref>{{Citation |title=EESHOYE NEE VAROO {{!}} SREYA JAYADEEP {{!}} BERNEY KARIMPIL {{!}} MIDHUN MATHEW {{!}} NEW CHRISTIAN DEVOTIONAL 2021 | date=26 January 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VH75Fspm1L8 |language=en |access-date=2022-05-01}}</ref>
|-
|2023 || "O Kathale" || || Song released on [[YouTube]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Instagram|1ie2mnw8co61r|}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jaydeep, Shreya}}
[[Category:2005 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:IIFA Utsavam winners]]

Darpanarayan Tagore

2025-12-27T02:22:36Z

Maryparker:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Darpanarayan Tagore
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1731
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], British India
| death_date = {{Death year and age|1793|1731}}
| death_place = [[Rajshahi]], [[Bengal Presidency]], British India
| other_names =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| predecessor =
| successor = [[Gopi Mohan Tagore]]
| children = [[Gopi Mohan Tagore]] (son)
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| relatives = [[Hara Kumar Tagore]] (grandchild)
| family = [[Tagore family]]
}}
'''Darpanarayan Tagore''' (1731–1793) was a member of the [[Tagore family]], who branched to [[Pathuriaghata]]. He worked as [[dewan]] to the [[French Indies Company|French East India Company]] at [[Chandannagar]] before moving to [[Calcutta]].<ref name="Banerjee1989">{{cite book |author=Sumanta Banerjee |title=The parlour and the streets: elite and popular culture in nineteenth century Calcutta |url=https://archive.org/details/parlourstreetsel0000bane |url-access=registration |accessdate=3 April 2017 |year=1989 |publisher=Seagull Books |isbn=978-81-7046-063-3 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/parlourstreetsel0000bane/page/28 28], 49, 148}}</ref> He later became a merchant to Edward Wheeler, who succeeded Colonel Monson as a member of the [[Supreme Council of Bengal]] headed by [[Warren Hastings]].<ref name="Islam1979">{{cite book |author=Sirajul Islam |title=The Permanent Settlement in Bengal: A Study of Its Operation, 1790–1819 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CVEaAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=3 April 2017 |year=1979 |publisher=Bangla Academy |page=183}}</ref><ref name="Ghosh1985">{{cite book |author=Suniti Kumar Ghosh |title=The Indian Big Bourgeoisie: Its Genesis, Growth, and Character |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P2vaAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=3 April 2017 |year=1985 |publisher=S.K. Ghosh |page=130}}</ref> He later purchased a large [[zamindari]] estate in his name at [[Rajshahi]] and
established himself as one of the leading zamindars in [[Bengal]]. He was succeeded by his son [[Gopi Mohan Tagore]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=S. N.|editor1-last=Leach |editor1-first=Edmund Ronald |editor2-last=Mukherjee |editor2-first=S. N. |chapter=Class, Caste and Politics in Calcutta, 1815–38 |title=Elites in South Asia |year=1970 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2u88AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA45 |accessdate=3 April 2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |sbn=521-07710-9 |page=45}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Bengal: Past and Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WAlDAAAAYAAJ |accessdate=3 April 2017 |year=1996 |publisher=The Society |page=33}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Today, there is a street named after him called [[Darpanarayan Tagore Street]]. It spans approximately 0.25 kilometers and is situated in the historic [[Pathuriaghata]] neighborhood in [[North Kolkata]], between Maharashi Debendra Road and Jadulal Mullick Road—an area closely associated with the [[Tagore family]].<ref>{{cite google maps |url=https://in.geoview.info/darpanarayan_tagore_st,101765742w |title=Darpanarayan Tagore St |access-date=18 May 2025}}</ref>

==Family tree==
{{main|Tagore_family#Family_tree}}

==See also==
*[[Nilmoni Tagore]] – Darpanarayan's brother

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tagore, Darpanarayan}}
[[Category:1731 births]]
[[Category:1793 deaths]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali zamindars]]
[[Category:Tagore family]]
[[Category:People from Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:18th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:18th-century merchants]]

Vanda coerulea

2025-12-15T07:42:06Z

Maryparker: added a info added tags

{{Short description|Species of orchid}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Blue vanda
| image = An orchid (Vanda caerulea); flowering stem. Watercolour. Wellcome V0043303.jpg
| image_caption =
| genus = Vanda
| species = coerulea
| authority = [[Griff.]] ex [[Lindl.]]
| synonyms = * Vanda coerulea f. rogersii
* Vanda coerulea var. rogersii
* Vanda coerulea f. luwangalba
* Vanda coerulea f. delicata
* Vanda coerulea delicata
}}

'''''Vanda coerulea''''', commonly known as '''blue orchid''',<ref>{{PLANTS|id=VACO7|taxon=Vanda coerulea|access-date=28 July 2015}}</ref> '''blue vanda''' or '''autumn lady's tresses''', is a species of [[orchid]] found in [[Northeast India]] with its range extending to [[China]] (southern [[Yunnan]]). It is known as ''kwaklei'' in [[Meitei language|Manipuri]] and ''vandaar'' in [[Sanskrit]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}} It has bluish purple flowers which are very long-lasting compared to other orchids. The plant bears up to 20 to 30 spikes.

== Taxonomy ==
The plant was first formally first described by [[John Lindley]] in 1847 from the description provided by [[William Griffith (botanist)|William Griffith]]. The latter had obtained the specimen from the [[Khasi Hills]], and named it. He then sent the dried specimens to London.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lindley |first=John |date=1847 |title=Vanda violacea |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/9070#page/86/mode/1up |journal=Edward's Botanical Register |volume=33 |pages=30 |via=Biodiversity Heritage Library}}</ref>

{{Gallery|title=Botanical drawings of Blue Vanda
| align=centre
| noborder=no
|whitebg=no
|perrow=4
|File:Vanda coerulea Paxton 036.jpg
| L. A. L. Constans (1853)
| class1=
| alt1=
|File:Vanda coerulea 1.jpg
| James Andrews (1860s)
| class2=
| alt2=
| File:Vanda coerulea.jpg
| Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach (1858)
| class3=
| alt3=
| File:Reichenbachia (8314163897).jpg
| Henry George Moon (1893)
| class4=
| alt4=
}}The [[Synonym (taxonomy)|heterotypic synonyms]] are,<ref name=":1" />

* ''Vanda coerulea'' f. ''delicata''
* ''Vanda coerulea delicata''
* ''Vanda coerulea'' var. ''grandiflora''
* ''Vanda coerulea'' var. ''hennisiana''
* ''Vanda coerulea'' f. ''luwangalba''
* ''Vanda coerulea'' f. ''rogersii''
* ''Vanda coerulea'' var. ''rogersii''

[[Vanda coerulescens]] [[Lindl.]] is a similar but separate species of dwarf form in plant and flowers.

== Distribution and habitat ==
Previously, it was thought to have been found only in the Khasi Hills.<ref name=":0" /> Here it seemed was threatened as it was over-collected due to its ornamental nature, and local charcoal production from oak trees on which they usually grow. Therefore it was placed in the [[CITES Appendix I]] in the 1970s.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Vanda coerulea Griff. ex Lindl. {{!}} General Information |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:660987-1 |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}}</ref>

{{Gallery|title=Blue Vanda in the native range
| align=centre
| noborder=no
|whitebg=no
|perrow=4
|File:Vanda coerulea Wild flowers from cherrapunjee.jpg
| In [[Sohra]], [[Khasi Hills]]
| class1=
| alt1=
|File:Vanda coerulea Orchi 6054.jpg
| In Khasi Hills
| class2=
| alt2=
| File:Delightfullly Purple.jpg
| In Meghalaya
| class3=
| alt3=
| File:Vanda coerulea in Nagaland.jpg
| In Nagaland
| class4=
| alt4=
}}

== Medicinal uses ==
The flower's juice is used as eye drops against [[glaucoma]], cataract and blindness.<ref>Mohammad Musharof Hossain "Therapeutic orchids: traditional uses and recent advances — An overview", ⁎ Department of Botany, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh</ref> Active ingredients of ''Vanda coerulea'' may fight against the visible signs of ageing skin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bonté |first=F. |last2=Simmler |first2=C. |last3=Lobstein |first3=A. |last4=Pellicier |first4=F. |last5=Cauchard |first5=J.-H. |date=2011 |title=Action d’un extrait de Vanda coerulea sur la sénescence de fibroblastes cutanés |trans-title=Action of an extract of Vanda coerulea on the senescence of skin fibroblasts |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003450911000289 |journal=Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises |language=fr |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=177–181 |doi=10.1016/j.pharma.2011.02.001|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
[[File:Stamp of Seychelles - 1988 - Colnect 537402 - Vanda Caerulea.jpeg|thumb|Seychelles stamp of Blue Vanda (1988)]]
In 1988 [[Seychelles]] released a stamp featuring the flower.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Vanda coerulea|''Vanda coerulea''}}
* {{Wikispecies-inline|Vanda coerulea|''Vanda coerulea''}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q135323}}

[[Category:Vanda|coerulea]]
[[Category:Orchids of Assam]]
[[Category:Orchids of Yunnan]]

{{Vandeae-stub}}

Krishnagiri Dam

2025-11-23T22:34:36Z

Maryparker:

{{Short description|Dam in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Krishnagiri-Dam
| name_official = Krishnagiri Reservoir Project Dam
| image = KRP Dam.jpg
| image_caption = Krishnagiri Dam
| image_alt = Krishnagiri Dam
| location_map = India Tamil Nadu
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| location_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|12|29|37.44|N|78|10|41.51|E|display=inline,title|region:IN_type:landmark}}
| country = India
| location = [[Krishnagiri district]], Tamil Nadu
| purpose = [[Irrigation]]
| status = O
| construction_began = 1955
| opening = 1957
| demolished =
| cost = ₹15.9 million
| owner =
| operator =
| dam_type = [[Gravity dam|Gravity]]
| dam_crosses = Ponniar River
| dam_height_foundation = {{Convert|29.26|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| dam_height_thalweg =
| dam_length = {{Convert|990.59|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| dam_elevation_crest =
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_width_base =
| dam_volume =
| spillway_count = 8
| spillway_type = OGEE
| spillway_capacity = {{Convert|4061|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| res_name = Krishnagiri Reservoir
| res_capacity_total = 68.2 MCM
| res_capacity_active =
| res_capacity_inactive =
| res_catchment = {{Convert|5428.43|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| res_surface =
| res_max_length =
| res_max_width =
| res_max_depth =
| res_elevation =
| res_tidal_range =
| extra =
}}
The '''Krishnagiri Dam''' is a [[dam]] that spans the [[Ponnaiyar River|Thenpennai River]] by the village of Dhuduganahalli, located in the [[Krishnagiri district]], Tamil Nadu, India. The Krishnagiri Dam is also known as '''Krishnagiri Reservoir''' '''Project (KRP) Dam'''. The KRP Dam is located {{convert|7|km|abbr=on}} from [[Krishnagiri]], between [[Dharmapuri]] and Krishnagiri which irrigates thousands of acres of land around Krishnagiri.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.krishnagiri.tn.nic.in/tourism.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311091934/http://www.krishnagiri.tn.nic.in/tourism.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-03-11|title=Tourist Places-Krishnagiri District|website=www.krishnagiri.tn.nic.in|access-date=2016-08-02}}</ref> The dam has been operational since 10 November 1957, inaugurated by the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu [[K. Kamaraj]].<ref name=":1" />

== History ==
The KRP Dam Project was proposed in the First [[Five-Year Plans of India|Five Year Plans of India]] and started in the year 1955. The Dam works are completed in the Second [[Five-Year Plans of India|Five Year Plans of India]] and is operational from 1958.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Krishnagiri_Medium_Irrigation_Project_JI02566|title=Krishnagiri Medium Irrigation Project JI02566 -|website=india-wris.nrsc.gov.in|access-date=2016-08-02|archive-date=24 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924112213/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Krishnagiri_Medium_Irrigation_Project_JI02566|url-status=dead}}</ref> The project was inaugurated by the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] [[K. Kamaraj]]. This is one of the major [[irrigation]] schemes planned in Kamaraj's period . The other projects are [[Lower Bhavani Project Canal|Lower Bhavani]], [[Manimuthar River (tributary of Thamirabarani)|Mani Muthuar]], [[Cauvery delta]], Aarani River, [[Vaigai Dam]], [[Amaravathi Dam|Amravathi]], [[Sathanur Reservoir|Sathanur]], Pullambadi, [[Parambikulam Dam|Parambikulam]] and Neyaru Dams.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.perunthalaivar.org/english/achievement/tech-achievements/|title=Perunthalaivar Kamaraj K " Industrial|website=www.perunthalaivar.org|access-date=2016-08-02|archive-date=18 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718185301/http://www.perunthalaivar.org/english/achievement/tech-achievements/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The approved cost of the project is ₹20.2 million. The project was completed within ₹15.9 million (Actual cost). The project is covered under CADA (Command Area Development Authority) Scheme.<ref name=":1" />

== Dimensions ==
The KRP dam is 990.59 m long and Max Height of the dam is 29.26 meters above Foundation. Total Volume content of Dam is 509 thousand cubic meters. The [[Spillway]] is ogee crest type and the crest level is 483.11 meters. The capacity of the Spillway is 4061 cu. meters with a designed flood capacity of 4233.33 Cu. meters. There are eight spillway gates of sixe 12.19 x 6.10 meters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Krishnagiri_Dam_D00957|title=Krishnagiri Dam D00957 -|website=india-wris.nrsc.gov.in|access-date=2016-08-02}}</ref>

The water level is at its maximum of 484.63 metres, for which the Full Reservoir Level is 483.11 metres. The catchment area for the [[Krishnagiri Reservoir project|Krishnagiri Reservoir]] is 5428.43Sq. km. The initial gross storage capacity of the dam was 68.2 MCM.<ref>Central Water Commission, New Delhi, Compendium of sedimentation of Reservoirs in India (2020 Ed), List of Reservoirs which have lost 25% of their gross storage, sl.no.22</ref> However due heavy sedimentation, the dam's capacity as of 2006 was 47.16 MCM (million cubic meters) only<ref>Central Water Commission, New Delhi, National Register of large dams(2019 Ed), PIC no TN12MH0016</ref>

== Tourist attraction ==
[[File:Krish dam.jpg|alt=Park|thumb|KRP Dam Park|left]]
The KRP Dam Park near the KRP Dam is developed and maintained by [[Tamil Nadu Public Works Department]]. This is a famous tourist spot. This dam is flooded with tourists during the weekends.<ref name=":0" />

The entry ticket for a person is ₹5. There is two wheeler and four wheeler parking facility available near the park. There are monkeys around the park. The park has children's play area, fountains, lawn and jogger footpath. The KRP Dam and the park is suitable to visit throughout the year. The park is open all days of the week.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

== Irrigation and agriculture ==
The Krishnagiri Medium Irrigation Project is a medium major medium irrigation project in Tamil Nadu. Farmers in Periyamuthur, Sundekuppam, [[Thimmapuram]], Souteaalli, Thalialli, Kalvealli, [[Kundalapatty|Kundalapatti]], Mittaalli, Erraalli, Penneswaramadam, Kaveripattinam, Balekuli, Marichettihalli, [[Nagojanahalli|Nagojanaalli]], Janapparuralli and Paiyur would benefit.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/water-released-from-krp-dam-to-benefit-9012-acres/article7472087.ece|title=Water released from KRP Dam to benefit 9,012 acres|date=28 July 2015|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-08-02}}</ref> The Culturable Command Area (CCA) as well as Ultimate Irrigation Potential of the Krishnagiri Medium Irrigation Project is 3.65 Th ha.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
* [[Ponnaiyar River|Thenpennai River]]
* [[Krishnagiri]]
* [[Tamil Nadu Public Works Department|Public Work Department Tamil Nadu]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hydrography of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Dams in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1957]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Pariyur Kondathu Kaliamman Temple

2025-11-14T18:42:09Z

Maryparker: Started bio.

{{Short description|Temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Kondathu Kaliamman Temple
| image = Pariyur.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = Main Gopuram
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|11|28|39|N|77|27|22|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Erode District|Erode]]
| location = [[Pariyur]], [[Gobichettipalayam]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Arulmigu Kondathu Kali
| festivals= Car Festival, [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]], [[Navaratri]]
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| established =
| creator =
| website = [http://www.pariyurkondathukaliamman.tnhrce.in/ www.pariyurkondathukaliamman.tnhrce.in]
}}

'''Kondathu Kaliamman Temple''' is an [[Mariamman|Amman]] temple located at [[Pariyur]] near [[Gobichettipalayam]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. There are other temples, namely Sri Amarapaneeswarar Temple, Sri Adinarayana Perumal Temple and Sri Angalamman Temple nearby.

[[File:Maha Muniappan.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Sri Maha Muniappan]]

==History==
The history of the [[temple]] dates centuries back.<ref name=Dinamalar>{{cite web | url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=773 | title=Pariyur Arulmigu Kondathu Kaliamman Temple| publisher= Dinamalar | access-date=2013-09-27}}</ref> The exact date of establishment is unknown and the current temple was built in the mid 1950s.<ref name=Pachaimalai>{{cite web| url=http://www.pachaimalai.in/Eng/pariyur.htm | title=Pariyur Arulmigu Kondathu Kaliamman Temple| access-date=2013-09-27}}</ref> The place was previously known as Azhagapuri or Parapuri and the name [[Pariyur]] came from 'Pari' 'oor' meaning, 'place ruled by Pari'. [[Vēl Pāri]] was a great [[king]] who is considered in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] literature as one of the Kadai ēzhu vallal (literally meaning, the last of the seven great patrons). Arulmigu Kondathu Kaliamman is a powerful Goddess who was the deity responsible for the prosperity of the country ruled by Pari.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}}

==Architecture==
The Amman temple has a five-storey main [[Gopuram]] at the South corner and an outer [[mandapam]] covering the inner sanctum made of black [[marble]]. There are intricate carvings on the pillars of the temple including a ball shaped of single stone inside the lion's mouth. The lion is considered the main [[vahana]] (vehicle) of the Goddess. The goddess facing north wears a crown of fire and is seen stamping a demon under her feet. [[Rudra]] is believed to be on the head of the Goddess. The temple also has shrines dedicated to Siddhi Vinayagar, Sri Pon Kaliamman and Kannimar. There is a colossal statue of Sri Maha Muniappan, who is regarded as the savior against fear and evil apart from granting boons for bearing children. The divine ropes offered to Sri Maha Muniappan and Sri Kondathu Kali are considered to provide protection against evil and ill health. Apart from this, there are deities of Kaval Deivam (Guardian Deities), [[Brahma]] and other Gods/Goddess. Inside the temple, one can see the statues of Brammahi, Maheshwari, Gowmari, Vaishnavi, Mahendri and Chamundi. There is an urchavar statue normally referred to as 'Chinna Amman' which is the miniature of the main Goddess.<ref name=Dinamalar/><ref name=Pachaimalai/>

==Schedule and Puja==
The temple is open from 6 am to 1 pm and from 4 pm to 8 pm. Abisegam and [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]] is performed thrice daily on a normal day at 5.00 am, 11.00 am and at 5.00 pm. Archanai is performed all the time and Prasadham can be got from a stall dedicated to it.<ref name=Dinamalar/>

==Special practices==
To decide on things, people around the area ask the decision of the Goddess through a special practice known as "Vaaku Kettal" (வாக்கு கேட்டல்). They keep flowers on both the sides of the Goddess Kaliamman and the decision depends upon the flower which falls from the statue. The Goddess is specially dressed in sandal paste or [[turmeric]] paste during festivities.<ref name=Dinamalar/>

==Fairs and festivals==
The famous 'Fire Walking Ceremony' (Kundam) is held during January every year. The kundam is 40 feet in length and lakhs visit the temple during this ceremony. The annual [[car festival]] is celebrated during that with grandeur. This temple attracts a large gathering from the surrounding places all the time.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/devotees-attend-kundam-festival/article1091884.ece | title=Devotees attend Kundam festival| work= The Hindu| date=14 January 2011| access-date=2013-09-27}}</ref> The annual festival lasts for about a month. It starts with 'poochatuthal' which marks the beginning of the festival period. About two weeks after that comes a Monday when Amman is decorated in a sandal armour (santhana kaapu). A day after that Pongal is kept to honour the Goddess and ladies carry a sweet called 'pachai maavu' to be presented to the Goddess. The famous Kundam takes place the next day (Thursday) followed by the car festival the following day (Friday). On the next day, the Goddess starts on a week-long visit to the surrounding areas in a muthu palakku or pushpa palakku (caravan of flowers). The people of the surrounding areas receive the Goddess with prayer and offerings. Then finally she returns to the temple and the festival is complete. During the festival, a lot of people visit the temple to offer their prayers. A lot of temporary shops and others come up during this period synonymous with fairs in India.<ref name=Dinamalar/>

The other festivals celebrated include [[Navaratri]] when the Amman poses in nine forms, Chithirai Kani (Tamil New Year), Ambu Sevai (demonstration of Goddess killing a demon), [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]], Adi Perukku, Pongal and other Hindu festivals.<ref name=Pachaimalai/> Kudu Muzhukku or [[Kumbhabhishekam]] is performed once in 12 years. A midday free meal is provided to the poor in accordance with the chief minister's free anna dhaanam project. The goddess is taken for a procession on a golden [[chariot]], around the temple premises every evening.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tnhrce.org/thiruppani.html |title=TamilNadu Hindu Religious & Charitable Endowments Department - Thiruppani (tnhrce.org) |website=www.tnhrce.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110194215/http://www.tnhrce.org/thiruppani.html |archive-date=2013-11-10}} </ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/thousands-witness-inaugural-run-of-temples-golden-chariot/article1449656.ece | title=Thousands witness inaugural run of temple's golden chariot| work= The Hindu| date=13 February 2011| access-date=2013-09-27}}</ref> There are two large temple cars which are taken for procession during the annual festivities. The [[temple car]]s are usually used for the procession during the festival times. A Golden [[armor]] or 'Kavacha' is also being made for the Goddess.

Because of cultural and religious importance, people prefer Pariyur for marriages. There is a marriage hall which was constructed newly at a cost of over 60 lakhs.

==Filmography==
The temple is famous for the films that were shot here. Many Tamil and Malayalam films have been shot in and around the temple.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Erode district]]
[[Category:Places in Gobichettipalayam]]

Brāhmaṇas of Vethadipaka

2025-11-11T07:58:02Z

Maryparker:

{{Short description|Tribe in Iron-Age India}}
{{one source|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox country
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name = Vethadipaka-Dronagramakas
|common_name = Brāhmaṇas
|era = [[Iron Age]]
|year_start = {{c.|7th century BCE}}
|year_end = {{c.|5th-4th century BCE}}
|event_end = Conquered by Magadha
|p1 =
|s1 = Magadha
|image_map = Mahajanapadas_(c._500_BCE).png
|image_map_alt =
|image_map_caption = The [[Mahajanapadas]] in the post-Vedic period. Brāhmaṇa was located close to the north of Magadha.
|leader1 =
|capital = [[Veṭhadīpa]]-[[Doṇagāma]]
|common_languages = [[Prakrit]] [[Sanskrit]]
|religion = [[Buddhism]] [[Historical Vedic religion]] [[Jainism]]
|currency =
|title_leader =
|today = India
}}
The '''Vethadipaka-Dronagramakas''' were an ancient [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] [[tribe]] of north-eastern [[South Asia]] whose existence is attested during the [[Iron Age in India|Iron Age]]. They were [[Brahmins]] and notable as they received shares in the [[The Buddha|Buddha's]] relics after his death.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=248-249}}

==Location==
The territory of the Brāhmaṇas was located near [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], and their neighbours were the [[Buli (tribe)|Buli]] tribe of [[Allakappa]].{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=225-227}}

The capital city of the Brāhmaṇas was named in Pali alternatively Veṭhadīpa (Viṣṇudvīpa in Sanskrit) or Doṇagāma (Droṇagrāma in Sanskrit).{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=248-249}}

==History==
After the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]'s death, the Brāhmaṇas of Veṭhadīpa-Doṇagāma were given a share of his relics.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=248-249}}

==Political and social organisation==
Little is known about the Brāhmaṇas of Veṭhadīpa-Doṇagāma other than that they belonged to the {{Transliteration|sa|Dhūmra}} [[gotra|{{Transliteration|sa|gotra}}]].{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=248-249}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Sharma |first=J. P. |author-link= |date=1968 |title=Republics in Ancient India, C. 1500 B.C.-500 B.C. |url= |location=[[Leiden]], Netherlands |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|E. J. Brill]] |page= |isbn=978-9-004-02015-3 }}
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brahmana (tribe)}}
[[Category:Ancient peoples of India]]

{{India-hist-stub}}

Kohima Botanical Garden

2025-11-10T08:57:17Z

Maryparker: new new post

{{Short description|Indian landmark}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox park
| name = Kohima Botanical Garden
| photo =
| photo_caption =
| type = [[Urban park]]
| location = Aradurah Hill, [[New Ministers' Hill Ward]], [[Kohima]], [[Nagaland]], India
| coords = {{coord|25.649353|94.099215|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| area =
| created =
| operator =
| visitation_num =
| status = Open all year
}}

'''Kohima Botanical Garden''' is a [[botanical garden]] in [[Kohima]], [[Nagaland]], India. It is located in the [[New Ministers' Hill Ward]] of Kohima. The garden is looked after by the [[Nagaland Forest Department]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://forest.nagaland.gov.in/forestry-research/|title=Forestry Research - Nagaland Forest Department|website=forest.nagaland.gov.in|access-date=15 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tripuntold.com/nagaland/kohima/kohima-botanical-garden/|title=Kohima Botanical Garden|website=Trip Untold|access-date=15 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tourtravelworld.com/india/kohima/kohima-botanical-garden.htm|title=Kohima Botanical Garden|website=Tour Travel World|access-date=15 April 2022}}</ref>

In November 2024 the garden unveiled its digital tree guide for most of the trees housed. The QR code on the trees provide for interactive learning.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-11-08 |title=Nagaland Unveils Its First Digital Botanical Garden In Kohima |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/nagaland-news/nagaland-unveils-its-first-digital-botanical-garden-in-kohima |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=The Sentinel |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.instagram.com/botanicalgardenkohima/ Instagram]
{{commons|Category: Kohima Botanical Garden|Kohima Botanical Garden}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kohima]]
[[Category:Botanical gardens in India]]
[[Category:Geography of Nagaland]]
{{Nagaland-geo-stub}}
{{Garden-stub}}

Nepora

2025-09-27T12:32:38Z

Maryparker: Started post.

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nepora
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = 
| settlement_type = [[List of villages in India|Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|33.7458|75.0887|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{Flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kashmir Division|Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Anantnag district|Anantnag]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| unit_pref = Metric

| area_footnotes = {{citation needed|date=November 2016}}
| area_total_ha = 111
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web |title=Shalwan Pora Population - Anantnag, Jammu and Kashmir |website=Census 2011 |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/3711-shalwan-pora-jammu-and-kashmir.html |accessdate=7 November 2016}}</ref>
| population_total = 3,163
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Spoken
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 192101
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| iso_code =
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}
'''Nepora''' or '''Nipor''' is a village in [[Anantnag]] tehsil of [[Anantnag district]] in the [[Kashmir Valley]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nipor Population - Anantnag, Jammu and Kashmir |work=Census 2011 |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/3720-nipor-jammu-and-kashmir.html |accessdate=7 November 2016}}</ref> This village lies on the border of [[Anantnag district]], alongside [[Kulgam district]] and acts as a bordering village between two districts. The nearest railway station is Sadura railway station. A tributary of river Jhelum 'Sandran' flows through the village.

==Demographics==
The Nepora village consist of 3,163 and the residents mostly speak the [[Kashmiri language]]. While [[Urdu]] is also spoken as second language.

==Transport==

===By Rail===
[[Sadura Railway Station]] & [[Anantnag Railway Station]] are the closest railway stations to Nepora. However, [[Jammu]] Tawi Railway Station is another major railway station 243 km away from Nepora.

===By Road===
[[National Highway 44 (India)|Srinagar-Kanyakumari road -NH 44]] is the nearest Highway. The village will come on the right side of this road when you are going to Srinagar.

===By Air===
The nearest airport is [[Sheikh ul-Alam International Airport|Srinagar International Airport or Sheikh-ul-Alam Airport (IATA: SXR, ICAO: VISR)]], which is approximately some 60 km away.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Villages in Anantnag district}}

[[Category:Villages in Anantnag district]]

{{JammuKashmir-geo-stub}}

Devendra Pratap Pandey

2025-09-04T16:33:15Z

Maryparker: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Indian army general (born 1964)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| name = Devendra Pratap Pandey
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=IND|PVSM|UYSM|AVSM|VSM|size=90%}}
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Lt Gen DP Pandey.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[Commandant]], [[Army War College, Mhow|Army War College Mhow]]
| term_start = 10 May 2022
| term_end = 22 August 2023
| predecessor = VS Srinivasan
| successor = Lt Gen Harjit Singh sahi
| office1 = General Officer Commanding [[XV Corps (India)|XV Corps]]
| term_start1 = 18 March 2021
| term_end1 = 9 May 2022
| predecessor1 = [[B. S. Raju]]
| successor1 = [[Amardeep Singh Aujla]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|06|17|df=y}}
| death_date =
| birth_place = [[Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_place =
| placeofburial =
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| serviceyears = 14 December 1985 – 30 June 2024
| rank = [[File:Lieutenant General of the Indian Army.svg|22px]]
Lieutenant General
| military_blank1 = Service number
| military_data1 = IC-43285L <ref>{{cite web | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1999669 | title=75th Republic Day: President approves Gallantry awards to 80 Armed Forces personnel, including 12 posthumous }}</ref>
| unit = [[File:Sikh Light Infantry Insignia (India).svg|12px]] [[Sikh Light Infantry|9 Sikh Light Infantry]]
| commands = {{plainlist|
* [[XV Corps (India)|XV Corps]]
* [[File:Rashtriya Rifles Logo.svg|20px]] [[Rashtriya Rifles|Kilo Force]]
* [[File:Sikh Light Infantry Insignia (India).svg|11px]] [[Sikh Light Infantry|9 SikhLI]]
}}
| battles =
| battles_label =
| military_blank2 = Awards
| military_data2 = {{plainlist|
* [[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
* [[File:Uttam Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]]
* [[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
* [[File:Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
}}
| spouse =
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
| website =
| other_name =
| memorials =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| module =
}}

[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] '''Devendra Pratap Pandey''' (born 17 June 1964) [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal|UYSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]] is a retired [[general officer]] of the [[Indian Army]]. He was the Commandant of the [[Army War College, Mhow]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lt Gen Devendra Pratap Pandey appointed as Army War College commandant |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/lt-gen-devendra-pratap-pandey-appointed-as-army-war-college-commandant20220409124955/ |access-date=25 June 2024 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> He previously served as the [[General officer commanding|General Officer Commanding]] of the Srinagar based [[XV Corps (India)|Chinar Corps]](XV) succeeding [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[B. S. Raju]] after the latter completed his term as the Corps Commander.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 March 2021 |title=Lt Gen DP Pandey takes command of Chinar Corps |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/lt-gen-dp-pandey-takes-command-of-chinar-corps-101615983311147.html}}</ref> Prior to his appointment as the Chinar Corps Commander, the general served as the first Director General of [[Territorial Army (India)|Territorial Army]] of the [[Indian Army]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/defence/territorial-army-set-for-overhaul-as-voluntary-force-gets-its-first-director-general/374017/|title=Territorial Army set for overhaul as voluntary force gets its first director general|website=[[ThePrint]] |date=2 March 2020}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Devendra Pratap Pandey hails from [[Gorakhpur]] and is an alumnus of St Mary's Carmel, Kendriya Vidyalaya Airforce Station, Gorakhpur, Kendriya Vidyalaya, [[Indian Institute of Technology|IIT New Delhi]] and [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy, Khadakwasla]], [[Pune]] and [[Indian Military Academy]], [[Dehradun]]. He also holds a master's degree in defence studies from [[University of Madras]], [[Chennai]] and an [[Master of Philosophy|M.Phil.]] in defence and management studies from [[Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya]], [[Indore]]. He has also attended the [[Defence Services Staff College]], [[Wellington Cantonment|Wellington]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite magazine |last=Negi |first=Manjit |date=23 February 2021 |title=Lieutenant General Devendra Pratap Pandey to head Srinagar-based Chinar Corps|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/lieutenant-general-devendra-pratap-pandey-to-head-srinagar-based-chinar-corps-1771990-2021-02-23 |magazine=India Today |access-date=24 February 2021}}</ref> and the [[National Defense University (Washington, D.C.)|National Defense University]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]

== Military career ==
He was commissioned into 9th battalion The Sikh Light Infantry on 14 December 1985. He has served in [[Counterinsurgency operations|Counter-insurgency operations]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. Qualified in high altitude warfare courses, he has commanded the 9th battalion The Sikh Light Infantry in north [[Siachen Glacier|Siachen]] glacier and chushul sector of Eastern [[Ladakh]]. He also commanded a [[Rashtriya Rifles|RR]] Sector. He also served as a [[military observer]] in [[Cambodia]].<ref name=":1" />

Gen Pandey has held numerous staff assignments which include a tenure as [[Brigade major]] of an infantry brigade in high-altitude area during operation Vijay (Kargil) and as a director in [[Infantry]] Directorate and also Director, Foreign Division in Military Intelligence Directorate, IHQ of MoD (Army), BGS (Ops) at HQ Western Command, Chandimandir and BGS at Chetak Corps.<ref name=":1" />

In addition, he served as an assistant adjutant and instructor at the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]], [[Pune]]. General officer has an extensive service experience along western borders, deserts of [[Rajasthan]] and [[Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lt Gen BS Raju appointed DGMO, Territorial Army chief to be new Chinar Corps Commander|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/lt-gen-bs-raju-to-be-new-director-general-of-military-operations-of-army|access-date=24 February 2021|website=Free Press Journal|language=en}}</ref>

=== General officer ===
Promoted to the rank of [[major general (India)|Major general]], he was appointed [[General officer commanding]] [[Rashtriya Rifles|Counter Insurgency Force-K]] (Kilo Force) in the Kashmir Valley. He then served as the Additional Director General of Public Information (ADGPI) at Army Headquarters. In the rank of [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]], he was the first Director General of Territorial Army (DGTA).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Philip |first1=Snehesh Alex |title=Territorial Army set for overhaul as voluntary force gets its first director general |url=https://theprint.in/defence/territorial-army-set-for-overhaul-as-voluntary-force-gets-its-first-director-general/374017/ |website=ThePrint |access-date=17 March 2023 |date=2 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/who-lt-general-dp-pandey-new-commander-srinagars-chinar-corps-833525 | title=Who is Lt General DP Pandey; the new commander of Srinagar's Chinar Corps | website=[[International Business Times]] | date=23 February 2021 }}</ref>

===XV Corps Commander===
On 17 March 2021, Gen Pandey was appointed the [[General officer commanding|General Officer Commanding]] [[XV Corps (India)|XV Corps]] in [[Srinagar]]. XV Corps, also known as Chinar Corps, is responsible for military operations in the Kashmir valley.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-lt-gen-dp-pandey-takes-command-of-15-corps/377478|title=Lt Gen DP Pandey Takes Command Of 15 Corps|date=19 January 2022|website=outlookindia.com}}</ref>

=== Later career ===
He was appointed as the [[Commandant]] of the [[Army War College, Mhow]] in April 2022 and took over on 9 May 2022. He retired on 30 June 2024 after almost 39 years of service in the Indian army.<ref name=":0" />

[[File:ESFA1-KWsAIQE3P.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Lt Gen D P Pandey taking over as GOC XV Corps.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lt Gen Pandey takes over as new commander of 15-Corps |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/lt-gen-pandey-takes-over-as-new-commander-of-15-corps-963065.html |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=17 March 2023 |language=en |date=17 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=गोरखपुर के इस बेटे को कश्मीर में सेना की कमान, गांवालों को है अपने लाल पर गर्व|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-gorakhpur-son-lt-gen-dp-pandey-to-be-the-new-head-of-kashmir-15th-core-kaman-3866730.html|access-date=24 February 2021|website=Hindustan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Lt Gen B S Raju to be new Director General of Military Operations of Indian Army - The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/lt-gen-b-s-raju-to-be-new-director-general-of-military-operations-of-indian-army/articleshow/81150460.cms|access-date=24 February 2021|website=The Economic Times|date=22 February 2021 }}</ref>]]

== Nation-first approach ==

=== Hybrid terrorist ===
With the challenge for security forces in the Kashmir valley in the form of hybrid terrorism, Lt Gen Pandey cautioned the Kashmiri society to be more vigilant of these ‘part-time’ terrorists.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/defence/killing-gunmen-easy-kashmirs-white-collar-terrorists-a-threat-says-armys-chinar-corps-chief/842137/|title=Killing gunmen easy, Kashmir's 'white collar terrorists' a threat, says Army's Chinar Corps chief|website=[[ThePrint]] |date=22 February 2022}}</ref> They influence & corrupt the youths’ ideology. He reiterated to continue efforts to recognise such people in the valley. Young people thought process should be towards peace and development.

== Citizens and soldier connect ==

=== Tiranga Revolution ===
UT Administration through the Security Review Meeting forums and engaging secretary level functionaries along with grass-root public participation ushered in ‘Tiranga Revolution’.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/india-at-75-100-feet-tall-national-flag-hoisted-at-hari-parbat-fort-in-srinagar/hari-parbat/slideshow/85364234.cms|title=India at 75: 100-feet tall national flag hoisted at Hari Parbat Fort in Srinagar - Hari Parbat|website=The Economic Times}}</ref> The Tricolor was dedicated to the people of J&K by Shri Manoj Sinha, Hon’ble Lt Governor of J&K in the presence of GOC 15 Corps. Apart from this, Tricolor was hoisted at Kupwara, Awantipur, Shopian, Gulmarg and various Government offices and school giving a sense of ‘One Nation One Flag’.

=== Festivals ===
Lt Gen D P Pandey endeavoured to reinforce the pride among the people of Kashmir in their own cultural festivals by organising functions for Wular festival,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thekashmirimages.com/2021/09/09/indian-army-organizes-wular-festival-at-laharwalpura-ghat/|title=Indian Army organizes 'Wular Festival' at Laharwalpura Ghat|date=9 September 2021 }}</ref> Bangus mela,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thegnskashmir.com/bangus-awaami-mela-celebrated-with-fervour-in-lokut-bangus-valley/|title='Bangus Awaami Mela Celebrated With Fervour in Lokut Bangus Valley'|date=11 August 2021}}</ref> Doodpathri festival, Keran mela<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/keran-mela-organized-by-army-locals-concludes-in-j-ks-kupwara20211007031054/|title=Keran Mela organized by Army, locals concludes in J-K's Kupwara}}</ref> and many others.

== Medical assistance ==

=== Artificial limbs ===
In co-operation with Jaipur-based NGO, Bhagwan Mahavir Viklang Sahayata Samiti (BMVSS),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=45280|title=BMVSS: Changing Lives, One Jaipur Limb at a Time - Case - Faculty & Research - Harvard Business School|website=www.hbs.edu}}</ref> Artificial Limb fitment and assistance camps<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/kashmir-todays-paper/artificial-limb-fitment-camp-at-bb-cantt|title=Artificial limb fitment camp at BB Cantt|website=Greater Kashmir|date=16 November 2021 }}</ref> were organised for especially abled persons in 15 Corps Zone from 6 to 19 Oct 21. The joint venture between the Indian Army and Jaipur Foot Foundation was themed ‘Saksham Hum, Saksham Kashmir, Saksham Bharat’.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/indian-army-conducts-artificial-limb-fitment-camp-in-srinagar20211117051545/|title=Indian Army conducts artificial limb fitment camp in Srinagar}}</ref>
Lt Gen DP Pandey complimented the NGO, Bhagwan Mahavir Viklang Sahayata Samiti for its noble efforts. He emphasised that the artificial limbs would further invigorate the specially abled citizens to lead an enabled and empowered life. The camp has enabled and empowered specially abled Kashmiri citizens including children.

=== Covid hospital ===
To combat the surge of COVID-19 cases in Apr 2021 in Kashmir and to prepare of the anticipated third wave of COVID-19, a 50-bed COVID-19 facility was established and dedicated to the citizens of Kashmir. It will augment the infrastructure against the pandemic.

=== Oxygen plant ===
A non-operational oxygen plant (Enn Dee Gases)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/army-revives-defunct-oxygen-plant-in-srinagar/articleshow/82809077.cms|title=Army revives defunct oxygen plant in Srinagar|first=Hakeem Irfan|last=Rashid|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> with a capacity of filling 700 cylinders of oxygen per day, located at Rangreth was resuscitated by Chinar Corps. On the UT Administration's request, Chinar Corps co-opted IAF to transport the required spare parts from Mumbai. A team of technicians from 15 Corps Zone Workshop, Rangreth along with civil technicians made the plant serviceable within four days.
Oxygen plant of Enn Dee was lying out of action for last five years. It has the capacity of filling 700 cylinders of oxygen per day. It was vital to make this plant serviceable to increase the oxygen production capacity in the valley.

== Guiding the youth ==

=== Parivar School ===
Lt Gen D P Pandey appreciated the noble step taken by the Indrani Balan Foundation<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/tag/indrani-balan-foundation|title=Indrani Balan Foundation|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] }}</ref> for the people of Baramulla, which led to building of new infrastructure for the Parivaar School<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/mou-signed-for-financial-sustainability-of-army-goodwill-schools-in-kashmir/articleshow/89121994.cms|title=MoU signed for 'financial sustainability' of Army Goodwill Schools in Kashmir - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=25 January 2022 }}</ref> to facilitate a conducive learning environment for the specially abled children. More than 150 families of Baramulla district will be benefitted by this school.
The curriculum of the school has been created keeping in mind the type and degree of disability of the students. The building has been designed taking into account the needs of the students including specially abled friendly washrooms. More than 150 families of Baramulla district will be benefited by this school.

=== National Cadet Corps ===
Lt Gen D P Pandey facilitated the introduction of NCC camps<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://brighterkashmir.com//news/-gurez-absolutely-peaceful-tourists-enjoying-beauty-of-this-place-goc|title=Gurez absolutely peaceful, tourists enjoying beauty of this place: GoC|website=Brighter Kashmir}}</ref> in the remote bowls of Machhal, Keran & Gurez sectors. In addition, NCC camp were organised for the first time in Tangdhar and there are plans in pipeline to revive and expand NCC's foot prints across the valley.

=== Kashmir Premiere League (KPL) 2021 ===
Under the flagship of Chinar Corps, Kashmir Premiere League 2021<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/photos/in-pictures-budgam-wins-kashmir-premier-league-2021|title=In pictures: Budgam wins Kashmir Premier League-2021|website=Greater Kashmir|date=29 August 2021 }}</ref> was organised that engaged the youth, provided them a pedestal to showcase their talent and promote sports in the Valley. This wide reaching, multi-phased cricket tournament engaged 10 districts of Kashmir and elicited participation by nearly 3000 youth from 200 different teams. The tournament shed tremendous insight into the outstanding cricketing skills, excellent sportsmanship and talent among the Kashmiri youth and highlighted the synergy between Civil Administration, JKCA and the Army. Mr Yusuf Pathan, ex India cricketer gave away the prizes.

== Education and sports ==

=== Wushu martial arts championship ===
An open championship in Wushu Martial Arts<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theasa.in/single.php?id=35|title=Chinar Wushu Martial Arts Competition 2021|website=www.theasa.in}}</ref> was conducted on 14 & 15 Sep 21 at Manasbal lake. The event witnessed 279 x boys and girls participating in the events.
The championship was aimed at providing exposure to the budding young champions. The participants had exposure in learning & sharpening their skills. The participants, their parents and local populace were very happy to see such a big level tournament in which boys and girls participated together to promote the spirit of sports.

=== Dhruva Bike Rally ===
To commemorate the 22nd year of victory in Kargil war, HQ Northern Command conducted a two-day Dhruva Kargil Rally to commemorate Kargil Vijay Diwas. [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Yogesh Kumar Joshi]], then [[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Northern Command|GOC-in-C, Northern Command]] led the rally.

=== Clean Dal & Jhelum Campaigns ===
‘Save Dal’ and ‘Clean Jhelum’ Campaigns<ref>{{Cite web |title=J&K WITNESSING GOLDEN PERIOD: LG |url=https://www.journeyline.in/newsdet.aspx?q=235684 |website=Journeyline.in}}</ref> were organised to promote eco-conservation. A number of events like ‘Shikara race’, a bike rally for ‘ Clean Dal’, and speed-boat rally carrying the National Flags were held. The campaign garnered massive local participation and respect for the Army.

== Awards and decorations ==
He has been awarded the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] (2024), [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]] (2022), [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] (2020), [[Vishisht Seva Medal|Vishist Seva Medal]] (2011), and the COAS and GOC - in - C commendation card for his service.

{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="4" |[[File:Param_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|105px]] [[File:Uttam_Yudh_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|-
|[[File:Ati_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_Special_Service_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_Operation_Vijay_star.svg|105x105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND_Siachen_Glacier_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_Operation_Vijay_medal.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_Operation_Parakram_medal.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_Sainya_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND_High_Altitude_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_Videsh_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:75yearmedal.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND 30 Years Long Service Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:UN UNTAC Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="2" |[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
| colspan="2" |[[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]]
|-
|[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Special Service Medal (India)|Special Service Medal]]
|[[Operation Vijay Star]]
|-
|[[Siachen Glacier Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Operation Vijay Medal]]
|[[Operation Parakram Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Sainya Seva Medal]]
|-
|
[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|High Altitude Medal]]
|
[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Videsh Seva Medal]]
|
[[75th Independence Anniversary Medal (India)|75th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|50th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]
|-
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[UNTAC]]
|}

== Dates of rank ==
{| class="wikitable" style="background:white"
!Insignia
!Rank
!Component
!Date of rank
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Second_Lieutenant_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|89x89px]]
|[[Second Lieutenant]]
|[[Indian Army]]
|14 December 1985
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|89x89px]]
|[[Lieutenant]]
|Indian Army
|14 December 1987
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Captain_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|89x89px]]
|[[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]
|Indian Army
|14 December 1990
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Major_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|89x89px]]
|[[Major (rank)|Major]]
|Indian Army
|14 December 1996
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|89x89px]]
|[[Lieutenant-Colonel]]
|Indian Army
|
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|89x89px]]
|[[Colonel]]
|Indian Army
|
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Brigadier_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|89x89px]]
|[[Brigadier]]
|Indian Army
|
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Major_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|89x89px]]
|[[Major general#India|Major General]]
|Indian Army
|
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|89x89px]]
|[[Lieutenant-General]]
|Indian Army
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[B. S. Raju]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[General Officer Commanding]] [[XV Corps (India)|XV Corps]]|years=2021-2022}}
{{s-aft|after= [[Amardeep Singh Aujla]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandey, Devendra Pratap}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:National Defence Academy (India) alumni]]
[[Category:Indian generals]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Commandants of Army War College, Mhow]]
[[Category:Defence Services Staff College alumni]]
[[Category:National Defense University alumni]]

Salumber Lok Sabha constituency

2025-09-02T15:45:56Z

Maryparker: added basic entry added tags - done

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Indian parliament in Rajasthan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Salumber
| type = LS
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = Rajasthan
| union_territory =
| established = 1952
| abolished = 2008
| assembly_cons =
| reservation = ST
}}
'''Salumbar''' was a [[Lok Sabha]] constituency of [[Rajasthan]].<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

==Members of Parliament==

*1952-76:''Constituency does not exist''
*1977: [[Laljibhai Meena]], [[Janata Party]]
*1980: [[Jai Narain Roat]], [[Indian National Congress]]
*1984: [[Alkha Ram]], [[Indian National Congress]]
*1989: [[Nand Lal Meena (born 1946)|Nand Lal Meena]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*1991: [[Bheru Lal Meena]], [[Indian National Congress]]
*1996: [[Bheru Lal Meena]], [[Indian National Congress]]
*1998: [[Bheru Lal Meena]], [[Indian National Congress]]
*1999: [[Bheru Lal Meena]],<ref name=election1999>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4125-general-election-1999-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election, 1999 (Vol I, II, III) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref> [[Indian National Congress]]
*2004: [[Mahaveer Bhagora]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*2008 onwards:''Constituency does not exist''

==Election results==
===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: Salumber<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Mahaveer Bhagora]]
|votes = 281,659
|percentage = 44.72
|change = +2.30
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Bherulal Meena]]
|votes = 256,885
|percentage = 40.79
|change = -10.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = [[Meghraj Tawar]]
|votes = 32,233
|percentage = 5.12
|change = +1.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Kika Bhai Meena
|votes = 25,351
|percentage = 4.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Puran Mal
|votes = 22,029
|percentage = 3.50
|change = +3.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Hari Om Meena
|votes = 11,677
|percentage = 1.85
|change = +0.81
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 24,774
|percentage = 3.93
|change = +12.24
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 629,834
|percentage = 49.26
|change = -2.39
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +2.30
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Salumbar]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|24.1|74.0|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Salumber (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1977]]
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]

Jhunj Marathmoli

2025-08-06T11:00:38Z

Maryparker:

{{Short description|Indian reality and stunt television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox television season
| season_name =
| season_number =
| bgcolour = #9C2542
| image = Zhunj Marathmoli.jpeg
| image_alt =
| caption =
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Shreyas Talpade]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shreyas excited about his comeback on Marathi television |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/shreyas-talpade-zhunj-marathmoli-abhalmaya-avantika-bedhund-manachya-lahari/articleshow/34049395.cms |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
| num_contestants = 16
| winner = Vikram Gaikwad
| runner_up = Pushkar Jog
}}
| native_name = Ladha Swabhimanacha, Majhya Marathi Asmitecha
| starring = [[#Contestants|See Below]]
| num_episodes = 25
| network = [[ETV Marathi]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2014|5|26}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2014|8|17}}
| prev_season =
}}

'''Jhunj Marathmoli''' ({{translation|Battle of Marathi culture}}) is an Indian reality and stunt television series which aired on [[Colors Marathi|ETV Marathi]]. It was anchored by [[Shreyas Talpade]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zhunj Marathmoli participants to add Marathi tadka onscreen - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/photofeatures/zhunj-marathmoli-participants-to-add-marathi-tadka-onscreen/photostory/35678005.cms |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The celebrity contestants travel to 12 different cities across Maharashtra and participate in challenging tasks that put to test courage, willpower and determination.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zhunj Marathmoli will connect with the youth of Maharashtra: Shreyas Talpade |url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/interviews/zhunj-marathmoli-will-connect-the-youth-of-maharashtra-shreyas-talpade-288 |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=Tellychakkar}}</ref> It premiered from 26 May 2014 and ended on 17 August 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ETV Marathi ups the ante with ‘Zhunj Marathmoli’ |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/regional/etv-marathi-ups-the-ante-with-zhunj-marathmoli%3famp |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=Indian Television}}</ref>

== Status ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2"| Contestant
! Occupation
! Status
! Place
! Exit episode
|-
! style="background:cyan;" |
| Vikram Gaikwad
| Actor
|style="background:#7CFC00;" | Winner
| 1st
| rowspan="5" |Episode 25
|-
! style="background:cyan;" |
| Pushkar Jog
| Actor
|style="background:#D1E8EF;" | 1st Runner-up
| 2nd
|-
| style="background:cyan;" |
| Manisha Kelkar
| Actress
|style="background:#7FFFD4;" | 2nd Runner-up
| 3rd
|-
! style="background:cyan;" |
| Pandharinath Kamble
| Comedian
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="yellow" | Finalist
| 4th
|-
| style="background:pink;" |
| Parag Kanhere
| Chef
| 5th
|-
! style="background:pink;" |
| Aarti Solanki
| Comedian
| rowspan="11" bgcolor="salmon" | Eliminated
| 6th
| Episode 24
|-
! style="background:pink;" |
| [[Ruchi Savarn]]
| Actress
| 7th
| Episode 22
|-
! style="background:pink;" |
| [[Neha Shitole]]
| Actress
| 8th
| Episode 20
|-
! style="background:pink;" |
| Deepti Devi
| Actress
| 9th
| Episode 19
|-
! style="background:cyan;" |
| [[Tyagraj Khadilkar]]
| Singer
| 10th
| Episode 18
|-
! style="background:cyan;" |
| Vidya Sagar
| Choreographer
| 11th
| Episode 15
|-
! style="background:cyan;" |
| [[Swapnil Rajshekhar]]
| Actor
| 12th
| Episode 12
|-
! style="background:pink;" |
| Hemlata Bane
| Actress
| 13th
| Episode 10
|-
! style="background:cyan;" |
| Abhijit Thakur
| rowspan="2" | Choreographer
| 14th
| Episode 8
|-
! style="background:pink;" |
| Megha Sampat
| 15th
| Episode 6
|-
! style="background:pink;" |
| [[Megha Dhade]]
| Actress
| 16th
| Episode 4
|}

== Contestants ==
=== Main entrants ===
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is Zhunj Marathmoli the Marathi Fear Factor? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/zhunj-marathmoli-shreyas-talpade-fear-factor-abhalmaya-avantika-bedhund-manachya-lahari/articleshow/33560014.cms |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Pandharinath Kamble - Comedian. Known for participating in ''[[Comedy Express]]'' and ''[[Fu Bai Fu (TV series)|Fu Bai Fu]]''.
* Aarti Solanki - Comedian. Known for participating in ''[[Fu Bai Fu (TV series)|Fu Bai Fu]]''.
* Megha Sampat - Choreographer.
* [[Swapnil Rajshekhar]] - Actor. Known for playing negative roles in television shows and films.
* Parag Kanhere - Chef.
* [[Megha Dhade]] - Film actress. Known for playing the character in films such as ''Maan Sanmaan'', ''Superstar''.
* Vikram Gaikwad - Actor and Makeup artist. Known for playing [[Mahadev Govind Ranade]] in ''[[Unch Majha Zoka]]''.
* Hemlata Bane - Actress. Known for appearance in ''Mala Retiwala Navra Pahije'' song.
* Satish Dede - Choreographer. Also known as Vidya Sagar. He is upcoming choreographer of the industry.
* Deepti Devi - Actress. Known for playing role in the ''[[Mala Sasu Havi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deepti Shrikant in Marathi 'Fear Factor'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/deepti-shrikant-in-marathi-khatron-ke-khiladi-fear-factor-zhunj-marathmoli-on-etv-marathi-shreyas-talpade-to-host-zhunj-marathmoli/articleshow/35423136.cms |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Ruchi Savarn]] - Actress. Known for playing lead roles in Hindi television shows.
* [[Tyagraj Khadilkar]] - Singer.
* [[Manisha Kelkar]] - Film actress.
* Abhijit Thakur - Choreographer.

=== Wild card entrants ===
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘झुंज मराठमोळी’मध्ये दोन नवीन लढवय्यांचा प्रवेश |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/wildcard-entry-of-two-new-stars-in-zhunj-marathmoli-reality-show-654223/ |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* [[Neha Shitole]] - Actress. Known for playing comedy and negative roles in film and television shows.
* [[Pushkar Jog]] - Actor and dancer. Known for playing lead roles in Marathi films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pushkar plays the wild card |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/zhunj-marathmoli-pushkar-jog-shreyas-talpade-abhalmaya-avantika-zabardast-huff-its-too-much/articleshow/37904486.cms |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.jiocinema.com/tv-shows/zhunj-marathmoli/3499547 ''Jhunj Marathmoli''] at [[JioCinema]]
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:Colors Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2014 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2014 Indian television series endings]]