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Aadhav Arjuna

2026-05-05T21:20:31Z

MarylinBrantley: done

{{Short description|Indian politician, political strategist and sports administrator}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Aadhav Arjuna
| image =
| caption = Aadhav Arjuna in 2026

| office = Member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Villivakkam (state assembly constituency)|Villivakkam]]
| term_start = 4 May 2026
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[A. Vetriazhagan]] ([[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]])

| office1 = General Secretary (Election Campaign Management), [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]]
| term_start1 = 31 January 2025
| term_end1 =
| president1 = [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]
| predecessor1 = ''Position established''
| 1blankname1 = General Secretary
| 1namedata1 = [[N. Anand]]

| office2 = Deputy General Secretary, [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]]
| term_start2 = 2023
| term_end2 = 15 December 2024
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =

| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1982|04|12}}
| birth_place = [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]] (2025–present)
| other_party = [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]] (2023–2024)
| spouse = Daisy Martin
| father = Rajendran (farmer)
| relatives = [[Leema Rose Martin]], mother-in-law [[Jose Charles Martin]], brother-in law
| alma_mater = Ramakrishna Mission School, Trichy [[Madras Christian College]] (BA and MA, Political Science)
| occupation = {{Hlist|Politician|political strategist|sports administrator|philanthropist}}
| known_for = TVK election strategy; President of [[Basketball Federation of India]]; son-in-law of [[Santiago Martin (businessman)|Santiago Martin]]
}}

'''Aadhav Arjuna''' (born 12 April 1982) is an Indian politician, political strategist, philanthropist and sports administrator from [[Tamil Nadu]]. He is the elected [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) representing the [[Villivakkam (state assembly constituency)|Villivakkam assembly constituency]] in [[Chennai]], having won the seat in the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name="News18">{{Cite web |date=4 May 2026 |title=Villivakkam election result LIVE: Aadhav Arjuna of TVK wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/villivakkam-tamil-nadu-assembly-2026-winner-live-updates-highlights-exaxt-en-liveblog-10072032.html |access-date=4 May 2026 |website=News18}}</ref> He serves as the General Secretary for Election Campaign Management of the [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]] (TVK), making him the highest-ranking party official after president [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] and General Secretary [[N. Anand]].<ref name="ThePrint">{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/politics/lottery-king-santiago-martins-son-in-law-aadhav-arjuna-joins-tvk-will-be-no-2-after-vijay/2471856/ |title=Lottery King Santiago Martin's son-in-law Aadhav Arjuna joins TVK. Will be no.2 after Vijay |website=The Print |date=31 January 2025}}</ref> He is also the President of the [[Basketball Federation of India]].<ref name="BFI">{{cite web |url=https://www.basketballfederationindia.org/office-bearers/mr-aadhavarjuna/ |title=Mr. Aadhav Arjuna |website=Basketball Federation of India |date=30 November 2023}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Arjuna was born on 12 April 1982 in [[Tiruchirappalli]], Tamil Nadu, into a farming family. His father, Rajendran, was a farmer, and his mother, Kalyani, passed away when he was young, following which he was raised by his uncle, grandmother, and later his relative, [[G. Thilakavathi|Thilagavathi]], who became the first female [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer from Tamil Nadu.<ref name="ThePrint"/>

He completed his schooling at YWCA and Ramakrishna Mission School in Tiruchirappalli, where he developed a passion for basketball. He later moved to Chennai and earned both a bachelor's and a master's degree in Political Science from [[Madras Christian College]], supported by a merit scholarship.<ref name="ThePrint"/>

==Career==

===Basketball and sports administration===
Arjuna began his career as a national-level basketball player representing Tamil Nadu. He transitioned into sports administration, serving as General Secretary of the Tamil Nadu Basketball Association in 2017 and later its President in 2021.<ref name="TNM-family">{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/the-lottery-kings-blueprint-on-the-campaign-trail-with-santiago-martins-family |title=The Lottery King's blueprint: On the campaign trail with Santiago Martin's family |website=The News Minute |date=April 2026}}</ref> In 2023, he was elected President of the [[Basketball Federation of India]] (BFI).<ref name="BFI"/> He also serves as General Secretary of the Tamil Nadu Olympic Association.

===Political consultancy===
In 2014, Arjuna began collaborating with the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) on election strategies. He is credited with introducing poll strategist [[Prashant Kishor]] and his organisation [[I-PAC]] to the DMK, a partnership that contributed significantly to the party's victory in the [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name="ThePrint"/> In 2019, he founded '''One Mind India''', a political data analysis and campaign development organisation, which later evolved into '''Voice of Commons''' (VOC), a political research and advocacy platform.<ref name="TNM-DH">{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/the-lottery-kings-dark-horse-gallops-to-power |title=The lottery king's dark horse gallops to power |website=The News Minute |date=4 May 2026}}</ref>

===Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi (VCK)===
In 2023, Arjuna formally joined the [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]] (VCK), where his consultancy VOC restructured the party's grassroots framework and introduced digital campaign methods. He was elevated to Deputy General Secretary of the VCK in recognition of his contributions.<ref name="TNM-DH"/>

On 9 December 2024, he was suspended from the VCK for six months after sharing a stage with TVK president Vijay at a book launch on [[B. R. Ambedkar]] and calling for an end to dynastic politics — remarks widely interpreted as criticism of the ruling [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]].<ref name="DTNext">{{cite web |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/aadhav-arjuna-suspended-from-vck-for-6-months-814430 |title=Aadhav Arjuna suspended from VCK for 6 months |website=DT Next |date=9 December 2024}}</ref> He resigned from the VCK on 15 December 2024.<ref name="ThePrint"/>

===Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam (TVK)===
On 31 January 2025, Arjuna officially joined the [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]] (TVK) at the party headquarters in Chennai, in the presence of party president Vijay. He was appointed General Secretary for Election Campaign Management, the highest post in the party after the president.<ref name="ThePrint"/> In this role, he oversaw TVK's campaign strategy, booth-agent training programmes, and coordinated with political consultant Jhon Arokiasamy of JPAC Persona for the 2026 elections.<ref name="ThePrint"/>

====Karur stampede and FIR====
Following the Karur stampede on 27 September 2025 — which occurred during a TVK public rally led by Vijay and resulted in 41 deaths — Arjuna posted on [[X (social media)|X]] urging Tamil Nadu's youth to "revolt" against authority, drawing comparisons to political upheavals in Nepal and Sri Lanka. Tamil Nadu Police registered an FIR against him under multiple sections of the [[Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita]].<ref name="ANI">{{cite web |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/tvk-leader-adhava-arjuna-in-dehradun-amid-case-over-controversial-x-post-after-karur-stampede20251004104530/ |title=TVK leader Adhava Arjuna in Dehradun amid case over controversial X post after Karur stampede |website=ANI News |date=4 October 2025}}</ref> The [[Madras High Court]] subsequently quashed the FIR, holding that the post constituted protected political dissent.<ref name="WebIndia">{{cite web |url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20251105/4380400.html |title=Madras HC halts filing of final report in FIR against TVK leader Aadhav Arjuna |website=Web India 123 |date=5 November 2025}}</ref>

===2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election===
In the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]], Arjuna contested from the [[Villivakkam (state assembly constituency)|Villivakkam assembly constituency]] in [[Chennai]], a constituency adjoining [[Perambur (state assembly constituency)|Perambur]], where TVK president Vijay also contested. He won the seat, polling 66,445 votes and defeating the nearest rival Karthik Mohan of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] by a margin of 17,302 votes.<ref name="ECI">{{cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S2214.htm |title=Villivakkam – Candidatewise Result |website=Election Commission of India |date=4 May 2026}}</ref><ref name="NDTV">{{Cite web |last=Shankar |first=Shrikant |date=4 May 2026 |title=TVK Wave In Tamil Nadu: Check Full List Of Winning MLAs From Vijay's Party |url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/india/tvk-wave-in-tamil-nadu-check-full-list-of-winning-mlas-from-vijays-party-11447467 |access-date=4 May 2026 |website=NDTV Profit}}</ref>

{{transcluded section|source=Villivakkam Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Villivakkam Assembly constituency|2026}}}}

==Personal life==
Arjuna is married to Daisy Martin, daughter of lottery businessman [[Santiago Martin (businessman)|Santiago Martin]], widely known as the "Lottery King" of Tamil Nadu.<ref name="ThePrint"/> His mother-in-law and wife of Santiago Martin, [[Leema Rose Martin]] and brother-in-law [[Jose Charles Martin]] are MLAs from [[Lalgudi Assembly constituency|Lalgudi]] in Tamil Nadu and [[Kamaraj Nagar Assembly constituency|Kamraj Nagar]] in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] respectively.<ref name="SouthFirst">{{cite web |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/tamilnadu/from-top-electoral-bond-donor-to-family-of-mlas-santiago-martins-wife-son-son-in-law-win-big/ |title=From top electoral bond donor to family of MLAs: Santiago Martin's wife, son, son-in-law win big |website=The South First |date=4 May 2026}}</ref> [[Martin Group (company)|Martin's company]], Future Gaming and Hotel Services Pvt. Ltd, purchased ₹1,368 crore worth of electoral bonds between 2018 and 2024, the highest in the country.<ref name="SouthFirst"/>

==Electoral history==
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 87%"
|-
! Assembly Election !! Constituency !! Party !! Result !! Votes !! Margin
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Villivakkam Assembly constituency|Villivakkam]] || [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|TVK]] || {{Won}} || 66,445 || 17,302
|}

==See also==
* [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]]
* [[Villivakkam (state assembly constituency)]]
* [[Martin Group (company)]]
* [[Basketball Federation of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arjuna, Aadhav}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2026–2031]]
[[Category:Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Indian basketball players]]

Mahindra BE 6

2026-04-24T07:06:49Z

MarylinBrantley:

{{Short description|2024 electric coupe SUV from Mahindra}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Mahindra BE 6
| image = Mahindra_BE6_pic_1.jpg
| manufacturer = [[Mahindra & Mahindra]]
| aka =
| production = 2024–present
| assembly = India
| designer =
| class = [[coupe SUV]]
| body_style = 5-door [[SUV]]
| layout = [[Rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout|Rear-motor, rear-wheel-drive]]
| platform = [[Mahindra Last Mile Mobility Limited|INGLO]]
| related = {{unbulleted list
| [[Mahindra XEV 9e]]
| [[Mahindra XEV 9S]]
}}
| engine =
| motor = 3-in-1 integrated powertrain
| powerout = {{unbulleted list
| {{convert|228|hp|kW PS|abbr=on}}, 380 Nm (59 kWh battery pack)
| {{convert|282|hp|kW PS|abbr=on}}, 380 Nm (79 kWh battery pack)
}}
| battery = {{unbulleted list
| 59 kWh
| 79 kWh (BYD-sourced)
}}
| transmission =
| electric_range = {{ubl
| {{convert|556|km|mi|abbr=on}} (ARAI, 59 kWh)
| {{convert|682|km|mi|abbr=on}} (ARAI, 79 kWh)
}}
| wheelbase = {{convert|2775|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|4371|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|1907|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1627|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|1907|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}
}}

The '''Mahindra BE 6''' is an [[Electric vehicle|electric]] [[coupe SUV]] produced by [[Mahindra & Mahindra]]. Based on the [[Mahindra Last Mile Mobility Limited|INGLO electric vehicle platform]], the vehicle was introduced in 2024 along with the XEV 9e, and is one of the first models in Mahindra’s new electric SUV lineup.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2024 |title=Mahindra BE 6e, XEV 9e exterior revealed ahead of November 26 unveil |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/auto/cars/story/mahindra-be-6e-xev-9e-exterior-revealed-ahead-of-november-26-unveil-2635937-2024-11-19 |access-date=26 May 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Mahindra initially unveiled the BE 6 as BE 6e, but on 6 December 2024 there was a [[trademark dispute]] between an airline company [[IndiGo]] and [[Mahindra and Mahindra|Mahindra]] for the trademark "6E" which is the airline's IATA code, used in the car name. Mahindra in the end, renamed the car name from BE 6e to BE 6.

Mahindra launched the BE 6 [[Batman]] Edition on 15 August 2025 in collaboration with [[Warner Bros. Discovery]] with production limited to 999 units, all of which were sold out in 135 seconds after bookings opened. Deliveries began on International Batman Day. Mahindra again came up with 999 units of [[Batman]] Edition in March, 2026 at Rs 28.49 lakh (ex-showroom), which was reserved in just 7 minutes after booking opened.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 Mar 2026 |title=Mahindra BE 6 Batman Edition second batch sold out |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/car-news/mahindra-be-6-batman-edition-second-batch-sold-out-in-7-minutes-439194 |url-status=live |website=Auto Car India}}</ref>

Mahindra launched the BE 6 [[Formula E]] Edition (FE2) on 27 November 2025 claiming it to be world’s first Formula E-themed special-edition SUV with starting price of Rs.23.69 lakh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=Nov 28, 2025 |title=Mahindra sells 30,000 electric-SUVs in 7 months; claims 1 EV sold every ten minutes |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/auto-news/mahindra-sells-30000-evs-in-7-months-claims-1-ev-sold-every-ten-minutes/articleshow/125587079.cms?from=mdr |work=Times of India}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="120">
File:Mahindra BE6 pic 2.jpg|Rear view
</gallery>

== Variants and pricing ==
The BE 6 is offered in five variants with pricing ranging from ₹18.90 lakh to ₹26.90 lakh (ex-showroom). Chargers are available at additional cost: ₹50,000 for a 7.2 kW unit and ₹75,000 for an 11.2 kW unit.<ref name="Autocar">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2024 |title=Mahindra BE 6: price, variants, colours explained |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/auto-features/mahindra-be-6-price-variants-colors-explained-434493 |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=Autocar India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahindra BE 6 |url=https://www.mahindraelectricsuv.com/esuv/be-6/MBE6.html |access-date=7 Dec 2025 |website=Mahindra Official Site}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Variant
! Price (ex-showroom, INR)
! Deliveries Starting
|-
| Pack One 59 KWH
| ₹18.90 lakh
| August 2025
|-
| Pack One Above 59 KWH
| ₹20.50 lakh
| August 2025
|-
| Pack Two 59 KWH
| ₹21.90 lakh
| July 2025
|-
|Pack Two 79 KWH
|₹23.50 lakh
|
|-
| Pack Three Select 59 KWH
| ₹24.50 lakh
| June 2025
|-
| Pack Three 79 KWH
| ₹26.90 lakh
| Mid-March 2025
|}

=== Mahindra BE 6 Formula-E Edition ===
Mahindra BE 6 FE Edition launched in India on 27 November 2025, at Rs 23.69 Lakh.

== Performance ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Feature
! Specification
|-
| Battery Options
| • 59 kWh (Pack One to Pack Three Select) • 79 kWh BYD-sourced (Pack Three only)
|-
| Power Output
| • 59 kWh: 228 hp (170 kW), 380 Nm • 79 kWh: 282 hp (210 kW), 380 Nm
|-
| Range (ARAI)
| • 59 kWh: 556 km • 79 kWh: 683 km
|-
| Drivetrain
| Rear-wheel drive
|-
| Acceleration
| 0-100 km/h in 6.7 seconds<ref name="MahindraElectric">{{Cite web |title=Mahindra BE 6e |url=https://www.mahindraelectricsuv.com/esuv/be-6/MBE6.html |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=Mahindra Electric SUV |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Powertrain
| 3-in-1 integrated powertrain
|-
| Steering
| Electric Power Steering with Variable Gear Ratio
|-
| Turning Circle
| 10 m diameter
|-
| Driving Features
| • Multiple Driving Modes • Multi-step regeneration • One-touch Single Pedal Drive • Brake-by-wire technology
|}

=== Charging times ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Battery Size
! 7.2 kW AC Charger (0-100%)
! 11 kW AC Charger (0-100%)
! DC Fast Charger (20-80%)
|-
| 59 kWh
| 8.7 hours
| 6 hours
| 20 minutes (140 kW)
|-
| 79 kWh
| 11.7 hours
| 8 hours
| 20 minutes (180 kW)
|}

== Sales ==
The BE 6 recorded 934 units sold in March 2025, followed by 550 units in April 2025, representing a 41.11% monthly decrease.<ref name="MonthlySales">{{Cite web |title=Mahindra BE 6e Monthly Sales |url=https://www.v3cars.com/mahindra-cars/be-6/monthly-sales |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=V3Cars |language=en}}</ref> Together with the XEV 9e, the model has accumulated 30,179 bookings as reported in early 2025.<ref name="Bookings">{{Cite web |title=Mahindra BE 6, XEV 9e together record 30,179 bookings |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/car-news/mahindra-be-6-xev-9e-together-record-30179-bookings-434583 |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=Autocar India |language=en |date=20 February 2025}}</ref> After April 2025 it is showing increase in sale numbers month on month. Mahindra sold 30000 of its Electric vehicle ( Combined BE 6 and XEV 9E ) since its launch in just 7 months.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Nov 28, 2025 |title=Mahindra sells 30,000 electric-SUVs in 7 months; claims 1 EV sold every ten minutes |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/auto-news/mahindra-sells-30000-evs-in-7-months-claims-1-ev-sold-every-ten-minutes/articleshow/125587079.cms?from=mdr |website=TOI}}</ref>

== Design ==
=== Exterior features ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Feature
! Pack One
! Pack One Above
! Pack Two
! Pack Three Select
! Pack Three
|-
| Headlamp Type
| Bi-LED with DRLs
| Bi-LED with DRLs
| Bi-LED with DRLs
| C-shaped LED DRLs
| C-shaped LED DRLs
|-
| Tail-lamp Type
| LED
| LED
| LED
| C-shaped LED
| C-shaped LED
|-
| Wheels
| R18 with aero covers
| R19 with aero covers
| R19 with aero covers
| R19 alloy
| R19 alloy
|-
| Fixed glass roof
| No
| Yes
| Yes
| Yes
| Yes
|-
| Sequential turn indicators
| No
| No
| Yes
| Yes
| Yes
|-
| Front fog & cornering lamps
| No
| No
| Yes
| Yes
| Yes
|-
| Electric flush door handles
| No
| No
| No
| Yes
| Yes
|-
| Ambient lighting (16M colors)
| No
| No
| No
| No
| Yes
|}

=== Interior features ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Feature
! Pack One
! Pack One Above
! Pack Two
! Pack Three Select
! Pack Three
|-
| Upholstery
| Fabric
| Fabric
| Fabric
| Leatherette
| Leatherette
|-
| Interior trim
| Standard
| Standard
| Soft fabric-wrapped
| Soft leatherette-wrapped
| Soft leatherette-wrapped
|-
| Steering wheel material
| Standard
| Standard
| Standard
| Leatherette
| Leatherette
|-
| Touch switches
| No
| No
| No
| Yes
| Yes
|}

== Safety ==
The BE 6 received a 5-star rating from Bharat NCAP (based on [[Latin NCAP]] 2016), with scores of 31.97/32 for Adult Occupant Protection and 45/49 for Child Occupant Protection.<ref name="Autocar" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 February 2025 |title=Mahindra BE 6 EV: Variant-wise features with prices explained |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/cars/mahindra-be-6-ev-variant-wise-features-with-prices-explained/articleshow/118004588.cms |access-date=26 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

{{Bharat NCAP
|year=2025
|description=Mahindra BE 6
|reference_code=mahindra-be-6
|adult_stars=5
|adult_points=31.97
|child_stars=5
|child_points=45.00
}}

{| class="wikitable"
! Feature
! Pack One
! Pack One Above
! Pack Two
! Pack Three Select
! Pack Three
|-
| Airbag configuration
| 6 airbags
| 6 airbags
| 6 airbags
| 7 airbags (incl. knee)
| 7 airbags (incl. knee)
|-
| Brake system
| All-wheel disc, brake-by-wire
| All-wheel disc, brake-by-wire
| All-wheel disc, brake-by-wire
| All-wheel disc, brake-by-wire
| All-wheel disc, brake-by-wire
|-
| Driver drowsiness detection
| Yes
| Yes
| Yes
| Yes
| Yes
|-
| Tire pressure monitoring
| Basic indicator
| Individual tire display
| Individual tire display
| Individual tire display
| Individual tire display
|-
| ADAS features
| No
| No
| Level 2 (1 radar, 1 camera)
| Level 2 (1 radar, 1 camera)
| Level 2 (5 radars, 1 camera)
|-
| 360-degree camera
| No
| No
| No
| Yes
| Yes
|-
| Auto parking
| No
| No
| No
| Yes
| Yes
|}

== Technology ==
The BE 6 features the MAIA (Mahindra Artificial Intelligence Architecture) system, utilising a Qualcomm Snapdragon 8295 chipset with 24 GB RAM and 128 GB storage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahindra and Vector Informatik collaborate for MAIA SDV platform |url=https://www.autocarpro.in/news-national/mahindra-and-vector-informatik-collaborate-for-future-ready-electric-sdv-platform-124324 |access-date=26 May 2025 |website=Autocar Professional |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Mahindra">{{Cite web |title=Mahindra launches BE 6e and XEV 9e, Born Electric SUVs of Mahindra |url=https://www.mahindra.com/news-room/press-release/en/Mahindra-launches-BE-6e-and-XEV-9e |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=Mahindra.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Autocar" />

{| class="wikitable"
! Feature
! Pack One
! Pack One Above
! Pack Two
! Pack Three Select
! Pack Three
|-
| Display configuration
| Twin 12.3-inch screens
| Twin 12.3-inch screens
| Twin 12.3-inch screens
| Twin 12.3-inch screens
| Twin 12.3-inch screens
|-
| Connectivity
| 5G, wireless Android Auto & Apple CarPlay
| 5G, wireless Android Auto & Apple CarPlay
| 5G, wireless Android Auto & Apple CarPlay
| 5G, wireless Android Auto & Apple CarPlay
| 5G, wireless Android Auto & Apple CarPlay
|-
| Audio system
| 4 speakers, 2 tweeters
| 4 speakers, 2 tweeters
| 16-speaker Harman Kardon
| 16-speaker Harman Kardon
| 16-speaker Harman Kardon
|-
| Wireless charging
| No
| Front row
| Front row
| Dual front row
| Dual front row
|-
| Additional features
| -
| Auto-dimming IRVM
| NFC key, Dolby Atmos
| Video calling, VR LED air filtration
| Video calling, VR LED air filtration
|}

== Market positioning ==
The BE 6 competes in the mid-size electric SUV segment with the [[Suzuki e Vitara|Maruti e-Vitara]], [[Tata Curvv EV]], [[Hyundai Creta#Creta Electric|Hyundai Creta EV]], [[Tesla Model Y]] (in terms of features) and [[MG ZS (crossover)#MG EZS / ZS EV|MG ZS EV]].<ref name="Autocar" />

== Warranty ==
The high voltage battery warranty applies to first registered owners with private registration. For subsequent owners, warranty coverage is 10 years or 200,000 km from the vehicle's first delivery date, whichever occurs first.<ref name="Autocar" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mahindra and Mahindra vehicles}}

[[Category:Mahindra vehicles|BE 6]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 2024]]
[[Category:Compact crossover sport utility vehicles]]
[[Category:Cars of India]]
[[Category:Bharat NCAP]]

Gorakhpur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-24T06:17:20Z

MarylinBrantley: creating new post basic info - done

{{Short description|Constituency in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Gorakhpur {{Small|UP-53}}
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| mp = [[Ravi Kishan]]
| incumbent_image =
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2024/Uttar Pradesh/Gorakhpur.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Gorakhpur Lok Sabha constituency
| assembly_cons = [[Caimpiyarganj Assembly constituency|Caimpiyarganj]] [[Pipraich Assembly constituency|Pipraich]] [[Gorakhpur Urban Assembly constituency|Gorakhpur Urban]] [[Gorakhpur Rural Assembly constituency|Gorakhpur Rural]] [[Sahajanwa Assembly constituency|Sahajanwa]]
| reservation = None
| established = 1952
}}

'''[[Gorakhpur]]''' is a [[Lok Sabha]] parliamentary [[constituency]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. The current member of Lok Sabha is [[Ravi Kishan]], who has won the election as a BJP party candidate in 2024.

This constituency is considered a stronghold of [[Gorakhnath Math]], three of whose presiding monks have been elected from it multiple times.

==Vidhan Sabha constituencies==
There are five Vidhan Sabha (legislative assembly) segments under this Lok Sabha constituency. These are:<ref>{{cite web |title=PC: AC-wise data of candidate 2009 Gorakhpur |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/candidate/pc_candidate_ac_details/15/60/7614/73397/748613/64/ |website=indiavotes.com |access-date=19 March 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
!colspan=2|2024 Lead
|-
||320
||[[Caimpiyarganj Assembly constituency|Caimpiyarganj]]
|rowspan=5|[[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]]
|| [[Fateh Bahadur Singh]]
|{{party name with color|BJP|rowspan=5}}
|{{party name with color|BJP|rowspan=5}}
|-
|| 321
||[[Pipraich Assembly constituency|Pipraich]]
|| [[Mahendra Pal Singh (politician)|Mahendra Pal Singh]]
|-
|| 322
|| [[Gorakhpur Urban Assembly constituency|Gorakhpur Urban]]
|| [[Yogi Adityanath]]
|-
|| 323
||[[Gorakhpur Rural Assembly constituency|Gorakhpur Rural]]
|| [[Bipin Singh (politician)|Bipin Singh]]
|-
|| 324
||[[Sahajanwa Assembly constituency|Sahajanwa]]
|| [[Pradeep Shukla]]
|}

==Members of Lok Sabha==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Sinhasan Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress| rowspan=4}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|-
| [[Mahadeo Prasad]]
|-
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| [[Sinhasan Singh]]
|-
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| [[Mahant Digvijaynath]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)| rowspan=2}}
|-
| 1970^
| [[Mahant Avedyanath]]
|-
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
| Narsingh Narain Pandey
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Harikesh Bahadur]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| [[Madan Pandey]]
|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Mahant Avedyanath]]
| {{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha}}
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party| rowspan=7}}
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| rowspan="5"| [[Yogi Adityanath]]
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
| [[2018 elections in India#Parliamentary By-election|2018^]]
| [[Praveen Kumar Nishad|Praveen Nishad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|rowspan="2" | [[Ravi Kishan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}

^By Election in 1970 & 2018.

==Election results==
===2024 Lok Sabha elections===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Gorakhpur]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Gorakhpur">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Gorakhpur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2464.htm |access-date=21 July 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250721141111/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2464.htm |archive-date=21 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gorakhpur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |title=Gorakhpur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur |access-date=21 July 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250721141218/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur |archive-date=21 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Ravi Kishan]]
|party= Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes= 585,834
|percentage= 50.75
|change={{decrease}}9.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Kajal Nishad]]
|party= Samajwadi Party
|votes= 482,308
|percentage= 41.78
|change={{increase}}6.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Javed Simnani
|votes = 55,781
|percentage = 4.83
|change ={{increase}}4.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 7,681
|percentage = 0.67
|change = {{increase}}0.02
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 103,526
|percentage =8.97
|change ={{decrease}}16.50
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =1,154,413
|percentage =55.05
|change ={{decrease}}4.74
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019 Lok Sabha elections===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Gorakhpur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate=[[Ravi Kishan]]
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes= 717,122
|percentage= 60.54
|change= +14.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party= Samajwadi Party
|candidate= [[Rambhual Nishad]]
|votes= 415,458
|percentage= 35.07
|change= -13.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Indian National Congress
|candidate=Madhusudan Tripathi
|votes= 22,972
|percentage= 1.94
|change= -0.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=None of the above
|candidate=[[None of the Above]]
|votes= 7,688
|percentage= 0.65
|change= -0.24
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes= 301,664
|percentage= 25.47
|change= +23.14
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,184,635
|percentage = 59.79
|change = +12.00
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing = +11.68
}}
{{Election box end}}

====2018 bye-election====
{{Election box begin | title=Bye-election, 2018: Gorakhpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Praveen Kumar Nishad]]
|votes = 456,589
|percentage = 48.86
|change = +27.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Upendra Dutt Shukla|votes=434,788|percentage=46.53|change=-5.30}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dr. Surheeta Kareem|party=Indian National Congress|votes=18,872|percentage=2.02|change=-2.38}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|votes=8,331|percentage=0.89|change=+0.11}}
{{Election box majority||votes=21,801|percentage=2.33|change=-27.74}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=934,441|percentage=47.79|change=-6.84}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner= Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = -2.97
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014 Lok Sabha elections===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Gorakhpur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
|votes = 5,39,127
|percentage = 51.83
|change = -2.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Rajmati Nishad
|votes = 2,26,344
|percentage = 21.76
|change = +10.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ram Bhuwal Nishad
|votes = 1,76,412
|percentage = 16.96
|change = -7.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Astbhuja Prasad Tripathi
|votes = 45,719
|percentage = 4.40
|change = +0.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Radhe Mohan Misra
|votes = 11,873
|percentage = 1.14
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 8,153
|percentage = 0.78
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,12,783
|percentage = 30.07
|change = +0.65
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,40,199
|percentage = 54.63
|change = +10.50
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = -2.02
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009 Lok Sabha elections===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Gorakhpur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
|votes = 403,156
|percentage = 53.85
|change = +2.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Vinay Shankar Tiwari]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 182,885
|percentage = 24.43
|change = +14.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 83,059
|percentage = 11.09
|change = -19.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Lalchand Nishad
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 30,262
|percentage = 4.04
|change = -0.82
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 220,271
|percentage = 29.42
|change = +8.81
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 748,617
|percentage = 44.13
|change = -4.00
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +2.34
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004 Lok Sabha elections===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Gorakhpur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
|votes = 3,53,647
|percentage = 51.31
|change = +10.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Jamuna Prasad Nishad]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 2,11,608
|percentage = 30.70
|change = -9.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Pradeep Kumar Nishad
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 70,449
|percentage = 10.22
|change = -4.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shardendu Pandey
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 33,477
|percentage = 4.86
|change = +1.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ram Milan
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 8,785
|percentage = 1.27
|change = 0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Chandra Bhan Singh Patel
|party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)
|votes = 3,225
|percentage = 0.47
|change = 0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gopal Rajbhar
|party = Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party
|votes = 3,081
|percentage = 0.45
|change = 0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ram Kishum
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 2,716
|percentage = 0.39
|change = 0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mahanth Ramdas Brahmchari
|party = Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha
|votes = 2,260
|percentage = 0.33
|change = 0
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,42,309
|percentage = 20.61
|change = +19.48
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,89,248
|percentage = 48.13
|change = -3.45
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +10.21
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1999 Lok Sabha elections===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election|General Election, 1999]]: [[Gorakhpur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 2,67,382
|percentage = 41.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Jamuna Prasad Nishad]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 2,60,043
|percentage = 39.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[D. P. Yadav]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 93,852
|percentage = 13.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dr. Jamal Ahmad
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 20,026
|percentage = 3.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bankey Lal
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|votes = 2,723
|percentage = 0.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,339
|percentage = 1.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,50,545
|percentage = 51.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1998 Lok Sabha elections===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election|General Election, 1998]]: [[Gorakhpur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 2,68,428
|percentage = 42.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Jamuna Prasad Nishad]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 2,42,222
|percentage = 38.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Prahlad Yadav
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 85,282
|percentage = 13.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Harikesh Bahadur]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 22,621
|percentage = 3.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sant Lal Jaiswal
|party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)
|votes = 3,892
|percentage = 0.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 26,206
|percentage = 4.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,29,765
|percentage = 50.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1996 Lok Sabha elections===
{{Election box begin | title=[[Indian general election, 1996|General Election, 1996]]: [[Gorakhpur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Mahant Avedyanath]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 2,36,369
|percentage = 42.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Virender Pratap Shahi
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 1,79,489
|percentage = 32.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kedar Nath Singh
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 85,248
|percentage = 15.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Harikesh Bahadur]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 14,549
|percentage = 2.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Manoj Kumar Singh
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 4,395
|percentage = 0.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 56,880
|percentage = 10.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,59,700
|percentage = 45.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1991 Lok Sabha elections===
{{Election box begin | title=[[Indian general election, 1991|General Election, 1991]]: [[Gorakhpur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Mahant Avedyanath]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 2,28,736
|percentage = 49.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sharda Prasad Rawat
|party = Janata Dal
|votes = 1,37,377
|percentage = 29.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Narsingh Narayan Pandey
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|votes = 38,376
|percentage = 8.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Deep Narain Yadav
|party = Janata Party
|votes = 32,346
|percentage = 7.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Safatullah
|party = Lok Dal
|votes = 6,766
|percentage = 1.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 91,359
|percentage = 19.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 4,60,188
|percentage = 50.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Hindu Mahasabha
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1971 Lok Sabha elections===
* Narsingh Narian (INC) : 136,843 votes<ref>{{cite web |title=1971 India General (5th Lok Sabha) Elections Results |url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1971-election-results.html |website=elections.in |access-date=2 March 2021}}</ref>
* Avedh Nath (Ind) : 99,265 votes

===1967 Lok Sabha elections===
* Digvijai Nath (IND) : 121,490 votes<ref>{{cite web |title=1967 India General (4th Lok Sabha) Elections Results |url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1967-election-results.html |website=elections.in |access-date=2 March 2021}}</ref>
* S. L. Saxena (Cong) : 78,775 votes

====1970 Bye-election====
* Avedya Nath (IND) : 57,001 votes
* B Chaturvedi (NCJ): 37,064 votes

===1962 Lok Sabha elections===
* Sinhasan Singh (INC) : 68,258 votes<ref>{{cite web |title=1962 India General (3rd Lok Sabha) Elections Results |url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1962-election-results.html |website=elections.in |access-date=2 March 2021}}</ref>
* Digvijai Nath (HMS) : 64,998 votes

==See also==
* [[Gorakhpur]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/uttar_pradesh/gorakhpur/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Gorakhpur lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Gorakhpur division topics}}

{{Coord|26.76|83.39|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Gorakhpur district]]

Schism of 1912

2026-04-21T19:45:53Z

MarylinBrantley:

{{Infobox event
| image = {{image array
| width = 200
| perrow = 2
| image1 = Patriarchate_emblem.png
| caption1 = Emblem of [[Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East]]
| image2 = Malankara_Emblem.png
| caption2 = Emblem of [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]
}}
| caption = Emblems of both Churches (Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate / Malankara Jacobite Syrian Church, Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church)
| cause = {{olist
|Power struggle between the three trustees of the church, namely, Malankara Metropolitan [[Dionysius Vattasseril]] on one side and [[Mathan Konatt|Korah Mathen Konatt]] and [[C. J. Kurian]] on the other
|Decision of Dionysius VI Vattasseril to: remove Korah Mathen Konatt as Priest trustee and C. J. Kurian as the lay trustee of the Malankara Church
|Decision of Patriarch [[Ignatius Abded Aloho II]] to: suspend [[Dionysius Vattasseril]] as Malankara Metropolitan and appoint [[Coorilos Paulose|Paulose Koorilos Kochuparambil]] as Malankara Metropolitan
| Decision of [[Ignatius Abded Mshiho II]] to: Revive and relocate the autocephalous Catholicate of the East to India, elevate [[Baselios Paulose I|Paulose Ivanios Murimattathil]] as the Catholicos (Maphrian) for the Malankara Church, and entrust the patriarchal rights to the Catholicos }}
| date = 1912 – 1958 and 1976 - present
| participants = {{ublist|'''Primary''': {{ublist|[[Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East]];|[[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]].}}|'''Secondary''': {{ublist|Dionysius Vattasseril,|[[Korah Mathen Konatt]],|[[C. J. Kurian]];|Koorilos Kochuparambil,|[[Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church]];|Ignatius Abded Aloho II,|Ignatius Abded Mshiho II;|[[Baselios Paulose I]],|[[Geevarghese Ivanios|P. T. Geevarghese]].}}}}
| type = [[Schism in Christianity|Christian schism]]
| also_known_as = {{hlist|Orthodox-Jacobite schism|Second Vaṭṭippaṇa Case|Second Community Litigation}}
| outcome = {{ulist
| The excommunication of Dionysius Vattasseril by Syriac Orthodox Patriarch Ignatius Abded Aloho II.
| Creation of the autocephalous [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|Catholicate of the East]] in India by Ignatius Abded Mshiho II.
| Schism in the [[Malankara Church]] and formation of Patriarchal "Bawa Party" and Anti-patriarchal "Metran Party"
| Independence of the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]
| Severing of submission to [[Ignatius Abded Aloho II]], by the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]].
}}
| notes = {{notelist-lg}}
}}
The '''Malankara Orthodox-Jacobite church dispute''' or the '''Schism of 1912''' was the split in the [[Malankara Syrian Church]] that led to an ongoing series of church disputes in [[Kerala]], India. The dispute, also known as the '''Second Community Case''' or the '''Second ''Vaṭṭippaṇa'' Case''' ({{langx|ml|രണ്ടാം സമുദായക്കേസ്, രണ്ടാം വട്ടിപ്പണക്കേസ്}}), has been intertwined with continuous litigations and has resulted in the formation of two rival church bodies, namely the [[autocephalous]] [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]], and the [[Malankara Jacobite Syrian Church]], an autonomous church under the [[Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East|Syriac Orthodox patriarchate of Antioch]].<ref name=ChurchCase>{{Cite web|url=http://www.malankaraworld.com/library/History/History_church-cases-background.htm|title=History of Church Cases at a Glance, Litigation Among the Members of Syrian Christians in Malankara - An Overview, History of Church, Baselios Church Digital Library|access-date=2023-09-23}}</ref> Although the [[Indian Supreme Court|Indian supreme court]] judgement of 1995 made a terminal legal conclusion of the dispute, the disagreements related to the administration of the parish church property continues to cause occasional law and order problems and significant obstruction to a permanent solution of the dispute.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Most. Rev. P.M.A. Metropolitan & Ors vs Moran Mar Marthoma & Anr on 20 June, 1995 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/634316/ |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=indiankanoon.org}}</ref> The dispute in three of these parishes was moved to the court and its final verdict was made by the Supreme Court in 2017, in favour of the Malankara Orthodox Church.<ref>{{cite web |title=K.S. Varghese vs St.Peter'S & Paul'S Syrian Orth.. on 3 July, 2017 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/107194354/ |publisher=Indian Kanoon |access-date=7 October 2023}}</ref>

The dispute remains unresolved, and police interventions to implement the judgement continue to meet intense protest and confrontation in churches currently administered by the Jacobite Church. The continuing dispute also led to increased sectarianism among members of the once undivided community and the solidification of the [[schism]] between the two rival factions.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20111003-kerala-two-church-factions-clash-over-a-disputed-shrine-747773-2011-09-24|title=Fractured Faith: Two church factions clash over a disputed shrine in Kerala|date=24 September 2011|work=[[India Today]]|last=Radhakrishnan|first=M.G.}}</ref><ref name=CNEWA>{{cite web|url=https://cnewa.org/eastern-christian-churches/oriental-orthodox-churches/the-malankara-orthodox-syrian-church/|title=The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|publisher=[[Catholic Near East Welfare Association]]|access-date=9 July 2022}}</ref>

Presently, according to data from the Indian government, the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]] is significantly larger than the Jacobite Syrian Christian Church adding another layer of complexity to the schism.<ref>{{cite web |title=SC orders Jacobite church to transfer administration of six churches to Orthodox church |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/sc-orders-jacobite-church-to-transfer-administration-of-six-churches-to-orthodox-church |website=ddnews.gov.in |publisher=DH News |access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref> Further issues have been caused by the churches geographic concentrations with the Jacobite faction dominant throughout the Ernakulam district, leading to scenarios of split-parishes with large parish disparities like [[Marthoman Cheriyapally, Kothamangalam|Marthoman Cheriapally]] in Kothamangalam which has 3,000 Jacobite families to 8 of the Malankara Orthodox faction.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vellaram |first1=Sandeep |title=War between two Kerala church factions intensifies, vicar blocked by protesters |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/war-between-two-kerala-church-factions-intensifies-vicar-blocked-protesters-93710 |website=The News Minute |access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref>

==First schism==

In 1908, St. [[Dionysius Vattasseril|Dionysius Vattasseril]], who was elected as the Malankara Metropolitan in 1909 by the [[Malankara Jacobite Syrian Christian Association]], travelled to [[Mardin]] to be consecrated as a bishop by [[Ignatius Abded Aloho II]], the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch. He was accompanied by another bishop-elect, Monk [[Coorilos Paulose|Paulose Kochuparambil]]. The patriarch consecrated Vattasseril with the episcopal name as Dionysios Giwargis (commonly addressed as H. G. Geevarghese Mar Dionysius), and Kochuparambil as Kurillos Paulose at the recently acquired [[Monastery of Saint Mark|Saint Mark's Monastery]] in [[Jerusalem]]. This was a period of intense tribulations for the Syriac Orthodox Church in the Syrian heartland. The members of the church were being subjected to [[Sayfo|an ethnic genocide]] and the leadership of the church was divided between Ignatius Abded Aloho II and Ignatius Abdal Masih II, his deposed predecessor. Abded Aloho II had the official recognition from the Ottoman Sultan but Abdal Masih II continued to enjoy significant support in [[Mardin]], the traditional bastion of the church.

Upon arriving in the country and assuming power, Dionysios soon came into conflict with his co-trustees, [[Mathan Konatt|Kora Mathan Malpan]] and [[C. J. Kurien]]. According to the decision of the [[Mulanthuruthi Synod]] of 1876, the church properties such as [[Vattipanam]] and the [[Orthodox Theological Seminary, Kottayam|Syrian Seminary of Kottayam]] were to be administered collectively by three elected trustees, which included the Malankara Metropolitan or Metropolitan Trustee, and his co-trustees, namely the [[Priest Trustee|Priest trustee]] and the [[Lay trustee]]. The co-trustees complained with the Patriarch protesting Dionysius' arbitrary decisions and disregard for them. Taking advantage of this conflict, the patriarch attempted to gain control over the temporal assets of the Church. According to the Travancore Royal Court judgement of 1889, the Patriarch's authority was limited spiritual authority over the Malankara Church. Dionysius, who assessed that the Patriarch was attempting to take action against him with the support of his opponents, refused to sign the instrument of submission asked by the Patriarch. Following this, the Patriarch suspended Dionysios and declared him deposed, replacing him with Kochuparambil Kurilos as the Malankara Metropolitan. This resulted in a schism in the Malankara Church. In the dispute, those who supported Patriarch "''Bava''" were called the "Bava party" and those who supported "''Metran''" Dionysius Vattasseril were called the "Metran party". Among these, the Bava faction evolved into the [[Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church]] and the Methran faction evolved into the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]].<ref name=ChurchCase/>

==Brief Reunion of 1958==

Since 1958, there has been a mutual acceptance between the two factions in the church, and as part of that, the Bava faction and the Methran faction merged. The Methran faction recognized the Syrian Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch as the spiritual supreme leader, and in return, the Bava faction accepted the Catholicos Baselios Geevarghese II as the head of the united Malankara Church. After the death of Geevarghese II in 1964, the then Patriarch Ignatius Jacob III arrived in Kerala and presided over the Synod of the Church to elect a new Catholicos. Metropolitan Timothios Augen of the Kandanad Diocese was elected Catholicos at the Synod. Initially a bishop of the Patriarchal faction, Augen had later joined the Metropolitan faction. The new Catholicos' ordination took place under the patronage of the Patriarch. At the ceremony, he confessed his allegiance to the Patriarch and assumed the title of Catholicos under the name [[Baselios Augen I | Baselios Augen I.]] Although these developments gave hope for unity in the church among the general public and lay faithful, divisive movements remained active behind the scenes. Soon, Augen I and his supporters came into conflict with the Patriarch. Patriarch Yakub's unilateral attempts to intervene in the church also exacerbated the sectarianism.<ref name=ChurchCase/>

== Recent Developments (2017–2026) ==

Following the 2017 Supreme Court verdict in ''K.S. Varghese v. St. Peter’s and Paul’s Syrian Orthodox Church'', which affirmed the 1934 Constitution for all Malankara parish churches, the dispute entered a complex phase of legal enforcement.

=== High Court Division Bench Ruling (2026) ===
On 24 March 2026, a Division Bench of the [[Kerala High Court]] (comprising Justice Anil K. Narendran and Justice Muralee Krishna S.) delivered a landmark judgment regarding the takeover of disputed churches. The bench set aside previous Single Judge orders that had directed district collectors to physically take possession of six disputed churches (including those in Ernakulam and Palakkad).<ref name="HC_Takeover_2026">{{cite news |title=Jacobite-Orthodox faction feud: Kerala HC sets aside single judge order on taking over possession of six churches |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/jacobite-orthodox-faction-feud-kerala-hc-sets-aside-single-judge-order-on-taking-over-possession-of-six-churches/article70780659.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 March 2026 |access-date=22 April 2026}}</ref>

The Court clarified that while it is a "constitutional duty" to ensure religious services are conducted according to the 1934 Constitution, the High Court cannot direct the civil administration to assume physical control of religious properties under Article 226. Instead, such "possession battles" must be resolved through established civil suits, though the police must provide protection to the legally recognized vicars to prevent law and order issues.<ref name="HC_Takeover_2026" />

=== Humanitarian and Legislative Measures ===
* '''Burial Act (2020):''' To address the humanitarian crisis of denied funerals, the Kerala Government passed the ''Kerala Right to Burial of Corpse in Christian (Malankara Orthodox-Jacobite) Cemeteries Act''. This law ensures that members of both factions can be buried in their ancestral cemeteries regardless of administrative control.<ref name="Burial_Act">{{cite web |title=Kerala Right to Burial of Corpse Act, 2020 |url=https://lrb.kerala.gov.in/en/acts-and-rules/ |publisher=Government of Kerala |year=2020 |access-date=22 April 2026}}</ref>
* '''Mediation Efforts (2026):''' In February 2026, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] met with leaders of both factions in New Delhi, expressing a desire to resolve the century-long dispute through mutual discussion while maintaining the unity of the Malankara Church.<ref name="Federal_PM_26">{{cite news |title=Malankara Orthodox Church backs PM Modi's stand on church unity |url=https://thefederal.com/category/states/south/kerala/malankara-orthodox-church-pm-modi-church-unity-232020 |work=The Federal |date=28 February 2026 |access-date=22 April 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]
[[Category:Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]]
[[Category:Schisms in Christianity]]
[[Category:1912 in India]]
[[Category:Christianity in Kerala]]

Kanigiri Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:26:38Z

MarylinBrantley: New...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kanigiri
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (113-Kanigiri highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Kanigiri Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Mukku Ugra Narasimha Reddy]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Markapuram district|Markapuram]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ongole Lok Sabha constituency|Ongole]]
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 113
| established = 1951
| electors = 231,881
| type = SLA
}}

'''Kanigiri Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Markapuram district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Ongole Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Mukku Ugra Narasimha Reddy ]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]]. As of 2024, there are a total of 231,881 electors in the constituency. The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.

== Mandals ==
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| Hanumanthunipadu
|-
| Chandrasekharapuram
|-
| Pamuru
|-
| Veligandla
|-
| Pedacherlopalle
|-
| Kanigiri
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|rowspan=2| Gujjula Yallamanda Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Kotapati Guruswamy Reddy
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Puli Venkata Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Sura Papi Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Buthalapalli Ramasubba Reddy
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Mukku Kasi Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[Erigineni Thirupathi Naidu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|[[Mukku Kasi Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Erigineni Thirupathi Naidu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Mukku Ugra Narasimha Reddy]]
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Kadiri Babu Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Burra Madhu Sudhan Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Mukku Ugra Narasimha Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

==Election results ==
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanigiri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Mukku Ugra Narasimha Reddy]]
|votes = 1,07,045
|percentage = 51.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=Daddala Narayana Yadav|votes=92,441|percentage=44.84|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Devarapalli Subba Reddy|votes=1,838|percentage=0.89|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=None Of The Above|votes=2,217|percentage=1.08|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=14,604|percentage=7.08|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=2,06,147|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanigiri<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11673-andhra-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Burra Madhu Sudhan Yadav]]
|votes = 1,12,730
|percentage = 58.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Mukku Ugra Narasimha Reddy]]|votes=71,827|percentage=37.26|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=40,903|percentage=21.45|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,90,676|percentage=82.23|change=+5.67}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanigiri<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4055-andhra-pradesh-2014/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Kadiri Babu Rao]]
|votes = 79,492
|percentage = 50.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Burra Madhu Sudhan Yadav]]
|votes = 72,385
|percentage = 45.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,107
|percentage = 4.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 158,970
|percentage = 76.56
|change = +9.17
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanigiri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Mukku Ugra Narasimha Reddy]]
|votes = 60,161
|percentage = 45.81
|change = -7.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Sunkari Madhu Sudhana Rao]]
|votes = 57,226
|percentage = 43.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,935
|percentage = 2.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 131,326
|percentage = 67.39
|change = -2.28
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanigiri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Erigineni Thirupathi Naidu]]
|votes = 53,010
|percentage = 53.50
|change = +1.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Mukku Kasi Reddy]]
|votes = 43,735
|percentage = 44.14
|change = -2.54
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 9,175
|percentage = 9.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 99,075
|percentage = 69.67
|change = +9.18
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanigiri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Erigineni Thirupathi Naidu]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=52,566|percentage=51.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mukku Kasi Reddy]] |party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=47,412 |percentage=46.71% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,154 |percentage=5.08% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=104,062|percentage=62.01% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 167,808|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress |loser= Telugu Desam Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1994===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanigiri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Mukku Kasi Reddy]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=52,025 |percentage=54.34% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[ Erigineni Thirupathi Naidu]] |party= Indian National Congress |votes=37,288|percentage=38.95% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,737 |percentage=15.39% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=97,714 |percentage=64.59% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 151,287 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= Indian National Congress|swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanigiri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Erigineni Thirupathi Naidu]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=59,789 |percentage=60.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Mukku Kasi Reddy]] |party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=39,688 |percentage=39.90% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,101 |percentage=20.21% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=102,840|percentage=63.98% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 160,739|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress|loser= Telugu Desam Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1985===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanigiri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Mukku Kasi Reddy ]] |party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=31,286 |percentage=36.17% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[ Erigineni Thirupathi Naidu]] |party= Indian National Congress |votes=29,696|percentage=34.33% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,590 |percentage=1.84% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=87,770 |percentage=68.14% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 128,813 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1983===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanigiri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Mukku Kasi Reddy]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=35,380 |percentage=48.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[ Buthalapalli Ramasubba Reddy]] |party= Indian National Congress |votes=27,588|percentage=37.62% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,792 |percentage=10.63% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=74,592 |percentage=63.84% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 116,841 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party|loser=Indian National Congress (I) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1978===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanigiri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Buthalapalli Ramasubba Reddy]]|party= Indian National Congress (I) |votes=36,693 |percentage=48.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Parna Venkaiah Naidu]] |party= Janata Party |votes=34,752 |percentage=46.27% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,941 |percentage=2.58% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=76,352 |percentage=68.63% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 111,251 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner== Indian National Congress (I) ||loser= Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1972===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanigiri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Sura Papi Reddy]]|party= Independent politician |votes=20,277 |percentage=40.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Macherla Vengaiah]] |party= Indian National Congress |votes=15,888 |percentage=31.53% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,389 |percentage=8.71% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=51,599 |percentage=61.44% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,985 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Independent politician ||loser= Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanigiri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Puli Venkata Reddy ]]|party= Indian National Congress|votes=25,620 |percentage=48.69% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sura Papi Reddy]] |party= Independent politician |votes=23,350 |percentage=44.38% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,270 |percentage=4.31% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=54,815 |percentage=67.62% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,058 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Indian National Congress||loser= Communist Party of India |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanigiri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kotapati Guruswamy Reddy]]|party= Communist Party of India |votes=22,392 |percentage=53.38% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[ Shaik Mowla Sahib]] |party= Indian National Congress |votes=19,557 |percentage=46.62% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,835 |percentage=6.76% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=43,372 |percentage=65.97% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,743 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Communist Party of India ||loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1955===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanigiri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Gujjula Yallamanda Reddy]]|party= Communist Party of India |votes=19,241|percentage=57.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[ Tumati Surendra Mohan Gandhi Chowdary]] |party= Indian National Congress |votes=14,453 |percentage=42.89% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,788 |percentage=14.21% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=33,694 |percentage=60.16% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,009 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Communist Party of India ||loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanigiri<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Gujjala Yellamanda Reddy |party=Communist Party of India |votes=23,953 |percentage=66.38% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devi Reddy Lakhmireddy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,701 |percentage=15.80% |change=15.80% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chimatenama Rao |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=3,206 |percentage=8.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chigurupati Sriramulu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,910 |percentage=5.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Neeli Setti Basaviah |party=Independent politician |votes=1,316 |percentage=3.65% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,252 |percentage=50.58% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=36,086 |percentage=43.70% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,577 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite web | title= AP Past Election Statistics |url=https://eci.gov.in/past-elections-statistics/| access-date=17 Jan 2020 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{coord|15.40|79.51|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Markapuram district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Shreelancer

2026-04-08T00:10:01Z

MarylinBrantley: put up new page

{{short description|Indian indie drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shreelancer
| image = Shreelancer.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[Sandeep Mohan]]
| writer = Sandeep Mohan
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = [[Giju John]] Sandeep Mohan
| starring = [[Arjun Radhakrishnan]]
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing = Shreyas Beltangdy
| music = '''Score:''' Vivek Philip '''Songs:''' Andrew Sloman Natalie Matos Ankur Tewari [[Prateek Kuhad]]
| studio = Tiranga Pictures The Great Indian Travelling Cinema
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2017|08|08|[[New York Indian Film Festival]]|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/844481/in-sandeep-mohans-shreelancer-a-travel-film-sets-out-on-a-spirited-journey|title=In Sandeep Mohan's 'Shreelancer', a travel film sets out on a spirited journey|work=[[Scroll.in]]|date=25 July 2017|first=Sruthi Ganapathy|last=Raman|access-date=5 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/Aug/18/a-freelancer-named-shree-1645054.html|title=A freelancer named Shree|date=22 August 2017|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|first=Gopinath|last=Rajendran|access-date=5 March 2025}}</ref>|2017|08|18|India|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi English
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Shreelancer''''' (stylised as '''''#shreelancer'''''){{Efn|The film's title is a portmanteau of Shree (the titular character) and [[freelancer]].}} is a 2017 Indian indie drama film directed by [[Sandeep Mohan]] starring [[Arjun Radhakrishnan]] in the titular role.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/Jun/09/doubt-if-indie-films-like-shreelancer-can-bemade-without-known-faces-todayarjun-radhakrishnan-2463341.html|title=Doubt if indie films like 'Shreelancer' can be made without known faces today: Arjun Radhakrishnan|first=Sajin|last=Shrijith|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=9 June 2022|access-date=5 March 2025}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Arjun Radhakrishnan]] as Shreepad "Shree" Naik
*Salmin Sheriff as Mr. Naik, Shree's father
*Monica Mahendru

== Music ==
The film features the song [[The Dewarists#Episode 3 – Dil Beparvah|"Dil Beparvah"]] by Ankur Tewari and [[Prateek Kuhad]]<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shreelancer-review-drifting-along/article19510406.ece|title=Shreelancer review: Drifting along|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 August 2017|first=Namrata |last=Joshi|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115012925/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shreelancer-review-drifting-along/article19510406.ece|archive-date=15 January 2025}}</ref> and other songs by Andrew Sloman and Natalie Matos.{{fact|date=April 2026}}

== Reception ==
Nihit Bhave of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 and wrote, "''Shreelancer'' feels like a promising assignment that started out great but succumbed to a fast-approaching deadline. Let’s wait for the projects that its capable men (Radhakrishnan and Mohan) are more invested in".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/shreelancer/movie-review/60090024.cms|title=Shreelancer Movie Review|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 August 2017|first=Nihit|last=Bhave|access-date=5 March 2025}}</ref> Namrata Joshi of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "For the pragmatic workers on regular jobs the film might seem like an indulgent paean to the forever uprooted. But one has to admit that more than anything else what a (Shree) freelancer’s life has, as the film showcases, is a great soundtrack".<ref name="H"/>

Rahul Desai of ''[[Film Companion]]'' wrote, "It's the calm reaction of a fiercely independent storyteller (this is director Sandeep Mohan's third full-fledged feature) to the increasingly commercial and designed language of the genre he has chosen to explore".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/shreelancer-movie-review-2|title=Shreelancer Movie Review: Freelancer's Guide to the Galaxy|date=16 August 2017|work=[[Film Companion South]]|access-date=5 March 2025}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' wrote, "All of Mohan’s films turn on smart ideas about unexplored urban realities, but Shreepad’s journey is not half as interesting as he imagines it to be. Like its aimless hero, the movie drifts in far too many directions".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/847601/shreelancer-film-review-like-its-hero-the-plot-drifts|title='Shreelancer' film review: Like its hero, the plot drifts|date=18 August 2017|work=[[Scroll.in]]|first=Nandini|last=Ramnath|access-date=5 March 2025}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 and wrote, "Overall, this film, with a feel-good approach, surely surpasses one's expectations".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/shreelancer-movie-review-quirky-and-captivating-2033730.html|title=Shreelancer movie review: Quirky and captivating|date=17 August 2017|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|via=[[Zee News]]|access-date=5 March 2025}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{noteslist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|6892468}}

[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2017 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:English-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian independent films]]

Ming dynasty

2026-03-24T05:36:13Z

MarylinBrantley:

{{Short description|Imperial dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644}}
{{Redirect|Ming|other uses|Ming (disambiguation)|and|Ming Dynasty (disambiguation)}}
{{Pp|small=yes}}
{{CS1 config|mode=cs2}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox former country
| native_name = {{native name list|tag1=zh|name1=大明|paren1=off|tag2=zh-Latn-pinyin|name2=Dà Míng|paren2=off}}
| conventional_long_name = Great Ming
| common_name = Ming dynasty
| era = [[History of Asia#Early modern|Early modern]]
| status = Empire
| government_type = [[Absolute monarchy]]
| year_start = 1368
| year_end = 1644
| year_exile_start = 1644
| year_exile_end = 1683
| event_start = Established in [[Nanjing]]{{efn|Prior to proclaiming himself emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang declared himself [[King of Wu]] in Nanjing in 1364. The regime is known in historiography as the "Western Wu" ({{zhi|c=西吳}}).}}
| date_start = 23 January
| event_end = [[Fall of Beijing]]
| date_end = 25 April
| event1 = [[Beijing]] designated as capital
| date_event1 = 28 October 1420
| event_post = End of the [[Southern Ming]]{{efn|Remnants of the [[House of Zhu|Ming imperial family]], whose regimes are collectively called the Southern Ming in historiography, ruled southern China until 1662. The Ming loyalist state [[Kingdom of Tungning]] on Taiwan lasted until 1683, but it was not ruled by the Zhu clan and thus usually not considered part of the Southern Ming.}}
| date_post = 1662
| p1 = Yuan dynasty
| s1 = Later Jin (1616–1636){{!}}Later Jin
| s2 = Shun dynasty
| s3 = Xi dynasty
| s4 = Southern Ming
| s5 = Qing dynasty
| s6 = Portuguese Macau
| image_symbol = Seal of Ming dynasty.svg
| symbol_type = Imperial seal
| image_map = Map of Ming Chinese empire 1415 (cropped 2).jpg
| image_map_caption = {{Color sample|#F4E46B}} Ming territory in 1415
| capital = {{ubl|[[Nanjing]] (1368{{nbnd}}1644)|[[Beijing]] (1403{{nbnd}}1644)}}
| common_languages = {{cslist|[[Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)|Mandarin]] (official)|{{nowrap|other [[list of varieties of Chinese|Chinese languages]]}}|[[Karluk languages|Turki]]|[[Old Uyghur]]|[[Tibetic languages|Tibetan]]|[[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]|[[Jurchen language|Jurchen]]|''and [[Languages of China|others]]''}}
| religion = {{hlist|[[Heaven worship]]|[[Taoism]]|[[Confucianism]]|[[Buddhism]]|[[Chinese folk religion]]|[[Islam during the Ming dynasty|Islam]]|[[Catholic Church in China|Roman Catholicism]]}}
| currency = {{indented plainlist|
* [[Paper money]] (1368{{nbnd}}1450)
* [[Bimetallism|Bimetallic]] (copper [[Chinese cash (currency unit)|cash]]es and silver [[tael]]s)
}}
| leader1 = [[Hongwu Emperor]]
| leader2 = [[Yongle Emperor]]
| leader3 = [[Wanli Emperor]]
| leader4 = [[Chongzhen Emperor]]
| year_leader1 = 1368–1398 (first)
| year_leader2 = 1402–1424
| year_leader3 = 1572–1620 (longest)
| year_leader4 = 1627–1644 (last)
| title_leader = [[List of emperors of the Ming dynasty|Emperor]]
| stat_year1 = 1393{{sfnp|Ho|1959|pp=8–9, 22, 259}}
| stat_pop1 = 65,000,000
| stat_year3 = 1500{{sfnp|Frank|1998|p=109}}
| stat_pop3 = 125,000,000
| stat_year4 = 1600{{sfnp|Maddison|2006|p=238}}
| stat_pop4 = 160,000,000
| stat_year2 = 1400<ref>{{harvp|Taagepera|1997|p=500}}</ref>
| stat_area2 = 3900000
| stat_year5 = 1450<ref>{{harvp|Turchin|Adams|Hall|2006|p=222}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Taagepera|1997|p=500}}</ref>
| stat_area5 = 6500000
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} 19.8 taels{{sfnp|Broadberry|2014|p=19}}
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| pic = Ming dynasty (Chinese characters) Wenzhengming.svg
| piccap = "Ming dynasty" in [[Chinese characters]], in the calligraphy of [[Wen Zhengming]]
| picupright = 0.45
| c = 明朝
| p = Míngcháo
| w = {{tonesup|Ming2 ch'ao2}}
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|m|ing|2|-|ch|ao|2}}
| y = Mìhng chìuh
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|m|ing|4|-|c|iu|4}}
| j = Ming4 ciu4
| suz = Mín záu
| poj = Bêng tiâu
| tl = Bîng tiâu
| altname = Dynastic name
| c2 = 大明
| p2 = Dà Míng
| w2 = {{tonesup|Ta4 Ming2}}
| y2 = Daaih Mìhng
| ci2 = {{IPAc-yue|d|aai|6|-|m|ing|4}}
| wuu2 = Da men
| j2 = Daai6 ming4
| poj2 = Tāi-bêng
| tl2 = Tāi-bîng
| bpmf = ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄔㄠˊ
| tp = Míngcháo
| bpmf2 = ㄉㄚˋ ㄇㄧㄥˊ
| tp2 = Dà Míng
}}

{{History of China}}

The '''Ming dynasty''', officially the '''Great Ming''', was an [[imperial dynasty of China]] that ruled from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]]-led [[Yuan dynasty]]. The Ming was the last imperial dynasty of China ruled by the [[Han people]], the majority ethnic group in China. Although the primary capital of [[Beijing]] fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by [[Li Zicheng]] (who established the short-lived [[Shun dynasty]]), numerous [[rump state|rump regimes]] ruled by remnants of the [[House of Zhu|Ming imperial family]], collectively called the [[Southern Ming]], survived until 1662.

The Ming dynasty's founder, the [[Hongwu Emperor]] ({{r.}}1368–1398), attempted to create a society of self-sufficient rural communities ordered in a rigid, immobile system that would guarantee and support a permanent class of soldiers for his dynasty: the empire's standing army exceeded one million troops and the [[naval history of China|navy]]'s dockyards in [[Nanjing]] were the largest in the world.{{sfnp|Ebrey|Walthall|Palais|2006|p=271}} He also took great care breaking the power of the [[Eunuch (court official)#China|court eunuchs]] and unrelated magnates, [[enfeoffing]] his many sons throughout China and attempting to guide these princes through the ''[[Huang-Ming Zuxun]]'', a set of published dynastic instructions. This failed when his teenage successor, the [[Jianwen Emperor]], attempted to curtail his uncle's power, prompting the [[Jingnan campaign]], an uprising that placed the Prince of Yan upon the throne as the [[Yongle Emperor]] in 1402. The Yongle Emperor established Yan as a secondary capital and renamed it [[Beijing]], constructed the [[Forbidden City]], and restored the [[Grand Canal of China|Grand Canal]] and the primacy of the [[imperial examination]]s in official appointments. He rewarded his eunuch supporters and employed them as a counterweight against the Confucian [[scholar-bureaucrats]]. One eunuch, [[Zheng He]], led seven enormous [[Ming treasure voyages|voyages of exploration]] into the [[Indian Ocean]] as far as Arabia and the eastern coasts of Africa. Hongwu and Yongle emperors had also [[Ming dynasty in Inner Asia|expanded the empire's rule]] into [[Inner Asia]].

The rise of new emperors and new factions diminished such extravagances; the capture of the [[Emperor Yingzong of Ming]] during the 1449 [[Tumu Crisis]] ended them completely. The imperial navy was allowed to fall into disrepair while [[Corvee#Imperial China|forced labor]] constructed the Liaodong palisade and connected and fortified the [[Great Wall]] into its modern form. Wide-ranging censuses of the entire empire were conducted decennially, but the desire to avoid labor and taxes and the difficulty of storing and reviewing the enormous archives at Nanjing hampered accurate figures. Estimates for the late-Ming population vary from 160 to 200 million,{{efn|For the lower population estimate, see {{Harvcol|Fairbank|Goldman|2006|p=128}}; for the higher, see {{Harvcol|Ebrey|1999|p=197}}.}} but necessary revenues were squeezed out of smaller and smaller numbers of farmers as more disappeared from the official records or "donated" their lands to tax-exempt eunuchs or temples. ''[[Haijin]]'' laws intended to protect the coasts from [[Japanese pirates]] instead turned many into smugglers and pirates themselves.

By the 16th century, the [[age of Discovery|expansion of European trade]]—though restricted to islands near [[Guangzhou]] such as [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]]—spread the [[Columbian exchange]] of crops, plants, and animals into China, introducing chili peppers to [[Sichuan cuisine]] and highly productive maize and potatoes, which diminished famines and spurred population growth. The growth of [[economic history of Portugal#Triangular trade between China, Japan, and Europe|Portuguese]], [[Economic history of Spain#Gold and silver from the New World|Spanish]], and [[Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)|Dutch]] trade created new demand for Chinese products and produced a massive influx of [[Manila galleons|South American]] silver. This abundance of specie re-monetized the Ming economy, whose paper [[Ming currency|money]] had suffered repeated [[hyperinflation]] and was no longer trusted. While traditional Confucians opposed such a prominent role for commerce and the newly rich it created, the [[heterodoxy]] introduced by [[Wang Yangming]] permitted a more accommodating attitude. [[Zhang Juzheng]]'s initially successful reforms proved devastating when a slowdown in agriculture was produced by the [[Little Ice Age]]. The value of silver rapidly increased because of a disruption in the supply of imported silver from Spanish and Portuguese sources, making it impossible for Chinese farmers to pay their taxes. Combined with crop failure, floods, and [[Great Plague in the late Ming dynasty|an epidemic]], the dynasty collapsed in 1644 as Li Zicheng's rebel forces entered Beijing. Li then established the [[Shun dynasty]], but it was defeated shortly afterwards by the [[Manchu]]-led [[Eight Banner]] armies of the [[Qing dynasty]], with the help of the defecting Ming general [[Wu Sangui]].

== History ==
{{Main|History of the Ming dynasty}}
{{For timeline}}

=== Founding ===

==== Revolt and rebel rivalry ====
{{main|Red Turban Rebellion}}
The [[Mongol]]-led [[Yuan dynasty]] (1271–1368) ruled before the establishment of the Ming. Explanations for the demise of the Yuan include institutionalized ethnic discrimination against the [[Han people]] that stirred resentment and rebellion, overtaxation of areas hard-hit by [[inflation]], and massive flooding of the [[Yellow River]] as a result of the abandonment of irrigation projects. Consequently, agriculture and the economy were in shambles, and rebellion broke out among the hundreds of thousands of peasants called upon to work on repairing the [[levees]] of the Yellow River.{{sfnp|Gascoigne|2003|p=150}} A number of Han groups revolted, including the [[Red Turban Rebellion|Red Turbans]] in 1351. The Red Turbans were affiliated with the [[White Lotus Societies|White Lotus]], a [[Chinese Buddhism|Buddhist]] secret society. [[Zhu Yuanzhang]] was a penniless peasant and Buddhist monk who joined the Red Turbans in 1352; he soon gained a reputation after marrying the foster daughter of a rebel commander.{{sfnp|Ebrey|1999|pp=190–191}} In 1356, Zhu's rebel force captured the city of [[Nanjing]],{{sfnp|Gascoigne|2003|p=151}} which he would later establish as the capital of the Ming dynasty.

With the Yuan dynasty crumbling, competing rebel groups began fighting for control of the country and thus the right to establish a new dynasty. In 1363, Zhu Yuanzhang eliminated his archrival and leader of the rebel Han faction, [[Chen Youliang]], in the [[Battle of Lake Poyang]], arguably the [[largest naval battle in history]]. Known for its ambitious use of [[fire ships]], Zhu's force of 200,000 Ming sailors were able to defeat a Han rebel force over triple their size, claimed to be 650,000-strong. The victory destroyed the last opposing rebel faction, leaving Zhu Yuanzhang in uncontested control of the bountiful [[Yangtze]] valley and cementing his power in the south. After the dynastic head of the Red Turbans suspiciously died in 1367 while a guest of Zhu, there was no one left who was remotely capable of contesting his march to the throne, and he made his imperial ambitions known by sending an army toward the Yuan capital [[Khanbaliq|Dadu]] (present-day [[Beijing]]) in 1368.{{sfnp|Ebrey|1999|p=191}} The last Yuan emperor fled north to the upper capital [[Shangdu]], and Zhu declared the founding of the Ming dynasty after razing the Yuan palaces in Dadu to the ground;{{sfnp|Ebrey|1999|p=191}} the city was renamed Beiping in the same year.{{sfnp|Naquin|2000|p=xxxiii}} Zhu Yuanzhang took Hongwu, or "Vastly Martial", as his [[Chinese era name|era name]].

==== Reign of the Hongwu Emperor ====
{{further|Military conquests of the Ming dynasty}}
[[File:A Seated Portrait of Ming Emperor Taizu.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Portrait of the [[Hongwu Emperor]] ({{reign|1368|1398}})]]
The Hongwu Emperor made an immediate effort to rebuild state infrastructure. He built a {{convert|48|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} [[City Wall of Nanjing|wall around Nanjing]], as well as new palaces and government halls.{{sfnp|Ebrey|1999|p=191}} The ''[[History of Ming]]'' states that as early as 1364 Zhu Yuanzhang had begun drafting a new [[Confucian]] law code, the ''[[Great Ming Code]]'', which was completed by 1397 and repeated certain clauses found in the old [[Tang Code]] of 653.{{sfnp|Andrew|Rapp|2000|p=25}} The Hongwu Emperor organized a military system known as the ''[[Weisuo system|weisuo]]'', which was similar to the [[Fubing system|''fubing'' system]] of the [[Tang dynasty]] (618–907).

In 1380 the Hongwu Emperor had the Chancellor [[Hu Weiyong]] executed upon suspicion of a conspiracy plot to overthrow him; after that the Hongwu Emperor abolished the [[Chancellor (China)|Chancellery]] and assumed this role as chief executive and emperor, a precedent mostly followed throughout the Ming period.{{sfnp|Ebrey|1999|pp=192–193}}{{sfnp|Fairbank|Goldman|2006|p=130}} With a growing suspicion of his ministers and subjects, the Hongwu Emperor established the [[Embroidered Uniform Guard]], a network of [[secret police]] drawn from his own palace guard. Some 100,000 people were executed in a series of purges during his rule.{{sfnp|Ebrey|1999|pp=192–193}}{{sfnp|Fairbank|Goldman|2006|pp=129–130}}

The Hongwu Emperor issued many edicts forbidding Mongol practices and proclaiming his intention to purify China of barbarian influence. However, he also sought to use the Yuan legacy to legitimize his authority in China and other areas ruled by the Yuan. He continued policies of the Yuan dynasty such as continued request for Korean concubines and eunuchs, Mongol-style hereditary military institutions, Mongol-style clothing and hats, promoting archery and horseback riding, and having large numbers of Mongols serve in the Ming military. Until the late 16th century, Mongols still constituted one-third of officers serving in capital forces like the Embroidered Uniform Guard, and other peoples such as [[Jurchens]] were also prominent.{{sfnp|Robinson|2008|pp=365–399}} He frequently wrote to Mongol, Japanese, Korean, Jurchen, Tibetan, and Southwest frontier rulers offering advice on their governmental and dynastic policy, and insisted on leaders from these regions visiting the Ming capital for audiences. He resettled 100,000 Mongols into his territory, with many serving as guards in the capital. The emperor also strongly advertised the hospitality and role granted to Chinggisid nobles in his court.{{sfnp|Robinson|2020|pp=8–9}}

The Hongwu Emperor insisted that he was not a rebel, and he attempted to justify his conquest of the other rebel warlords by claiming that he was a Yuan subject and had been divinely-appointed to restore order by crushing rebels. Most Chinese elites did not view the Yuan's Mongol ethnicity as grounds to resist or reject it. The Hongwu Emperor emphasised that he was not conquering territory from the Yuan dynasty but rather from the rebel warlords. He used this line of argument to attempt to persuade Yuan loyalists to join his cause.{{sfnp|Robinson|2019|pp=144–146}} The Ming used the tribute they received from former Yuan vassals as proof that the Ming had taken over the Yuan's legitimacy. Tribute missions were regularly celebrated with music and dance in the Ming court.{{sfnp|Robinson|2019|p=248}}

==== South-Western frontier ====
{{Main|Ming conquest of Yunnan|Miao rebellions in the Ming dynasty}}
In 1381, the Ming dynasty annexed the areas of the southwest that had once been part of the [[Kingdom of Dali]] following the successful effort by Hui Muslim Ming armies to defeat Mongol and Hui Muslim troops loyal to the Yuan holding out in Yunnan. The Hui troops under General [[Mu Ying]], who was appointed Governor of Yunnan, were resettled in the region as part of a colonization effort.{{sfnp|Dillon|1999|p=34}} By the end of the 14th century, some 200,000 military colonists settled some 2,000,000 ''mu'' (350,000 acres) of land in what is now [[Yunnan]] and [[Guizhou]]. Roughly half a million more Chinese settlers came in later periods; these migrations caused a major shift in the ethnic make-up of the region, since formerly more than half of the population were non-Han peoples. Resentment over such massive changes in population and the resulting government presence and policies sparked more [[Miao people|Miao]] and [[Yao people (Asia)|Yao]] revolts in 1464 to 1466, which were crushed by an army of 30,000 Ming troops (including 1,000 Mongols) joining the 160,000 local [[Guangxi]]. After the scholar and philosopher [[Wang Yangming]] (1472–1529) suppressed another rebellion in the region, he advocated single, unitary administration of Chinese and indigenous ethnic groups in order to bring about [[sinicisation]] of the local peoples.{{sfnp|Ebrey|1999|p=197}}

==== Campaign in the North-East ====
{{Main|Manchuria under Ming rule}}
[[File:Chemin de ronde muraille long.JPG|thumb|left|The [[Great Wall of China]]: while segments of earlier [[rammed earth]] walls were first unified by the [[Qin dynasty|Qin]] and [[Han dynasty|Han]] dynasties, the vast majority of the brick and stone Great Wall is a product of the Ming.]]

After the overthrow of the [[Yuan dynasty]] in 1368, Manchuria remained under control of the [[Northern Yuan]] based in [[Mongolia]]. [[Naghachu]], a former Yuan official and a [[Uriankhai]] general of the Northern Yuan, won hegemony over the Mongol tribes in Manchuria (the former Yuan province of [[Liaoyang province|Liaoyang]]). He grew strong in the northeast, with forces large enough (numbering hundreds of thousands) to threaten invasion of the newly founded Ming dynasty in order to restore the Mongols to power in China. The Ming decided to defeat him instead of waiting for the Mongols to attack. In 1387 the Ming sent [[Ming military campaign against Naghachu|a military campaign to attack Naghachu]],{{sfnp|Wang|2011|pp=101–144}} which concluded with the surrender of Naghachu and Ming conquest of Manchuria.

The early Ming court could not, and did not, aspire to the control imposed upon the [[Jurchens]] in Manchuria by the Mongols, yet it created a norm of organization that would ultimately serve as the main instrument for the relations with peoples along the northeast frontiers. By the end of the Hongwu Emperor's reign, the essentials of a policy toward the Jurchens had taken shape. Most of the inhabitants of Manchuria, except for the [[Wild Jurchens]], were at peace with China. In 1409, under the Yongle Emperor, the Ming established the [[Nurgan Regional Military Commission]] on the banks of the [[Amur River]], and [[Yishiha]], a eunuch of [[Haixi Jurchens|Haixi Jurchen]] origin, was ordered to lead an expedition to the mouth of the Amur to [[Pacification (military action)|pacify]] the Wild Jurchens. After the death of Yongle Emperor, the Nurgan Regional Military Commission was abolished in 1435, and the Ming court ceased to have substantial activities there, although the guards continued to exist in Manchuria. Throughout its existence, the Ming established a total of 384 guards ({{zhi|c=衛}}, ''wei'') and 24 battalions ({{zhi|c=所}}, ''suo'') in Manchuria, but these were probably only nominal offices and did not necessarily imply political control.{{sfnp|Tsai|2001|p=159}} By the late Ming period, Ming's political presence in Manchuria has declined significantly.

==== Relations with Tibet ====
{{Main|Ming–Tibet relations}}
[[File:17th century Central Tibeten thanka of Guhyasamaja Akshobhyavajra, Rubin Museum of Art.jpg|upright=0.9|thumb|A 17th-century Tibetan [[thangka]] of Guhyasamaja Akshobhyavajra; the Ming court gathered various tribute items that were native products of Tibet (such as thangkas),<ref>{{harvp|Zhang|Xiang|2002|p=73}}</ref> and in return granted gifts to Tibetan tribute-bearers.{{sfnp|Wang|Nyima|1997|pp=39–41}}]]
The ''[[History of Ming]]''—the official dynastic history compiled in 1739 by the subsequent [[Qing dynasty]] (1644–1912)—states that the Ming established itinerant commanderies overseeing Tibetan administration while also renewing titles of ex-Yuan dynasty officials from [[Tibet]] and conferring new princely titles on leaders of [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist sects]].<ref>{{harvp|History of Ming|loc=Geography I, III; Western Territory III}}</ref> However, Turrell V. Wylie states that censorship in the ''History of Ming'' in favor of bolstering the Ming emperor's prestige and reputation at all costs obfuscates the nuanced history of Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming era.{{sfnp|Wylie|2003|p=470}}

Modern scholars debate whether the Ming had [[sovereignty]] over Tibet. Some believe it was a relationship of loose [[suzerainty]] that was largely cut off when the [[Jiajing Emperor]] ({{reign|1521|1567}}) persecuted Buddhism in favor of [[Taoism]] at court.{{sfnp|Wylie|2003|p=470}}{{sfnp|Wang|Nyima|1997|pp=1–40}} Others argue that the significant religious nature of the relationship with Tibetan lamas is underrepresented in modern scholarship.{{sfnp|Norbu|2001|p=52}}{{sfnp|Kolmaš|1967|p=32}} Others note the Ming need for Central Asian horses and the need to maintain the [[Tibet during the Ming dynasty#Tribute and exchanging tea for horses|tea-horse trade]].{{sfnp|Wang|Nyima|1997|pp=39–40}}{{sfnp|Sperling|2003|pp=474–475, 478}}{{sfnp|Perdue|2000|p=273}}{{sfnp|Kolmaš|1967|pp=28–29}}

The Ming sporadically sent armed forays into Tibet during the 14th century, which the Tibetans successfully resisted.{{sfnp|Langlois|1988|pp=139, 161}}{{sfnp|Geiss|1988|pp=417–418}} Several scholars point out that unlike the preceding Mongols, the Ming did not garrison permanent troops in Tibet.{{sfnp|Ebrey|1999|p=227}}{{sfnp|Wang|Nyima|1997|p=38}} The [[Wanli Emperor]] ({{reign|1572|1620}}) attempted to reestablish Sino-Tibetan relations in the wake of a [[History of Tibet#The origin of the title of 'Dalai Lama'|Mongol–Tibetan alliance]] initiated in 1578, an alliance which affected the foreign policy of the subsequent Qing dynasty in their support for the [[Dalai Lama]] of the [[Gelug|Yellow Hat]] sect.{{sfnp|Wylie|2003|p=470}}{{sfnp|Kolmaš|1967|pp=30–31}}{{sfnp|Goldstein|1997|p=8}}<ref>{{harvp|The Ming Biographical Dictionary (1976)|p=23}}</ref> By the late 16th century, the Mongols proved to be successful armed protectors of the Yellow Hat Dalai Lama after their increasing presence in the [[Amdo]] region, culminating in the [[Mongol conquest of Tibet|conquest of Tibet]] by [[Güshi Khan]] (1582–1655) in 1642,{{sfnp|Wylie|2003|p=470}}{{sfnp|Kolmaš|1967|pp=34–35}}{{sfnp|Goldstein|1997|pp=6–9}} establishing the [[Khoshut Khanate]].

=== Reign of the Yongle Emperor ===
{{Main|Yongle Emperor}}
{{Further|Ming dynasty in Inner Asia}}

==== Rise to power ====
[[File:Portrait assis de l'empereur Ming Chengzu.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Portrait of the [[Yongle Emperor]] ({{reign|1402|1424}})]]
The [[Hongwu Emperor]] specified his grandson Zhu Yunwen as his successor, and he assumed the throne as the [[Jianwen Emperor]] ({{reign|1398|1402}}) after the Hongwu Emperor's death in 1398. The Jianwen Emperor's uncle Zhu Di, the most powerful of the Hongwu Emperor's sons, opposed his ascension and soon came into conflict with the young emperor.{{sfnp|Robinson|2000|p=527}} After the Jianwen Emperor arrested many of Zhu Di's associates, Zhu Di plotted a rebellion that sparked a [[Jingnan campaign|three-year civil war]]. Under the pretext of rescuing the Jianwen Emperor from corrupting officials, Zhu Di personally led forces in the revolt; the palace in Nanjing was burned to the ground, along with the Jianwen Emperor himself, his wife, mother, and courtiers. Zhu Di assumed the throne as the [[Yongle Emperor]] ({{reign|1402|1424}}); his reign is universally viewed by scholars as a "second founding" of the Ming dynasty since he reversed many of his father's policies.{{sfnp|Atwell|2002|p=84}}

==== New capital and foreign engagement ====
{{further|Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols}}
The Yongle Emperor demoted Nanjing to a secondary capital and in 1403 announced the new capital of China was to be at his power base in Beijing. Construction of a new city there lasted from 1407 to 1420, employing hundreds of thousands of workers daily.{{sfnp|Ebrey|Walthall|Palais|2006|p=272}} At the center was the political node of the [[Imperial City (Beijing)|Imperial City]], and at the center of this was the [[Forbidden City]], the palatial residence of the emperor and his family. By 1553, the Outer City was added to the south, which brought the overall size of Beijing to {{convert|4 by 4+1/2|mi|km|round=0.5|abbr=off|order=flip}}.{{sfnp|Ebrey|1999|p=194}}

[[File:Noel 2005 Pékin tombeaux Ming voie des âmes.jpg|thumb|The [[Ming tombs]], located {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of Beijing]]

Beginning in 1405, the Yongle Emperor entrusted his favored [[eunuch]] commander [[Zheng He]] (1371–1433) as the admiral for a gigantic new fleet of ships designated for international [[treasure voyages|tributary missions]]. Among the kingdoms visited by Zheng He, the Yongle Emperor proclaimed the [[Kingdom of Cochin]] to be its protectorate.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sen |first=Tansen |title=The impact of Zheng He's expeditions on Indian Ocean interactions |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=79 |issue=3 |year=2016 |issn=0041-977X |doi=10.1017/s0041977x16001038 |pages=609–636}}</ref> The Chinese had [[Foreign relations of Imperial China|sent diplomatic missions]] over land since the [[Han dynasty]] (202 BCE{{snd}}220 CE) and engaged in [[Economy of the Song dynasty|private overseas trade]], but these missions were unprecedented in grandeur and scale. To service seven different tributary voyages, the Nanjing shipyards constructed two thousand vessels from 1403 to 1419, including [[Chinese treasure ship|treasure ships]] measuring {{convert|112|to|134|m|ft|abbr=on}} in length and {{convert|45|to|54|m|ft|abbr=on}} in width.{{sfnp|Fairbank|Goldman|2006|p=137}}

The Yongle Emperor used [[woodblock printing]] to spread Chinese culture. He also [[Ming dynasty military conquests|used the military]] to expand China's borders. This included the [[Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam|brief occupation of Vietnam]], from the initial invasion in 1406 until the Ming withdrawal in 1427 as a result of protracted [[Lam Sơn uprising|guerrilla warfare]] led by [[Lê Lợi]], the founder of the Vietnamese [[Lê dynasty]].{{sfnp|Wang|1998|pp=317–327}}

=== Tumu Crisis and the Ming Mongols ===
{{Main|Tumu Crisis|Rebellion of Cao Qin}}
[[File:Tribute Giraffe with Attendant.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|A Bengali envoy presenting a giraffe as a tributary gift in the name of King [[Saifuddin Hamza Shah|Saif Al-Din Hamzah Shah]] of Bengal ({{reign|1410|1412}}) to the Yongle Emperor]]
The [[Oirats|Oirat]] leader [[Esen Tayisi]] launched an invasion into Ming China in July 1449. The chief eunuch [[Wang Zhen (eunuch)|Wang Zhen]] encouraged the [[Zhengtong Emperor]] ({{reign|1435|1449}}) to lead a force personally to face the Oirats after a recent Ming defeat; the emperor left the capital and put his half-brother [[Zhu Qiyu]] in charge of affairs as temporary regent. On 8 September, Esen routed Zhengtong's army, and Zhengtong was captured—an event known as the [[Tumu Crisis]].{{sfnp|Ebrey|Walthall|Palais|2006|p=273}} The Oirats held the Zhengtong Emperor for ransom. However, this scheme was foiled once the emperor's younger brother assumed the throne under the era name [[Jingtai Emperor|Jingtai]] ({{reign|1449|1457}}); the Oirats were also repelled once the Jingtai Emperor's confidant and defense minister [[Yu Qian]] (1398–1457) gained control of the Ming armed forces. Holding the Zhengtong Emperor in captivity was a useless bargaining chip for the Oirats as long as another sat on his throne, so they released him back into Ming China.{{sfnp|Ebrey|Walthall|Palais|2006|p=273}} The former emperor was placed under house arrest in the palace until the coup against the Jingtai Emperor in 1457 known as the "Wresting the Gate Incident".{{sfnp|Robinson|1999|p=83}} The former emperor retook the throne under the new era name [[Emperor Yingzong of Ming|Tianshun]] ({{reign|1457|1464}}).

Tianshun proved to be a troubled time and Mongol forces within the Ming military structure continued to be problematic. On 7 August 1461, the Chinese general Cao Qin and his Ming troops of Mongol descent [[Rebellion of Cao Qin|staged a coup against the Tianshun Emperor]] out of fear of being next on his purge-list of those who aided him in the Wresting the Gate Incident.{{sfnp|Robinson|1999|pp=84–85}} Cao's rebel force managed to set fire to the western and eastern gates of the [[Imperial City (Beijing)|Imperial City]] (doused by rain during the battle) and killed several leading ministers before his forces were finally cornered and he was forced to commit suicide.{{sfnp|Robinson|1999|pp=79, 101–108}}

While the Yongle Emperor had staged [[Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols|five major offensives north]] of the Great Wall against the Mongols and the Oirats, the constant threat of Oirat incursions prompted the Ming authorities to fortify the Great Wall from the late 15th century to the 16th century; nevertheless, John Fairbank notes that "it proved to be a futile military gesture but vividly expressed China's siege mentality."{{sfnp|Fairbank|Goldman|2006|p=139}} Yet the Great Wall was not meant to be a purely defensive fortification; its towers functioned rather as a series of lit beacons and signalling stations to allow rapid warning to friendly units of advancing enemy troops.{{sfnp|Ebrey|1999|p=208}}

=== Decline ===
==== Reign of the Wanli Emperor ====
[[File:Wanli-Emperor.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|The [[Wanli Emperor]] ({{reign|1572|1620}}) in state ceremonial court dress]]
The reign of the [[Wanli Emperor]] (1572–1620) featured many problems, some of them fiscal in nature. In the beginning of his reign, Wanli surrounded himself with able advisors and made a conscientious effort to handle state affairs. His Grand Secretary [[Zhang Juzheng]] (1572–1582) built up an effective network of alliances with senior officials. However, there was no one after him skilled enough to maintain the stability of these alliances;{{sfnp|Hucker|1958|p=31}} officials soon banded together in opposing political factions. Over time Wanli grew tired of court affairs and frequent political quarreling amongst his ministers, preferring to stay behind the walls of the Forbidden City and out of his officials' sight.{{sfnp|Spence|1999|p=16}} Scholar-officials lost prominence in administration as eunuchs became intermediaries between the aloof emperor and his officials; any senior official who wanted to discuss state matters had to persuade powerful eunuchs with a bribe simply to have his demands or message relayed to the emperor.{{sfnp|Spence|1999|p=17}} There were several military campaigns during the Wanli Emperor's reign, [[Ordos campaign (1592)|Ordos campaign]], the response to the [[Bozhou rebellion]], and the [[Imjin War]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V6G50MaPJWMC&q=ordos&pg=PA27 |title=A Dragon's Head and a Serpent's Tail: Ming China and the First Great East Asian War, 1592–1598 |isbn=978-0-8061-8502-6 |last=Swope |first=Kenneth M. |date=29 April 2013 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press}}</ref>{{sfnp|Swope|2011|pp=122–125}}{{sfnp|Xie|2013|pp=118–120}}{{sfnp|Herman|2007|pp=164–165, 281}}{{sfnp|Ness|1998|pp=139–140}}

==== Role of eunuchs ====
[[File:Porcelain tea cups from the reign of the Tianqi Emperor.jpg|thumb|left|[[Tianqi Emperor|Tianqi-era]] teacups, from the Nantoyōsō Collection in Japan; the Tianqi Emperor was heavily influenced and largely controlled by the eunuch [[Wei Zhongxian]] (1568–1627).]]

The Hongwu Emperor forbade eunuchs to learn how to read or engage in politics. Whether or not these restrictions were carried out with absolute success in his reign, eunuchs during the Yongle Emperor's reign (1402–1424) and afterwards managed huge imperial workshops, commanded armies, and participated in matters of appointment and promotion of officials. The Yongle Emperor put 75 eunuchs in charge of foreign policy; they traveled frequently to vassal states including Annam, Mongolia, the Ryukyu Islands, and Tibet and less frequently to farther-flung places like Japan and Nepal. In the later 15th century, however, eunuch envoys generally only traveled to Korea.{{sfnp|Tsai|1996|pp=119–120}}

The eunuchs developed their own bureaucracy that was organized parallel to but was not subject to the civil service bureaucracy.{{sfnp|Ebrey|1999|pp=194–195}} Although there were several dictatorial eunuchs throughout the Ming, such as [[Wang Zhen (eunuch)|Wang Zhen]], Wang Zhi, and [[Liu Jin]], excessive tyrannical eunuch power did not become evident until the 1590s when the [[Wanli Emperor]] increased their rights over the civil bureaucracy and granted them power to collect provincial taxes.{{sfnp|Spence|1999|p=17}}{{sfnp|Hucker|1958|p=11}}

The eunuch [[Wei Zhongxian]] (1568–1627) dominated the court of the [[Tianqi Emperor]] ({{reign|1620|1627}}) and had his political rivals tortured to death, mostly the vocal critics from the faction of the [[Donglin movement|Donglin Society]]. He ordered temples built in his honor throughout the Ming Empire, and built personal palaces created with funds allocated for [[Architecture of the Ming dynasty|building the previous emperor's tombs]]. His friends and family gained important positions without qualifications. Wei also published a historical work lambasting and belittling his political opponents.{{sfnp|Spence|1999|pp=17–18}} Constant changes at court became the norm, and there was also an intensification of natural disasters, epidemics, rebellions, and foreign invasions. Although the [[Chongzhen Emperor]] ({{reign|1627|1644}}) dismissed Wei, who later committed suicide,{{sfnp|Atwell|1988|pp=612–613}} problems involving palace eunuchs persisted until the fall of the dynasty, which occurred less than twenty years later.{{sfnp|Hucker|1998|pp=21–24}}

==== Economic breakdown and natural disasters ====
{{further|The General Crisis}}
[[File:Ch'iu Ying 001.jpg|thumb|''Spring morning in a Han palace'', by [[Qiu Ying]] (1494–1552); excessive luxury and decadence marked the late Ming period, spurred by the enormous state [[bullion]] of incoming silver and by private transactions involving silver.]]
[[File:Imperial 'dragon' throne carpet, Ming Dynasty, 16th century.png|thumb|An imperial throne carpet with double dragon and seed pearl motif, 16th century]]

During the last years of the Wanli era and those of his two successors, an economic crisis developed that was centered on a sudden widespread lack of the empire's chief medium of exchange: silver. [[Kingdom of Portugal|The Portuguese]] first [[Rafael Perestrello|established trade with China]] in 1516.{{sfnp|Brook|1998|p=124}} Following the Ming Emperor's decision to ban direct trade with Japan, Portuguese traders acted as an intermediary between China and Japan by buying Chinese silks from China and selling it to Japan for silver.{{sfnp|Spence|1999|pp=19–20}} After some [[Fernão Pires de Andrade|initial hostilities]] the Portuguese gained consent from the Ming court in 1557 to settle [[Macau]] as their permanent trade base in China.{{sfnp|Wills|1998|pp=343–349}} Their role in providing silver was gradually surpassed by [[Spanish Empire|the Spanish]],{{sfnp|Spence|1999|p=20}}{{sfnp|Brook|1998|p=205}}{{sfnp|Lane|2019}} while even [[Dutch Empire|the Dutch]] challenged them for control of this trade.{{sfnp|Brook|1998|pp=206, 208}}{{sfnp|Wills|1998|pp=349–353}} [[Philip IV of Spain]] ({{reign|1621|1665}}) began cracking down on illegal smuggling of silver from [[New Spain]] and [[Viceroyalty of Peru|Peru]] across the [[Pacific]] through the [[Philippines]] towards China, in favor of [[Manila galleon|shipping silver mined in the Spanish Latin American colonies]] through Spanish ports. People began hoarding precious silver as there was progressively less of it, forcing the ratio of the value of copper to silver into a steep decline. In the 1630s a string of one thousand [[Cash (Chinese coin)|copper coins]] equaled an ounce of silver; by 1640 that sum could fetch half an ounce; and, by 1643 only one-third of an ounce. For peasants this meant economic disaster, since they paid taxes in silver while conducting local trade and crop sales in copper.{{sfnp|Spence|1999|pp=20–21}} Atwell and others have argued that disruptions to silver imports in the 1630s–40s were central to the Ming fiscal collapse.{{sfnp|Atwell|2005|pp=467–489}}{{sfnp|So|2012|pp=4, 17–18, 32–34}}

Famines became common in northern China in the early 17th century because of unusually dry and cold weather that shortened the growing season—effects of a larger ecological event now known as the [[Little Ice Age]].{{sfnp|Spence|1999|p=21}} Famine, alongside tax increases, widespread military desertions, a declining relief system, and natural disasters such as flooding and inability of the government to properly manage irrigation and flood-control projects caused widespread loss of life and normal civility.{{sfnp|Spence|1999|p=21}} The central government, starved of resources, could do very little to mitigate the effects of these calamities. Making matters worse, a widespread epidemic, the [[Great Plague in the late Ming dynasty|Great Plague of 1633–1644]], spread across China from Zhejiang to Henan, killing an unknown but large number of people.{{sfnp|Spence|1999|pp=22–24}} One of the deadliest earthquake of all time, the [[1556 Shaanxi earthquake|Shaanxi earthquake of 1556]], occurred during the [[Jiajing Emperor]]'s reign, killing approximately 830,000 people.{{sfnp|BBC News (2004)}}

=== Fall of the Ming ===
{{Main|Transition from Ming to Qing}}

==== Rise of the Manchus ====
{{See also|Manchuria under Ming rule|Jurchen unification}}
[[File:Shanhaiguan.jpg|thumb|[[Shanhai Pass]] along the Great Wall, the gate where the Manchus were repeatedly repelled before being finally let through by Wu Sangui in 1644]]
[[File:Beijingbelltower2.jpg|thumb|The [[Drum Tower and Bell Tower of Beijing]] was built in the Yuan and [[Architecture of the Ming dynasty|rebuilt in the Ming]].]]

Originally a Ming vassal who officially considered himself a guardian of the Ming border and a local representative of imperial Ming power,<ref>The Cambridge History of China: Volume 9, The Ch'ing Empire to 1800, Part 1, by Denis C. Twitchett, John K. Fairbank, p. 29</ref> [[Nurhaci]], leader of the [[Jianzhou Jurchens]], [[Jurchen unification|unified other Jurchen clans]] to create a new Manchu ethnic identity. He offered to lead his armies to support Ming and [[Joseon]] armies against the [[Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)|Japanese invasions of Korea]] in the 1590s. Ming officials declined the offer, but granted him the title of dragon-tiger general for his gesture. Recognizing the weakness of Ming authority in Manchuria at the time, he consolidated power by co-opting or conquering surrounding territories. In 1616 he declared himself [[Khan (title)|Khan]] and established the [[Later Jin (1616–1636)|Later Jin dynasty]] in reference to the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|previous Jurchen-ruled Jin dynasty]]. In 1618, he openly renounced the Ming overlordship and effectively declared war against the Ming with the "[[Seven Grievances]]".{{sfnp|Spence|1999|p=27-28}}

In 1636, Nurhaci's son [[Hong Taiji]] renamed his dynasty the "[[Great Qing]]" at [[Mukden]] (modern Shenyang), which had been made their capital in 1625.{{sfnp|Spence|1999|pp=24, 28}}{{sfnp|Chang|2007|p=92}} Hong Taiji also adopted the Chinese imperial title ''[[Emperor of China|huangdi]]'', declared the [[Hong Taiji|Chongde]] ("Revering Virtue") era, and changed the ethnic name of his people from "Jurchen" to "[[Manchu]]".{{sfnp|Chang|2007|p=92}} In 1636, Banner Armies defeated Joseon during the [[Second Manchu invasion of Korea]] and forced Joseon to become a Qing tributary. Shortly after, the Koreans renounced their long-held loyalty to the Ming dynasty.{{sfnp|Spence|1999|p=31}}

==== Rebellion, invasion, collapse ====
A peasant soldier named [[Li Zicheng]] mutinied with his fellow soldiers in western Shaanxi in the early 1630s after the Ming government failed to ship much-needed supplies there. In 1634 he was captured by a Ming general and released only on the terms that he return to service. The agreement soon broke down when a local magistrate had thirty-six of his fellow rebels executed; Li's troops retaliated by killing the officials and continued to lead a rebellion based in Rongyang, [[Henan]] by 1635. By the 1640s, an ex-soldier and rival to Li—[[Zhang Xianzhong]] (1606–1647)—had created a firm rebel base in [[Chengdu]], [[Sichuan]], with the establishment of the [[Xi dynasty]], while Li's center of power was in [[Hubei]] with extended influence over Shaanxi and Henan.{{sfnp|Spence|1999|pp=21–22}}

In 1640, masses of Chinese peasants who were starving, unable to pay their taxes, and no longer in fear of the frequently defeated Chinese army, began to form into huge bands of rebels. The Chinese military, caught between fruitless efforts to defeat the Manchu raiders from the north and huge peasant revolts in the provinces, essentially fell apart. Unpaid and unfed, the army was defeated by Li Zicheng—now self-styled as the Prince of [[Shun dynasty|Shun]]—and deserted the capital without much of a fight. On 25 April 1644, Beijing fell to a rebel army led by Li Zicheng when the city gates were opened by rebel allies from within. During the turmoil, [[Chongzhen]], the last Ming emperor, accompanied only by a eunuch servant, hanged himself [[Guilty Chinese Scholartree|on a tree in the imperial garden]] right outside the Forbidden City.{{sfnp|Spence|1999|p=25}}

Seizing opportunity, the [[Eight Banners]] crossed the [[Great Wall]] after the Ming border general [[Wu Sangui]] (1612–1678) opened the gates at [[Shanhai Pass]]. This occurred shortly after he learned about the fate of the capital and an army of Li Zicheng marching towards him; weighing his options of alliance, he decided to side with the Manchus.{{sfnp|Spence|1999|pp=32–33}} The Eight Banners under the Manchu Prince [[Dorgon]] (1612–1650) and Wu Sangui approached Beijing after the army sent by Li was destroyed at [[Shanhaiguan District|Shanhaiguan]]; the Prince of Shun's army fled the capital on the fourth of June. On 6 June, the Manchus and Wu entered the capital and proclaimed the young [[Shunzhi Emperor]] ruler of China. After being forced out of [[Xi'an]] by the Qing, chased along the [[Han River (Hanshui)|Han River]] to [[Wuchang]], and finally along the northern border of [[Jiangxi]], Li Zicheng died there in the summer of 1645, thus ending the [[Shun dynasty]]. One report says his death was a suicide; another states that he was beaten to death by peasants after he was caught stealing their food.{{sfnp|Spence|1999|p=33}}

Despite the loss of Beijing and the death of the emperor, the Ming were not yet totally destroyed. Nanjing, Fujian, Guangdong, Shanxi, and Yunnan were all strongholds of Ming resistance. However, there were several pretenders for the Ming throne, and their forces were divided. These scattered Ming remnants in southern China after 1644 were collectively designated by 19th-century historians as the [[Southern Ming]].{{sfnp|Dennerline |1985|pp=824–825}} Each bastion of resistance was individually defeated by the Qing until 1662, when the last Southern Ming emperor, [[Zhu Youlang]], the Yongli Emperor, was captured and executed. In 1683, the Qing forces [[Battle of Penghu|conquered Taiwan]] and dismantled the [[Kingdom of Tungning]], which had been established by [[Zheng Chenggong]] and was the final stronghold of forces loyal to the Ming dynasty.{{sfnp|Spence|2002|p=122}}{{sfnp|Mote|2003|pp=835, 849}}

== Government ==
{{Main|Government of the Ming dynasty}}
{{See also|List of emperors of the Ming dynasty}}

=== Province, prefecture, sub-prefecture and county ===
Described as "one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history" by [[Edwin O. Reischauer]], [[John K. Fairbank]] and [[Albert M. Craig]],{{sfnp|Fan|2016|p=97}} the Ming emperors took over the provincial administration system of the Yuan dynasty, and the thirteen Ming provinces are the precursors of the modern provinces. Throughout the Song dynasty, the largest political division was the [[Circuit (country subdivision)|circuit]].{{sfnp|Yuan|1994|pp=193–194}} However, after the [[Jingkang Incident|Jurchen invasion]] in 1127, the Song court established four semi-autonomous regional command systems based on territorial and military units, with a detached service secretariat that would become the provincial administrations of the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties.{{sfnp|Hartwell|1982|pp=397–398}} Copied on the Yuan model, the Ming provincial bureaucracy contained three commissions: one civil, one military, and one for surveillance. Below the level of the [[Province (China)|province]] were [[Prefecture (China)|prefectures]] operating under a prefect (''zhifu'' 知府), followed by [[Zhou (country subdivision)|subprefectures]] under a subprefect. The lowest unit was the [[County (China)|county]], overseen by a magistrate. Besides the provinces, there were also two large areas that belonged to no province, but were metropolitan areas attached to Nanjing and Beijing.{{sfnp|Hucker|1958|p=5}}

=== Institutions and bureaus ===
==== Institutional trends ====
[[File:Palace of Heavenly Purity (20220218132818).jpg|thumb|The [[Palace of Heavenly Purity]] in the [[Forbidden City]]]]

Departing from the main central administrative system generally known as the [[Three Departments and Six Ministries]] system, [[Government of the Han dynasty|which was instituted by various dynasties]] since the late [[Han dynasty|Han]] (202 BCE{{snd}}220 CE), the Ming administration had only one department, the Secretariat, that controlled the six ministries. Following the execution of the [[Chancellor (China)|Chancellor]] Hu Weiyong in 1380, the Hongwu Emperor abolished the Secretariat, the [[Censorate]], and the Chief Military Commission and personally took charge of the Six Ministries and the regional Five Military Commissions.{{sfnp|Hucker|1958|p=28}}{{sfnp|Chang|2007|loc=p. 15, footnote 42}} Thus a whole level of administration was cut out and only partially rebuilt by subsequent rulers.{{sfnp|Hucker|1958|p=28}} The [[Grand Secretariat]], at the beginning a secretarial institution that assisted the emperor with administrative paperwork, was instituted, but without employing grand counselors, or [[Chancellor (China)|chancellors]].

The Hongwu Emperor sent his heir apparent to Shaanxi in 1391 to 'tour and soothe' (''xunfu'') the region; in 1421 the Yongle Emperor commissioned 26 officials to travel the empire and uphold similar investigatory and patrimonial duties. By 1430 these ''xunfu'' assignments became institutionalized as "[[grand coordinator]]s". Hence, the Censorate was reinstalled and first staffed with investigating censors, later with censors-in-chief. By 1453, the grand coordinators were granted the title vice censor-in-chief or assistant censor-in-chief and were allowed direct access to the emperor. As in prior dynasties, the provincial administrations were monitored by a travelling inspector from the Censorate. Censors had the power to impeach officials on an irregular basis, unlike the senior officials who were to do so only in triennial evaluations of junior officials.{{sfnp|Chang|2007|p=16}}{{sfnp|Hucker|1958|p=16}}

Although decentralization of state power within the provinces occurred in the early Ming, the trend of central government officials delegated to the provinces as virtual provincial governors began in the 1420s. By the late Ming dynasty, there were central government officials delegated to two or more provinces as supreme commanders and viceroys, a system which reined in the power and influence of the military by the civil establishment.{{sfnp|Hucker|1958|p=23}}

==== Grand Secretariat and Six Ministries ====
[[File:Portrait of Jiang Shunfu.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|A portrait of [[Jiang Shunfu]], an official under the [[Hongzhi Emperor]], now in the [[Nanjing Museum]]. The decoration of two [[Crane (bird)|cranes]] on his chest is a "[[rank badge]]" that indicates he was a civil official of the first rank.]]

Governmental institutions in China conformed to a similar pattern for some two thousand years, but each dynasty installed special offices and bureaus, reflecting its own particular interests. The Ming administration utilized [[Grand Secretaries]] to assist the emperor, handling paperwork under the reign of the [[Yongle Emperor]] and later appointed as top officials of agencies and Grand Preceptor, a top-ranking, non-functional civil service post, under the [[Hongxi Emperor]] ({{reign|1424|1425}}). The Grand Secretariat drew its members from the [[Hanlin Academy]] and were considered part of the imperial authority, not the ministerial one (hence being at odds with both the emperor and ministers at times).{{sfnp|Hucker|1958|pp=29–32}} The Secretariat operated as a coordinating agency, whereas the Six Ministries—[[Ministry of Personnel|Personnel]], [[Ministry of Revenue (imperial China)|Revenue]], [[Ministry of Rites|Rites]], [[Ministry of War (imperial China)|War]], [[Ministry of Justice (imperial China)|Justice]], and [[Ministry of Public Works (imperial China)|Public Works]]—were direct administrative organs of the state:{{sfnp|Hucker|1958|pp=31–32}}

# The [[Ministry of Personnel]] was in charge of appointments, merit ratings, promotions, and demotions of officials, as well as granting of honorific titles.{{sfnp|Hucker|1958|p=32}}
# The [[Ministry of Revenue (imperial China)|Ministry of Revenue]] was in charge of gathering census data, collecting taxes, and handling state revenues, while there were two offices of currency that were subordinate to it.{{sfnp|Hucker|1958|p=33}}
# The [[Ministry of Rites]] was in charge of state ceremonies, rituals, and sacrifices; it also oversaw registers for Buddhist and Daoist priesthoods and even the reception of envoys from tributary states.{{sfnp|Hucker|1958|pp=33–35}}
# The [[Ministry of War (imperial China)|Ministry of War]] was in charge of the appointments, promotions, and demotions of military officers, the maintenance of military installations, equipment, and weapons, as well as the courier system.{{sfnp|Hucker|1958|p=35}}
# The [[Ministry of Justice (imperial China)|Ministry of Justice]] was in charge of judicial and penal processes, but had no supervisory role over the Censorate or the Grand Court of Revision.{{sfnp|Hucker|1958|p=36}}
# The [[Ministry of Public Works (imperial China)|Ministry of Public Works]] had charge of government construction projects, hiring of artisans and laborers for temporary service, manufacturing government equipment, the maintenance of roads and canals, standardization of weights and measures, and the gathering of resources from the countryside.{{sfnp|Hucker|1958|p=36}}

==== Bureaus and offices for the imperial household ====
[[File:Ming coinage 14th 17th century.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Chinese coinage in the Ming dynasty|Ming coinage]] from the 14th–17th centuries]]

The imperial household was staffed almost entirely by eunuchs and ladies with their own bureaus. Female servants were organized into the Bureau of Palace Attendance, Bureau of Ceremonies, Bureau of Apparel, Bureau of Foodstuffs, Bureau of the Bedchamber, Bureau of Handicrafts, and Office of Staff Surveillance. Starting in the 1420s, eunuchs began taking over these ladies' positions until only the Bureau of Apparel with its four subsidiary offices remained. The Hongwu Emperor had his eunuchs organized into the Directorate of Palace Attendants, but as eunuch power at court increased, so did their administrative offices, with eventual twelve directorates, four offices, and eight bureaus. The dynasty had a vast imperial household, staffed with thousands of eunuchs, who were headed by the Directorate of Palace Attendants. The eunuchs were divided into different directorates in charge of staff surveillance, ceremonial rites, food, utensils, documents, stables, seals, apparel, and so on. The offices were in charge of providing fuel, music, paper, and baths. The bureaus were in charge of weapons, silverwork, laundering, headgear, bronze work, textile manufacture, wineries, and gardens.{{sfnp|Hucker|1958|pp=24–25}} At times, the most influential eunuch in the Directorate of Ceremonial acted as de facto dictator over the state.{{sfnp|Hucker|1958|pp=11, 25}}

Although the imperial household was staffed mostly by eunuchs and palace ladies, there was a civil service office called the Seal Office, which cooperated with eunuch agencies in maintaining imperial seals, tallies, and stamps. There were also civil service offices to oversee the affairs of imperial princes.{{sfnp|Hucker|1958|pp=25–26}}

=== Personnel ===
==== Scholar-officials ====
The Hongwu Emperor from 1373 to 1384 staffed his bureaus with officials gathered through recommendations only. After that the scholar-officials who populated the many ranks of bureaucracy were recruited through a rigorous [[Imperial examinations|examination system]] that was initially established by the [[Sui dynasty]] (581–618).{{sfnp|Hucker|1958|p=12}}{{sfnp|Ebrey|Walthall|Palais|2006|p=96}}{{sfnp|Ebrey|1999|pp=145–146}} Theoretically the system of exams allowed anyone to join the ranks of imperial officials (although it was frowned upon for merchants to join); in reality the time and funding needed to support the study in preparation for the exam generally limited participants to those already coming from the [[Four Occupations|landholding class]]. However, the government did exact provincial quotas while drafting officials. This was an effort to curb monopolization of power by landholding gentry who came from the most prosperous regions, where education was the most advanced. The expansion of the [[Technology of the Song dynasty#Movable type printing|printing industry since Song times]] enhanced the spread of knowledge and number of potential exam candidates throughout the provinces. For young schoolchildren there were printed multiplication tables and primers for elementary vocabulary; for adult examination candidates there were mass-produced, inexpensive volumes of Confucian classics and successful examination answers.{{sfnp|Ebrey|1999|pp=198–202}}

[[File:Ming-Beamtenprüfungen1.jpg|thumb|left|Candidates who had taken the civil service examinations would crowd around the wall where the results were posted; detail from a handscroll in ink and color on silk, by [[Qiu Ying]] (1494–1552).{{sfnp|Ebrey|1999|p=200}}]]
As in earlier periods, the focus of the examination was classical Confucian texts, while the bulk of test material centered on the [[Four Books]] outlined by [[Zhu Xi]] in the 12th century.{{sfnp|Ebrey|1999|p=198}} Ming era examinations were perhaps more difficult to pass since the 1487 requirement of completing the "[[eight-legged essay]]", a departure from basing essays off progressing literary trends. The exams increased in difficulty as the student progressed from the local level, and appropriate titles were accordingly awarded successful applicants. Officials were classified in nine hierarchic grades, each grade divided into two degrees, with ranging salaries (nominally paid in piculs of rice) according to their rank. While provincial graduates who were appointed to office were immediately assigned to low-ranking posts like the county graduates, those who passed the palace examination were awarded a ''jinshi'' ('presented scholar') degree and assured a high-level position.{{sfnp|Brook|1998|p=xxv}} In 276 years of Ming rule and ninety palace examinations, the number of doctoral degrees granted by passing the palace examinations was 24,874.{{sfnp|Hucker|1958|pp=11–14}} Ebrey states that "there were only two to four thousand of these ''jinshi'' at any given time, on the order of one out of 10,000 adult males." This was in comparison to the 100,000 ''shengyuan'' ('government students'), the lowest tier of graduates, by the 16th century.{{sfnp|Ebrey|1999|p=199}}

[[File:PanYongzheng-ProcessionalTombFigurines-ShanghaiMuseum-May27-08.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Processional figurines from the [[Shanghai]] tomb of Pan Yongzheng, a Ming dynasty official who lived during the 16th century]]
The maximum tenure in office was nine years, but every three years officials were graded on their performance by senior officials. If they were graded as superior then they were promoted, if graded adequate then they retained their ranks, and if graded inadequate they were demoted one rank. In extreme cases, officials would be dismissed or punished. Only capital officials of grade 4 and above were exempt from the scrutiny of recorded evaluation, although they were expected to confess any of their faults. There were over 4,000 school instructors in county and prefectural schools who were subject to evaluations every nine years. The Chief Instructor on the prefectural level was classified as equal to a second-grade county graduate. The Supervisorate of Imperial Instruction oversaw the education of the heir apparent to the throne; this office was headed by a Grand Supervisor of Instruction, who was ranked as first class of grade three.{{sfnp|Hucker|1958|pp=15–17, 26}}

Historians debate whether the examination system expanded or contracted upward social mobility. On the one hand, the exams were graded without regard to a candidate's social background, and were theoretically open to everyone.{{efn|For the argument that they increased social mobility see {{harvp|Ho|1962}}.}} In actual practice, the successful candidates had years of a very expensive, sophisticated tutoring of the sort that wealthy gentry families specialized in providing their talented sons. In practice, 90 percent of the population was ineligible due to lack of education, but the upper 10 percent had equal chances for moving to the top. To be successful young men had to have extensive, expensive training in classical Chinese, the use of Mandarin in spoken conversation, calligraphy, and had to master the intricate poetic requirements of the eight-legged essay. Not only did the traditional gentry dominate the system, they also learned that conservatism and resistance to new ideas was the path to success. For centuries critics had pointed out these problems, but the examination system only became more abstract and less relevant to the needs of China.{{sfnp|Elman|1991|pp=7–28}} The consensus of scholars is that the eight-legged essay can be blamed as a major cause of "China's cultural stagnation and economic backwardness." However Benjamin Ellman argues there were some positive features, since the essay form was capable of fostering "abstract thinking, persuasiveness, and prosodic form" and that its elaborate structure discouraged a wandering, unfocused narrative".{{sfnp|Elman|2000|pp=380, 394, 392}}

==== Lesser functionaries ====
[[File:Ming Emperor Xuande playing Golf.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|The Xuande Emperor playing [[chuiwan]] with his eunuchs, a game similar to golf, by an anonymous court painter of the Xuande period (1425–1435)]]
Scholar-officials who entered civil service through examinations acted as executive officials to a much larger body of non-ranked personnel called lesser functionaries. They outnumbered officials by four to one; Charles Hucker estimates that they were perhaps as many as 100,000 throughout the empire. These lesser functionaries performed clerical and technical tasks for government agencies. Yet they should not be confused with lowly lictors, runners, and bearers; lesser functionaries were given periodic merit evaluations like officials and after nine years of service might be accepted into a low civil service rank.{{sfnp|Hucker|1958|p=18}} The one great advantage of the lesser functionaries over officials was that officials were periodically rotated and assigned to different regional posts and had to rely on the good service and cooperation of the local lesser functionaries.{{sfnp|Hucker|1958|pp=18–19}}

==== Eunuchs, princes, and generals ====
[[File:Detail of The Emperor's Approach, Xuande period.jpg|thumb|Detail of ''The Emperor's Approach'' showing the [[Wanli Emperor]]'s royal carriage being pulled by elephants and escorted by cavalry]]

Eunuchs gained unprecedented power over state affairs during the Ming dynasty. One of the most effective means of control was the secret service stationed in what was called the Eastern Depot at the beginning of the dynasty, later the Western Depot. This secret service was overseen by the Directorate of Ceremonial, hence this state organ's often totalitarian affiliation. Eunuchs had ranks that were equivalent to civil service ranks, only theirs had four grades instead of nine.{{sfnp|Hucker|1958|pp=24–25}}{{sfnp|Mote|2003|pp=602–606}}

Descendants of the first Ming emperor were made princes and given (typically nominal) military commands, annual stipends, and large estates. The title used was "king" ({{lang|zh|王}}, ''wáng'') but—unlike the princes in the Han and Jin dynasties—these estates were not [[feudatories]], the princes did not serve any administrative function, and they partook in military affairs only during the reigns of the first two emperors.{{sfnp|Hucker|1958|p=8}} The [[Jingnan Campaign|rebellion of the Prince of Yan]] was justified in part as upholding the rights of the princes, but once the [[Yongle Emperor]] was enthroned, he continued his nephew's policy of disarming his brothers and moved their fiefs away from the militarized northern border. Although princes served no organ of state administration, the princes, consorts of the imperial princesses, and ennobled relatives did staff the [[Imperial Clan Court]], which supervised the imperial genealogy.{{sfnp|Hucker|1958|p=26}}

Like scholar-officials, military generals were ranked in a hierarchic grading system and were given merit evaluations every five years (as opposed to three years for officials).{{sfnp|Hucker|1958|p=19}} However, military officers had less prestige than officials. This was due to their hereditary service (instead of solely merit-based) and Confucian values that dictated those who chose the profession of violence (wu) over the cultured pursuits of knowledge (wen).{{sfnp|Fairbank|Goldman|2006|pp=109–112}} Although seen as less prestigious, military officers were not excluded from taking civil service examinations, and after 1478 the military even held their own examinations to test military skills.{{sfnp|Hucker|1958|pp=19–20}} In addition to taking over the established bureaucratic structure from the Yuan period, the Ming emperors established the new post of the travelling military inspector. In the early half of the dynasty, men of noble lineage dominated the higher ranks of military office; this trend was reversed during the latter half of the dynasty as men from more humble origins eventually displaced them.{{sfnp|Robinson|1999|pp=116–117}}

== Society and culture ==
{{Main|Culture of the Ming dynasty}}
=== Literature and arts ===
{{Further|Ming dynasty literature|Ming dynasty painting|Ming poetry|Musicians in Ming China}}
[[File:Lofty Mt.Lu by Shen Zhou.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''Lofty [[Mount Lu]]'', by [[Shen Zhou]], 1467]]
[[File:Pipa MET DP218070.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Decorated back of a [[pipa]] from the Ming dynasty]]

[[Chinese literature|Literature]], [[Chinese painting|painting]], [[Chinese poetry|poetry]], [[Music of China|music]], and [[Chinese opera]] of various types flourished during the Ming dynasty, especially in the economically prosperous lower Yangzi valley. Although short fiction had been popular as far back as the Tang dynasty (618–907),{{sfnp|Ebrey|Walthall|Palais|2006|pp=104–105}} and the works of contemporaneous authors such as Xu Guangqi, Xu Xiake, and Song Yingxing were often technical and encyclopedic, the most striking literary development was the vernacular novel. While the gentry elite were educated enough to fully comprehend the language of [[Classical Chinese]], those with rudimentary education—such as women in educated families, merchants, and shop clerks—became a large potential audience for literature and performing arts that employed [[Vernacular Chinese]].{{sfnp|Ebrey|1999|pp=202–203}} Literati scholars edited or developed [[Four Great Classical Novels|major Chinese novels]] into mature form in this period, such as ''[[Water Margin]]'' and ''[[Journey to the West]]''. ''[[Jin Ping Mei]]'', published in 1610, although incorporating earlier material, marks the trend toward independent composition and concern with psychology.{{sfnp|Plaks|1987|pp=55–182}} In the later years of the dynasty, [[Feng Menglong]] and [[Ling Mengchu]] innovated with vernacular short fiction. Theater scripts were equally imaginative. The most famous, ''[[The Peony Pavilion]]'', was written by [[Tang Xianzu]] (1550–1616), with its first performance at the [[Pavilion of Prince Teng]] in 1598.

Informal essay and travel writing was another highlight. [[Xu Xiake]] (1587–1641), a [[travel literature]] author, published his ''Travel Diaries'' in 404,000 written [[Chinese characters|characters]], with information on everything from local [[History of geography|geography]] to [[mineralogy]].{{sfnp|Needham|1959|p=524}}{{sfnp|Hargett|1985|p=69}} The first reference to the publishing of private newspapers in Beijing was in 1582; by 1638 the ''[[Peking Gazette]]'' switched from using [[woodblock print]] to [[movable type]] printing.{{sfnp|Brook|1998|p=xxi}} The new literary field of the moral guide to business ethics was developed during the late Ming period, for the readership of the merchant class.{{sfnp|Brook|1998|pp=215–217}}

[[File:Ji Sheng-Peddler.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Painting of a peddler selling birds, by [[Ji Sheng]] (計盛), 15th century]]

In contrast to Xu Xiake, who focused on technical aspects in his travel literature, the Chinese poet and official [[Yuan Hongdao]] (1568–1610) used travel literature to express his desires for individualism as well as autonomy from and frustration with Confucian court politics. Yuan desired to free himself from the ethical compromises that were inseparable from the career of a scholar-official. This anti-official sentiment in Yuan's travel literature and poetry was actually following in the tradition of the Song dynasty poet and official [[Su Shi]] (1037–1101). Yuan Hongdao and his two brothers, Yuan Zongdao (1560–1600) and [[Yuan Zhongdao]] (1570–1623), were the founders of the Gong'an School of letters.{{sfnp|Chang|2007|pp=318–319}} This highly individualistic school of poetry and prose was criticized by the Confucian establishment for its association with intense sensual lyricism, which was also apparent in Ming vernacular novels such as the ''Jin Ping Mei''.{{sfnp|Chang|2007|p=318}} Yet even gentry and scholar-officials were affected by the new popular romantic literature, seeking gejis as soulmates to re-enact the heroic love stories that arranged marriages often could not provide or accommodate. During the Ming, some gentry dated well-educated gejis outside of marriage and the concubine system. [[Gējì]] culture reshaped the purely sexual relationship with prostitutes into a cultural relationship, and men could even become friends with like-minded gejis.{{sfnp|Brook|1998|pp=229–231}}

[[File:Chen Hongshou, leaf album painting.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Painting of flowers, a butterfly, and [[Chinese scholar's rocks|rock sculpture]] by [[Chen Hongshou]] (1598–1652); small leaf album paintings like this one first [[Culture of the Song dynasty|became popular in the Song dynasty]].]]
[[File:Shen Zhou at age 80.Palace Museum Beijing.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Shen Zhou]] (1427–1509) founded the [[Wu School]] of painting, contributing greatly to Chinese artistic tradition.]]
Famous painters included [[Ni Zan]] and [[Dong Qichang]], as well as the [[Four Masters of the Ming dynasty]], [[Shen Zhou]], [[Tang Yin]], [[Wen Zhengming]], and [[Qiu Ying]]. They drew upon the techniques, styles, and complexity in painting achieved by their Song and Yuan predecessors, but added techniques and styles. Well-known Ming artists could make a living simply by painting due to the high prices they demanded for their artworks and the great demand by the highly cultured community to collect precious works of art. The artist Qiu Ying was once paid 2.8 kg (100 oz) of silver to paint a long handscroll for the eightieth birthday celebration of the mother of a wealthy patron. Renowned artists often gathered an entourage of followers, some who were amateurs who painted while pursuing an official career and others who were full-time painters.{{sfnp|Ebrey|1999|p=201}}
[[File:Ming dynasty Xuande mark and period (1426–35) imperial blue and white vase, from The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 明宣德景德鎮窯青花貫耳瓶, 纽约大都博物馆 .jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|A [[Xuande Emperor|Xuande]] period (1426–1435) imperial [[blue and white porcelain|blue and white]] vase{{snd}}[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], New York]]

The period was also renowned for ceramics and porcelains. The major production center for porcelain was the [[Jingdezhen porcelain#Ming|imperial kilns at Jingdezhen]] in [[Jiangxi]], most famous in the period for [[blue and white porcelain]], but also producing other styles. The [[Dehua porcelain factories]] in [[Fujian]] catered to European tastes by creating [[Chinese export porcelain]] by the late 16th century. Individual potters also became known, such as [[He Chaozong]], who became famous in the early 17th century for his style of [[Blanc-de-Chine|white porcelain]] sculpture. In ''The Ceramic Trade in Asia'', Chuimei Ho estimates that about 16% of late Ming era Chinese ceramic exports were sent to Europe, while the rest were destined for Japan and South East Asia.{{sfnp|Brook|1998|p=206}}

[[Carved lacquer|Carved designs in lacquerware]] and designs glazed onto [[porcelain]] wares displayed intricate scenes similar in complexity to those in painting. These items could be found in the homes of the wealthy, alongside embroidered silks and wares in [[Chinese jade|jade]], ivory, and [[cloisonné]]. The houses of the rich were also furnished with rosewood furniture and feathery [[latticework]]. The writing materials in a scholar's private study, including elaborately carved brush holders made of stone or wood, were designed and arranged ritually to give an aesthetic appeal.{{sfnp|Spence|1999|p=10}}

Connoisseurship in the late Ming period centered on these items of refined artistic taste, which provided work for art dealers and even underground scammers who themselves made imitations and false attributions.{{sfnp|Spence|1999|p=10}} The Jesuit [[Matteo Ricci]] while staying in Nanjing wrote that Chinese scam artists were ingenious at making forgeries and huge profits.{{sfnp|Brook|1998|pp=224–225}} However, there were guides to help the wary new connoisseur; [[Liu Tong]] (died 1637) wrote a book printed in 1635 that told his readers how to spot fake and authentic pieces of art.{{sfnp|Brook|1998|p=225}} He revealed that a [[Xuande]] era (1426–1435) bronze work could be authenticated by judging its sheen; porcelain wares from the Yongle era (1402–1424) could be judged authentic by their thickness.{{sfnp|Brook|1998|pp=225–226}}

=== Religion ===
{{See also|Islam during the Ming dynasty}}
[[File:SFEC BritMus Asia 021.JPG|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Glazed stoneware statue of a Taoist deity, 16th century]]
The dominant religious beliefs during the Ming dynasty were the various forms of [[Chinese folk religion]] and the [[Three Teachings]]—[[Confucianism]], [[Taoism]], and [[Buddhism]]. The Yuan-supported [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan lamas]] fell from favor, and the early Ming emperors particularly favored Taoism, granting its practitioners many positions in the state's ritual offices. The Hongwu Emperor curtailed the cosmopolitan culture of the Mongol Yuan dynasty, and the prolific Prince of Ning [[Zhu Quan]] even composed one encyclopedia attacking Buddhism as a foreign "mourning cult", deleterious to the state, and another encyclopedia that subsequently joined the [[Taoist canon]].{{sfnp|Wang|2012|p=11}}

[[Islam]] was also well established in China, with a history traditionally traced to [[Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas]] during the Tang dynasty, and enjoying strong official support [[Islam during the Yuan dynasty|under the Yuan]]. Although this patronage was sharply curtailed under the Ming dynasty, several prominent Muslims remained influential in the early Ming period, most notably the powerful eunuch [[Zheng He]]. Some Hui scholars have identified several generals of the Hongwu Emperor—including Chang Yuchun, [[Lan Yu (general)|Lan Yu]], Ding Dexing, and [[Mu Ying]]—as Muslims; however, these claims are disputed by non-Muslim sources.{{sfnp|Lipman|1998|pp=38–39}}

[[File:He Chaozong 1.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Bodhisattva [[Manjusri]] in ''[[Blanc-de-Chine]]'', by [[He Chaozong]], 17th century{{sfnp|Needham|1965|pp=171–172}}]]
The establishment of the Ming dynasty was initially devastating to Christianity. In his first year of rule, the Hongwu Emperor declared the eighty-year-old [[Franciscan]] missions established under the Yuan dynasty heterodox and illegal.{{sfnp|Leslie|1998|p=15}} The centuries-old [[Church of the East in China]] also disappeared. During the later Ming, a new wave of Christian missionaries arrived—particularly [[Jesuit China missions|Jesuits]]—who employed new western science and technology in their arguments for conversion. They were educated in Chinese language and culture at [[St. Paul's College, Macau]] after its founding in 1579. The most influential was [[Matteo Ricci]], whose "[[Kunyu Wanguo Quantu|Map of the Myriad Countries of the World]]" upended [[Chinese geography|traditional geography]] throughout East Asia, and whose work with the convert [[Xu Guangqi]] led to the first Chinese translation of [[Euclid]]'s ''[[Euclid's Elements|Elements]]'' in 1607. The discovery of the [[Xi'an Stele]] in 1625 also facilitated the treatment of Christianity as a long-established faith in China rather than as a new and dangerous cult. Strong disagreements arose over the extent to which converts could continue to perform rituals honoring the [[Imperial cult#Imperial China|emperor]], [[Confucian temple#Worship|Confucius]], or their ancestors. Matteo Ricci had adopted a highly accommodating approach, and attempts by his successors to retreat from this policy led to the [[Nanjing incident of 1616]], which resulted in the exile of four Jesuits to [[Macau]] and the exclusion of the remaining missionaries from public life for six years.{{sfnp|Wong|1963|pp=30–32}}

During his mission, Ricci was also contacted in Beijing by one of the approximately 5,000 [[Kaifeng Jews]] and introduced them and [[History of the Jews in China|their long history in China]] to Europe.{{sfnp|White|1966|pp=31–38}} The [[1642 Kaifeng flood|1642 flood]] caused by Kaifeng's Ming governor devastated the community, which lost five of its twelve families, its synagogue, and most of its Torah.<ref>{{harvp|Xu|2003|p=47}}.</ref>

=== Philosophy ===

==== Wang Yangming's Confucianism ====
[[File:王守仁.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Portrait of [[Wang Yangming]] (1472–1529), considered the most influential Confucian thinker since [[Zhu Xi]].]]
During the Ming dynasty, the [[Neo-Confucian]] doctrines of the Song scholar [[Zhu Xi]] were embraced by the court and the Chinese literati at large, although the direct line of his school was destroyed by the Yongle Emperor's [[extermination of the ten degrees of kinship]] of [[Fang Xiaoru]] in 1402. The Ming scholar most influential upon subsequent generations, however, was [[Wang Yangming]] (1472–1529), whose teachings were attacked in his own time for their similarity to [[Chan Buddhism]].{{sfnp|Ebrey|Walthall|Palais|2006|p=282}} Building upon Zhu Xi's concept of the "extension of knowledge" ({{lang|zh|理學}} or {{lang|zh|格物致知}}), gaining understanding through careful and rational investigation of things and events, Wang argued that universal concepts would appear in the minds of anyone.{{sfnp|Ebrey|Walthall|Palais|2006|p=281}} Therefore, he claimed that anyone—no matter their pedigree or education—could become as wise as [[Confucius]] and [[Mencius]] had been and that their writings were not sources of truth but merely guides that might have flaws when carefully examined.{{sfnp|Ebrey|Walthall|Palais|2006|pp=281–282}} A peasant with a great deal of experience and intelligence would then be wiser than an official who had memorized the [[five Classics|Classics]] but not experienced the real world.{{sfnp|Ebrey|Walthall|Palais|2006|pp=281–282}}

==== Conservative reaction ====
[[File:Confucius on his way to Luoyang.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|A Ming dynasty print drawing of [[Confucius]] on his way to the [[Zhou dynasty]] capital of [[Luoyang]]]]
Other [[scholar-bureaucrat]]s were wary of Wang's heterodoxy, the increasing number of his disciples while he was still in office, and his overall socially rebellious message. To curb his influence, he was often sent out to deal with military affairs and rebellions far away from the capital. Yet his ideas penetrated mainstream Chinese thought and spurred new interest in Taoism and Buddhism.{{sfnp|Ebrey|Walthall|Palais|2006|p=282}} Furthermore, people began to question the validity of the social hierarchy and the idea that the scholar should be above the farmer. Wang Yangming's disciple and salt-mine worker Wang Gen gave lectures to commoners about pursuing education to improve their lives, while his follower [[He Xinyin]] challenged the elevation and emphasis of the family in Chinese society.{{sfnp|Ebrey|Walthall|Palais|2006|p=282}} His contemporary [[Li Zhi (philosopher)|Li Zhi]] even taught that women were the intellectual equals of men and should be given a better education; both Li and He eventually died in prison, jailed on charges of spreading "dangerous ideas".{{sfnp|Ebrey|Walthall|Palais|2006|p=283}} Yet these "dangerous ideas" of educating women had long been embraced by some mothers{{sfnp|Ebrey|1999|p=158}} and by [[courtesan]]s who were as literate and skillful in calligraphy, painting, and poetry as their male guests.{{sfnp|Brook|1998|p=230}}

The liberal views of Wang Yangming were opposed by the [[Censorate]] and by the [[Donglin Academy]], re-established in 1604. These conservatives wanted a revival of orthodox Confucian ethics. Conservatives such as Gu Xiancheng (1550–1612) argued against Wang's idea of innate moral knowledge, stating that this was simply a legitimization for unscrupulous behavior such as greedy pursuits and personal gain. These two strands of Confucian thought, hardened by Chinese scholars' notions of obligation towards their mentors, developed into pervasive factionalism among the ministers of state, who used any opportunity to impeach members of the other faction from court.{{sfnp|Ebrey|1999|p=213}}

=== Urban and rural life ===
{{Wide image|南都繁會圖 01.jpg|1500px|''The Bustling and Hustling of Nanjing''—handscroll by [[Qiu Ying]], depicting the urban life of Nanjing|dir=rtl}}

{{multiple image
| align = center
| total_height = 400px
| mode = nolines
| image_style = border:none;
| footer = "Suzhou Imitation" of [[Along the River During the Qingming Festival]] (蘇州片清明上河圖), depicting urban life of the Ming dynasty.
| image1 = Along the River During the Qingming Festival (Suzhou Imitation) 13.jpg
| image2 = Along the River During the Qingming Festival (Suzhou Imitation) 12.jpg
| image3 = Along the River During the Qingming Festival (Suzhou Imitation) 11.jpg
| image4 = Along the River During the Qingming Festival (Suzhou Imitation) 10.jpg
}}

[[File:Seal Paste Box (Yinnihe) with Litchi Stems LACMA M.87.205a-b (1 of 2).jpg|upright=0.8|thumb|A Ming dynasty red "seal paste box" in [[carved lacquer]]]]
Wang Gen was able to give philosophical lectures to many commoners from different regions because—following the trend already apparent in the Song dynasty—communities in Ming society were becoming less isolated as the distance between market towns was shrinking. Schools, descent groups, religious associations, and other local voluntary organizations were increasing in number and allowing more contact between educated men and local villagers.{{sfnp|Ebrey|1999|p=206}} [[Jonathan Spence]] writes that the distinction between what was town and country was blurred, since suburban areas with farms were located just outside and in some cases within the walls of a city. Not only was the blurring of town and country evident, but also of socioeconomic class in the traditional [[four occupations]], since artisans sometimes worked on farms in peak periods, and farmers often traveled into the city to find work during times of dearth.{{sfnp|Spence|1999|p=13}}

A variety of occupations could be chosen or inherited from a father's line of work. These included coffin makers, ironworkers and blacksmiths, tailors, cooks and noodle-makers, retail merchants, tavern, teahouse, or winehouse managers, shoemakers, seal cutters, pawnshop owners, brothel heads, and merchant bankers engaging in a proto-banking system involving notes of exchange.{{sfnp|Spence|1999|p=20}}{{sfnp|Spence|1999|pp=12–13}} Virtually every town had a [[brothel]] where female and male prostitutes could be had.{{sfnp|Brook|1998|pp=229, 232}} Male catamites fetched a higher price than female concubines since [[pederasty]] with a teenage boy was seen as a mark of elite status, regardless of [[sodomy]] being repugnant to sexual norms.{{sfnp|Brook|1998|pp=232–223}} [[Public bathing]] became much more common than in earlier periods.{{sfnp|Schafer|1956|p=57}} Urban shops and retailers sold a variety of goods such as [[Joss paper|special paper money]] to burn at ancestral sacrifices, specialized luxury goods, headgear, fine cloth, teas, and others.{{sfnp|Spence|1999|pp=12–13}} Smaller communities and townships too poor or scattered to support shops and artisans obtained their goods from periodic market fairs and traveling peddlers. A small township also provided a place for simple schooling, news and gossip, matchmaking, religious festivals, traveling theater groups, tax collection, and bases of famine relief distribution.{{sfnp|Spence|1999|p=13}}
[[File:邝璠《便民图纂·耕织图·耘田》.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Weeding out the field, illustrated on Fan Kuang's ''Bianmintuzuan'' ({{lang|zh|便民图纂}})]]
Farming villagers in the north spent their days harvesting crops like wheat and millet, while farmers south of the [[Huai River]] engaged in intensive rice cultivation and had lakes and ponds where ducks and fish could be raised. The cultivation of mulberry trees for silkworms and tea bushes could be found mostly south of the Yangtze; even further south [[sugarcane]] and citrus were grown as basic crops.{{sfnp|Spence|1999|p=13}} Some people in the mountainous southwest made a living by selling lumber from hard bamboo. Besides cutting down trees to sell wood, the poor also made a living by turning wood into charcoal, and by burning oyster shells to make [[Agricultural lime|lime]] and fired pots, and weaving mats and baskets.{{sfnp|Brook|1998|p=95}} In the north traveling by horse and carriage was most common, while in the south the myriad of rivers, canals, and lakes provided cheap and easy water transport. Although the south had the characteristic of the wealthy landlord and tenant farmers, there were on average many more owner-cultivators north of the Huai River due to harsher climate, living not far above subsistence level.{{sfnp|Spence|1999|p=14}}

Early Ming dynasty saw the strictest [[sumptuary laws]] in Chinese history. It was illegal for commoners to wear fine silk or dress in bright red, dark green or yellow colors; nor could they wear boots or ''[[Ancient Chinese clothing#Hats, headwear and hairstyles|guan]]'' hats. Women could not use ornaments made from gold, jade, pearl or emerald. Merchants and their families were further banned from using silk. However, these laws were no longer enforced from the mid-Ming period onwards.{{sfnp|Zhou|1990|p=34–40}}

Male homosexual marriages were institutionalized in several areas, such as Fujian.{{sfnp|Hinsch|1990|p=134}} Homosexuality was practiced frequently by monks, and spread to Japan with Kukai, a Japanese monk who trained in China.{{sfnp|Hinsch|1990|p=137}}

== Science and technology ==
{{Further|Architecture of the Ming dynasty|History of science and technology in China|List of Chinese inventions|List of Chinese discoveries}}
[[File:Chinese Fining and Blast Furnace.jpg|thumb|The puddling process of smelting iron [[ore]] to make [[pig iron]] and then [[wrought iron]], with the right illustration displaying men working a [[blast furnace]], from the ''[[Tiangong Kaiwu]]'' encyclopedia, 1637]]
[[File:Zhenghe-sailing-chart.gif|thumb|Map of the known world by [[Zheng He]]: India at the top, [[Ceylon]] at the upper right and East Africa along the bottom. Sailing directions and distances are marked using ''zhenlu'' ({{lang|zh|針路}}) or compass route.]]

After the flourishing of [[Science and technology of the Song dynasty|science and technology in the Song dynasty]], the Ming perhaps saw fewer advancements in science and technology compared to the pace of discovery in the [[Western world]]. In fact, key advances in Chinese science in the late Ming were spurred by contact with Europe. In 1626 [[Johann Adam Schall von Bell]] wrote the first Chinese treatise on the telescope, the ''Yuanjingshuo'' (''Far Seeing Optic Glass''); in 1634 the [[Chongzhen Emperor]] acquired the telescope of the late [[Johann Schreck]] (1576–1630).{{sfnp|Needham|1959|pp=444–445}} The [[heliocentric]] model of the [[Solar System]] was rejected by the Catholic missionaries in China, but [[Johannes Kepler]] and [[Galileo Galilei]]'s ideas slowly trickled into China starting with the Polish Jesuit [[Michael Boym]] (1612–1659) in 1627, Adam Schall von Bell's treatise in 1640, and finally [[Joseph Edkins]], [[Alexander Wylie (missionary)|Alex Wylie]], and [[John Fryer Thomas Keane|John Fryer]] in the 19th century.{{sfnp|Needham|1959|pp=444–447}} Catholic Jesuits in China would promote [[Nicolaus Copernicus|Copernican]] theory at court, yet at the same time embrace the [[Ptolemy|Ptolemaic]] system in their writing; it was not until 1865 that Catholic missionaries in China sponsored the heliocentric model as their Protestant peers did.{{sfnp|Wong|1963|loc=p. 31, footnote 1}} Although [[Shen Kuo]] (1031–1095) and [[Guo Shoujing]] (1231–1316) had laid the basis for [[History of trigonometry|trigonometry]] in China, another important work in Chinese trigonometry would not be published again until 1607 with the efforts of Xu Guangqi and Matteo Ricci.{{sfnp|Needham|1959|p=110}} Some inventions which had their origins in ancient China were reintroduced to China from Europe during the late Ming; for example, the [[Field mill (carriage)|field mill]].{{sfnp|Needham|1965|pp=255–257}}

By the 16th century the [[Chinese calendar]] was in need of reform. Although the Ming had adopted [[Guo Shoujing]]'s ''Shoushi'' calendar of 1281, which was just as accurate as the [[Gregorian calendar]], the Ming Directorate of Astronomy failed to periodically readjust it; this was perhaps due to their lack of expertise since their offices had become hereditary in the Ming and the Statutes of the Ming prohibited private involvement in astronomy.{{sfnp|Peterson|1986|p=47}}{{sfnp|Engelfriet|1998|p=78}} A sixth-generation descendant of the Hongxi Emperor, the "Prince" [[Zhu Zaiyu]] (1536–1611), submitted a proposal to fix the calendar in 1595, but the ultra-conservative astronomical commission rejected it.{{sfnp|Kuttner|1975|p=166}}{{sfnp|Engelfriet|1998|p=78}} This was the same Zhu Zaiyu who discovered the system of tuning known as [[equal temperament]], a discovery made simultaneously by [[Simon Stevin]] (1548–1620) in Europe.{{sfnp|Kuttner|1975|pp=166–167}} In addition to publishing his works on music, he was able to publish his findings on the calendar in 1597.{{sfnp|Engelfriet|1998|p=78}} A year earlier, the memorial of Xing Yunlu suggesting a calendar improvement was rejected by the Supervisor of the Astronomical Bureau due to the law banning private practice of astronomy; Xing would later serve with Xu Guangqi to reform the calendar according to Western standards in 1629.{{sfnp|Engelfriet|1998|p=78}}

[[File:Ming-marine-compass.jpg|thumb|left|A 24-point compass chart employed by [[Zheng He]] during his explorations]]

When the Ming founder Hongwu Emperor came upon the mechanical devices housed in the Yuan palace at Khanbaliq—such as fountains with balls dancing on their jets, tiger [[automata]], dragon-headed devices that spouted mists of perfume, and [[Striking clock|mechanical clocks]] in the tradition of [[Yi Xing]] (683–727) and [[Su Song]] (1020–1101)—he associated all of them with the decadence of Mongol rule and had them destroyed.{{sfnp|Needham|1965|pp=133, 508}} This was described in full length by the Divisional Director of the Ministry of Works, Xiao Xun, who also carefully preserved details on the architecture and layout of the Yuan dynasty palace.{{sfnp|Needham|1965|pp=133, 508}} Later, European Jesuits such as Matteo Ricci and [[Nicolas Trigault]] would briefly mention indigenous Chinese clockworks that featured drive wheels.{{sfnp|Needham|1965|p=438}} However, both Ricci and Trigault were quick to point out that 16th-century European clockworks were far more advanced than the common time keeping devices in China, which they listed as [[water clock]]s, [[incense clock]]s, and "other instruments ... with wheels rotated by sand as if by water" (Chinese: {{lang|zh|沙漏}}).{{sfnp|Needham|1965|p=509}} Chinese records—namely the ''[[History of Yuan|Yuan Shi]]''—describe the 'five-wheeled sand clock', a mechanism pioneered by [[Zhan Xiyuan]] ([[fl.]] 1360–1380) which featured the scoop wheel of Su Song's earlier [[astronomical clock]] and a [[Dial (measurement)|stationary dial face]] over which a pointer circulated, similar to European models of the time.{{sfnp|Needham|1965|p=511}} This sand-driven wheel clock was improved upon by Zhou Shuxue (fl. 1530–1558) who added a fourth large gear wheel, changed gear ratios, and widened the orifice for collecting sand grains since he criticized the earlier model for clogging up too often.{{sfnp|Needham|1965|pp=510–511}}

[[File:Ricciportrait.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Portrait of [[Matteo Ricci]] by Yu Wenhui, Latinized as Emmanuel Pereira, dated the year of Ricci's death, 1610]]
The Chinese were intrigued with European technology, but so were visiting Europeans of Chinese technology. In 1584, [[Abraham Ortelius]] (1527–1598) featured in his atlas ''Theatrum Orbis Terrarum'' the peculiar Chinese innovation of [[Wheelbarrow#Chinese sailing carriage|mounting masts and sails onto carriages]], just like [[Junk (ship)|Chinese ships]].{{sfnp|Needham|1965|p=276}} [[Juan González de Mendoza|Gonzales de Mendoza]] also mentioned this a year later—noting even the designs of them on Chinese silken robes—while [[Gerardus Mercator]] (1512–1594) featured them in his atlas, [[John Milton]] (1608–1674) in one of his famous poems, and [[Andreas Everardus van Braam Houckgeest]] (1739–1801) in the writings of his travel diary in China.{{sfnp|Needham|1965|pp=274–276}}
The encyclopedist [[Song Yingxing]] (1587–1666) documented a wide array of technologies, metallurgic and industrial processes in his ''[[Tiangong Kaiwu]]'' encyclopedia of 1637. This includes mechanical and hydraulic powered devices for agriculture and irrigation,{{sfnp|Song|1966|pp=7–30, 84–103}} nautical technology such as vessel types and [[snorkeling]] gear for pearl divers,{{sfnp|Song|1966|pp=171–72, 189, 196}}{{sfnp|Needham|1971|p=668}}{{sfnp|Needham|1971|pp=634, 649–50, 668–69}} the annual processes of [[sericulture]] and weaving with the [[loom]],{{sfnp|Song|1966|pp=36–36}} metallurgic processes such as the [[crucible]] technique and [[quench]]ing,{{sfnp|Song|1966|pp=237, 190}} manufacturing processes such as for roasting iron [[pyrite]] in converting sulphide to oxide in [[sulfur]] used in gunpowder compositions—illustrating how ore was piled up with coal briquettes in an earthen furnace with a still-head that sent over sulfur as vapor that would solidify and [[crystallize]]{{sfnp|Needham|1987|p=126}}—and the use of gunpowder weapons such as a [[naval mine]] ignited by use of a rip-cord and [[wheellock|steel flint wheel]].{{sfnp|Needham|1987|pp=205, 339ff}}

[[File:Ming Dynasty eruptor proto-cannon.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|A cannon from the ''[[Huolongjing]]'', compiled by [[Jiao Yu]] and [[Liu Bowen]] before the latter's death in 1375]]

Focusing on agriculture in his ''Nongzheng Quanshu'', the agronomist [[Xu Guangqi]] (1562–1633) took an interest in irrigation, fertilizers, famine relief, economic and textile crops, and empirical observation of the elements that gave insight into early understandings of chemistry.{{sfnp|Needham|1984|pp=65–66}}

There were many advances and new designs in gunpowder weapons during the beginning of the dynasty, but by the mid to late Ming the Chinese began to frequently employ European-style artillery and firearms.{{sfnp|Needham|1987|p=372}} The ''[[Huolongjing]]'', compiled by [[Jiao Yu]] and [[Liu Bowen]] sometime before the latter's death on 16 May 1375 (with a preface added by Jiao in 1412),{{sfnp|Needham|1987|pp=24–25}} featured many types of cutting-edge gunpowder weaponry for the time. This includes hollow, gunpowder-filled [[round shot|exploding cannonballs]],{{sfnp|Needham|1987|p=264}} [[land mine]]s that used a complex trigger mechanism of falling weights, pins, and a steel wheellock to ignite the train of fuses,{{sfnp|Needham|1987|pp=203–205}} naval mines,{{sfnp|Needham|1987|p=205}} fin-mounted winged rockets for [[aerodynamic]] control,{{sfnp|Needham|1987|pp=498–502}} [[multistage rocket]]s propelled by [[booster rocket]]s before igniting a swarm of smaller rockets issuing forth from the end of the missile (shaped like a dragon's head),{{sfnp|Needham|1987|p=508}} and [[hand cannon]]s that had up to |ten barrels.{{sfnp|Needham|1987|p=229}}

[[Li Shizhen]] (1518–1593)—one of the most renowned [[pharmacologists]] and physicians [[Traditional Chinese medicine|in Chinese history]]—belonged to the late Ming period. His ''[[Bencao Gangmu]]'' is a medical text with 1,892 entries, each entry with its own name called a ''gang''. The ''mu'' in the title refers to the synonyms of each name.<ref>{{harvp|Yaniv|Bachrach|2005|p=37}}</ref> Inoculation, although it can be traced to earlier Chinese folk medicine, was detailed in Chinese texts by the sixteenth century. Throughout the Ming, around fifty texts were published on the treatment of smallpox.<ref>{{harvp|Hopkins|2002|p=[https://archive.org/details/greatestkillersm0000hopk/page/110 110]|ps=: "Inoculation had been a popular folk practice ... in all, some fifty texts on the treatment of smallpox are known to have been published in China during the Ming dynasty."}}</ref> In regards to oral hygiene, the [[ancient Egypt]]ians had a primitive toothbrush of a twig frayed at the end, but the Chinese were the first to invent the modern bristle toothbrush in 1498, although it used stiff pig hair.{{sfnp|The Library of Congress (2007)}}

== Population ==
[[File:Portrait assis de l'empereur Ming Xuanzong.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|The [[Xuande Emperor]] ({{reign|1425|1435}}); he stated in 1428 that his populace was dwindling due to palace construction and military adventures. But the population was rising under him, a fact noted by Zhou Chen—governor of [[South Zhili]]—in his 1432 report to the throne about widespread itinerant commerce.{{sfnp|Brook|1998|p=28}}]]

[[Sinology|Sinologist historians]] debate the population figures for each era in the Ming dynasty. The historian [[Timothy Brook]] notes that the Ming government census figures are dubious since fiscal obligations prompted many families to underreport the number of people in their households and many county officials to underreport the number of households in their jurisdiction.{{sfnp|Brook|1998|p=27}} Children were often underreported, especially female children, as shown by skewed population statistics throughout the Ming.{{sfnp|Brook|1998|p=267}} Even adult women were underreported;{{sfnp|Brook|1998|pp=97–99}} for example, the Daming Prefecture in [[North Zhili]] reported a population of 378,167 males and 226,982 females in 1502.{{sfnp|Brook|1998|p=97}} The government attempted to revise the census figures using estimates of the expected average number of people in each household, but this did not solve the widespread problem of tax registration.{{sfnp|Brook|1998|pp=28, 267}} Some part of the gender imbalance may be attributed to the practice of female [[infanticide]]. The practice is well documented in China, going back over two thousand years, and it was described as "rampant" and "practiced by almost every family" by contemporary authors.{{sfnp|Kinney|1995|pp=200–201}} However, the dramatically skewed sex ratios, which many counties reported exceeding 2:1 by 1586, cannot likely be explained by infanticide alone.{{sfnp|Brook|1998|pp=97–99}}

[[File:Chen Hongshou, Appreciating Plums, detail.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''Appreciating Plums'', by [[Chen Hongshou]] (1598–1652), showing a woman holding an oval fan while enjoying the beauty of the plum]]
The number of people counted in the 1381 census was 59,873,305; however, this number dropped significantly when the government found that some 3 million people were missing from the tax census of 1391.{{sfnp|Brook|1998|pp=27–28}} Even though underreporting figures was made a capital crime in 1381, the need for survival pushed many to abandon the tax registration and wander from their region, where the Hongwu Emperor had attempted to impose rigid immobility on the populace. The government tried to mitigate this by creating their own conservative estimate of 60,545,812 people in 1393.{{sfnp|Brook|1998|p=28}} In his ''Studies on the Population of China'', [[Ping-ti Ho]] suggests revising the 1393 census to 65 million people, noting that large areas of North China and frontier areas were not counted in that census.{{sfnp|Ho|1959|pp=8–9, 22, 259}} Brook states that the population figures gathered in the official censuses after 1393 ranged between 51 and 62 million, while the population was in fact increasing.{{sfnp|Brook|1998|p=28}} Even the [[Hongzhi Emperor]] ({{reign|1487|1505}}) remarked that the daily increase in subjects coincided with the daily dwindling number of registered civilians and soldiers.{{sfnp|Brook|1998|p=95}} William Atwell estimates the population of China around 1400 at 90 million people, citing Heijdra and Mote.{{sfnp|Atwell|2002|p=86}}

Historians are now turning to local [[gazetteer]]s of Ming China for clues that would show consistent growth in population.{{sfnp|Brook|1998|p=267}} Using the gazetteers, Brook estimates that the overall population under the [[Chenghua Emperor]] ({{reign|1464|1487}}) was roughly 75 million,{{sfnp|Brook|1998|pp=28, 267}} despite mid-Ming census figures hovering around 62 million.{{sfnp|Brook|1998|p=95}} While prefectures across the empire in the mid-Ming period were reporting either a drop in or stagnant population size, local gazetteers reported massive amounts of incoming vagrant workers with not enough good cultivated land for them to till, so that many would become drifters, con-men, or wood-cutters that contributed to deforestation.{{sfnp|Brook|1998|pp=94–96}} The Hongzhi and Zhengde emperors lessened the penalties against those who had fled their home region, while the [[Jiajing Emperor]] ({{reign|1521|1567}}) finally had officials register migrants wherever they had moved or fled in order to bring in more revenues.{{sfnp|Brook|1998|p=97}}

Even with the Jiajing reforms to document migrant workers and merchants, by the late Ming era the government census still did not accurately reflect the enormous growth in population. Gazetteers across the empire noted this and made their own estimations of the overall population in the Ming, some guessing that it had doubled, tripled, or even grown five-fold since 1368.{{sfnp|Brook|1998|p=162}} Fairbank estimates a population of 160 million during the late Ming,{{sfnp|Fairbank|Goldman|2006|p=128}} while Brook estimates 175 million,{{sfnp|Brook|1998|p=162}} and Ebrey estimates 200 million.{{sfnp|Ebrey|1999|p=195}} However, [[Great Plague in the late Ming dynasty|a great epidemic]] that started in Shanxi in 1633, ravaged the densely populated areas along the Grand Canal; a gazetteer in northern Zhejiang noted more than half the population fell ill that year and that 90% of the local populace in one area was dead by 1642.{{sfnp|Brook|1998|p=163}}

== See also ==
{{div col}}
* [[1642 Yellow River flood]]
* [[Architecture of the Ming dynasty]]
* [[Culture of the Ming dynasty]]
* [[Economy of the Ming dynasty]]
** [[Taxation in premodern China]]
* [[Government of the Ming dynasty]]
* [[History of the Ming dynasty]]
* [[Kingdom of Tungning]]
* [[List of tributary states of China]]
* [[Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns]]
* [[Manchuria under Ming rule]]
* [[Military of the Ming dynasty]]
* [[Military conquests of the Ming dynasty]]
* [[Ming ceramics]]
* [[Ming dynasty in Inner Asia]]
* [[Chinese emperors family tree (late)#Ming dynasty|Ming dynasty family tree]]
* [[Ming official headwear]]
* [[Ming poetry]]
* [[Transition from Ming to Qing]]
* [[Ye Chunji]] (for further information on [[rural economics]] in the Ming)
* [[Zheng Zhilong]]
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|20em}}

=== Works cited ===
{{Refbegin|colwidth=30em}}
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* {{citation |surname=Atwell |given=William S. |title=The Cambridge History of China Volume 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1988 |isbn=0521243327 |editor-last=Twitchett |editor-first=Denis C |editor-link=Denis Twitchett |edition=1st |location=Cambridge |pages=585–640 |chapter=The T'ai-ch'ang, T'ien-ch'i, and Ch'ung-chen reigns, 1620–1644 |editor-last2=Mote |editor-first2=Frederick W. |editor-link2=Frederick W. Mote}}
* {{citation |surname=Atwell |given=William S. |title=Time, Money, and the Weather: Ming China and the 'Great Depression' of the Mid-Fifteenth Century |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=61 |issue=1 |year=2002 |pages=83–113 |doi=10.2307/2700190 |jstor=2700190 |postscript=.}}
* {{cite journal |surname=Atwell |given=William S. |author-mask=3 |title=Another Look at Silver Imports into China, ca. 1635–1644 |journal=Journal of World History |date=2005 |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=467–489 |doi=10.1353/jwh.2006.0013 |jstor=20079347 |s2cid=162090282}}
* {{cite web |surname=Broadberry |given=Stephen |year=2014 |title=China, Europe and the Great Divergence: a Study in National Accounting, 980–1850 |url=https://eh.net/eha/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Broadberry.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913073301/http://eh.net/eha/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Broadberry.pdf |archive-date=13 September 2014 |url-status=live |publisher=Economic History Association |access-date=15 August 2020}}
* {{citation |surname=Brook |given=Timothy |title=The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China |location=Berkeley |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-520-22154-3 |title-link=The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China |postscript=.}}
* {{citation |surname=Chang |given=Michael G. |title=A Court on Horseback: Imperial Touring & the Construction of Qing Rule, 1680–1785 |location=Cambridge |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-674-02454-0 |postscript=.}}
* {{cite journal |title=The Southern Ming, 1644–1662. By Lynn A. Struve |given=Jerry P. |surname=Dennerline |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=44 |issue=4 |year=1985 |pages=824–825 |doi=10.2307/2056469 |jstor=2056469 |s2cid=162510092}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hUEswLE4SWUC&pg=PA34 |title=China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects |given=Michael |surname=Dillon |year=1999 |publisher=Curzon Press |location=Richmond |isbn=978-0-7007-1026-3 |access-date=28 June 2010}}
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{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Library resources box}}

=== Reference works and primary sources ===
* Farmer, Edward L. ed. ''[https://mingstudies.arts.ubc.ca/ming-history-an-introductory-guide-to-research/ Ming History: An Introductory Guide to Research]'' (1994).
* [https://knit.ucsd.edu/minghistoryinenglish/ The Ming History English Translation Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413134551/https://knit.ucsd.edu/minghistoryinenglish/ |date=13 April 2021 }}, A collaborative translation project for portions of the ''[[History of Ming]]''
* Lynn Struve, ''[https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/handle/2022/3592 The Ming-Qing Conflict, 1619–1683: A Historiography and Source Guide]'', Online Indiana University.

=== General studies ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
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* {{Cite book |last=Huang |first=Ray |author-link=Ray Huang |title=1587, a Year of No Significance: The Ming Dynasty in Decline |title-link=1587, a Year of No Significance: The Ming Dynasty in Decline |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-300-02518-7 |location=New Haven |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mote |first=Frederick W. |title=The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-521-24332-2 |editor-last=Mote |editor-first=Frederick W. |location=Cambridge and New York |pages=343–402 |chapter=The Ch'eng-hua and Hung-chih reigns, 1465–1505 |ref=none |editor-last2=Twitchett |editor-first2=Denis}}
* {{Cite book |last=Owen |first=Stephen |title=An Anthology of Chinese Literature: Beginnings to 1911 |publisher=[[W. W. Norton]] |year=1997 |editor-last=Owen |editor-first=Stephen |location=New York |chapter=The Yuan and Ming Dynasties |ref=none}} [http://courses.washington.edu/chin463/OwenSanqu.pdf pp. 723–743] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173356/http://courses.washington.edu/chin463/OwenSanqu.pdf Archive]). [http://courses.washington.edu/chin463/OwenInformalProse.pdf pp. 807–832] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003143/http://courses.washington.edu/chin463/OwenInformalProse.pdf Archive]).
* {{Cite journal |last=Swope |first=Kenneth M. |date=July 2015 |title=Manifesting Awe: Grand Strategy and Imperial Leadership in the Ming Dynasty |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286678256 |journal=The Journal of Military History |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=597–634}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Wade |first=Geoff |year=2008 |title=Engaging the South: Ming China and Southeast Asia in the Fifteenth Century |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=578–638 |doi=10.1163/156852008X354643 |issn=0022-4995 |jstor=25165269 |url=http://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/129686 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Waldron |first=Arthur |author-link=Arthur Waldron |title=The Great Wall of China: From History to Myth |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-521-36518-5 |series=Cambridge studies in Chinese history, literature, and institutions}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Ming Dynasty}}
* [http://www.chinaonlinemuseum.com/painting-masters.php Notable Ming dynasty painters and galleries] at China Online Museum
* [https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ming/hd_ming.htm Ming dynasty art at the Metropolitan Museum of Art]
* [http://www.ancientchina.org.uk/ming/ Highlights from the British Museum exhibition] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620145525/http://www.ancientchina.org.uk/ming-top-ten/ |date=20 June 2020 }})

{{S-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Yuan dynasty]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Dynasties in Chinese history]]|years=1368–1644}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Qing dynasty]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{Ming dynasty topics}}
{{Empires}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ming dynasty| ]]
[[Category:1368 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:14th century in China|*02]]
[[Category:14th-century establishments in China]]
[[Category:15th century in China|*]]
[[Category:1640s disestablishments in China]]
[[Category:1644 disestablishments in Asia]]
[[Category:16th century in China|*]]
[[Category:17th century in China|*01]]
[[Category:Confucian dynasties]]
[[Category:Dynasties of China]]
[[Category:Former countries in Chinese history]]
[[Category:Medieval East Asia]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1644]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1368]]

Nalini (actress)

2026-03-24T00:02:43Z

MarylinBrantley:

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1966)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{infobox person
| name = Nalini
| image = Nalini.png
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1964|08|28|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/heres-how-actress-nalini-celebrated-her-59th-birthday/articleshow/103131050.cms|title=Here's how actress Nalini celebrated her 59th birthday|website=Times of India|date=28 August 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Ramarajan]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/did-ramarajan-and-nalini-really-reunite-after-25-years-veteran-actor-breaks-silence-on-viral-report/articleshow/120121369.cms|title=Did Ramarajan and Nalini really reunite after 25 years? Veteran actor breaks silence on viral report|website=Times of India|date=9 April 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/actress-nalini-opens-up-about-enduring-love-for-ex-spouse-ramarajan-in-heartfelt-interview-8431483.html|title=Actress Nalini Opens Up About Enduring Love For Ex-Spouse Ramarajan In Heartfelt Interview|website=News18|date=26 July 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>|1987|2000|end=div}}
| children = 2
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| yearsactive = 1980–1988 2001–present
}}

'''Nalini''' (born 28 August 1964) is an Indian actress known for her work in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] films and worked in television.<ref name="tubetamil.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.tubetamil.com/tamil-tv-shows/nalini-tv-serial-actress-exclusive-interview.html |title=Nalini TV Serial Actress Exclusive Interview |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150718071641/http://www.tubetamil.com/tamil-tv-shows/nalini-tv-serial-actress-exclusive-interview.html |archivedate=18 July 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Nalini was born on August 1964 as the second among eight children to Moorthi and Prema in Tamil Nadu. Her father was a choreographer in Tamil movies, and her mother was a professional dancer. She has 7 siblings, one sister and six brothers. She studied at TN government school until grade seven; she could not continue her studies as she became busy with movies.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mangalam.com/news/detail/271799-interviews.html |title=ഡിവോഴ്‌സ് നല്‍കിയ ഷോക്കില്‍നിന്ന് രക്ഷപ്പെടുത്തിയത് രാവണപ്രഭു: നളിനി തുറന്നു പറയുന്നു}}</ref>

Nalini married actor [[Ramarajan]] in 1987. The couple has twins: Aruna and Arun, born in 1988. However, they divorced, citing differences, in 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/actress-nalini-opens-up-about-enduring-love-for-ex-spouse-ramarajan-in-heartfelt-interview-8431483.html|title=Actress Nalini Opens Up About Enduring Love For Ex-Spouse Ramarajan In Heartfelt Interview|publisher=News 18}}</ref> Her daughter Aruna married Ramesh Subramanian on 6 May 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tamil.chennaionline.com/cinema/news/newsitem.aspx?NEWSID=fbf3031f-f9c0-4b4e-813b-604f7cc98189&CATEGORYNAME=TFILM= |title=வைதேகி (தொலைக்காட்சித் தொடர்) |publisher=tamil.chennaionline.com) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304134343/http://tamil.chennaionline.com/cinema/news/newsitem.aspx?NEWSID=fbf3031f-f9c0-4b4e-813b-604f7cc98189&CATEGORYNAME=TFILM= |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Nalini has stated that one reason for her divorce was her religious sentiments. An astrologer had told her that Ramarajan's career will decline because of their children, so to not send her children to boarding school, she decided it was best to divorce so as to not have the children in the same house as her husband. They still remain close as a family unit.

==Filmography==

===Tamil films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year!! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes || Ref
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Ranuva Veeran]]'' || Mythili || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1982 || ''Raga Bandhangal'' || || ||
|-
| ''[[Om Shakti]]'' || Anandhi || ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 1983 || ''[[Uyirullavarai Usha]]'' || Usha || ||
|-
| ''Seerum Singangal'' || Uma || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/seerum-singangal|title = Seerum Singangal}}</ref>
|-
| ''Kalvadiyum Pookal'' || Janaki || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://protamil.com/arts/tamil-films/1983/kalvadiyum-pookal.html|title =Kalvadiyum Pookal}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Saranalayam (1983 film)|Saranalayam]]'' || Indhu || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.myshows.me/movie/931138/|title = Saranalayam}}</ref>
|-
| ''Thodi Ragam'' || || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/thodi-ragam|title = Thodi Ragam}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thangaikkor Geetham]]'' || Sudha || ||
|-
| ''[[Manaivi Solle Manthiram]]'' || Selvi || ||
|-
| rowspan=18 | 1984 || ''Manmadha Rajakkal'' || Rani || ||
|-
| ''Vengaiyin Mainthan'' || Shanthi || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/movies/vengayin-maindhan.html#cast|title = Vengayin Maindhan}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nooravathu Naal]]'' || Devi || ||
|-
| ''[[Vellai Pura Ondru]]'' || Devi || ||
|-
| ''[[Naan Paadum Paadal]]'' || Lakshmi || Special appearance ||
|-
| ''Nyayam'' || Radha || ||
|-
| ''[[Nalla Naal]]'' || Shenbagam || ||
|-
| ''[[Sattathai Thiruthungal]]'' || Selvi || ||
|-
| ''[[Veetuku Oru Kannagi]]'' || Maadhavi || ||
|-
| ''Thanga Koppai'' || Manju || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/thanga-koppai|title = Thanga Koppai}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[24 Mani Neram]]'' || Janaki || ||
|-
| ''Magudi'' || Yamuna || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/magudi|title = Magudi}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ezhuthatha Sattangal]]'' || Noorajahan || ||
|-
| ''[[Nandri]]'' || Lakshmi || ||
|-
| ''[[Naalai Unathu Naal]]'' || Kalpana || ||
|-
| ''[[Osai]]'' || Radha || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/osai|title = Osai}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vamsa Vilakku]]'' || Padma || ||
|-
| ''Nichayam'' || || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/nichayam|title = Nichayam}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=25 | 1985 || ''Raja Gopuram'' || Ponnuthayi || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/raja-gopurm|title = Raja Gopuram}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rajathi Rojakili]]'' || Rani || ||
|-
| ''[[Alai Osai]]'' || Vadivu || ||
|-
| ''[[Santhosha Kanavukal]]'' || Kalyani || ||
|-
| ''[[Mannukketha Ponnu]]'' || Janaki || Guest appearance ||
|-
| ''[[Navagraha Nayagi]]'' || Princess || ||
|-
| ''[[Pillai Nila]]'' || Bhuvaneswari || ||
|-
| ''Melmaruvathur Adhiparasakthi'' || Karpagam || ||
|-
| ''Kaaval'' || Shanthi || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/kaval|title =Kaaval}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Annai Bhoomi]]'' || Nalini || ||
|-
| ''[[Meendum Parasakthi]]'' || Anu || ||
|-
| ''[[Unnai Thedi Varuven]]'' || Devi || ||
|-
| ''[[Amudha Gaanam]]'' || Thayamma || ||
|-
| ''Veettukkari'' || Raasi || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/veettukari|title =Veettukkari}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Urimai]]'' || Rani / Clara || ||
|-
| ''[[Engal Kural]]'' || Meena || ||
|-
| ''[[Eetti (1985 film)|Eetti]]'' || Lalitha || ||
|-
| ''Ragasiyam'' || Selvi || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviebuff.com/ragasiyam|title = Ragasiyam}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Yaar? (film)|Yaar?]]'' || Devi || ||
|-
| ''[[Raja Rishi]]'' || Shakuntala || ||
|-
| ''[[Naan Ungal Rasigan]]'' || Vidya || ||
|-
| ''[[Geethanjali (1985 film)|Geethanjali]]'' || Diana || ||
|-
| ''Samayapurathale Satchi'' || Gayathri / Goddess [[Mariamman]] || Dual role ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/samayapurathale-satchi|title = Samayapurathale Satchi}}</ref>
|-
| ''Asha'' || Asha || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/aasha|title = Asha}}</ref>
|-
| ''Sivappu Kili'' || || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/sivappu-kili|title = Sivappu Kili}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=11 | 1986 || ''[[Saadhanai]]'' || Oorvashi Ganga / Kamatchi || ||
|-
| ''[[December Pookal]]'' || Uma || ||
|-
| ''[[Karimedu Karuvayan]]'' || Kaaliammal || ||
|-
| ''Kagidha Odam'' || || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/kagitha-odam|title = Kagidha Odam}}</ref>
|-
| ''Mamiyargal Jaakiradhai'' || Selvi || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/mamiyaargal-jaagrathai|title = Mamiyargal Jaakiradhai}}</ref>
|-
| ''Ragasiyam'' || Selvi || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/rahasiyam|title = Ragasiyam}}</ref>
|-
| ''Unnidathil Naan'' || Maadhavi || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/unnidathil-naan|title = Unnidathil Naa}}</ref>
|-
| ''Africavil Appu'' || || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/africavil-appu|title = Africavil Appu}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Iravu Pookkal]]'' || Meena || ||
|-
| ''[[Mel Maruvathoor Arpudhangal]]'' || Karpagam || ||
|-
| ''[[Palaivana Rojakkal]]'' || Rani || ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1987 || ''[[Thaye Neeye Thunai]]'' || Uma || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/thaye-neeye-thunai|title = Thaye Neeye Thunai}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vilangu]]'' || Nancy || Guest appearance ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/vilangu|title = Vilangu]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ini Oru Sudhanthiram]]'' || Marudagam || ||
|-
| ''[[Kadamai Kanniyam Kattupaadu]]'' || || ||
|-
| ''[[Jaathi Pookkal]]'' || Rani || ||
|-
| ''[[Anjatha Singam]]'' || Rani || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1988 || ''[[Kunguma Kodu]]'' || Radha || ||
|-
| ''[[Kazhugumalai Kallan]]'' || || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2002 || ''[[Kadhal Azhivathillai]]'' || Charmi's mother || ||
|-
| ''[[Style (2002 film)|Style]]'' || Vetrivel's mother || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2003 || ''[[Pallavan]]'' || Amudha || ||
|-
| ''Vadakku Vaasal'' || Priya's mother || ||
|-
| ''[[Jayam (2003 film)|Jayam]]'' || Raghu's mother || ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Kavithai]]'' || Subbalakshmi's stepmother || ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2005 || ''[[Sukran]]'' || Sandhya's stepmother || ||
|-
| ''[[London (2005 Indian film)|London]]'' || Baby || ||
|-
| ''[[Jithan]]'' || Surya's mother || ||
|-
| ''Mudhal Aasai'' || Vignesh's mother || ||
|-
| ''[[Vanakkam Thalaiva]]'' || Mano's aunt || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2006 || ''Manasukkule'' || || ||
|-
| ''[[Adaikalam]]'' || Doctor || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2007 || ''18 Vayasu Puyale'' || Vasantha || ||
|-
| ''[[Manikanda]]'' || Mahalakshmi's mother || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2008 || ''[[Maanavan Ninaithal]]'' || Nivetha's mother || ||
|-
| ''[[Azhagu Nilayam]]'' || Gounder's wife || ||
|-
| ''[[Saroja (2008 film)|Saroja]]'' || Herself || Special appearance ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2009 || ''[[Pudhiya Payanam]]'' || Muthu's stepmother || ||
|-
| ''Iru Nadhigal'' || Murugan's mother || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2010 || ''[[Nagaram Marupakkam]]'' || Annachi's first wife || ||
|-
| ''[[Kathai (film)|Kathai]]'' || Actress || ||
|-
| ''Pournami Nagam'' || Kaandhari || ||
|-
| ''[[Thillalangadi]]'' || Vannai Vasanthi || ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2011 || ''Madhuvum Mythiliyum'' || Madhu's mother || ||
|-
| ''Malabar Mappillai'' || || ||
|-
| ''Vattapparai'' || || ||
|-
| ''Nachiyarpuram'' || || ||
|-
| ''[[Kasethan Kadavulada (2011 film)|Kasethan Kadavulada]]'' || Kamala || ||
|-
| rowspan=3| 2013 || ''[[Theeya Velai Seiyyanum Kumaru]]'' || Annakili || ||
|-
| ''Thiru Pugazh'' || Thiru Pugazh's mother || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-thiru-pugazh-soothing-strains/article4705906.ece|title=Audio Beat: Thiru Pugazh - Soothing strains|date=11 May 2013|url-access=subscription|first=S. R. Ashok|last=Kumar|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302061512/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-thiru-pugazh-soothing-strains/article4705906.ece|archive-date=2 March 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Arya Surya]]'' || Sivagami || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2014 || ''[[Gramam|Namma Gramam]]'' || Kunju Ammal || ||
|-
| ''Vazhum Dheivam'' || Jagadeeshwariyamma || ||
|-
| ''13 Aam Pakkam Paarkka'' || Kamatchi || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2015 || ''[[Sandamarutham]]'' || Surya's mother || ||
|-
| ''[[Agathinai]]'' || Vishnu's mother || ||
|-
| ''[[Kalai Vendhan]]'' || Malar's mother || ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Saagasam]]'' || Neighbor || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2017 || ''[[Singam 3]]'' || Thandubazaar Thangam || ||
|-
| ''Karanam'' || || ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Kasu Mela Kasu]]'' || Murali's paternal aunt || ||
|-
| 2020 || ''Ayya Ullen Ayya'' || || ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Aranmanai 3]]'' || TikTok Sarala || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2023 || ''[[Kodai (film)|Kodai]]'' || Reels Beauty || ||
|-
| ''Paatti Sollai Thattathe'' || Lakshmi || ||
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Konjam Kadhal Konjam Modhal]]'' || Sarassu || ||
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Youth (2026 film)|Youth]]'' || Mrs. Grace || ||
|-
|}

===Malayalam films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year!! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1980 || ''[[Ithile Vannavar]]'' || Raji ||
|-
| 1981 || ''Agnisaram'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1982 || ''Kattupothu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Idavela]]'' || Molu/Malu ||
|-
| ''[[Novemberinte Nashtam]]'' || Rekha ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1983 || ''[[Lekhayude Maranam Oru Flashback]]'' || Lekha ||
|-
| ''Mounaraagam'' || Neena ||
|-
| ''[[Coolie (1983 Malayalam film)|Coolie]]'' || Lekha ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Madapravinte Katha]]'' || Sindhu ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1986 || ''[[Oru Yugasandhya]]'' || Sumathi ||
|-
| ''[[Vartha]]'' || Vasanthy ||
|-
| ''[[Nimishangal]]'' || Maya ||
|-
| ''[[Snehamulla Simham]]'' || Maya S. Menon ||
|-
| ''[[Aavanazhi]]'' || Usha ||
|-
| ''[[Adimakal Udamakal]]'' || Devootty ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1987 || ''[[Bhoomiyile Rajakkanmar]]'' || Lakshmi ||
|-
| ''[[Vazhiyorakazchakal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vaiki Odunna Vandi]]'' || ||
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Sanghunadam]]'' || Sulochana ||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Niyamam Enthucheyyum]]'' || ||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Ravanaprabhu]]'' || Mrs. Gounder ||
|-
| 2008 || ''Mohitham'' || Radhamani ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Best of Luck (2010 film)|Best of Luck]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Gramam]]'' || Kunju Ammaal ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Sathya (2017 Malayalam film)|Sathya]]'' || Dr. Kokila ||
|}

===Telugu films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title!! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1983 || ''[[Sangharshana]]'' || Rekha ||
|-
| ''Thodu Needa'' || ||
|-
| ''Prema Sagaram'' || ||
|-
| ''Bandipottu Simham'' || ||
|-
| ''Ooha Sundari'' || ||
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Intiguttu (1984 film)|Intiguttu]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1986 || ''Ashtalakshmi Vaibhavam''|| Goddess [[Parvati]] ||
|-
| ''Manavudu Danavudu'' || ||
|-
| 1987 || ''Prema Jayam'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2003 || ''[[Veede]]'' || Swarnakka||
|-
| ''[[Seetayya]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2009 || ''[[Kick (2009 film)|Kick]]'' || Naina's friend's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Punnami Naagu (2009 film)|Punnami Naagu]]'' || Mayadevi Bhairavi ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2012 || ''[[Nuvvekkadunte Nenakkadunta]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Yadartha Premakatha'' || ||
|-
| 2013 || ''Something Something'' || ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Okka Ammayi Thappa]]'' || Mango's Grandmother ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Brand Babu]]'' || ||
|-
|}

===Kannada films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year!! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Kaviratna Kalidasa]]'' || Goddess [[Kali]] || Credited as Anandi
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Shapatha]]'' || Radha ||
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Belli Naaga]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1987 || ''[[Jeevana Jyothi (1987 film)|Jeevana Jyothi]]'' || Meena ||
|-
| ''[[Aaseya Bale]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1988 || ''Namma Bhoomi'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Gandandre Gandu]]'' || Meena ||
|-
|}

==Television==
===Serials===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Channel
|-
| 2000–2001 || ''[[Krishnadasi (2000 TV series)|Krishnadasi]]'' || Manonmani ||rowspan="20" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||rowspan="6" | [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
| 2001 || ''Soolam'' ||
|-
| 2002 || Nambikkai || Pottukaara Amma
|-
| 2003 || Anbu Manam||
|-
| 2003–2009 || ''[[Kolangal (TV series)|Kolangal]]'' || Alamelu Narayanan
|-
| 2004–2005 ||''[[Chinna Papa Periya Papa]]'' || Chinna Paapa
|-
| 2004 ||''Krishna Cottage''|| ||[[Jaya TV]]
|-
| 2006–2009 || ''Bandham'' || Adhilakshmi ||rowspan="2" | [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
| 2007–2009 || ''Porantha Veeda Pugundha Veeda'' ||
|-
| 2008–2009 || ''Jeyam'' || ||[[Jaya TV]]
|-
| 2009–2012 || ''[[Idhayam (2009 TV series)|Idhayam]]'' || Mangalam ||rowspan="4" |[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|rowspan="3" |2009–2011 || ''[[Madhavi (TV series)|Madhavi]]'' || Devaki
|-
| ''Kichu Kichu Tambalam'' ||
|-
| ''Dhinam Dhinam Deepavali'' ||
|-
|2009||''Enge Brahmanan''|| || [[Jaya TV]]
|-
|rowspan="2" |2010–2012 || ''Pondatti Thevai'' || ||rowspan="2" |[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|''[[Mama Maaple|Maama Maaple]]'' ||
|-
|2012|| ''[[All In All Alamelu]]'' || Alamelu ||[[KTV (India)|KTV]]
|-
|2013||''Pokkisham'' || || [[Kalaignar TV]]
|-
|rowspan="2" |2012 || ''[[Pillai Nila (TV series)|Pillai Nila]]'' || Kalyani || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|''Bahumanapetta Bharya'' ||Maheshwari Amma||[[Malayalam]] ||[[DD Malayalam]]
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Rajakumari (TV series)|Rajakumari]]'' ||Malliga ||rowspan="7"| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]|| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
| 2013–2015 || ''[[Madipakkam Madhavan]]'' || Pandari Bai|| [[Kalaignar TV]]
|-
|rowspan="2" |2013–2014 || ''Chellakilli'' || || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|''[[Vaidehi (Tamil TV series)|Vaidehi]]'' || Dr. Bharathi || [[Jaya TV]]
|-
|rowspan="2" |2014|| ''[[Kalyana Parisu (TV series)|Kalyana Parisu]]'' || Hostel Warden (Special Appearance) || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|''[[En Iniya Thozhiye]]'' || || [[Raj TV]]
|-
|2014–2018 ||''[[Chinna Papa Periya Papa]]''|| Chinna Papa || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2014–2017 ||''Amma Naa Kodala'' || Anasuyamma || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || [[Zee Telugu]]
|-
|2016–2017 ||''[[Darling Darling (TV series)|Darling Darling]]'' || || rowspan="3" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||rowspan="2" |[[Zee Tamil]]
|-
|2016 ||''Mahamayi'' || Chinna Papa
|-
|2017–2018 ||''[[Vani Rani (TV series)|Vani Rani]]''|| Krishnaveni ||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2017–2019 ||''[[Matrudevobhava (TV series)|Matrudevobhava]]''|| ||rowspan="2" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]|| [[Gemini TV]]
|-
|2018–2020||''Ganga Manga'' || ||[[Zee Telugu]]
|-
|2018–2019||''Chandralekha''||Arivu Azaghi||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2019–2020||''Bhagyarekha''||Chittemma||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||[[Gemini TV]]
|-
|2019–2022||''[[Gokulathil Seethai (2019 TV series)|Gokulathil Seethai]]''||Gandhimati||rowspan="5" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||[[Zee Tamil]]
|-
|2020–2021|| ''[[Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Naanum (TV series)|Sundari Neeyum Sundaram Naanum]]''||Vijayalakshmi ||[[Vijay TV]]
|-
|2021||''[[Sembaruthi]]''||Dr.Girija (Special Appearance)||[[Zee Tamil]]
|-
|2021–2022||''Nee Varuvai Ena''||Annapoorani||[[Raj TV]]
|-
|2021||''[[Roja (Tamil TV series)|Roja]]''||Parameshwari (Special Appearance)||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2021–2022||''[[Janaki Kalaganaledu]]''||Mairavathi||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||[[Star Maa]]
|-
|2022||''[[Valli Thirumanam (TV series)|Valli Thirumanam]]''||Vadivu||rowspan="5" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]||[[Colors Tamil]]
|-
|2022–2023||''[[Rajini (TV series)|Rajini]]''||Azhagamma||rowspan="2" | [[Zee Tamil]]
|-
|2023||''Indira''||Chinnaponnu (Special Appearance)
|-
|2023–2024||''[[Modhalum Kaadhalum (TV series)|Modhalum Kaadhalum]]''||Gajalakshmi||[[Star Vijay]]
|-
|2023||''Kannathil Muthamittal''||Special Appearance||[[Zee Tamil]]
|-
|2023||''[[Mansion 24]]''||Devudamma ||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||[[Disney+Hotstar]]
|-
|2024–2026||[[Malli (2024 TV series)|Malli]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-nalini-to-play-the-titular-role-in-upcoming-show-malli/articleshow/107254851.cms|title=Actress Nalini to play important role in upcoming show Malli|website=Times of India|date=30 January 2024 }}</ref>||Annapoorni||rowspan="2" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2024||[[Ninaithen Vandhai (TV series)|Ninaithen Vandhai]]||Kasiammal||[[Zee Tamil]]
|}

===Shows===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Channel
|-
|2010||''Rani Maharani''||Participant||[[Malayalam]]||[[Surya TV]]
|-
|2014||rowspan="2"| ''Celebrity Kitchen''||rowspan="3" |Guest||rowspan="7" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||rowspan="2"| [[Puthuyugam TV]]
|-
|2014
|-
|2021||''Rajaparvai''||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|rowspan="2" |2022|| ''Pottikku Potti''||rowspan="2" |Participant||[[Colors Tamil]]
|-
|''Joker Poker''||rowspan="2" |[[Zee Tamil]]
|-
|rowspan="2" |2023||''Tamizha Tamizha''||Guest
|-
|''Start Music Season 4''||Contestant||[[Star Vijay]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0620546}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nalini}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]

Rajganj Assembly constituency

2026-03-20T13:33:19Z

MarylinBrantley: added some post more to come...

{{Short description|West Bengal Legislative Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rajganj
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Rajganj.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Rajganj Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalpaiguri]]
| constituency_no = 18
| established = 1967
| reservation = SC
| abolished =
| mla = [[Khageswar Roy]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| electors = 244,163
}}
'''Rajganj''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Jalpaiguri district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 18 Rajganj Assembly constituency (SC) covers Binnaguri, Kukurjan, Majhiali, Mantadari, Panikauri, Sannyasikata, Sikarpur and Sukhani [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Rajganj (Community development block)|Rajganj]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]], and Baropatia Nutanabos, Belakoba, Paharpur and [[Patkata, West Bengal|Patkata]] gram panchayats of [[Jalpaiguri (Community development block)|Jalpaiguri]] community development block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf|title= Delimitation Commission Order No. 18|access-date= 30 June 2014| work= West Bengal|publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Rajganj Assembly constituency is part of No. 3 [[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)]] (SC).<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Name
! colspan=2| Party Affiliation
|-
| style="color:#0645AD;" | [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| style="vertical-align:middle; color:#202122;" | [[B.N.R.Hakim]]
| style="background-color:#b43a11;" |
| style="color:#0645AD;" | [[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|- style="background-color:#F8F9FA;"
| style="vertical-align:middle; color:#202122;" | [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| style="vertical-align:middle; color:#202122;" | [[Kiran Chandra Roy (politician)|Kiran Chandra Roy]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color:#00bfff;" |
| rowspan="3" style="color:#0645AD;" | [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#F8F9FA; color:#202122;" | [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#F8F9FA; color:#202122;" | [[Bhagwan Singh Roy]]
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#F8F9FA; color:#202122;" | [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#F8F9FA; color:#202122;" | [[Mrigendra Narayan Roy]]
|- style="background-color:#F8F9FA;"
| style="vertical-align:middle; color:#202122;" | [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; color:#202122;" | [[Dhirendra Nath Roy]]
| rowspan="7" style="background-color:#ff1d15;" |
| rowspan="7" style="color:#0645AD;" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#F8F9FA; color:#202122;" | [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#F8F9FA; color:#202122;" | [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#F8F9FA; color:#202122;" | [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color:#F8F9FA; color:#0645AD;" | [[Jotindra Nath Roy]]
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#F8F9FA; color:#202122;" | [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
| style="background-color:#F8F9FA; color:#0645AD;" | [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
| style="background-color:#F8F9FA; color:#0645AD;" | [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| style="background-color:#F8F9FA; color:#0645AD;" | [[Mahendra Kumar Roy]]
|- style="background-color:#F8F9FA;"
| style="vertical-align:middle; color:#202122;" | [[2009 By-election]]
| rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle; color:#202122;" | [[Khageswar Roy]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color:#20c646;" |
| rowspan="4" style="color:#0645AD;" | [[Trinamool Congress|All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color:#F8F9FA; color:#0645AD;" | [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
| style="background-color:#F8F9FA; color:#0645AD;" | [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| style="background-color:#F8F9FA; color:#0645AD;" | [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajganj}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Left Front (West Bengal)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
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{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
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{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
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{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajganj}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Khageshwar Roy
|votes = 104,641
|percentage = 49.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Supen Roy
|votes = 88,868
|percentage = 41.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Ratan Ray
|votes = 12,108
|percentage = 5.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 212,580
|percentage = 92.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 elections, Khageshwar Roy of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Amulya Chandra Roy of CPI(M).

{{Election box begin | title=West Bengal assembly elections, 2011: Rajganj (SC) constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=18| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120529224032/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=18| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 29 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Rajganj| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 1 June 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Khageswar Roy
|votes = 74,546
|percentage = 46.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Amulya Chandra Roy
|votes = 67,526
|percentage = 42.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Supen Roy
|votes = 8,038
|percentage = 5.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Paresh Chandra Roy
|votes = 7,104
|percentage = 4.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Santi Kishore Barari
|votes = 2,624
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 159,838
|percentage = 89.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977-2009===
In the 2009 bye-elections, caused by the election of sitting MLA [[Mahendra Kumar Roy (Marxist)|Mahendra Kumar Roy]] from [[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)]], Khageswar Roy of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] won the Rajganj (SC) seat.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://indian-electionaffairs.com/results/bye-elections/West_Bengal_bye-elections-2009.html | title = West Bengal State Assembly Byelections 2009 | publisher = Indian Election Affairs | access-date = 29 August 2009 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110713024926/http://indian-electionaffairs.com/results/bye-elections/West_Bengal_bye-elections-2009.html | archive-date = 13 July 2011 | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/press/current/pn101109.pdf|title=Results of bye – elections to the 31 (thirty one) Assembly Constituencies and 1(one) Lok Sabha Constituency|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date= 29 August 2009}}</ref>

In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]],<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> Mahendra Kumar Roy of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Rajganj (SC) assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Khageswar Roy of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Jotindra Nath Roy of CPI(M) defeated Khageswar Roy of Trinamool Congress in 2001,<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> and Ajit Kumar Roy of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> and 1991.<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> Dhirendra Nath Roy of CPI(M) defeated Birendra Das of Congress in 1987,<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> Jiban Kumar Ray of Congress in 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> and Monomohan Roy of [[Janata Party]] in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp21.htm | title = 21 - Rajganj (SC) Assembly Constituency|work=Partywise Comparison Since 1977|publisher=Election Commission of India| access-date = 29 August 2009}}</ref>

===1967–1972===
Mrigendra Narayan Roy of Congress won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> Bhagwan Singh Roy of Congress won in 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> Kiran Chandra Roy of Congress won in 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> B.N.R.Hakim of [[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]] won in 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jalpaiguri topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Jalpaiguri district]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in West Bengal]]

Ibbaluru metro station

2026-03-19T19:02:03Z

MarylinBrantley: Done

{{Short description|Upcoming Namma Metro interchange station for Blue and Red Lines}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Ibbaluru
| style = Namma Metro
| type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Blue|line2=Red}}
| image = Ibbalur metro station (Mar '25).jpg
| image_caption = Under Construction of this metro station as of March 2025 under Phase 2A of [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] of [[Namma Metro]]
| address = NH 44, Ibbaluru, Bellandur, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560102
| coordinates = {{coord|12.92125|77.66250|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)
| operator = [[Namma Metro]]
| line = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Red|croute}} '''''(Under Construction)'''''
| platform = [[Side platform]] ''(TBC)'' 
Platform-1 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} Platform-2 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Krishnarajapura}} / {{stl|Namma Metro|KIAL Terminals}} [[Side platform]] ''(TBC)'' {{font color|Red|Platform-3}} → {{stl|Namma Metro|Hebbala}} {{font color|Red|Platform-4}} → {{stl|Namma Metro|Sarjapura}} ''Platform Numbers (TBC)''
| tracks = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''
| connections =
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double track]]
| depth =
| levels = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''
| parking = '''''(TBC)'''''
| bicycle =
| accessible = '''''(TBC)'''''
| architect =
| architectural_style =
| status = {{color box|#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}}} Under Construction {{color box|#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Red}}}} Under Construction
| code = BLDR '''''(TBC)'''''
| zone =
| opened =
| opening = {{color box|#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}}} {{start date and age|December 2026|df=yes}} '''''(TBC)''''' {{color box|#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Red}}}} {{start date and age|2030|df=yes}} '''''(TBC)'''''
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = '''''(TBC)'''''
| former =
| mpassengers =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_rank =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line1=Blue|left1=Agara|to-left1=Central Silk Board|note-mid1=''(Future Service)''|right1=Bellandur|to-right1=Krishnarajapura or KIAL Terminals|line2=Red|left2=Agara|to-left2=Hebbala|note-mid2=''(Under Construction)''|right2=Bellandur Gate|to-right2=Sarjapura}}
| route_map = {{BMR Blue Line}} {{BMR Red Line}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| map_state = collapsed
| image_size =
| baggage_check =
| wifi =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
}}
'''Ibbaluru''' is an upcoming elevated metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru Metro Blue Line: Explore the City Like Never Before! - TimesProperty |url=https://timesproperty.com/news/post/all-about-bengaluru-metro-blue-line-blid5532 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=timesproperty.com}}</ref> of [[Namma Metro]] in [[Bangalore]], India. The metro station is slated to become operational ''December 2026'' instead of ''June 2026''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-08 |title=Bengaluru Big Infra Push: How Karnataka Is Planning to Fast Track Namma Metro's Blue Line Construction |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-namma-metro-blue-line-how-karnataka-is-planning-to-fast-track-namma-metros-blue-line-construction-bengaluru-news-article-153262357 |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=L&T bags track contracts worth ₹501 crore for Bangalore Metro Phase 2A & 2B {{!}} Metro Rail Today |url=https://metrorailtoday.com/news/lt-bags-track-contracts-worth-501-crore-for-bangalore-metro-phase-2a-2b |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=Metro Rail Today: Gateway to Rail & Metro Industry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-06 |title=Metro line to Bengaluru Airport to be ready by June 2026: D K Shivakumar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/metro-bengaluru-airport-june-2026-d-k-shivakumar8649143/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Bengaluru Airport Metro Line from KIA to Devanahalli Set for Completion by June 2026 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-airport-metro-line-from-kia-to-devanahalli-set-for-completion-by-june-2026-article-100827006 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro's ORR, Airport line to be ready by Sept 2026, will benefit IT industry hugely: BMRCL |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/sep/16/metros-orr-airport-line-to-be-ready-by-sept-2026-will-benefit-it-industry-hugely-bmrcl-2615489.html |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The New Indian Express|date=16 September 2023 }}</ref>

== History ==

=== Blue Line ===
In December 2019, the Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) invited bids for the construction of the metro station, part of the 8.377 km Reach 2A – Package 2 (Kodibeesanahalli - Krishnarajapura) of the 18.236 km [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] of Namma Metro. On 13 October 2020, Shankaranarayana Constructions '''(SNC)''' was chosen as the lowest bidder for this segment, with their proposal closely matching the initial cost estimates. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-13 |title=Afcons & Shankaranarayana Win Bangalore Metro Phase 2A ORR Work |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/10/13/afcons-shankaranarayana-win-bangalore-metro-phase-2a-orr-work/ |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref> As a result, the contract was awarded to the company, which led to the beginning of the construction works of this metro station as per the agreed terms.

== Station layout ==
'''''Station Layout - To Be Confirmed'''''
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Ibbaluru track layout '''''(TBC)'''''
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTfgaq!~MASKa\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\vCONTfgeq!~MASKa~~ ~~ ~~'''P#''' to [[Bellandur metro station|Prestige Bellandur]] *
vCONTgfaq!~MASKa\-STRq\-STRq\-STRq\vCONTgfeq!~MASKa
\PLT-\PLT-\PLT-\~~ ~~ ~~'''P#''' to {{stl|Namma Metro|Agara}} * {{rcb|Namma Metro|Red|croute}} **
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms '''* Under Construction <nowiki>|</nowiki> ** Approved'''</div>
}}}}
{| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" border="0"
| valign="top" width="30" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" |'''G'''
| valign="top" width="85" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Street level
| valign="top" width="500" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Exit/Entrance
|-
| valign="top" |'''L1'''
| valign="top" |Mezzanine
| valign="top" |Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
| rowspan="4" valign="top" width="30" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''L2'''
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Side Platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Platform #''' '''Eastbound'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Towards → {{stl|Namma Metro|Krishnarajapura}} ** '''Next Station:''' [[Bellandur metro station|Prestige Bellandur]]
|-
|'''Platform #''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} '''Next Station:''' [[Agara metro station|Agara]] '''''Change at the next station for {{rcb|Namma Metro|Red|croute}}'''''
|-
| colspan="2" align="center" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |[[Side Platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="30" valign="top" |'''L2'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="85" |'''''Note: '''''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |''''' ** To be further extended to {{stl|Namma Metro|KIAL Terminals}} in future '''''
|-
|}
'''''{{rcb|Namma Metro|Red|croute}} Station Layout - To Be Confirmed'''''
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Ibbaluru track layout '''''(TBC)'''''
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Red}}
| title-color = white
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTfgaq!~MASKa\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\vCONTfgeq!~MASKa~~ ~~ ~~'''P#''' to {{stl|Namma Metro|Bellandur Gate}} *
vCONTgfaq!~MASKa\-STRq\-STRq\-STRq\vCONTgfeq!~MASKa
\PLT-\PLT-\PLT-\~~ ~~ ~~'''P#''' to {{stl|Namma Metro|Agara}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}} **
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms '''* Approved <nowiki>|</nowiki> ** Under Construction'''</div>
}}}}
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" table
| valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width="30" |'''G'''
| valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="85" |Street level
| valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |Exit/Entrance
|-
| valign="top" |'''L1'''
| valign="top" |Mezzanine
| valign="top" |Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
| rowspan="4" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="30" |'''L2'''
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Side platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="85" |'''Platform #''' '''Eastbound'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |Towards → {{stl|Namma Metro|Sarjapura}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|Bellandur Gate}}
|-
|'''Platform #''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Hebbala}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|Agara}} '''''Change at the next station for {{rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}}'''''
|-
| colspan="2" align="center" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |[[Side platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="30" |'''L2'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="85" |
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |
|-
|}

== Connections ==
{{Empty section|date=December 2024}}

== Entry/Exit ==
{{Empty section|date=December 2024}}

== See also ==
* [[Namma Metro]]
** [[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|Purple Line]]
** [[Green Line (Namma Metro)|Green Line]]
** [[Yellow Line (Namma Metro)|Yellow Line]]
** [[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|Pink Line]]
** [[Orange Line (Namma Metro)|Orange Line]]
** [[Red Line (Namma Metro)|Red Line]]

* [[List of Namma Metro stations|List of Namma Metro Stations]]
* [[Rapid transit in India]]
* [[List of metro systems]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]
{{Namma Metro|blue line=yes|red line=yes}}

Guru Tegh Bahadur Nagar metro station

2026-03-17T08:50:45Z

MarylinBrantley:

{{Short description|Metro station in Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]] Guru Tegh Bahadur Nagar
| type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Yellow}}
| style = Delhi Metro
| image = Guru Tegh Bahadur Nagar metro station.jpg
| image_caption =
| address = 65, Ring Road, Guru Tegh Bahadur Nagar, North West Delhi, 110009
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
| other =
| structure = Underground
| platform = {{ubl|[[Side platform]]|Platform-1 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Yellow|R}}|Platform-2 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Yellow|L}}}}
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking = {{Parking symbol}} Available
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|2009|2|4|df=yes}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{Access icon}}
| code = {{#property:P296}}
| owned = [[Delhi Metro]]
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers = 1,235,147 39,843 Daily Average
| pass_year = Jan 2015
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line=Yellow|left=Model Town|right=Vishwavidyalaya}}
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Yellow Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Yellow}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

The '''Guru Tegh Bahadur Nagar metro station''' is located on the [[Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)|Yellow Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]] in [[Kingsway Camp|Guru Teg Bahadur Nagar (Kingsway Camp)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |title=Station Information |access-date=2010-06-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |archive-date=19 June 2010 |df=dmy}}</ref> It is the last underground station on the northern end of the Yellow Line of Delhi Metro. It was earlier known as GTB Nagar, and was renamed in June 2019.

== Station layout ==
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street Level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Concourse
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Yellow|R}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Vishwa Vidyalaya}}
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Northbound'''
|Towards ← {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Yellow|L}} '''Next Station:''' [[Model Town metro station, Delhi|Model Town]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|
|}
==Entry/exit==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="65%"
|-
! align="center" colspan="5" style="background:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|Yellow}};"| Guru Tegh Bahadur Nagar metro station entry/exits
|-
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-1
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-2
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-3
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-4
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-5
|-
| Outram Lines || Batra Cinema || Hudson Lane || Kingsway Camp Chowk || New Police Line
|}

==Connections==

[[Delhi Transport Corporation]] bus routes number 7, 26, 61, 78STL, 100, 101A, 101B, 101EXT, 103, 104, 105, 112, 113, 114, 120, 120A, 120B, 123, 124, 134, 135, 137, 140, 143, 162, 169, 171, 173, 185STL, 191, 192, 192STL, 193, 195, 235, 259, 262LSTL, 341, 402, 402CL, 883, 901, 901CL, 912A, 921, 921CL, 921E, 921EXT, 971, 971A, 971B, 982, 982LSTL, TMS(-) and TMS- Lajpat Nagar/ Punjabi Bagh/ Azadpur serves the station.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DOIT_DTC/dtc/home |title=Delhi Transport Corporation |access-date=7 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025080536/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_dtc/DTC/Home/ |archive-date=25 October 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Delhi]]
*[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
*[[Delhi Suburban Railway]]
*[[Delhi Transport Corporation]]
*[[North Delhi]]
*[[National Capital Region (India)]]
*[[List of rapid transit systems]]
*[[List of metro systems]]

{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Delhi Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Delhi}}
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]
* {{cite web|title=Station Information |work=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC) |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |archive-date=19 June 2010 |df=dmy}}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

{{Delhi Metro}}
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|yellow line=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2009]]
[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in North West Delhi district]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Delhi]]

{{Delhi-metro-stub}}
{{Delhi-railstation-stub}}

Prasad Khandekar

2026-03-15T03:54:12Z

MarylinBrantley: Starting Stub

{{short description|Indian actor, director, writer (born 1984)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prasad Khandekar
| birth_name = Prasad Mahadev Khandekar
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1984|05|05}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-05-05 |title=Namrata Sambherao, Samir Choughule and Gaurav More send out birthday wishes to Prasad Khandekar |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/namrata-sambherao-samir-choughule-and-gaurav-more-send-out-birthday-wishes-to-prasad-khandekar/articleshow/82400701.cms |access-date=2023-12-05 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|writer|director}}
| years_active =
| known_for = [[Maharashtrachi Hasyajatra]]
| spouse = Alpa Talekar<ref>{{Cite news|title=महाराष्ट्राची हास्यजत्रा फेम प्रसाद खांडेकरच्या बायकोला पाहिलं का? वाढदिवशी दिलं खास वचन- 'येत्या वर्षात...'|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/maharashtrachi-hasyajatra-fame-prasad-khandekar-shared-birthday-wish-post-for-wife-alpa/amp_articleshow/98424724.cms|website=Maharashtra Times|access-date=2023-05-02}}</ref>
| children = 1<ref>{{Cite news|title=Prasad Khandekar of 'Maharashtra Laughter Fair' fame, happy family, beautiful photos with wife and child|url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/3002611/prasad-khandekar-maharashtrachi-hasyajatra-show-actor-family-photos-with-wife-and-son-viral-on-social-media-kmd-95/|website=Loksatta|access-date=2023-05-02}}</ref>
| family =
| awards =
}}

'''Prasad Khandekar''' (born 5 May 1984) is an Indian actor and script writer, best known for his work in the Marathi comedy show ''[[Maharashtrachi Hasyajatra]]''. He entered the film industry with the 2022 Marathi drama ''[[Lochya Zaala Re]]'' and made his directorial debut in 2023 with ''[[Ekda Yeun Tar Bagha]]''.

== Life and career ==
Prasad Khandekar hails from [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]. His father, Mahadev Khandekar, was the branch chief of [[Shiv Sena]] and died when Prasad was 14 years old.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-23 |title=प्रसाद खांडेकरने १४ व्या वर्षी वडिलांना गमावलेलं; त्यांच्या निधनाच्या दिवशी शोधूनही झाली नाही भेट, म्हणाला, "माझे बाबा..." |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/prasad-khandekar-recalls-the-day-his-father-mahadev-khandekar-passed-away-he-searched-him-everywhere-hrc-97-4061640/ |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref> Before becoming an actor, Prasad was a [[sportsperson]] and was even selected for the [[Mumbai cricket team]] from under-14. However, he had to leave [[cricket]] due to an accident and was undergoing treatment at [[King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College|KEM Hospital]] for almost three months.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-27 |title=Cricket, Not Acting, Was Prasad Khandekar's First Love |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/why-marathi-actor-prasad-khandekar-couldnt-fulfill-his-dream-of-being-a-cricketer-7398313.html |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref>

In 2018, he made his OTT debut with Netflix's first Indian Web Series ''[[Sacred Games]]''.
In 2022, he made his Marathi feature film debut with ''[[Lochya Zaala Re]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-24 |title='Lochya Zaala Re' trailer: Ankush Chaudhari, Vaidehi Parshurami and Siddharth Jadhav starrer promises a laughter riot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/lochya-zaala-re-trailer-ankush-chaudhari-vaidehi-parshurami-and-siddharth-jadhav-starrer-promises-a-laughter-riot/articleshow/89095862.cms |access-date=2023-05-02 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and also appeared in the Hindi web series ''Miya Biwi Aur Murder'', starring [[Rajeev Khandelwal]] and [[Manjari Fadnis]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='महाराष्ट्राची हास्यजत्रा' फेम प्रसाद खांडेकर हिंदी वेब सीरिजमध्ये; चाहत्यांनी पकडली ही चूक |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/maharashtrachi-hasyajatra-fame-prasad-khandekar-hindi-debut-web-series-miya-biwi-aur-murder-on-mx-player/articleshow/92762998.cms |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref>

In 2023, he made his directorial debut with ''[[Ekda Yeun Tar Bagha|Ekda Yeun Tar Bagha... Return Janarach Nahi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gaikwad |first=Tejashree Tanaji |title=Prasad Khandekar: प्रसाद खांडेकर दिसणार नव्या भूमिकेत! सुरु करणार दिग्दर्शनाची इनिंग |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/maharashtrachi-hasyajatra-fame-actor-prasad-khandekar-will-direct-the-film-141665218513996.html |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] Marathi |language=mr}}</ref> In 2025, he appeared in ''[[ChikiChiki BooBoomBoom]]'' and also served as the film's director.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-31 |title=प्राजक्ता माळी, स्वप्नील-प्रार्थना अन् 'महाराष्ट्राची हास्यजत्रा'च्या कलाकारांची फौज! 'या' दिवशी येणार नवा सिनेमा! पाहा पहिला लूक |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/prasad-khandekar-announces-new-marathi-movie-chiki-chiki-booboom-boom-shares-first-poster-sva-00-4799232/ |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Film ===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Actor
!Writer
!Director
!Language
!Notes
!Ref(s)
|-
|2018
|''Liftman''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
| rowspan="5" |Marathi
|
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Prasad Khandekar movies, filmography, biography and songs - Cinestaan.com |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/people/prasad-khandekar-166568 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730142248/https://www.cinestaan.com/people/prasad-khandekar-166568 |url-status=live |archive-date=30 July 2021 |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Lochya Zaala Re]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|-
|''[[Dharmaveer]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|Portrayed the role of ''[[Anant Tare]]''
|
|-
|2023
|[[Ekda Yeun Tar Bagha|''Ekda Yeun Tar Bagha... Return Janarach Nahi'']]
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|Directorial debut
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-03 |title='एकदा येऊन तर बघा' चित्रपट येणार प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीस |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/ekda-yeun-tr-bagha-movie-prasad-khandekar-director-1106547 |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[ChikiChiki BooBoomBoom]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=प्राजक्ता माळीच्या चाहत्यांसाठी न्यू इअर गिफ्ट, 'फुलवंती' दिसणार या सिनेमात, लूक आहे खूपच भारी |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/prajakta-mali-new-film-announcement-chiki-chiki-booboom-boom-directed-by-prasad-khandekar-starring-swapnil-joshi-prarthana-behere/articleshow/116824998.cms |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

=== Web series ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Platform
! Notes
! Ref(s)
|-
|2018
|''[[Sacred Games (TV series)|Sacred Games]]''
|Chavvan (Bhosale's Pawn)
|[[Netflix]]
|[[Over-the-top media service|OTT]] debut
|{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}
|-
|2022
|''Miya Biwi Aur Murder''
|Inspector Sawant
|[[MX Player]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-08 |title=Maharashtrachi Hasya Jatra fame Prasad Khandekar is excited about his Hindi web series 'Miya Biwi Aur Murder' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/maharashtrachi-hasya-jatra-fame-prasad-khandekar-is-excited-about-his-hindi-web-series-miya-biwi-aur-murder/articleshow/92744891.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-06-11 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Channel
! Notes
! Ref(s)
|-
|2018–present
|''[[Maharashtrachi Hasyajatra]]''
|Various characters
|[[Sony Marathi]]
|Also writer
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-06 |title='महाराष्ट्राची हास्यजत्रा'मधून ब्रेक घेत प्रसाद खांडेकर अमेरिकेला रवाना, कारण...; पत्नी, मुलासह फोटो शेअर करत म्हणाला... |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/maharashtrachi-hasyajatra-fem-prasad-khandekar-us-tour-for-marathi-natak-share-photo-with-family-see-details-kmd-95-3569291/ |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

=== Stage work ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Notes
! Ref(s)
|-
|2021–2023
|''[[Kurrr]]''
|Akshar
| rowspan="2" |[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|Also director & writer
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=कुर्रर्रर्रर्र – १०० नाही तर १००० टक्के मनोरंजन करणारं नाटक |url=https://www.mumbaitak.in/entertainment/kurrrrrrrr-not-100-but-1000-entertaining-drama/ |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=Mumbai Tak}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''Thet Tumchya Gharatun''
| Kadam
| Director, actor, writer, producer
| <ref>[https://veryfirsttale.in/thet-tumchya-gharatun-natak-review-a-blockbuster-of-comedy-emotions-suspense-entertainment/ Thet Tumchya Gharatun Natak] - VeryFirstTale 2024</ref>
|}

== Awards ==

* ''Natya Gaurav Puraskar''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prasad Khandekar: प्रसादला मिळाला 'नाट्यगौरव' पुरस्कार, पण त्याला आनंद वेगळ्याच गोष्टीचा... जाणुन घ्या |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/maharashtrachi-hasyajatra-fame-actor-prasad-khandekar-got-natyagaurav-puraskar-drj96 |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Sakal|language=mr-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=13794947}}

[[Category:Indian actors]]
[[Category:Marathi actors]]
[[Category:Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi television]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Marathi comedians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian comedians]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:People from Mumbai]]

Bharatham

2026-03-06T22:48:02Z

MarylinBrantley: updated page

{{short description|1991 Malayalam musical-drama film directed by Sibi Malayil}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bharatham
| image = Bharatham (film) cover.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Sibi Malayil]]
| producer = [[Mohanlal]]
| writer = [[A. K. Lohithadas]]
| starring = [[Mohanlal]] [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] [[Nedumudi Venu]] [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]]
| music = [[Raveendran]] (Songs) [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]] (Score)
| cinematography = [[Anandakuttan]]
| editing = [[L. Bhoominathan]]
| studio = [[Pranavam Arts]]
| distributor = Seven Arts Release
| released = {{Film date|1991|03|29|df=y}}
| runtime = 147 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Bharatham''''' is a 1991 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[musical film|musical]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film written by [[A. K. Lohithadas]] and directed by [[Sibi Malayil]]. It stars [[Mohanlal]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], and [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]]. The film was produced by Mohanlal through his production house [[Pranavam Arts]]. The film features original songs composed by [[Raveendran]] and a background score by [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]. ''Bharatham'' is interpreted as a modern-day adaptation of the [[Ramayana]] from [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharatha]]'s perspective. How, in the absence of his elder brother, Gopinathan takes the responsibility of the family and hides his griefs is the core of the story.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-01 |title=Five Mohanlal movies to watch before 'Drishyam 2' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/five-mohanlal-movies-to-watch-before-drishyam-2-950079.html |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

The film was a critical and commercial success, running for 125 days in theatres.<ref>{{cite web|title=An interview with Lohitadas, director of the Malayalam film, Bhoothakkannadi|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/aug/11lo1.htm|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=24 January 2016|date=22 August 1997}}</ref> ''Bharatham'' is also noted for its music that is largely [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] classical and semi-classical. The film won three [[National Film Awards]]—[[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] for Mohanlal,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-21 |title=Mohanlal birthday special: Unforgettable performances that prove his legacy in Indian cinema |url=https://aninews.in/gallery/mohanlal-birthday-special-unforgettable-performances-that-prove-his-legacy-in-indian-cinema20250521124236/ |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=[[Asian News International|ANI]]}}</ref> [[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] for [[K. J. Yesudas]] for the song ''[[Ramakadha]]'', and [[National Film Award – Special Mention (Feature Film)|Special Mention]] for Raveendran's music, and five [[Kerala State Film Awards]]. On the centenary of Indian cinema in 2013, ''[[Forbes (India)|Forbes India]]'' included Mohanlal's performance in the film on its list of "25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forbesindia.com/article/100-years-of-indian-cinema/25-greatest-acting-performances-of-indian-cinema/35125/0|title=25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema|magazine=[[Forbes (India)|Forbes]]|first1=Shishir|last1=Prasad|first2=N. S.|last2=Ramnath|first3=Sohini|last3=Mitter|date=27 April 2013|access-date=27 January 2015|archive-date=12 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112014841/http://forbesindia.com/article/100-years-of-indian-cinema/25-greatest-acting-performances-of-indian-cinema/35125/0|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was remade in Tamil as ''[[Seenu (2000 film)|Seenu]]'' by [[P. Vasu]] in 2000.<ref>{{Cite news |title=10 Mohanlal films to watch before you die |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/10-mohanlal-films-to-watch-before-you-die/10-mohanlal-films-to-watch-before-you-die/photostory/52433968.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/34110/cinema/Kollywood/Mohanlal-movies-and-their-remakes.htm|title=மோகன்லாலும், பின்னே தமிழ் ரீமேக்கும்...|date=2015-07-05|work=Dinamalar|access-date=2018-05-19}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=July 2019}}
Kalloor Gopinathan alias Gopi is a member of a happy family with [[carnatic music]] heritage and he himself is a good singer. Kalloor Ramanathan who is also an excellent singer, is Gopi's elder brother, [[guru]] and role model. Ramanathan is married to Ramani and has a son Appu. Gopi is in love with Devi who is the sister of Ramani. Raman reigns in the family and in the society with his music. But he turns into [[alcoholism]]. Despite several attempts by family members to make him give up the habit and several failed assurances to his family members, he is unable to give up the habit.

Raman reaches for a concert in an inebriated state and Gopi is forced to take over. He is an instant hit with the masses. This has been depicted quite symbolically during the song ''Sree Vinayagam''. Gopi's music, which was hidden behind his brother's charisma now flows out in full strength. Taking this as an insult, Raman starts hating his brother and strives hard to recover from alcoholism. His morale is shattered when organizers of the ''Tyagaraja Aaradhana'' select his brother over him to perform. This makes Raman angry. So Gopi decides to stop singing. But on hearing this Raman understands his mistake and asks Gopi to sing at ''Tyagaraja Aaradhana''.

Ramanathan attends his brother's concert in a drunken state but is able to appreciate his brother's talent. In the middle of the concert, he enters the stage, removes his ancestral necklace and puts it on Gopi as a mark of continuation of his legacy. He then walks away into the horizon. With a longing to get rid of the alcoholism and perform a concert with his brother, he sets on a pilgrimage, but was never to return. Gopi, learning that Raman died in an accident, is forced to conceal the truth because of their vocally disabled sister's marriage. Gopi gets lot of moral support with Devi, who also knows the truth. Gopi's [[Psychological trauma|trauma]] reaches penultimate when his family learns of Raman's death and that Gopi was concealing it. Everything ends fine when the family understands his intentions. The movie ends while Gopi begins to train Appu in their musical legacy.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Mohanlal]] as Kalloor "Gopi" Gopinathan
**[[Biyon]] as Young Gopinathan
*[[Nedumudi Venu]] as Kalloor "Raman" Ramanathan
*[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Devi
*[[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] as Ramani, wife of Raman and sister of Devi
*[[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] as Harikumar
*[[Vineeth Kumar]] as Appu
*[[Suchitra Murali]] as Radha
*[[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] as Devaki, mother of Raman, Gopi and Radha
*[[Oduvil Unnikrishnan]] as Unnimama, maternal uncle of Raman, Gopi and Radha and a [[Mridangam]] player
*[[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Madhavi Unnimama's wife
*[[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] as Grandfather
*[[Kunchan (actor)|Kunjan]] as Kuttan
*[[Bobby Kottarakkara]] as Kunjunni
*[[Lalu Alex]] as Vijayan
*[[M. S. Thripunithura]] as Janardhanan Nair
*[[Subair]]
*[[Paravoor Bharathan]]

{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album|
| name = Bharatham
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Raveendran]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|1991|03|29}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharatham - Tharangni |url=https://yesudas.bandcamp.com/album/bharatham |access-date=2020-10-28 |website=[[Bandcamp]]}}</ref>
| recorded = February 1991
| venue =
| studio = [[Tharangini Records|Tharangini]], [[Chennai]]
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Tharangini
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The [[film score]] was composed by [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]] while the acclaimed songs were composed by [[Raveendran]] with lyrics were penned by [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri|Kaithapram]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Audio CD |url=https://www.amazon.in/BHARATHAM-OTHER-YESUDAS-HITS/dp/B01BDOUTMU |access-date=2020-10-28 |website=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]}}</ref> All the songs of this movie were instant hits.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No. !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Raagam !! Notes
|-
| 1 || "Gopangane" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || [[Nata (raga)|Naatta]]
(but also has traces of Raag [[Jog (raga)|Jog]])
|| Duet song picturised on [[Mohanlal]] and [[Urvashi]], Interludes of the song were taken from the Popular [[Thyagaraja]] [[Pancharatna Kriti]] "Jagadanandakaraka", set in the same raga.
|-
| 2 || "Raajamathangi" ("Dhwani Prasadham") || [[M. Balamuralikrishna]], K. J. Yesudas, K. S. Chithra || Raagamaalika ([[Mayamalavagowla]], [[Todi (raga)|Thodi]], [[Arabhi]], [[Kanada (raga group)|Kanada]]) || Title song. Picturised on [[Nedumudi Venu]] and Mohanlal.
|-
| 3 || "Raghuvamshapathe" || K. J. Yesudas || [[Sankarabharanam (raga)|Sankarabharanam]] || Kacheri performance by Mohanlal.
|-
| 4 || "[[Ramakadha]]" || K. J. Yesudas || [[Shubhapantuvarali]] || Sentimental performance by Mohanlal.
|-
| 5 || "Sree Vinayakam" || K. J. Yesudas, [[Raveendran]] || [[Hamsadhvani]] || Kacheri performance by Mohanlal and Nedumudi Venu.
|-
| 6 || "Bharatham" || Kallara Gopan, Sangeetha || || Not picturised in film.
|-
| 7 || "Vasudevayani" || [[M. G. Sreekumar]] || || Not picturised in film.
|-
| 8 || "Dhwani Prasadam" || K. J. Yesudas || Mayamalavagowla || End credit song. Picturised on Mohanlal and Vineeth Kumar.
|}

==Release==
===Theatrical===
Bharatham was released on 29 March 1991 considering as a [[Vishu]] season release.<ref>{{Cite web |last=B. |first=Shibu |date=2020-04-13 |title=For Kerala's Tinseltown, it's a lost Vishu |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/Apr/13/for-keralas-tinseltown-its-a-lost-vishu-2129267.html |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

===Home media===
The [[Video CD|VCD]] and [[DVD-Video|DVD]] of the film was distributed by Saina Video Vision and [[Moser Baer]]. [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] bagged the television rights and the digital streaming rights were shared by [[JioHotstar]], streaming in their platform, and Millennium Cinemas, streaming on their [[YouTube]] channel.

== Awards ==
;[[39th National Film Awards|National Film Awards]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] - [[Mohanlal]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] - [[K. J. Yesudas]] for ''[[Ramakadha|Ramakadha Gaanalayam]]''
* [[National Film Award – Special Mention (Feature Film)|Special Mention]] - [[Raveendran]]

;[[Kerala State Film Awards]]
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] - Mohanlal
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Film|Second Best Film]] - Mohanlal (as producer)
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] - [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] - Raveendran
* [[Kerala State Film Award (Special Jury Award)|Special Jury Award]] - [[Nedumudi Venu]]

;[[Filmfare Awards South]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Malayalam|Best Director (Malayalam)]] - [[Siby Malayil]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Malayalam|Best Music Director (Malayalam)]] - Raveendran

;[[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]]<ref name="Awards List">{{Cite web |date=2020-10-17 |title=Film Critics Awards Complete List From 1977 Till 2012 |url=https://www.keralafilmcritics.com/2020/10/film-critics-awards-complete-list-from.html |website=Kerala Film Critics Association}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SNFn79LrCqY&t=102s |title=15th Film Critics Award - 1991|date=6 January 2020 |via=[[YouTube]] }}</ref>
* [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Film|Best Film]] - Sibi Malayil (as director)
* [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Director|Best Director]] - Sibi Malayil
* [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] - Mohanlal
* [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] - [[A. K. Lohithadas]]
* [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]] - [[Anandakuttan]]
* [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] - Raveendran
* [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] - K. J. Yesudas

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0237038|Bharatham}}

{{Mohanlal}}
{{Sibi Malayil}}
{{A. K. Lohithadas}}
{{Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Film}}

[[Category:1991 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990s musical drama films]]
[[Category:1991 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Raveendran]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Actor National Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Pranavam Arts International films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sibi Malayil]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by A. K. Lohithadas]]
[[Category:Indian musical drama films]]
[[Category:Films about classical music and musicians]]
[[Category:1991 drama films]]
[[Category:1991 musical films]]

Nawab Nandini

2026-03-04T03:46:48Z

MarylinBrantley: New Some Details First Draft

{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=March 2025}}
{{One source|date=March 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nawab Nandini
| image = Nabab Nandini Poster.jpg
| caption = Nawab Nandini Movie Poster
| director = [[Haranath Chakraborty]]
| story = [[Anjan Choudhury]]
| screenplay = [[Anjan Choudhury]] Manjil Banerjee
| starring = [[Hiran Chatterjee|Hiran]] [[Koel Mallick]] [[Ranjit Mallick]]
| producer = Jagadish Pande
| distributor = [[Eskay Movies]]
| studio = [[Eskay Movies]]
| cinematography = [[Anjan Choudhury]]
| editing = [[Swapan Guha]]
| released = {{Film date|2007|01|23|df=y}}
| country = [[India]]
| budget =
| gross =
| runtime = 120 minutes
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| music = [[Jeet Gannguli]] [[Babul Bose]]
}}
'''''Nawab Nandini''''' ({{langx|bn|নবাব নন্দিনী}}) is a 2007 [[Romance film|Romantic]] [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film]] directed by [[Haranath Chakraborty]], and the story written by [[Anjan Choudhury]]. The film stars [[Hiran Chatterjee|Hiran]], [[Koel Mallick]], [[Ranjit Mallick]], and [[Sandhya Roy]]. This movie was [[Hiran Chatterjee|Hiran's]] debut.<ref>{{Cite web
|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2139533.cms|title='With a Haranath project, people are bound to take notice'|publisher=[[indiatimes.com]]|accessdate=2009-02-18|date=22 Jun 2007|last=Mukherjee|first=Roshni}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{No plot|date=July 2012}}

==Cast==
* [[Hiran Chatterjee]] as Nabab
* [[Koel Mallick]] as Nandini, his beloved
* [[Ranjit Mallick]] as Rajat Bannerjee, his uncle, supposedly
* [[Sandhya Roy]]
* [[Tathoi Deb]]
* [[Anuradha Ray]]
* Ashok Kumar-II
* Sumanta Mukherjee
* Ramen Raychowdhury
* Sachin Mullik
* Sagnik Chatterjee

==Soundtrack==

{{Infobox album
| name = Nabab Nandini
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Jeet Gannguli]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2007
| recorded = 2006
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=
|s=}}
| label = Eskay Movies
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Kranti (2006 film)|Kranti]]
| prev_year = 2006
| next_title = [[Minister Fatakeshto]]
| next_year = 2007
| misc =
}}

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 20:37
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics = [[Gautam Sushmit]]
| all_music = [[Jeet Gannguli]]
| title1 = Aaj Mon Harate
| extra1 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
| length1 = 4:18
| title2 = Aami Aachi Sneha Mamata
| extra2 = [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]]
| length2 = 2:59
| title3 = Chupi Chupi Churi Kore
| extra3 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
| length3 = 4:03
| title4 = O Roop Aamar Avilasha
| extra4 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[June Banerjee]]
| length4 = 4:27
| title5 = Kemon Aacho Bolo
| extra5 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
| length5 = 4:48
| headline = Soundtrack
}}

==Awards==
*[[Anandalok Best Action Hero Award]] 2008-[[Hiran Chatterjee]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.today/20130203220343/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1071218/jsp/entertainment/story_8683176.jsp www.telegraphindia.com preview]

{{Haranath Chakraborty}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nabab Nandini}}

[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:2007 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Babul Bose]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jeet Gannguli]]
[[Category:Films directed by Haranath Chakraborty]]

Katha Sangama (1976 film)

2026-03-03T22:21:58Z

MarylinBrantley: Done...

{{short description|1975 film by Puttanna Kanagal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Katha Sangama 1976.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Puttanna Kanagal]]
| producer = C. S. Rajah
| writer =
| screenplay = Puttanna Kanagal
| story = Giraddy Govindaraja Veena Eshwara Chandra
| based_on = {{based on|'''''Hangu'''''|Giraddy Govindaraja}} {{based on|'''''Athithi'''''|Veena}} {{based on|'''''Munithayi'''''|Eshwara Chandra}}
| starring = [[G. K. Govinda Rao]] [[Loknath]] [[Kalyan Kumar]] [[Saroja Devi]] [[Aarathi]] [[Gangadhar (Kannada actor)|Gangadhar]] [[Rajinikanth]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Vijaya Bhaskar]]
| cinematography = B. N. Haridas
| editing = V. P. Krishna
| studio =
| distributor = Vardhini Art Pictures
| released = {{film date|1976|01|23|df=yes}}
| runtime = 132 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Katha Sangama''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಕಥಾ ಸಂಗಮ.ogg|pronunciation}} {{Translation|Confluence of tales}}) is a 1976 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[anthology film]], directed by [[Puttanna Kanagal]]. The film features three segments and stars [[G. K. Govinda Rao]], [[Loknath]], [[Kalyan Kumar]], [[B. Saroja Devi]], [[Aarathi]], and [[Rajinikanth]].

== Plot ==
=== ''Hangu'' ===
A poor university professor with high moral values and integrity who is offered a bribe from a wealthy contractor to push some grace marks to his son in his exam paper so that he could get enough percentage to qualify for a medical college. This happens just when the professor's young son is critically ill and requires expensive medical treatment. Whether the professor succumbs to the circumstances or he let go of his integrity forms the crux of the story.

=== ''Atithi'' ===
When a middle-aged woman Leelavathi, who is the warden of a girls hostel, was younger she had refused to marry Sadanand, who loved her, because of her ideals about feminism. She had even decided to say unmarried her entire life. A chance encounter with Sadanand, now happily married to someone else, makes her question her earlier decision of not accepting true love.

=== ''Munithaayi'' ===
A revenue inspector Chennappa marries a blind girl, Munithayi, who is from the neighbouring district and lives with her grandfather, out of pity. Once Chennappa sees young Thimmaraya, hanging out with good-for-nothing Kondaji, Chennappa suggests Thimmaraya to do household chores for Munithayi. One day, Munithayi sends Thimmaraya on an errand, saying that she will be done showering by the time he comes back while Chennappa is not at home. Afterwards, Thimmaraya meets Kondaji and tells him what he saw. Driven by his lust for sex, Munithayi tells Thimmaraya that he wants to see it as well, and Thimmaraya agrees to if he gets paid. One evening Chennappa and Munithayi has a fight. and a remorseful Chennappa leaves the house telling Thimmaraya to take care of Munithayi. That night, Thimmaraya, however, senses opportunity, and tells Kondaji about the opportunity. Thimmaraya tells Munithayi that Chennappa has come back to the house, when in reality it is Kondaji. Unbeknownst to the fact that Chennappa is not there, Munithayi serves Kondaji dinner and sleeps with him, mistaking him for Chennappa. Kondaji takes advanges of Munithayi and rapes her. After returning, a distraught Chennappa threatens to tell others that Munithayi has slept with Kondaji. Munithayi succumbs to the pressure for a few days before tricking Thimmaraya that she will sleep with him when in actually she wanted to beat him. Kondaji and Thimmaraya leave the town and Chennappa eventually forgives Munithayi.{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|pp=41–44}}

== Cast ==
{{Col-begin|width=100%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
=== ''Hangu'' ===
*[[G. K. Govinda Rao]] as the professor
*[[Loknath]] as the contractor
*Manjula Rao
*Dr Govinda Manur
{{col-break|width=33%}}

=== ''Atithi'' ===
*[[Kalyan Kumar]] as Sadanand
*[[B. Saroja Devi]] as Leelavathi
{{col-break|width=33%}}

=== ''Munithaayi'' ===
*[[Aarathi]] as Munithayi{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=41}}
*[[Gangadhar (Kannada actor)|Gangadhar]] as Chennappa{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=41}}
*[[Sampath (actor)|Sampath]] as Munithayi's brother{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=41}}
*[[Rajinikanth]] as Kondaji{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=42}}
*[[M. S. Umesh|Master Umesh]] as Thimmaraya{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=42}}
{{col-end}}

The uncredited cast includes [[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]], who plays Kamala, in ''Atithi''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Puttaswamy |first=K |date=8 December 2023 |title=Leelavathi, top star of the '60s, was glam and versatile |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/leelavathi-top-star-of-the-60s-was-glam-and-versatile-2803766 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204152615/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/leelavathi-top-star-of-the-60s-was-glam-and-versatile-2803766 |archive-date=4 December 2024 |access-date=7 May 2025 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

== Production ==
The film was based on three short stories:<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 June 2005 |title=Puttanna's big feats |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/06/03/stories/2005060303730100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001044214/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/06/03/stories/2005060303730100.htm |archive-date=1 October 2007 |access-date=8 March 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ''Hangu'' by Giraddi Govindaraj, ''Athithi'' by Veena and ''Munithaayi'' by Eshwara Chandra.

== Release ==
The film was released on 23 January 1976 to positive reception.{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=45}}

== Awards ==
;[[Karnataka State Film Awards]] 1975–76
** [[Karnataka State Film Award for Fourth Best Film|Fourth Best Film]]
** [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] – [[Aarathi]]
** [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] – [[M. S. Umesh|Master Umesh]]

== Legacy ==
The Tamil film ''[[Kai Kodukkum Kai]]'' (1984) was an extended version of the ''Munithayi'' segment from ''Katha Sangama''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 November 2007 |title=கன்னடத்தில் இருந்து தமிழுக்கு வந்த கை கொடுக்கும் கை |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2012/11/29234855/actor-rajini--act-in-kai-koduk.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030123954/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2012/11/29234855/actor-rajini--act-in-kai-koduk.html |archive-date=30 October 2014 |access-date=4 March 2014 |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> Rajinikanth, who played the antagonist role, played the lead role in the Tamil version.{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=45}} The antagonist role was also an inspiration for Rajinikanth's characterisation in the Tamil film ''[[16 Vayathinile]]'' (1977) directed by debutant [[Bharathiraja]], who was an assistant director to Puttanna Kanagal for ''Katha Sangama''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2020 |title=Rajinikanth's Kannada movies one must watch on his birthday, today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rajinikanths-kannada-movies-one-must-watch-on-his-birthday-today/photostory/79695157.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120225656/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rajinikanths-kannada-movies-one-must-watch-on-his-birthday-today/photostory/79695157.cms |archive-date=20 November 2021 |access-date=20 November 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=45}}{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=68}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-81-8475-796-5 |orig-date=2012}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{Puttanna Kanagal}}

[[Category:1976 Indian films]]
[[Category:1976 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1976 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Puttanna Kanagal]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vijaya Bhaskar]]
[[Category:Indian anthology films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]

St. Aloysius College, Harihar

2026-03-02T12:41:37Z

MarylinBrantley: put up post

{{One source|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = St. Aloysius College, Harihar
| native_name =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| motto = ''Prakashadayaka Thejopooraka'' {{small|([[Kannada]])}}
| mottoeng = ''Shine to Enkindle''
| type = Coeducational religious minority Institution
[[Private university|Private]] [[Roman Catholic]] religious minority [[Coeducation]]al Higher education institution
| established = {{Start date and age|2010}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Catholic church|Roman Catholic]] [[Society of Jesus|(Jesuits)]]
| academic_affiliations =
| president = Harshitha M Shenvi<ref>{{cite news |title=Davanagere: St Aloysius College Harihar celebrates Gonzaga's feast |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=971495 |access-date=14 February 2024 |work=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref>
| rector = Dionysius Vaz
| principal = Santosh Fernandes
| dean = Mrs. Vidya {{small|(Science)}} Roshan Zameer {{small|(Commerce)}}
| director = Eric Mathias
| faculty = 21
| administrative_staff = 18
| enrollment =
| city = Amaravathi Village, [[Harihar]] [[Davangere District]],
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|14|30|54.05|N|75|49|27.56|E|display=title,inline|type:edu}}
| campus =
| free_label = Patron saint
| free = St. Aloysius Gonzaga
| colors =
| athletics =
| nickname = Aloysians
| sporting_affiliations =
| mascot =
| website = {{URL|http://sapucharihar.com}}
| logo =
}}

'''St. Aloysius College, Harihar''' is a [[Private university|private]] [[Catholic university]] located in [[Harihar]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It began offering degree courses in 2010 and is an undertaking of the [[Society of Jesus]].{{cn|date=February 2024}}

==History==
{{unsourced|section|date=February 2024}}
St. Aloysius College in [[Harihar]] grew out of the [[Jesuit]] College in [[Mangalore]] that was established in 1880. The Pre University College was first established in Harihar on the church premises of Our Lady of Health in 2005, and moved to the new campus in Amaravathi towards the east of Harihar in May 2009, where it began offering the Bachelor of Commerce (BCom) in 2010.

In June 2011 the degree college was bifurcated from the PU College, and Vincent Pinto was appointed principal of the new institution.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

==See also==
* [[List of Jesuit sites]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Aloysius College, Harihar}}
[[Category:Jesuit universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Davanagere district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2010]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Karnataka]]

Himal and Nagaray

2026-02-28T09:25:57Z

MarylinBrantley: Done...

{{Short description|Kashmiri folktale}}
'''Princess Himal and Nagaray''' or '''Himal and Nagrai''' ({{IPA|ks|hiːmaːl tɨ nəːɡʲraːj}}) is a very popular [[Kashmir]]i [[Kashmiri folklore|folktale]] about the love between a human princess and a [[Nāga|Naga]] (snake-like) prince. The story is well-known in the region and has many renditions. One version of the story was collected by British reverend [[James Hinton Knowles]] and published in his book ''Folk-Tales of Kashmir''.<ref>Knowles, James Hinton. ''Folk-tales of Kashmir''. London: Trübner. 1888. pp. 491–504.</ref>

== Source ==
Rev. Knowles attributed the source of his version to a man named Pandit Shiva Rám of Banáh Mahal Srínagar.<ref>{{cite book |last=Knowles |first=James Hinton |title=Folk-tales of Kashmir |location=London |publisher=Trübner |date=1888 |page=491 (footnote nr. 1)}}</ref>

== Publication ==
The tale was also republished as ''Himal and Nagrai'',<ref>{{cite book |last=Sadhu |first=S. L. |title=Folk Tales From Kashmir |publisher=Asia Publishing House |date=1962 |pages=40–46}}</ref> ''Himal and Nagraya'',<ref>{{cite book |last=Dhar |first=Somnath |title=Tales of Kashmir |date=1992 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=9788170415619 |location=Darya Ganj, New Delhi |pages=158–162}}</ref> ''Heemal Nagrai'',<ref>{{Cite book |title=Folk Tales of Kashmir |first=J. N. |last=Ganhar |date=1984 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India |pages=105–118}}</ref> and as ''Heemal and Nagirai''.<ref>{{cite book |first=M. L. |last=Pandit |chapter=Chapter 24: Heemal and Nagirai |title=The Literary Heritage Of Kashmir |editor=K. L. Kalla |location=Delhi |publisher=Mittal Publications |date=1985 |pages=228–232}}</ref>

==Summary==
In Knowles's version, titled ''Nágray and Himál'', a poor [[brahmin]] named Soda Ram, who has an "ill-tempered" wife, laments his luck. One day, he decides to go on a pilgrimage to Hindustan, since a local king gives five ''[[Lakh|lachs]]'' of rupees to the poor. On his journey, he stops to rest for a while and a serpent comes from a spring nearby and enters his bag. He sees the animal and plans to spring a trap for his wife so that the snake will bite her. He returns home with the bag and gives it to his wife. The woman opens the bag as the serpent spring out of it and turns into a human boy. The couple raises the boy, named Nágray, and become rich.

The boy shows incredible wisdom for his young age. One day, he asks his father where he can find "a pure spring" that he can bathe in, and Soda Rám points to a pool at princess Himal's garden, heavily guarded by the king's troops. He says he will find a way: he approaches an opening in the wall, changes into a serpent to crawl through and returns to human form. The princess hears some noise coming from the direction of the pool and questions for the strange presence. Nágray turns back into a snake and slithers away. He returns to the pool twice, and on the third time princess Himal notices his beauty, and falls in love with him. Himal sends a maid to follow the snake and sees it enter Soda Ram's house.

Princess Himal tells her father she will marry no other than the son of brahman Soda Ram. Soda Ram is called to the king's presence to deal with the wedding arrangements. The king suggests his prospective son-in-law should come in a regal and magnificent wedding procession. Nágray instructs his adoptive father to toss a paper in a certain spring, one hour before the wedding, and the procession will come. Himal and Nágray marry and live in a palace built near a river.

However, Nágray's other wives, which live in the realm of snakes, decide to pay a visit to the human princess, under a magical disguise, due to their lordship's extended absence. One of them uses a disguise of a glass seller to sell her wares to the palace. Nágray finds the utensils and destroys each of them, forbidding his human wife to buy any other. The second snake wife dons the guise of a sweeper. She tells Himal her husband was Nágray, also a sweeper (a man of a lower caste). The false sweeper gives Himal instructions on how to prove his origins: throw him in a spring and, if he sinks, he is not a sweeper.

Himal tells Nágray of the encounter and he admonishes her. But she insists he proves his caste. He enters the spring and slowly sinks in, until he disappears. Himal, then, is left alone and without a husband. She returns to her palatial home, mounts a [[caravanserai]] and begins to give alms to the poor. On one occasion, a poor man and his daughter pay her a visit and tell that, in a jungle, they came across a spring. From this spring, an army marched out and set out a dinner for their king. Soon after, the army returned to the spring and this king gave them some alms, "in the name of foolish Himal".

With renewed hope, princess Himal asks the man to guide her to this location. They rest for the night, as Himal, still awake, sees Nágray coming from the spring. She begs him to return to their wedded life together, but Nágray warns of the danger of his snake wives. He turns her into a pebble and takes her to the watery kingdom. The snake wives notice the object and tell their husband to turn it back to human shape.

The snake wives decide to set Himal as their housekeeper. They tell her she must boil the milk for their serpentine children, and to knock the pots down. However, Himal knocks down the pots while the milk is still boiling hot, and, as the serpent children drink the milk, they die. Their serpentine mothers, overwhelmed with grief, turn into serpents and bite Himal. A grieving Nágray places her corpse on top of tree, alternating visits between her resting place and the spring.

One day, a holy man climbs up the tree and sees the corpse of Himal, still beautiful as she was in life. He prays to Náráyan and she returns to life. The holy man takes her to his home. Nágray, noticing its disappearance, begins a search and finds her at the holy man's house. While she was sleeping, Nágray enters the bedroom in his serpentine form and coils around her bedpost. The holy man's son, unaware of the serpent's nature, takes a knife and cuts the serpent into two pieces. Himal awakes startled and sees the serpent's corpse, lamenting her husband's death.

Nágray's corpse is burned, and Himal [[Sati (practice)|throws herself into the funeral pyre]] to die with him. However, deities [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]] reunite both lovers by resurrecting their ashes in a magical spring.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zutshi |first=Chitralekha |chapter=The Kashmiri Narrative Public: Textuality, Orality, and Performance |title=Kashmir's Contested Pasts: Narratives, Sacred Geographies, and the Historical Imagination |location=Delhi |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2014 |pages=240–297 [281–283] |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199450671.003.0006}} Accessed 17 Dec. 2024.</ref>

== Written history ==
The story of ''Himal and Nagaray'' is considered to be a "well-known tale", representative of the Kashmiri region.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dhar |first=Somnath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NOseAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Himal+Nagray%22 |title=Jammu and Kashmir (India, the land and the people) |location=India |publisher=[[National Book Trust]] |date=1982 |page=117}}</ref><ref name=Datta>{{cite book |first=Mo. |last=S. |chapter=Fables and Parables (Kashmiri) |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Literature |editor=Amaresh Datta |volume=2: Devraj to Jyoti |location=New Delhi |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |date=1988 |page=1255 |quote=One [Kashmiri] fable, Himal deserves particular attention. It is one of the most popular fables of Kashmir and Kashmiri poets have based masnavis and operas on this fable.}}</ref>

Indian scholarship states that the tale has existed in the oral repertoire of the Kashmir region,<ref>{{cite book |last=Zutshi |first=Chitralekha |chapter=The Kashmiri Narrative Public: Textuality, Orality, and Performance |title=Kashmir's Contested Pasts: Narratives, Sacred Geographies, and the Historical Imagination |location=Delhi |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2014 |pages=240–297 [280] |quote=The story of Himal and her lover Nagaray was part of Kashmir’s oral repertoire for centuries, |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199450671.003.0006}} Accessed 17 Dec. 2024.</ref> with multiple renditions appearing in both [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] in the 18th and 19th centuries.<ref>{{cite book|title=Balts and Aryans in Their Indo-European Background|year=1968|page=129|publisher=Simla: Indian Institute of Advanced Study|author=Suniti Kumar Chatterji|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9hEHAQAAIAAJ}}</ref><ref>Zutshi, Chitralekha. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=7cfXDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22travails+of+the+princess+Himal%22&pg=PT44 Oxford India Short Introductions Series: Kashmir]''. Oxford University Press, 2019. pp. 43-44. {{ISBN|9780190121419}}.</ref><ref>Dhar, Somnath. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4huAAAAMAAJ&q=%22nagray%22+snake Jammu and Kashmir (India, the land and the people)]''. India: National Book Trust, 1999. p. 119. {{ISBN|9788123725338}}.</ref><ref>Zutshi, Chitralekha. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=FnxJDwAAQBAJ Kashmir’s Contested Pasts: Narratives, Geographies, and the Historical Imagination]''. Oxford University Press. 2014. pp. 279-284. {{ISBN|978-0-19-908936-9}}.</ref><ref name=Datta/> According to [[S. L. Sadhu]], the earliest recorded version of the story was by Maulvi Sadr-ud-Din in Persian with the title ''Qasai Heemal va Arzun''.<ref>{{cite book |first=S. L. |last=Sadhu |chapter=Heemal |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Literature |editor=Amaresh Datta |volume=2:Devraj to Jyoti |location=New Delhi |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |date=1988 |pages=1565–1566}}</ref>

Local Kashmiri poet [[Waliullah Mattu]] (or Wali Ullah Mot) translated the story as a ''[[Mathnawi|masnavi]]'' in the Kashmiri language.<ref>{{cite book |first=S. L. |last=Sadhu |chapter=Heemal |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Literature |editor=Amaresh Datta |volume=2:Devraj to Jyoti |location=New Delhi |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |date=1988 |page=1566}}</ref><ref>''Encyclopaedia Of Art And Culture In India''. Vol. 7: Jammu and Kashmir. Delhi: Isha Books, 2003. p. 128.</ref> In Mot's version of the ''mathnavi'' ''Himal Negyray'', Himal is Balavir's daughter and comes from Balapore/Balapur, while snake-prince Negyray from [[Patala|Talpatal]] (the netherworld). After being adopted by a human Pandit, Negyray marries a serpent-princess, then meets and marries human lady Himal. His disappearance is caused when Himal forces him to take a dip in a bowl of milk, which transports him back to Talpatal. At the end of the story, Himal plunges herself into Negyray's funeral pyre.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Kashmiri |first=Shafi |last=Shauq |title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections |volume=1 |editor=K. Ayyappa Panicker |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |date=1997 |pages=250–252 |isbn=9788126003655}}</ref>

Knowles also informed that another version existed with the title ''Hímál Nágárajan'', obtained from Pandit Hargopal Kol. He also noted that, in another version, Himal is a Hindu devotee, and falls in love with Nágray, an [[Islamic]] man.<ref>Knowles, James Hinton. ''Folk-tales of Kashmir''. London: Trübner. 1888. p. 504 (footnote nr. 10).</ref>

== Analysis ==
===Name of the heroes===
Indian scholar [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji]] proposed that ''[[Nagaraj|Nagaray]]'' derives from the [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] ''[[Nagaraja|Nāga-rāja]]'', meaning 'king of nagas' (a [[nāga]] is a mythical snake of Indian religion). As for the character of the princess, he considered that her name means "Jasmine-garland", corresponding to [[Sanskrit]] ''Yūthī-mālā'' and [[Prakrit]] ''Yūhīmāla''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Balts and Aryans in Their Indo-European Background|year=1968|page=129|publisher=Simla: Indian Institute of Advanced Study|author=Suniti Kumar Chatterji|url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/balts-and-aryans-their-indo-european-background}}</ref>

According to professor Ruth Laila Schmidt, the hero's name, ''Nágráy'' (''Nāgarājā'' 'snake king'), indicates remnants of [[snake worship]] in the Western Himalayas (including the Kashmir region),<ref>{{cite book |last=Gupta |first=Lalit |author-link=Lalit Gupta |title=Intangible Heritage of Jammu |location=Jammu and Kashmir |publisher=Academy of Art, Culture and Languages |page=8 |quote=Though Naga worship is now almost extinct in Kashmir, its prevalence can still be observed in many parts of Jammu. The hoary tradition of Naga worship being integral to the religio-cultural aspect of Western Himalayan region is widely prevalent in Jammu region in form of innumerable folk traditions and cults.}}</ref> that is, worship of the nagas, snake-like beings of Hindu mythology associated with water. Also, the [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] word for water spring is ''nāg'',<ref>{{cite book |title=A Dictionary Of The Kashmiri Language |first=George A. |last=Grierson |date=1932 |location=Calcutta |publisher=The Asiatic Society of Bengal |chapter=nāg 2 |page=624 |quote=... a snake, esp. a fabulous serpent-demon or semi-divine being, having the face of a man and the tail of a serpent, and said to inhabit Pātāla. In Kashmīr, they are the deities of springs ... [second meaning:] a fountain, a spring of water. |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/grierson_query.py?qs=n%C4%81g%202&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dhar |first=Somnath |chapter=Folklore of Jammu and Kashmir |title=Folk Culture & Literature |editor=Sri C. R. Das |volume=I |location=Orissa, India |publisher=Institute of Oriental and Orissan Studies |page=197 |quote=''Naga'' or snake - also means 'a spring' in Kashmiri...}}</ref> another link between water bodies and nagas as water-spirits.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Ruth Laila |last=Schmidt |title=A Naga-Prince Tale in Kohistan |journal=Acta Orientalia |volume=67 |date=2006 |pages=183–184}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Schmidt |first=Ruth Laila |date=2013 |title=The Transformation of a Naga Prince Tale |journal=Oriental Archive |issn=0044-8699 |volume=81 |issue=1 |page=9 |doi=10.47979/aror.j.81.1.1-15 |url=https://kramerius.lib.cas.cz/view/uuid:5334c350-65bd-42e3-93e6-1eaf44799e1a?article=uuid:7dc2ff2a-1234-4d90-be37-a73aef7aa73e|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Parallels===
Suniti Kumar Chatterji also noticed some resemblance between the Kashmiri tale and the Lithuanian folktale ''[[Eglė the Queen of Serpents]]'', wherein a human maiden named Egle marries Zilvinas, a snake-like prince that lives in an underwater palace.<ref>{{cite book|title=Balts and Aryans in Their Indo-European Background|year=1968|pages=128–129|publisher=Simla: Indian Institute of Advanced Study|author=Suniti Kumar Chatterji|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9hEHAQAAIAAJ}}</ref>{{efn|German scholar Rainer Eckert also described both stories as having a "surprising correspondence".<ref>Eckert, Rainer. "On the Cult of the Snake in Ancient Baltic and Slavic Tradition (based on language material from the Latvian folksongs)". In: ''Zeitschrift für Slawistik'' 43, no. 1 (1998): 94-100. https://doi.org/10.1524/slaw.1998.43.1.94</ref>}}

===Relation to other folktales===
The tale has been compared to folktales of type ATU 425, "[[Animal as Bridegroom|The Search for the Lost Husband]]", of the [[Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index|international classification]] of folktales.<ref>Bamford, Karen. "Quest for the Vanished Husband/Lover, Motifs H1385.4 and H1385.5". In: Jane Garry and Hasan El-Shamy (eds.). Archetypes and Motifs in Folklore and Literature. A Handbook. Armonk / London: M.E. Sharpe, 2005. p. 254.</ref> In [[Stith Thompson]] and Warren Roberts's ''Types of Indic Oral Tales'', the tale is classified under its own Indic type, 425D Ind, "Search for Serpent Husband": the heroine marries a man of mysterious origin; jealous women probe her into asking his name or origins; he reveals it and turns into a snake; after many hardships, she reunites with him.<ref>Thompson, Stith; Roberts, Warren Everett. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WxnXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Search+for+Serpent+Husband%22 Types of Indic Oral Tales: India, Pakistan, and Ceylon]''. Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1960. p. 63 (entry "Knowles").</ref><ref>Blackburn, Stuart. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=yeLWAAAAMAAJ&q=%22at+425D+Ind%22 Coming Out of His Shell: Animal-Husband Tales in India]". In: ''Syllables of Sky: Studies in South Indian Civilization''. Oxford University Press, 1995. p. 45. {{ISBN|9780195635492}}.</ref>{{efn|The word "Indic" refers to tale types that, although not registered in the [[Aarne-Thompson-Uther]] international index, exist in the oral and written literature of these three [[South Asian]] countries.}}

=== Motifs ===
According to [[Stith Thompson]] and {{ill|Jonas Balys|lt|Jonas Balys}} study of motifs of Indian literature and oral folklore, the tale contains the [[Motif (folkloristics)|motifs]] [[Motif-Index of Folk-Literature|B604.1]] "Marriage to snake"<ref>Thompson, S., Balys, J. (1958). ''The oral tales of India''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 80.</ref> and D391 "Transformation: serpent (snake) to person".<ref>Thompson, S., Balys, J. (1958). ''The oral tales of India''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 103.</ref>

==Legacy==
The tale was also adapted into an opera by Kashmiri poet [[Dinanath Nadim]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Dhar |first=Somnath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NOseAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Himal+Nagray%22 |title=Jammu and Kashmir (India, the land and the people) |location=India |publisher=National Book Trust |date=1982 |page=117}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Oxford companion to Indian theatre |date=2004 |location=New Delhi |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |page=291 |quote=Nadim wrote ''Hyimal ti Negyray'' ('Hyimal and Negyray'), a modern version of the immortal Kashmiri love story of a Brahmin girl and the Serpent Prince of the netherworld.}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[The Snake Prince]] (Indian fairy tale)
*[[Tulisa, the Wood-Cutter's Daughter]] (Indian fairy tale)
*[[The Enchanted Snake]] (Italian literary fairy tale)
*[[The Green Serpent]] (French literary fairy tale)
*[[The Serpent Prince (Hungarian Folk Tale)]]
*[[The Ruby Prince (Punjabi folktale)]]
*[[Champavati]]
* [[The Story of Hira and Lal]]
* [[Balapora shopian]]
* [[The Story of Halahal Kumar (Odia folktale)|The Story of Halahal Kumar]]

==Footnotes==
{{notelist|}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian fairy tales]]
[[Category:Fictional princes]]
[[Category:Fictional snakes]]
[[Category:Anthropomorphic snakes]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about shapeshifting]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about talking animals]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about princesses]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about princes]]
[[Category:Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Indian literature]]
[[Category:ATU 400-459]]
[[Category:Kashmiri folklore]]
[[Category:Kashmiri culture]]

Film studies

2026-02-28T00:07:27Z

MarylinBrantley: Adding a stub - done

{{Short description|Academic discipline focused on cinema}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Distinguish|cinematography|film criticism}}
[[File:Filmstudiesphoto1.jpg|thumb|Film-screening room at [[Georgetown University]], [[Washington, D.C.]]]]
'''Film studies''' is an academic discipline that deals with various [[film theory|theoretical]], [[history of film|historical]], and [[film criticism|critical]] approaches to [[film|cinema]] as an art form and a medium. It is sometimes subsumed within [[media studies]] and is often compared to [[television studies]].<ref name="Dyer" />

Film studies is less concerned with advancing proficiency in [[Filmmaking|film production]] than it is with exploring the [[Narrative film|narrative]], artistic, cultural, economic, and political implications of the cinema.<ref name="Dyer">{{Cite book |title=Film Studies: Critical Approaches |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-874280-0 |editor-last=Gibson |editor-first=Pamela Church |location=Oxford |pages=1–8 |chapter=Introduction |oclc=42835361 |editor-last2=Dyer |editor-first2=Richard |editor-last3=Kaplan |editor-first3=E. Ann |editor-last4=Willemen |editor-first4=Paul}}</ref> In searching for these social-ideological values, film studies takes a series of critical approaches for the analysis of production, theoretical framework, context, and creation.<ref>Sikov, Ed. 2010. "Introduction." Pp. 1–4 in ''Film Studies: An Introduction''. New York: Columbia UP. Print. [https://books.google.com/books?id=zbCK8ETCWzwC&q=film+studies Google Books]</ref> Also, in studying film, possible careers include critic or production. Overall the study of film continues to grow, as does the [[Film industry|industry]] on which it focuses.

[[List of film periodicals|Academic journals]] publishing film studies work include ''[[Sight and Sound]]'', ''[[Film Comment]]'', ''[[Film International]]'', ''[[CineAction]]'', ''[[Screen (journal)|Screen]]'', ''[[Journal of Cinema and Media Studies]]'', ''[[Film Quarterly]]'', and ''[[Journal of Film and Video]]''.

==History==
{{More citations needed|section|date=July 2024}}
Film studies as an academic discipline emerged in the 20th century, decades after [[History of film technology#First motion pictures|the invention of motion pictures]]. Rather than focusing on the technical aspects of film production, film studies are concentrated on [[film theory]], which approaches film critically as an art, and the writing of [[film historiography]]. Because film became an invention and industry only in the late 19th century, a generation of film producers and [[Film director|directors]] existed significantly before the academic analysis that followed in later generations.

Early [[film school]]s focused on the production and subjective critique of film rather than on the critical approaches, history and theory used to study academically. The concept of film studies arose as a means of analyzing the formal aspects of film as the films were created. Established in 1919, the [[Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography|Moscow Film School]] was the first school in the world to focus on film. In the United States, the [[USC School of Cinematic Arts]], established in 1929, was the first cinematic-based school, which was created in agreement with the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]. It was also the first to offer an [[academic major]] in film in 1932, but the program lacked many of the distinctions associated with contemporary film study. Universities began to implement cinema-related curricula without separation of the abstract and practical approaches.

The German ''Deutsche Filmakademie Babelsberg'' was founded during the era of the [[Nazi Germany|Third Reich]] in 1938. Its lecturers included [[Willi Forst]] and [[Heinrich George]]. Students were required to create films in order to complete their studies at the academy.

A movement away from [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] productions in the 1950s turned cinema into a more artistic [[independent films|independent]] endeavor. It was the creation of the [[auteur theory]], which examines film as the director's vision and art, that broadened the scope of academic film studies to a worldwide presence in the 1960s. In 1965, film critic [[Robin Wood (critic)|Robin Wood]], in his writings on [[Alfred Hitchcock]], declared that Hitchcock's films contained the same complexities of [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]'s plays.<ref>Grant, Barry Keith. ''Film Study in the Undergraduate Curriculum''. New York: Modern Language Association of America, 1983.15. Print.</ref> Similarly, French director [[Jean Luc Godard]], a contributor to the influential magazine ''[[Cahiers du Cinéma]]'', wrote: "Jerry Lewis [...] is the only one in Hollywood doing something different, the only one who isn't falling in with the established categories, the norms, the principles. [...] Lewis is the only one today who's making courageous films."<ref>{{cite book|editor=Jim Hillier|title=Cahiers du Cinema 1960–1968 New Wave, New Cinema, Re-evalutating Hollywood (Godard in interview with Jacques Bontemps, Jean-Louis Comolli, Michel Delahaye, and Jean Narboni)|year=1987|page=295|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674090651}}</ref>

A catalyst in the success and stature of academic film studies has been large donations to universities by successful commercial filmmakers. For example, director [[George Lucas]] donated $175 million to the [[USC School of Cinematic Arts]] in 2006.<ref name="la">{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/education/highered/la-125highed-11,0,2054908,full.story?coll=la-home-right2 |title=LA's Screen Gems |first=Rachel |last=Abramowitz |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |year=2010 |access-date=18 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124180156/http://www.latimes.com/news/education/highered/la-125highed-11,0,2054908,full.story?coll=la-home-right2 |archive-date=24 January 2010 }}</ref>

== Approaches to film studies ==
{{Main|Film theory}}

* [[Analytic philosophy|Analytic]]
** [[Cognitivism (aesthetics)|Cognitive film theory]]
** [[Historical poetics]]
** [[Linguistic film theory]]
** [[Neoformalism (film theory)|Neoformalism]]
* [[Classical Hollywood cinema|Classical]]
** [[Formalist film theory]]
* [[Continental philosophy|Continental]]
** [[Feminist film theory]]
** [[Film semiotics]]
** [[Marxist film theory]]
** [[Psychoanalytic film theory]]
** [[Screen theory]]
** [[Structuralist film theory]]
* [[Film criticism|Criticism]]
** [[Auteur theory]]
** [[Schreiber theory]]
* [[Historiographical]]
** [[History of film|Film history]]
** [[History of film technology]]
** [[New Cinema History|New cinema history]]
** [[Media archaeology]]

== Modern film studies ==
Today, film studies are taught worldwide and has grown to encompass numerous methods for teaching history, culture and society. Many [[liberal arts]] colleges and universities, as well as American high schools, contain courses specifically focused on the analysis of film.<ref name="colbo">{{cite web
|url= http://www.collegeboard.com/csearch/majors_careers/profiles/majors/50.0601.html
|title= Major:Film Studies
|publisher= Collegeboard.com
|year= 2010
|access-date= 18 October 2010
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120319201133/http://www.collegeboard.com/csearch/majors_careers/profiles/majors/50.0601.html
|archive-date= 19 March 2012
|url-status= dead
}}</ref> Modern-day film studies increasingly reflect popular culture and art, and a wide variety of curricula have emerged for analysis of critical approaches used in film.<ref>Grieveson, Lee. "Cinema Studies." ''Inventing Film Studies''. Durham: Duke UP, 2008. 67. Print.</ref> Students are typically expected to form the ability to detect conceptual shifts in film, a vocabulary for the analysis of film form and style, a sense of ideological dimensions of film and an awareness of extra textual domains and possible direction of film in the future.<ref>Dix, Andrew. ''Beginning Film Studies''. Manchester UP. 2-14. Print.[https://books.google.com/books?id=kScbAQAAIAAJ&q=beginning+film+studies Google Books]</ref> Universities often allow students to participate in film research and attend seminars of specialized topics to enhance their critical abilities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gsh.uva.nl/content/masters/film-studies-media-studies/film-studies.html|title=Film Studies (Media Studies) - GSH - University of Amsterdam|last=Amsterdam|first=Universiteit van|date=2019-07-02|website=gsh.uva.nl|language=en|access-date=2019-02-07}}</ref>

===Common curriculum===
{{See also|List of film schools|List of film schools in the United States}}
The curriculum of [[tertiary education|tertiary-level]] film studies programs often include but are not limited to:<ref name="film">{{cite web |year=2010 |title=Film Studies Program |url=http://www.yale.edu/filmstudiesprogram/courselisting.html |access-date=25 October 2010 |publisher=Yale University}}</ref><ref name="gt">{{cite web |year=2010 |title=Film and Media Studies |url=http://filmandmediastudies.georgetown.edu/ |access-date=25 October 2010 |publisher=Georgetown University}}</ref><ref name="usc">{{cite web |year=2010 |title=USC School of Cinematic Arts |url=http://cinema.usc.edu/students/schedule.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618065454/https://cinema.usc.edu/students/schedule.htm |archive-date=18 June 2010 |access-date=25 October 2010 |publisher=University of Southern California}}</ref>
* Introduction to film studies
* Modes of film studies
* Close analysis of film
* History of film/media
* Analysis with emphasis
# Attention to time period
# Attention to regional creation
# Attention to genre
# Attention to creators
* Methods of film production
===American film studies===
A total of 144 [[tertiary institutions]] in the United States offer a major program in film studies.<ref name="colbo" /> This number continues to grow each year with new interest in film studies. Institutions offering film degrees as part of their arts or communications curricula differ from institutions with dedicated film programs.

The success of the American film industry has contributed to the popularity of academic film studies in the U.S., and film-related degrees often enable graduates to pursue careers in the production of film, especially [[Film director|directing]] and [[Film producer|producing]] films.<ref>Polan, Dana, and Haidee Wasson. "Young Art, Old Colleges." Inventing Film Studies. Durham: Duke UP, 2008. Print.</ref> Courses often combine alternate media, such as television or [[new media]], in combination with film studies.<ref>"History of Film Studies in the United States and at Berkeley." Film Studies. Web. 11 Nov. 2010. <{{cite web |url=http://filmstudies.berkeley.edu/About_us.html |title=Film Studies |access-date=2010-11-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824061159/http://filmstudies.berkeley.edu/About_us.html |archive-date=24 August 2010}}>.</ref>

===Worldwide film studies===
Film-studies programs at all levels<ref>{{Cite web |last=Studyportals |title=PhD Programmes in Film Studies in Europe |url=https://www.phdportal.com/search/phd/film-studies/europe |website=PhD Portal}}</ref> are offered worldwide, primarily in the countries in the [[Global North and Global South|Global North]]. In many cases, film studies can be found in departments of [[media studies]] or [[communication studies]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Communication & Media Studies |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/university-subject-rankings/2017/communication-media-studies |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=Top Universities |language=en}}</ref> [[List of film archives|Film archives]] and museums such as the [[EYE Film Institute Netherlands|Eye Filmmuseum]] in [[Amsterdam]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Academic |url=https://www.eyefilm.nl/en/academic |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=Eye Filmmuseum |language=en}}</ref> also conduct scholarly projects alongside educational and outreach programs.

[[Film festival]]s play an important role in the study of film and may include discourses on topics such as film style, aesthetics, representation, production, distribution, social impact, history, archival and curation. Major festivals such as the [[Cannes Film Festival]]<ref>{{cite news|url = http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/c/cannes_international_film_festival/index.html|title = Cannes International Film Festival|work = The New York Times| first=Manohla | last=Dargis}}</ref> offer extensive programs with talks and panel discussions. They also inform film historiography,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vallejo |first=Aida |date=2020-05-03 |title=Rethinking the canon: the role of film festivals in shaping film history |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17411548.2020.1765631 |journal=Studies in European Cinema |language=en |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=155–169 |doi=10.1080/17411548.2020.1765631 |issn=1741-1548|url-access=subscription }}</ref> most actively through retrospectives and historical sections such as Cannes Classics.

Film festival [[Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou|FESPACO]] serves as a major hub for discourse on cinema on the African continent.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aveh |first=M. Africanus |date=2020 |title=FESPACO—Promoting African Film Development and Scholarship |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/3/article/780256 |journal=Black Camera |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=117–128 |doi=10.2979/blackcamera.12.1.09 |issn=1947-4237|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Prominent scholars==
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
*[[Hugo Münsterberg]]
*[[Ricciotto Canudo]]
*[[Germaine Dulac]]
*[[Béla Balázs]]
*[[Siegfried Kracauer]]
*[[Vsevolod Pudovkin]]
*[[Jean Epstein]]
*[[Sergei Eisenstein]]
*[[Lev Kuleshov]]
*[[Jean Mitry]]
*[[Rudolf Arnheim]]
*[[Paul Rotha]]
*[[André Bazin]]
*[[Alexandre Astruc]]
*[[Gilles Deleuze]]
*[[Stanley Cavell]]
*[[Andrew Sarris]]
*[[Jean-Louis Baudry]]
*[[Christian Metz (critic)|Christian Metz]]
*[[François Truffaut]]
*[[Robin Wood (critic)|Robin Wood]]
*[[Noël Burch]]
*[[Raymond Durgnat]]
*[[E. Ann Kaplan]]
*[[Jeanine Basinger]]
*[[Teresa de Lauretis]]
*[[Peter Wollen]]
*[[Richard Barsam]]
*[[Teshome Gabriel]]
*[[Raymond Bellour]]
*[[Molly Haskell]]
*[[Marsha Kinder]]
*[[Vivian Sobchack]]
*[[Claire Johnston (film theorist)|Claire Johnston]]
*[[Laura Mulvey]]
*[[Robert Stam]]
*[[James Naremore]]
*[[Bill Nichols (film critic)|Bill Nichols]]
*[[James Monaco]]
*[[Jacques Aumont]]
*[[Pam Cook]]
*[[Peter Bondanella]]
*[[Barbara Creed]]
*[[Jonathan Rosenbaum]]
*[[Thomas Elsaesser]]
*[[Serge Daney]]
*[[Hamid Naficy]]
*[[Richard Dyer]]
*[[Ian Christie (film scholar)|Ian Christie]]
*[[Dudley Andrew]]
*[[Annette Kuhn]]
*[[Janet Staiger]]
*[[Linda Williams (film critic)|Linda Williams]]
*[[Noël Carroll]]
*[[Francesco Casetti]]
*[[David Bordwell]]
*[[Michel Chion]]
*[[B. Ruby Rich]]
*[[Slavoj Žižek]]
*[[Colin MacCabe]]
*[[Kristin Thompson]]
*[[Mary Ann Doane]]
*[[Elizabeth Cowie]]
*[[Jonathan Beller]]
*[[Geoff Andrew]]
*[[Adrian Martin (film critic)|Adrian Martin]]
*[[David Kipen]]
*[[Mark Cousins (film critic)|Mark Cousins]]
{{div col end}}

== Academic journals ==
{{Main|List_of_film_periodicals#Scholarly_journals|l1 = List of film journals}}

* ''[[Cinema Journal]]''
* ''[[Film-Philosophy]]''
* ''[[Film Quarterly]]''
* ''[[Film & History]]''
* ''[[Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television]]''
* ''[[Journal of Film and Video]]''
* ''[[Journal of Popular Film & Television]]''
* ''[[New Review of Film and Television Studies]]''
* ''[[Screen (journal)|Screen]]''
* ''[[The Velvet Light Trap]]''
* ''[[Television & New Media]]''

==See also==
{{portal|Film}}
*[[Audiovisualogy]]
*[[Cinemeducation]], the use of film in medical education
*[[Cinephilia]]
*[[Film genre]]
*[[Filmmaking]]
*[[Glossary of motion picture terms]]
*[[Experimental film]]
*[[Fictional film]]
*[[History of film]]
*[[Philosophy of film]]
*[[Outline of film]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Bergan, Ronald. ''Film''. New York: DK Pub., 2006.
*Dix, Andrew. ''Beginning Film Studies''. Manchester UP.
*Grant, Barry Keith. ''Film Study in the Undergraduate Curriculum''. New York: Modern Language Association of America, 1983.
*Osborne, Richard. ''Film Theory for Beginners''. London, Zidane Press. 2016.
*Polan, Dana, and Haidee Wasson. "Young Art, Old Colleges." ''Inventing Film Studies''. Durham: Duke UP, 2008.
*Polan, Dana. ''Scenes of Instruction: The Beginnings of the U.S. Study of Film'' (UC Press, 2007)
*Sikov, Ed. ''Film Studies: an Introduction''. New York: Columbia UP
*Stam, Robert. ''Film Theory: an Introduction''. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2000.
*Villarejo, Amy. ''Film Studies: the Basics''. London: Routledge, 2007.

==External links==
{{Wikiversity|Film studies}}
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20191103092343/http://filmdrippink.com/ FILMdrippink.com - Database providing academic & journalist texts about film & TV]}}
*[http://filmstudies.berkeley.edu/ Main website for the Berkeley film studies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103092336/http://filmstudies.berkeley.edu/ |date=3 November 2019 }}
*[https://www.colorado.edu/cinemastudies/ Main website for the CU Boulder department of Cinema studies]
*[http://cinema.usc.edu/ Main website for USC School of Cinematic Arts]
*[http://www.lafilm.com/ Main website for the Los Angeles Film School]
*[http://www.nyfa.edu/ Main website for the NYFA Film School]
*[http://www.film-tvstudies.com Film Studies in New Delhi, India]
*[http://www.filmconnection.com/Metro-WashingtonDC.html Film Connections in Washington D.C.]
*[http://www.filmsite.org/film100_3.html Website dedicated to the introduction to film art]
*[http://education-portal.com/top_ranked_film_universities_in_united_states.html List of the Top US Film Schools]
*[https://screensite.org/data/data_colleges.php Screensite listing of college film programs]

{{Filmstudies}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Film]]
[[Category:Media studies]]

Shailesh Vara

2026-02-26T09:02:38Z

MarylinBrantley: typo fix

{{Short description|British Conservative politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = Shailesh Vara
| honorific-suffix =
| image = Official portrait of Mr Shailesh Vara MP crop 2.jpg
| caption = Official portrait, 2020
| office = [[Secretary of State for Northern Ireland]]
| term_start = 7 July 2022
| term_end = 6 September 2022
| predecessor = [[Brandon Lewis]]
| successor = [[Chris Heaton-Harris]]
| office1 = [[Minister of State for Northern Ireland]]
| term_start1 = 9 January 2018
| term_end1 = 15 November 2018
| predecessor1 = [[Chloe Smith]]
| successor1 = [[John Penrose]]
| primeminister1 = [[Theresa May]]
| office2 = [[Department for Work and Pensions|Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Work and Pensions]]
| term_start2 = 8 May 2015
| term_end2 = 17 July 2016
| predecessor2 = ''Office established''
| successor2 = [[Caroline Nokes]]
| primeminister2 = [[David Cameron]]
| office3 = [[Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Courts and Legal Aid]]
| predecessor3 = [[Helen Grant (politician)|Helen Grant]]
| successor3 = [[Sam Gyimah]]
| primeminister3 = [[David Cameron]]
| term_start3 = 7 October 2013
| term_end3 = 13 July 2016
| office4 = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[North West Cambridgeshire]]
| parliament4 =
| majority4 =
| predecessor4 = [[Brian Mawhinney]]
| successor4 = [[Sam Carling]]
| term_start4 = 5 May 2005
| term_end4 = 30 May 2024
| birth_name = Shailesh Lakhman Vara
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1960|9|4}}
| birth_place = [[Uganda Protectorate]]
| nationality = [[Ugandan]] [[British people|British]]
| spouse =
| party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| relations =
| children =
| residence =
| education = [[Aylesbury Grammar School]]
| alma_mater = [[Brunel University]] ([[LLB]])
| occupation =
| profession = [[Solicitor]]
| signature =
| website = [http://www.shaileshvara.com/ www.shaileshvara.com]
| footnotes =
| primeminister = [[Boris Johnson]]
| office5 = Assistant Government Whip
| primeminister5 = David Cameron
| term_start5 = 12 May 2010
| term_end5 = 6 September 2012
}}

'''Shailesh Lakhman Vara''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ʃ|aɪ|l|ɛ|ʃ|_|ˈ|v|ɑː|ɹ|ə|}},<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/C88yAa6svYJ |title=A proven record of delivery for taking a very tough line on law and order and anti-social behaviour. |date=2024-07-03 |last=Rt Hon Shailesh Vara |access-date=2024-12-14 |via=Instagram}}</ref> born 4 September 1960) is a British [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] former politician who was the [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[North West Cambridgeshire]] from [[2005 United Kingdom general election|2005]] until [[2024 United Kingdom general election|2024]]. He was the UK's first Hindu MP. He also served as [[Secretary of State for Northern Ireland]] from July to September 2022.

In 2006 he was appointed to the shadow ministerial post of [[Shadow Leader of the House of Commons|Shadow Deputy Leader of the House of Commons]] by [[David Cameron]]. Vara served in the [[Premiership of David Cameron|Cameron government]] and was the conservative party's first ethnic minority minister in the House of Commons when in May 2010, he was appointed to the government front bench as an Assistant Whip. On May 15, 2012, he became the first ethnic minority to speak for the conservatives from the Dispatch Box when he stepped in at Justice Questions when two Justice Ministers ( Ken Clarke, Lord Chancellor and Nick Herbert, Minister of State) were unable to attend. He was also [[Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Courts and Legal Aid]] from 2013 to 2016 and as [[Department for Work and Pensions|Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Work and Pensions]] from 2015 to 2016. He returned to the [[backbenches]] in July 2016, having been removed from his positions by the new prime minister [[Theresa May]]. In the [[2018 British cabinet reshuffle|January 2018 reshuffle]], he re-entered government as [[Minister of State]] at the [[Northern Ireland Office]] (NIO), serving under [[Karen Bradley]]. In November 2018, Vara resigned from this role in opposition to May's [[Brexit withdrawal agreement|draft Brexit withdrawal agreement]]. During the [[July 2022 United Kingdom government crisis]], Vara was appointed by [[Boris Johnson]] as [[Secretary of State for Northern Ireland]] but was dismissed by [[Liz Truss]] on 6 September 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Liz Truss - live updates: Truss outlines three priorities as PM - as Raab and Shapps confirm departure |url=https://news.sky.com/story/liz-truss-prime-minister-live-updates-picks-cabinet-boris-johnson-12593360 |access-date=6 September 2022 |website=Sky News |language=en}}</ref>

In 2014, Vara was awarded the Pravasi Bharatiya Samman by the President of India, Pranab Mukherjee. It is the highest award for Indian origin persons living abroad. Vara received the award for promoting ties between the UK and India, and for being the first Indian origin minister for the Conservative party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-21 |title=Former CF India Chairman awarded highest award given to a NRI by the Indian Goverment[sic] |url=https://www.conservativefriendsofindia.co.uk/news/former-cf-india-chairman-awarded-highest-award-given-nri-indian-goverment |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=Conservative Friends |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Shailesh Vara was born on 4 September 1960 in [[Uganda]] to [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] [[India]]n immigrants. He moved to Britain with his family in 1964 and had a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] upbringing.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/15-indian-origin-mps-in-new-uk-parliament/articleshow/72550708.cms|title=15 Indian-origin MPs in new UK Parliament|newspaper=The Times of India |date=14 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=British Law Minister Shailesh Vara's India visit to carry forward UK-India legal links|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/world-location-news/british-law-minister-shailesh-varas-india-visit-to-carry-forward-uk-india-legal-links|website=www.gov.uk|access-date=20 October 2015|quote=The Minister already has close links to India. A Gujarati speaker, he was awarded the Pravasi Bharatiya Samman by the Indian Government earlier this year. He is also the first person of Gujarati origin to serve as a British Government Minister.}}</ref> Vara went to [[Aylesbury Grammar School]], before studying law at [[Brunel University]], where he qualified as a [[solicitor]].

He worked in the [[City of London]] and [[West End of London]], as well as in [[Hong Kong]] from 1989-1990.<ref>[http://www.legalfutures.co.uk/latest-news/grant-shuffled-pm-names-ex-city-solicitor-new-justice-minister Grant shuffled out as PM names ex-City solicitor as new justice minister], ''Legal Futures'', 7 October 2013</ref> Vara has been a senior legal adviser and business consultant for [[London First]], and is a former vice-president of the Small Business Bureau.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/oct/10/houseofcommons.uk House of Commons, Class of 2005], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 10 October 2005</ref>

==Political career==
Vara has been involved with the Conservative Party since the late 1980s and has held various posts at local, regional and national levels. He served as a Vice-Chairman of the Conservative Party from 2001 to 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://members.parliament.uk/member/1496/career|title=Parliamentary career for Shailesh Vara - MPs and Lords - UK Parliament}}</ref> In this position, he had a broad range of responsibilities, including advising [[Michael Howard]], deputising for the Party chairman, party spokesman with the media and looking after [[Conservative Future]] (which comprises the 10,000 or so people in the party under 30).

Since the 1990s Vara spoke frequently at Party Conferences including opening key debates on the economy and law and order.

At the [[1997 United Kingdom general election|1997 general election]], Vara stood in [[Birmingham Ladywood]], coming second with 13.3% of the vote behind the incumbent [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] MP [[Clare Short]].<ref name="electoralcalculus1997">{{cite web |title=Election Data 1997 |url=http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_1997.txt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015054424/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_1997.txt |archive-date=15 October 2011 |access-date=18 October 2015 |publisher=[[Electoral Calculus]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=1 May 1992 |title=UK General Election results May 1997 |url=http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/constit/087.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228094731/http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/constit/087.htm |archive-date=28 February 2014 |access-date=12 May 2012 |work=Richard Kimber's Political Science Resources |publisher=Politics Resources}}</ref>

At the Conservative Party Conference in 2000, he was awarded the accolade of official "rising star" of the Party, with [[Lord Alexander of Weedon]] describing him as a "future Conservative Party leader".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/news/vote2001/hi/english/newsid_1346000/1346506.stm 'Rising star' hopes for Westminster ascent], ''[[BBC News]]'', 28 May 2001</ref>

Vara stood in [[Northampton South]] in the [[2001 United Kingdom general election|2001 general election]], coming second with 41.1% of the vote behind the incumbent Labour MP [[Tony Clarke (British politician)|Tony Clarke]].<ref name="electoralcalculus2001">{{cite web |title=Election Data 2001 |url=http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2001ob.txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015054450/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2001ob.txt |archive-date=15 October 2011 |access-date=18 October 2015 |publisher=[[Electoral Calculus]]}}</ref>

In November 2000, Clarke caused controversy when he said his chances of success against Vara were increased because Vara, as a Ugandan born Hindu, was "unable to rely on the Asian vote" in a town with Muslim communities. Clarke added that "the 20% rural [vote] have shown themselves in the past to be quite racist in their voting."<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hall |first1=Sarah |last2=correspondent |first2=political |date=2000-11-18 |title=Labour MP calls voters 'quite racist' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2000/nov/18/uk.race |access-date=2025-09-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

== Parliamentary career ==
At the [[2005 United Kingdom general election|2005 general election]], Vara was elected to Parliament as MP for [[North West Cambridgeshire]] with 45.8% of the vote and a majority of 9,833.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC NEWS {{!}} Election 2005 {{!}} Results {{!}} Cambridgeshire North West |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/vote2005/html/118.stm |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref>

The ''Breast Cancer Bill'' was Vara's chosen issue after he was one of 20 MPs who were selected at random to introduce a [[private member's bill]] to the House of Commons in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |title=Breast Cancer Bill |url=http://www.shaileshvara.com/breastcancer/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715021941/http://www.shaileshvara.com/breastcancer/ |archive-date=15 July 2007 |access-date=28 December 2014 |publisher=Shailesh Vara MP}}</ref> He has campaigned to broaden the age of routine breast cancer screening for women from 50–70 age group to 45–75 years. The proposal was not supported by the then Labour government, which Vara claimed effectively blocked its progress by talking through to the end of the debate.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vara |first1=Shailesh |title=Government Blocks Breast Cancer Bill |url=http://www.shaileshvara.com/content/government-blocks-varas-breast-cancer-bill |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123937/http://www.shaileshvara.com/content/government-blocks-varas-breast-cancer-bill |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=23 March 2015}}</ref>

Vara gave his backing to ''[[Breast Cancer Campaign]]''{{'}}s (BCC) award-winning national "wear it pink" day, and showed his support for breast cancer charity [[Breakthrough Breast Cancer]] at a meeting in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]].<ref>[http://www.peterboroughtoday.co.uk/news/latest-news/wear-it-pink-for-cancer-campaign-1-68101 Wear it pink for cancer campaign] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304123239/http://www.peterboroughtoday.co.uk/news/latest-news/wear-it-pink-for-cancer-campaign-1-68101|date=4 March 2016}}, ''[[Peterborough Telegraph]]'', 24 October 2006</ref>

At the [[2010 United Kingdom general election|2010 general election]], Vara was re-elected as MP for North West Cambridgeshire with an increased vote share of 50.5% and an increased majority of 16,677.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/election2010/results/constituency/d29.stm Cambridgeshire North West], BBC News</ref><ref>[http://ukpollingreport.co.uk/guide/seat-profiles/cambridgeshirenorthwest Cambridgeshire North-West] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702075857/http://ukpollingreport.co.uk/guide/seat-profiles/cambridgeshirenorthwest/ |date=2 July 2022 }}, UKPollingReport</ref> He was again re-elected at the [[2015 United Kingdom general election|2015 general election]] with an increased vote share of 52.5% and an increased majority of 19,795.<ref name="electoralcalculus">{{cite web |title=Election Data 2015 |url=http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2015.txt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017112223/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2015.txt |archive-date=17 October 2015 |access-date=17 October 2015 |publisher=[[Electoral Calculus]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Cambridgeshire North West parliamentary constituency - Election 2015 - BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/constituencies/E14000855 |access-date=8 May 2015}}</ref>

Vara was opposed to [[Brexit]] prior to the [[2016 Brexit referendum]] in June 2016.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 June 2016 |title=EU vote: Where the cabinet and other MPs stand |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-35616946 |work=BBC News}}</ref>

At the snap [[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017 general election]], Vara was again re-elected, with an increased vote share of 58.6% and a decreased majority of 18,008.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 May 2017 |title=Candidates standing in the General Election in Cambridgeshire |url=http://www.itv.com/news/anglia/2017-05-12/candidates-standing-in-the-general-election-in-cambridgeshire/}}</ref>

Early on 15 November 2018, Vara announced his resignation as a Northern Ireland Minister on [[Twitter]], posting his letter of resignation. His resignation followed the previous day's marathon-length cabinet meeting to discuss the draft Brexit withdrawal agreement.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-46219496|title=Brexit deal: NIO Minister of State Shailesh Vara resigns|date=15 November 2018|work=BBC News|last1=McCormack|first1=Jayne}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=15 November 2018 |title=READ IN FULL: Shailesh Vara's resignation letter to Theresa May over 'half-way house' Brexit deal |url=https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/foreign-affairs/brexit/news/99866/read-full-shailesh-varas-resignation-letter-theresa-may}}</ref>

In the 2019 Conservative leadership election, he initially backed the ultimately unsuccessful candidacy of [[Dominic Raab]].<ref>{{cite web |date=17 June 2019 |title=Peterborough MP Shailesh Vara backs Dominic Raab as next Prime Minister |url=https://www.peterboroughtoday.co.uk/news/politics/peterborough-mp-shailesh-vara-backs-dominic-raab-as-next-prime-minister-1-8966399 |access-date=21 October 2020 |publisher=Peterborough Telegraph}}</ref>

At the [[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019 general election]], Vara was again re-elected, with an increased vote share of 62.5% and an increased majority of 25,983.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cambridgeshire North West Parliamentary constituency |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/constituencies/E14000855 |access-date=19 November 2019 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

In November 2019, Vara stood unsuccessfully for the role of Speaker of the House of Commons.<ref>{{cite web | title=House of Commons Speaker hustings 2019 | url=https://www.hansardsociety.org.uk/events/house-of-commons-speaker-hustings-2019 }}</ref>

Following the State Opening of Parliament by HM Queen Elizabeth II on 11 March 2021, Vara had the honour, usually reserved for a senior parliamentarian, to propose the Loyal Address, starting the five day Queen's speech debate at the start of a new Parliamentary session. The speech is normally delivered to a packed House of Commons but uniquely, on this occasion, during the COVID pandemic, Vara spoke of the "dark shadow" of the pandemic as he addressed a much smaller number of MP's, all socially distanced and wearing safety masks <ref>.https://www.shaileshvara.com/parliament/vara-moves-loyal-address</ref>

On 7 July 2022, Vara was appointed as [[Secretary of State for Northern Ireland]] by outgoing Prime Minister Boris Johnson, replacing [[Brandon Lewis]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministerial appointments: July 2022 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/ministerial-appointments-july-2022 |access-date=7 July 2022 |website=GOV.UK |date=7 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> He was sworn as a member of [[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council]] on 8 July, entitling him to the style "[[The Right Honourable]]" for life.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Business 8th July 2022 |url=https://privycouncil.independent.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2022-07-08-List-of-Business.pdf |website=Privy Council of the United Kingdom |access-date=15 July 2022}}</ref> He was dismissed by Liz Truss on 6 September.

In May 2024, Vara presented a New Bhagavad Gita, one of Hinduism's most sacred texts to the Speaker of the House of Commons, the Rt Hon Sir Lindsay Hoyle MP. The Gita was blessed at a temple in Mayapur India, and following the July 2024 general election it has been used by Hindu MPs taking the oath of allegiance to the Crown, before taking their seats in Parliament.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sacred Hindu text presented to the House of Commons |url=https://www.parliament.uk/business/news/2024/may/sacred-hindu-text-presented-to-the-house-of-commons/ |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=www.parliament.uk |language=en}}</ref>

At the [[2024 United Kingdom general election|2024 general election]], Vara lost his seat by 39 votes to Labour's Sam Carling.<ref>{{Cite web |title=North West Cambridgeshire 2024 Election Results |url=https://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/news/local-news/north-west-cambridgeshire-general-election-29353022|access-date=2024-07-05|website=Cambridge News |date=5 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Vara has a [[Black belt (martial arts)|black belt]] in [[taekwondo]]; and is a former instructor of the martial art. He is married to Beverley and has two sons, Sam and Max.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-09-23 |title=New Model Tories: Tory tribes |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/new-model-tories-tory-tribes-416814.html |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref>

He had a brief appearance in the Oscar winning film the "Iron Lady", starring Meryl Streep; and is mentioned in the credits.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shailesh Vara |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2491920/ |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref>

Vara was made an Honorary fellow of Brunel University in 2010.<ref>Vara was made an Honorary fellow of Brunel University in 2010.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|40em}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.parliament.uk/business/news/2024/may/sacred-hindu-text-presented-to-the-house-of-commons/ |title=Sacred Hindu text presented to the House of Commons |publisher=UK Parliament |date=2024-05-24}}
* {{cite web |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2012-05-15/debates/12051580000004/OralAnswersToQuestions#contribution-12051580000070 |title=Oral Answers to Questions |publisher=UK Parliament |date=2012-05-15}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.shaileshvara.com/ Official website]
*{{UK MP links |parliament=mr-shailesh-vara/1496 |publicwhip=Shailesh_Vara |theywork=shailesh_vara}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050607125553/https://www.conservatives.com/tile.do?def=people.person.page&personID=34377 Conservative Party – Shailesh Vara ]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20010726234429/http://politics.guardian.co.uk/person/0,9290,-6040,00.html Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle: Shailesh Vara MP]
*[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/election/constituency/0,,200-674,00.html The Times : Election 2005 ]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
*[https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,3604,1588476,00.html Guardian – Class of 2005]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070312112412/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2005%2F05%2F03%2Fnelec803.xml Telegraph – Vara Interview ]

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Brian Mawhinney]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[North West Cambridgeshire]]|years=[[2005 United Kingdom general election|2005]]–[[2024 United Kingdom general election|2024]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Sam Carling]]}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Brandon Lewis]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Secretary of State for Northern Ireland]]|years=2022}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Chris Heaton-Harris]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Johnson Cabinet}}
{{Secretaries of State for Northern Ireland}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vara, Shailesh}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of Brunel University London]]
[[Category:British Hindus]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies]]
[[Category:English people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Northern Ireland Office junior ministers]]
[[Category:People educated at Aylesbury Grammar School]]
[[Category:Recipients of Pravasi Bharatiya Samman]]
[[Category:Ugandan emigrants to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2005–2010]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2010–2015]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2015–2017]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2017–2019]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:British male taekwondo practitioners]]
[[Category:Secretaries of state for Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]

Bhola Baba Pahadi Mandir

2026-02-23T18:37:12Z

MarylinBrantley: started

{{Short description|Lord Shiva temple in Mithila}}{{Related|[[Lokeshwar Nath Mahadev Mandir]]|[[Charaut Math]]}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Bhola Baba Pahadi Mandir|native_name=भोला बाबा पहाड़ी मंदिर|native_name_lang=mai|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]|deity=Lord Shiva|tradition=[[Sanatana]]|festival=Sawan Sombari, Mahashivratri|location=Near High School, Charaut|district=[[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]]|state=[[Bihar]]|country=[[India]]|founded_by=Pahadi|coordinates={{Coord|26.5399252|N|85.7958338|E}}|image=Bhola Baba Pahadi Mandir.jpg|caption=Bhola Baba Pahadi Mandir in the Charaut town}}
'''Bhola Baba Pahadi Mandir''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: भोला बाबा पहाड़ी मंदिर) is a Hindu temple of [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]]. It is an old temple dedicated to Lord Shiva in the [[Choraut|Charaut]] town of the [[Sitamarhi district]] of [[Bihar]] in [[India]]. The temple is the center of faith and attraction for the people in the region of the Sitamarhi district as well as the devotees of the neighbouring Himalayan nation [[Nepal]]. During the festival of [[Shravana (month)|Sawan]] Sombari a large number of devotees arrive at the temple for performing the sacred ritual [[Jalabhisheka]] on the [[Lingam|Shivalinga]] of the temple.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=भोला बाबा पहाड़ी मंदिर - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/sitamarhi-om-nam-shivaay-bhola-baba-hill-temple-19459368.html |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> The temple is simply also called as ''Pahadi Mandir''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-25 |title=हर-हर महादेव के जयघोष से गूंजा मंदिर प्रखंडों में भी जलाभिषेक की रही होड़ |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/sitamarhi/1026970- |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=हर हर महादेव के जयघोष से गूंज उठा शिवालय - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/sitamarhi-16387545.html |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>
[[File:View of Bhola Baba Pahadi Mandir.jpg|thumb|View of the Bhola Baba Pahadi Mandir from the National Highway-227]]

== History ==
The exact date of the foundation of the temple is unknown. It is estimated to be more than hundred years old. According to the local residents, it is said that hundreds of years ago there was a Shivalinga at the root of the [[Ficus religiosa|Peepal]] tree there. The villagers used to perform the sacred ritual Jalabhisheka on that Shivalinga. Once a devotee named ''Pahadi'' came to the Shivalinga. He made a wish to ''Bhole Baba (Lord Shiva)''. When the wish was fulfilled, he built the temple with the help of the villagers there. The Shivalinga was established in the temple. Later, the temple came to be known as Pahadi Mandir.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Shiva temples in Sitamarhi district]]

{{India-hindu-temple-stub}}

Betla National Park

2026-02-22T04:56:15Z

MarylinBrantley: cleanup formatting and corrected details

{{short description|National park in Jharkhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Betla National Park
| iucn_category = II
| map = India Jharkhand#India
| map_caption = Location in Jharkhand
| image = Entrance of Betla national park.jpg
| image_caption = Entrance of Betla national park
| location = [[Latehar district|Latehar]] and [[Palamu district]], [[Jharkhand]], [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Medininagar]]
| coordinates = {{coord|23.87|N|84.19|E|format=dms||display=inline,title}}
| area_km2 = 226.32
| established = {{ubl| 1974 ([[Tiger Reserve]])|1986 (National Park)}}
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], Jharkhand Forest Department
| url = [https://forest.jharkhand.gov.in/wings_wildlife_protectedarea_betla.aspx Betla National Park ]
| relief = y
| mapframe = Yes
}}
'''Betla National Park''' is a national park located in the [[Latehar district|Latehar]] and [[Palamu district]] of [[Jharkhand]], [[India]]. Its the only national park in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |author=OT Staff |date=2025-08-26 |title=Did You Know About Jharkhand's Only National Park, Betla? |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/experiences/nature/did-you-know-about-jharkhands-only-national-park-betla |access-date=2025-08-30 |website=Outlook Traveller |language=en}}</ref> It is spread over an area of {{cvt|226.32|km2}} and is a part of the [[Palamau Tiger Reserve|Palamu Tiger Reserve]].<ref name="news9live2024">{{Cite news|url=https://www.news9live.com/knowledge/natural-beauty-of-jharkhand-this-is-the-states-only-national-park-2508960|title=A journey to Betla National Park, the only national park in the state|publisher=news9live|date=23 April 2024|access-date=7 January 2025}}</ref> It was declared a national park in 1986. The park hosts a wide variety of wildlife.<ref name="tourism.webindia123">{{cite web|url=https://tourism.webindia123.com/tourism/wildlife/tigerreserves/betla_national_park/index.htm|title=BETLA NATIONAL PARK & TIGER RESERVE|website=tourism.webindia123}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/winter-holiday-rush-at-betla-netarhat/cid/1340501|title=Winter holiday rush at Betla, Netarhat|website=telegraphindia|date=11 November 2017}}</ref>

==Geography==
Betla was one of the first national parks in India to become a tiger reserve under [[Project Tiger]] in 1974.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Destination ::Jharkhand Tourism Development Corporation Ltd.|url=https://jharkhandtourism.gov.in/destinationDetails/70|website=jharkhandtourism.gov.in|access-date=2020-05-11|archive-date=2019-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023060635/http://jharkhandtourism.gov.in/destinationDetails/70|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was declared a national park in 1986. It is spread over {{cvt|226.32|km2}} area in [[Palamu district|Palamu]] and [[Latehar district]] and is a part of [[Palamau Tiger Reserve|Palamu Tiger Reserve]], which comprises a total area of {{cvt|1129.93|km2}}.<ref name="news9live2024"/> The tourist zone area is {{cvt|53|km2}} in the buffer zone.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/dna-profiling-of-elephants-as-part-census-begins-in-jharkhand-news-286452|title=DNA Profiling Of Elephants As Part Census Begins In Jharkhand|publisher=Outlook India|date=15 May 2023|access-date=9 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tiger-spotted-in-tiger-less-jharkhands-palamau-reserve-after-3-years-1201442.html|title=Tiger spotted in 'tiger less' Jharkhand's Palamau reserve after 3 years|date=18 March 2023|access-date=11 January 2025}}</ref> Betla is an acronym for [[bison]], [[elephant]], [[tiger]], [[leopard]] and axis-axis which are found in the Park.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://latehar.nic.in/places-of-interest/|title=Places of Interest|website=Latehar.nic|access-date=31 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.travelandleisureasia.com/in/destinations/india/netarhat-ecotourism-destination-in-jharkhand/|title=Jharkhand To Promote Netarhat As An Ecotourism Destination; Here's All About The Serene Hill Station|work=Travel and Leisure asia|date=20 December 2022|access-date=31 January 2025}}</ref> The park is under the administration of the Forest Department.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of National Parks of India|url=http://www2.wii.gov.in/nwdc/list_existing_np.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070109172600/http://www.wii.gov.in/nwdc/list_existing_np.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 January 2007|publisher=Wildlife Institute of India|access-date=8 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=List of National Parks of India|url=http://www2.wii.gov.in/nwdc/nparks.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120805215014/http://www2.wii.gov.in/nwdc/nparks.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 August 2012|publisher=Wildlife Institute of India|access-date=8 March 2012}}</ref>

==Flora==
The forests of the park have a vast range of vegetation consisting of [[Shorea robusta|sal]] and [[bamboo]] as the major components along with a number of medicinal plants. The [[North Koel River]] and its tributaries flow through the northern portion of the park, producing grasslands.<ref name="Economictimes2021">{{Cite news|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/india/leopards-now-rein-in-tigers-palamu-abode-once-credited-with-worlds-1st-tiger-census/articleshow/83279349.cms|title=Leopards now rein in Tigers Palamu abode, once credited with world's 1st tiger census|publisher=Economic Times|date=6 June 2021|access-date=7 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="tourism.webindia123"/>

==Fauna==
[[File:Monkey in betla park.jpg|thumb|A monkey in the Betla National Park]]
[[File:Wild gaur.jpg|thumb|[[Gaur]] in Betla National Park]]
The park has a diverse ecosystems and an abundance of wild animals. The national park is home to variety of wild animals including [[chital]], [[sambar deer|sambar]], [[gaur]], [[Indian elephant|elephants]], [[nilgai]], [[muntjac]], [[wild boar]], [[Golden jackal|jackal]], [[Indian wolf|wolf]], [[Indian leopard|leopard]], [[tiger]], [[Striped hyena|hyena]], [[sloth bear]], [[Colobinae|langurs]], [[Rhesus macaque|rhesus monkeys]], [[Indian giant squirrel]], [[Chevrotain|mouse deer]], [[four-horned antelope]]s, [[Small Indian civet|small indian civet]], [[Indian pangolin]], [[Indian porcupine]], [[mongoose]] and [[jungle cat]].<ref name="tourism.webindia123"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7R2aDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT46|title=National Parks of India|author=R. S. Bisht|page=46|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|year=1995|isbn=9788123022963|access-date=7 January 2025}}</ref>

The park hosts a variety of birds including the [[hornbill]], [[peafowl]], [[red jungle fowl]], [[black partridge]], [[white-necked stork]], [[black ibis]], [[Grey-headed swamphen|swamphen]], [[quail]], [[Bucerotidae|pied hornbill]], [[wagtail]], [[harial]], [[dove]], [[drongo]], [[crested serpent-eagle]], [[forest owlet]] and [[Common hawk-cuckoo|papeeha]].<ref name="tourism.webindia123"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYFmoOWfmX8C&pg=PA61|title=Handbook of National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and Biosphere Reserves in India|author=Sharad Singh Negi|page=61|publisher=Indus Publishing Company|year=2002|isbn=9788173871283|access-date=7 January 2025}}</ref>

==Other points of interest==
*[[Palamu Fort]], 17th century fort built by [[Chero dynasty|Chero Kings]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/in-jharkhand-the-twin-forts-of-palamu-near-betla-are-the-remains-of-the-mughal-era-chero-dynasty/cid/1857554|title=Tracing history at the Mughal-era forts of Palamu|publisher=Telegraph India|date=25 March 2022|access-date=7 January 2025}}</ref>

==Ecotourism==
The park provides several opportunities to observe a variety of wildlife at close range. Jeep safaris are available with guides for venturing inside the park. Watch towers have been constructed to view the wildlife.<ref name="tourism.webindia123"/>

===Access===
Betla National Park is {{convert|25|km|mi|abbr=on}} south from [[Medininagar]], {{convert|65|km|mi|abbr=on}} northwest from [[Latehar]] and {{convert|170|km|mi|abbr=on}} northwest from [[Ranchi]].<ref name="Economictimes2021"/><ref name="news9live2024"/>

===Accommodation===
The accommodation facilities in the tourist complex include hotels, tourist lodges, log huts and tree houses inside the forest.<ref name="prabhatkhabar2023">{{Cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/palamu/no-entry-removed-in-betla-national-park-some-new-rules-implemented-for-visiting-tourists-advance-booking-started-jbj|title=बेतला नेशनल पार्क में नो इंट्री खत्म, घूमने के लिए कुछ नए नियम लागू, एडवांस बुकिंग शुरू|publisher=[[Prabhat Khabar]]|date=30 September 2023|access-date=7 January 2025|language=Hindi}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Betla National Park }}
{{Wikivoyage inline|Betla National Park}}

{{National Parks of India}}
{{Palamu Division topics}}
{{Protected areas of Jharkhand}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:National parks in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Latehar district]]
[[Category:Chota Nagpur dry deciduous forests]]
[[Category:Protected areas with year of establishment missing]]

Sam Vishal

2026-02-18T14:07:12Z

MarylinBrantley: put up new data

{{Short description|Indian vocalist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sam Vishal
| image = Sam Vishal.jpg
| caption = Vishal in 2019
| birth_name = Sam Vishal J.X.
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1999|09|28}}
| birth_place = [[Thanjavur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| education = [[Loyola College, Chennai]]
| occupation = Singer
| years_active = 2019 {{endash}} present
| height = 5'11"
| television = [[Super Singer 7]]
}}

'''Sam Vishal J.X.''' (born 28 September 1999) is an Indian singer and an independent vocalist. In 2019, he became the 2nd runner up of [[Super Singer 7]] reality show.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|title=Sam Vishal and Punya emerged as the second runner up|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/super-singer-season-7-winner-murugan-bags-the-trophy-and-wins-rs-50-lacs-worth-house/articleshow/71996432.cms|access-date=2021-07-10|website=The Times of India|date=10 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref> As the 2nd runner up of his season, he won a chance to sing songs for music director [[Anirudh Ravichander]] – 'Chitti Story' and 'Putta Story' (Telugu and Kannada versions of '[[Kutti Story]]') for the film [[Master (2021 film)|Master]]. Apart from film music, Sam Vishal is also a regular in independent music and is also seen releasing music independently. He has won the 'Sensational Singer at Digital' award at Blacksheep Digital Awards 2022.

== Early life ==
Sam Vishal was born in [[Thanjavur]], [[Tamil Nadu]] to Mr. Xavier Sahayaraj and Mrs. Sofia Xavier. He also has a younger sister, Sifra Xavier. Sam Vishal has not learned music in the course of formal studies and comes from a family without a musical background. He completed his Bachelor's degree in English Literature at [[Loyola College, Chennai]]. During his college days, he started a band along with his friends and went on to participate in many competitions.

== Career ==

=== Television ===
In 2019, Sam Vishal made his first TV appearance when he got selected as one of the top 20 contestants in [[Super Singer 7]]. During the show, he also revealed that his close friend Deepan had sent his audio and video clips for Super Singer auditions without his knowledge and had informed him about this only after he had got selected. When he was nominated by the judges as the danger zone contestant of the week, he managed to get 65,50,285 votes in a total of 72,35,296 votes against [[Roshini (singer)|Roshini]] which marks the highest number of votes that any contestant had got in the history of Super Singer. He was finally tied at the 3rd place along with Punya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-11|title=Sam Vishal and Punya were the second runners-up. Anirudh promised to give Sam and Punya a chance to showcase their talents., Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/super-singer-season-7-murugan-takes-winners-title-will-record-song-for-composer-anirudh-ravichander-7632271.html|access-date=2021-08-08|website=Firstpost}}</ref>

In 2020, he went on to participate ''Super Singer Champion of Champions''<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=Contestants from the previous seasons of Super Singer...Samvishal, Srinisha, Sudhan Kumar... - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/music-reality-show-super-singer-champion-of-champions-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/77505275.cms|access-date=2021-06-09|website=The Times of India|date=12 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref> featuring the Super Singer Stars along with his team ''Bachelor Band'' that included playback singer [[Srinisha Jayaseelan]] and ''DJ Sudhan'' aka ''DJ Black''. According to sources, Bachelor Band was the first ever team to use a DJ in a musical show in the south. With this unique combo of musicians, they made their way into the finals as a direct finalist along with the ''Nighty Boys'' (Srinivasan Raghunathan, [[Diwakar]] and Manoj) and the ''Ooo Team'' (Maalavika Sundar, [[Santhosh Hariharan]] and Rangapriya).<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|title=Samvishal, Srinisha, Sudhan Kumar... were featured in the show - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/super-singer-champion-of-champions-grand-finale-to-premiere-on-november-1/articleshow/78947823.cms|access-date=2021-06-09|website=The Times of India|date=30 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

=== As playback singer ===
Sam Vishal made his debut as a playback singer with "Chitti Story"<ref name=":32">{{Cite web|title=Chitti Story' From Movie 'Master' Sung By Anirudh Ravichander And Sam Vishal Featuring Vijay And Vijay Sethupathi - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/telugu/telugu-song-2020-watch-latest-telugu-lyrical-song-music-video-chitti-story-from-movie-master-sung-by-anirudh-ravichander-and-sam-vishal-featuring-vijay-and-vijay-sethupathi/videoshow/79952764.cms|access-date=2021-06-09|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref> ([[Telugu language|Telugu]] version of [[Kutti Story]]) which was released in December 2020 in which he sang along with music director [[Anirudh Ravichander]], and then also recorded 'Putta Story', the [[Kannada]] version of the same.<ref name=":62">{{Cite web |title=Putta Story: Makers of Thalapathy Vijay's Master release the Kannada version of Kutty Story song sung by Sam Vishal |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/putta-story-makers-thalapathy-vijay-s-matser-release-kannada-version-kutty-story-song-589282 |access-date=2021-06-09 |website=pinkvilla.com |language=en}}</ref>

In May 2021 he sang "Talku Lessu Worku Moreu" for the movie ''[[Murungakkai Chips]]'' under the music composition of [[Dharan Kumar]] alongside [[Sivaangi Krishnakumar|Sivaangi .K]].<ref name=":82">{{Cite web |title=Video song of 'Talku Lessu Worku Moreu' song sung by Sam Vishal and Sivaangi from Murungakkai Chips released - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/tamil/murungakkai-chips-song-talku-lessu-worku-moreu/videoshow/83487263.cms |access-date=2021-06-14 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 2022 Vishal worked with [[Hiphop Tamizha]] on the song "Kanavugal" from [[Anbarivu]] and again with A. H. Kaashif for 'Poove' song from [[Rendagam]]. Sam then sang the Duet "Ninne Thaladanne" from [[Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu|The Life of Muthu]] with [[Rakshita Suresh]] composed by [[A. R. Rahman]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=TeamIH |date=2022-09-12 |title=A Beautiful Melody From 'The Life of Muthu' - 'Ninne Thaladanne' Song Out Now! |url=https://industryhit.com/t/a-beautiful-melody-from-the-life-of-muthu-ninne-thaladanne-song-out-now/ |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=IndustryHit.Com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Show host==
In 2020, Sam Vishal made his debut as a host with the YouTube game show '''''Samodu Vilayadu''''', launched on the [https://www.youtube.com/@MediaMasonsTamil Media Masons YouTube channel]. The show features a lively, scratch card-based format combining movie trivia with the participation of TV, digital, and film celebrities. It premiered on May 9, 2020, and has successfully completed three seasons. As of 2025, it is airing its fourth season.<ref>{{cite web |title=Exclusive – Sam Vishal on Samodu Vilayadu: It's my dream to work with music legends like A.R. Rahman sir and Ilaiyaraaja sir |work=The Times of India |date=21 April 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/exclusive-sam-vishal-on-samodu-vilayadu-its-my-dream-to-work-with-music-legends-like-a-r-rahman-sir-and-ilaiyaraaja-sir/photostory/120482318.cms |access-date=2025-06-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Exclusive! Super Singer fame Sam Vishal hosts new show Samodu Vilayadu – A journey of passion |date=23 April 2025 |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2025/exclusive-super-singer-fame-sam-vishal-hosts-new-show-samodu-vilaiyadu-a-journey-of-passion-s-456569.html |access-date=2025-06-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sam Vishal's Samodu Vilayadu: From music journey to game show host |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/sam-vishal-super-singer-samodu-vilayadu-music-journey-youtube-show-tamil-news-364230 |access-date=2025-06-11}}</ref>

=== Independent Music ===
On 13 February 2021, ''[[Media Masons]]'' released a single 'Kaarkuzhal Kanmani' starring ''Sam Vishal'' and ''Pragya Nagra'' which was directed by ''Ravoofa H.K''. The music was composed by ''Sebastin Rozario'' while the lyrics were penned by ''Parthiv Mani'' and was sung by Sam Vishal himself.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|title=Kaarkuzhal Kanmani {{!}} Sam Vishal {{!}} Pragya {{!}} Rozario {{!}} MM Originals #1| date=13 February 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G0gTze6QAwY|language=en|access-date=2021-07-17}}</ref>

Sam Vishal then provided his vocals for the song "Kannamma Eannamma" composed by Dev Prakash. He was also a part of the music video that starred [[Rio Raj]], Pavithra Lakshmi and Bala.

The second original of [[Media Masons]] 'Yarume Thevayillai' was released on 8 October 2021. The music video featured ''Sam Vishal, Shirley'' and ''A. H Kaashif'' who is the composer and lyricist of the song. The song was sung by ''Sam Vishal'' and ''Amina Rafiq''.<ref>{{Citation|title=Yaarume Thevai Illa {{!}} A H Kaashif {{!}} Sam Vishal {{!}} Amina Rafiq {{!}} Aswin {{!}} Shirley {{!}} MM Originals| date=8 October 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AYcVXFbb3YY|language=en|access-date=2021-10-29}}</ref>

The fifth original of Media Masons was titled as 'Theera Kadhalae' and the song was released on 22 April 2022. The music video starred Sam Vishal and Akshaya Hariharan and was directed by Sasikumar Jeyaraman. The music was composed by Santhosh Balaji and the song was sung by Sam Vishal. "Theera Kadhalae" marks the 25th song of Sam Vishal in his career.

== Discography ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Songs that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes songs that have not yet been released
|}

=== Independent Songs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Song
!Album
!Language
!Composer
!Co-artists
!
|-
|2019
|"Nee Indri Naatkalum"
|Short Film - En Dhevadhai En Bike
|Tamil
|AKKU The Band
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2020
|"Minnal Polave"
|Short Film - Best Friend
|Tamil
|Sebastin Rozario
|
|
|-
|"Kaaka Mutta Kannala"
|
|Tamil
|Rashaanth Arwin
|
|
|-
|"Solla Maatten Po"
|
|Tamil
|Amritesh Vijayan
|[[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]]
|<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=Tamil Song 'Solla Maatten Po' Sung by Sam Vishal and Sivaangi - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/tamil/tamil-gana-video-song-latest-tamil-song-solla-maatten-po-sung-by-sam-vishal-and-sivangi/videoshow/79428202.cms|access-date=2021-06-09|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="13" |2021
|"Kaarkuzhal Kanmani"
|MM Originals
|Tamil
|Sebastin Rozario
|
|
|-
|"Neere Niranthara Urave"
|
|Tamil
|Sharran Surya
|
|
|-
|"Seeni Sakkara Mittaye"
|
|Tamil
|Sharran Surya
|
|
|-
|"Ava Cola"
|
|Tamil
|Priyadharsan Subbian
|
|
|-
|"Vanji Aval Pearazhagi"
|
|Tamil
|Gersan
|[[Mahathi (singer)|Mahathi]]
|
|-
|"Siragugal"
|
|Tamil
|Ilamaran
|[[Praniti]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|last2=|last3=|first3=|title=Chennaiite makes song to spread vaccination awareness {{!}} Chennai News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennaiite-makes-song-to-spread-vaccination-awareness/articleshow/84673735.cms|access-date=2021-07-24|website=The Times of India|date=23 July 2021|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Tholai Thooram"
|Eyes on Keys
|Tamil
|M. Kowtham
|
|
|-
|"Kannamma Eannamma"
|
|Tamil
|Dev Prakash
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-20|title=TEASER of Kannamma Eannamma sung by Sam Vishal - VIDEO|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/teaser-of-rio-raj-pavitralakshmis-kannamma-eannamma-video.html|access-date=2021-07-23|website=Behindwoods}}</ref>
|-
|"Maravadhey"
|
|Tamil
|Samyuktha. V
|Samyuktha. V
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|last2=|title='சூப்பர் சிங்கர்' சாம் விஷால் பாடிய மறவாதே ஆல்பம் வெளியீடு|url=https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=98239|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804110643/https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=98239|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 August 2021|access-date=2021-08-04|website=Dinamalar|language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|"Anbe En Anbe"
|Susi-Search of Love
|Tamil
|Kishore Murali
|Sowmya Lakshmi
|<ref>{{Citation|title=In Search of Love - #Anbe_En_Anbe {{!}} Susi Web Series {{!}} Sam Vishal {{!}} Raveena {{!}} Daniel {{!}} Kishore Murali| date=2 October 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8fubJ2X4AbI|language=en|access-date=2021-10-02}}</ref>
|-
|"Yaarume Thevai Illa"
|MM Originals
|Tamil
|A.H. Kaashif
|Amina Rafiq
|
|-
|"Walkie Talkie"
|
|Tamil
|MJ
|Dhanu
|
|-
|"En Swasame"
|
|Tamil
|Alfee-Jim
|
|
|-
| rowspan="14" |2022
|"Kalyanam Kacheri"
|
|Tamil
|Gokul Sreekandan
|
|
|-
|"Nam Desamey"
|
|Tamil
|BK Kannagi
|[[Anuradha Sriram]], [[Srinisha Jayaseelan|Srinisha]], Vikram Sai Prasad, Yogi Sekar, BK Kannagi
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Nam Desamay {{!}} Full Song {{!}} Republic Day Song| date=25 January 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4WstSo4aW5g|language=en|access-date=2022-01-26}}</ref>
|-
|"Theera Kadhalae"
|MM Originals
|Tamil
|Santosh Balaji
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-16 |title=Best Tamil songs released in May 2022 - Don't miss |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/best-tamil-songs-released-in-may-2022-dont-miss.html |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>
|-
|"Muthu Pechi"
|
|Tamil
|Charan Kumar
|Madhumitha
|
|-
|"Thikki Thikki"
|
|Tamil
|Navin Kumar
|CJL
|
|-
|"Netrayinum Indrayinum"
|
|Tamil
|Dev Prakash
|Anu Anand
|
|-
|"Crazy Hazy"
|Insta - 1 Min Music
|Tamil
|Makka Band
|
|
|-
|"Romantic Virumandi"
|
|Tamil
|Ehsan Regal
|
|
|-
|"Nanba Vaa"
|Insta - 1 Min Music
|Tamil
|Sebastin Rozario
|
|
|-
|'Aaruyir Ayyapa'
| rowspan="4" |
|Tamil
| rowspan="4" |[[Dharan Kumar]]
| rowspan="4" |Muthusirpi
|
|-
|"Praaname Ayyappa"
|Telugu
|
|-
|"Usiru Neene Ayyappa"
|Kannada
|
|-
|"Kananajyothiyam Ayyappa"
|Malayalam
|
|-
|"Karther Thaamae Nammai Thedi"
|
|Tamil
|Ashley JC
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2023
|"Isaiyai Nee"
|
|Tamil
|Nilukshan
|
|
|-
|"Nila Mugam"
|MM Originals
|Tamil
|Sebastin Rozario
|
|
|-
|"Kanavula Vazhuranae"
|
|Tamil
|Mohan Ram
|Hemambiga
|
|-
|"Oru Vaarthai"
|[[Saregama]]
|Tamil
|CM Naveen
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|"Kadhal Serkaadho"
|MM Originals
|Tamil
|Sam Vishal
|Niyathi Kadambi
|
|-
|"Nambunga"
|
|
|Reenukumar
|Mervin Solomon and Reenukumar
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|"Yengureney"
|
|Tamil
|Sam Vishal
|[[Srinisha Jayaseelan]]
|
|-
|"Yesappa Kitta"
|
|Tamil
|Sam Vishal
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2026
|"Kaalam Neram"
|MM Originals
|Tamil
|Sam Vishal
|
|
|-
|"Hey Raasathi"
|[[Saregama]]
|Tamil
|Samson P Moses
|
|
|}

=== Film Songs ===

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Song
!Film
!Language
!Composer
!Co-artists
!
|-
| rowspan="3" |2020
|"Rangoola Lokam"
|Hi Five
|Telugu
|JD Jawz
|
|
|-
|"Chitti Story"
| rowspan="2" |[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]
|Telugu
| rowspan="2" |[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|<ref name=":32"/>
|-
|"Putta Story"
|Kannada
|
| <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2 January 2021 |title=Putta Story: Makers of Thalapathy Vijay's Master release the Kannada version of Kutty Story song sung by Sam Vishal |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/putta-story-makers-thalapathy-vijay-s-matser-release-kannada-version-kutty-story-song-589282 |access-date=2021-06-09 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|"Talku Lessu Worku Moreu"
|[[Murungakkai Chips]]
|Tamil
|[[Dharan Kumar]]
|[[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]]
|<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Video song of 'Talku Lessu Worku Moreu' song sung by Sam Vishal and Sivaangi from Murungakkai Chips released - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/tamil/murungakkai-chips-song-talku-lessu-worku-moreu/videoshow/83487263.cms|access-date=2021-06-14|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
|"Kanavugal"
|[[Anbarivu]]
|Tamil
|[[Hiphop Tamizha]]
|[[Benny Dayal]], [[Srinisha Jayaseelan]], [[Bamba Bakya]] Sridhar Sena, Shilvi & Maanasi. K
|
|-
|"Poove"
|[[Rendagam]]
|Tamil
|A.H. Kaashif
|
|
|-
|"Ninne Thaladanne"
|[[Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu|The Life of Muthu]]
|Telugu
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[Rakshita Suresh]]
|<ref name=":6" />
|-
|"Vaa Arugil Vaa"
|Dum Dum Dumeel
|Tamil
|[[Santhosh Dhayanidhi]]
|Amina Rafiq
|
|-
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
[[File:Sam vishal.jpg|thumb|Sam at Blacksheep Digital Awards 2022|334x334px]]
{| class="wikitable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Result
|-
|2022
|Blacksheep Digital Awards
|Sensational Singer at Digital
|{{Won}}
|-
|2025
|Cineulagam Digital Awards
|The Best Digital Anchor
|Won
|}

== External links ==
* {{Instagram|samvishal0928}}
* {{IMDb name|id=nm12814515}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vishal, Sam}}
[[Category:Loyola College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian musicians]]
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]

Ravindra Singh Bisht

2026-02-03T21:10:01Z

MarylinBrantley: Starting New Bio

{{short description|Indian archaeologist|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ravindra Bisht
| image = 2008-09-07 GhadharJari Hai 3.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Bisht (center) in 2008 at the launch of www.ghadar.in, the online presence of the magazine ''Ghadar Jari Hai''
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1944|1|2}}
| birth_place = [[Bhimtal]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], United Kingdom
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = archiologist
| yearsactive =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children = Namit
| parents = Lt. L. S. Bisht
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[Narendra Deva|Acharya Narendra Dev]] Alankar
}}
'''Ravindra Singh Bisht''' ('''R. S. Bisht'''; born 2 January 1944) is an Indian [[archaeologist]], known for his scholarship on [[Indus Valley Civilization]]<ref name="Times of India">{{cite web | url=http://mobiletoi.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=3&edlabel=TOIL&mydateHid=26-1-2013&pubname=Times%20of%20India%20-%20Lucknow%20-%20Front%20Page&edname=&articleid=Ar00301&publabel=TOI | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017103337/http://mobiletoi.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=3&edlabel=TOIL&mydateHid=26-1-2013&pubname=Times%20of%20India%20-%20Lucknow%20-%20Front%20Page&edname=&articleid=Ar00301&publabel=TOI | url-status=dead | archive-date=17 October 2014 | title=Times of India | publisher=Times of India | date=2014 | accessdate=12 October 2014}}</ref> and efforts to conserve Indian national monuments. He was honoured by the [[Government of India]], in 2013, by bestowing on him the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award, for his contributions to the field of [[archaeology]].<ref name="Padma 2013">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/list-of-padma-awardees/article4345496.ece | title=Padma 2013 | work=The Hindu | date=26 January 2013 | accessdate=10 October 2014}}</ref>

==Biography==
{{quotebox|align = right|width=21em|''Dholavira adds a new dimension to the personality of the Indus civilisation,'' says Dr. Ravindra Singh Bisht, ''The city of Dholavira in its fullest form was a precisely proportionate whole and a proportionately resolved configuration, which followed a resolute set of principles of planning and architecture with mathematical precision and perhaps with astronomically established orientation''.<ref name="The rise and fall of a Harappan city" />}}
Ravindra Singh Bisht was born on 2 January 1944, to Lt. L. S. Bisht, in the Indian state of [[Uttarakhand]]. His son is Namit Bisht and his grandson is Eshan Bisht.<ref name="Bio">{{cite web | url=http://www.iitgn.ac.in/pdf/faculty/Dr%20RS%20Bisht.pdf | title=Biography | publisher=ITNGN | date=2014 | accessdate=10 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="sites.google.com">{{cite web | url=https://sites.google.com/site/rsbishtindusvalley/Excavations--Researches | title=sites.google.com | date=2014 | accessdate=10 October 2014}}</ref> After schooling at local schools, he passed the degree of ''Visharad'' in 1958, followed by ''Sahityaratna'', in 1960, becoming a [[Sanskrit literature|Sanskrit]] scholar.<ref name="The rise and fall of a Harappan city" /><ref name="Indus Civilization">{{cite book | title=Indus Civilization | publisher=Discovery Publishing House | author=R. K. Pruthi | year=2004 | pages=241 of 260 pages | isbn=9788171418657}}</ref> Changing the course of his studies, Bisht secured his master's degree from the [[Lucknow University]], in ''Ancient Indian History and Culture'', in 1965.<ref name="Times of India" /> This was followed by post graduate diploma in Archaeology (PGDA), in 1967, from the School of Archaeology, run by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]]. In 2002, Ravindra Singh Bisht obtained his doctoral degree for his thesis, ''Emerging Perspectives of the Harrapan Civilizations in the Light of Recent Excavations at Banawali and Dholavira'', from [[Kumaon University]], to complete his academic studies.

Dr. Bisht started his career, joining the Department of Archaeology and Museum, Punjab, as the Senior Technical Assistant, in 1969.<ref name="The rise and fall of a Harappan city" /> Later, he was transferred to the Department of Archaeology and Museum in Haryana as the AAO and rose to the post of the Deputy Director. He also had stints as the Superintending Archaeologist at various archaeological stations of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]]. Dr. Ravindra Singh Bisht retired after 35 years of service, as the Joint Director General,<ref name="Times of India" /><ref name="The rise and fall of a Harappan city" /> Archaeological Survey of India, on 31 January 2004 and lives at Rajendranagar, in the residential locality of [[Sahibabad]], [[Ghaziabad district, India|Ghaziabad]], bordering the Indian capital of New Delhi.<ref name="Times of India" /><ref name="Bio" /><ref name="sites.google.com" />

==Career highlights and achievements==
Dr. Bisht, generally considered to be an expert on [[Indus Valley Civilization]], has led many excavations related to the study of the civilization.<ref name="sites.google.com" /> Excavation projects at [[Dholavira]]<ref name="The Indus Riddle">{{cite web | url=http://www.hinduwisdom.info/articles_aryan_invasion_theory/5.htm | title=The Indus Riddle | publisher=Hindu Wisdom | date=2001 | accessdate=12 October 2014 | author=Raj Chengappa}}</ref> in Kutch district of [[Gujarat]],<ref name="The rise and fall of a Harappan city">{{cite web | url=http://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.in/2010/06/rise-and-fall-of-harappan-city.html#.VDoYdstxnwo | title=The rise and fall of a Harappan city | publisher=Network | date=2010 | accessdate=12 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="The March of Civilizations">{{cite web | url=https://www.indiacurrents.com/articles/2007/07/18/the-march-of-civilizations | title=The March of Civilizations | date=18 July 2007 | accessdate=12 October 2014 | author=Anita Kainthla | work=India Currents }}</ref> [[Banawali]] in [[Hissar district]] of [[Haryana]], Semthan in [[Pulwama district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], Chechal in [[Vaishali district]], and Sarai Mound in [[Nalanda district]] of Bihar, and [[Sanghol]] in Ludhiana district of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] are some of them.<ref name="Times of India" /><ref name="Bio" /><ref name="sites.google.com" />

Another achievement credited to D. Bisht is the conservation of several Indian national monuments. During his stint as the Deputy Director stationed in Haryana, he was instrumental in the conservation of 11 monuments in [[Narnaul]],<ref name="Narnaul monuments">{{cite web | url=http://asichandigarhcircle.in/publications/Narnaul_Monuments_(English).pdf | title=Narnaul monuments | publisher=Archaeological Survey of India, Chandigarh | date=2011 | accessdate=12 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="Monuments">{{cite web | url=http://haryanaheritage.blogspot.in/2013/02/monuments-related-to-1857-in-narnaul.html | title=Our Monuments | publisher=Google blog | date=7 February 2013 | accessdate=12 October 2014}}</ref> the place where one of the first battles of [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] was fought by Pran Sukh Yadav and [[Rao Tula Ram]] against the British.<ref name="Tribune India">{{cite web | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071204/haryana.htm#8 | title=Tribune India | publisher=Tribune India | date=3 December 2007 | accessdate=12 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="Yadav gatha">{{cite web | url=http://yadavgatha.wordpress.com/2012/06/17/nasibpur-battle-against-british-rao-tularam-pran-sukh-yadav-rao-gopal-dev-1857-nasibpur-revolt-poem-yadav-history-bravery-poem/ | title=Yadav gatha | publisher=Yadav gatha | date=2014 | accessdate=12 October 2014}}</ref> He has assisted in the prelimniery survey and research of [[Ta Prohm]], the Cambodian temple of 12th century. He was also involved in the conservation activities of several monuments in other north Indian states.<ref name="Bio" /><ref name="sites.google.com" />

Another area of work of Dr. R. S. Bisht was in setting up and maintenance of museums across the country. He was involved in the establishment of ''Swatantrata Sangram Sangrahalaya'' museum<ref name="Swatantrata Sangram Sangrahalaya">{{cite web | url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_museums_delhi_swatantrata.asp | title=Swatantrata Sangram Sangrahalaya | publisher=Archaeological Survey of India | date=2011 | accessdate=12 October 2014}}</ref> at [[Red Fort]], Delhi, Vishveshvaranand Vedic Research Institute<ref name="VVRI">{{cite web | url=http://vvrinstitute.com/ | title=VVRI | publisher=VVRI | date=2014 | accessdate=12 October 2014}}</ref> museum in [[Hoshiarpur]] and the museum at the Department of Archaeology and Museum in [[Chandigarh]].<ref name="Bio" /><ref name="sites.google.com" /> He has contributed towards the renovation, rearrangement and redesigning of museums at the Darbar Hall in [[Sangrur]], Punjab, Darbar Hall, Old Fort, [[Patiala]], [[Ratnagiri, Odisha|Ratnagiri]] and [[Ropar]]. He has also played part in conducting several exhibitions such as the ones at [[Sultanpur Lodhi]], [[Kurukshetra district|Kurukshetra]], Kamagata Maru nagar,<ref name="Kamagata Maru">{{cite web | url=http://rangandatta.wordpress.com/2013/01/30/komagata-maru-memorial-budge-budge-24-parganas-south/ | title=Kamagata Maru | publisher=Wordpress | date=30 January 2013 | accessdate=12 October 2014}}</ref> and [[Rani ki vav]], special displays of excavated materials from [[Banawali]] and [[Dholavira]]<ref name="The rise and fall of a Harappan city" /> and an exclusive exhibition of ''Neolithic, Copper-Bronze age and Megalithic Cultures of India since Independence'' held at the [[National Museum, New Delhi]], on the sidelines of the World Archaeological Congress of 1994.<ref name="Bio" /><ref name="sites.google.com" />

Dr. Bisht is also known to have contributed towards the dissemination of knowledge by way of his activities in the realm of teaching. He was instrumental in designing training programmes, both class room and field trainings for the Archaeological Survey of India. He has also taught at the Institute of Archeology, New Delhi<ref name="Institute of Archaeology">{{cite web | url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_training_institute.asp | title=Institute of Archaeology | publisher=Archaeological Survey of India | date=2011 | accessdate=12 October 2014}}</ref> during a period from 1986 to 1997. He has also delivered special lectures at various colleges and institutes in India and once, in Sharon, Connecticut, USA, in 1992, when he delivered a lecture on Dolavira on invitation from the ''Association for [[Harappa|Harappan Studies]]'', USA. Dr. Bisht has also published several research articles.<ref name="Bio" /><ref name="sites.google.com" /><ref name="Articles">{{cite web | url=http://ees.kuleuven.be/igcp567/activities/bhuj2011/ | title=Articles | publisher=Katholieke Universiteit Leuven | date=2011 | accessdate=12 October 2014}}</ref> ''A New Model of Harappan Town Planning as Revealed at Dholavira, Kutch: A Surface Study of its Plan and Architecture'', being a notable one.<ref name="The City in South Asia">{{cite book | title=The City in South Asia | publisher=Routledge | author=James Heitzman | year=2008 | pages=232 of 304 pages | isbn=9781134289639}}</ref>

==Positions held==
During his career, Dr. Bisht held many positions in varying capacities. He was the Secretary of the Central Advisory Board of Archeology, Chairman of Committee of Experts for the Customs Department in [[Kandla]] and the Co-ordination Director of the multi disciplinary interim presentation on [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]] and [[Ellora Caves|Ellora]] by the [[Geological Survey of India]]. He has served on the academic committees of [[Kumaon University]] and [[Kurukshetra University]] and ''Jnana Pravaha'', the Centre for Cultural Studies and Research, [[Varanasi]]. He is a former member of the [[Indian Council of Historical Research]], review committee of [[National Institute of Oceanography, India|National Institute of Oceanography]], Goa, [[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute]], Pune, International Experts Panel Committee of Ajanta - Ellora Conservation and Tourism Development Project and the ''Committee for Re-organization of Department of Archeology, Museums and Archives'', [[Government of Bihar]]. He was a member of the screening and evaluation committees of the ''Four Great Civilizations of the World: Indus Civilization'' exhibition, ''Mathura Objects'' and the South Korea Exhibition, in 1999, besides being a member of the Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH)<ref name="Intach">{{cite web | url=http://www.intach.org/about-mission.asp?links=about1 | title=Intach | publisher=Intach | date=2014 | accessdate=12 October 2014}}</ref> and the [[Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya]], Bhopal.<ref name="Bio" /><ref name="sites.google.com" />

==Awards and recognitions==
The [[Government of India]], in 2013, honoured Dr. Ravindra Singh Bisht, by awarding him the civilian honour of [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma 2013" /> He is also a recipient of the ''[[Narendra Deva|Acharya Narendra Dev]] Alankar'', awarded to him, in 2013, by the ''Acharya Narendra Dev Shiksha Nidhi Evam Jan Niyojan Ayog'', Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name="Alankar">{{cite web | url=http://sharesuper.info/6bf9ae28bd963bb9b90b133ce55b6e05/fpdf/?q=Dr.%20R.S.%20Bisht | title=Alankar | publisher=Alankar | date=2013 | accessdate=10 October 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=50em}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.theindianpanorama.com/2013/04/08/president-confers-padma-awards/ | title=Padma Awards List | publisher=Indian Panorama | date=2014 | accessdate=12 October 2014}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.ghadar.in/gjh_html/?q=node/83 | title=Interview with Dr. Bisht | publisher=Lok Aawaz Publishers and Distributors | date=2013 | accessdate=10 October 2014}}
* {{cite web | url=https://asi.academia.edu/RavindraSinghBisht |title=R. S. Bisht's papers |publisher=academia.edu |accessdate=5 February 2015}}
* {{cite book | title=English Around Us - Reader 8 | publisher=Orient Blackswan | isbn=9788125024088}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bisht, Ravindra Singh}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in other fields]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian archaeologists]]
[[Category:People from Ghaziabad district, India]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:Scientists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Archaeologists of the Indus Valley civilisation]]

Flag Officer Sea Training (India)

2026-01-21T02:46:46Z

MarylinBrantley: Refined content and updated sections

{{short description|Indian Navy training organisation}}
{{other uses|FOST (disambiguation)|Flag Officer Sea Training (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Flag Officer Sea Training
|image = File:Rear Admiral ensign of Indian Navy.svg
|image_size =
| caption = Crest of Flag Officer Sea Training
|start_date= {{Start date|1992|12|21|df=yes}}
| country = {{flag|India}}
| allegiance =
| branch = {{navy|India}}
| type = Training organisation
| role =
| size =
| command_structure = [[Southern Naval Command]]
| garrison = [[Kochi]]
| garrison_label = Headquarters
| nickname =
| patron =
| motto = {{lang|sa|प्रशिक्षण परिश्रम श्रेष्ठता}} {{small|([[Sanskrit]])}} 'Excellence through in-depth training and tireless practice'
| colors =
| colors_label =
| march =
| mascot =
| equipment =
| equipment_label =
| battles =
| anniversaries =
| decorations =
| battle_honours = 
| commander1 = [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Vidhyadhar Harke]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|VSM}}}}
| commander1_label = FOST
| commander2 =
| commander2_label =
| commander3 =
| commander3_label =
| notable_commanders = 
| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_label =
| identification_symbol_2 =
| identification_symbol_2_label =
}}

The '''Flag Officer Sea Training''' ('''FOST''') is a training organisation in the [[Indian Navy]]. FOST is the authority responsible for the operational sea training of all personnel of Indian Naval and [[Indian Coast Guard|Coast Guard]] ships and submarines. The organisation was instituted in 1992 and is the common authority to maintain battle efficiency standards. It also provides training to navies and maritime security forces of friendly foreign countries (FFC). Headquartered in [[Kochi]], the FOST operates under the control of the [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Naval Command]].

==History==
In October 1977, an organisation called the Weapons workup organisation (WWO) was set up. This was aimed at increasing the efficiency of ships' weapons. In 1981, it was re-designated Warship Workup Organisation in [[Bombay]]. An additional WWO was set up in [[Vizag]] - WWO (V) - for the [[Eastern Fleet (India)|Eastern Fleet]]. In March 1992, a local flotilla workup team (LWT) was set up for the ships operating under the Maharashtra Naval Area. These three organisations - WWO (B), WWO (V) and LWT - reported into the [[Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet]] (FOCWF), [[Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet]] (FOCEF) and [[Flag Officer Commanding Maharashtra Naval Area]] (FOMA) respectively.{{sfn|Hiranandani|2010|p=299}}

In 1992, a single authority was created to consolidate work-up efforts and serve as the safety authority responsible for the operational sea training (OST) of all ships. The organisation would be headed by a [[rear admiral (India)|rear admiral]] of the executive branch and be based out of Kochi. As the Southern Naval Command (SNC) was the training command of the Navy, the FOST would report into the FOC-in-C SNC. An Indian Navy Workup Team (INWT) was created at Kochi and local workup units were created at Bombay and Vizag - LWT (West) and LWT (East).

On 4 June 1993, the first ship was trained by FOST - the [[Khukri-class corvette]] {{ship|INS|Khanjar|P47}}.<ref name="IN - FOST2">{{cite web |title=Flag Officer Sea Training {{!}} Indian Navy |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/flag-officer-sea-training |website=www.indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref> In 2000, the [[Sukanya-class patrol vessel]] {{ship|INS|Sarayu|P54}} was sold to the [[Sri Lanka Navy]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Reddy |first1=B. Muralidhar |title=India, Sri Lanka to hold naval training |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/India-Sri-Lanka-to-hold-naval-training/article16885608.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=6 October 2009}}</ref> She was commissioned as [[SLNS Sayura]] in November 2000. The ''Sayura'' was the first foreign ship whose operational sea training was conducted by INWT and FOST.

==Structure==
The INWT at Kochi works up all major warships - [[Aircraft Carrier]]s, [[Anti-submarine warfare]] and [[Guided-missile destroyer]]s, [[frigate]]s and other fleet units. The INWT is under the operational control of FOST and administrative control of FOC-in-C SNC.
The LWT (West) and LWT (East) work up [[Seaward-class defense boats]], [[missile boat]]s, Anti Submarine Patrol Vessels, [[Ocean-going tug]]s, etc. They are under the operational control of FOST and administrative control of FOC-in-C of [[Western Naval Command]] and [[Eastern Naval Command]] respectively.{{sfn|Hiranandani|2010|p=299}}

==Training regime==
The FOST conducts multiple types of training which encompasses all spheres of ship activity. There are short training programs like the Sea Safety Checks (SSC) and Operational Sea Checks (OSC) for a duration of 7 – 10 days on selected disciplines like Bridge Work, Damage Control and Fire Fighting, Machinery Breakdown Drills and Ship Safety.<ref name="IN - FOST1">{{cite web |title=Flag Officer Sea Training (FOST) {{!}} Indian Navy |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/flag-officer-sea-training-fost |website=www.indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref>

It also conducts full work-up programs, under the ambit of OST, from three weeks (for minor war vessels) to six weeks (for aircraft carriers). It ensures a thorough training of the ship to achieve the prescribed performance standards. On completion, it conducts an operational readiness assessment at sea and certifies the ships operational status and the areas of improvement. The OST covers all operational/combat functions - aviation, ship management, hull, seamanship, NBCD, engineering, electrical, logistics and medical.{{sfn|Singh|2018|p=196}}

==List of FOST==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" style="width: 20px;"|S.No.
! scope="col" style="width: 350px;" | Name
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Assumed office
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Left office
! scope="col" style="width: 500px;" | Notes
|-
|1
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] Gupteshwar Rai {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|NM|VSM}}}}
|December 1992
|December 1993
|First FOST. Later [[Flag Officer Commanding Maharashtra Naval Area]].{{sfn|Singh|2018|p=196}}
|-
|2
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] O. P. Bansal {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|December 1993
|October 1995
|Later [[Director General of the Indian Coast Guard]].<ref>{{cite web |title=VICE ADMIRAL OP BANSAL TAKES OVER AS NEW DIRECTOR GENERAL OF COAST GUARD |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/2001-AUG-OCT-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-III/PDF/DEF-2001-10-01_142.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |date=1 October 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=VizagCityOnline.com - Vizag Snapshots |url=https://www.vizagcityonline.com/Snapshots/2003/oct.html |website=www.vizagcityonline.com}}</ref>
|-
|3
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] K. V. Bharathan {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|VSM}}}}
|October 1995
|May 1997
|Later [[Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Oct 31 |first1=PTI / |title=V Bharatan is new Vice Chief of Naval Staff {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/V-Bharatan-is-new-Vice-Chief-of-Naval-Staff/articleshow/1281065.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|4
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] Ajit Tewari {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|NM}}}}
|May 1997
|November 1998
|
|-
|5
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] S. S. Byce {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|NM}}}}
|November 1998
|May 2000
|Later Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief [[Western Naval Command]].
|-
|6
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] Rakesh Chopra {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|VSM}}}}
|May 2000
|January 2002
|
|-
|7
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] Rakesh Kala {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|NM}}}}
|January 2002
|November 2003
|
|-
|8
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] I. K. Saluja {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|November 2003
|May 2005
|
|-
|9
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] V. S. Chaudhari {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|NM}}}}
|May 2005
|July 2006
|
|-
|10
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] M. P. Muralidharan {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|NM}}}}
|July 2006
|May 2007
|Later [[Director General of the Indian Coast Guard]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral Muralidharan takes over as 'FOST' |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/07/28/rear-admiral-muralidharan-takes-over-as-fost-1154144602.html |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en |date=29 July 2006}}</ref>
|-
|11
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Rama Kant Pattanaik]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|YSM}}}}
|May 2007
|November 2008
|Later [[Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sunil Lanba new Flag Officer Sea Training |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2008/nov/29/sunil-lanba-new-flag-officer-sea-training-3217.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=66th Observer Course passing out parade held in Kochi |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/09/21/66th-observer-course-passing-out-parade-held-in-kochi-1190378272.html |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en |date=21 September 2007}}</ref>
|-
|12
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Sunil Lanba]]
|November 2008
|October 2009
|Later [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sunil Lanba new Flag Officer Sea Training |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2008/nov/29/sunil-lanba-new-flag-officer-sea-training-3217.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|13
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Harish Bisht]]
|October 2009
|January 2011
|Later Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief [[Eastern Naval Command]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Coastal security force training in January |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2009/dec/04/coastal-security-force-training-in-january-109832.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral Bisht appointed Eastern Fleet Commander |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/Rear-Admiral-Bisht-appointed-Eastern-Fleet-Commander/article15508636.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=6 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=h19 |url=http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2010/oct16-10/h19.htm |website=sainiksamachar.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
|14
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[G. Ashok Kumar]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|VSM}}}}
|July 2011
|August 2012
|Later [[Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref>{{cite web |title=..:: India Strategic ::. Appointments: Rear Admiral G Ashok Kumar is new FOST |url=http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories3591_Rear_Admiral_G_Ashok_Kumar_is_new_FOST.htm |website=www.indiastrategic.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Neha Ramesh crowned Navy Queen |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/neha-ramesh-crowned-navy-queen/article2691788.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=6 December 2011}}</ref>
|-
|15
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Murlidhar Sadashiv Pawar]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|VSM}}}}
|September 2012
|December 2013
|Later [[Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral M.S. Pawar is FOST |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/rear-admiral-ms-pawar-is-fost/article3850325.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=2 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vice Admiral MS Pawar, AVSM, VSM Assumes Charge as Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff (DCNS) |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1561973 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Key appointments in the Navy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/key-appointments-in-the-navy/article5404357.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=29 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
|16
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[R. Hari Kumar]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|VSM}}}}
|December 2013
|November 2014
|Later [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref>{{cite web |title=New Officers Take Charge at Southern Naval Command |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2013/dec/11/new-officers-take-charge-at-southern-naval-command-548840.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Anandan |first1=S. |title=Ensuring a smooth sail for naval vessels |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/ensuring-a-smooth-sail-for-naval-vessels/article6393973.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=9 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Anandan |first1=S. |title=Navy appoints new fleet commanders |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/navy-appoints-new-fleet-commanders/article6452151.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=27 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
|17
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[G. Ashok Kumar]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|VSM}}}}
|November 2014
|March 2015
|Later [[Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral Ashok Kumar is FOST |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/rear-admiral-ashok-kumar-is-fost/article6613684.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=19 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
|18
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] S. K. Grewal {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|VSM}}}}
|March 2015
|October 2016
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral SK Grewal Assumes Charge as Flag Officer Sea Training |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rear-admiral-sk-grewal-assumes-charge-as-flag-officer-sea-training-750397 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Joint Sail Voyage by Indian Navy Sail Training Ship Tarangini and Royal Navy of Oman Sail Training Ship Shabab Oman from Muscat to Kochi |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=131854 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|19
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[M. A. Hampiholi]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|NM}}}}
|October 2016
|February 2018
|Later [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Naval Command]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Vice Admiral MA Hampiholi, AVSM, NM assumes Charge as commandant Indian Naval Academy |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1641544 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|20
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Sanjay Jasjit Singh]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|NM}}}}
|February 2018
|March 2019
|Later [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral SJ Singh, NM appointed as the Flag officer Sea Training (Fost) |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1518952 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral Krishna Swaminathan, VSM assumes Charge as Flag Officer Sea Training (FOST) |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1568986 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|21
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Krishna Swaminathan]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|VSM}}}}
|March 2019
|February 2020
|Current [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral Krishna Swaminathan, VSM assumes Charge as Flag Officer Sea Training (FOST) |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1568986 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|22
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Rajesh Pendharkar]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|February 2020
|May 2021
|Later [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Naval Command]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Navy Gets A New Flag Officer Sea Training |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1603018 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=New Flag Officer Sea Training takes charge |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/new-flag-officer-sea-training-takes-charge/article30805604.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=13 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|23
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Rajesh Dhankhar]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|NM}}}}
|June 2021
|April 2022
|Current [[Director General Project Seabird]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral Dhankhar is New Flag Officer Sea Training |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/rear-admiral-dhankhar-is-new-flag-officer-sea-training/2093471 |website=www.outlookindia.com/}}</ref>
|-
|24
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Rahul Vilas Gokhale]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|NM}}}}
|May 2022
|May 2023
|Current Chief of Staff, [[Western Naval Command]].<ref>{{cite web |title=RAdm Rahul Vilas Gokhale, NM Takes Over as Flag Officer Sea Training {{!}} Indian Navy |url=https://indiannavy.nic.in/content/radm-rahul-vilas-gokhale-nm-takes-over-flag-officer-sea-training |website=indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
|25
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Susheel Menon]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|VSM}}}}
|May 2023
|Sept 1, 2024
|Current Chief of Staff, [[Eastern Naval Command]].<ref>{{cite web |title=RAdm Susheel Menon takes charge as flag officer sea training |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/radm-susheel-menon-takes-charge-as-flag-officer-sea-training/articleshow/100259442.cms?from=mdr |website=The Times of India |access-date=16 May 2023 |date=15 May 2023}}</ref>
|-
|26
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Srinivas Maddula]]
|Sept 1, 2024
|21 November 2025
|Current [[Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff]] (Foreign Cooperation & Intelligence).<ref>{{cite web |title=Southern Naval Command |url=https://x.com/IN_HQSNC/status/1829896148662047024 |website=x.com |access-date=7 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=RAdm Srinivas Maddula (Assistant Chief of Naval Staff, Foreign Cooperation and Intelligence, @indiannavy ) spoke on 'Maiden Edition of Indian Navy – Tanzania People's Defence Force Navy Staff Talks.' |url=https://www.facebook.com/IndianNavy/posts/pfbid0Z844FXH2f9HFe6K3o4FaoBCeYrJBQpdocuBoijSyyHE75vmDrqc8DdExJ5utXxhl |access-date=21 November 2025 |website=Facebook}}</ref>
|-
|27
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Vidhyadhar Harke]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|VSM}}}}
|22 November 2025
|Incumbent
|Current FOST.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/IndianNavy/posts/pfbid02bxVxgSfXX2F326yAbRsS6mrAaJpDpsmAarjrrv7CSy5trCfPPS7BP1BVePZPGYoZl|title=RAdm Vidhyadhar Harke appointment as FOST |website=facebook|access-date=23 November 2025}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[Southern Naval Command]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation|first1=Anup|last1=Singh|title=Blue Waters Ahoy!, The Indian Navy 2001-2010 |year=2018|isbn= 9789353025526|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India}}
* {{citation|first1=G.M.|last1=Hiranandani|title=Transition to Guardianship: The Indian Navy 1991-2000 |year=2010|isbn=9781935501268|publisher=Lancer Publishers}}

{{Indian Navy}}

[[Category:Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Naval units and formations of India]]
[[Category:Indian military appointments]]
[[Category:Indian Navy appointments]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1992]]

South Canara

2026-01-05T11:52:10Z

MarylinBrantley: quick enhance article as per guidelines additionally for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = South Canara
| settlement_type = [[Administrative divisions of Madras Presidency|District of Madras Presidency]]
| image_caption = South Canara
| image_map =
| coordinates = {{coord|13.00|N|75.40|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|British Raj}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|Presidency]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madras Presidency|Madras]]
| subdivision_type2 = Metro
| subdivision_name2 = 
| established_title = 
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = 
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 8441
| population_total = 3,005,897
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_density_km2 = 356.1
| population_footnotes = <ref name="poptn">{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/India_WhizMap/IndiaMap.htm |title=Census GIS India |publisher=Census of India |access-date=2008-03-26}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Administrative
| demographics1_info1 = [[English language|English]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken languages
| demographics1_info2 = [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], [[Beary bashe|Beary]], [[Arebhashe dialect|Arebashe]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN]]
| registration_plate = KA-19, KA-20, KA-21, KA-62, KL-14
| blank1_name_sec1 = Largest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Mangalore]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[IUCN protected area categories|IUCN category]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 
}}

'''South Canara''' (South Kannada) was a district of the [[Madras Presidency]] of [[British Raj]], located at {{Coord|13.00|N|75.40|E|region:IN_type:adm2nd}}.<ref>Patsy Lozupone, Bruce M. Beehler, Sidney Dillon Ripley.(2004).[https://books.google.com/books?id=-jdHAAAAYAAJ&q=South+Kanara+ ''Ornithological gazetteer of the Indian subcontinent'', p. 82].Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International. {{ISBN|1-881173-85-2}}.</ref> It comprised the towns of [[Kasaragod]] and [[Udupi]] and adjacent villages, with the administration at [[Mangalore city]]. South Canara was one of the most heterogeneous areas of [[Madras Presidency]], with [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], and [[Beary bashe|Beary]] languages being spoken while [[English language|English]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and Hindustani remained the official languages. It was succeeded by the [[Tulu language|Tulu]]-speaking areas of [[Dakshina Kannada]] district,<ref>{{cite book
| author = K. Balasubramanyam | year=1965
| title= 1961 Census Handbook- South Kanara District | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Mysore
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6118/1/22745_1961_SOU.pdf
}}</ref> the [[Malayalam]]-speaking area of [[Kasaragod district]]<ref>{{cite book
| author = M. K. Devassy | year=1965
| title= 1961 Census Handbook- Cannanore District | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala and The Union Territory of Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5668/1/22055_1961_CAN.pdf
}}</ref> and the [[Amindivi]] islands sub-division of the [[Laccadives]],<ref name="clt">{{Cite book|title=District Census Handbook -Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands (1971) - Village Directory|last=P. M. Nair|publisher=Administrator and Ex-Officio Director of Census Operations, Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Island|year=1979|location=Kavaratti& Government Printing Press, Kozhikode|pages=2|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/7315/1/26141_1971_LAC.pdf}}</ref> in the year 1956.<ref>{{cite book
| author = M. K. Devassy | year=1967
| title= Census of India - 1961 (Kerala) | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala and The Union Territory of Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5639/1/23950_1961_CEN.pdf
}}</ref><ref>{{Citation
| author = J. I. Arputhanathan | year=1955
| title= South Kanara, The Nilgiris, Malabar and Coimbatore Districts (Village-wise Mother-tongue Data for Bilingual or Multilingual Taluks) | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6447/1/50056_1951_SOU.pdf
}}</ref><ref name="census1951"/>

==Geography==
[[Mangalore]] was the administrative headquarters of the district. The district covered an area of {{convert|4021|sqmi|km2|order=flip}}.

South Canara District was bordered by [[Uttara Kannada|North Canara]] to north, the princely state of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] to east, [[Coorg]] state to southeast, [[Malabar District]] to south, and [[Arabian Sea]] to west. South Canara was one of the two districts on the western coast ([[Malabar coast]]) of [[Madras Presidency]] along with [[Malabar District]] (otherwise known as ''Malayalam District'').<ref>{{cite book
| author = J. Sturrock | year=1894
| title= Madras District Manuals - South Canara (Volume-I) | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3200/page/n1/mode/2up
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| author = Harold A. Stuart | year=1895
| title= Madras District Manuals - South Canara (Volume-II) | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281736/mode/2up
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| author = Government of Madras | year=1905
| title= Madras District Gazetteers: Statistical Appendix for South Canara District | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.177471/page/n1/mode/2up
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| author = Government of Madras | year=1915
| title= Madras District Gazetteers South Canara (Volume-II) | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.16591/page/n5/mode/2up
}}</ref>

==History==
South Canara was annexed by the [[British East India Company]] following the defeat of [[Tipu Sultan]] in the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War|Fourth Mysore War in 1799]] and along with [[North Kanara]] formed the district of [[Kanara]] in the Madras Presidency. In 1859, Kanara was split into two districts, North and South. North Kanara was transferred to the [[Bombay Presidency]], and South was retained by Madras.

== Taluks ==
[[File:SouthCanara1861.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Map of South Kanara district in 1861. The taluk of Coondapoor was then in North Kanara but was transferred to South Kanara district when North Kanara was transferred to [[Bombay Presidency]] in 1862]]
The district was divided into six [[taluk]]s:

* [[Amindivi Islands]] ([[Laccadives]]) (Area:{{convert|3|sqmi|km2|order=flip}})
* [[Kundapura taluk|Coondapoor]] (Area:{{convert|619|sqmi|km2|order=flip}}; Headquarters: Coondapoor)
* [[Kasaragod taluk|Kasaragod]] (Area:{{convert|762|sqmi|km2|order=flip}}; Headquarters: Kasaragod)
* [[Mangalore taluk|Mangalore]] (Area:{{convert|679|sqmi|km2|order=flip}}; Headquarters: Mangalore)
* [[Udupi taluk|Udupi]] (Area:{{convert|719|sqmi|km2|order=flip}}; Headquarters: Udupi)
* [[Puttur taluk|Uppinangady]] (Area:{{convert|1239|sqmi|km2|order=flip}}; Headquarters: Puttur)

== Administration ==
The district was administered by a [[District Collector]]. For purpose of convenience, the district was divided into three sub-divisions:

* Coondapoor sub-division: Coondapoor and Udupi taluks
* Mangalore sub-division: Mangalore, and the Amindivi islands
* Puttur sub-division: Uppinangady and Kasaragod taluks.

The district had two municipalities, those of Mangalore and Udupi.
{{clear}}

== Demographics ==
[[File:South Kanara.jpg|left|thumbnail|South Canara in 1909]]
{{Historical populations|type=
|1871 |918362
|1881 |959514
|1891 |1056081
|1901 |1134713
|1941 |1522016
|1951 |1748991
|footnote=Sources: ''Imperial Gazetter of India'', Volume 14,<ref name="Imperial1908"/> and 1951 Census Handbook of South Canara<ref name="census1951"/>
}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = '''Religion in South Canara''' (1951)<ref name="census1951"/>
|label1 = [[Hinduism]]
|value1 = 66.58
|color1 = Orange
|label2 = [[Islam]]
|value2 = 24.31
|color2 = Green
|label3 = [[Christianity]]
|value3 = 8.85
|color3 = DodgerBlue
|label4 = Other
|value4 = 0.26
|color4 = Black
}}
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = '''Language in South Canara''' (1951)<ref name="census1951"/>
| label1 = [[Tulu language|Tulu]]
| value1 = 39.94
| color1 = Orange
| label2 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| value2 = 24.19
| color2 = Red
| label3 = [[Kannada]]
| value3 = 17.20
| color3 = Green
| label4 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| value4 = 13.59
| color4 = DodgerBlue
| label5 = [[Languages of India|Other]]
| value5 = 5.08
| color5 = Black
}}
[[File:TempleStambha1913.jpg|thumb|200px|Temple ''stambha'', South Canara]]
South Kanara had a total population of 1,748,991 in 1951, of whom 66.58% were Hindu, 24.31% Muslim and 8.85% Christian.<ref name="census1951"/> The most widely spoken language was Tulu, which was the mother tongue of 40% of the population, followed by Malayalam for 24%, Kannada for 17%, and 13% for [[Konkani language|Konkani]]. In 1901, South Kanara had a density of {{convert|282|PD/sqmi|order=flip}}.

The 1908 ''[[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'' lists South Canara, along with the [[Thanjavur District|Thanjavur]] and [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]] districts, as the three districts of the [[Madras Presidency]] where [[Brahmins]], one of the four main castes in Hinduism, were most numerous.<ref name="Imperial1908">{{cite book|title=[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]|volume=14|year=1908|publisher=[[Clarendon Press]]}}</ref>

The majority of the people were [[Billava]]s , [[Kulala]] and [[Bunt (community)|Bunt]]s. There were more [[Brahmins]] (12% of the population) in South Kanara than any other district of the Madras Presidency making South Kanara, along with [[Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)|Tanjore]] and Ganjam, as one of the three districts of the province where Brahmins were most numerous.<ref name="Imperial1908"/>

The original [[indigenous people]] of the region are [[Tuluvas]] ([[Bunt (community)|Bunts]], [[Kulala]]s, [[Billava]]s, [[Mogaveera]]s, Tulu gowda, [[Devadiga]]s, [[Beary]]s, [[Jogi (caste)|Jogi]]s) and [[Malayali]]s in the [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod Taluk]] ([[Nambudiri]]s, [[Nair]]s, [[Thiyyar history|Thiyyas]], [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila]]s etc). The Brahmins who settled first belonged chiefly to the [[Sthanika Brahmins|Sthanika]] and thus they were called as Tulu Brahmins. Others were [[Shivalli Brahmins|Shivalli]], [[Saraswat Brahmins|Saraswat]], [[Havyaka Brahmin|Havyaka]], Kotaha sub-sections, Mahars, the hill-tribes (''[[Koraga people|Koragas]]'').<ref name="SilvaAndFuchs">{{cite journal|last1=Silva|first1=Severine|last2= Fuchs|first2=Stephan|publisher=[[Nanzan University]]|title=The Marriage Customs of the Christians in South Canara, India|journal=[[Asian Folklore Studies]]|year=1965|number=2|pages=2–3|volume=24|doi=10.2307/1177555 |jstor=1177555 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"
|+[[Native Language]]s of South Canara District (1951)<ref name="census1951">{{cite book
| author = Government of Madras | year=1953
| title= 1951 Census Handbook- South Canara District | publisher=Madras Government Press |page=147
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6023/1/7746_1951.pdf
}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" bgcolor="DodgerBlue" |[[Languages of India|'''Language''']]
| bgcolor="DodgerBlue" |[[River|'''Number of Speakers''']]
| bgcolor="DodgerBlue" |[[River|'''Percent to total population''']]
|-
! 1
| '''[[Tulu language|Tulu]]'''
| 698,532
| '''39.94%'''
|-
! 2
| '''[[Malayalam]]'''
| 423,037
| '''24.19%'''
|-
! 3
| '''[[Kannada]]'''
| 300,829
| '''17.20%'''
|-
! 4
| '''[[Konkani language|Konkani]]'''
| 237,772
| '''13.59%'''
|-
! 5
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| 49,991
| '''2.86%'''
|-
! 6
| [[Urdu]]
| 17,043
| '''0.97%'''
|-
! 7
| [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]
| 13,672
| '''0.78%'''
|-
! 8
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| 2,933
| '''0.17%'''
|-
! 9
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| 2,382
| '''0.14%'''
|-
! 10
| [[Arabic]]
| 1,063
| '''0.06%'''
|-
! 11
| Others
| 1,737
| '''0.10%'''
|}

==See also==
* [[Dakshina Kannada]]
* [[Kasaragod district]]
* [[Mangalore]]
* [[Udupi]]
* [[Kasargod]]
* [[Amindivi]]
* [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Citation
| author = S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar | year=1942
| title= Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language | publisher=University of Madras
| url= https://archive.org/details/Tuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabicLanguage
|isbn= 9789839154801}}
* {{Citation
| author = J. Sturrock | year=1894
| title= Madras District Manuals - South Canara (Volume-I) | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3200/page/n1/mode/2up
}}
* {{Citation
| author = Harold A. Stuart | year=1895
| title= Madras District Manuals - South Canara (Volume-II) | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281736/mode/2up
}}
* {{Citation
| author = Government of Madras | year=1905
| title= Madras District Gazetteers: Statistical Appendix for South Canara District | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.177471/page/n1/mode/2up
}}
* {{Citation
| author = Government of Madras | year=1915
| title= Madras District Gazetteers South Canara (Volume-II) | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.16591/page/n5/mode/2up
}}
* {{Citation
| author = Government of Madras | year=1953
| title= 1951 Census Handbook- South Canara District | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6023/1/7746_1951.pdf
}}
* {{Citation
| author = J. I. Arputhanathan | year=1955
| title= South Kanara, The Nilgiris, Malabar and Coimbatore Districts (Village-wise Mother-tongue Data for Bilingual or Multilingual Taluks) | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6447/1/50056_1951_SOU.pdf
}}
* {{Citation |title=Statistical Atlas of the Madras State (1951)|last=Rajabhushanam|first=D. S.|publisher=Director of Statistics, Government of Madras|year=1963|location=Madras (Chennai)|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6454/1/9111_1951_STA.pdf}}

==External links==
* [http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/karavali/south_canara.htm South Canara] by Vikas Kamat from ''Kamat.com''
{{Historical districts of India}}
{{Wiktionary|South Canara}}

[[Category:Regions of Karnataka]]
[[Category:History of Mangalore]]
[[Category:Districts of the Madras Presidency]]
[[Category:South Kanara District]]
[[Category:Regions of Kerala]]

Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series) season 2

2025-12-25T06:47:22Z

MarylinBrantley: info

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox television season
| image = Bigg Boss Telugu Season 2 Logo.png
| image_alt =
| bgcolour = #002252
| caption = Season 2 eye logo
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Nani (actor)|Nani]]
| num_days = 112
| num_housemates = 18
| winner = [[Kaushal Manda]]
| runner_up = [[Geetha Madhuri]]
}}
| num_episodes = 113
| network = [[Star Maa]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2018|06|10}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2018|09|30}}
}}

'''''Bigg Boss 2''''' is the second season of the [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language version of the Indian reality television series ''[[Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series)|Bigg Boss]].'' It premiered on 10 June 2018 on [[Star Maa]]. [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] hosted the show.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/nani-replaces-jr-ntr-as-bigg-boss-telugu-host-5182276/|title='Bigg Boss Telugu 2' marks TV debut of Nani as host, show goes on air from June 10 |date=19 May 2018 |publisher=The Indian Express |access-date=3 June 2018}}</ref> It was the second longest season (112 days) in Indian versions of ''Bigg Boss''. Unlike [[Bigg Boss Telugu 1|the first season]], this season featured general public along with celebrities as housemates.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/bigg-boss-telugu-2-first-promo-is-out-auditions-open-for-commoners/articleshow/64024864.cms | title=Bigg Boss Telugu 2 first promo is out; Auditions open for commoners| publisher=Times Of India | date=4 May 2018 | access-date=25 July 2018}}</ref> For this season of ''Bigg Boss'', a lavish house set has been constructed in Backlots of [[Annapurna Studios]] 7 Acres, [[Jubilee Hills]], [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/nani-replaces-jr-ntr-as-bigg-boss-telugu-host-5182276/ | title=Biggboss house had been constructed in Hyderabad | publisher=The Indian Express | date=19 May 2018 | access-date=25 July 2018}}</ref>

The season was extended by one week (112 days) instead of the actual 105 days format of the show. Among the five finalists, [[Kaushal Manda]] emerged as the winner with highest number of public votes, followed by [[Geetha Madhuri]] as runner-up, [[Tanish|Tanish Alladi]], Deepti Nallamothu and Samrat Reddy as third, fourth and fifth respectively.

==Housemates status==



{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! scope="col" |Housemate
! scope="col" |{{nowrap|Day entered}}
! scope="col" |{{nowrap|Day exited}}
! scope="col" |Status
|-
| Kaushal
| Day 1
| Day 112
| {{Won|Winner}}
|-
| Geetha
| Day 1
| Day 112
| {{Runner-up|1st Runner up}}
|-
| Tanish
| Day 1
|Day 112
|style="background:#7FFFD4;" |{{nowrap|2nd Runner-up}}
|-
| Deepti
| Day 1
| Day 112
|style="background:#DDA0DD; text-align:center;" |3rd Runner up
|-
| Samrat
| Day 1
| Day 112
|style="background:#FF69B4; text-align:center;" |4th Runner up
|-
| Roll Rida
| Day 1
| Day 105
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| Amit
| Day 1
| Day 98
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | Syamala
| Day 1
| Day 28
|style="background:#BFF000;" | {{nowrap|Evicted By Housemates}}
|-
|Day 54
|Day 91
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |Nutan
|Day 1
|Day 14
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| Day 54
| Day 68
| {{Quit|Walked}}
|-
|Day 75
|Day 84
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| Ganesh
| Day 1
| Day 83
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| Pooja
| Day 45
| Day 77
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| Deepthi S
| Day 1
| Day 70
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| Babu G
| Day 1
| Day 63
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| Nandini
| Day 8
| Day 56
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| Tejaswi
| Day 1
| Day 42
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| Bhanu Sri
| Day 1
| Day 35
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| Kireeti
| Day 1
| Day 21
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| Sanjana
| Day 1
| Day 7
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|}

==Housemates==
[[File:Kaushal-manda-759.jpg|thumb|right|Left host [[Nani (actor)|Nani]], Middle winner [[Kaushal Manda]], right guest [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]]]]

===Original entrants===
The participants in the order they entered the house are:

====Celebrities====
# [[Geetha Madhuri]] - Singer
# [[Amit Tiwari]] - Actor
# Deepti Nallamothu - TV9 Anchor
# [[Tanish]] - Actor
# [[Babu Gogineni]] - Indian humanist, rationalist and human rights activist
# Bhanu Sree - Actress
# [[Roll Rida]] - Rapper and singer
# Syamala - Anchor and actress
# [[Kireeti Damaraju]] - Actor
# Deepthi Sunaina - Social media personality and actress
# [[Kaushal Manda]] - Actor and model
# [[Tejaswi Madivada]] - Actress
# Samrat Reddy - Actor and cricketer

====Commoners====
# Ganesh - Radio Jockey, Vijayawada.
# Sanjana Anne - Model, Miss Hyderabad, Miss India Participant, Vijayawada.
# Nutan Naidu - Social Activist, Visakhapatnam.

====Wild Card====
# [[Nandini Rai]] - Actress, Model
# [[Pooja Ramachandran]] - Actress, Model

==Reception==
* Host [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] has been targeted for biased hosting.<ref name="answer 1 and 2">{{cite web | url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/bigg-boss-telugu-2-nani-targeted-biased-hosting-778247 | title=Bigg Boss Telugu 2: Nani targeted for biased hosting | publisher=IB Times | date=19 August 2018 | access-date=9 September 2018}}</ref> Later, host Nani responded to accusations of bias and replied that he is not biased and he treats every housemate equally.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/bigg-boss-telugu-2-nani-comes-clear-biased-hosting-comments-779568 | title=Bigg Boss Telugu 2: Nani breaks silence on 'biased' hosting comments | publisher=IB Times | date=4 September 2018 | access-date=9 September 2018}}</ref>
* The audience expressed their annoyance with host [[Nani (actor)|Nani]], [[Star Maa]] and producer Endemol Shine India about voting and evictions of the show.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/bigg-boss-telugu-2-eviction-kaushal-army-upset-nani-star-maa-eliminating-nuthan-naidu-779487 | title=Bigg Boss Telugu 2 eviction: Kaushal Army upset with Nani, Star Maa for eliminating Nuthan Naidu | date=3 September 2018 | publisher=IB Times3 September | access-date=9 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="answer 1 and 2" /><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/bigg-boss-telugu-2-12th-week-eviction-this-reason-nuthan-naidus-elimination-779503 | title=Bigg Boss Telugu 2 12th week eviction: Is this reason for Nuthan Naidu's elimination? | publisher=IB Times | date=3 September 2018 | access-date=9 September 2018}}</ref>

==Guests==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%"
! style="background:#002252; color:White; width:3%;" | Week(s)
! style="background:#002252; color:White; width:25%;" | Guest(s)
! style="background:#002252; color:White; width:60%;" | Notes
|-
| '''Week 2'''
| [[Srinivasa Reddy|Srinivas Reddy]] and [[Vennela Kishore]]
| ''To promote the film [[Jamba Lakidi Pamba (2018 film)|Jamba Lakidi Pamba]]''.
|-
| '''Week 4'''
| [[Sai Dharam Tej]] and [[Anupama Parameswaran]]
| ''To promote the film [[Tej I Love You]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/bigg-boss-telugu-2-sai-dharam-tej-anupama-appear-celebrity-guests-promote-tej-i-love-you-774066 | title=Bigg Boss Telugu 2: Sai Dharam Tej, Anupama to appear as celebrity guests to promote Tej I Love You | publisher=IB Times | date=5 July 2018 | access-date=11 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan= "2"|'''Week 6'''
| [[Pradeep Machiraju]]
| ''To inform about his new show - Pradeep's Pelli Choopulu''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/bigg-boss-telugu-2-written-update-july-19-2018-pradeep-reveals-his-reasons-to-enter-the-house/articleshow/65063799.cms | title=Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update, July 19, 2018: Pradeep reveals his reasons to enter the house | publisher=Times Of India | date=20 July 2018 | access-date=3 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
| [[Lakshmi Manchu]]
| To promote the film ''[[W/O Ram]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/bigg-boss-telugu-2-next-special-guest-lakshmi-manchu-promotes-wife-ram-nanis-show-775717 | title=Bigg Boss Telugu 2 next special guest: Lakshmi Manchu promotes Wife of Ram on Nani's show | publisher=IB Times | date=22 July 2018 | access-date=3 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
| '''Week 8'''
| [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Pooja Kumar]], [[Ghibran]], and Shamdat Sainudeen
| ''To promote the film [[Vishwaroopam II]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kamal-haasan-promotes-vishwaroopam-2-on-nani-bigg-boss-telugu-2-5290832/ | title=Kamal Haasan promotes Vishwaroopam 2 on Nani's Bigg Boss Telugu 2 | date=3 August 2018 | publisher=The Indian Express | access-date=4 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''Week 11'''
| [[Anasuya Bharadwaj]]
| ''As a guest to Mehendi Task''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/bigg-boss-telugu-2-anasuya-bharadwaj-makes-surprise-entry-nani-hosted-show-778425 | title=Bigg Boss Telugu 2: Anasuya Bharadwaj makes surprise entry in Nani hosted show | date=21 August 2018 | access-date=25 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
|[[Taapsee Pannu]], [[Aadhi Pinisetty]] and [[Ritika Singh]]
|''To promote the film [[Neevevaro]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/aadhi-pinisetty-taapsee-pannu-ritika-singh-promote-neevevaro-bigg-boss-telugu-2-778597 | title=Aadhi Pinisetty, Taapsee Pannu, Ritika Singh promote Neevevaro on Bigg Boss Telugu 2 | date=24 August 2018 | access-date=25 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
| Host [[Nani (actor)|Nani]]
| On the occasion of [[Raksha Bandhan]] festival.
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''Week 13'''
| [[Raja Goutham]] & [[Chandini Chowdary]]
| ''To Promote the film [[Manu (film)|Manu]]''
|-
| [[Allari Naresh]] & [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]
| ''To Promote the film [[Silly Fellows]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/bigg-boss-telugu-2-written-update-september-9-2018-syamala-gets-eliminated/articleshow/65748846.cms | title=Bigg Boss Telugu 2, actors Sunil and Allari Naresh graced the show to promote their film silly fellows | publisher=Times Of India | access-date=10 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''Week 14'''
| All Housemates family members
| ''As a part of weeks luxury budget task''<ref name="lxl task ref">{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/bigg-boss-telugu-2-written-update-september-12-2018-housemates-share-emotional-moments-with-families/articleshow/65792413.cms | title=Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update, September 12, 2018: Housemates share emotional moments with families | publisher=Times Of India | access-date=13 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
| One Joker and six unknown people
| ''To irritate housemates and stolen food from the house, While housemates are in freeze command by Bigg Boss''<ref name="lxl task ref" />
|-
| rowspan="5" | '''Week 16'''
| [[Sudheer Babu]] and [[Nabha Natesh]]
| ''To promote the film [[Nannu Dochukunduvate]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/bigg-boss-telugu-2-written-update-september-24-2018-kaushal-and-deepthi-argue-over-their-gameplay/articleshow/65944060.cms | title=Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update, September 24, 2018: Sudheer Babu, and his co-star Nabha Natesh entered into the house. | publisher=Times Of India | access-date=27 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
| Vangaveeti Santhosh (''Common Audience'')
| ''Winner of amazon wild card entry contest entered the house to meet and present some gifts to all housemates''.<ref name="guest entry">{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/bigg-boss-telugu-2-written-update-september-25-2018-tanish-flawlessly-imitates-geetha/articleshow/65959964.cms | title=Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update, September 25, 2018: Tanish flawlessly imitates Geetha | publisher=Times Of India | access-date=27 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
| All Evicted contestants except Nutan Naidu on day 110
| ''As a guests to family party of Bigg Boss 2''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bigg-boss-telugu-2-day-110-highlights-finalists-set-for-a-reunion/liveblog/65998242.cms | title=Bigg Boss Telugu 2 Day 110 Highlights: Finalists set for a reunion | publisher=Times Of India | access-date=28 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
| Beauticians on day 111
| ''To give contestants a makeovers for the grand finale''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/bigg-boss-telugu-2-finale-live-updates-who-will-be-eliminated-today-781874 | title=Bigg Boss Telugu 2 finale live updates: Finalists Geetha, Kaushal, Deepthi, Tanish, Samrat treated with beauty regimes | date=29 September 2018 | publisher=IB Times | access-date=29 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
|[[Venkatesh Daggubati]] on day 112
|''To present the trophy to the winner.''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss 2 Telugu: Top 10 Highlights of Bigg Boss Telugu 2 Grand Finale|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/top-10-highlights-of-bigg-boss-telugu-2-grand-finale/photostory/66027096.cms|access-date=16 December 2020|website=The Times of India|date=October 2018|language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.hotstar.com/tv/bigg-boss/14714/seasons/season-2 Official Website] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

{{Bigg Boss Telugu}}

[[Category:2018 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series) seasons|02]]
[[Category:Star Maa original programming]]

Siddu Moolimani

2025-12-20T23:59:51Z

MarylinBrantley: put up a stub

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Siddu Moolimani
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1991|09|21}}
| birth_place = [[Dharwad]]
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2015{{endash}}present
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| spouse = Priya J Achar
}}
'''Siddu Moolimani''' (born '''Siddalingesh Neelappa Moolimani''') is an Indian actor known for his work in [[Kannada films]] and television.

== Career ==
=== Early days and television ===
Siddu Moolimani was doing his diploma in computer science when he started working as a background dancer for Harsha Master.<ref name="D"/> He was a finalist in the dance show ''Kick'' for which [[Shiva Rajkumar]] worked as a judge and ''Bharjari Comedy''.<ref name="D"/> He portrayed Preetham in the serial ''[[Paaru (Kannada TV series)|Paaru]]'', which proved to be his breakthrough.<ref name="D">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/100119/right-said-sid.html|title=Right said SID! | Right said SID!|first=Shashiprasad|last=SM|date=10 January 2019|website=www.deccanchronicle.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/people-identify-me-as-preethu-even-if-i-go-to-a-village-says-siddu-moolimani/articleshow/81720828.cms|title=People identify me as Preethu even If I go to a village, says Siddu Moolimani|date=March 27, 2021|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/i-am-blessed-to-be-part-of-paaru-says-siddu-moolimani/articleshow/80301708.cms|title=I am blessed to be part of Paaru, says Siddu Moolimani|date=16 January 2021|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

=== Films ===
His first film role was a cameo appearance in ''[[RangiTaranga]]'' (2015) and he subsequently played [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]]'s friend in ''[[Lambodara (film)|Lambodara]]'' and [[Rishi (Kannada actor)|Rishi]]'s friend in ''[[Sarvajanikarige Suvarnavakasha]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/throwback-thursday-when-paaru-fame-siddu-moolimani-acted-in-rangitaranga-as-pandu/articleshow/99979837.cms|title=Throwback Thursday: When Paaru fame Siddu Moolimani acted in Rangitaranga as Pandu|date=4 May 2023|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/jan/12/lambodara--is-boring-repetitive-1923882.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203112113/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/jan/12/lambodara--is-boring-repetitive-1923882.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2019|title=Lambodara review: The movie is boring, repetitive|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=A. |first1=Sharadhaa |title='Sarvajanikarige Suvarnavakaasha' review: A comedy of errors |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/Dec/21/sarvajanikarige-suvarnavakaasha-review-a-comedy-of-errors-2078870.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=21 December 2019 |language=en |archive-date=5 August 2021 |access-date=29 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805214303/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/dec/21/sarvajanikarige-suvarnavakaasha-review-a-comedy-of-errors-2078870.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He went on to star in many films including ''[[Vikrant Rona]]'' (2022) alongside [[Sudeepa|Sudeep]], ''[[O (2022 film)|O]]'' (2022), ''[[Dharani Mandala Madhyadolage (2022 film)|Dharani Mandala Madhyadolage]]'' (2022), ''[[Abhiramachandra]]'' (2023) as a cab driver from [[Mandya]], ''[[Happy Birthday to Me (2024 film)|Happy Birthday To Me]]'' (2024) as a 365-day tripper and ''[[Agnyathavasi (2025 film)|Agnyathavasi]]'' (2025).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/siddu-moolimani-is-on-a-signing-spree/articleshow/86451451.cms|title=Siddu Moolimani is on a signing spree|date=September 24, 2021|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/i-am-excited-to-have-shared-screen-space-with-sudeep-siddu-moolimani/articleshow/80255234.cms|title=I am excited to have shared screen space with Sudeep: Siddu Moolimani|date=January 14, 2021|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/its-an-honour-to-work-in-vikranth-rona-says-siddu-moolimani/articleshow/81126704.cms|title=It's an honour to work in Vikranth Rona, says Siddu Moolimani|date=20 February 2021|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="T">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/i-want-to-make-a-mark-in-films-siddu-moolimani/articleshow/103928425.cms|title=I want to make a mark in films: Siddu Moolimani|date=25 September 2023|work=The Times of India}}</ref> His comedic roles in
''Abhiramachandra'' and ''Happy Birthday To Me'' were praised.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/abhiramachandra-movie-review-romantic-comedy/articleshow/104223913.cms|title=Abhiramachandra Movie Review: Romantic comedy|website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2024/Jun/29/happy-birthday-to-me-movie-review-a-witty-heartfelt-black-comedy-with-profound-themes|title=Happy Birthday To Me Movie Review: A witty, heartfelt black comedy with profound themes|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|date=29 June 2024|website=Cinema Express}}</ref> Regarding his performance in ''Agnyathavasi'', a critic wrote, "Siddu Moolimani adds the right amount of energy to his character Rohit, who is curious and shy, making him a relatable 90s youngster".<ref>{{cite news |last=Vivek |first=M V |title='Agnyathavasi' movie review: Rangayana Raghu anchors this moody thriller |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/agnyathavasir-movie-review-rangayana-raghu-hemanth-m-rao-janardhan-chikkanna-charan-raj/article69439472.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=11 April 2025 |access-date=29 April 2025}}</ref> He made his Tamil debut with ''Cold Call'' portraying a Tamil salesman from Bengaluru.<ref name="T2"/>

==Personal life==
He got engaged to television actress Priya J Achar in November 2022 and married her on 13 February 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/siddu-moolimani-and-priya-j-achar-to-tie-the-knot-next-year/articleshow/95718910.cms|title=Siddu Moolimani and Priya J Achar to tie the knot next year|date=24 November 2022|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/actors-siddu-moolimani-and-priya-j-achar-get-hitched/articleshow/97917471.cms|title=Actors Siddu Moolimani and Priya J Achar get hitched|date=14 February 2023|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="T"/>

== Filmography ==
*''All films are in Kannada, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2015 || ''[[RangiTaranga]]'' || Nilesh Gowda aka Pandu ||
|-
| 2017 ||''Tora Tora'' || Manu ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2019 || ''[[Lambodara (film)|Lambodara]]'' || Dubsmash Danny ||
|-
| ''[[Sarvajanikarige Suvarnavakasha]]'' || Raghu ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2022 || ''[[Vikrant Rona]]'' || Mohanchandra "Munna" Ballal ||
|-
| ''[[O (2022 film)|O]]'' || Chethan ||
|-
| ''Dhamaka'' || Siddu ||
|-
| ''[[Dharani Mandala Madhyadolage (2022 film)|Dharani Mandala Madhyadolage]]'' || Parachute ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2023 || ''Chaos'' || Siddu ||
|-
| ''[[Abhiramachandra]]'' || Rama ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Happy Birthday to Me (2024 film)|Happy Birthday To Me]]'' || Tirumalesh aka Trippy ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025 || ''[[Agnyathavasi (2025 film)|Agnyathavasi]]'' || Rohit ||
|-
| ''[[Love You Muddu]]'' || Karna || <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-08-13 |title=Director Kumar steps into romantic territory with Love U Muddu |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Aug/13/kannadanews2025aug13director-kumar-steps-into-romantic-territory-with-love-u-muddu |access-date=2025-10-10 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Cold Call'' || {{TBA}} || Tamil film<ref name="T2">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/i-wish-to-improve-my-acting-by-working-in-other-film-industries-siddu/articleshow/114215524.cms|title=I wish to improve my acting by working in other film industries: Siddu|date=15 October 2024|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Network
! Notes
|-
| 2016|| ''Kick'' || Contestant || || Finalist
|-
| 2017{{endash}}2018 || ''Bharjari Comedy'' || Contestant || || Finalist
|-
| 2018{{endash}}2024 || ''[[Paaru (Kannada TV series)|Paaru]]'' || Preetham || [[Zee Kannada]] ||
|-
|
|''Dance Karnataka Dance''
|Contestant
|[[Zee Kannada]]
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|7465869}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moolimani, Siddu}}
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada television]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Indirana bhadrai

2025-12-18T04:11:48Z

MarylinBrantley: Creating

{{Short description|Species of frog}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| status = DD
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN/>
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| taxon = Indirana bhadrai
| authority = Garg and Biju, 2016
| range_map =
| synonyms =
| synonyms_ref =>
}}

'''''Indirana bhadrai''''', the '''Bhadra leaping frog''', is a species of frog in the family [[Ranixalidae]]. It is endemic to [[India]]'s [[Western Ghat]] mountains, north of the Palged Gap.<ref name=AMNH>{{BioRef|ASW6
|title=''Indirana bhadrai'' Garg and Biju, 2016
|url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Ranixalidae/Indirana/Indirana-bhadrai
|access-date=May 26, 2024}}</ref><ref name=Amph>{{BioRef|amphibiaweb
|title=''Indirana bhadrai'' Garg and Biju, 2016
|author1=
|editor1=
|editor2=
|date=
|language=
|url=https://amphibiaweb.org/species/8532
|access-date=May 26, 2024}}</ref><ref name=IUCN>{{cite IUCN
|title= Bhadra Leaping Frog: ''Indirana bhadrai''
|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/119242835/119242839
|article-number=e.T119242835A119242839
|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T119242835A119242839.en
|id=119242835
|year=2023
|author1=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group
|access-date=May 26, 2024}}</ref>

The adult male frog averages 30.2 mm in [[snout-vent length]] and the adult female frog 38.7 mm. The skin of the dorsum is light brown in color with darker brown marks. There is a gray-brown mark between the eyes. The snout is lighter in color than the back. There is a black-brown mark from the tip of the nose to the eye to the armpit. The tympanum is gray-brown in color. All four legs and the sides of the body are yellow-brown in color. The belly is light gray with dark gray spots.<ref name=Des />

This frog has been observed in secondary forest and near coffee farms, among the leaf litter. It has been seen 1176 meters above sea level.<ref name=IUCN />

Scientists infer that this frog breeds through larval development, like other frogs in ''Indirana''.<ref name=IUCN />

The IUCN classifies this species as data deficient. Its range includes at least one protected park, [[Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary]], but most of the population lives elsewhere.<ref name=IUCN />

The frog's Latin name refers to the Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary.<ref name=Des>{{cite journal|author1=Garg S|author2= Biju SD |year=2016 |title=Molecular and morphological study of leaping frogs (Anura, Ranixalidae) with description of two new species. |journal=PLOS One |volume= 11 |issue= 11 |article-number= e0166326 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0166326|doi-access=free|pmid= 27851823 |pmc= 5112961 |bibcode= 2016PLoSO..1166326G |type=Full text}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q51326731}}

[[Category:Frogs of Asia]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 2016]]
[[Category:Indirana|bhadrai]]

{{Ranoidea-stub}}

Propylea dissecta

2025-12-16T11:04:57Z

MarylinBrantley: Starting New Data

{{Short description|Species of beetle}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Propylea_dissecta_photographed_in_the_wild,_in_Mumbai,_India.jpg
| genus = Propylea
| species = dissecta
| authority = (Mulsant, 1850)
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Propylea dissecta''''' is a species of [[Coccinellidae|lady beetle]] native to India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Nepal.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Omkar|last2=Mishra|first2=G.|date=December 2005|title=Evolutionary significance of promiscuity in an aphidophagous ladybird, Propylea dissecta (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0007485305000520/type/journal_article|access-date=2021-09-08|journal=Bulletin of Entomological Research|volume=95 |issue=6 |pages=527–533|language=en|doi=10.1079/BER2005386|pmid=16370110 |s2cid=43314556 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=2011-09-01 |title=Ecology of aphidophagous ladybird Propylea species: A review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1226861511000021 |access-date=2021-09-08 |journal=Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology |pages=357–365 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.aspen.2011.01.001|last1=Pervez |first1=Ahmad |last2=Omkar |volume=14 |issue=3 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Description==
This robust beetle is about 5 to 6 mm in length. Elytra reddish orange in color with black central line. Adults show polymorphism with several intermediate and pale forms.<ref name= SL>{{Cite web |title=Predatory Coccinellids (Coleoptera: Cocinellidae) of vegetable insect pests: a survey in mid country of Sri Lanka |url=http://www.pgia.pdn.ac.lk/files/Annual_congress/journel/v19/9_Predatory_Coccinellids.pdf |access-date=2021-09-08 |website=Tropical Agricultural Research Vol: 19, 69-77 (2007)}}</ref>

==Biology==
Sexual maturity of male and female ladybirds is about 7 and 9 days respectively. Adult males are more willing to mate with females irrespective of age. Mating duration is longest amongst older adults where 30 day-old males and 20 day-old females can be found.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pervez |first1=Ahmad |last2=Omkar |last3=Richmond |first3=Aaron S. |date=2004 |title=The influence of age on reproductive performance of the predatory ladybird beetle, Propylea dissecta |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/jis/4.1.22 |access-date=2021-09-08 |journal=Journal of Insect Science |volume=4 |page=22 |doi=10.1093/jis/4.1.22 |pmc=528882 |pmid=15864355}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pervez |first1=Ahmad |last2=Omkar |date=2004-09-01 |title=Temperature-dependent life attributes of an aphidophagous ladybird, Propylea dissecta |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09583150410001682313 |access-date=2021-09-08 |journal=Biocontrol Science and Technology |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=587–594 |doi=10.1080/09583150410001682313|s2cid=85045032 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Chemical signals as well as visual and tactile cues initiate male attraction toward females. Mating lasted longest about 275 minutes when it occurred between unmated individuals.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Omkar |last2=Ahmad |first2=Pervez |date=2005 |title=Mating behavior of an aphidophagous ladybird beetle, Propylea dissecta (Mulsant) |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1672-9609.2005.00006.x |access-date=2021-09-08 |journal=Insect Science |volume=12 |pages=37–44 |language=en |doi=10.1111/j.1672-9609.2005.00006.x|s2cid=84497808 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

It is a voracious predator on several aphids such as ''[[Aphis gossypii]]'', ''[[Aphis craccivora]]'', ''[[Lipaphis erysimi]]'', ''[[Uroleucon compositae]]'', ''[[Brevicoryne brassicae]]'', ''[[Rhopalosiphum maidis]]'' and ''[[Myzus persicae]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pervez |first1=Ahmad |last2=S |first2=Omkar |date=2004-06-01 |title=Prey-Dependent Life Attributes of an Aphidophagous Ladybird Beetle, Propylea dissecta (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09583150410001683547 |access-date=2021-09-08 |journal=Biocontrol Science and Technology |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=385–396 |doi=10.1080/09583150410001683547|s2cid=84745216 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Omkar |last2=Pervez |first2=Ahmad |editor1-last=Omkar |year=2016 |chapter=Ladybird Beetles |title=Ecofriendly pest management for food security |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128032657000099 |publisher=Academic Press |pages=281–310 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-803265-7.00009-9 |isbn=978-0-12-803265-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Boopathi |first1=Thangavel |last2=Singh |first2=Soibam Basanta |last3=Dutta |first3=Sudip Kumar |last4=Dayal |first4=Vishambhar |last5=Singh |first5=Akoijam Ratankumar |last6=Chowdhury |first6=Samik |last7=Ramakrishna |first7=Yerraboina |last8=Shakuntala |first8=Ingudam |last9=Lalhruaipuii |first9=Khawlhring |date=2019-10-15 |title=Biology, Predatory Potential, Life Table, and Field Evaluation of Propylea dissecta (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Against Lipaphis erysimi (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Broccoli |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz272 |access-date=2021-09-08 |journal=Journal of Economic Entomology |volume=113 |issue=1 |pages=88–97 |doi=10.1093/jee/toz272|pmid=31613322 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Omkar |last2=Pervez |first2=A. |date=2004 |title=Functional and numerical responses of Propylea dissecta (Col., Coccinellidae) |url=https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201300980446 |access-date=2021-09-08 |website=Journal of applied entomology |language=English}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q108466151}}

[[Category:Coccinellidae]]
[[Category:Beetles of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Insects described in 1798]]

{{Coccinellini-stub}}

Pong Dam

2025-12-10T06:06:25Z

MarylinBrantley:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Pong Dam
| name_official =
| image = Pong Dam, Himachal Pradesh.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Pong Dam sunset view from uphill
| image_alt =
| location_map = India
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|31|58|17|N|75|56|48|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| location = Khatiyar, [[Kangra district]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]
| status = O
| construction_began = 1961
| opening = 1974
| demolished =
| cost =
| owner = [[Bhakra Beas Management Board]]
| dam_type = Embankment, earth-fill
| dam_height = {{Convert|133|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| dam_height_thalweg =
| dam_height_foundation =
| dam_length = {{Convert|1951|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_crest = {{Convert|13.72|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_base = {{Convert|610|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| dam_volume = {{Convert|35500000|m3|cuyd|0|abbr=on}}<ref name=register>{{cite web|title=India: National Register of Large Dams 2009|url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf|publisher=Central Water Commission|accessdate=22 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| dam_elevation_crest = {{Convert|435.86|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| dam_crosses = [[Beas River]]
| spillway_count = 6 x [[radial gate]]s
| spillway_type = Overflow gated chute
| spillway_capacity = {{Convert|12375|m3/s|ft3/s|0|abbr=on}}
| res_name = [[Maharana Pratap Sagar]]
| res_capacity_total = {{Convert|8570000000|m3|acre feet|0|abbr=on}} (302.69 tmc ft)
| res_capacity_active = {{Convert|7290000000|m3|acre feet|0|abbr=on}} (257.48 tmc ft)
| res_capacity_inactive =
| res_catchment = {{Convert|12560|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}}
| res_surface = {{Convert|260|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}}
| res_elevation = {{Convert|426.72|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| res_max_depth =
| res_max_length = {{Convert|41.8|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
| res_max_width =
| plant_hydraulic_head = {{Convert|95.1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}<ref name=CWC>{{cite web|title=Pong Dam|url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/webpages/projects.html#pong|publisher=Central Water Commission|accessdate=28 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308204445/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/webpages/projects.html#pong|archive-date=8 March 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| res_tidal_range =
| plant_operator =
| plant_commission = 1978-1983<ref name=Indust>{{cite web|title=Hydroelectric Power Plants in India - Himachal Pradesh|url=http://www.industcards.com/hydro-india-him-pradesh.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126055627/http://www.industcards.com/hydro-india-him-pradesh.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=26 January 2013|publisher=IndustCards|accessdate=27 November 2011}}</ref>
| plant_decommission =
| plant_type =
| plant_turbines = 6 x 66 [[megawatt|MW]] [[Francis-type]]
| plant_capacity = 396 MW
| plant_annual_gen =
| website =
| extra =
}}
The '''Pong Dam''', also known as the '''Beas Dam''', is an earth-fill [[embankment dam]] on the [[Beas River]] in Khatiyar, [[Kangra district]] in the state of [[Himachal Pradesh]], India, just upstream of [[Talwara]]. The purpose of the dam is water storage for irrigation and [[hydroelectric]] power generation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cwc.gov.in/main/webpages/other%20projects.html#bhakra |title=Central Water Commission Website |access-date=17 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331020501/http://www.cwc.gov.in/main/webpages/other%20projects.html#bhakra |archive-date=31 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As the second phase of the Beas Project, construction on the dam began in 1961 and was completed in 1974. At the time of its completion, the Pong Dam was the tallest of its type in India.<ref name=Indust/> The lake created by the dam, [[Maharana Pratap Sagar]], became a renowned bird sanctuary.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Nirmal Tej|title=Irrigation and soil salinity in the Indian subcontinent : past and present|year=2005|publisher=Lehigh Univ. Press|location=Bethlehem, PA|isbn=0-934223-78-5|pages=119|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a4RCXuoMotAC&dq=Pong+Dam+india&pg=PA119}}</ref>

==Background==
The idea for a dam on the Beas at the Pong site was first proposed in 1926 and subsequent surveys of the [[Indus River]] and its tributaries were ordered by the Punjab Government in 1927. Interest in the dam declined after the report deemed the project difficult because of flood waters. In 1955, geological and hydrological studies were carried out on the Pong site and an embankment design was recommended. In 1959, extensive studies were carried out and recommended an embankment dam with a gravity section. A final design was issued and construction began in 1961 on the dam which was called Beas Project Unit II - Beas Dam. The [[Pandoh Dam]] {{Convert|140|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} upstream being the Beas Project Unit I.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Developmental History of Beas Project|url=http://bhakra.nic.in/english/history_bsl_development.asp|publisher=Bhakra Beas Management Board|accessdate=27 November 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426005156/http://bhakra.nic.in/english/history_bsl_development.asp|archivedate=26 April 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It was completed in 1974 and the power station was later commissioned between 1978 and 1983.<ref name=register/><ref name=Indust/> About 150,000 people were displaced by the dam's large reservoir under a poorly planned and executed relocation program.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mathur|first=Hari Mohan|title=Struggling to Regain Lost Livelihoods: The Case of People displaced by Pong Dam in India|url=http://repository.forcedmigration.org/pdf/?pid=fmo:1340|publisher=RSP Document Centre|accessdate=28 November 2011|year=1995|archive-date=6 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506183639/http://repository.forcedmigration.org/pdf/?pid=fmo:1340|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Design==
The Pong Dam is a {{Convert|133|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} tall and {{Convert|1951|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} long earth-fill embankment dam with a gravel shell. It is {{Convert|13.72|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} wide at its crest and {{Convert|610|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} wide at its base. The total volume of the dam is {{Convert|35500000|m3|cuyd|0|abbr=on}} and its crest sits at an elevation of {{Convert|435.86|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} above sea level. The dam's [[spillway]] is located on its southern bank and is a chute-type controlled by six [[radial gate]]s. Its maximum discharge capacity is {{Convert|12375|m3/s|ft3/s|0|abbr=on}}. The reservoir created by the dam, [[Maharana Pratap Sagar]], has a gross capacity of {{Convert|8570000000|m3|acre feet|0|abbr=on}} of which {{Convert|7290000000|m3|acre feet|0|abbr=on}} is active (live) capacity. The reservoir has a normal elevation of {{Convert|426.72|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} and [[drainage basin|catchment area]] of {{Convert|12560|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}}. The reservoir reaches from the dam to {{Convert|41.8|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} upstream in length and covers a surface of {{Convert|260|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name=register/> Located at the base of the dam is its power house. It is supplied with water via three [[penstock]]s which each meet a 66 MW [[Francis turbine]]-generator located inside the Bhatoli phakorian. The dam's elevation to the power house provides a maximum of {{Convert|95.1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} in [[hydraulic head]].<ref name=CWC/>

== Displacement of people ==
The large reservoir created by this dam resulted in a major displacement of people from the state of Himachal Pradesh. A total of 90,702 people were displaced and 339 villages affected.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Himachal Pradesh: Pong Dam raises tempers in House - Times of India|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Himachal-Pradesh-Pong-Dam-raises-tempers-in-House/articleshow/18998402.cms|website = The Times of India| date=16 March 2013 |accessdate = 2016-01-07}}</ref> The displaced people were to be resettled in Rajasthan. However, as of February 2014, 9732 requests for land allotment were still pending. Himachal Pradesh threatened Rajasthan that they will file a contempt of court in Supreme Court if land is not allotted.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Pong Dam rehabilitation: HP threatens legal action against Raj|url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/pong-dam-rehabilitation-hp-threatens-legal-action-against-raj-114022101318_1.html|accessdate = 2016-01-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Himachal Pradrsh govt to take up Pong Dam oustees issue with Rajasthan govt|url = http://www.niticentral.com/2015/02/18/himachal-ptadrsh-govt-to-take-up-pong-dam-oustees-issue-with-rajastab-govt-302055.html|website = India News Analysis Opinions on Niti Central|accessdate = 2016-01-07|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150220010351/http://www.niticentral.com/2015/02/18/himachal-ptadrsh-govt-to-take-up-pong-dam-oustees-issue-with-rajastab-govt-302055.html|archive-date = 20 February 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref>

==See also==
{{stack|{{Portal|Water|Renewable energy}}}}
*[[Bhakra Dam]]
*[[Pandoh Dam]]
*[[Koldam Dam]]
*[[Nathpa Jhakri Dam]]
*[[Karcham Wangtoo Hydroelectric Plant|Karcham Wangtoo Hydroelectric Project]]

==References==
{{Commons category|Pong Dam}}
{{reflist}}

{{Hydrography of Himachal Pradesh}}

{{Power Projects in Himachal Pradesh}}

[[Category:Dams in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hydroelectric power stations in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Earth-filled dams]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1974]]
[[Category:Dams on the Beas River]]
[[Category:Embankment dams]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kangra district]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Venu Sriram

2025-11-24T07:28:28Z

MarylinBrantley: put up a article

{{short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Venu Sriram
| image = File:Venu Sriram at Vakeel Saab Shoot.jpg
| caption = Sriram in 2021
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Medipalle (village)|Medipalle]], [[Jagityal]], [[Telangana]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|screenwriter}}
| years_active = 2011–present
| website =
}}

'''Venu Sriram''' is an Indian film director and screenwriter who works in [[Telugu cinema]].

==Career==
In 2011, he made his directorial debut with ''[[Oh My Friend]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/venu-sriram-may-direct-ravi-tejas-next/|title=Venu Sriram may direct Ravi Teja's next|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|date=7 September 2015|access-date=9 December 2015}}</ref> He was to direct [[Ravi Teja]] in ''Yevado Okadu'' (2015).<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/telugu-cinema-a-break-from-formulaic-humour/article7883874.ece</ref> He went on to direct ''[[Middle Class Abbayi]]'' (2017), which was successful.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2018-12-18/Venu-Sriram-Finalizes-His-Next/460682|title=Venu Sriram Finalizes His Next|date=18 December 2018|website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/291217/perseverance-paid-off-sriram-venu.html|title=Perseverance paid off: Sriram Venu | Perseverance paid off: Sriram Venu|date=29 December 2017|website=www.deccanchronicle.com}}</ref> He was attached to direct ''ICON'' starring [[Allu Arjun]] since 2019, but the film did not reach fruition due to the actor's busy schedules.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/290319/sriram-venu-to-direct-allu-arjun.html|title=Sriram Venu to direct Allu Arjun | Sriram Venu to direct Allu Arjun|first=Sashidhar|last=Adivi|date=29 March 2019|website=www.deccanchronicle.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/director-gives-update-on-allu-arjuns-icon-632093|title=Director gives update on Allu Arjun's ICON|date=6 July 2020|website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/venu-sriram-to-direct-nani-again-688079|title=Venu Sriram to direct Nani again?|date=27 May 2021|website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref> He gained appreciation for his masala laden remake of ''[[Pink (2016 film)|Pink]]'' (2016) titled ''[[Vakeel Saab]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugucinema.com/news/sriram-venu-receives-appreciative-calls-from-filmmakers|title=Sriram Venu receives appreciation from filmmakers|date=12 April 2021|website=Telugu Cinema}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !!Notes
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Oh My Friend]]'' ||Debut film
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Middle Class Abbayi]]'' ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Vakeel Saab]]'' ||
|-
| 2025|| ''[[Thammudu (2025 film)|Thammudu]]'' ||
|-
|}
== Accolades ==
{{Expand section|October 2025|date=September 2025}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4730668/ Venu Sriram - IMDb]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sriram, Venu}}
[[Category:Film directors from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian advertising directors]]
[[Category:Andhra University alumni]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]

Aparna Basu

2025-11-11T19:27:51Z

MarylinBrantley: done

{{short description|Indian historian (1931–2018)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox academic
| name =
| image = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1931|10|31}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age |df=yes|2018|12|03 |1931|10|31}}<ref name="Sage"/>
| workplaces =
| education =
| alma_mater = University of Cambridge
| thesis_title = The growth of education and political development in India, 1898–1920
| thesis_url = https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/462985437
| thesis_year = 1974
| doctoral_advisor =
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| awards =
| website = 
}}
'''Aparna Basu''' (31 October 1931 – 3 December 2018) was an Indian historian, author, social worker and advocate for women's rights. She was a professor of Modern Indian history and head of the History department at [[Delhi University]]. In her later career, she served as President of the [[All India Women's Conference]] (AIWC) and chairperson of the [[National Gandhi Museum]] in [[New Delhi]].

==Early life and education==
Basu was born in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]] to Saudamini (née Nilkanth) and [[Gaganvihari Lallubhai Mehta]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Roshni |date=2020 |title=Aparna Basu – A Life of Scholarship & Dignity |url=https://issuu.com/aiwc/docs/roshni_oct_to_dec/s/13780470 |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=issuu |language=en}}</ref> Her father was a member of the first [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission of India]] and later became [[List of ambassadors of India to the United States|India's Ambassador to the United States]].<ref name=":1" /> Her mother, Saudamini, was a social worker who was president of AIWC Calcutta and president of [[Harijan Sevak Sangh]].<ref name=":1" /> Basu had her school education in [[Calcutta]]. She received a B.A. Honors degree from [[Elphinstone College]], [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]]. She went on to earn a second B.A., an M.A., and a Ph.D. in history from [[Newnham College]], [[University of Cambridge]].<ref name="Sage">{{Cite journal |last=Jain |first=Devaki |date=2019 |title=Aparna Basu (1931–2018) |journal=Indian Journal of Gender Studies |language=en |volume=26 |issue=1–2 |pages=2–3 |doi=10.1177/0971521519828025 |s2cid=182780758 |issn=0971-5215|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":1" /> She also earned an M.A. from [[George Washington University]], [[Washington D.C.]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-14 |title=Advisory Board – Gandhian Society |url=http://surajtrust.orientconsultancy.com/who-we-are/advisory-board/index.html |access-date=2022-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114170137/http://surajtrust.orientconsultancy.com/who-we-are/advisory-board/index.html |archive-date=14 January 2022 }}</ref>

==Career==
Basu worked at the [[MIT Center for International Studies]], [[Lady Shri Ram College]], Delhi University, Elphinstone College, and [[Jadavpur University]] in Calcutta.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}} She joined the history department of Delhi University as a reader in 1970, and later became professor of modern history and retired as head of the department.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="Sage" /> Basu was a founding member of the Indian Association of Women's Studies and of the [[International Federation for Research in Women's History]]. She served multiple roles in the All India Women's Conference (AIWC), including president (2002–2004).<ref name=":1" /> During her time at AIWC, spoke on child labor issues in India<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bramham |first=Daphne |date=1996-05-25 |title=Child labor dilemma in India |pages=33 |work=The Kingston Whig-Standard |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111837582/child-labor-dilemma-in-india/ |access-date=2022-10-23}}</ref> and women's rights.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bramham |first=Daphne |date=1996-05-13 |title=India's women fight to end deadly dowry demands |pages=11 |work=The Vancouver Sun |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111837618/indias-women-fight-to-end-deadly-dowry/ |access-date=2022-10-23}}</ref> From 2013 until the time of her death in 2018, she served as Chairperson, National Gandhi Museum, New Delhi.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jain |first=Devaki |date=2019 |title=Aparna Basu (1931–2018) |journal=Indian Journal of Gender Studies |language=en |volume=26 |issue=1–2 |pages=2–3 |doi=10.1177/0971521519828025 |s2cid=182780758 |issn=0971-5215|doi-access=free }}</ref> She also served as chair of the All India Association for the Eradication of Illiteracy of Women, which runs centers in several parts of India for imparting functional literacy to women.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2018-12-04 |title=National Gandhi Museum chairperson Aparna Basu passes away |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/national-gandhi-museum-chairperson-aparna-basu-passes-away-118120401283_1.html |access-date=2022-10-23}}</ref>

Basu was known for her work on the history of education and women's history in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Jain |first=Devaki |date=19 January 2019 |title=She Recovered Many Histories: A Tribute to Aparna Basu |journal=Economic and Political Weekly; Mumbai |id={{ProQuest|}} }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=M. Adil |date=2018-12-23 |title=Professor Aparna Basu: An Obituary From a Friend to One of the Founding Editorial Board Nembers of the South Asia Journal |url=http://southasiajournal.net/professor-aparna-basu-an-obituary-from-a-friend-to-one-of-the-founding-editorial-board-members-of-the-south-asia-journal/ |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=South Asia Journal |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Selected publications ==
* {{Cite book |last=Basu |first=Aparna |title=The growth of education and political development in India, 1898–1920. |date=1974 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-560352-4 |location=Delhi |oclc=1176565}}<ref>Reviews for ''The growth of education and political development in India''
* {{Cite journal |last=Sankhdher |first=B. M. |date=1975 |title=Review of The Growth of Education and Political Development in India, 1898–1920. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2052791 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=554–556 |doi=10.2307/2052791 |jstor=2052791 |s2cid=162115089 |issn=0021-9118|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Altbach |first=Philip G. |date=1975 |title=Review of The Growth of Education and Political Development in India, 1898–1920.; Education and Politics in India: Studies in Organization, Society, and Policy. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2063615 |journal=Contemporary Sociology |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=495 |doi=10.2307/2063615 |jstor=2063615 |issn=0094-3061|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Mathai |first=Samuel |date=1976 |title=Review of The Growth of Education and Political Development in India, 1898–1920 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45070455 |journal=India Quarterly |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=365–367 |jstor=45070455 |issn=0974-9284}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Laird |first=Michael |date=1976 |editor-last=Basu |editor-first=Aparna |editor2-last=Mathur |editor2-first=Y. B. |title=India's Schools in the Time of Curzon |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/367728 |journal=History of Education Quarterly |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=495–498 |doi=10.2307/367728 |jstor=367728 |s2cid=147698804 |issn=0018-2680|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Mazumdar |first=V |date=1975 |title=Review of The Growth of Education and Political Development in India; 1898–1920 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23001842 |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=228–231 |jstor=23001842 |issn=0376-9771}}</ref>
* {{Cite book |last=Basu |first=Aparna |date=1982 |title=Essays in the history of Indian education |oclc=9643874 }}<ref>Review for ''Essays in the history of Indian education''
* {{Cite journal |last=di Bona |first=Joseph |date=1985 |title=Review of Essays in the History of Indian Education |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1188415 |journal=Comparative Education Review |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=273–276 |doi=10.1086/446518 |jstor=1188415 |issn=0010-4086|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* {{Cite book |last1=Bharati |first1=Ray |title=From independence towards freedom : Indian women since 1947 |last2=Basu |first2=Aparna |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-564575-8 |location=New Delhi |oclc=41368549}}<ref>Review for ''From independence towards freedom ''
* {{Cite journal |last=Phadke |first=Shilpa |date=2000 |editor-last=Ray |editor-first=Bharati |editor2-last=Basu |editor2-first=Aparna |title=Exploring Women's Issues |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4408820 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=113–114 |jstor=4408820 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref>
* {{Cite book |last=Basu |first=Aparna |title=Women's struggle : a history of the All India Women's Conference, 1927–2002 |date=2003 |publisher=Manohar |others=Bharati Ray |isbn=81-7304-476-7 |edition=2nd |location=New Delhi |oclc=52899325}}<ref>Review for ''Women's struggle''
* {{Cite journal |last=Desai |first=Neera |date=2003 |editor-last=Basu |editor-first=Aparna |editor2-last=Ray |editor2-first=Bharati |title=Defining Agendas: AIWC's Role as Witness to History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4413937 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=38 |issue=34 |pages=3559–3560 |jstor=4413937 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref>
* {{Cite book |last=Basu |first=Aparna |title=Mridula Sarabhai : rebel with a cause |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-566794-8 |location=Delhi |oclc=54003876}}<ref>Review for ''Mridula Sarabhai''
* {{Cite journal |last=Minault |first=Gail |date=1997 |title=Review of Mridula Sarabhai: Rebel with a Cause |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2170751 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=102 |issue=4 |pages=1216 |doi=10.2307/2170751 |jstor=2170751 |issn=0002-8762|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basu, Aparna}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Elphinstone College alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:George Washington University alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Indian women's rights activists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Delhi University]]

Marwar Junction railway station

2025-10-26T13:11:43Z

MarylinBrantley: New The Data W/ Sources

{{Short description|Railway Station in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Marwar Junction
| type = [[Indian Railways]] [[junction station]]
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Marwar Junction railway station in Rajasthan 21.jpg
| image_caption = hMarwar railway station platform
| address = State Highway 61, [[Marwar Junction]], [[Rajasthan]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|25.7205|N|73.6093|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline, title}}
| elevation = {{convert|267|m|ft}}
| line = Ahmedabad–Delhi main line [[Jaipur–Ahmedabad line]] [[Marwar Junction–Munabao line]] Mavli–Marwar line (MG)
| structure = Standard on ground
| platform = 4 (3 broad gauge + 1 meter gauge)
| tracks = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} and {{track gauge|1000mm|allk=on}}
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = No
| opened = 1881
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = MJ
| division = {{rwd|Ajmer}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Rajasthan
| map_dot_label = Marwar Junction railway station
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in Rajasthan
}}
'''Marwar Junction railway station''' (station code '''MJ''') is located in [[Pali district]] in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]]. It serves the census town at [[Marwar Junction]].

==The railway station==
Marwar Junction railway station is at an elevation of {{convert|267|m|ft}} and was assigned the code – MJ.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/marwar-junction-mj/129 |title= Arrivals at Marwar Junction|publisher= India Rail Info| access-date=30 April 2014}}</ref>

==History==
Rajputana State Railway extended the Delhi–Ajmer {{track gauge|1000mm}}-wide [[metre-gauge]] line to Ahmeabad in 1881.<ref name=irfcaii>{{cite web|url= http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html |title= IR History: Early Days II (1870–1899)| publisher=IRFCA| access-date=30 April 2014}}</ref> It was converted to {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] in 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history5.html |title= IR History: Part V (1970–1995)| publisher=IRFCA| access-date=30 April 2014}}</ref>

The Rajputana–Malwa Railway built the metre-gauge line from Marwar Junction to [[Pali, Rajasthan|Pali]] in 1882. Later, this section was extended to [[Jodhpur]] and formed the Jodhpur Railway.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Jodhpur-Bikaner_Railway| title = Jodhpur–Bikaner Railway| publisher = fibis| access-date = 30 April 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140202124719/http://www.wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Jodhpur-Bikaner_Railway| archive-date = 2 February 2014| url-status = dead}}</ref> The line now runs up to [[Munabao]] on the India–Pakistan border and has been fully converted to broad gauge.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-inter.html |title = Geography:International| publisher=IRFCA | access-date = 30 April 2014}}</ref>

The [[Mavli]]–Marwar metre-gauge line was opened in 1936.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history3.html |title = IR History: Part III (1900–1947)| publisher=IRFCA | access-date = 30 April 2014}}</ref>

== Cultural references ==

=== In fiction ===
The station is mentioned in Chapter 1 of [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s short story "[[The Man Who Would Be King]]" which was first published in ''[[The Phantom Rickshaw and other Eerie Tales]]'' (1888). It is the meeting place of the narrator, Kipling in all but name, and [[Daniel Dravot]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/phantomrickshawo00kiplrich#page/66/mode/2up/search/marwar|title=The Phantom Rickshaw and other Eerie Tales|last=Kipling|first=Rudyard|publisher=Samson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington Ltd|year=1888|pages=67}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/marwar-junction-mj/129 Trains at Marwar Junction]
{{Adjacent stations|noclear=y
|system=Indian Railways
|line=North Western Railway zone|left=Dhareshwar|right=Auwa|type=[[Jaipur–Ahmedabad line]]
|line2=North Western Railway zone|left2=|right2=Rajakiawas|type2=Marwar Junction–Munabao line
|line3=North Western Railway zone|left3=|right3=Marwar Ranawas|type3=Mavli–Marwar line}}

{{Railway stations in Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Pali district]]
[[Category:Ajmer railway division]]
[[Category:1881 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1881]]

Hope and Jiti Tea Estates

2025-10-17T14:05:53Z

MarylinBrantley: Page...

{{Short description|Tea gardens in West Bengal}}
{{Infobox park
| name = Hope and Jiti Tea Estates
| alt_name =
| photo =
| photo_width =
| photo_caption =
| type =
| location = [[Jalpaiguri district]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Nagrakata]]
| map =
| area =
| open = late 1800s
| elevation = {{convert|1200|ft}}
| owner = Goodricke
| operator =
| visitation_num =
| status =
| website =
}}
'''Hope Tea Estate''' and '''Jiti Tea Estate''' are [[Tea garden (cultivation)|tea gardens]], located near each other in the [[Nagrakata (community development block)|Nagrakata]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Malbazar subdivision]] of the [[Jalpaiguri district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]]. Both the tea estates are located in the north-central section of the [[Dooars]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=410| height=350| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|26|50|0|N|88|44|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places and tea estates in Malbabazar subdivision (including Mal, Nagrakata and Matiali CD blocks) in Jalpaiguri district''' CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, NP: national park/ wildlife sanctuary, TE: tea estate Abbreviations used in names – TG for Tea Garden (town/village), TE for Tea Estate, JRS: junction railway station Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|26|52|30|N|88|44|10|E}}| label-pos1=top|label1= Malbazar| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Malbazar]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|26|53|1|N|88|47|53|E}}| label-pos2=top|label2=Chalsa| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Chalsa, India]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|26|52|6|N|88|48|16|E}}| label-pos3=bottom|label3= Mangalbari| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Mangalbari]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|26|43|6|N|88|45|57|E}}| label-pos4=bottom|label4= Lataguri| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Lataguri]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|26|56|49|N|88|48|44|E}}| label-pos5=right|label5= Matelli| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Matialihat]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|26|52|20|N|88|37|17|E}}| label-pos6=left|label6= Odlabari| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Odlabari]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|26|50|20|N|88|37|1|E}}| label-pos7=right|label7= Dakshin Odlabari| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Dakshin Odlabari]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|26|53|57|N|88|35|4|E}}| label-pos8=left|label8=Bagrakote| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Bagrakote]] (R)|shape-color8= #A42222
|mark-coord9={{coord|26|50|20|N|88|47|43|E}}| label-pos9=bottom|label9=Batabari TG| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Batabari Tea Garden]] (R)|shape-color9= #A42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|26|52|10|N|88|40|1|E}}| label-pos10=top|label10=Dam Dim| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Dam Dim]] (R)|shape-color10= #A42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|26|45|5|N|88|35|8|E}}| label-pos11=left|label11=Gajoldoba| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Gajoldoba]] (R)|shape-color11= #A42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|26|54|33|N|88|43|39|E}}| label-pos12=left|label12=Gurjangjhora TG| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Gurjangjhora Tea Garden]] (R)|shape-color12= #A42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|26|50|15|N|88|49|31|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13=Murti| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Murti, Jalpaiguri]] (R)|shape-color13= #A42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|26|53|12|N|88|54|55|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14=Nagrakata| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Nagrakata]] (R)|shape-color14= #A42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|26|59|24|N|88|48|42|E}}| label-pos15=left|label15=Samsing| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Samsing]] (R)|shape-color15= #A42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|26|51|52|N|88|54|23|E}}| label-pos16=right|label16=Sulkapara| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Sulkapara]] (R)|shape-color16= #A42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|26|56|30|N|88|46|14|E}}| label-pos17=left|label17=Zurantee TG| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Zurantee Tea Garden]] (R)|shape-color17= #A42222
|mark-coord18={{coord|26|55|13|N|88|41|3|E}}| label-pos18= left |label18= Meenglas TE | numbered18=TE| mark-title18= [[Meenglas and Leesh River Tea Estates]] (TE)| shape-color18=#87A96B
|mark-coord19={{coord|26|51|34|N|88|35|21|E}}| label-pos19= left |label19= Leesh River TE | numbered19=TE| mark-title19= [[Meenglas and Leesh River Tea Estates]] (TE)| shape-color19=#87A96B
|mark-coord20={{coord|26|58|0|N|88|55|10|E}}| label-pos20= bottom |label20= Hope TE | numbered20=TE| mark-title20= Hope and Jiti Tea Estates (TE)| shape-color20=black| label-size20=13|label-color20=black 
|mark-coord21={{coord|26|58|54|N|88|55|39|E}}| label-pos21= right |label21= Jiti TE | numbered21=TE| mark-title21= Hope and Jiti Tea Estates (TE)| shape-color21=black| label-size21=13|label-color21=black 
|mark-coord22={{coord|26|57|47|N|88|46|59|E}}| label-pos22= left |label22= Chalouni TE | numbered22=TE| mark-title22= [[Chalouni, Aibheel and Chalsa Tea Estates]] (TE)| shape-color22=#87A96B
|mark-coord23={{coord|26|55|0|N|88|47|10|E}}| label-pos23= right |label23= Aibheeli TE | numbered23=TE| mark-title23= [[Chalouni, Aibheel and Chalsa Tea Estates]] (TE)| shape-color23=#87A96B
|mark-coord24={{coord|26|56|3|N|88|50|15|E}}| label-pos24= right |label24= Chalsa TE | numbered24=TE| mark-title24= [[Chalouni, Aibheel and Chalsa Tea Estates]] (TE)| shape-color24=#87A96B
|mark-coord25={{coord|26|46|20|N|88|48|0|E}}| label-pos25=bottom|label25=Gorumara |labela25= National| labelb25= Park| numbered25=NP| mark-title25= [[Gorumara National Park]] (NP)| shape-color25=#228B22
|mark-coord26={{coord|26|54|20|N|88|51|18|E}}| label-pos26=bottom|label26=Chapramari |labela26= Wildlife| labelb26= Sanctuary| numbered26=NP| mark-title26= [[Chapramari Wildlife Sanctuary]] (NP)| shape-color26=#228B22
|mark-coord27={{coord|26|39|40|N|88|38|40|E}}|label27= Teesta River| label-color27 = #77A1CB| label-angle27=60| label-pos27=top| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27=none
|mark-coord28={{coord|26|49|0|N|88|57|0|E}}|label28= Gatia River| label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=-45| label-pos28=top| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28=none
|mark-coord29={{coord|26|41|0|N|88|53|0|E}}|label29= Jaldhaka River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=80| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29=none
|arc-coordA={{coord|27|1|0|N|88|55|0|E}}|arc-textA= BHUTAN| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=20| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.4}}

===Location===
Hope Tea Estate is located at {{coord|26.9668|N|88.9196|E||display=inline}}.

Hope Tea Estate lies at the foot of the [[Sivalik hills]] of the outer [[Himalayas]].<ref name="tea1">{{cite web | url = http://www.goodricke.com/tea-garden/dooars/hope| title = Hope | publisher = Goodricke |accessdate = 4 July 2020}}</ref> The Tea Estate is situated at a height of about 1,200 ft. Tea has been planted in the Eastern Division with very steep slopes. The estate receives an average of 450 cm of rain. As a result of its proximity to the hills, the climate remains cool and temperate even in summer. The view towards the north, along the Bhutan border is very picturesque.<ref name="diary1">{{cite web | url = https://www.goodricketea.com/garden-diaries-dooars | title = Garden Diaries | work = Hope | publisher = Goodricke | accessdate = 8 March 2020 | archive-date = 5 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200705091944/https://www.goodricketea.com/garden-diaries-dooars | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Jit Tea Estate is located at {{coord|26.9818|N|88.9276|E||display=inline}}

Jiti Tea Estate lies a serene valley bordering the foothills of the Himalayan kingdom of Bhutan. Hope Tea Estate lies to the south of Jiti Tea Estate. While the Ghatia River flows along its western border, the Jiti River flows on the eastern side. The area receives excessive rainfall and is cooler than other parts of the Dooars. The unique climatic conditions help in producing high quality tea leaves.<ref name="tea2">{{cite web | url = http://www.goodricke.com/tea-garden/dooars/jiti | title = Jiti | publisher = Goodricke |accessdate = 4 July 2020}}</ref>

===Area overview===
[[Gorumara National Park]] has overtaken traditionally popular [[Jaldapara National Park]] in footfall and [[Malbazar]] has emerged as one of the most important towns in the [[Dooars]]. Malbazar subdivision is presented in the map alongside.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://northbengaltourism.com/malbazar/ |title = Malbazar |publisher= North Bengal Tourism | accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.north-bengal.com/dooars.html |title = Dooars Tour |publisher= North Bengal Tourism | accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref> It is a predominantly rural area with 88.62% of the population living in rural areas and 11.32% living in the urban areas.<ref name="admin">{{cite web | url = http://jalpaiguri.gov.in/district-profile| title = Jalpaiguri | work =District Profile | publisher = District administration |accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref><ref name="handbook">{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Jalpaiguri |work = Tables 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 13 July 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> Tea gardens in the [[Dooars]] and [[Terai]] regions produce 226 million kg or over a quarter of India's total tea crop.<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.indiatea.org/tea_growing_regions |title = Tea Growing Regions | work= Dooars and Terai|publisher= Indian Tea Association | accessdate = 13 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.teaboard.gov.in/TEABOARDCSM/MTA=|title = Dooars-Terai |publisher= Tea Board India | accessdate = 13 July 2020}}</ref> Some tea gardens were identified in the 2011 census as [[census town]]s or villages.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 13 July 2020 }}</ref> Such places are marked in the map as CT (census town) or R (rural/ urban centre). Specific tea estate pages are marked TE.

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Etymology==
Hope Tea Estate was named after the daughter of the major share holder of the Hope Tea Company.<ref name="tea1"/>

==The gardens==
Hope Tea Garden was planted around 1878 and the first tea factory came up by 1880 at Thal Khola. In the earlier days tea leaves were carried down to the factory in bullock carts, but around 1886 the factory was shifted to its present site.<ref name="tea1"/> Initially, the [[Santal people|Santals]] were deployed in the Hope Tea Garden but from around 1880, Adivasis from Chhotanagapur were brought here .<ref name="diary1"/> While the Gorkha community had been living here before the tea plantations .

Jiti Tea Estate was founded in 1878 as a part of the Hope Tea Estate and initially the green tea leaves were carried to the Hope factory. It got its own factory in 1878.<ref name="tea2"/>

==Goodricke==
Established in 1977, Goodricke owns 18 tea estates in India, all inherited from sterling tea companies, who operated from the late 1800s. Goodricke has 12 gardens in the [[Dooars]]. With its rich agro climate the area produces CTC tea. Goodricke’s tea gardens in the Dooars are: [[Danguajhar Tea Estate|Danguajhar]], [[Meenglas and Leesh River Tea Estates|Leesh River]], [[Meenglas and Leesh River Tea Estates|Meenglas]], Hope, [[Chalouni, Aibheel and Chalsa Tea Estates|Aibheel]], [[Chalouni, Aibheel and Chalsa Tea Estates|Chulsa]], [[Chalouni, Aibheel and Chalsa Tea Estates|Chalouni]], Jiti, [[Kumargram and Sankos Tea Estates|Sankos]], [[Gandrapara and Lakhipara Tea Estates|Gandrapara]], [[Gandrapara and Lakhipara Tea Estates|Lakhipara]] and [[Kumargram and Sankos Tea Estates|Kumargram]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.goodricke.com/about | title = Overview| publisher = Goodricke |accessdate = 4 July 2020}}</ref>

Eight sterling tea companies viz., The Assam-Doors Tea Co. Ltd., Hope Tea Co. Ltd., The Lebong Chulsa Tea Co. Ltd., The British Darjeeling Tea Co. Ltd., The Chulsa Tea Co. Ltd., The Leesh River Tea Co. Ltd., The Danguajhar Tea Co. Ltd., and The Meenglas Tea Co. Ltd., were amalgamated with Goodricke in 1977.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.goodreturns.in/company/goodricke-group/history.html | title = Goodricke Group Limited – Company history and annual growth details| publisher = |accessdate = 4 July 2020}}</ref>

==Tourism==
[[Nagrakata]], 75 km from Siliguri, has been a major hub of tea trading, with numerous tea gardens in the area – Chengmari, Kurti, Bhagatpur, Nagrakata, Jiti, Hope, Naya Sailee, Hilla, Grassmore, Ghatia, Loosan, Dharnipur and many others. With so many tea gardens in the area, Nagrakata has started attracting tourists.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://northbengaltourism.com/nagrakata/ | title = Nagrakata| publisher = North Bengal Tourism |accessdate = 4 July 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Jalpaiguri district}}

[[Category:Tea estates in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Jalpaiguri district]]

The Indian Stammering Association

2025-10-17T10:42:38Z

MarylinBrantley: adjusted details for consistency and fixed typos for consistency

{{Infobox organization
| name = The Indian Stammering Association
| logo = TISA Logo.jpg
| type = Community Service
| founded_date = 2009
| location = [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]], India
| area_served = [[Bangalore]] [[Mumbai]] [[Surat]] [[Jammu]] [[Herbertpur]] [[Goa]] [[Pune]] [[Delhi]] [[Chennai]] [[Meerut]] [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] [[Kolkata]] [[Chandigarh]] [[Jaipur]] [[Ahmedabad]] [[Indore]]
| focus = People who [[Stuttering|stammer]]
| num_volunteers =
| num_members =
| homepage = {{URL|stammer.in}}
| dissolved =
| footnotes =
}}
'''The Indian Stammering Association''' ('''TISA''') is a public [[charitable trust]] and [[self-help]] movement for people in [[India]] who [[stuttering|stammer]]. In India a person who stammers (PWS) faces stigma at home and in public, as often parents chide their children publicly, and social acceptance is not high.

==Background==
An estimated 11 to 12 million people in [[India]] stammer.<ref name="Who">
{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report_who-needs-help-he-who-stammers-or-he-who-doesn-t_1330588 |title=Who needs help, he who stammers or he who doesn't? |last=Suryanarayan |first=Deepa |date=January 4, 2010|work=Daily news and analysis |accessdate=23 November 2010|location=Mumbai- India}}</ref><ref name="Stuttering challenges">{{cite news|url=http://www.timeswellness.com/article/3/2010102220101021153856891a10ad2d7/Stuttering-challenges.html|title=Stuttering challenges|last=Sheth|first=Dr Parul R |date=October 22, 2010|publisher=Times of India—Times Wellness.com |accessdate=28 November 2010}}</ref><ref name="Defect">
{{cite web|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/9/34/721934 |title=Speech Defect - Tension, anxiety trigger stammering |last1=Olwoch |first1=Anthony |last2=Okwera |first2=Oyet|date=6 June 2010|publisher=New Vision|accessdate=23 November 2010}}</ref> Stammering is a physiological disorder.<ref name="Tongue-tied for fear of stammering? Shed myths Health & Lifestyle">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/20/stories/2009012057910300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122124849/http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/20/stories/2009012057910300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 22, 2009|title=Tongue-tied for fear of stammering? Shed myths Health & Lifestyle|author=K.Lakshmi and R.Sujatha|date=January 20, 2010 |accessdate=28 November 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai }}</ref> The [[World Health Organization]] classifies stuttering (stammering) in its section F98.5, "Mental and behavioural disorders", where it is defined as "Speech that is characterised by frequent repetition or prolongation of sounds or syllables or words, or by frequent hesitations or pauses that disrupt the rhythmic flow of speech. It should be classified as a disorder only if its severity is such as to markedly disturb the fluency of speech."<ref name="ICD Version 2007—Mental and behavioural disorders ">{{cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10online/?gf90.htm+f985|title=ICD Version 2007—Mental and behavioural disorders |publisher=WHO|accessdate=28 November 2010}}</ref> However, as India has a shortage of good [[Speech therapy|speech therapists]], speech therapy is expensive and the [[government of India]] does not officially recognise the condition as a handicap.<ref name="Speech therapy is extremely expensive">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_speech-therapy-is-extremely-expensive_1159712|title=Speech therapy is extremely expensive|last=Suryanarayan|first=Deepa |author2=Madhoomita Mookerji|date=April 14, 2008|work=Daily news and analysis|accessdate=28 November 2010|location=Mumbai}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.disabilityindia.org/nsso-census.cfm|last=Bhanushali |first=Kishor|title=Defining Disabilities: NSSO v/s Census|accessdate=26 November 2010|publisher=Disability India Network}}</ref> Those who stutter face problems getting jobs as well as barriers to career growth, resulting in feelings of shame, guilt, and fear of not being accepted within an organisation.<ref name="Who" /> Many stammering people avoid talking and prefer to communicate by writing, text or e-mail, as they may be unable to enunciate even simple words.<ref name="Who" />

==Formation==
[[File:Isad ribbon.gif|thumb|left|[[International Stuttering Awareness Day]] Ribbon]]
TISA grew out of an e-network managed by Viren Gandhi from [[Mumbai]] operated through a [[Yahoo Groups|Yahoo group]] initiated on 3 April 2001 by Dr. Satyendra K Srivastava, an Indian PWS.<ref name="Who" /> The blog, called "Haqlana" (Hindi for stammer), where Srivastava first went public with his condition and was joined later by members responding from across the country, raised awareness that real-time experiences, like difficulty in answering when attendance is taken in schools, job interview difficulties, and fear of social boycott, were widespread.<ref name="TISA Reference3" /> By late 2010, the group had 576 members, contributing almost 6,000 posts on issues including speech therapy reviews, self-help tips, and emotional support. One experience Dr. Satyendra recalls from his childhood is when he found it difficult to buy bus tickets, and when riding would call out a stop before or after his intended stop instead of where he wanted, then reached his desired location by other means.<ref name="TISA Reference3">{{cite news |last1=Ahuja |first1=Simran |title='Need to be open about stammering' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2020/jan/22/need-to-be-open-about-stammering-2092593.html |access-date=21 April 2021 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=22 January 2020}}</ref> Srivastava currently counsels various young boys and girls whose e-mail queries seek help, as well as anxious parents about the dilemmas their affected children face.<ref name="Who" />

Some group members met in person for the first time in [[Mumbai]] on 13 April 2008, where they determined to start a self-help association to be named The Indian Stammering Association.<ref name="Boss">{{cite journal |last=Boss|first=Keith|title=Work in outreach|journal=One Voice | date=July 2008 |issue=25|pages=3–4|url=http://www.isastutter.org/OneVoice/OV25.pdf |accessdate=21 November 2010}}</ref> TISA started a blog on 9 May 2008, the first [[India]]n blog about stammering in open public internet space, unlike chat groups, which required registration and were open primarily to those who stammer.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://groups.yahoo.com/group/IndianPWS | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710170948/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/IndianPWS | url-status=dead | archive-date=July 10, 2012 | title=Yahoo | Mail, Weather, Search, Politics, News, Finance, Sports & Videos }}</ref>

There had been parallel and/or preceding attempts by Indians to address coping with stammering. Inspired by Keith Boss, a trustee of the British Stammering Association and board member of the [[International Stuttering Association]], a small group of Indians started an internet group. One Indian PWS contributed to International Stammering Awareness Day in 2006<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mnsu.edu/comdis/isad9/papers/sachan9.html|title=Influence of Stuttering on Career Decisions: A Personal Story|last=Sachan |first=Prakhar |date=12 August 2006 |publisher=mnsu.edu |accessdate=23 November 2010}}</ref> and another attended the world congress in [[Croatia]] in 2007. A group in [[Chennai]] had been meeting under the statute of Mahatma Gandhi on the [[Marina Beach]] from 2001. The Samagra Trust also helped TISA in its formative years by, among other things, publishing a booklet on stammering.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samagra.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=42&Itemid=57|title=Samagra Publications|last=Srivastava|first=Satyendra|accessdate=26 November 2010}}</ref>

The Indian Stammering Association launched its official website on 15 August 2009 and was formally registered as Public Charitable Trust No. 6055 on 13 November 2009. The trust's head office is located at [[Herbertpur]], [[Dehradun district|Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]], India. By October 2020, the body grew to include self-help groups, online courses, daily virtual meetings, counseling, communication workshops, and other support, and has over 8,000 active members from places like Pune, Jaipur, and Lucknow as well as metro cities.<ref name="TISA Reference3" /><ref name="TISA Reference1">{{cite news |title=Do you stutter? Tips on living with it and feeling better about yourself |url=https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/health-wellness/article/3106397/international-stuttering-awareness-day-tips-living |access-date=21 April 2021 |date=21 October 2020 |ref=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref>

==Activities==
The trust has conducted self-help workshops in various Indian cities, based on acceptance, breathing techniques and CALMS approach. A model of the workshop is freely available on the internet.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/26113740/Communication-Workshop |title=Communication Workshop for People Who Stammer (PWS)|date=7–17 January 2010 |publisher=The Indian Stammering Association |accessdate=23 November 2010}}</ref> TISA promotes self-help groups in different cities and has made available a self-help manual that combines the modern approach to stammering with eastern concepts of self-acceptance. It also produces a newsletter.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/24031862/Stammering-self-help |title=Stammering for Dummies: A self-help manual from The Indian Stammering Association |date=10 March 2009 |accessdate=23 November 2010 |publisher=The Indian Stammering Association}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/23/stories/2010022350970200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113223700/http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/23/stories/2010022350970200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 January 2011 |title=Finding ways to attain eloquence |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 February 2010 |accessdate=20 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Alvi |first=Naziya |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Hiding-makes-problem-worse/Article1-467783.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125231204/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Hiding-makes-problem-worse/Article1-467783.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 25, 2013 |title=Hiding makes problem worse |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=22 October 2009 |accessdate=20 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Suryanarayan |first1=Deepa |last2=Mookerji |first2=Madhoomita |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_conversation-interrupted_1159709 |title=Conversation, interrupted |publisher=dnaindia.com |date=14 April 2008 |accessdate=20 November 2010}}</ref> TISA is also participating in genetic research into stammering in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramanan |first1=Revathi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Stammering-a-genetic-disorder-Expert/articleshow/7350656.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104134839/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-24/chennai/28352007_1_stammering-speech-therapy-coordinator |url-status=live |archive-date=4 November 2012 |title=Stammering a genetic disorder: Expert |date=24 January 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=30 January 2011}}</ref> TISA organised a three-day National Conference at IHS, [[Bhubaneshwar]] (31st Dec 2011 to 2nd Jan 2012).<ref name="First NC Report: Expert">{{cite web |url=http://stammer.in/publications/First_NC_Report.pdf |title=First NC Report: Expert |publisher=stammer.in |date=24 January 2012}}</ref> Twenty five participants from different parts of the country learned from each other, shared experiences and did sightseeing. Dr. Satya Mahapatra and Dr. Elaine Robin from the [[National Stuttering Association]] ([[United States|USA]]) gave the inaugural address and shared their wisdom with participants over the three days.<ref name="First NC Report: Expert"/> In 2019, [[Hrithik Roshan]], an Indian Film industry [[Bollywood]] superstar, agreed to become the organisation's brand ambassador.<ref name="TISA Reference2">{{cite news |title=Hrithik Roshan to become brand ambassador of The Indian Stammering Association (TISA) |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/hrithik-roshan-to-become-brand-ambassador-of-the-indian-stammering-association-tisa-6275551.html |access-date=21 April 2021 |publisher=Firstpost |date=17 March 2019}}</ref>

===Self-help groups===
Groups are open to those taking speech therapy from any source, and are facilitated by a volunteer PWS. The facilitator provides the opportunity for members to practise communication skills in a group setting, to offer and receive counseling, and to gather information about techniques and therapists. TISA recommends that self-help groups limit themselves to no more than 12 participants (with no minimum). Cities with TISA self-help groups include [[Bangalore]], [[Mumbai]], [[Surat]], [[Jammu]], [[Herbertpur]], [[Goa]], [[Pune]], [[Delhi]], [[Chennai]], [[Dehradun]], [[Meerut]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Kolkata]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Jaipur]], Ludhiana and [[Ahmedabad]].<ref name=chennaishg>Mathai, Kamini ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20121104004440/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-01-21/chennai/28044222_1_indian-stammering-association-tisa-spread-awareness TISA Chennai Chapter inaugurated!]'', quoted in ''The Times of India'', 21 January 2009. Accessed 22 November 2010.</ref>

TISA's self-help communication workshops last from three to ten days, depending on participant needs and time availability. These workshops are based on acceptance: ''Even though I stammer, I accept myself wholeheartedly, because there is an inner perfection in me''. Breathing techniques based on [[Pranayama]] are introduced to aid in relaxation and to speech driven by [[belly breathing]]. Western techniques are also incorporated,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mnsu.edu/comdis/kuster/journal/hallen/calms.html |title=CALMS Method of Assessment/Treatment |last1=George |first1=Mary |last2=McHugh |first2=Megan |accessdate=23 November 2010 |publisher=mnsu.edu}}</ref> as well as the four techniques, adapted from a book by Peter Reitzes,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.proedinc.com/customer/productView.aspx?ID=3529|title=50 Great Activities for Children Who Stutter|last=Reitzes|first=Peter|accessdate=26 November 2010}}</ref> among other sources. Accepting and serving other PWS is an important concluding theme in the workshop. Some participants have started their own self-help groups after the workshop.<ref name="Stuck in a Stutter?">{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/stammering.htm|title=Stuck in a Stutter?|last=Mandal|first=Manidipa |date=February 9, 2010|publisher=livemint.com, Wall Street Journal|accessdate=28 November 2010}}</ref><ref name="Self-help group for speech problem ">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100419/jsp/calcutta/story_12302036.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204002027/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100419/jsp/calcutta/story_12302036.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 4, 2013|title=Self-help group for speech problem|last=BASU|first=RITH|date=April 19, 2010|publisher=The Telegraph|accessdate=28 November 2010|location=Calcutta, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://epaper.bhaskar.com/index.php?state=mp&dates=11-25-2010&priority=10&editioncode=19&logicalgageno=4&indexxml=87434&parentid=10&citypage=1&page_no=20&pa_name=ind&hiddatearchive=&auto=20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315090427/http://epaper.bhaskar.com/index.php?state=mp&dates=11-25-2010&priority=10&editioncode=19&logicalgageno=4&indexxml=87434&parentid=10&citypage=1&page_no=20&pa_name=ind&hiddatearchive=&auto=20|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 15, 2012|title=TISA SHG in Indore}}</ref>

Members also interact through many communities (where they are known by their nicknames) including three on the social-networking site Orkut, and several e-groups for PWS where they discuss their lives and problems and comfort and support each other, knowing that no one is alone and that the condition is common.<ref name="Who" />

===Advocacy===
In October 2010, TISA filed a public interest writ petition against the director and producers of the film ''[[Golmaal 3]]'' and the censor board of India at [[Uttarakhand High Court]], objecting to the film's portrayal of stammerers as objects of ridicule, on the ground that this promoted discrimination, teasing and bullying of people who stammer.<ref name="Golmaal 3 sued!">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Golmaal-3-sued/articleshow/6929777.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104010104/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-16/news-interviews/28243632_1_legal-notice-silent-films-silent-era|url-status=live|archive-date=November 4, 2012|title=Golmaal 3 sued!|last=Shah|first=Kunal M |date=November 16, 2010|access-date=28 November 2010|work=[[The Times of India]]|location=Mumbai}}</ref><ref>Bhatti, Sharin, [http://www.hindustantimes.com/Golmaal-3-sued-Shreyas-Talpade-shocked/Article1-627438.aspx Golmaal 3 sued, Shreyas Talpade shocked!] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515153504/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Golmaal-3-sued-Shreyas-Talpade-shocked/Article1-627438.aspx |date=2011-05-15 }}. ''Hindustan Times'', 18 November 2010. Accessed 21 November 2010.</ref><ref name="Shreyas' stammer becomes issue of contention">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/shreyas-stammer-becomes-issue-of-contention/711447/|title=Shreyas' stammer becomes issue of contention|author=Agencies|date=15 November 2010|publisher=Indian Express News Service|accessdate=23 November 2010}}</ref>

==Philosophy==
TISA philosophy consists of two precepts: "Accept stammering and work on communication".

== See also ==

{{div col|colwidth=28em}}
*[[Speech–language pathology]]
*[[International Stuttering Awareness Day]]
*[[European League of Stuttering Associations]]
*[[British Stammering Association]]
*[[Israel Stuttering Association (AMBI)]]
*[[National Stuttering Association|United States Stuttering Association]]
*[[Cultural references to stuttering]]
*[[Stuttering therapy]]
*[[Anti-stuttering devices]]
*[[b:Speech-Language Pathology/Stuttering|Wiki book on Stuttering]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|stammer.in}}
* [http://t-tisa.blogspot.com/ Official blog]
* [http://www.stammering.org/help-information/topics/therapy-treatment/adult-therapy-and-courses/adult-therapy-and-courses-outline British Stammering Association Says]
* [http://www.stutteringhelp.org/content/bollywood-star-talks-about-his-stuttering Bollywood Star Talks About His Stuttering how he managed his problem]
* [[All India Institute of Speech and Hearing|An Institute producing global professionals to help the people having communication Disorders]]
* [http://www.aiishmysore.in/en/index.html All India Institute of Speech and Hearing]
* [https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/stuttering U.S. National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders]
* [http://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/stuttering.htm Stammering and role of Speech Language Pathologist/Speech Therapist]
* [http://www.isastutter.org/languages/English.html International Stuttering Association]
{{Stuttering}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Stammering Association}}
[[Category:2009 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2009]]
[[Category:Charities based in India]]
[[Category:Online support groups]]
[[Category:Stuttering associations]]
[[Category:Mental health organisations in India]]

Bargi Dam

2025-07-14T18:52:36Z

MarylinBrantley: added info

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Bargi Dam
| image = Bargi Dam Image.JPG
| image_size =
| image_caption = Dam's reservoir
| location_map =
| location_map_size =
| name_official =
| location = [[Bargi, Madhya Pradesh|Bargi]], [[Jabalpur District]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| status = Operational
| construction_began = 1975
| opening = 1988
| owner = [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
| operator = Narmada Valley Development Department (NVDD), Water Resources Department [[Madhya Pradesh]] (MPWRD)
| dam_type = [[Gravity dam]]
| dam_crosses = [[Narmada River]]
| dam_height = {{convert|69.80|m|abbr=on}}<ref name=cwc>Central Water commission, National Register of large dams, Dams of national importance, sl.no 32</ref>
| dam_length = {{convert|5357|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_elevation_crest =
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_width_base =
| dam_volume =
| spillway_count = 21 Radial Gates of size 13.71 m (l) * 15.25 m (h)
| spillway_type = Ogee
| spillway_capacity = {{convert|45296|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| res_name = Bargi Dam Reservoir
| res_capacity_total = {{convert|3,920,000,000|m3|acre.ft|lk=out|abbr=on}} (138.45 tmc ft)<ref name=cwc/>
| res_capacity_active = {{convert|3,180,000,000|m3|acre.ft|lk=out|abbr=on}} (112.32 tmc ft)<ref name=cwc/>
| res_capacity_inactive = {{convert|740,000,000|m3|acre.ft|lk=out|abbr=on}} (26.14 tmc ft)
| res_catchment = {{convert|14,556|km2|abbr=on}}
| res_surface = {{convert|267.97|km2|abbr=on}}
| res_max_length = {{convert|75|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| res_max_width = {{convert|4.5|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| res_max_depth =
| res_elevation = {{convert|422.76|m|abbr=on}}
| res_tidal_range =
| plant_operator = [[Madhya Pradesh Power Generation Company Limited|MPPGCL]]
| plant_decommission =
| plant_type =
| plant_turbines = Dam: 2 × 45 MW [[Francis turbine]] Canal: 2 × 7.5 MW [[Kaplan-type]]
| plant_capacity = 105 MW
| plant_annual_gen =
| website =
| extra =
}}

'''Bargi Dam''' is one of the first completed [[dam]]s out of the chain of 30 major dams to be constructed on [[Narmada River]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. It has 21 gates. Two major irrigation projects, named Bargi Diversion Project and Rani [[Avantibai]] Lodhi Sagar Project, have been developed by the Bargi Dam administration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nihroorkee.gov.in/sites/default/files/Reservoir_Sedimentation_Study_of_Bargi_Dam_using_Satellitte-Data%20_NIH_1999-2000.pdf|title=NIH Bargi Dam|access-date=15 September 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{stack|{{Portal|Water|Renewable energy}}}}

== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline|Bargi Dam}}
{{Hydrography of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Power Plants of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Narmada basin}}
{{Narmada River dams}}

[[Category:Dams in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hydroelectric power stations in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Jabalpur district]]
[[Category:Narmada River]]
[[Category:Dams on the Narmada River]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Jabalpur]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1998]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

List of cities in Punjab, Pakistan by area

2025-06-22T09:43:50Z

MarylinBrantley: added basic details first draft

{{Short description|none}}
Here is the '''list of cities in [[Punjab, Pakistan]]''', by area. In this list only the area of each city is considered, not that of villages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/tables/POPULATION%20SIZE%20AND%20GROWTH%20OF%20MAJOR%20CITIES.pdf |title=Population size and growth of major cities |publisher=[[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics]] |date=1998}}</ref>

==Punjab hassan==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! '''No.''' ||'''District'''|| ''' Headquartered city''' || '''City area''' km2 (sqmi)
|-
| 01|| [[Attock District]] || [[Attock|Attock City]] || {{convert|20|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=values}}
|-
| 02|| [[Bahawalnagar District]] || [[Bahawalnagar|Bahawalnagar City]] || {{convert|13|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=values}}
|-
| 03 || [[Bahawalpur District]] || [[Bahawalpur|Bahawalpur City]] || {{convert|134|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=values}}
|-
| 04 || [[Bhakkar District]] || [[Bhakkar|Bhakkar City]] || {{convert|15|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=values}}
|-
| 05 || [[Chakwal District]] || [[Chakwal|Chakwal City]] || {{convert|10|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=values}}
|-
| 06 || [[Chiniot District]] || [[Chiniot|Chiniot City]] || {{convert|12|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=values}}
|-
| 07 || [[Dera Ghazi Khan District]] || [[Dera Ghazi Khan]] || {{convert|22|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=values}}
|-
| 08 || [[Faisalabad District]] || [[Faisalabad|Faisalabad City]] || {{convert|1326|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=values}}
|-
| 09 || [[Gujranwala District]] || [[Gujranwala|Gujranwala City]] || {{convert|264|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=values}}
|-
| 10 || [[Gujrat District]] || [[Gujrat City]] || {{convert|25|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=values}}
|-
| 11 || [[Hafizabad District]] || [[Hafizabad|Hafizabad City]] || {{convert|10|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=values}}
|-
| 12 || [[Jhang District]] || [[Jhang|Jhang City]] || {{convert|39|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=values}}
|-
| 13 || [[Jhelum District]] || [[Jhelum|Jhelum City]] || {{convert|22|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=values}}
|-
| 14 || [[Kasur District]] || [[Kasur|Kasur City]] || {{convert|18|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=values}}
|-
| 15 || [[Khanewal District]] || [[Khanewal|Khanewal City]] || {{convert|17|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=values}}
|-
| 16 || [[Khushab District]] || [[Jauharabad|Jauharabad City]] || {{convert|12|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=values}}
|-
| 17 || [[Lahore District]] || [[Lahore|Lahore City]] || {{convert|1772|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=values}}
|-
| 18 || [[Layyah District]] || [[Layyah|Layyah City]] || {{convert|10|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=values}}
|-
| 19 || [[Lodhran District]] || [[Lodhran|Lodhran City]] || {{convert|08|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=values}}
|-
| 20 || [[Mandi Bahauddin District]] || [[Mandi Bahauddin]] || {{convert|09|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=values}}
|-
| 21 || [[Mianwali District]] || [[Mianwali|Mianwali City]] || {{convert|20|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=values}}
|-
| 22 || [[Multan District]] || [[Multan|Multan City]] || {{convert|1090|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=values}}
|-
| 23 || [[Muzaffargarh District]] || [[Muzaffargarh|Muzaffargarh City]] || {{convert|15|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=values}}
|-
| 24 || [[Nankana Sahib District]] || [[Nankana Sahib|Nankana Sahib City]] || {{convert|06|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=values}}
|-
| 25 || [[Narowal District]] || [[Narowal|Narowal City]] || {{convert|07|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=values}}
|-
| 26 || [[Okara District]] || [[Okara, Pakistan|Okara City]] || {{convert|21|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=values}}
|-
| 27 || [[Pakpattan District]] || [[Pakpattan|Pakpattan City]] || {{convert|14|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=values}}
|-
| 28 || [[Rahim Yar Khan District]] || [[Rahim Yar Khan|Rahim Yar Khan City]] || {{convert|22|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=values}}
|-
| 29 || [[Rajanpur District]] || [[Rajanpur|Rajanpur City]] || {{convert|06|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=values}}
|-
| 30 || [[Rawalpindi District]] || [[Rawalpindi|Rawalpindi City]] || {{convert|255|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=values}}
|-
| 31 || [[Sahiwal District]] || [[Sahiwal|Sahiwal City]] || {{convert|28|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=values}}
|-
| 32 || [[Sargodha District]] || [[Sargodha|Sargodha City]] || {{convert|140|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=values}}
|-
| 33 || [[Sheikhupura District]] || [[Sheikhupura|Sheikhupura City]] || {{convert|22|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=values}}
|-
| 34 || [[Sialkot District]] || [[Sialkot|Sialkot City]] || {{convert|121|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=values}}
|-
| 35 || [[Toba Tek Singh District]] || [[Toba Tek Singh|Toba Tek Singh City]] || {{convert|09|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=values}}
|-
| 36 || [[Vehari District]] || [[Vehari|Vehari City]] || {{convert|12|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=values}}
|-
| 36 || [[Vehari District]] || [[Jallah Jeem|Jallah Jeem City]] || {{convert|5|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=values}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{portal|Pakistan}}
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Cities In Punjab, Pakistan By Area}}
[[Category:Lists of cities in Pakistan|Punjab, Pakistan by area]]
[[Category:Cities in Punjab (Pakistan)| ]]
[[Category:Demographics of Punjab, Pakistan]]

2019 India Open (badminton)

2025-01-19T12:08:20Z

MarylinBrantley: small enhanced layout after review further and fixed typos per sources

#REDIRECT [[2019 India Open]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

National Highway 202 (India)

2025-01-06T23:11:50Z

MarylinBrantley: added info

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{for|the state highway in New Hampshire, NH 202A|New Hampshire Route 202A}}
{{Infobox road
|country=IND
|type = NH
|route = 202
|map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3
|id= Q3765192|title=National Highway 202|text= Map of National Highway '''202''' in red}}
|map_custom = yes
|length_km = 460
|direction_a =
|terminus_a = [[Mokokchung]], [[Nagaland]]
|junction = [[National Highway 2 (India)|National Highway 2]] at [[Imphal]] and [[National Highway 2 (India)|National Highway 2]] in [[Mokokchung]]
|direction_b =
|terminus_b = [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]]
|destinations= [[Tuensang]], [[Ukhrul]]
|states = [[Nagaland]], [[Manipur]]
|previous_type =NH
|previous_route=2
|next_type =NH
|next_route=2
}}

'''National Highway 202''' (NH 202) is a [[National Highway (India)|National Highway]] in [[India]] that links [[Mokokchung]] to [[Imphal]] and runs for a distance of {{convert|460|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="renumber">{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=3 April 2012|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> It partly uses the alignment of [[National Highway 150 (India, old numbering)|National Highway 150]] of the old numbering scheme.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Name
!Relation
!Status
!Length
!route
!Remarks
|-
|NH202
|{{OSM|relation=11664511}}
|
|460km
|(NH155)NH2 near Mokokchung, Tuensang, Sampurre, Meluri, (NH150)Jessami, Ukhrul, NH2 near Imphal
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH2 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Nagaland]]
[[Category:National highways in Manipur|202]]
[[Category:Mokokchung district]]

Bayadere

2024-07-15T05:23:50Z

MarylinBrantley:

'''Bayadere''' may refer to:

* Bayadere is a European term for [[devadasi]] — a female dancer in India, often clothed in loose Eastern costume
*[[Bayadere (fabric)]], an Indian silk fabric
* [[Die Bajadere (operetta)|''Die Bajadere'' (operetta)]], an operetta by Emmerich Kalman
* [[Die Bajadere (polka)|''Die Bajadere'' (polka)]], a polka by Johann Strauss II
* ''[[La Bayadère]]'', a ballet by Marius Petipa to the music of Ludwig Minkus
* ''[[Les bayadères]]'', an opera by Charles-Simon Catel

==See also==
* [[Nautch]]

{{Disambig}}

Chancey Illa

2024-06-23T23:26:07Z

MarylinBrantley: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Anirudh Ravichander]]

{{Rcat shell|{{R from song}}
{{R to related topic}}
}}

2022 Bengaluru Open – Doubles

2024-02-17T16:51:01Z

MarylinBrantley:

{{morefootnotes|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Tennis events|2022|Bengaluru Open|s
| champ = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Saketh Myneni]] {{nowrap|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramkumar Ramanathan]]}}
| runner = {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Hugo Grenier]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Alexandre Müller]]
| score = 6–3, 6–2
| edition =
| type = singles doubles
| before_year = 2020
| after_name = Bengaluru Open II
| after_year = 2022
}}

{{main|2022 Bengaluru Open}}

[[Purav Raja]] and [[Ramkumar Ramanathan]] were the defending champions<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tennistourtalk.com/54391/duckworth-wins-bengaluru-open|title=Duckworth Wins Bengaluru Open|date=16 February 2020}}</ref> but chose to defend their title with different partners. Raja partnered [[Jeevan Nedunchezhiyan]] but lost in the quarterfinals to [[Jay Clarke (tennis)|Jay Clarke]] and [[Marc Polmans]]. Ramanathan partnered [[Saketh Myneni]] and successfully defended his title, defeating [[Hugo Grenier]] and [[Alexandre Müller]] 6–3, 6–2 in the final.

==Seeds==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jeevan Nedunchezhiyan]] / {{flagicon|IND}} [[Purav Raja]] ''(quarterfinals)''
# {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Alexander Erler]] / {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Vít Kopřiva]] ''(semifinals)''
# '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Saketh Myneni]] / {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramkumar Ramanathan]] (champions)'''
# {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sriram Balaji]] / {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishnu Vardhan]] ''(quarterfinals)''
}}

==Draw==
{{Draw key}}

{{16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3-Byes
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Quarterfinals
| RD3=Semifinals
| RD4=Final

| RD1-seed01=1
| RD1-team01='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jeevan Nedunchezhiyan|J Nedunchezhiyan]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Purav Raja|P Raja]]'''
| RD1-score01-1='''6'''
| RD1-score01-2=62
| RD1-score01-3='''[10]'''
| RD1-seed02=Alt
| RD1-team02={{flagicon|CRO}} [[Borna Gojo|B Gojo]] {{flagicon|BUL}} [[Dimitar Kuzmanov|D Kuzmanov]]
| RD1-score02-1=4
| RD1-score02-2='''77'''
| RD1-score02-3=[8]

| RD1-seed03=
| RD1-team03={{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun Kadhe|A Kadhe]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Tseng Chun-hsin|C-h Tseng]]
| RD1-score03-1='''6'''
| RD1-score03-2=4
| RD1-score03-3=[7]
| RD1-seed04=
| RD1-team04='''{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jay Clarke (tennis)|J Clarke]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Marc Polmans|M Polmans]]'''
| RD1-score04-1=2
| RD1-score04-2='''6'''
| RD1-score04-3='''[10]'''

| RD1-seed05=3
| RD1-team05='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Saketh Myneni|S Myneni]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramkumar Ramanathan|R Ramanathan]]'''
| RD1-score05-1='''6'''
| RD1-score05-2='''6'''
| RD1-score05-3=
| RD1-seed06=PR
| RD1-team06={{flagicon|GRE}} [[Markos Kalovelonis|M Kalovelonis]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Toshihide Matsui|T Matsui]]
| RD1-score06-1=3
| RD1-score06-2=3
| RD1-score06-3=

| RD1-seed07=
| RD1-team07='''{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Steven Diez|S Diez]] {{flagicon|TUN}} [[Malek Jaziri|M Jaziri]]'''
| RD1-score07-1=5
| RD1-score07-2='''6'''
| RD1-score07-3='''[10]'''
| RD1-seed08=Alt
| RD1-team08={{flagicon|ITA}} [[Raúl Brancaccio|R Brancaccio]] {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Johan Nikles|J Nikles]]
| RD1-score08-1='''7'''
| RD1-score08-2=4
| RD1-score08-3=[6]

| RD1-seed09=
| RD1-team09={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Enzo Couacaud|E Couacaud]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Andrew Harris (tennis)|A Harris]]
| RD1-score09-1=2
| RD1-score09-2='''6'''
| RD1-score09-3=[9]
| RD1-seed10=
| RD1-team10='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Hugo Grenier|H Grenier]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Alexandre Müller|A Müller]]'''
| RD1-score10-1='''6'''
| RD1-score10-2=4
| RD1-score10-3='''[11]'''

| RD1-seed11=
| RD1-team11={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Mathias Bourgue|M Bourgue]] {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Kimmer Coppejans|K Coppejans]]
| RD1-score11-1='''6'''
| RD1-score11-2=4
| RD1-score11-3=[3]
| RD1-seed12=4
| RD1-team12='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sriram Balaji|S Balaji]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishnu Vardhan|V Vardhan]]'''
| RD1-score12-1=4
| RD1-score12-2='''6'''
| RD1-score12-3='''[10]'''

| RD1-seed13=
| RD1-team13={{flagicon|TUR}} [[Altuğ Çelikbilek|A Çelikbilek]] {{flagicon|TUR}} [[Cem İlkel|C İlkel]]
| RD1-score13-1=1r
| RD1-score13-2=
| RD1-score13-3=
| RD1-seed14=WC
| RD1-team14='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Yuki Bhambri|Y Bhambri]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Divij Sharan|D Sharan]]'''
| RD1-score14-1=3
| RD1-score14-2=
| RD1-score14-3=

| RD1-seed15=WC
| RD1-team15={{flagicon|IND}} Adil Kalyanpur {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mukund Sasikumar|M Sasikumar]]
| RD1-score15-1=4
| RD1-score15-2=5
| RD1-score15-3=
| RD1-seed16=2
| RD1-team16='''{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Alexander Erler|A Erler]] {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Vít Kopřiva|V Kopřiva]]'''
| RD1-score16-1='''6'''
| RD1-score16-2='''7'''
| RD1-score16-3=

| RD2-seed01=1
| RD2-team01={{flagicon|IND}} [[Jeevan Nedunchezhiyan|J Nedunchezhiyan]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Purav Raja|P Raja]]
| RD2-score01-1=2
| RD2-score01-2=1
| RD2-score01-3=
| RD2-seed02=
| RD2-team02='''{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jay Clarke (tennis)|J Clarke]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Marc Polmans|M Polmans]]'''
| RD2-score02-1='''6'''
| RD2-score02-2='''6'''
| RD2-score02-3=

| RD2-seed03=3
| RD2-team03='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Saketh Myneni|S Myneni]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramkumar Ramanathan|R Ramanathan]]'''
| RD2-score03-1=w/o
| RD2-score03-2=
| RD2-score03-3=
| RD2-seed04=
| RD2-team04={{flagicon|CAN}} [[Steven Diez|S Diez]] {{flagicon|TUN}} [[Malek Jaziri|M Jaziri]]
| RD2-score04-1=
| RD2-score04-2=
| RD2-score04-3=

| RD2-seed05=
| RD2-team05='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Hugo Grenier|H Grenier]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Alexandre Müller|A Müller]]'''
| RD2-score05-1='''6'''
| RD2-score05-2=62
| RD2-score05-3='''[10]'''
| RD2-seed06=4
| RD2-team06={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sriram Balaji|S Balaji]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishnu Vardhan|V Vardhan]]
| RD2-score06-1=4
| RD2-score06-2='''77'''
| RD2-score06-3=[4]

| RD2-seed07=WC
| RD2-team07={{flagicon|IND}} [[Yuki Bhambri|Y Bhambri]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Divij Sharan|D Sharan]]
| RD2-score07-1=4
| RD2-score07-2=3
| RD2-score07-3=
| RD2-seed08=2
| RD2-team08='''{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Alexander Erler|A Erler]] {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Vít Kopřiva|V Kopřiva]]'''
| RD2-score08-1='''6'''
| RD2-score08-2='''6'''
| RD2-score08-3=

| RD3-seed01=
| RD3-team01={{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jay Clarke (tennis)|J Clarke]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Marc Polmans|M Polmans]]
| RD3-score01-1=4
| RD3-score01-2=4
| RD3-score01-3=
| RD3-seed02=3
| RD3-team02='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Saketh Myneni|S Myneni]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramkumar Ramanathan|R Ramanathan]]'''
| RD3-score02-1='''6'''
| RD3-score02-2='''6'''
| RD3-score02-3=

| RD3-seed03=
| RD3-team03='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Hugo Grenier|H Grenier]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Alexandre Müller|A Müller]]'''
| RD3-score03-1='''6'''
| RD3-score03-2='''6'''
| RD3-score03-3=
| RD3-seed04=2
| RD3-team04={{flagicon|AUT}} [[Alexander Erler|A Erler]] {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Vít Kopřiva|V Kopřiva]]
| RD3-score04-1=3
| RD3-score04-2=4
| RD3-score04-3=

| RD4-seed01=3
| RD4-team01='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Saketh Myneni|S Myneni]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramkumar Ramanathan|R Ramanathan]]'''
| RD4-score01-1='''6'''
| RD4-score01-2='''6'''
| RD4-score01-3=
| RD4-seed02=
| RD4-team02={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Hugo Grenier|H Grenier]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Alexandre Müller|A Müller]]
| RD4-score02-1=3
| RD4-score02-2=2
| RD4-score02-3=
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.protennislive.com/posting/2022/7808/mdd.pdf Main draw]

{{DEFAULTSORT:2022 Bengaluru Open - Doubles}}
[[Category:2022 ATP Challenger Tour|Bengaluru Open - Doubles]]
[[Category:Bengaluru Open|2022 Doubles]]

Narapally

2024-02-09T00:24:15Z

MarylinBrantley: minor changes

{{moresources|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Narapally
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipality
| governing_body = Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 500088
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 040
| registration_plate = TS 08 XX XXXX
| website = https://pocharammunicipality.telangana.gov.in
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Narapally''' is a village under [[Pocharam, Medchal-Malkajgiri district|Pocharam]] Municipality in [[Medchal–Malkajgiri|Medchal-Malkajgiri]] District in [[Telangana]], India. It falls under [[Ghatkesar|Ghatkesar mandal]].<ref name="hindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/05/stories/2008120555760800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209005712/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/05/stories/2008120555760800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 December 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Andhra Pradesh / Hyderabad News : Fear of big cat haunts residents of Peerzadiguda|date=2008-12-05|access-date=19 January 2014}}</ref> Narapally is an upcoming residential and commercial suburban area due to its close proximity to Singapore Township and Raheja Mindspace. It is on the National Highway 163.

==Residential and commercial area==
Due to its close proximity to the information technology hub of [[Raheja Mindspace]], [[Infosys]] SEZ, [[Singapore Township, Hyderabad|Singapore Township]], Venkatadri Township and to [[Ghatkesar]], Narapally is an upcoming residential and commercial area. Major residential projects are undergoing construction in and around Narapally.

==Location==
Narapally is very near to Ghatkesar and 8 kilometers from Uppal X Road and 1.5 Kilometres from Singapore township and Raheja Mindspace IT Park, Pocharam.

==Education==
Narapally is a major educational hub with several degree colleges, [[junior college]]s and schools.

It is home to [[Nalla Narasimha Reddy Education Society's Group of Institutions|Nalla Narasimha Reddy Engineering College]] and Siddhartha College of Engineering.

Other major schools in the area include Rotterdam International School, Nalla Malla Reddy Foundation School, and Tejasvi Vidyaranya.

==Transport==
Many buses ply into several colonies of Narapally. Narapally is well connected by the state-owned bus service, [[TSRTC]]. [[Telangana State Road Transport Corporation|TSRTC]] buses with Route Number 280 arrive every 10 minutes on NH163. It is well connected with the rest of the city, as it is on a connecting road between Uppal and [[Ghatkesar]].

==Bank==
Local banks include Allahabad Bank, Canara Bank, and State Bank of India, Korremula Branch.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Neighborhoods of Hyderabad|state=collapsed}}

{{coord missing|Telangana}}

[[Category:Villages in Ranga Reddy district]]

{{Rangareddi-geo-stub}}

Savarna (Hinduism)

2022-06-02T22:47:16Z

MarylinBrantley: basic rework formatting based on references and improved wording per sources

#Redirect[[Varna (Hinduism)]]

Dhod (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)

2022-05-12T11:55:54Z

MarylinBrantley: formatting fix

#REDIRECT [[Dhod Assembly constituency]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}