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Thagappansamy

2026-05-06T07:30:26Z

MaryjoM897:

{{More plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thagappansamy title card.jpg
| caption = Title card
| director = Shivashanmughan
| writer = Shivashanmughan
| producer = Tiruchi Gopalji
| starring = [[Prashanth]] [[Pa. Ranjith]] [[Pooja Umashankar|Pooja]]
| cinematography = J. Sridhar
| editing = [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| music = [[Srikanth Deva]]
| studio = Thirumalai Creations
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2006|12|28}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Thagappansamy''''' is a 2006 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] directed by Shivashanmughan and produced by Tiruchi Gopalji. The film stars [[Prashanth]], [[Pa. Ranjith]] and [[Pooja Umashankar|Pooja]], while [[Namitha]], [[Karunas]] and [[Vincent Asokan]] play supporting roles. Featuring music composed by [[Srikanth Deva]], the film had a delayed release, on 28 December 2006, on account of production problems.

== Plot ==
The film begins with Kathirvel, a do-gooder going all out to get water for his village. With monsoon repeatedly failing, his village reels under drought, and he runs from pillar to post to get a well dug in the village. He manages to bring Shanmugham, a water-divining expert, to dig a well. Shanmugham, his wife, and daughter Marikozhundhu ([[Pooja (actress)|Pooja]]) come to the village. Unfortunately, a freak mishap kills Shanmugham, and the villagers' search for water continues. To eke out their livelihood, all the villagers, led by Kadhirvel, decide to leave the village with a heavy heart to take up employment in a farmhouse in Rajasthan. Upon reaching the place, they come to know they have been taken as bonded labourers, and there is no way out but to work there tirelessly for the next three years. They undergo physical and mental torture from the greedy landlord Thakur Dass aided by his Marwadi sidekick [[Pa. Ranjith]]. A silver lining in the cloud is Swapna, Thakur's sister. She gets fascinated by Kadhirvel's heroics. The rest is how Kadhirvel fights for his men, helps them reach their village back without any danger and eventually marries Marikozhundhu.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Prashanth]] as Kathirvel
*[[Pooja Umashankar|Pooja]] as Marikozhundhu
*[[Namitha]] as Swapna
*[[Vincent Asokan]] as Thakur Dass
*[[Mahadevan (actor)|Mahadevan]] as Shanmugam
*[[Karunas]]
*[[Thambi Ramaiah]]
*[[Besant Ravi]]
*[[Bava Lakshmanan]]
*Rajendranath
*Boys Rajan
*[[Pa. Ranjith]] as Commentator (uncredited)
}}

== Production ==
[[Meera Jasmine]] had initially been signed by the production house to play the lead female role but backed out and [[Pooja Umashankar|Pooja]] was subsequently handed the role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2004 |title=Prashanth in 'Shock' |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/06/21/stories/2004062100650200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040624033857/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/06/21/stories/2004062100650200.htm |archive-date=24 June 2004 |access-date=21 June 2005 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Director [[Pa. Ranjith]] worked as an assistant director in this film and played a cameo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Neelima |date=4 November 2014 |title=Madras Story: The Pa Ranjith interview |url=https://silverscreen.in/features/interviews/the-madras-story-the-pa-ranjith-interview/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329171745/https://silverscreen.in/features/interviews/the-madras-story-the-pa-ranjith-interview/ |archive-date=29 March 2019 |access-date=1 March 2019 |website=Silverscreen India}}</ref> Prashanth worked for the film in 2005 simultaneously with several other projects, including ventures such as [[A. Venkatesh (director)|Venkatesh]]'s ''Petrol'' and [[Ramesh Selvan]]'s ''Runway'', both of which were subsequently shelved.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=S.R. Ashok |date=1 July 2005 |title=Actor's worldwide search for a lifemate ends at T.Nagar |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/01/stories/2005070112300200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050702233729/http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/01/stories/2005070112300200.htm |archive-date=2 July 2005 |access-date=13 January 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> By October 2005, it was reported that most of the film's shoot was over and that the team had shot scenes across Tiruchi, Karaikudi, Gingee, Thenkasi and Rajasthan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2005 |title=Prashanth Pooja pair |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/10/28/stories/2005102800431000.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051030054455/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/10/28/stories/2005102800431000.htm |archive-date=30 October 2005 |access-date=13 January 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> One of the songs was shot at [[Gingee Fort]] with 80 dancers, 10 elephants and 20 horses.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=8 August 2005 |title=Thagappan Samy |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Onlocation/2005/08thagappansamy.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051203153444/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Onlocation/2005/08thagappansamy.asp |archive-date=3 December 2005 |access-date=13 January 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> A website run by ''Indiaglitz.com'' was launched for the film in April 2006, coinciding with Prashanth's 33rd birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2006 |title=Happy B'day Prashanth |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/21603.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060407112536/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/21603.html |archive-date=7 April 2006 |website=IndiaGlitz |access-date=6 April 2014 }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Srikanth Deva]], with lyrics written by Shiva Shanmugam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2005 |title=Thgappan Saamy |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/thgappan-saamy/NPdv7Ui78Mo_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806120713/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/thgappan-saamy/NPdv7Ui78Mo_ |archive-date=6 August 2023 |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s)
|-
| "Paniyaram Suttu" || [[Udit Narayan]], [[Malathy Lakshman]]
|-
| "Aariyamala" || [[Balaram]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
| "Sangu Chakara" || [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|-
| "Kadhal Muniva" || Anupama, Sathyan
|-
| "Aathi Sivanae" || [[Karunas]], [[Chinna Ponnu]], Shiva Shanmugam
|-
| "Semparuthi" (Bit) || [[Mukesh Mohamed]]
|-
| "Aararo Aariraro" || [[Mukesh Mohamed]]
|-
| "Puttukku" (Bit) || Ganga
|-
| "Porantha Manula" (Bit) || [[Mukesh Mohamed]]
|-
| "Mazhai Peiythu" || Baby Vaishali
|-
| "Irukangudi (Bit)" || Chinna Ponnu
|}

== Critical reception ==
A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' noted that the film was "average" and claimed "the film starts on a promising note but the second half peters out into a mass masala. The decent first half has a good message and looks realistic but slowly down the lane the story loses track".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thagapansamy |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/thagapansamy-review-tamil-14360128.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003054158/http://www.sify.com/movies/thagapansamy-review-tamil-14360128.html |archive-date=3 October 2013 |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote "It's a good theme the director has chosen and is well-intentioned. But with the treatment being superficial, it's like we are seeing the same commercial elements, maybe in a slightly different angle."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=16 January 2007 |title=Thagappansamy |url=http://chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2007/001thagappansamy.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011075523/http://chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2007/001thagappansamy.asp |archive-date=11 October 2007 |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Shiva Shanmughan has shown that a strong story base combined with a smooth-flowing script is bound to touch the viewer. `Thagappansami' does".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=29 December 2006 |title=A pleasant surprise from Prashanth |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2006/12/29/stories/2006122902580300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070602103737/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2006/12/29/stories/2006122902580300.htm |archive-date=2 June 2007 |access-date=18 September 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Lajjavathi of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' felt the plot has been handled unnaturally which is a huge drawback of screenplay and also felt the director, who gave the dialogues naturally and elegantly, could have given a kudos if he had taken some new issue in hand.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=லஜ்ஜாவதி |date=14 January 2007 |title=தகப்பன் சாமி |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2007-01-14/page/n81/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240414113201/https://archive.org/details/kalki2007-01-14/page/n81/mode/2up |archive-date=14 April 2024 |access-date=14 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=80 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Karunas bought the distribution rights of the film. The film became a failure at the box-office.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 February 2007 |title=Karunas suffering lakhs of loss in new business |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/07022007-6.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217175956/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/07022007-6.shtml |archive-date=17 February 2007 |access-date=13 April 2025 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2006 action films]]
[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:2006 Indian films]]
[[Category:2006 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Srikanth Deva]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Menezes Braganza House

2026-05-03T20:56:30Z

MaryjoM897: made a post

{{Short description|Heritage house in Goa, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Menezes Braganza House
| image = Menezes Braganza House at Chandor, Goa Photo Peter Benaion.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt = 
| image_caption = Menezes Braganza House at Chandor, Goa
| coordinates = {{coord|15.26153|74.04346|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| architectural_style =
| address = [[Chandor]], Goa, India
| years_built =
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| construction_start_date =
| construction_stop_date =
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| opened_date =
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}}

The '''Menezes Braganza House''', also known as the '''Braganza Pereira House''', the '''Menezes Braganza Pereira House''', or simply as the '''Braganza House''', is a 17th-century Portuguese-style mansion in [[Chandor]], [[South Goa]]. It stretches along one side of the village square and is one of the largest colonial-period residences in Goa.<ref name="Fernandes">{{Cite web |last=Fernandes |first=Renata |date=2024-08-08 |title=Discovering the Elegance of Menezes Braganza Pereira House |url=https://itsgoa.com/discovering-the-elegance-of-menezes-braganza-pereira-house |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=ItsGoa |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="LonelyPlanet">{{Cite web |title=Braganza House – South Goa, Goa – Attractions |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/goa/chandor/attractions/braganza-house/a/poi-sig/1509109/1331042 |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=Lonely Planet}}</ref>

==History==
Family records indicate the land was granted in 1576 to Francisco Xavier e Braganza by King Dom Luís of Portugal. The original structure dates to the late 16th century, with significant extensions added in the 17th and 19th centuries. In the 19th century the house was divided between two sisters: the western wing became the Menezes Braganza property, and the eastern wing passed to the Pereira Braganza branch.<ref name="Ghadge">{{Cite web |last=Ghadge |first=Rajesh |date=2016-06-01 |title=The Colonial Houses of Goa – Braganza House, Chandor |url=https://www.incrediblegoa.org/cover-story/colonial-houses-goa-braganza-house-chandor/ |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=Incredible Goa |language=en}}</ref>

During Portuguese rule, the estate’s assets were managed as the Casa Sociedade de Braganza.<ref name="Fernandes"/>

==Architecture==
Constructed primarily of local [[laterite]], the mansion’s long whitewashed façade features 24 large sash windows and a central stuccoed balcony. The exterior was originally cream but later repainted white to align with the convention reserving ecclesiastical colours for places of worship.<ref name="Hiddleston">{{Cite magazine |first=Sarah |last=Hiddleston |date=2007-04-05 |title=House of Chandor |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/article30190762.ece |access-date=2024-09-17 |magazine=Frontline}}</ref>

An internal courtyard lies at the centre of the plan, surrounded by verandahs. The 16th-century block includes the western salon and two master bedrooms; later wings enclose a visitor’s salon, study, library, ballroom and dining room.<ref name="Hiddleston"/>

==Interiors and collections==
[[File:Relic of St Francis Xavier at the chapel at the Menezes Braganza House.jpg|thumb|Relic of St Francis Xavier at the chapel at the Menezes Braganza House]]
* Salon and flooring: Portuguese ceramic tiles in the visitor’s salon; Flemish oak in the library; Italian marble in the ballroom.<ref name="Hiddleston"/>
* Chandeliers: Crystal fixtures from Venice and Belgium.<ref name="Hiddleston"/>
* Porcelain and curios: Macao porcelain, a ceremonial coconut from the Seychelles and two large vases reputedly owned by St Francis Xavier.<ref name="Hiddleston"/>
* Windows: Some with Venetian stained glass; others inlaid with local oyster shell.<ref name="Hiddleston"/>

A private [[chapel]] in the eastern wing houses a [[fingernail]] [[relic]] of [[St Francis Xavier]].<ref name="TOISFX">{{Cite news |date=2024-11-24 |title=How Saint Francis Xavier lives on |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/how-saint-francis-xavier-lives-on/articleshow/115500937.cms |access-date=2025-01-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Library==
The house contains Goa’s largest private library, with over 5,000 leather-bound volumes in English, Latin, French and Portuguese, collected by journalist and activist [[Luís de Menezes Braganza]].<ref name="Colaco">{{Cite web |last=Colaco |first=Kimberly |date=2024-03-05 |title=Goa's private treasure trove of tomes has 5k books |url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/my-goa/art-culture/goas-private-treasure-trove-of-tomes-has-5k-books |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=Goa News on Gomantak Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Hiddleston"/>

Teak and rosewood cupboards, the wood of which was harvested from family lands, hold encyclopaedias, medical and legal treatises, histories and 18th- and 19th-century fiction.<ref name="Colaco"/>

==Cultural significance==
[[Luís de Menezes Braganza]] used the mansion as a centre for political discussion, publishing ''[[O Heraldo]]'' and later ''O Debate'' from its salons. His brother-in-law, [[Tristão de Bragança Cunha]], sheltered here during political unrest in 1946 and later founded the Goa Congress Committee.<ref name="Hiddleston"/>

After the [[liberation of Goa]] in 1961, the house was neglected until a descendant initiated restoration in 1983. In 2005 a trust was established to oversee conservation.<ref name="Hiddleston"/>

The house is the subject of the 1999 Portuguese-language documentary ''A Dama de Chandor'', directed by Catarina Mourão.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Festival Scope Pro |url=https://pro.festivalscope.com/film/the-lady-of-chandor |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=pro.festivalscope.com}}</ref>

==Notable members==
Notable members of the house are:
* [[T. B. Cunha]]
* [[Luís de Menezes Bragança]]
* [[Berta de Menezes Bragança]]
* [[Beatris de Menezes Bragança]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}
* [https://www.goa.gov.in/places/braganza-house/ Braganza House at the Goa Government website]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Houses in Goa]]
[[Category:Chandor]]

Torbung Bangla

2026-04-30T21:27:35Z

MaryjoM897: put up the pg first draft - done

{{Short description|Village in Manipur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Torbung Bangla
| native_name_lang = 
| other_name = Boljang
| nickname =
| image_skyline =
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| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.4163|93.7137|format=dms |display=inline,title|region:IN_type:city}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Churachandpur district|Churachandpur]], [[Bishnupur district|Bishnupur]]
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| demographics_type1 = Language(s)
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Meitei language|Meitei]] (Manipuri)
| demographics1_title2 =
| demographics1_info2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
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}}
'''Torbung Bangla''' (or '''Bangla''') is a village in the geographical precincts of [[Churachandpur district]] in [[Manipur]], India. It is populated mostly by [[Meitei people]] who regard themselves as being part of [[Bishnupur district]].<ref name="Kalyan Deb on Bangla"/>{{sfnp|Puia, When boundaries matter|2021|pp=105–106}}
The village was originally called '''Boljang''',{{efn|Kukis' preferred spelling is '''Bualjang'''.<ref>[https://ceomanipur.nic.in/polling_station_2019/AC59.pdf Notice of Publication of List of Polling Stations], Office of the Deputy Commissioner of Churachandpur District, 31 August 2018. Listed under 59/2, "Leisang (B)".</ref> It is also sometimes written as '''S. Bualjang''', presumably to distinguish it from other villages with the same name.}} with an educational [[sericulture]] farm established here. At present, the village is a site of contestation between the majority [[Kuki-Zo people]] of the Churachandpur district and the Meitei people that dominate the state of Manipur.<ref name="Hindu 3 Aug"/> During the [[2023–2024 Manipur violence]], the village was almost entirely burnt down by Kuki mobs.

== Geography ==
The (Torbung) Bangla village, originally called Boljang, is on the [[Tedim Road]] between [[Torbung]] and [[Churachandpur]], in the [[Khuga River]] valley (also called "Lamka plain"). To its south is the village of '''Kaprang''', a census village.<ref name="Churachandpur PCA">
{{citation |title=PCA TV: Primary census abstract at town, village and ward level, Manipur - District Churachandpur - 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Government of India |date=2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6465 |id=PC11_PCA-TV-1403}}
</ref>
Snuggled between the two is another small village called '''Waikhurok'''. Waikhurok and Bangla are populated by Meitei people, whereas Kaprang is populated by [[Kuki-Zo people]].{{efn|The 2011 census shows Kaprang's population being made up of 99 percent [[Scheduled Tribes]].<ref name="Churachandpur PCA"/>}}
More recently, a new Kuki-Zo settlement called '''Haolai Khopi''' has been founded around the year 2020, immediately to the south of the sericulture farm at the Boljang/Bangla village.<ref name="Haolai Khopi">
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ru2PIDPch5A INAUGURAL CEREMONY OF HAOLAI KHOPI - 2020 || Khosatpa: Kamsei Haolai], Ahsi Media, via YouTube, 11 December 2020.
</ref>

These villages are watered by streams diverted from the Loklai river as soon as it enters the plains, from near the Pengjang village.<ref>
[https://mdoner.gov.in/dashboard/allscheme_sep24.php?proj_schemename=schemes%20of%20nec Schemes of NEC Projects], Ministry of Development of Northeastern Region, retrieved 23 December 2024. See item 433.
</ref>

== History ==
The village is marked as "Boljang" in the [[Survey of India]] data, indicating its original name.<ref>See for example [https://bhuvan-app1.nrsc.gov.in/globe/3d.php Bhuvan 3D], Indian Geo-Platform of ISRO, retrieved 29 February 2024. The villages along the Tedim Road are, from north to south, "Phugakchau", "Kangvai", "Torbung", "Kotlian", "Boljang", "Kaprang" and "Leisang".</ref> It was listed as "Bolzang" among the list of villages in Churachandpur Subvidision in 1956, along with the village "Kapprang".<ref name="Gazette 1956">
{{citation |chapter=Notification No. IJ/2/56 |title=Manipur Gazette |date=16 August 1956 |page=3 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125722/page/n640 |via=archive.org}}
</ref>
These villages likely date back to the times before Indian independence. In 1959–1960, Boljang was noted to have a private lower primary school, one of 149 such schools in the tribal areas recognised by the [[Government of Manipur]].<ref>{{citation |title=Manipur Gazette |date=1 April 1959 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125716 |via=archive.org |page=7}}</ref> In 1964–1965, an experimental [[sericulture]] farm was established in the village by the Government of Manipur to popularise non-Mulberry silkworm rearing.<ref>{{citation |title=Manipur Annual Administration Report for 1964-65 |author=Akham Langol |publisher=Manipur Administration |year=1965 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125376 |via=archive.org |page=20}}</ref> In 1969, [[Tussar silk|oak tasar silk]] was introduced by the Central Tasar Research & Training Institute of [[Ranchi]].<ref>{{citation |title=Report on Development of North-eastern Region |publisher=National Committee on the Development of Backward Areas, Planning Commission, Government of India |year=1982 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_WlXAAAAMAAJ |page=54}}</ref> The sericulture farm still exists, and it is still mentioned as being in the Boljang village.<ref>[https://silks.csb.gov.in/churchandpur/seed-distribution-centres/ Churachandpur seed distribution centres], Sericulture Information Linkages And Knowledge System (SILKS), Central Silk Board, Ministry of Textiles, retrieved 29 February 2024.</ref>

From 2000 onwards, the village of Boljang began to be overtaken by the newer village of Torbung Bangla. (The actual name of the village is "Bangla". The prefix "Torbung" indicates that it has associated itself with the Torbung ''[[gram panchayat]]''.)<ref name="Gazette gram panchayat"/> In 2005, a resident of the village submitted testimony to the AFSPA review committee.<ref>
[https://andyreiter.com/wp-content/uploads/military-justice/in/Government%20Documents/India%20-%202005%20-%20Report%20of%20the%20Committee%20to%20Review%20AFSPA%20(Reddy%20Report).pdf Report of the Committee to Review the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958], Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, 2005, page 97.
</ref>
In 2009, a driver from the village was abducted by armed miscreants, and the villagers claimed that the abductors were security forces themselves.<ref>
2009 - most violent year in Manipur's recent history, The Assam Tribune, 2 January 2010. {{ProQuest|610220342}}
</ref>
In 2013, a bomb placed in a roadside [[culvert]] killed a security personnel of [[1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment)|Gorkha Rifles]] and injured two others. The security forces suspected the hand of the [[People's Liberation Army of Manipur]] (PLA), a Meitei insurgent group, whose members were believed to be taking shelter in the village.<ref>
[https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=2..270213.feb13 Bomb attack leaves one army man dead], The Sangai Express, via e-pao.net, 26 February 2013.
</ref><ref>
RPF says security forces targeting people, Imphal Free Press, 2 March 2013. {{ProQuest|1313862167}}
</ref><ref>
[https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/timeline/2013.htm India Timeline - Year 2013], South Asia Terrorism Portal, 2014.
</ref>
Another bomb blast occurred in January 2015 near the 27 Sector [[Assam Rifles]] camp. The bomb blast, for which PLA claimed credit, was said to have been part of the "bycott" against the celebration of India's [[Republic Day]].<ref>
RPF claims hand in series of bomb blasts, Imphal Free Press, 28 January 2015. {{ProQuest|1648403625}}
</ref>
In May 2016, another IED was discovered near a post of the [[Border Security Force]] (BSF), which was safely detonated by the bomb disposal squad.<ref>
Bomb safely disposed, Imphal Free Press, 28 May 2016. {{ProQuest|1792072484}}
</ref>

=== Hills–Valley divide ===
Scholar Rohlua Puia notes that the hills–valley distinction in Manipur is political rather than geographical.{{sfnp|Puia, When boundaries matter|2021|loc=p. 106: "[The previous case] underlies that the categories “hill” and “valley” are political in that they represent ways of governance, control and authority."}} The hill districts and the valley areas have different administrative systems. The Kuki-majority areas in particular have villages headed by chiefs, as per their traditional custom. The land of the village is owned by the chief and the residents pay only house tax. In contrast, the valley areas have private land-ownership and the owners pay land revenue. A village like Torbung Bangla, where the valley population resides in a hill district (Churachandpur) produces an anomaly. The villagers of Torbung Bangla, despite living in the geographical precincts of a hill district, desire to be treated as belonging to a valley district (Bishnupur). Their land revenue records are maintained in the valley district, while the remainder of administration lies in the hill district.{{sfnp|Puia, When boundaries matter|2021|p=106}}

However, at least since 2012, the Torbung Bangla and Waikhurok villages voted for the ''[[gram panchayat]]'' (village council) of Torbung.<ref name="Gazette gram panchayat">
{{citation |title=Manipur Gazette |date=4 October 2012 |url=https://manipurgovtpress.nic.in/media/gazzete/EOG_249_04-10-2012.pdf |page=12}}
</ref>
There may be an effort to enlarge the boundaries of the valley district to encompass such villages, noticed by the Registrar General of India and the [[National Commission for Scheduled Tribes]].<ref>
Vijaita Singh, [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/several-hill-villages-in-manipur-wrongly-included-in-valley-districts-st-panel/article67296353.ece Several hill villages in Manipur wrongly included in valley districts: ST panel], The Hindu, 11 September 2023. "A report by the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) has observed that several hill villages in Manipur were wrongly included in the valley districts during the Census 2011 exercise."
</ref>
These efforts caused resentment among the hill populations.<ref>
Vijaita Singh, [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/several-hill-villages-in-manipur-wrongly-included-in-valley-districts-st-panel/article67296353.ece Several hill villages in Manipur wrongly included in valley districts: ST panel], The Hindu, 11 September 2023. "[ATSUM] noted that about 144 hill villages had been placed under the jurisdiction of police stations in valley districts “in the name of convenient administration”, calling it a “systematic way of encroaching into hill areas”. The ATSUM had also added that several hill villages had their land records in the custody of adjacent valley districts."
</ref>

=== 2023–2025 Manipur violence ===
On 3 May 2023, serious [[2023–2024 Manipur violence|ethnic violence]] broke out between the Meitei and Kuki-Zo people, in which Torbung Bangla was a key location. On that day, a protest march was held in the Churachandpur town to protest the Meitei demand for a [[Scheduled Tribe]] status.{{efn|This was part of a state-wide protest in all the hill districts organised under the banner of All-Tribal Students Union of Manipur (ATSUM).}} Meitei groups organised a counter-agitation in the neighbouring areas of Bishnupur district against the protest march.<ref name="Supreme Court leave petition">
[https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2023/19206/19206_2023_1_7_45953_Judgement_07-Aug-2023.pdf Special Leave Petition (Civil) Diary No 19206 of 2023: Dinganglung Gangmei vs. Mutum Churamani Meetei & Others], The Supreme Court of India, August 2023.
"... large-scale violence broke out in the State of Manipur on 03.05.2023 ''after'' a Tribal Solidarity March undertaken by All Tribal Students Union Manipur (ATSUM) in opposition to the demand for inclusion of the Meitei community in the list of Scheduled Tribes. The call for this march led to a ''counter response'' by Meiteis. Thereafter large-scale violence broke out in the State of Manipur...".
</ref>
The [[Kangvai]] village (a Kuki village to the north of Torbung) appears to have been attacked and houses ransacked, causing the death of two people. At the same time a fire was started at the base of the Anglo-Kuki War Memorial Gate in the Leisang village (to the south of Bangla and Kaprang).<ref name="IE 26 July">
{{cite news |author=Deeptiman Tiwary |title=An arrest, crackdown and deep distrust: Manipur fire had been simmering for over a year |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=26 July 2023 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/arrest-crackdown-deep-distrust-manipur-simmering-for-over-a-year-8861234/ |id={{ProQuest|2841943429}} |quote=Things began to turn ugly around 2.15 pm that day after a tyre was seen burning along the plaque of the Kuki War memorial gate near Torbung, kilometers ahead of Churachandpur. Around the same time, police found two bodies in Kangvai village, a kilometre away from Torbung. Following this, massive crowds began building up on the Torbung-Kangwai stretch of the Imphal-Churachandpur highway.}}
</ref><ref name="Chongloi 27 May Torbung">
Lien Chongloi, [https://thewire.in/rights/manipur-violence-claims-counterclaims-meitei-kuki Dispelling Some Misleading Claims About the Violence in Manipur], The Wire, 27 May 2023. "On May 3, while a peaceful protest was underway at the Kuki-majority Churachandpur town, news had reached the hill areas that the Anglo-Kuki Centenary Gate at Leisang-Monglenphai was set on fire by unidentified Meitei miscreants. According to eyewitness accounts, many Meitei volunteers who were held up at Kakwa [Kwakta] areas started moving towards Torbung and Kangvai areas and began torching Kuki houses. The first victim of that mob attack was Haopu Kipgen from Torbung Village; he was bludgeoned to death. The first casualty with torching of houses, therefore, was a Kuki."
</ref>
The people that started the fire were described as "unknown miscreants travelling in a white Bolero [van]", who fled the scene after being discovered.<ref>
[https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/5/4/OSR-CorrespondentsIMPHAL-May-3-Thousands-of-people-took-out-the-Tribal-Solidarity-March-in-t.html Tribal Solidarity March takes ugly turn; houses, offices, vehicles burnt], The Sangai Express, 4 May 2023. Churachandpur section.
</ref><ref name="Suan chilling methods">
Kham Khan Suan Hausing, [https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/manipur-riots-chilling-methods-madness-8592834/ Manipur riots: The chilling methods in the madness], The Indian Express, 5 May 2023. {{ProQuest|2809434306}}. "The immediate spark for the violence was provided by the retaliatory destruction of the Anglo-Kuki War Memorial Gate in Leisang and razing of Vaiphei houses in Kangvai village by Meitei mobs following the beating up of a Meitei driver whose tripper truck hit a bike and ran over a stock of water bottles kept for use by peaceful tribal protestors in Lamka on the same day."</ref>
Kuki mobs from Churachandpur rushed to the border areas.<ref>
[https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/5/4/OSR-CorrespondentsIMPHAL-May-3-Thousands-of-people-took-out-the-Tribal-Solidarity-March-in-t.html Tribal Solidarity March takes ugly turn; houses, offices, vehicles burnt], The Sangai Express, 4 May 2023. "Later, a large number of people from Churachandpur side stormed towards Bangla and Torbung along Tiddim Road and destroyed several shops."
</ref>
As the Kuki fighters passed through Torbung Bangla around 3:30 pm, some with advanced weapons, a video of them got circulated on social media, which caused considerable alarm among the Meitei community.<ref>
Rajkumar Bobichand, [https://imphalreviews.in/the-violent-conflict-between-kuki-zomi-and-meitei-erupted-on-may-3-in-manipurs-churachandpur-district-was-not-spontaneous-and-without-early-warnings/ The Violent Conflict Between Kuki-Zomi And Meitei Erupted On May 3 in Manipur's Churachandpur District Was Not Spontaneous or Without Early Warnings], Imphal Review of Arts and Politics, 22 July 2023. "Video clips of Kuki mobs and Kuki militants wielding sophisticated guns at S Bualjang and Torbung [Bangla] were circulated through social media at about 3:32 pm."
</ref><ref>
[https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/video/manipur-protestors-seen-with-ak-47-weapons-amid-violence-hit-churachandpur-district-553012-2023-05-04?utm_source=itneweb_video_share Manipur: Protestors seen with AK-47 weapons amid violence-hit Churachandpur district], India Today NE, 4 May 2023. "The social media handles have been flooded with visuals of alleged civilians carrying sophisticated weapons such as AK-47s amid tribal groups' protest over a court order on Scheduled Tribe status at Churachandpur."
</ref>

The two sides clashed at the Torbung and Kangvai villages, injuring 30 people. Properties and vehicles are said to have been torched.<ref>
Yudhajit Shankar Das, [https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/manipur-violence-clashes-nrc-meitei-kuki-naga-imphal-valley-illegal-immigration-myanmar-reserve-forests-biren-singh-2368476-2023-05-04 Manipur violence: State is burning, but what is the decades-old fuel behind the fire], India Today, 8 May 2023. '"They only moved back only after Kukis from neighbouring villages and towns came to confront them. The initial violence was in Kangvai village. Police and commandos remained mute spectators and sided with them as they went about ransacking and destroying houses. Over 30 people have been injured," says [Kelvin Neihsial of All Manipur Tribal Union].'
</ref>
Apparently after the police dispersed the mobs from these villages, the Kuki mobs returned to Bangla and burnt down almost the entire village.<ref name="Kalyan Deb on Bangla">
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z5vOq3CApBI&t=696s Journalist Kalyan Deb on reporting from Manipur during protests, escaping gunshots and more | EP 10], Fabled Talks Podcast (via YouTube), 25 May 2023, 11:36 minutes in. "When I started uploading the videos, I started getting calls that the situation had escalated further in the border areas of Churachandpur and Bishnupur... at 6pm... After travelling for 45 minutes [from the Churaachandpur town], we see huge clouds of smokes... There was a lot of burning down, and a lot of people carrying sticks, rods etc. ... The name of the village was Bangla village. ''According to locals, it is a Meitei village''. The officials were nowhere to be seen. Substantially bigger village. The whole village was burnt down." (emphasis added)
</ref><ref>
Kalyan Deb, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qyQHQY3AvvU Ground Report: Homes, vehicles burnt down following clashes in Manipur's Churachandpur], EastMojo video report (via YouTube), 3 May 2023.
</ref>
The residents had fled the village when the mobs arrived. According to a resident, the mobsters had complained about a sign board marking the village as being part of the Bishnupur district.<ref>
[https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/9/24/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Sep-23-Churachandpur-district-the-epicentre-of-the-violent-conflict-between-M.html May 3, 2023 : How it all started at Torbung], The Sangai Express, 24 September 2023. 'At Torbung Bangla, the Kuki men and militants led by "a fat man" started destroying a signboard put up on the road. The Kuki militants shouted "''Kanagi Ayaba Louraga Bishnupur District Thabra''" (Under whose permission, Bishnupur district is written in the sign board).'
</ref>

Three months later in August, the [[Indigenous Tribal Leaders Forum]] (ITLF), an umbrella body of Kuki leaders, proposed to bury the bodies of 35 Kuki people killed in the violence{{efn|These were the bodies of the victims of violence accumulated in the Churachandpur District Hospital. Most of them were killed in or around the Churachandpur district. They do not include the victims of violence in the Imphal Valley.}} near the sericulture farm at "S. Boljang" village.<ref>
Prabin Kalita, [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/fresh-violence-brings-back-total-curfew-in-both-imphal-districts/articleshow/102408323.cms Fresh violence brings back total curfew in both Imphal districts], The Times of India, 4 August 2023. {{ProQuest|2845340300}}
</ref> (The original announcement mentioned Haolai Khopi.).<ref>
Vangamla salle K S, [https://www.eastmojo.com/manipur/2023/08/01/manipur-violence-tribal-forum-to-bury-those-killed-in-churachandpur/ Manipur violence: Tribal forum to bury those killed in Churachandpur], EastMojo, 1 August 2023.
</ref>
The proposal brought up strenuous objections from the Meitei community who got organised under the Torbung ''gram panchayat'', calling it a "violation of international law".<ref>
[https://ukhrultimes.com/manipur-mass-burial-at-torbung-bangla-in-bishnupur-opposed/ Manipur: Mass burial at Torbung Bangla in Bishnupur opposed], Ukhrul Times, 2 August 2023.
</ref>
The [[International Meitei Forum]] filed a petition in [[Manipur High Court]], which directed that ''status quo'' be maintained till the matter is decided. The Deputy Commissioner of the district said that the site was on land belonging to the Sericulture Department, while the Superintendent of Police noted that it was close to the boundary between Churachandpur and Bishnupur districts, which was a "buffer zone".<ref>
Abhinay Lakshman, [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/manipur-violence-hc-directs-status-quo-be-maintained-at-mass-burial-site/article67152793.ece Manipur HC directs status quo be maintained at mass burial site], The Hindu, 3 August 2023.
</ref>
After appeals from the Union home ministry and the Mizoram chief minister [[Zoramthanga]], ITLF postponed the burial ceremony,<ref>
[https://thewire.in/security/manipur-mass-burial-of-kuki-victims-postponed-after-mha-zoramthangas-intervention Manipur: Mass Burial of Kuki Victims Postponed After MHA Request, Zoramthanga's Intervention], The Wire, 3 August 2023.
</ref> and eventually accepted alternative sites. ITLF mentioned to ''[[The Hindu]]'' that the reason for its insistence on the original site was to assert that it was part of the Churachandpur district, and not Bishnupur district as some Meitei residents claimed.<ref name="Hindu 3 Aug">
Abhinay Lakshman, [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/manipur-violence-hc-directs-status-quo-be-maintained-at-mass-burial-site/article67152793.ece Manipur HC directs status quo be maintained at mass burial site], The Hindu, 3 August 2023.
</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of populated places in Churachandpur district]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |first=Roluah |last=Puia |chapter=When boundaries matter: land, laws and territorial conflict in Manipur, Northeast India |editor1=Kedilezo Kikhi |editor2=Dharma Rakshit Gautam |title=Comprehending Equity |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2021 |isbn=9781003182726 |pages=98– |doi=10.4324/9781003182726-8 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/49356615 |via=academia.edu |chapter-url-access=registration |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F7k6EAAAQBAJ |ref={{sfnref|Puia, When boundaries matter|2021}}|url-access=subscription }}

[[Category:Villages in Bishnupur district]]
[[Category:Villages in Churachandpur district]]
[[Category:2023–2026 Manipur conflict]]

Thithikkudhe

2026-04-30T10:38:56Z

MaryjoM897: put up new entry nd citations

{{short description|2003 film by Brinda Sarathy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thithikkudhe.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Brinda Sarathy]]
| screenplay = Brinda Sarathy
| story = [[M. S. Raju]]
| based_on = ''[[Manasantha Nuvve]]'' (Telugu)
| starring = [[Jiiva]] [[Sridevi Vijaykumar]]
| producer = [[R. B. Choudary]]
| music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| editing = V. Jaishankar
| cinematography = [[Arthur A. Wilson]]
| studio = [[Super Good Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2003|08|01|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Thithikkudhe''''' ({{translation|Oh the sweetness!}}) is a 2003 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romance film]] directed by [[Brinda Sarathy]]. It stars [[Jiiva]] and [[Sridevi Vijaykumar]] in the lead roles, while [[Shrutika Arjun|Shrutika]], [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Devan (actor)|Devan]] and [[Madhan Bob]] play supporting roles. The film's score and music were composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]. It is the Tamil remake of the Telugu ''[[Manasantha Nuvve]]'' (2001).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-12-07 |title=Not just a star son |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/not-just-a-star-son/article28359763.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230923112547/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/not-just-a-star-son/article28359763.ece |archive-date=23 September 2023 |access-date=2019-06-22 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> It tells the story of two childhood friends and how they reunite some time later. The film was released on 1 August 2003.

== Plot ==
Chinnu and Anuradha (Anu) are childhood friends who live in a village. They always enjoy singing, dancing, playing and having fun together. Anu's father, who is a rich government official, gets transferred and relocates to another place with his family, which makes Anu lose contact with Chinnu. Before Anu leaves the village, she gifts a nice and beautiful musical watch to Chinnu as a token of her remembrance. Chinnu's mother passes away suddenly, and he is left alone. Chinnu is adopted by Chandramohan's family and gets renamed as Venu.

Venu is very attached to his adopted parents and looks after Chandramohan's music shop. Venu is in love with his childhood friend Anu, despite losing her contact with the hope of meeting her someday. Meanwhile, Anu too is in love with Chinnu with the same hope. Venu still preserves the musical watch gifted by Anu. Using her pen name, Renu, Anu writes a story about her life (called ''Thithikkudhe'') in a weekly ''Ananda Vikadan'' magazine with the hope that Chinnu might read it and come to her.

Sruthi, a press reporter and the daughter of a magazine editor Sivaraman, is Venu's friend and she secretly too falls in love with him after realising his good nature. One day, Venu's sister's engagement was cancelled due to a misunderstanding, so Venu and Chandramohan go for a drink. Venu asks Sruthi to help them to get home. Sruthi sees them but drops Venu at home only. As Venu is drunk, he unknowingly gifts the musical watch to Sruthi, thanking her.

The next day, Anu comes to a store and gets surprised upon seeing the watch with Sruthi. Anu feels happy that her hope of finding Chinnu is going to come true. Sruthi says that the watch was gifted by her lover Venu, which shocks Anu. Now, Anu learns that Chinnu is none other than Venu, but she feels bad that he has forgotten her and has decided to love Sruthi.

Venu realizes that he has missed the watch as he does not remember giving it to Sruthi. When he realises this, he meets Sruthi and apologizes, asking her to return the watch as it is preserved by him as a memory of his childhood friend Anu. Sruthi is worried upon knowing that Venu is indeed in love with Anu. During their next meet, Sruthi informs this to Anu, and Anu is excited upon now knowing that Venu is also sharing the same feeling as her. She found Venu at a TV stage show where she saw him singing their friendship song, 'Mainave Mainave'. However, Anu doesn't disclose her true identity to him. She instead tries to befriend Venu as Renu and love him slowly.

Venu's sister is a very big fan of Renu's story that comes in the magazine. Venu gets introduced to Renu with the help of Sruthi as a writer. Knowing this, Venu requests Renu to visit his home and meet his sister so that she will feel excited. Renu agrees and comes to Venu's home. There, she meets Venu's adopted family and gets close with them.

Meanwhile, Anu's father wants her to marry a minister's son, Sridhar. Anu informs about her love for Chinnu to her father, for which he pretends accepting. One day, Venu reads Renu's ''Thithikkudhe'' story that has published in the ''Ananda Vikadan'' magazine and understands that Renu is, in fact, his childhood friend Anu who was playing with him as Renu all along. As Anu is away for a function, he waits for her return to propose his love towards her.

However, Anu's father meets Venu before that and asks him to go away from his daughter or else he will cause trouble during his sister's wedding. Venu fears that his sister's life should not be spoiled because of him. Therefore, he decides to sacrifice his love for his sister. When Anu arrives back, Venu hides his love by telling her that he is in love with another girl Renu, and there is no point in waiting for his childhood friend Anu. Anu, who was playing with Venu as Renu, is shocked to hear this.

On the day of Venu's sister's wedding as well as Anu's wedding with the minister's son, Shruti records the real reason and tells Anu. She now knows that Venu knows that Renu is Anu before meeting her and obeyed her father to go away from her for the well-being of his sister, thereby understands that Venu's love for her was true. She now rushes to meet Venu. A few goons sent by her father and the minister also follow Anu, which results in a fight between Venu and the goons. Venu gets stabbed by a rowdy and is admitted to the hospital with severe injuries. Anu takes the idol of their favourite lord, “Hanuman”, to the hospital and prays for Venu's recovery. The musical watch falls from Venu's shirt pocket. Venu hears the watch's music. Then, he wakes up and sees Anu, whom he loved in his childhood days. Venu's adopted family and friends and Anu's family accept their love. They both reunite in the end.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Jiiva]] as Chinnu / Venu
* [[Sridevi Vijaykumar]] as Anuradha (Anu) / Renu
* [[Shrutika Arjun|Shrutika]] as Sruthi, a press reporter and Venu's friend who secretly loves him
* [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as "Punch" Bala, Venu's best friend
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Chandramohan, Venu's adopted father
* [[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as Anu's father
* [[Madhan Bob]] as Sivaraman, a magazine editor and Sruthi's father
* [[Sethu Vinayagam]] as the father of Rekha's potential groom
* Thadi Balaji as Maasilamani, a press reporter
* [[Visu]] as guest
* [[Fathima Babu]] as Sangeetha, Venu's adopted mother
* Kousalya Senthamarai as Bhanumathi, Chandramohan's mother
* Varshini as Rekha, Venu's younger sister
* Chitra Rangavasan as Anu's mother
* [[Viraj (actor)|Viraj]] as Young Chinnu
* Baby Sruthi as young Anu
* [[Nellai Siva]]
* [[Cell Murugan]] as Film director
* [[K. S. Jayalakshmi]] as Film financier
* Baby Priyanka as Young Rekha
* [[Siva Narayana Murthy]] (uncredited)
}}

== Production ==
Before the release of his debut film ''[[Aasai Aasaiyai]]'' (2003), Choudary planned [[Jiiva]]'s second film as actor as he wanted his son to gain more experience acting in home productions before he does films for outside production companies. Choudary decided to remake the Telugu film ''[[Manasantha Nuvve]]'' (2001) in Tamil after he was impressed with the film while he was on a trip to Tirupathi and bought the remake rights.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=11 March 2007 |title=என் சோதனை காலம்! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2007-03-11/page/n13/mode/2up |access-date=18 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=12–13 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The film marked the directorial debut of Brinda Sarathy who earlier worked as dialogue writer for ''[[Aanandham]]'' (2001) and assisted [[N. Lingusamy]] thus becoming the 26th director to be introduced by Super Good films.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=22 June 2003 |title=விஜய் வாங்கிய தடை! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-06-22/page/82/mode/2up |access-date=9 February 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=82–83 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><ref name="kalki">{{Cite magazine |date=18 March 2007 |title=தளர்ந்து போன தன்னம்பிக்கை! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki2007-03-18/kalki2007-03-18.pdf |access-date=18 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=46–48 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] was initially approached to feature in the film, but the role was later handed to [[Sridevi Vijaykumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |date=2013-09-13 |title=Decoding Jiiva's magic carpet ride |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130913/entertainment-kollywood/article/decoding-jiiva%E2%80%99s-magic-carpet-ride |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916200322/http://deccanchronicle.com/130913/entertainment-kollywood/article/decoding-jiiva%E2%80%99s-magic-carpet-ride |archive-date=16 September 2013 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=14 September 2013 }}</ref> The filming was held at places like Tenkasi and Chennai while a song ("Mainave Mainave") was shot at Switzerland.<ref name="kalki" />

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]], and lyrics written by [[Vairamuthu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thithikkuthdhe (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/thithikkuthdhe-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1400433056 |access-date=5 February 2024 |website=Apple Music |archive-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205132652/https://music.apple.com/in/album/thithikkuthdhe-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1400433056 |url-status=live }}</ref> "Mainave Mainave" was a reused version of the composer's own Malayalam song "Kannadi Koodum" from ''[[Pranayavarnangal]]''. The song "Silendra Theepori Ondru" was reused in the Telugu movie ''[[Love Today (2004 film)|Love Today]]'' as "Cheppave".

{|class="wikitable" width="70%"
! Song title !! Singers
|-
| "Silendra Theepori Ondru" || [[Sujatha Mohan]]
|-
| "Mainave Mainave-1" || [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
|-
| "Mainave Mainave-2" || [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
| "Iraq Yuthham" || [[Udit Narayan]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
|-
| "Oru Nimidamaa" || [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], Srivarthini
|-
| "Thaayarum Ariyaamal" || [[P. Unnikrishnan]]
|-
|}

== Release and reception ==
''The Hindu'' wrote "The title has an aesthetic touch and hence kindles your interest. Super Good Films' "Thithikudhae" is a decent, youthful flick from the house of R. B. Choudhary".<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 July 2003 |title=Thithikudhae |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/thithikudhae/article28573731.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031205185309/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/01/stories/2003080101630200.htm |archive-date=5 December 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=24 May 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Chennai Online'' wrote "Like the recent films from the 'Supergood' banner, this too is a soft, romantic feel-good entertainer. Only, in the gap between its Telugu original ('Manasantha Nuvve') and its Tamil remake, quite a few Tamil films have been released with this knot. So, one cannot but have a sense of deja vu throughout !".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |title=Thithikudhey |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov287.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050406033659/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov287.asp |archive-date=6 April 2005 |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> Visual Dasan of ''Kalki'' praised the film for portraying the love of film's leads realistically and also praised the performances of lead pair and Vivek's humour.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=தாசன் |first=விஷுவல் |date=10 August 2003 |title=தித்திக்குதே |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-08-10/page/12/mode/2up |access-date=5 February 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=12 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> ''Cinesouth'' wrote "The only good thins about the film are the scenes on Jeeva's and Sridevi's childhood, the excitement when they meet, songs and Sridevi's good looks. Everything else is…not so sweet".<ref>{{cite web |title=Thitikudhe |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/titikude.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819102559/http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/titikude.shtml |archive-date=19 August 2003 |access-date=6 November 2024 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote "Jeeva has to show more maturity and he looks uncomfortable in romantic scenes. This young man has to improve on his emotions and dialogue delivery to become a full-fledged hero. Sridevi as Anu is appealing. [..] Sruthika is good in her short role and so is Nassar. [..] The music of Vidyasagar and Arthur Wilson’s camera are commendable."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?ctid=5&cid=2429&id=13214503|website=Sify|access-date=30 November 2025|title=Thithikkudhe|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030830223023/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?ctid=5&cid=2429&id=13214503|archive-date=30 August 2003}}</ref> According to Jiiva, despite film receiving positive reviews, it did only average at the box-office.<ref name="kalki" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2003 Indian films]]
[[Category:2003 romance films]]
[[Category:2003 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2003 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Super Good Films films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance films]]

Brijesh Kumar Rawat

2026-04-29T19:56:18Z

MaryjoM897: Made bio

{{Short description|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Brijesh Kumar Rawat
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1966|07|1}}
| birth_place = [[Unnao]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| constituency = [[Mohan Assembly constituency|Mohan]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = March 2017
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| father = Lala Ram
| children = 3
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = [[Politician]]
| spouse = Nekrani Devi
}}

'''Brijesh Kumar Rawat''' (born 1 July 1966) also known as '''Brijesh Kumar''', is an Indian [[politician]], [[teacher]], and a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from the [[Mohan Assembly constituency]] of [[Unnao district]].<ref name="upla">{{Cite web |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18164/18 |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] |website=uplegisassembly.gov.in |access-date=16 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/brijesh-kumar-rawat/ |title=Brijesh Kumar Rawat, BJP MLA from Mohan |access-date=16 June 2024 |website=ourneta.com}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/brijesh-kumar |title=Brijesh Kumar Rawat |access-date=16 June 2024 |website=prsindia.org |publisher=[[PRS Legislative Research]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/others/brother-and-his-family-of-bjp-mla-brijesh-rawat-accused-him-of-grabbing-land-in-unnao/articleshow/79756414.cms |title=बीजेपी विधायक से परेशान भाई, भाभी पहुंची जिलाधिकारी कार्यालय, लगाई न्याय की गुहार |date=16 December 2020 |author=Lipi |access-date=16 June 2024 |publisher=[[Navbharat Times]]}}</ref>

==Early life==
Brijesh Kumar Rawat was born on 1 July 1966 in [[Unnao]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], to a [[Hindu]] family of Munna Lala Ram.<ref name="upla"/> He married Nekrani Devi on 20 May 1975, and they had three children.<ref name="upla"/>

== Posts held ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!From
!To
!Position
!Comments
|-
|01
|2022
|Incumbent
|Member, [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
|
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rawat, Brijesh Kumar}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian political people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Unnao]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Department of Urban Development (Uttar Pradesh)

2026-04-29T00:55:28Z

MaryjoM897: Made a info

{{Short description|Department of Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}{{Infobox government agency
|agency_name = Department of Urban Development
|seal = Seal of Uttar Pradesh.svg
|jurisdiction = [[Uttar Pradesh|State of Uttar Pradesh]]
|headquarters = Department of Urban Development, Lal Bahadur Shastri Bhawan (Annexy Building), Sarojini Naidu Marg, [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|coordinates = {{Coordinates|26.8404943|80.94444599999997|type:landmark_region:IN-UP|display=it}}
| budget = ₹13,189 crore (US$2.06 billion) (2017-18 est.)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/State%20Budget%202017-18/Uttar%20Pradesh%20Budget%20Analysis%202017-18.pdf|title=Uttar Pradesh Budget Analysis 2017-18|last=Gayam|first=Aravind|date=12 July 2017|website=[[PRS Legislative Research]]|page=4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809010809/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/State%20Budget%202017-18/Uttar%20Pradesh%20Budget%20Analysis%202017-18.pdf|archive-date=9 August 2017|url-status=dead|access-date=12 September 2017}}</ref>
|minister1_name = [[A. K. Sharma|Arvind Kumar Sharma]]
|minister1_pfo = Cabinet Minister for Urban Development
|minister2_name =
|minister2_pfo =
|chief1_name = Manoj Kumar Singh, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
|chief1_position = [[Principal Secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]] (Urban Development)
|website = {{url|http://urbandevelopment.up.nic.in|Official Website}}
|logo=|employees=|chief2_name=|chief2_position=|chief3_name=|chief3_position=|chief4_name=|chief4_position=|chief5_name=|chief5_position=|chief6_name=|chief6_position=|chief7_name=|chief7_position=|chief8_name=|chief8_position=|chief9_name=|chief9_position=|parent_department=|formed=|child1_agency=Directorate of Local Bodies|child2_agency=Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam|child3_agency=State Urban Development Agency|type=Department|native_name_r=Nagara Vikāsa Vibhāga|preceding1=|preceding2=|deputyminister1_name=[[Rakesh Rathore Guru]]|deputyminister1_pfo=[[Minister of State]] for Urban Development}}

The '''Department of Urban Development''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: ''Nagara Vikāsa Vibhāga''), often abbreviated as '''DoUD''', is a department of [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] responsible for formulation and administration of the rules and regulations and laws relating to the local bodies (town areas, municipal councils and municipal corporations) and urban development in [[Uttar Pradesh]].

Retired IAS [[A. K. Sharma|Arvind Kumar Sharma]] serves as the departmental cabinet minister, and the [[Principal Secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]] (Urban Development), an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]], is the administrative head of the department.

== Functions ==
The department is responsible for making and implementing laws and policies relating to Urban Development.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://urbandevelopment.up.nic.in/parichay.htm |script-title=hi:नगर विकास विभाग: एक परिचय|last=|first=|date=|website=Department of Urban Development, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|language=Hindi|trans-title=Urban Development Department - An introduction|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=22 January 2018}}</ref> The Department of Urban Development, through the Directorate of Local Bodies, is also responsible for proper functioning of local bodies, especially the [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporations]], by providing financial assistance and other type of grants to local bodies.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://localbodies.up.nic.in/about.html |script-title=hi:स्थापना|last=|first=|date=|website=Directorate of Local Bodies, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|language=Hindi|trans-title=Establishment|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=22 January 2018}}</ref> In addition the department is also responsible for providing cities with proper sanitation, infrastructure and other civic amenities.<ref name=":0" />

==Statutory, Autonomous and Attached bodies==
* Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam
* State Urban Development Agency (SUDA)
* Uttar Pradesh State Ganga River Conservation Authority
* Uttar Pradesh Urban Transport Directorate
* Directorate of Local Bodies
*[[List of urban local bodies in Uttar Pradesh|Local bodies]]-
*1. 17 [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporations]]
*2. 200 Municipal Councils
*3. 537 Town Areas

== Important officials ==
[[Ashutosh Tandon]], is the Cabinet Minister responsible for Department of Urban Development while [[Girish Yadav|Girish Kumar Yadav]] is Minister of State in Department of Urban Development.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/yogi-adityanath-allocates-portfolios-to-ministers-retains-home-department-with-himself/articleshow/57774080.cms|title=Yogi Adityanath allocates portfolios to ministers, retains home department with himself|last=|first=|date=22 March 2017|website=[[The Times of India]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323035715/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/yogi-adityanath-allocates-portfolios-to-ministers-retains-home-department-with-himself/articleshow/57774080.cms |archive-date=23 March 2017 |url-status=live|access-date=22 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/live-updates-on-uttar-pradesh-govt-portfolios-keshav-prasad-maurya-gets-pwd/story-JafGBgr7Oe7VXxcBsnAOdM.html|title=CM Yogi Adityanath keeps home, revenue: UP portfolio allocation highlights|last=|first=|date=22 March 2017|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|publication-place=[[Lucknow]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322180752/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/live-updates-on-uttar-pradesh-govt-portfolios-keshav-prasad-maurya-gets-pwd/story-JafGBgr7Oe7VXxcBsnAOdM.html |archive-date=22 March 2017 |url-status=live|access-date=22 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://upcmo.up.nic.in/cabinet_minister.htm|title=Cabinet Ministers|website=[[Uttar Pradesh]] CMO|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Government]]|access-date=10 April 2017|archive-date=1 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101095425/http://upcmo.up.nic.in/cabinet_minister.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The department's administration is headed by the [[Principal Secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]], who is an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]], who is assisted by six Special Secretaries, two Joint Secretaries, and seven Deputy/Under Secretaries. The current{{when|date=August 2019}} [[Principal Secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]] (UD) is Manoj Kumar Singh.

===Secretariat level===
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Important officials'''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://urbandevelopment.up.nic.in/contact.htm |script-title=hi:नगर विकास विभाग, उत्तर प्रदेश शासन|last=|first=|date=|website=Department of Urban Development, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|language=Hindi|trans-title=Department of Urban Development, Government of Uttar Pradesh|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=22 January 2018}}</ref>
!'''Name'''
!'''Designation'''
|-
|'''Manoj Kumar Singh'''
|[[Principal Secretary (India)|'''Principal Secretary''']]
|-
|'''Dr. Anil Kumar Singh'''
|'''Special Secretary'''
|-
|'''Hari Pratap Shahi'''
|'''Special Secretary'''
|-
|'''Ram Niwas'''
|'''Special Secretary'''
|-
|'''Umesh Pratap Singh'''
|'''Special Secretary'''
|-
|'''Shailendra Kumar Singh'''
|'''Special Secretary'''
|-
|'''Anil Kumar Bishnoi'''
|'''Special Secretary'''
|}

=== Head of Department Level ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Heads of Department<ref name=":1" />'''
!'''Name'''
!'''Position'''
|-
|'''Dr Anil Kumar Singh'''
|'''Director, Local Bodies'''
|-
|'''Anil Kumar bajpaeyi'''
|'''Managing Director, Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam'''
|-
|'''Umesh pratap singh'''
|'''Director, State Urban Development Agency'''
|-
|'''vacant'''
|'''Director, Uttar Pradesh State Ganga River Conservation Authority'''
|-
|'''vacant'''
|'''Director, Uttar Pradesh Urban Transport Directorate'''
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Government departments of Uttar Pradesh|Urban Development]]
[[Category:Subnational urban development ministries|Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Urban planning in India]]

Welcome (film series)

2026-04-22T13:31:45Z

MaryjoM897: put up initial data added tags - done

{{Short description|Indian comedy film series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Welcome
| director = {{ubl
| [[Anees Bazmee]] (''Welcome'', ''Welcome Back''
| [[Ahmed Khan (choreographer)|Ahmed Khan]] (''Welcome to the Jungle'')
}}
| producer = Firoz Nadiadwala
| writer =
| screenplay = {{ubl
| Anees Bazmee
| Rajiv Kaul
| Praful Parekh
| Rajan Aggarwal
| (''Welcome Back'')
}}
| story = {{ubl | Anees Bazmee | Rajiv Kaul}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Akshay Kumar]]|[[Suniel Shetty]]|[[John Abraham]]|[[Anil Kapoor]]|[[Paresh Rawal]]|[[Nana Patekar]]}}
| music = {{ubl
| [[Anand Raaj Anand]] , [[Himesh Reshammiya]] (''Welcome'')
| [[Aadesh Shrivastava]] (''Welcome Back'')
}}
| cinematography = {{ubl
| Sanjay Gupta (''Welcome'')
| Kabir Lal (''Welcome Back'')
}}
| editing = {{ubl
| Ashfaque Makrani (''Welcome'')
| Stevan Bernard (''Welcome Back'')
}}
| studio = {{ubl
| [[Jio Studios]]
| Base Industries Group (''[[Welcome to the Jungle]]'')
}}
| distributor = {{ubl
| [[UTV Motion Pictures]] (''Welcome'')
| [[Eros International]] (''Welcome Back'')
}}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2007|12|21|''[[Welcome (2007 film)|1]]''|2015|09|04|''[[Welcome Back (film)|2]]''|2026|06|26|''[[Welcome to the Jungle (film)|3]]''}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = {{ubl | {{INRConvert|285|c}} | (Two films)}}
}}

'''''Welcome''''' is an Indian [[comedy film]] series, produced by Firoz Nadiadwala and directed by [[Anees Bazmee]]. The first film ''[[Welcome (2007 film)|Welcome]]''<ref name=welcome1>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/dec/21welcome.htm|work=[[Rediff.com]]|author=Sukanya Verma|date=21 December 2007|accessdate=30 August 2012|title=Welcome packs in a lot of masala}}</ref> was released on 21 December 2007 and the second film, ''[[Welcome Back (film)|Welcome Back]]'',<ref name="toi">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Welcome-Back-has-twice-the-extravagance-and-laughter-of-its-earlier-part/articleshow/48759449.cms|title='Welcome Back' has twice the extravagance and laughter of its earlier part|work=The Times of India|accessdate=7 September 2015}}</ref> was released on 4 September 2015. A third part, titled ''[[Welcome to the Jungle (film)|Welcome to the Jungle]]'' is in production and is scheduled to be released on 26 June 2026.<ref name="WttJ release">{{Cite news |title=Akshay Kumar's Welcome To The Jungle To Release On June 26 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/akshay-kumars-welcome-to-the-jungle-to-release-on-june-26-10893550 |date=27 January 2026 |access-date=1 February 2026 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

==Overview==

===''Welcome'' (2007)===
{{main| Welcome (2007 film)}}

Uday, a criminal don, decides to find a husband for his kind-hearted sister Sanjana, but he is unsuccessful since no one wants to be associated with a crime family. Dr. Ghunghroo has also been trying to get his nephew, Rajiv, married but due to his condition—the alliance must be with a purely decent family—he is also unsuccessful.

When Rajiv jumps into a burning building to save Sanjana, he is smitten by her. Uday and Majnu, Uday's brother gangster hatch a plan for an alliance with Dr. Ghunghroo. The plan works and Dr. Ghunghroo confirms the alliance, thinking that Uday is a very decent man. But when he is later told that Uday and Majnu are mobsters, he quickly takes his family and flees to Sun City, South Africa to escape. However, Majnu and Sanjana have come to Sun City as well. Rajiv meets Sanjana again and the two fall in love.

Dr. Ghunghroo reconciles with Uday and Majnu and finally agrees to the alliance. Uday and Majnu invite a powerful don of the underworld, RDX to the engagement. At the party, a girl named Ishika arrives, claiming to be Rajiv's childhood betrothed. Ishika is actually the sister-in-law of Dr.Ghunghroo whom Dr. Ghunghroo asked to come and try to break off the engagement. Ishika manages to do so, leaving Rajiv and Sanjana heartbroken. Dr. Ghunghroo reveals that he did this for Rajiv's mother, who had married into a crime family and was harassed and tortured, thus telling Dr. Ghunghroo to raise Rajiv away from crime when he was born. Dr. Ghunghroo decides he will agree to the marriage only if Uday and Majnu give up their life of crime. Rajiv and Sanjana do this by reawakening Uday's love for acting and encouraging Majnu to pursue his love for painting. With these things keeping them busy, Uday and Majnu have no time for crime any more.

Rajiv's actions anger RDX's son, Lucky, who attempts to shoot Rajiv. Sanjana gets hold of the gun and fires a shot that hits Lucky, causing him to go unconscious. RDX is informed of his son's death and comes to attend the cremation. However Lucky, who is still alive, escapes, trying to show his father that he's actually alive. RDX sets the pile of wood on fire, believing he is cremating his son's body. However Lucky, who had been hiding under the wood, jumps out upon realising the wood is on fire, and the truth is revealed to RDX. Rajiv, Ghunghroo, his wife, Ishika, Uday, Majnu and Sanjana are captured by RDX and brought to a cabin set next to a cliff. The frightened group is forced to play ''Passing the Parcel'' (Hot Potato) with a globe—but the one who ends up with the globe must jump off the cliff. When Rajiv refuses to pass the globe to Sanjana, Lucky angrily yanks it out of his hands, just as the music stops. Now that his son has the globe, RDX figures the only way he can maintain his image is by killing everyone. Before he can, several government brokers sneak up and cut the footings of the cabin, causing the house to start falling over the cliff, with everyone trapped inside. However, the cabin is suspended by only one column. Hilarious chaos ensues as the group tries to balance the cabin together and keep it from falling off the cliff. Rajiv finds a rope and the group uses it to get back onto stable ground. But to everyone's shock, the floor breaks and Lucky is found hanging on the edge of the cabin. While Rajiv is trying to rescue him, Sanjana reveals the truth to everyone that she was the one who shot Lucky, but Rajiv blamed himself so that Sanjana wouldn't get in trouble. After Rajiv rescues Lucky, the cabin he is standing on falls off into the cliff. Sanjana keeps crying for him thinking he is dead. However, Rajiv survives the event and is reunited with Sanjana and his family. Lucky and RDX are grateful to Rajiv for saving their lives and RDX gives up his life of crime, allowing Rajiv and Sanjana to finally get married.

===''Welcome Back'' (2015)===
{{Main|Welcome Back (film)}}
Uday Shetty and Majnu Bhai end a life of crime and become honest businessmen, settling in [[Dubai]]. Two conwomen from India, Poonam and Babita (Ankita Shrivastava), present themselves as Maharani Padmavati and Rajkumari Chandini of [[Najafgarh]] to con Uday and Majnu of their money. Babita causes the two men to fall in love with her, thus getting them to finance herself and Poonam's luxurious lifestyle. Later, it is revealed that Uday has another sister Ranjana from his father's third marriage and Majnu and Uday are emotionally blackmailed by Uday's father into arranging the marriage of Ranjana and are also forced to do so as Poonam makes that one of her conditions for getting Babita married to either one of them.

The movie then shifts to Dr. Ghunguroo, who has found out that he has a step son from his wife's previous marriage, Ajju a.k.a. Ajay. Ajju is a local goon of [[Mumbai]], where Ranjana studies. Through a chain of hilarious events, they both fall in love with each other. Meanwhile, Majnu and Uday arrange the marriage of Ranjana with the step-son of Doctor Ghunguroo, not knowing that he is a goon. However, at the engagement ceremony, Majnu reveals the truth of Ajju, to which Ajju resists with a fight, threatening to marry Ranjana without any of the brothers' consent.

In order to keep Ajju at bay, Uday and Majnu visit Wanted Bhai, who is an infamous blind don. The brothers are shocked to find that Wanted's son Honey likes Ranjana and would like to marry her. They decide to arrange the marriage of Ranjana to some other decent man, in order to sidestep Ajju as well as Wanted's son. However, due to Ajju and Dr. Ghunguroo, who are in league with Babita and Poonam, they are caught by Wanted Bhai, who summons them to his island.

There, Ajju and Dr. Ghunguroo try to convince Honey that he no longer loves Ranjana and that Babita is his true love. Meanwhile, Uday and Majnu try to kill Ajju, but are frightened at the graveyard in a ghost act planned by Dr. Ghunguroo, Ajju and Ranjana. Unbeknownst to all of them, their activities have been recorded by closed-circuit television, causing Wanted Bhai and Honey to plan to finish them off. However, in a hilarious climax scene, Honey is kidnapped by all of them and they escape towards the desert where they are chased by Wanted Bhai. In the midst of saving himself, Dr. Ghunguroo pushes Wanted Bhai, causing him to faint. Meanwhile, a group of camels heavily march there. Ajju is successful in saving Wanted Bhai from the stampede of camels, and restoring his sight. Wanted Bhai himself, as a form of gratitude, arranges the marriage of Ajju with Ranjana, calling Ajju his 'second son'.

=== ''Welcome to the Jungle'' (2026)===
''Welcome to the Jungle'' was originally scheduled for a release date of 26 December 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=ANI |date=2023-08-17 |title='Welcome 3' to release on Christmas 2024, new title revealed|work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/welcome-3-to-release-on-christmas-2024-new-title-revealed/article67204668.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817073541/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/welcome-3-to-release-on-christmas-2024-new-title-revealed/article67204668.ece |archive-date=17 August 2023}}</ref>

The announced cast consisted of [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Suniel Shetty]], [[Paresh Rawal]], [[Johnny Lever]], [[Rajpal Yadav]], [[Arshad Warsi]], [[Tusshar Kapoor]], [[Shreyas Talpade]], [[Aftab Shivdasani]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Daler Mehndi]], [[Mika Singh]], [[Raveena Tandon]], [[Lara Dutta]], [[Jacqueline Fernandez]], and [[Disha Patani]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-09 |title=Welcome 3: Akshay Kumar, Sanjay Dutt, Arshad Warsi's 'Welcome to the Jungle' release date out |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/welcome-3-akshay-kumar-sanjay-dutt-arshad-warsis-welcome-to-the-jungle-release-date-out/articleshow/103536759.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-02 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The first schedule of the shoot was completed in May 2024. As more schedules were planned, and with VFX work in post-production expected, the release date was pushed to 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Akshay Kumar’s 'Welcome to the Jungle' release got delayed to 2025 |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/movies/why-akshay-kumars-welcome-to-the-jungle-release-got-delayed-to-2025-article-12750166.html |date=17 June 2024 |access-date=24 September 2024 |author=Aiyana Bhatia |website=moneycontrol.com}}</ref>

In August 2024, director [[Ahmed Khan (choreographer)|Ahmed Khan]] said that 70% of the shoot was complete, and the international shoot schedule in UAE was planned for October.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/akshay-kumars-welcome-to-the-jungle-delayed-heres-what-we-know-2587508-2024-08-25?utm_source=global-search&utm_medium=global-search&utm_campaign=global-search |title=Akshay Kumar's 'Welcome to the Jungle' makers dismiss rumours of film's delay |author1=Trisha Bhattacharya |author2=Sana Farzeen |author3=Bhavna Agarwal |website=indiatoday.in |date=25 August 2024}}</ref>

{{As of|January 2026}}, the release is now scheduled for 26 June 2026.<ref name="WttJ release" />

==Cast and characters==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width="75%"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Character
! colspan="3" scope="col" | Film
|-
! scope="col" | {{ubl | ''[[Welcome (2007 film)|Welcome]]'' | (2007)}}
! scope="col" | {{ubl | ''[[Welcome Back (film)|Welcome Back]]'' | (2015)}}
! scope="col" | {{ubl | ''Welcome to the Jungle''| (2026)}}
|-
! scope="row" | Rajiv Saini
| scope="row" |[[Akshay Kumar]]
| colspan="1" scope="row" | Akshay Kumar {{small|(archive footage)}}
| colspan="1" scope="row" | Akshay Kumar
|-
! scope="row" | Dr. Dayal Ghunghroo
| colspan="3" | [[Paresh Rawal]]
|-
! scope="row" | Sanjana Shetty
| [[Katrina Kaif]]
| {{br list | Katrina Kaif | {{small|(archive footage)}}}}
|
|-
! scope="row" | Sagar "Majnu Bhai" Pandey
| colspan="2" | [[Anil Kapoor]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | Uday Shetty "Uday Bhai"
| colspan="2" | [[Nana Patekar]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | Mrs. Payal Ghunghroo
| colspan="2" | [[Supriya Karnik]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | Uday Shetty’s lawyer
| colspan="2" | [[Adi Irani]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | Uday Shetty’s bodyguard
| colspan="2" | Harry Josh
|
|-
! scope="row" | Majnu's goon
| colspan="2" | [[Snehal Dabi]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | Baljeet "Ballu" Rawat
| colspan="2" | [[Mushtaq Khan]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | Mr. Rakesh Kapoor / Vikrant Kapoor / Amar Kapoor
| colspan="2" | [[Ranjeet]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | {{br list | Ranvir Dhanraj Xaka | {{small|RDX}}}}
| [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]]
| {{br list | Feroz Khan | {{small|(archive footage)}}}}
|
|-
! scope="row" | Ishika Kanojia
| [[Mallika Sherawat]]
| colspan="1" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|
|-
! scope="row" | Lucky Xaka
| [[Shereveer Vakil]]
| colspan="1" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|
|-
! scope="row" | Purushottam
| [[Paresh Ganatra]]
| colspan="1" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|
|-
! scope="row" | Municipal worker
| [[Charlie (actor)|Charlie]]
| colspan="1" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|
|-
! scope="row" | Pandit Manilal Shastri
| [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]]
| colspan="1" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|
|-
! scope="row" | Dhanesh Varman
| [[Vijay Raaz]]
| colspan="1" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|
|-
! scope="row" | Akhilendra Chandel
| [[Asrani]]
| colspan="1" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|
|-
! scope="row" | Ajay Barsi "Ajju Bhai"
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[John Abraham]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | Ranjana Shetty
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Shruti Hassan]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | Shankar Shetty
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| Nana Patekar
|
|-
! scope="row" | Poonam / Maharani Padmavati
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Dimple Kapadia]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | Babita / Rajkumari Chandini
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| Ankita Shrivastav
|
|-
! scope="row" | Mansoor Sharif (Wanted Bhai)
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Naseeruddin Shah]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | Honey Sharif
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Shiney Ahuja]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | Baadshah Bhai
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Neeraj Vora]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | Tailor
| [[Rajpal Yadav]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|
|}

'''Special appearances and narrators'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width="75%"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Character
! scope="col" colspan="2" | Film
|-
! scope="col" | {{ubl | ''[[Welcome (2007 film)|Welcome]]'' | (2007)}}
! scope="col" | {{ubl | ''[[Welcome Back (film)|Welcome Back]]'' | (2015)}}
|-
! scope="row" | Narrator
| colspan="1" | [[Om Puri]]
| colspan="1" | [[Vijay Raaz]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[Suneil Shetty|Suniel Shetty]]
| Himself
| colspan="1" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! scope="row" | {{br list | Special appearance | in songs}}
| {{br list | [[Malaika Arora]] | {{small|(in "Honth Rasiley")}}}}
| {{br list | Radhika Bangia | {{small|(in "20-20")}} | Sakshi Maggo | {{small|(in "20-20")}} | [[Lauren Gottlieb]] | {{small|(in "20-20")}} | Reema Debnath | {{small|(in "20-20")}} | [[Surveen Chawla]] | {{small|(in "Tutti Bole Wedding Di")}} | Snigdha Gupta Mehta | {{small|(in "Tutti Bole Wedding Di")}}}}
|}

==Crew==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width="50%"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Occupation
! colspan="3" scope="col" | Film
|-
! scope="col" style="width:35%;"| {{br list | ''[[Welcome (2007 film)|Welcome]]'' | (2007)}}
! scope="col" style="width:35%;"| {{br list | ''[[Welcome Back (film)|Welcome Back]]'' | (2015)}}
! scope="col" style="width:30%;" | {{br list | ''Welcome to the Jungle'' | (2026)}}
|-
! scope="row" | Director
| colspan="2" | [[Anees Bazmee]]
|[[Ahmed Khan (choreographer)|Ahmed Khan]]
|-
! scope="row" | Producer(s)
| colspan="3" | Firoz A. Nadiadwala
|-
! scope="row" | Screenplay
| [[Anees Bazmee]], Rajiv Kaul, Praful Parekh
| [[Anees Bazmee]], Rajiv Kaul, Rajan Aggarwal, Praful Parekh
|
|-
! scope="row" | Story
| colspan="2" | [[Anees Bazmee]], Rajiv Kaul
|
|-
! scope="row" | Cinematography
| Sanjay F. Gupta
| Kabir Lal
|
|-
! scope="row" | Editor
| Ashfaque Makrani
| Steven Bernard
|
|-
! scope="row" | Composer(s)
| [[Anand Raj Anand]], [[Himesh Reshammiya]], [[Sajid–Wajid]]
| [[Meet Bros| Meet Bros. Anjjan]], [[Anu Malik]], [[Abhishek Ray]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | Background score
| [[Sajid–Wajid]]
| [[Aadesh Shrivastava]]
|
|}

==Release and reception==
{{hatnote|Each film is linked to the "Box office" section of its article.}}
<big>'''Box office'''</big>
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" | Film
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" | Release date
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" | Budget
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" | Box office revenue
|-
| ''[[Welcome (2007 film)#Box office|Welcome]]'' || 21 December 2007 || {{INRConvert|32|c}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/welcome |title=Boxoffice |access-date=22 August 2016 |archive-date=1 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101150450/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/welcome |url-status=dead }}</ref> || {{INRConvert|117|c}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4409&nCat= |title=Top All Time Worldwide Grossers Updated 11/5/2012 |website=BoxOfficeIndia.com |access-date=22 August 2016 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105215110/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4409&nCat= |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Welcome Back (film)#Box office|Welcome Back]]'' || 4 September 2015 || N/A || {{INRConvert|167.37|c}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-of-welcome-back/|title=Box Office: Worldwide Collections of Welcome Back :Bollywood Box Office - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=5 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
|''Welcome to the Jungle''
|26 June 2026<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-27 |title=Welcome to the Jungle release date out: Akshay Kumar, Suniel Shetty-led star-studded comedy set to arrive this summer |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/welcome-to-the-jungle-release-date-out-akshay-kumar-suniel-shetty-led-star-studded-comedy-set-to-arrive-this-summer-101769503181816.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | Total
| {{INRConvert|1.3|b}}
| {{INRConvert|2.85|b}}
|}
<big>'''Critical reception'''</big>
{{hatnote|Each film is linked to the "Critical response" section of its article.}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Film
![[Rotten Tomatoes]]
|-
|[[Welcome (2007 film)#Critical response|''Welcome'']]
|N/A (1 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/10009220-welcome |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Welcome Back (film)#Critical reception|''Welcome Back'']]
|40% (4.3/10 average rating) (10 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome Back (2015) {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/welcome_back_2015 |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|qid=Q4018810|id=tt0488798|title=Welcome}}
* {{IMDb title|qid=Q16255287|id=tt3159708|title=Welcome Back}}

[[Category:Indian film series]]
[[Category:Action film series]]
[[Category:Comedy film series]]

Level Cross (film)

2026-04-22T04:16:51Z

MaryjoM897: made entry

{{short description|2024 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Level Cross (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Arfaz Ayub]]
| screenplay = Arfaz Ayub
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{Ubl |Adam Ayub}}
}}
| producer = Ramesh P. Pillai [[Jeethu Joseph]] (presenter)
| starring = [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] [[Amala Paul]] [[Sharaf U Dheen]]
| cinematography = [[Appu Prabhakar]]
| editing = Deepu Joseph
| music = [[Vishal Chandrashekhar]]
| studio = Abhishek Films
| distributor = [[Dulquer Salmaan|Wayfarer Films]] Phars Film (overseas)
 [[Yash Raj Films]] (UK/Europe)
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2024|07|26}}
| runtime = 116 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}
'''''Level Cross''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[psychological drama film]] written and directed by [[Arfaz Ayub]] (in his directorial debut). It stars [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]], [[Amala Paul]], and [[Sharaf U Dheen]]. The music was composed by [[Vishal Chandrashekhar]].

The film was shot in [[Tunisia]]. ''Level Cross'' was released theatrically on 26 July 2024.

== Plot ==
In a desert, a disheveled man works as the gatekeeper of a [[level crossing]], living alone in a remote dwelling. One day, he finds an unconscious woman and takes her to his home. When she regains consciousness, she explains that she fell off a train. Feeling unsafe, she leaves but collapses while walking toward the horizon.

The man tends to her and introduces himself as Raghu. With no other option, she stays the night. The next morning, when Raghu offers to contact the railway authorities, she stops him. Introducing herself as Chaithali, a [[psychiatrist]], she begins to recount her troubled past and her marriage to a man named Zincho.

Chaithali explains that Zincho had sought therapy after his first wife's suicide. They fell in love and married, but she later discovered that Zincho struggled with [[substance abuse]] and became abusive. He was admitted to a mental asylum. He killed the matron to escape and later caught Chaithali reading his diary, which revealed he had killed his first wife. Fleeing together, Chaithali jumped off the train.

Raghu shares his own story. He grew up with his mother, who had wished for him to marry. He never took it seriously, and after her death, he lived in regret and isolation. Raghu believes fate brought Chaithali to him. Chaithali begins to trust him, and Raghu finds happiness in her companionship.

While Chaithali cleans the house during Raghu's absence, she finds his identity card with a different man's photo, alongside newspaper clippings about a murder involving a family of four. When Raghu returns, he notices her frightened demeanor and tries to console her but discovers the identity card she inadvertently left behind. She holds a knife at him. He disarms her and shares more about his past.

Raghu tells her that he had a girlfriend from childhood who dumped him for a wealthy suitor. Fulfilling his mother's wish, he entered into an [[arranged marriage]]. His wife invited her cousin to stay with them. Their marriage consummated with two children. Two years later, during a hospital visit for a [[vasectomy]], Raghu discovered he had been [[infertile]]. Upon returning home, he found his wife in bed with the man pretending to be her cousin. Enraged, Raghu killed them and their children. He suspected his wife had also killed his mother to make way for her affair. He fled and assumed the identity of another man—the original Raghu—who had offered him refuge before dying.

As they share their pasts, their mutual sense of isolation draws them closer, and Chaithali decides to live with him. Raghu sends her to fetch water from an abandoned village whose inhabitants, according to legend, fled in fear of a [[Monster|creature]] that walked upside down.

While Chaithali is away, Raghu senses someone lurking outside. It is Zincho, who asks if Raghu has seen anyone in need of help. Sensing danger, Raghu lies. A fight ensues and Zincho overpowers Raghu. Zincho explains that he is a psychiatrist, and Chaithali, whom he calls Shikha, was his patient. They had fallen in love, but she was a drug addict who lost her sanity and killed the asylum's matron, adopting her name. Zincho warns Raghu that Shikha is a dangerous [[psychopath]] and that his life is at risk.

Raghu confronts Chaithali. She claims Shikha was Zincho's first wife. Unable to convince him, she surrenders to her husband. As they walk away, Raghu pleads with Zincho to let her stay. While Zincho is distracted, Chaithali strikes him, causing him to collapse, seemingly dead. When Zincho stirs, Raghu bludgeons him to death, assuring Chaithali of his trust.

Raghu discovers a medical bill in Zincho's pocket, confirming that he was indeed a psychiatrist and that Shikha was his patient. Before Raghu can react, Shikha strikes him with a shovel. The next scene shows Raghu, now revealed as George, prepared for another day as a gatekeeper. Shikha is presumably dead. A final flashback reveals that George fabricated his backstory—he was never married and had actually killed the family of his ex-girlfriend.

In the closing scene, something watches George's house from an inverted perspective, accompanied by a low growl—presumably the creature that once terrorized the villagers.

== Cast ==
*[[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] as Raghu/George
*[[Amala Paul]] as Chaithali/Shikha
*[[Sharaf U Dheen]] as Zincho
*Dyna Suresh as Raghu's wife
*[[Lal Jose]] as Urologist
*[[Indrans]] (photo appearance)

== Production ==
===Development===
The untitled film was officially announced in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 March 2023 |title=ജീത്തു ജോസഫ് അവതരിപ്പിക്കുന്ന ചിത്രം, മുഖ്യവേഷങ്ങളിൽ ആസിഫും ഷറഫുദ്ദീനും അമലാ പോളും |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/jeethu-joseph-new-movie-starring-asif-ali-sharafudheen-and-amala-paul-1.8433680 |access-date=10 August 2024 |work=Mathrubhumi}}</ref> The film marks the feature film directorial debut of Arfaz Ayub, a former associate of filmmaker [[Jeethu Joseph]], who is also credited as the film's presenter. Ayub's father Adam Ayub wrote the dialogues, based on his screenplay. The film was produced by Ramesh R. Pillai of Abhishek Films. The film's title was announced in January 2024,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-03 |title='Level Cross' to star Asif Ali, Amala Paul and Sharafudheen |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/level-cross-to-star-asif-ali-amala-paul-and-sharafudheen/article67701225.ece |access-date=2024-07-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Asif Ali, Amala Paul, and Sharafudheen to star in 'Level Cross' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/asif-ali-amala-paul-and-sharafudheen-to-star-in-level-cross/articleshow/106508111.cms |access-date=2024-07-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> with a motion poster.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2024 |title='Level Cross' to star Asif Ali, Amala Paul and Sharafudheen |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/level-cross-to-star-asif-ali-amala-paul-and-sharafudheen/article67701225.ece/ |access-date=10 August 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Service |first=Express News |date=10 January 2024 |title=Asif ali, Amala Paul and Sharafudheen team up for 'Level Cross' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Jan/03/asif-ali-amala-paul-and-sharafudheen-team-up-for-level-cross-2647201.html |access-date=10 August 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2024 |title=Asif Ali's new movie is titled 'Level Cross', motion poster out |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/asif-alis-new-movie-titled-level-cross-motion-poster-out/ |access-date=10 August 2024 |work=The South First |language=en}}</ref> Ayub described the film as a drama centred around three characters. The story takes place in the [[Sahara]] desert, even though the place and time remains undefined.<ref name="OTT1">{{Cite news |title=Asif Ali, Amala Paul and Sharafudheen shoot for a drama set in the Sahara Desert, Tunisia {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/asif-ali-amala-paul-and-sharafudheen-shoot-for-a-drama-set-in-the-sahara-desert-tunisia-exclusive/f46a45c33c551 |access-date=10 August 2024 |work=www.ottplay.com}}</ref>

Ayub had previously worked with [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] in ''[[Kooman (film)|Kooman]]''. He envisaged [[Amala Paul]] as Chaithali during the scripting process.<ref name="TNIE1" /> It took several months to reach Amala, who was eventually contacted with the assistance of Jeethu.<ref name="OTT2" /> Among the three main cast members, [[Sharaf U Dheen]] was the last to be cast.<ref name="TNIE1" />

===Filming===
Initially, Ayub planned to film in [[Rajasthan]] but changed his plans after visiting [[Morocco]] for the shoot of ''[[Ram (film)|Ram]]''. However, due to the high costs of filming in Morocco, he chose [[Tunisia]] as the new location.<ref name="OTT2">{{Cite web |last=Krishna |first=Gayathri |date=26 July 2024 |title=Level Cross director Arfaz Ayub: ‘It is all set in an imaginary world that you may not have pictured’ {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/level-cross-director-arfaz-ayub-exclusive-interview/e9ab802eb3157 |access-date=17 October 2024 |publisher=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref> According to Ayub, during the initial [[location scouting]], they traveled eight hours from the Tunisian capital, [[Tunis]], to reach [[Tozeur]] and then walked another two hours to their shooting location. They constructed a makeshift road from the highway to facilitate transportation.<ref name="TNIE1">{{Cite news |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=26 July 2024 |title='Level Cross' is not the so-called experimental film: Director Arfaz Ayub |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Jul/26/level-cross-is-not-the-so-called-experimental-film-director-arfaz-ayub |access-date=17 October 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

[[Principal photography]] began on 28 March 2023 in Tunisia.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2 March 2023 |title=Asif Ali, Amala Paul and Sharafudheen's new film starts rolling |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/Mar/28/asif-ali-amala-paul-and-sharafudheens-new-film-starts-rolling-41630.html |access-date=10 August 2024 |work=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> It was held in the Tunisian desert, close to the [[Sahara]].<ref name="OTT2" /> After 21 days shoot, principal photography was wrapped up on 18 April 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=6 April 2023 |title=It's a wrap for Asif Ali-Amala Paul film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/Apr/18/its-a-wrap-for-asif-ali-amala-paul-film-42458.html |access-date=10 August 2024 |work=Cinema Express}}</ref> A few scenes were also shot in [[Kerala]], India.<ref name="OTT1" />

== Music ==
The music was composed by [[Vishal Chandrashekhar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2024 |title=Level Cross ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) - All Songs - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/level-cross-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-/4M5SSnxJmaY_ |access-date=10 August 2024 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Level Cross Songs: Level Cross MP3 Malayalam Songs by Vishal Chandrashekhar Online Free on Gaana.com |url=https://gaana.com/album/level-cross |access-date=10 August 2024 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=Aug 9, 2024 |title=Asif Ali's 'Level Cross' releases funky 'Donkey Song' narrating from a donkey's perspective |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/asif-alis-level-cross-releases-funky-donkey-song-narrating-from-a-donkeys-perspective/articleshow/112396204.cms |access-date=Aug 10, 2024 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Amala Paul]] made her debut as a playback singer with the song "Ente Pinnile Roopam".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Amala Paul turns playback singer in ninth month of pregnancy |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/05/28/amala-paul-turns-singer-pregnant-asif-ali-movie-level-cross.html |access-date=10 August 2024 |work=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref> The soundtrack was distributed by [[Think Music]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-22 |title='പറയാതെ ബാക്കിവെച്ചതെല്ലാം നമുക്ക് പുറത്തേക്ക് കൊണ്ടുവരാം'; ആസിഫ് അലിയുടെ 'ലെവൽക്രോസ്' ട്രെയിലർ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/asif-ali-new-movie-level-cross-trailer-1.9748195 |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> [[Prachi Tehlan]] also featured in the music video of "Donkey Song".<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2024 |title=Asif Ali’s ‘Level Cross’ releases funky ‘Donkey Song’ narrating from a donkey’s perspective |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/asif-alis-level-cross-releases-funky-donkey-song-narrating-from-a-donkeys-perspective/articleshow/112396204.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ente Pinnile Roopam
| length1 = 2:29
| all_lyrics = [[Vinayak Sasikumar]]
| extra1 = [[Amala Paul]]
| title2 = Donkey Song
| length2 = 3:18
| extra2 = [[Anthony Daasan]]
| title3 = Payye Payye
| length3 = 2:37
| extra3 = Devu Mathew
| title4 = Ente Pinnile Roopam (Film version)
| length4 = 2:29
| extra4 = [[Shakthisree Gopalan]]
| total_length = 10:53
}}

== Release ==
''Level Cross'' was released theatrically on 26 July 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-23 |title=ഒരു ഗംഭീര ത്രില്ലർ പ്രതീക്ഷിക്കാമോ? 'ലെവൽ ക്രോസ്' ട്രെയ്‌ലർ പുറത്തിറങ്ങി; റിലീസ് ജൂലൈ 26ന് |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/trailer-for-asif-ali-amala-paul-movie-level-cross-has-just-arrived-mm-679988.html |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=News18 മലയാളം |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Level Cross |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl3833430017/weekend/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Rohit Panikker of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave it 4 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Level Cross'' is an exciting and interesting experiment in story-telling, and a psychological thriller that definitely offers a different experience in the theatre."<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2024 |title=Level Cross Review: A Well-Written, Well-Presented Slow Burn That's Worth A Watch |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/malayalam/level-cross-review-a-well-written-well-presented-slow-burn-that-is-worth-a-watch-review-112046563 |access-date=10 August 2024 |work=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> Sanjith Sidhardhan of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave it 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "If you are a fan of slow-burn, psychological thrillers, then Arfaz Ayub's confident debut makes for a good watch."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Level Cross review: Asif Ali, Amala Paul shock in psychological thriller |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/level-cross-review-asif-ali-amala-paul-surprise-and-shock/8cdae3c9d0524 |access-date=10 August 2024 |work=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

Anjana George of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it three out of five stars and wrote, "it is a film that rewards viewers who appreciate intricate narratives and symbolic storytelling. Its artistic approach makes it a promising debut, though its unconventional style might not appeal to all audiences."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Level Cross Movie Review : An unconventional psychological thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/level-cross/movie-review/112046718.cms |access-date=10 August 2024 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Vivek Santhosh of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' rated the film two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote that "What ultimately makes this psychological thriller both interesting and defeating is that no one is quite what they seem."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=27 July 2024 |title='Level Cross' movie review: Oscillates between the outlandish and the mundane |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Jul/27/level-cross-movie-review-oscillates-between-the-outlandish-and-the-mundane |access-date=10 August 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{IMDb title| tt27328373}}

[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]

Keonthali dialect

2026-04-19T10:17:37Z

MaryjoM897:

{{Short description|Dialect of Lower Mahasu Pahari, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Keonthali
| familycolor = Indo-European
| nativename = '''𑚊𑚮𑚣𑚝𑚥𑚦'''
| states = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| region = [[Mahasu (region)|Mahasu]]
| fam1 = [[Indo-European]]
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[North-Western Indo-Aryan languages|North-Western]] or [[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Northern]]
| fam5 = [[Western Pahari]]
| fam6 = [[Mahasu Pahari]]
| script = [[Takri script|Takri]]
| glotto = maha1287
| pushpin_map = India
| pushpin_map_caption = Approximate location of Keonthali speaking area
| coordinates = {{coord|31.087282|N|77.152888|E|display=inline}}
| pronunciation = [[Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu|[kjoːn.tʰaː.li]]]
| image = Keonthali dialect of Mahasu Pahari.jpg
| imagecaption = {{ublist|Keonthali written in [[Devanagari|Devanagari script]]}}
| altname = '''क्योंथली'''
}}

'''Keonthali''' ([[Takri script|Takri]]:𑚊𑚮𑚣𑚝𑚥𑚦) is a dialect of Lower [[Mahasu Pahari]] belonging to the [[Western Pahari]] group of languages (as per [[George Abraham Grierson|Grierson]]). It is spoken in lower parts of [[Shimla district]] in the North Indian state of [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://ruralindiaonline.org/en/library/resource/linguistic-survey-of-india---himachal-pradesh/ |title=Linguistic Survey of India - Himachal Pradesh |date=2023-07-13 |language=en}}</ref>

==Extent==
[[File:Map of Mahasuic group of languages.jpg|thumb|260x260px|Map of [[Mahasu (region)|Mahasuic]] group of languages, as Keonthali dialect is part of it]]Keonthali dialect got its name from former princely [[Keonthal|Keonthal state]], the dialect is spoken usually in the areas which were parts of the then Keonthal state. Today some of these areas include [[Shimla]], capital of [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Junga, Himachal Pradesh|Junga]] (former capital of Keonthal), [[Kasumpati]], [[Mashobra]], [[Sunni, Himachal Pradesh|Sunni]], [[Kufri, India|Kufri]], [[Chail, Himachal Pradesh|Chail]], [[Shoghi, Shimla|Shoghi]], [[Ghanahatti]], [[Shimla Airport|Jubbarhatti]], [[Dhami State|Dhami]], [[Khatnol]], etc.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Languages of Himachal Pradesh | url=https://www.ekbharat.gov.in/images/InstituteActivities/Documents/855820220224114943/Language%20of%20HP.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803083138/http://ekbharat.gov.in/images/InstituteActivities/Documents/855820220224114943/Language%20of%20HP.pdf | archive-date=2022-08-03}}</ref>

==Script and specimen==
Mahasu Pahari including Keonthali traditionally written in [[Takri script|Takri]], Pabuchi scripts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-01 |title=With scripts on brink of extinction, HP history buffs look to restore vanishing culture |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/with-scripts-on-brink-of-extinction-hp-history-buffs-look-to-restore-vanishing-culture-101643659534966.html |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> There are also some records of Mahasui written in [[Nastaliq script|Nastaliq]] script. Nowadays [[Devanagari|Devanagari script]] is usually used to write Mahasu Pahari which includes all its dialects as Keonthali.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Entries {{!}} Mahasuvi Living Dictionary |url=https://livingdictionaries.app/mahasuvi/entries |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=Living Dictionaries |language=en}}</ref>

Following is the specimen of Keonthali with its transliteration:[[File:Specimen 2 of Keonthali.jpg|thumb|Specimen of Keonthali dialect of Mahasu Pahari]]
[[File:Translation of Specimen 2 of Keonthali 06.jpg|thumb|Transliteration and Translation of Specimen of Keonthali<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grierson S |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.2036 |title=Linguistic Survey Of India Vol 9 Part 4 Pahari Languages |date=1916}}</ref>]]

==Phonology==
'''Inventory of Phonemes:'''

There are 42 phonemes of which 37 are consonants and 5 are vowels.

'''Segmental Phonemes (Vowels)'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
|[[Close vowel|Close]]
|i iː
|
|u uː
|-
|[[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|e eː
|
|o oː
|-
|[[Open-mid vowel|Open-Mid]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|ɑ
|
|}
'''Super segmental Phonemes:'''

* Length is a phoneme.
* Nasalization is a phoneme.

'''Consonants:'''<ref>https://language.census.gov.in/eLanguageDivision_VirtualPath/LSI_Reports/pdf/9.pdf{{Dead link | date=April 2026 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
![[Place of articulation|Place]]/[[Manner of articulation|Manner]]
![[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[Labiodental consonant|Labio-Dental]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]
![[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
|'''Stops unaspirated'''
|p
b
|
|t
d
|
|ʈ
ɖ
|t͡ɕ
d͡ʑ
|k
g
|-
|[[Aspirated consonant|'''Stops aspirated''']]
|pʰ
bʱ
|
|tʰ
dʱ
|
|ʈʰ
ɖʱ
|
|kʰ
gʱ
|-
|[[Affricate|'''Affricates''']]
|
|
|
|
|
|t͡ɕʰ
d͡ʑʱ
|
|-
|[[Fricative|'''Fricatives''']]
|
|f
|
|s
|
|ɕ
|ɦ
|-
|[[Nasal consonant|'''Nasals''']]
|m
|
|
|n
|ɳ
|
|ŋ
|-
|[[Nasal click|'''Aspirated Nasals''']]
|mʱ
|
|
|nʱ
|
|
|
|-
|[[Lateral consonant|'''Laterals''']]
|
|
|
|l
|ɭ
|
|
|-
|'''Aspirated Laterals'''
|
|
|
|lʱ
|
|
|
|-
|'''[[Tap and flap consonants|Flaps]]/[[Trill consonant|Trills]]'''
|
|
|
|r
|ɽ
|
|
|-
|[[Semivowel|'''Semi-Vowel''']]
|
|w
|
|
|
|j
|
|}

==Grammar==
'''Pronouns'''

The pronouns of Keonthali for different persons and numbers are as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Person
!Number
!Keonthali
!IPA
!Meaning
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''1st'''
|Singular
|'''आऊँ/मा'''
|/aː.ũː/ /maː/ /aː.ɦaː/
|I am/Me/I
|-
|Plural
|'''हामे'''
|/ɦaː.meː/
|We
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''2nd'''
|Singular
|'''तू'''
|/t̪u/
|You
|-
|Plural
|'''तुस्से'''
|/tʊs.seː/
|You
|-
|'''3rd'''
|Singular & Plural
|'''से'''
|/seː/
|He/She/They
|}
'''Adverbial Pronouns'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!Intorregative
!Relative
!Distal
!Proximate
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''Time'''
|'''Keonthali'''
|'''कदी'''
|'''जदी'''
|'''तेबे'''
|'''ऐबु/ऐबे'''
|-
|Hindi
|कब
|जब
|तब
|अब
|-
|English
|When?
|When
|Then
|Now
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''Place'''
|'''Keonthali'''
|'''केथी/केई'''
|'''जेथी'''
|'''तेथी'''
|'''ऐथी'''
|-
|Hindi
|कहाँ
|जहाँ
|वहाँ
|यहाँ
|-
|English
|Where?
|Where
|There
|Here
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''Manner'''
|'''Keonthali'''
|'''किशे/कियें'''
|'''जिशे'''
|'''तिशे'''
|'''इशे'''
|-
|Hindi
|कैसे
|जैसे
|वैसे
|ऐसे
|-
|English
|How
|like/as/
|like that/in that way
|like this
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''Quantity'''
|'''Keonthali'''
|'''किशरा'''
|'''जिशरा'''
|'''तिशरा'''
|'''इशरा'''
|-
|Hindi
|कितना
|जितना
|उतना
|इतना
|-
|English
|How much/many
|as much as/as many as
|that much/that many
|this much/this many
|}
'''Verb conjugation'''

Conjugation of the verb Lekh (लेख) to write, in all three tenses in Keonthali.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Present tense
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|'''Keonthali'''
|'''आऊं लिखूँ'''
|'''हामे लिखूँ'''
|-
|'''IPA'''
|/aːũː lɪkʰũː/
|/haːmeː lɪkʰũː/
|-
|'''Hindi'''
|मैं लिखता हूँ
|हम लिखते हैं
|-
|'''English'''
|I write
|We write
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Past tense
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|'''Keonthali'''
|'''मा लिखा'''
|'''हामे लिखा'''
|-
|'''IPA'''
|/maː lɪkʰaː/
|/haːmeː lɪkʰaː/
|-
|'''Hindi'''
|'''मैंने लिखा'''
|'''हमने लिखा'''
|-
|'''English'''
|I wrote
|We wrote
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Future tense
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|'''Keonthali'''
|'''आऊं लिखमा'''
|'''हामे लिखमे'''
|-
|'''IPA'''
|/aːũː lɪkʰmaː/
|/haːmeː lɪkʰmeː/
|-
|'''Hindi'''
|मैं लिखूँगा
|हम लिखेंगे
|-
|'''English'''
|I will write
|We will write
|}

==Further reading==

* Thomas Grahame Bailey's : ''Languages of the Northern Himalayas (Sketch of the Keonthali)''.
* [[Sir Richard Temple, 1st Baronet|Colonel Sir Richard Temple]] : ''He has given several excellent examples of Keonthali poetry on pp. 367 ff. of Vol. I. of his Legends of the Punjab, to which he has prefixed a very useful vocabulary.''
* [[Horace Arthur Rose|Mr. H. A. Rose]] : ''He has published two Keonthali ballads (both Text and Translation), entitled, respectively, Subdi ki Nati, o Pahéri Love Song from Keonthal [Indian Antiquary, Vol. xxxviii (1909), p: 328], and Mohiye ki Har, or Bar [ib. Vol. xxxvii (1908), pp. 299 ff, and Vol. xxxviii (1909), pp. 40 ff., 69 ff.]''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grierson S |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.2036 |title=Linguistic Survey Of India Vol 9 Part 4 Pahari Languages |date=1916}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Keonthal|Keonthal State]]
* [[Baghati dialect]]
* [[Baghliani dialect]]
* [[Hinduri dialect]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* {{YouTube|id=YtGnEHqaTmo|title=Himachali folk song "Banka Mulk", in Keonthali dialect of Mahasui, as a sample}}

[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Culture of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Northern Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]
[[Category:Languages written in Takri]]
[[Category:Languages listed as Hindi dialects in latest census]]

Manorama Mohanty

2026-04-16T03:54:20Z

MaryjoM897: made new post

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Manorama Mohanty
| native_name =
| image =
| caption =
| office1 = Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 4 Jun 2024
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Bhupinder Singh (politician)|Bhupinder Singh]]
| constituency1 = [[Narla (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narla]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1980|6|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kalahandi district|Narla]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| other_party =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| spouse =
}}

'''Manorama Mohanty''' (born 1980) is an Indian politician from [[Odisha]]. She is an MLA from [[Narla Assembly constituency|Narla Assembly Constituency]] in [[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi District]]. She represents [[Biju Janata Dal]] Party. She won the [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Narla, Odisha Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJD's MANORAMA MOHANTY wins Narla with 67532 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/narla-odisha-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548464-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Narla Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/narla-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916773.html |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-05 |title=Odisha Assembly Election Result 2024: Full list of winners |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/odisha-assembly-election-result-2024-full-list-of-winners/3511557/ |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Mohanty hails from Narla. She married Durga Prasad Mohanty. She completed her Secondary Examination in 2021 from [[Bihar Board of Open Schooling and Examination]], [[Patna]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manorama Mohanty(BJD):Constituency- NARLA(KALAHANDI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=236 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Mohanty made her political debut winning the [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Bangriposi Assembly constituency|Narla Assembly Constituency]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Biju Janata Dal Party]]. She defeated [[Bhakta Charan Das]] of [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of 5,205 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-05 |title=Full list of Odisha Assembly elections 2024 winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/full-list-of-odisha-assembly-elections-2024-winners-9365903/ |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manorama Mohanty, BJD Election Results LIVE: Latest Updates On Manorama Mohanty, Lok Sabha Constituency Seat - NDTV.com |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/odisha/vidhan-sabha-election-candidates-list-2024/manorama-mohanty-18081-7 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=www.ndtv.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manorama, Mohanty}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Kalahandi district]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

John Sinclair, 1st Baron Pentland

2026-04-05T14:07:18Z

MaryjoM897: added.

{{short description|British politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = The Lord Pentland
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCSI|GCIE|PC}}
| image = John_Sinclair_MP.jpg
| image_size =
| order1 = Governor of Madras
| term_start1 = 30 October 1912
| term_end1 = 29 March 1919
| predecessor1 = [[Sir Murray Hammick]] (acting)
| successor1 = [[Sir Alexander Gordon Cardew]] (acting)
| governor-general1 = [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|The Lord Hardinge of Penshurst]] [[Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford|The Viscount Chelmsford]]
| order2 = Secretary for Scotland
| term_start2 = 10 December 1905
| term_end2 = 13 February 1912
| predecessor2 = [[John Hope, 1st Marquess of Linlithgow|The Marquess of Linlithgow]]
| successor2 = [[Thomas McKinnon Wood]]
| constituency_MP3 = [[Forfar (UK Parliament constituency)|Forfarshire]]
| term_start3 = 1897
| term_end3 = 1909
| predecessor3 = [[Martin White (politician)|Martin White]]
| successor3 = James Falconer
| monarch3 = [[Victoria of the United Kingdom]], [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom]]
| constituency_MP4 = [[Dunbartonshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Dunbartonshire]]
| term_start4 = 1892
| term_end4 = 1895
| predecessor4 = [[Sir Archibald Orr-Ewing, 1st Baronet]]
| successor4 = [[Alexander Wylie (politician)|Alexander Wylie]]
| monarch4 = [[Victoria of the United Kingdom]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1860|7|7|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1925|1|11|1860|7|7|df=y}}
| death_place = [[United Kingdom]]
| party = [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]]
| spouse = Marjorie Adeline Gordon
}}
[[File:6 Moray Place, Edinburgh.jpg|thumb|6 Moray Place, Edinburgh, birthplace of John Sinclair]]
[[File:1stLordPentland.jpg|thumb|right|Baron Pentland]]

'''John Sinclair, 1st Baron Pentland''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|GCSI|GCIE|PC}} (7 July 1860 – 11 January 1925) was a British politician in the [[Scottish Liberal Party]], a soldier, peer, administrator and Privy Councillor who served as the [[Secretary of Scotland]] from 1905 to 1912 and the [[Governor of Madras]] from 1912 to 1919.

Baron Pentland was born John Sinclair to George Sinclair (1826-1871) son of Sir John Sinclair, 6th baronet of [[Dunbeath]]. He studied in the United Kingdom and in 1892, entered the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] as an elected [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Dunbartonshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Dunbartonshire]]. He was elected for a second term from [[Forfar (UK Parliament constituency)|Forfar]] in 1897 and served in the British Parliament from 1892 to 1895 and 1897 to 1909. He also served as an [[Aide-de-Camp]] and secretary to Lord Aberdeen. Sinclair was appointed to the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Council]] in 1905. He served as the Secretary for Scotland from 1905 to 1912 and as the Governor of Madras from 1912 to 1919. He died in 1925.

During his tenure as Governor of Madras, Pentland became popular in India for the interest he showed in the indigenous tradition and culture. At the same time, he is also remembered for his crackdown on [[Annie Besant]] and leaders of the Home Rule Movement.

A radical Liberal,<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MnL7ik_nSQUC&q=john+sinclair+secretary+scotland+radical+liberal&pg=PA43 | title=Scottish Education in the Twentieth Century| isbn=9780748615902| last1=Paterson| first1=Lindsay| year=2003}}</ref> Sinclair was supportive of reforms aimed at promoting social justice. As noted by Veronica Strong-Boag

"As much as anyone in the new Cabinet after the 1905 election, he embodied the new liberalism of state intervention on the side of the weak. He was also a staunch proponent of legislation tailored to Scottish circumstances. His advocacy of the [[Education (Scotland) Act 1908]] ([[8 Edw. 7]]. c. 63), which provided for improved teacher training and school facilities and meals for students, very much followed the spirit of Lord Aberdeen’s practices on his own estates. So, too, did Sinclair’s support for legislation to secure the land rights of Scottish crofters."<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p9fTBgAAQBAJ&q=As+much+as+anyone+in+the+new+Cabinet+after+the+1905+election,+he+embodied+the+new+liberalism+of+state+intervention+on+the+side+of+the+weak.&pg=PA167 |title = Liberal Hearts and Coronets: The Lives and Times of Ishbel Marjoribanks Gordon and John Campbell Gordon, the Aberdeens|isbn = 9781442626027|last1 = Strong-Boag|first1 = Veronica|date = January 2015| publisher=University of Toronto Press }}</ref>

==Early life and ancestry==
John Sinclair was born at 6 Moray Place, [[Edinburgh]] to Captain John Sinclair (1826–1871), an officer in the [[Bengal Army]] and Agnes Sinclair, daughter of John Learmonth of Dean who constructed the Dean Bridge of Edinburgh, on 7 July 1860.<ref name="patrickgeddesp199">{{cite book|title=Patrick Geddes: Social Evolutionist and City Planner|url=https://archive.org/details/patrickgeddessoc0000mell|url-access=registration|first=Helen|last=Meller|publisher=Routledge|year=1993|pages=[https://archive.org/details/patrickgeddessoc0000mell/page/199 199]|isbn=978-0-415-10393-0|author-link=Helen Elizabeth Meller}}</ref> John Sinclair was the eldest of three sons.

Captain John Sinclair of Lyth was the grandson of Sir John Sinclair of Barrock, 6th [[baronet]] of [[Dunbeath]], and descended from George Sinclair of [[Mey, Highland|Mey]] (himself third son of the 4th [[Earl of Caithness]]), who died 1616.<ref name="csac">{{cite web|title=Sinclair Peers, Baronets and Knights |url=http://www.clansinclaircanada.ca/docs/peers.htm |publisher=Clan Sinclair Association, Canada |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050205055255/http://clansinclaircanada.ca/docs/peers.htm |archive-date= 5 February 2005 }}</ref> He was thus a distant cousin of the contemporary Earls of Caithness who were descended from the 7th Baronet, of Mey.<ref name="csac"/>

== Education and military career ==

Sinclair was educated at [[Edinburgh Academy]] and [[Wellington College, Berkshire|Wellington College]]. He left Wellington in 1878 and the next year passed out fifth from the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]. On completion of the one-year Sandhurst course, Sinclair was commissioned into the 5th Royal Irish Lancers.<ref name="patrickgeddesp199" /> He served in the Sudan expedition and returned as captain in 1887.<ref name="kellyp1339">[[#Kelly|Kelly]], Pg 1339</ref>

== Early political career ==

Sinclair participated in political activities from an early age. He was among those who moved to [[Toynbee Hall]] along with [[Samuel Augustus Barnett]], where he strived to promote education and sport,<ref name="patrickgeddesp199" /> and was one of the founders of the London Playing Fields Society, a sports ground established for the sake of the poor.<ref name="patrickgeddesp199" />

Sinclair joined the Liberal Party in the 1880s and contested elections to the House of Commons from the Ayr Burghs in Scotland on the promise of Home Rule for Ireland, but lost.<ref name="patrickgeddesp199" />

Pentland served as [[Aide-de-Camp]] and Official Secretary to Lord Aberdeen while he was serving as [[Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland]] in 1886, and had the same roles in Canada while Lord Aberdeen was [[Governor-General]] there.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}

In January 1889 he was elected to the first [[London County Council]] as a [[Progressive Party (London)|Progressive]] councillor representing [[Finsbury East (UK Parliament constituency)|Finsbury East]]. He served a single three-year term, retiring from the council in 1892.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=W Eric|title=Achievement. A Short History of the London County Council.|year=1965|publisher=Longmans|location=London|pages=276}}</ref>

== Parliament of the United Kingdom ==

In 1892, Sinclair was elected a [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] Member of Parliament for [[Dunbartonshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Dunbartonshire]], a seat he held until 1895, and returned to the Commons representing [[Forfar (UK Parliament constituency)|Forfarshire]] from 1897 to 1909.<ref name="guide_cabinetministersp330">{{cite book|title=A Guide to the Papers of British Cabinet Ministers, 1900-1964: 1900-1964|url=https://archive.org/details/guidetopapersofb0000hazl|url-access=registration|pages=[https://archive.org/details/guidetopapersofb0000hazl/page/330 330]|first=Cameron|last=Hazlehurst|author2=Sally Whitehead |author3=Christine Woodland |publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-521-58743-3}}</ref> He then acted as [[Parliamentary Secretary]] to [[Henry Campbell-Bannerman|Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman]] for many years.

He was appointed a [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Councillor]] on 11 December 1905<ref name="listofpcs">{{cite web|title=List of members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom 1838-1914|url=http://www.leighrayment.com/pcouncil/pcouncil2.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607022457/http://leighrayment.com/pcouncil/pcouncil2.htm|archive-date=7 June 2008|work=List of members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom|url-status=usurped|publisher=Leigh Rayment}}</ref> and was created '''Baron Pentland''', of Lyth in the [[County of Caithness]] on 15 February 1909.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=28224 |date=16 February 1909 |page=1217}}</ref>

==Marriage and family==
On 12 July 1904 he married Lady [[Marjorie Sinclair, Baroness Pentland|Marjorie Adeline Gordon]], elder daughter of his former patron [[John Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair|the 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair]].

They had two children
# [[Henry John Sinclair, 2nd Baron Pentland]], (b. 6 June 1907 d. 1984); succeeded his father 1925, also known as a former president of [[Gurdjieff|The Gurdjieff Foundation of New York]]; married 11 September 1941 Lucy Elisabeth Smith; they had issue 1 daughter, who is married, and lives in New York.
# Hon. Margaret Ishbel Sinclair (b. October 1906)

==As Secretary for Scotland==
Pentland served as the [[Secretary for Scotland]] from 1905 to 1912.<ref name="listofsec">{{cite web|title=Past secretaries|url=http://www.scotlandoffice.gov.uk/history/past-secretaries.html|publisher=Scotland Office, Government of the United Kingdom|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821100305/http://www.scotlandoffice.gov.uk/history/past-secretaries.html|archive-date=21 August 2008}}</ref> During his tenure, [[women's suffrage]] was introduced in the councils and [[Lavinia Malcolm]] was elected as [[Provost (civil)|provost]] of [[Dollar, Clackmannanshire]], being both the first lady provost and first lady town councillor in Scotland.<ref name="socttish_timeline">{{cite web |title=Scottish Political Timeline:From the First Reform Act until Enfranchisement of women 1832-1918 |url=http://www.alba.org.uk/timeline/1832to1918.html |publisher=John Donald |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118152418/http://www.alba.org.uk/timeline/1832to1918.html |archive-date=18 January 2008 }}, {{cite web |url=http://www.dollarcommunity.org.uk/DollarTownCouncil.asp |title=Dollar Town Council 1891–1975 |access-date=2011-05-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706063313/http://www.dollarcommunity.org.uk/DollarTownCouncil.asp |archive-date=6 July 2011 }}</ref> Numerous resolutions were passed to implement greater autonomy for Scotland but all of them failed when put to vote.<ref name="socttish_timeline" />

Pentland introduced the Taxation of Land Values (Scotland) Bill which recommended the creation of a new Board of Agriculture for Scotland to implement a sweeping land settlement programme.<ref name="landandsocietyp312">{{cite book|title=Land and Society in Edwardian Britain|first=Brian|last=Short|pages=312|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-521-57035-0}}</ref> However, though the bill was approved by the House of Commons it was defeated by the House of Lords.<ref name="landandsocietyp312"/> A second government bill by Pentland was also defeated by the House of Lords.<ref name="landandsocietyp313">{{cite book|title=Land and Society in Edwardian Britain|first=Brian|last=Short|pages=313|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-521-57035-0}}</ref>

Pentland was a favourite of the Prime Minister, Campbell-Bannerman.<ref name="scottishhistoryp10">{{cite book|title=No Gods and Precious Few Heroes: Twentieth-century Scotland|first=Christopher|last=Harvie|pages=10|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-7486-0999-4}}</ref> Pentland's Agriculture Act made the Secretary of Scotland answerable to the House of Commons for issues relating to agriculture.<ref name="scottishhistoryp9">{{cite book|title=No Gods and Precious Few Heroes: Twentieth-century Scotland|first=Christopher|last=Harvie|pages=9|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-7486-0999-4}}</ref> In 1907, he assured Scottish MPs in the House of Commons that the Government is aware of issues that plague Scotland.<ref name="scottishhistoryp9" />

Pentland was Secretary of State for Scotland during the [[Oscar Slater]] miscarriage of justice in 1909. Although he commuted Slater's death penalty to life imprisonment he did not investigate concerns, raised by many including Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, that the Glasgow Police, James Neil Hart (the Procurator Fiscal) and the Lord Advocate Ure conspired to protect the then influential Charteris and Birrell families of Glasgow. Slater's appeal was upheld in 1928.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

In February 1912, Pentland retired as the Secretary for Scotland and was succeeded by [[Thomas McKinnon Wood]].<ref name="anewenglandp857">{{cite book|title=A New England?: Peace and War 1886-1918|first=G. R.|last=Searle|pages=857|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-19-928440-5}}</ref>

==As Governor of Madras==
[[File:Memorial to John Sinclair, Baron Pentland, at St Andrew's Kirk, Madras.jpg|thumb|Memorial to John Sinclair, Baron Pentland, at the [[St Andrew's Church, Chennai|St Andrew's Kirk, Madras]]]]
Pentland served as the [[Governors of Madras|Governor of Madras]] from 1912 to 1919. For the most part of his tenure as Governor of Madras, [[British India]] was embroiled in the [[First World War]].

===Construction of the Pamban Bridge===
{{See also|Pamban Bridge}}
In June 1911, [[Arthur Lawley]] had commissioned the construction of a railway bridge connecting [[Pamban Island]] with the Indian mainland. The existing railway line ended with the town of [[Ramanathapuram]] and it was felt that its extension to Pamban island would boost trade and tourism. It would also make it easier for pilgrims to travel to the sacred [[Ramanathaswamy Temple, Rameswaram|Hindu shrine]] of [[Rameswaram]].

The construction of the 2.06 km long cantilever railway bridge was undertaken by the German engineer Scherzer and completed in 2 years at a cost of Rs. 2,000,000 by 600 workers with no loss of life.<ref name="pambanbridge">{{cite news|title=Efforts to get Pamban bridge in UNESCO list|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Efforts-to-get-Pamban-bridge-in-UNESCO-list/articleshow/2205006.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023061445/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-07-15/india/27974452_1_railway-bridge-pamban-unesco-s-heritage|url-status=live|archive-date=23 October 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 July 2007}}</ref> The bridge was opened by Lord Pentland for traffic on 24 February 1914.<ref name="pambanbridge"/> The Pamban bridge is India's largest sea bridge and an UNESCO World Heritage monument.<ref name="pambanbridge"/>

===Pentland and Geddes===
In 1914, Pentland invited the Scottish botanist and architect [[Patrick Geddes]] to conduct an exhibition on town-planning in Madras city. He reached Madras on 20 December 1914 after journeying overland from Calcutta through Vizagapatam, Guntur and Bellary.<ref name="geddesp256">[[#Geddes|Geddes]], Pg 256</ref> Pentland had been interacting with Geddes and was fascinated with his models since 1890.<ref name="ladypentlandp213">[[#Lady Pentland|Lady Pentland]], Pg 213</ref>

Geddes had prepared for a detailed exhibition at Madras with a series of illustrations and maps. However, the ship by which they were slated to arrive in Madras, the "Clan Grant", was sunk to the south of [[Cape Comorin]] by the German ship ''[[SMS Emden (1906)|Emden]]''.<ref name="geddesp253">[[#Geddes|Geddes]], p. 253</ref> This calamity delayed Geddes' visit to Madras by a couple of months and he had to recreate his presentations and illustrations.

The Cities and Town Planning Exhibition opened in the senate of the [[Madras University]] on 17 January 1915 and was inaugurated by the Governor who also gave an introductory speech.<ref name="geddesp260">[[#Geddes|Geddes]], p. 260</ref> Patrick Geddes gave a detailed lecture on cost-effective town planning and sanitation with the aid of real-life examples and a presentation with detailed illustrations and maps.<ref name="geddesp260"/>

Geddes spent the next few months in Madras touring the countryside and making reports and illustrations of the different towns in the Presidency. He persuaded Pentland to appoint a town planning advisor and suggested the name of H. V. Lancaster who was a vice-president of the Royal Institute of British Architects.<ref name="townplanning_foundingfather">{{cite news|title=Founding father of town planning in Madras|url=http://newstodaynet.com/2006sud/06jan/0301ss1.htm|work=The News Today|date=3 January 2006|first=V.|last=Sundaram|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008040951/http://www.newstodaynet.com/2006sud/06jan/0301ss1.htm|archive-date=8 October 2008}}</ref> Accordingly, in October 1915, Lancaster joined the service of the Madras government.<ref name="townplanning_foundingfather"/>

===During the First World War===
Pentland set up a hospital ship which plied regularly between [[Africa]] and India and then, between India and the [[Middle East]], caring for sailors injured at sea and treating them. This hospital ship was paid for and maintained by some of the prominent citizens of Madras.<ref name="newstoday">{{cite news|url=http://newstodaynet.com/printer.php?id=7165|title=News Today|date=5 May 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714180123/http://newstodaynet.com/printer.php?id=7165|archive-date=14 July 2011}}</ref>

In 1914, the Department of Industries, which had earlier been disbanded in face of protests from the Madras Chamber of Commerce, was re-established.<ref name="colonialeconomyp30">{{cite book|title=A Colonial Economy in the Great Depression, Madras (1929-1937)|first=K.A.|last=Manikumar|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=2003|pages=30|isbn=978-81-250-2456-9}}</ref> This department commenced the rapid industrialization of the province to cater to the economic and industrialization needs of the war.<ref name="colonialeconomyp30"/> Factories manufacturing soap, ink, adhesives, paper-making, oil-pressing, food processing and decoration of groundnuts were established all over the province.<ref name="colonialeconomyp30"/> Industries were set for manufacturing military equipment for the British army.

; Shelling of Madras by ''SMS Emden''
On 22 September 1914, the German cruiser ''[[SMS Emden (1906)|Emden]]'' which was patrolling the Bay of Bengal launched a surprise attack on Madras<ref name="emden_nytimes1">{{cite news|title=The Emden shells Madras|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1914/09/25/101925628.pdf|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=25 September 1914}}</ref> shelling the oil tanks of the Burmah Oil Company that we set up on the shore.<ref name="historyofwar">{{cite news|title=Madras raid, 22 September 1914|first=J.|last=Rickard|date=27 September 2007|url=http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/raid_madras.html}}</ref> Five tanks were hit out of which two caught fire.<ref name="historyofwar"/> Nearly, 425,000 gallons of oil were lost in the attack.<ref name="historyofwar"/> Three Indians were killed and the Indian liner ''Chupra'' was damaged in the attack. The battle lasted fifteen minutes and ''Emden'' sailed away towards Pondicherry when the coastal defenses of Madras started to retaliate.<ref name="emden_nytimes1"/>

Though the casualties due to the attack were minimal, there was a great deal of material damage caused by the shelling. The people of Madras were terrified by these attacks that ''SMS Emden'' has carved out a place for itself in local folklore.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

; Home Rule Movement
In 1915, the Home Rule Movement was started in order to demand home rule for India. In Madras, it was led by Irishwoman [[Annie Besant]] and [[Sir S. Subramania Iyer]]. As the movement gathered strength, Pentland responded with Annie Besant's arrest in June 1917 for hoisting the provisional flag of free India and a crackdown on the leaders of the movement.<ref name="bgtilak">{{cite book|title=Bal Gangadhar Tilak: Struggle for Swaraj|first=Sri Ram|last=Bakshi|pages=107|publisher=Anmol Publications PVT LTD|year=1990|isbn=978-81-7041-262-5}}</ref> Other freedom-fighter as [[George Arundale]] and B. P. Wadia were subsequently arrested.<ref name="jinnahp64">{{cite book|title=Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity: Jinnah's Early Politics|pages=64|first=Ian Bryant|last=Wells|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-7824-144-9|year=2005}}</ref> These arrests were strongly condemned and her case argued by [[Mohammad Ali Jinnah]].<ref name="jinnahp64"/>

===Pentland and Rameswaram===
Lord and Lady Pentland were deeply interested in Hindu religion and philosophy.<ref name="newstoday"/> He appeared captivated by the [[Ramanathaswamy Temple, Rameswaram|Hindu shrine]] at Rameswaram which he visited during the inauguration of Pamban Bridge and recommended to the Viceroy to establish a committee to conduct a detailed undersea exploration at the site.<ref name="newstoday"/>

{{blockquote|For me Rameshwaram, very much like India as a whole is the real world. We English men live in a mad house of abstractions. Vital life in Rameshwaram has not yet withdrawn into the capsule of the head. It is the whole body that lives. No wonder the English man feels dreamlike: the complete life of Rameshwaram is something of which he merely dreams. ... I did not see an English man in India who really lived there. They are all living in England, that is, in a sort of bottle filled with English air.... History can be events or memory of events. ... along the Bay of Bengal the Madras Presidency runs, with the well-governed city of Madras at its center and the sublime and glorious temples of Tanjore, Tiruchi, Madurai and Rameshwaram adorning its Southern boundaries. And then Adam’s Bridge- a reef of sunken islands' beckons us across the Palk Straits to Ceylon, where civilization flourished more than 2000 years ago. ... Linga stones may be seen in many places on the highways in my Presidency. Hindus break upon them the coconuts which they are about to offer in sacrifice. Usually the phallic ritual is simple and becoming; it consists in anointing the stone with consecrated water or oil, and decorating it with leaves. At the Rameshwaram temple, the Linga stone is daily washed with Ganga water, which is afterwards sold to the pious, as holy water or mesmerized water has been sold in Europe. All these are a little part of my beloved Presidency – indeed my favourite India. Right from the dawn of history, India is extraordinarily continuous in time. In space, on the other hand, it is extraordinarily discontinuous. ... from early times in India, it is ethnology, philology, and archaeology that give and will give us some notions of the truth. From archaeology much can be expected. I would earnestly request you to direct the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) to undertake an extensive and intensive survey of Rameshwaram and its beautiful environs, particularly with reference to the historic and primordial Adam’s Bridge|John Sinclair|Letter to Viceroy of India, Lord Hardinge, 1 December 1914.<ref name="newstoday" />}}

===Pentland's policy===
Pentland was one of the classical British Indian politicians who shared their views on appeasing Indians and that words were more important than actions. The half-measures at industrial development were primarily undertaken to sustain the wartime economy of the First World War. In 1917, he is believed to have told [[Edwin Samuel Montagu]], the [[Secretary of State for India]]:{{blockquote|We ought to play with them (Indians), humour them in politics and discuss with them industrial development, education and social reform; but there is no necessity for doing anything<ref name="colonialeconomyp29">{{cite book|title=A Colonial Economy in the Great Depression, Madras (1929-1937)|first=K. A. |last=Manikumar|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=2003|pages=29|isbn=978-81-250-2456-9}}</ref>}}

Lord Pentland is also remembered for having assisted the Indian mathematician [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]] make his journey to [[England]].<ref name="ramanujan">{{cite book|title=Ramanujan: Letters and Commentary|pages=100|first=Srinivasa|last=Ramanujan|author-link=Srinivasa Ramanujan|author2=Bruce C. Berndt |author3=Robert Alexander Rankin|publisher=AMS Bookstore|year=1995|isbn=978-0-8218-0287-8}}</ref>

On the general poverty of the masses, Pentland remarked that laborers of Madras city had the habit of frequenting cinema halls to watch movies and suggested that this could be one of the possible reasons for their poverty.<ref name="folklorep119">{{cite book|title=Folklore, Public Sphere, and Civil Society|pages=119|first=M.D.|last=Muthukumaraswamy|publisher=NFSC|author2=Molly Kaushal|isbn=978-81-901481-4-6|year=2004}}</ref> Pentland's statement also hints at the possibility of a drastic increase in the number of cinema goers during his Governorate.<ref name="folklorep119"/>

==Death==
[[File:Grave of John Sinclair, Baron Pentland, Dean Cemetery.JPG|thumb|the modest grave of John Sinclair, Baron Pentland, Dean Cemetery]]
John Sinclair died in 1925, and was succeeded to the [[baron]]y by his son.<ref name="csac"/>

He is buried in [[Dean Cemetery]] in [[Edinburgh]], with a humble grave, set back from the path behind other stones. It lies in the north-west section of the original cemetery.

==Honours and Arms==
Pentland was made a [[Order of the Indian Empire|Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] in 1912 and a [[Order of the Star of India|Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] in 1918.<ref name="guide_cabinetministersp330" />

===Arms===
{{Infobox COA wide
|image = {{center|[[File:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|150px]] [[File:Arms of Sinclair, Baron Pentland.svg|180px]]}}
|escutcheon = Quarterly: 1st, azure, a ship at anchor, oars in saltire or, flagged gules, within a double tressure counter-flory of the second; 2nd and 3rd, or, a lion rampant gules, armed and langued azure; 4th, azure, a ship under sail or, sails argent and flags gules; over all, dividing the four quarters, a cross engrailed sable, thereon a mullet for difference, Sinclair; the whole within a bordure parted per pale, the dexter side indented gules, the sinister ermine.
|crest = A cock proper.
|supporters = On either side a Scotch deerhound proper, each supporting a banner azure, that to the dexter inscribed with the word "HELP" and that to the sinister with the word a"HOLD"
|motto = Fidelitas ''(Fidelity)'' <ref>{{cite book |title=Debrett's peerage & baronetage 1976 |date= 1976|publisher=Kelly's Directories|location=London |pages=901 |isbn= 978-0-610-00483-4|url=https://archive.org/details/debrettspeerageb0000na/page/900/mode/2up?q=Pentland}}</ref>}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book|title=Kelly's Handbook to the Titled, Landed and Official Classes for 1912|publisher=Kelly's Directories Limited|place=London|year=1912|ref=Kelly}}
* {{cite book|title=The Worlds of Patrick Geddes: Biologist, Town Planner, Re-educator, Peace-warrior|first=Philip|last=Boardman|publisher=Routledge|year=1978|isbn=978-0-7100-8548-1|ref=Geddes}}
* {{cite book|title=The Right Honourable John Sinclair Lord Pentland, G.C.S.I.|publisher=Methuen|first=Marjorie Gordon Sinclair|last=Pentland|year=1928|ref=Lady Pentland}}

==Sources==
*[http://www.electricscotland.com/history/descendants/chap31.htm Biography of Lord Aberdeen, father-in-law to Lord Pentland]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060309090206/http://worldroots.com/brigitte/famous/m02/maryenglanddesc1496-109.htm Descendants of Mary Tudor, Princess of England, Queen of France]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050205055255/http://clansinclaircanada.ca/docs/peers.htm Some Sinclair peers]
*[http://www.stirnet.com/HTML/genie/british/ss4as/sinclair06.htm Sir John Sinclair of Barrock, 6th Bt, of Dunbeath is Lord Pentland's ancestor]
*Torrance, David, ''The Scottish Secretaries'' (Birlinn 2006)

==External links==
* {{Hansard-contribs | mr-john-sinclair | John Sinclair }}
* {{NPG name}}

{{s-start}}
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| years = [[1892 United Kingdom general election|1892]]–[[1895 United Kingdom general election|1895]]
| before = Sir [[Sir Archibald Orr-Ewing, 1st Baronet|Archibald Orr-Ewing]]
| after = [[Alexander Wylie (politician)|Alexander Wylie]]
}}
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| years = [[1897 Forfarshire by-election|1897]]–[[1909 Forfarshire by-election|1909]]
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| years = 1905–1912
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| years = 30 October 1912 – 29 March 1919
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| after = [[Alexander Cardew]]
}}
{{s-reg|uk}}
{{s-new | creation }}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Baron Pentland]]
| years = 1909–1925
}}
{{s-aft | after = [[Henry John Sinclair]] }}
{{s-end}}

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{{Authority control}}

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2004 Indian general election in Uttar Pradesh

2026-04-05T07:31:59Z

MaryjoM897:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2004
Indian general election in Uttar Pradesh
| country = India
| type = Parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1999 Indian general election in Uttar Pradesh
| previous_year = 1999
| next_election = 2009 Indian general election in Uttar Pradesh
| next_year = 2009
| election_date = 26 April 2004 5, 10 May 2004
| seats_for_election = 80 seats
| turnout = 48.16%<ref name="ECI2004UPresultspercentagebypublic">{{cite news |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 2004 TO THE 14th LOK SABHA |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ | volume=v:I| page=168 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

| image1= {{CSS image crop|Image=Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Shri.Mulayam Singh Yadav, addressing at the National Development Council, New Delhi on December 9, 2006 (cropped).jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=09}}
| party1 = Samajwadi Party
| leader1 = [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Mainpuri Lok Sabha constituency|Mainpuri]]
| alliance1 =
| last_election1 = 26
| seats1 = '''35'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 9
| percentage1 = 26.74%
| image2= {{CSS image crop|Image=Mayawati.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=03}}
| party2 = Bahujan Samaj Party
| leader2 = [[Mayawati]]
| leaders_seat2 = [[Akbarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Akbarpur]]
| alliance2 =
| last_election2 = 14
| seats2 = 19
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 5
| percentage2 = 24.67%
| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Ab vajpayee (cropped).jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=03}}
| party3 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leader3 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| leaders_seat3 = [[Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency|Lucknow]]
| alliance3 =
| last_election3 = 29
| seats3 = 10
| seat_change3 = {{decrease}} 19
| percentage3 = 22.17%
| image4= {{CSS image crop|Image=Sonia Gandhi (cropped).jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=14}}
| party4 = Indian National Congress
| leader4 = [[Sonia Gandhi]]
| leaders_seat4 = [[Raebareli Lok Sabha constituency|Raebareli]]
| alliance4 =
| last_election4 = 10
| seats4 = 9
| seat_change4 = {{decrease}} 1
| percentage4 = 12.04%
| image5= {{CSS image crop|Image=Ajit Singh at press conference.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=17}}
| party5 = Rashtriya Lok Dal
| leader5 = [[Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)|Ajit Singh]]
| leaders_seat5 = [[Baghpat Lok Sabha constituency|Baghpat]]
| alliance5 =
| last_election5 = 2
| seats5 = 3
| seat_change5 = {{increase}} 1
| percentage5 = 4.49%
| swing1 = {{increase}} 2.68%
| swing2 = {{increase}} 2.59%
| swing3 = {{decrease}} 5.47%
| swing4 = {{decrease}} 2.68%
| swing5 = {{increase}} 2.00%
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| before_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| after_election = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
}}

The [[2004 Indian general election]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] were held between 26 April and 10 May 2004 for the [[14th Lok Sabha]]. The election results were declared on 13 May in which the national parties the BJP and the Congress performed quite badly while the state parties, SP and BSP did very well and fetched majority of the seats. Early polls called by the BJP proved disastrous for the party, although Congress managed to win and form the government at the [[2004 Indian general election|national level]].

==Preparation by the Election Commission==
The election commission had appointed its total of 240 observers in the state in view of the preparations.<ref>{{cite news |title=General Elections to the 14th Lok Sabha and certain State Legislative Assemblies, 2004 – Deployment of Observers| page=3 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3052-general-elections-to-the-14th-lok-sabha-and-certain-state-legislative-assemblies-2004-%E2%80%93-deployment-of-observers/ |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=19 March 2004 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

The filing of nomination along with voting was carried by the Election Commission in three days as:<ref>{{cite news |title=ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA, PRESS NOTE, SUBJECT: SCHEDULE FOR GENERAL ELECTIONS, 2004| pages=11, 13, 20, 25 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3042-schedule-for-general-elections-2004/ |work=Election Commission of India |date=29 February 2004 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="3" | Poll event
! colspan="3" | Phase
|-
!I
!II
!III
|-
| style="background:#808080;"|
| style="background:#F6F6FF;"|
| style="background:#CD7F32;"|
|-
! Notification date
|31 March 2004
|8 April 2004
|16 April 2004
|-
! Last date for filing the nomination
|7 April 2004
|15 April 2004
|23 April 2004
|-
! Date of Scrutiny
|8 April 2004
|16 April 2004
|24 April 2004
|-
! Last date for withdrawal of nomination
|10 April 2004
|19 April 2004
|26 April 2004
|-
! Date of poll
|26 April 2004
|5 May 2004
|10 May 2004
|-
!Date of counting
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | '''13 May 2004'''
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="3" | Voting Phases
|-
!I
(32 seats)
!II
(30 seats)
!III
(18 seats)
|-
| style="background:#808080;"|
| style="background:#F6F6FF;"|
| style="background:#CD7F32;"|
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
||
*Rae Bareli
*Pratapgarh
*Amethi
*Sultanpur
*Akbarpur
*Faizabad
*Bara Banki
*Kaiserganj
*Bahraich
*Balrampur
*Gonda
*Basti
*Domariaganj
*Khalilabad
*Bansgaon
*Gorakhpur
*Maharajganj
*Padrauna
*Deoria
*Salempur
*Ballia
*Ghosi
*Azamgarh
*Lalganj
*Machhlishahr
*Jaunpur
*Saidpur
*Ghazipur
*Chandauli
*Varanasi
*Robertsganj
*Mirzapur
||
*Kheri
*Shahabad
*Sitapur
*Misrikh
*Hardoi
*Lucknow
*Mohanlalganj
*Unnao
*Phulpur
*Allahabad
*Chail
*Fatehpur
*Banda
*Hamirpur
*Jhansi
*Jalaun
*Ghatampur
*Bilhaur
*Kanpur
*Etawah
*Kannauj
*Farrukhabad
*Mainpuri
*Jalesar
*Etah
*Firozabad
*Agra
*Mathura
*Hathras
*Aligarh
||
*Bijnor
*Amroha
*Moradabad
*Rampur
*Sambhal
*Budaun
*Aonla
*Bareilly
*Pilibhit
*Shahjahanpur
*Khurja
*Bulandshahr
*Hapur
*Meerut
*Baghpat
*Muzaffarnagar
*Kairana
*Saharanpur
|}

Further the affidavits were filed by the contesting candidates from each seat respectively which were submitted to the Election Commission as mandated.<ref>{{cite news |title=Office of Chief Electoral Officer - UTTAR PRADESH, Lok Sabha Elections 2004 - List of Parliamentary Constituencies|url=https://affidavitarchive.eci.nic.in/Affidavit/GE2004_Affidavits/Uttar%20Pradesh/PCList.html |work=Election Commission of India |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Campaigning and Seat Alliances==

The BJP in its party manifesto included building Lord Ram temple in Ayodhya as a part of 'Vision Document'.<ref name="frontlinearticle30222881">{{cite news |title=Misreading the mandate|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30222881.ece|date=4 June 2004|archive-date=31 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131183532/https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30222881.ece}}</ref> The party had hoped that section of the public would believe there is no alternate to PM [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee|Vajpayee]] with the slogan: ''Kaho dil se, Atal phir se'' and would ultimately help in certain seats.<ref>{{cite news |title=In Uttar Pradesh, Vajpayee is BJP's trump card|url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2004/may/05bjp1.htm|date=4 May 2004|archive-date=31 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131184542/https://www.rediff.com/election/2004/may/05bjp1.htm}}</ref>

The table shows seat allotments alliance and party wise:<ref>{{cite news |title=Uttar Pradesh [2000 Onwards] Lok Sabha / Parliamantary Alliances - 2004 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/alliance/partyWise/14/60 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211185004/https://www.indiavotes.com/alliance/partyWise/14/60|archive-date=11 February 2023}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan=4|Alliance/Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! colspan=4|Seats contested
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
| rowspan=2|[[National Democratic Alliance]]
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP}};color:white" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP_flag.svg|50x50px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50x50px]]
|77
|rowspan=2|80
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)}};color:white" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
|[[File:Janata_Dal_(United)_Flag.svg|50x50px]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Arrow.svg|50x50px]]
|3
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{Party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|rowspan=2|SP+<ref name="rediff2004UP">{{cite news |title=BJP suffers worst-ever drubbing in UP|url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2004/may/14bjp2.htm|date=14 May 2004|archive-date=31 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131183920/https://www.rediff.com/election/2004/may/14bjp2.htm|work=Rediff}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}};color:white" ! |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|[[File:SP Flag.png|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|50px]]
|70
|rowspan=2|80
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}};color:white" |
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
|[[File:Rashtriya-Lok-Dal-620x413-1-620x400.jpg|50x50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Hand Pump.png|50px]]
|10
|-
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
|rowspan=2|INC+
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};color:white" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50x50px]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50x50px]]
|73
|rowspan=2|76
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}};color:white" |
|[[Lok Janshakti Party]]
|[[File:Lok_Janshakti_Party_Flag.svg|border|50x50px]]
|
|3
|-
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{Party color|Third Front}}" |
|rowspan=2|Third Front
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|50x50px]]
|[[File:CPIM_election_symbol.png|center|50x50px]]
|2
|rowspan=2|8
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}};color:white" |
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|[[File:CPI-banner.svg|50x50px]]
|[[File:CPI_symbol.svg|center|50x50px]]
|6
|}

The BSP had contested all the 80 Lok Sabha seats in the state.<ref name="bsp2004UP">{{cite news |title=BSP to contest from 500 seats|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/bsp-to-contest-from-500-seats/articleshow/4299419.cms|date=22 Mar 2009|archive-date=27 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327192238/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/bsp-to-contest-from-500-seats/articleshow/4299419.cms|work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>

==List of Candidates==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Constituency
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |[[Samajwadi Party|SP+]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|-
! No.
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
|-
!1
|[[Bijnor Lok Sabha constituency|Bijnor (SC)]]
|{{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
| [[Munshiram Singh]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Ghan Shyam Chandr Kharwar
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Sheeshram Singh Ravi]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Jiraj Singh
|-
!2
|[[Amroha Lok Sabha constituency|Amroha]]
|{{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
| [[Mahmood Madani]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Aley Hasan
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Chetan Chauhan
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Vikram Singh
|-
!3
|[[Moradabad Lok Sabha constituency|Moradabad]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| [[Shafiqur Rahman Barq]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Iftakar Mohammad Khan
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Chandra Vijay Singh]]
|style="background:white;"|
|colspan=2|''Did not contest''
|-
!4
|[[Rampur Lok Sabha constituency|Rampur]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| [[Jaya Prada]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Afroz Ali Khan
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Rajendra Kumar Sharma (politician)|Rajendra Kumar Sharma]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Noor Bano (politician)|Begum Noor Bano]]
|-
!5
|[[Sambhal Lok Sabha constituency|Sambhal]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| [[Ram Gopal Yadav]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Tarannum Aqeel
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Omveer Singh
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Ashok Yadav
|-
!6
|[[Badaun Lok Sabha constituency|Budaun]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| [[Saleem Iqbal Shervani]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Prem Pal Singh Yadav
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Brijpal Singh Shakya
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Mahboob Husain Ansari
|-
!7
|[[Aonla Lok Sabha constituency|Aonla]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| [[Rajveer Singh]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Sudhir Kumar Maurya
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal (United)}}
| [[Sarvraj Singh]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Alauddeen Khan
|-
!8
|[[Bareilly Lok Sabha constituency|Bareilly]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| Islam Sabir
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| [[Akbar Ahmad Dumpy]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Santosh Gangwar]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Praveen Singh Aron]]
|-
!9
|[[Pilibhit Lok Sabha constituency|Pilibhit]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| Satyapal Gangwar
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Anis Ahmad Khan alias Phool Babu
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Maneka Gandhi]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| V. M. Singh
|-
!10
|[[Shahjahanpur Lok Sabha constituency|Shahjahanpur]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| [[Rammurti Singh Verma]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| [[Satyapal Singh Yadav]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Suresh Kumar Khanna]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Jitin Prasada]]
|-
!11
|[[Kheri Lok Sabha constituency|Kheri]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| [[Ravi Prakash Verma]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Daud Ahmad
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Vinay Katiyar]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Rai Singh
|-
!12
|[[Shahabad, Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Shahabad]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| [[Babu Khan]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| [[Iliyas Azmi]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Satya Dev Singh
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Mradul Shukla
|-
!13
|[[Sitapur Lok Sabha constituency|Sitapur]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| [[Mukhtar Anis]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Rajesh Verma
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Janardan Prasad Mishra
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Raja Mohd. Amir Mohd. Khan
|-
!14
|[[Misrikh Lok Sabha constituency|Misrikh (SC)]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| [[Sushila Saroj]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| [[Ashok Kumar Rawat]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Paragi Lal Chau
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Ram Lal Rahi]]
|-
!15
|[[Hardoi Lok Sabha constituency|Hardoi (SC)]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| [[Usha Verma]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Shiv Prasad Verma
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Anita Verma
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Chand Ram
|-
!16
|[[Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency|Lucknow]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| [[Madhu Gupta]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Nasir Ali Siddiqui
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|style="background:white;"|
|colspan=2|''Did not contest''
|-
!17
|[[Mohanlalganj Lok Sabha constituency|Mohanlalganj (SC)]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| [[Jai Prakash]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Radhe Lal
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Mast Ram
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Reena Choudhary
|-
!18
|[[Unnao Lok Sabha constituency|Unnao]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| Deepak Kumar
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| [[Brajesh Pathak]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Devi Bux Singh]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Shivpal Singh Yadav]]
|-
!19
|[[Rae Bareli Lok Sabha constituency|Rae Bareli]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| Ashok Kumar Singh
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Rajesh Yadav
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Girish Narayan Panday
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Sonia Gandhi]]
|-
!20
|[[Pratapgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Pratapgarh]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| [[Akshay Pratap Singh]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Shiv Prakash Mishra "Senani"
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Rama Shankar Singh]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Ratna Singh]]
|-
!21
|[[Amethi Lok Sabha constituency|Amethi]]
|style="background:white;"|
|colspan=2|''Did not contest''
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Chandra Parkash Mishra Matiyari
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Ram Vilashdas Vedanti
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Rahul Gandhi]]
|-
!22
|[[Sultanpur Lok Sabha constituency|Sultanpur]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| [[Shailendra Pratap Singh]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Mohd. Tahir
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Veena Pandey]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Satish Sharma]]
|-
!23
|[[Akbarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Akbarpur (SC)]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| [[Shankhlal Majhi]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| [[Mayawati]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Triveni Ram
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Jaisraj Gautam
|-
!24
|[[Faizabad Lok Sabha constituency|Faizabad]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| Ashok Kumar Singh
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Mitrasen
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Lallu Singh
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Nirmal Khatri
|-
!25
|[[Barabanki Lok Sabha constituency|Bara Banki (SC)]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| Ram Sagar
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Kamla Prasad
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Ram Naresh Rawat
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Anand Prakash Gautam
|-
!26
|[[Kaiserganj Lok Sabha constituency|Kaiserganj]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| [[Beni Prasad Verma]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Farid Mahfooz Ki
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Arif Mohammad Khan]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Gyanendra Pratap Singh
|-
!27
|[[Bahraich Lok Sabha constituency|Bahraich]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| Rubab Sayeda
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Bhagat Ram Mishra
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Padam Sen Chaudhary
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| D. R. Abdul Rahman Khan
|-
!28
|[[Balrampur Lok Sabha constituency|Balrampur]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| Dr. Mohd Umar
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Rizwan Zaheer alias Rijju Bhaya
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Brij Bhushan Sharan Singh
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Ekbal Siddiqui
|-
!29
|[[Gonda Lok Sabha constituency|Gonda]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| [[Kirti Vardhan Singh]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| [[Fazlul Bari]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Ghan Shyam Shukla
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Vinay Kumar Pandey alias Binnoo
|-
!30
|[[Basti Lok Sabha constituency|Basti (SC)]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| Ratnakar Dhusiya
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| [[Lal Mani Prasad]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Sriram Chauhan
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Umed Singh
|-
!31
|[[Domariyaganj Lok Sabha constituency|Domariaganj]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| [[Brij Bhushan Tiwari]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| [[Mohammed Muqueem]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Ram Pal Singh
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Jagdambika Pal]]
|-
!32
|[[Khalilabad Lok Sabha constituency|Khalilabad]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| [[Bhishma Shankar Tiwari]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Bhalchandra Yadava
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Ram Prasad Chaudhary
|style="background:white;"|
|colspan=2|''Did not contest''
|-
!33
|[[Bansgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Bansgaon (SC)]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| [[Subhawati Paswan]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| [[Sadal Prasad]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Raj Narayan
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Mahaveer Prasad
|-
!34
|[[Gorakhpur Lok Sabha constituency|Gorakhpur]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| Jamuna Nishad
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Pradeep Kumar Nishad
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Aditya Nath
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Shardendu Pandey
|-
!35
|[[Maharajganj, Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Maharajganj]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| Akhilesh
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Talat Ajiz
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Pankaj
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Harsh Vardhan
|-
!36
|[[Padrauna Lok Sabha constituency|Padrauna]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| Ram Aawad Yadav
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| N. P. Kushwaha
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Ram Nagina Mishra
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Ratanjit Pratap Narain Singh]]
|-
!37
|[[Deoria Lok Sabha constituency|Deoria]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| Mohan Singh
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Devi Prasad
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Sriprakash Mani
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Ramashish Rai
|-
!38
|[[Salempur Lok Sabha constituency|Salempur]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| Harikeval Prasad
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| [[Ramashankar Rajbhar]]
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal (United)}}
| Rajdhari
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Bhola Pandey
|-
!39
|[[Ballia Lok Sabha constituency|Ballia]]
|style="background:white;"|
|colspan=2|''Did not contest''
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Kapildeo Yadav
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Parmatma Nand Tiwari
|style="background:white;"|
|colspan=2|''Did not contest''
|-
!40
|[[Ghosi Lok Sabha constituency|Ghosi]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| [[Chandradeo Prasad Rajbhar]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Bal Krishna
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Bharat Lal Rahi Kushwaha
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Sudha Rai
|-
!41
|[[Azamgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Azamgarh]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| [[Durga Prasad Yadav]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| [[Ramakant Yadav (politician)|Ramakant Yadav]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Shah Mohammad
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Ram Naresh Yadav]]
|-
!42
|[[Lalganj Lok Sabha constituency|Lalganj (SC)]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| [[Daroga Saroj]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Dr. Baliram
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Kalpnath
|{{Party name with colour|Lok Janshakti Party}}
| Deepchandra Visharad
|-
!43
|[[Machhlishahr Lok Sabha constituency|Machhlishahr]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| Chandra Nath Singh
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Umakant Yadav
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Keshari Nath Tripathi
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Deovrat Mishra
|-
!44
|[[Jaunpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jaunpur]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| Parasnath Yadava
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Om Prakash Dubey (Baba Dubey)
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Chinmayanand
|{{Party name with colour|Lok Janshakti Party}}
| Dhananjay Singh
|-
!45
|[[Saidpur Lok Sabha constituency|Saidpur (SC)]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| Tufani Saroj
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| R. A. Prasad
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Vidyasagar
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Mata Prasad
|-
!46
|[[Ghazipur Lok Sabha constituency|Ghazipur]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| Afajal Ansari
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Uma Shankar
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Manoj
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Shivprakash
|-
!47
|[[Chandauli Lok Sabha constituency|Chandauli]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| Anand Ratna Maurya
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Kailash Nath Singh Yadav
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Shashikant Rajbhar
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Ashok Singh
|-
!48
|[[Varanasi Lok Sabha constituency|Varanasi]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| Anjana Prakash
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Amir Chand Patel
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Shankar Prasad Jaiswal
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Dr. Rajesh Kumar Mishra
|-
!49
|[[Robertsganj Lok Sabha constituency|Robertsganj (SC)]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| Pakauri Lal
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Lalchandra
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Ram Shakal
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Brij Kishor Kanaujiya
|-
!50
|[[Mirzapur Lok Sabha constituency|Mirzapur]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| Sharda Prasad
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Narendra Kumar Kushwaha
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Veerendra Singh
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Rajesh Pati Tripathi
|-
!51
|[[Phulpur Lok Sabha constituency|Phulpur]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| Atiq Ahmad
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Keshari Devi Patel
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Beni Madhav Bind
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Ram Poojan Patel
|-
!52
|[[Allahabad Lok Sabha constituency|Allahabad]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| Kunwar Rewati Raman Singh urf Mani Ji
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| R. K. Singh Patel
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Dr. Murali Manohar Joshi
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Satya Prakash Malviya
|-
!53
|[[Chail Lok Sabha constituency|Chail (SC)]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| Shailendra Kumar
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Vachaspati
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Dr. Amrit Lal Bharti
|{{Party name with colour|Lok Janshakti Party}}
| Shashi Prakash
|-
!54
|[[Fatehpur Lok Sabha constituency|Fatehpur]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| Achal Singh
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Mahendra Prasad Nishad
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Ashok Patel
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Khan Gufran Jahidi
|-
!55
|[[Banda Lok Sabha constituency|Banda]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| Shyama Charan Gupt
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Ram Sajeevan
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Bhairo Prasad Misra
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Prakash Narain
|-
!56
|[[Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Hamirpur]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| Rajnarayan alias Rajju Mahraj
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Ashok Kumar Singh Chandel
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Surendra Pal Singh
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Gangacharan Rajput
|-
!57
|[[Jhansi Lok Sabha constituency|Jhansi]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| Chandrapal Singh Yadav
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Babu Lal Kushwaha
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Rajendra Agnihotri
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Rajendra Pratap urf Raja Bundela
|-
!58
|[[Jalaun Lok Sabha constituency|Jalaun (SC)]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| Ghanshyam Kori
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Brij Lal Khabri
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Bhanu Pratap Singh Verma
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Nathuram Verma
|-
!59
|[[Ghatampur Lok Sabha constituency|Ghatampur (SC)]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| Radhey Shyam Kori
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Pyarelal Sankhwar
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Kamal Rani
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Askaran Sankhwar
|-
!60
|[[Bilhaur Lok Sabha constituency|Bilhaur]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| Lal Singh Tomar
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Raja Ram Pal
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Shyam Bihari Mishra
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Madan Mohan Shukla
|-
!61
|[[Kanpur Lok Sabha constituency|Kanpur]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| Haji Mushtaq Solanki
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Anubhav
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Satya Dev Pachauri
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Shriprakash Jaiswal
|-
!62
|[[Etawah Lok Sabha constituency|Etawah]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| Raghuraj Singh Shakya
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Sudheendra Bhadaurya
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Sarita Bhadauria
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Proffesser Rajendra Prasad alias Raju Dixit
|-
!63
|[[Kannauj Lok Sabha constituency|Kannauj]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| Akhilesh Yadav
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Th. Rajesh Singh
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Ramanand Yadav
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Vinay Kumar Shukla
|-
!64
|[[Farrukhabad Lok Sabha constituency|Farrukhabad]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| [[Chandra Bhushan Singh]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Nagendra Singh Shakya
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Mukesh Rajput
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Louise Khurshid
|-
!65
|[[Mainpuri Lok Sabha constituency|Mainpuri]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Ashok Shakya
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Balram Singh Yadav
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Tha. Rajendra Singh Jadon
|-
!66
|[[Jalesar Lok Sabha constituency|Jalesar]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| [[S. P. Singh Baghel]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Updesh Singh Chauhan
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Pratyendra Pal Singh (Pappu Bhaiya)
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Shivraj Singh Yadav
|-
!67
|[[Etah Lok Sabha constituency|Etah]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| [[Devendra Singh Yadav]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Ramgopal Shakya
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Ashok Ratan Shakya
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Ravindr
|-
!68
|[[Firozabad Lok Sabha constituency|Firozabad (SC)]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| [[Ramji Lal Suman]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Biresh Kumar alias Dadua
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Kishori Lal Mahaur
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Dr. Shivnarain Gautam
|-
!69
|[[Agra Lok Sabha constituency|Agra]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| Raj Babbar
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Pandit Keshav Prasad Dixit
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Murari Lal Mittal Fatehpuria
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Surendra Singh
|-
!70
|[[Mathura Lok Sabha constituency|Mathura]]
|{{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
| Dr. Gyanvati Singh
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Choudhary Laxminarayan
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Choudhary Tejveer Singh
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Manvendra Singh
|-
!71
|[[Hathras Lok Sabha constituency|Hathras (SC)]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| Vimla Pal
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Ram Vir Singh Bhaiyaji
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Kishan Lal Diler
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Mukesh Kumar
|-
!72
|[[Aligarh Lok Sabha constituency|Aligarh]]
|{{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
| Dalveer Singh
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Thakur Jaiveer Singh
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Sheela Gautam
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Bijendra Singh
|-
!73
|[[Khurja Lok Sabha constituency|Khurja (SC)]]
|{{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
| Ram Niwas Balmiki
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Ravi Gautam
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Ashok Kumar Pradhan
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Devi Dayal
|-
!74
|[[Bulandshahr Lok Sabha constituency|Bulandshahr]]
|{{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
| Badrul Islam
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Devendra Bhardwaj
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Kalyan Singh]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Pt. Chandra Shekhar Sharma
|-
!75
|[[Hapur Lok Sabha constituency|Hapur]]
|{{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
| Trilok Tyagi
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Kunwar Ayyub Ali
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Ramesh Chand Tomar]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Surendra Prakash Goel]]
|-
!76
|[[Meerut Lok Sabha constituency|Meerut]]
|{{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
| [[Malook Nagar]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| [[Mohammed Shahid Akhlaq]]
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal (United)}}
| [[K. C. Tyagi]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| K. K. Sharma
|-
!77
|[[Baghpat Lok Sabha constituency|Baghpat]]
|{{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
| [[Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)|Ajit Singh]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Aulad Ali
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Satya Pal Malik]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Jagveer
|-
!78
|[[Muzaffarnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Muzaffarnagar]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| [[Chaudhary Munawwar Hasan]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Suratsingh Verma
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Amar Pal Singh]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[S. Saiduzzaman]]
|-
!79
|[[Kairana Lok Sabha constituency|Kairana]]
|{{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
| [[Anuradha Choudhary]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Shahnawaz
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Amarkant Rana
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Subhash Chand Maheshwari
|-
!80
|[[Saharanpur Lok Sabha constituency|Saharanpur]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| [[Rasheed Masood]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| [[Mansoor Ali Khan (politician)|Mansoor Ali Khan]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Yashpal Singh (politician)|Ch. Yashpal Singh]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Tara Chandra Shastri
|-
|}

==Voting==

The total voting percentage was recorded at 48.16 for all the three phases with 11,06,24,490 electorate casting their votes.<ref name="ECI2004UPpercentagebypublic">{{cite news |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 2004 TO THE 14th LOK SABHA |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ | volume=v:I| pages=10,168 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref> 63 seats were reserved for the [[Forward caste|general caste]] while remaining 17 for the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]].<ref name="ECI2004UPresults">{{cite news |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 2004 TO THE 14th LOK SABHA |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ | volume=v:I| pages=9, 10, 12 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=2004 Lok Sabha election results for Uttar Pradesh [2000 Onwards] |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha/2004/uttar-pradesh%20%5B2000%20onwards%5D/14/60 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131192233/https://www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha/2004/uttar-pradesh%20%5B2000%20onwards%5D/14/60|archive-date=31 January 2023}}</ref>

==Results Party/Alliance Wise==

The biggest gainer in the election was the Samajwadi Party which alone won 35 seats<ref name="india.randeepramesh">{{cite news |title=Shock defeat for India's Hindu nationalists |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/may/14/india.randeepramesh|date=14 May 2004|archive-date=31 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131183308/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/may/14/india.randeepramesh|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> and its alliance partner RLD won 3 seats in [[western Uttar Pradesh]]. The SP alliance won almost half the seats from the state.<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP, RLD finalise poll alliance in UP |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/bjp-rld-finalise-poll-alliance-in-up-40454-2009-02-23|date=24 Feb 2009|archive-date=31 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131183814/https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/bjp-rld-finalise-poll-alliance-in-up-40454-2009-02-23|publisher=[[India Today (TV channel)|India Today]]}}</ref> SP leader [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]] won from [[Mainpuri Lok Sabha constituency|Mainpuri]] by a huge difference.<ref name="amaruajala2004up">{{cite news |title=2004 को वो चुनाव जब नहीं चला भाजपा का 'इंडिया शाइनिंग' नारा, सोनिया के इंकार के बाद मनमोहन बने पीएम |url=https://www.amarujala.com/india-news/lok-sabha-chunav-2004-know-everythings-about-2004-election-congress-bjp|date=16 May 2019|archive-date=31 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131185128/https://www.amarujala.com/india-news/lok-sabha-chunav-2004-know-everythings-about-2004-election-congress-bjp|publisher=[[Amar Ujala]]}}</ref>

Perhaps the biggest loser was the BJP which was reduced to just 10 seats from previous 25 seats in [[1999 Indian general election|1999 general election]] from the state even though Vajpayee won comfortably from [[Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency|Lucknow]].<ref name="rediff2004UP"/> Important state party leaders [[Maneka Gandhi]] and [[Yogi Adityanath]] were elected from [[Pilibhit Lok Sabha constituency|Pilibhit]] and [[Gorakhpur Lok Sabha constituency|Gorakhpur]] respectively. The party's ''India Shining'' campaign backfired badly for the party and they lost a substantial number of seats.<ref name="frontlinearticle30222881"/>

Another national party Congress did not gained in the state and was limited to just 9 seats although their national party leaders [[Sonia Gandhi]] and [[Rahul Gandhi]] won from [[Raebareli Lok Sabha constituency|Raebareli]] and [[Amethi Lok Sabha constituency|Amethi]].<ref name="amaruajala2004up"/><ref name="india.randeepramesh"/>

The BSP registered its victory in 19 seats.

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption='''Vote share Party wise'''<ref name="ECI2004UPresultspercentage">{{cite news |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 2004 TO THE 14th LOK SABHA |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ | volume=v:I| pages=160–162 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|label1 = SP
|value1 = 26.74
|color1 = #90EE90
|label2 = BSP
|value2 = 24.67
|color2 = #00008B
|label3 = BJP
|value3 = 22.17
|color3 = #FF9933
|label4 = INC
|value4 = 12.04
|color4 = #964B00
|label5 = RLD
|value5 = 4.49
|color5 = #8B0000
|label6 = [[Independent politician#India|IND]]
|value6 = 3.81
|color6 = #FFB6C1
|label7 = Others
|value7 = 6.08
|color7 = #00FFFF
}}

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption='''Seats Party wise'''
|label1 = SP
|value1 = 43.75
|color1 = #90EE90
|label2 = BSP
|value2 = 23.75
|color2 = #00008B
|label3 = BJP
|value3 = 12.5
|color3 = #FF9933
|label4 = INC
|value4 = 11.25
|color4 = #964B00
|label5 = RLD
|value5 = 3.75
|color5 = #8B0000
|label6 = IND
|value6 = 1.25
|color6 = #FFB6C1
|label7 = Others
|value7 = 3.75
|color7 = #00FFFF
}}

=== Results by Party/Alliance ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | Alliance/ Party
! colspan="3" | Popular vote
! colspan="3" | Seats
|-
! Votes
! %
! ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! Contested
! Won
! '''+/−'''
|-
| rowspan="3" {{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
! rowspan="3" style="background:#FFE6E6" | [[Samajwadi Party|SP+]]
| {{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
| [[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
| 1,42,43,280
| 26.74
| {{increase}} 2.68
| 68
| 35
| {{increase}} 9
|-
| {{Party color cell|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
| [[Rashtriya Lok Dal|RLD]]
| 23,91,825
| 4.49
| {{increase}} 2.00
| 10
| 3
| {{increase}} 1
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#FFE6E6" | Total
! style="background:#FFE6E6" | 1,66,35,105
! style="background:#FFE6E6" | 31.23
! style="background:#FFE6E6" | {{Steady}}
! style="background:#FFE6E6" | 78
! style="background:#FFE6E6" | 38
! style="background:#FFE6E6" | {{Steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| colspan="3"|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
| 1,31,39,200
| 24.67
| {{increase}} 2.59
| 80
| 19
| {{increase}} 5
|-
|rowspan="3" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
!rowspan="3" style="background:#fef3e8"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| {{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 1,18,10,187
| 22.17
| {{decrease}} 5.47
| 77
| 10
| {{decrease}} 19
|-
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}
| [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
| 4,25,460
| 0.80
| {{increase}} 0.21
| 3
| 1
| {{increase}} 1
|-
! colspan="2"style="background:#fef3e8" | Total
! style="background:#fef3e8" | 1,22,35,647
! style="background:#fef3e8" | 22.97
! style="background:#fef3e8" | {{Steady}}
! style="background:#fef3e8" | 80
! style="background:#fef3e8" | 11
! style="background:#fef3e8" | {{Steady}}
|-
|rowspan="3" {{Party color cell|United Progressive Alliance}}
!rowspan="3" style="background:#E5F8FF"|[[Indian National Congress|INC+]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 64,12,293
| 12.04
| {{decrease}} 2.68
| 73
| 9
| {{decrease}} 1
|-
| {{Party color cell|Lok Janshakti Party}}
| [[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
| 1,50,545
| 0.28
| {{Steady}}
| 3
| 0
| {{Steady}}
|-
! colspan="2"style="background:#E5F8FF" | Total
! style="background:#E5F8FF" | 65,62,838
! style="background:#E5F8FF" | 12.32
! style="background:#E5F8FF" | {{steady}}
! style="background:#E5F8FF" | 76
! style="background:#E5F8FF" | 9
! style="background:#E5F8FF" | {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|National Loktantrik Party}}
| colspan="3"|[[National Loktantrik Party|NLP]]
| 3,20,407
| 0.60
| {{increase}} 0.37
| 7
| 1
| {{increase}} 1
|-
| {{Party color cell|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}
| colspan="3"|[[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)|SJP(R)]]
| 2,71,563
| 0.51
| {{increase}} 0.05
| 2
| 1
| {{Steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Apna Dal (Soneylal)}}
| colspan="3"|[[Apna Dal (Soneylal)|AD]]
| 7,24,475
| 1.36
| {{decrease}} 0.19
| 57
| 0
| {{Steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party}}
| colspan="3"|[[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party|SBSP]]
| 2,58,628
| 0.49
| {{Steady}}
| 13
| 0
| {{Steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Other}}
| colspan="3" | Others
| 10,90,270
| 2.01
| {{steady}}
| 264
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
| colspan="3" | [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
| 20,31,483
| 3.81
| {{increase}} 0.19
| 481
| 1
| {{increase}} 1
|-
! colspan="4" | Total
! 5,32,69,616
! 100%
! -
! 1138
! 80
! -
|}

==Constituency Wise Results==

The detailed results per seat wise based on winning candidates is mentioned in table below:<ref name="ECI2004UPresultscountingday">{{cite news |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 2004 TO THE 14th LOK SABHA |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ | volume=v:I| pages=300–335 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

{| style="width:95%; text-align:center;"
| style="background:#90EE90; width:43.75%;" |'''35'''
| style="background:#00008B; width:23.75%;" |'''19'''
| style="background:#FF9933; width:12.5%;" |'''10'''
| style="background:#964B00; width:11.25%;" |'''9'''
| style="background:#8B0000; width:3.75%;" |'''3'''
| style="background:#FFB6C1; width:5.00%;" |'''4'''
|-
|-
|'''SP'''
|'''BSP'''
|'''BJP'''
|'''INC'''
|'''RLD'''
|'''IND and Others'''
|}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
! colspan="2" |Margin
|-
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
! data-sort-type=number | %
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
|-
!1
|[[Bijnor Lok Sabha constituency|Bijnor (SC)]]
|Munshiram
|{{Party color cell|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Rashtriya Lok Dal|RLD]]
|301,599
|42.74
|Ghan Shyam Chandr Kharwar
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|221,424
|31.37
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}} ; color:white;"|80,175
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}} ; color:white;"|11.36
|-

!2
|[[Amroha Lok Sabha constituency|Amroha]]
|Harish Nagpal
|{{Party color cell|Independent}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Independent politician|IND]]
|287,522
|32.48
|Mahmood Madni
|{{Party color cell|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal|RLD]]
|269,638
|30.46
|style="background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;"|17,884
|style="background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;"|2.02
|-

!3
|[[Moradabad Lok Sabha constituency|Moradabad]]
|Dr. Shafiqurrahman Barq
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|218,079
|33.29
|Chandra Vijay Singh Urf Baby Raja
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|182,239
|27.82
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|35,840
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|5.47
|-

!4
|[[Rampur Lok Sabha constituency|Rampur]]
|P. Jaya Prada Nahata
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|289,390
|35.70
|Bagum Noor Bano
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|203,916
|25.16
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|85,474
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|10.54
|-

!5
|[[Sambhal Lok Sabha constituency|Sambhal]]
|Pro. Ram Gopal Yadav
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|357,049
|47.02
|Tarannum Aqeel
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|158,988
|20.94
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|198,061
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|26.08
|-

!6
|[[Badaun Lok Sabha constituency|Budaun]]
|Saleem Iqbal Shervani
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|265,713
|45.04
|Brijpal Singh Shakya
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|214,391
|36.34
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|51,322
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|8.70
|-

!7
|[[Aonla Lok Sabha constituency|Aonla]]
|Kunwar Sarvraj Singh
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
|153,322
|28.58
|Rajveer Singh
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|146,451
|27.30
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}} ; color:white;"|6,871
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}} ; color:white;"|1.28
|-

!8
|[[Bareilly Lok Sabha constituency|Bareilly]]
|Santosh Gangwar
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|269,651
|32.77
|Akbar Ahmed Dempi
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|210,007
|25.52
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|59,644
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|7.25
|-

!9
|[[Pilibhit Lok Sabha constituency|Pilibhit]]
|Maneka Gandhi
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|255,615
|37.75
|Satyapal Gangwar
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|152,895
|22.58
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|102,720
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|15.17
|-

!10
|[[Shahjahanpur Lok Sabha constituency|Shahjahanpur]]
|Kunwar Jitin Prasad
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|220,763
|34.83
|Ram Murti Singh Verma
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|138,931
|21.92
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|81,832
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|12.91
|-

!11
|[[Kheri Lok Sabha constituency|Kheri]]
|Ravi Prakash Verma
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|224,602
|31.78
|Daud Ahmad
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|212,842
|30.12
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|11,760
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|1.66
|-

!12
|[[Shahabad, Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Shahabad]]
|Iliyas Azmi
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|210,171
|36.26
|Satya Dev Singh
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|163,802
|28.26
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}} ; color:white;"|46,369
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}} ; color:white;"|8.00
|-

!13
|[[Sitapur Lok Sabha constituency|Sitapur]]
|Rajesh Verma
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|171,733
|28.79
|Mukhtar Anees
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|166,499
|27.91
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}} ; color:white;"|5,234
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}} ; color:white;"|0.88
|-

!14
|[[Misrikh Lok Sabha constituency|Misrikh (SC)]]
|Ashok Kumar Rawat
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|207,062
|37.59
|Sushila Saroj
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|187,659
|34.07
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}} ; color:white;"|19,403
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}} ; color:white;"|3.52
|-

!15
|[[Hardoi Lok Sabha constituency|Hardoi (SC)]]
|Usha Verma
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|203,445
|38.97
|Shiv Prasad Verma
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|164,242
|31.46
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|39,203
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|7.51
|-

!16
|[[Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency|Lucknow]]
|Atal Bihari Vajpayee
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|324,714
|56.12
|Madhu Gupta
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|106,339
|18.38
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|218,375
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|37.74
|-

!17
|[[Mohanlalganj Lok Sabha constituency|Mohanlalganj (SC)]]
|Jai Prakash
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|148,578
|25.98
|Radhe Lal
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|146,010
|25.53
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|2,568
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|0.45
|-

!18
|[[Unnao Lok Sabha constituency|Unnao]]
|Brajesh Pathak
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|178,366
|32.57
|Deepak Kumar
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|160,605
|29.33
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}} ; color:white;"|17,761
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}} ; color:white;"|3.24
|-

!19
|[[Rae Bareli Lok Sabha constituency|Rae Bareli]]
|Sonia Gandhi
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|378,107
|58.75
|Ashok Kumar Singh
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|128,342
|19.94
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|249,765
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|38.81
|-

!20
|[[Pratapgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Pratapgarh]]
|Akshay Pratap Singh "Gopal Ji"
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|238,137
|41.59
|Rajkumari Ratna Singh
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|168,865
|29.49
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|69,272
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|12.10
|-

!21
|[[Amethi Lok Sabha constituency|Amethi]]
|Rahul Gandhi
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|390,179
|66.18
|Chandra Parkash Mishra Matiyari
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|99,326
|16.85
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|290,853
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|49.33
|-

!22
|[[Sultanpur Lok Sabha constituency|Sultanpur]]
|Mohd. Tahir
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|261,564
|36.28
|Shailendra Pratap Singh
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|159,754
|22.16
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}} ; color:white;"|101,810
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}} ; color:white;"|14.12
|-

!23
|[[Akbarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Akbarpur (SC)]]
|Maya Wati
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|325,019
|43.83
|Shankh Lal Manjhi
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|266,750
|35.97
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}} ; color:white;"|58,269
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}} ; color:white;"|7.86
|-

!24
|[[Faizabad Lok Sabha constituency|Faizabad]]
|Mitrasen
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|207,285
|30.19
|Lallu Singh
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|173,799
|25.31
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}} ; color:white;"|33,486
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}} ; color:white;"|4.88
|-

!25
|[[Barabanki Lok Sabha constituency|Bara Banki (SC)]]
|Kamla Prasad
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|196,370
|36.35
|Ram Sagar
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|175,448
|32.48
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}} ; color:white;"|20,922
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}} ; color:white;"|3.87
|-

!26
|[[Kaiserganj Lok Sabha constituency|Kaiserganj]]
|Beni Prasad Verma
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|219,920
|38.59
|Arif Mohammad Khan
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|207,260
|36.36
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|12,660
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|2.22
|-

!27
|[[Bahraich Lok Sabha constituency|Bahraich]]
|Rubab Sayeda
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|188,949
|34.38
|Bhagat Ram Mishra
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|162,615
|29.59
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|26,334
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|4.79
|-

!28
|[[Balrampur Lok Sabha constituency|Balrampur]]
|Brij Bhushan Sharan Singh
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|270,941
|38.81
|Rizwan Zaheer Alias Rijju Bhaya
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|218,328
|31.27
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|52,613
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|7.54
|-

!29
|[[Gonda Lok Sabha constituency|Gonda]]
|Kirti Vardhan Singh Alias Raja Bhaiya
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|251,947
|41.53
|Ghan Shyam Shukla
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|214,949
|35.43
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|36,998
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|6.10
|-

!30
|[[Basti Lok Sabha constituency|Basti (SC)]]
|Lal Mani Prasad
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|155,223
|26.93
|Sriram Chauhan
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|129,849
|22.53
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}} ; color:white;"|25,374
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}} ; color:white;"|4.40
|-

!31
|[[Domariyaganj Lok Sabha constituency|Domariaganj]]
|Mohd. Muqueem
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|202,544
|31.49
|Jagdambika Pal
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|149,642
|23.27
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}} ; color:white;"|52,902
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}} ; color:white;"|8.23
|-

!32
|[[Khalilabad Lok Sabha constituency|Khalilabad]]
|Bhalchandra Yadava
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|234,712
|33.50
|[[Bhishma Shankar Tiwari]]
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|207,689
|29.64
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}} ; color:white;"|27,023
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}} ; color:white;"|3.86
|-

!33
|[[Bansgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Bansgaon (SC)]]
|Mahaveer Prasad
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|180,388
|28.54
|Sadal Prasad
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|163,947
|25.94
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|16,441
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|2.60
|-

!34
|[[Gorakhpur Lok Sabha constituency|Gorakhpur]]
|Aditya Nath
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|353,647
|51.31
|Jamuna Nishad
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|211,608
|30.70
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|142,039
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|20.61
|-

!35
|[[Maharajganj, Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Maharajganj]]
|Pankaj
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|228,702
|30.63
|Akhilesh
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|163,903
|21.95
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|64,799
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|8.68
|-

!36
|[[Padrauna Lok Sabha constituency|Padrauna]]
|Baleshwar Yadav
|{{Party color cell|National Loktantrik Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[National Loktantrik Party|NLP]]
|206,850
|26.18
|[[Ratanjit Pratap Narain Singh]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|198,428
|25.12
|style="background:{{party color|National Loktantrik Party}} ; color:white;"|8,422
|style="background:{{party color|National Loktantrik Party}} ; color:white;"|1.07
|-

!37
|[[Deoria Lok Sabha constituency|Deoria]]
|Mohan Singh
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|237,664
|32.57
|Sriprakash Mani
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|185,438
|25.41
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|52,226
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|7.16
|-

!38
|[[Salempur Lok Sabha constituency|Salempur]]
|Harikeval Prasad
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|195,570
|29.21
|Bhola Pandey
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|179,317
|26.78
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|16,253
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|2.43
|-

!39
|[[Ballia Lok Sabha constituency|Ballia]]
|Chandra Shekhar
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)|SJP(R)]]
|270,136
|43.59
|Kapildeo Yadav
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|189,082
|30.51
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}} ; color:white;"|81,054
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}} ; color:white;"|13.08
|-

!40
|[[Ghosi Lok Sabha constituency|Ghosi]]
|Chandradeo Prasad Rajbhar
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|201,468
|27.92
|Bal Krishna
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|180,456
|25.01
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|21,012
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|2.91
|-

!41
|[[Azamgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Azamgarh]]
|Ramakant Yadav
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|258,216
|36.30
|Durga Prasad Yadav
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|251,248
|35.32
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}} ; color:white;"|6,968
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}} ; color:white;"|0.98
|-

!42
|[[Lalganj Lok Sabha constituency|Lalganj (SC)]]
|Daroga Prasad Saroj
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|283,473
|37.12
|Dr. Baliram
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|240,742
|31.53
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|42,731
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|5.60
|-

!43
|[[Machhlishahr Lok Sabha constituency|Machhlishahr]]
|Umakant Yadav
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|237,438
|35.10
|Chandra Nath Singh
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|182,056
|26.92
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}} ; color:white;"|55,382
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}} ; color:white;"|8.19
|-

!44
|[[Jaunpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jaunpur]]
|Parasnath Yadava
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|219,614
|30.80
|Om Prakash Dubey (Baba Dubey)
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|192,489
|27.00
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|27,125
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|3.80
|-

!45
|[[Saidpur Lok Sabha constituency|Saidpur (SC)]]
|Tufani Saroj
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|231,989
|32.61
|R A Prasad
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|202,179
|28.42
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|29,810
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|4.19
|-

!46
|[[Ghazipur Lok Sabha constituency|Ghazipur]]
|Afajal Ansari
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|415,687
|47.82
|Manoj
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|188,910
|21.73
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|226,777
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|26.09
|-

!47
|[[Chandauli Lok Sabha constituency|Chandauli]]
|Kailash Nath Singh Yadav
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|204,625
|29.05
|Anand Ratna Maurya
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|202,956
|28.81
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}} ; color:white;"|1,669
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}} ; color:white;"|0.24
|-

!48
|[[Varanasi Lok Sabha constituency|Varanasi]]
|Dr. Rajesh Kumar Mishra
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|206,904
|32.68
|Shankar Prasad Jaiswal
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|149,468
|23.61
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|57,436
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|9.07
|-

!49
|[[Robertsganj Lok Sabha constituency|Robertsganj (SC)]]
|Lalchandra
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|189,521
|26.15
|Pakauri Lal
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|179,159
|24.72
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}} ; color:white;"|10,362
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}} ; color:white;"|1.43
|-

!50
|[[Mirzapur Lok Sabha constituency|Mirzapur]]
|Narendra Kumar Kushwaha
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|201,942
|27.74
|Veerendra Singh
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|165,530
|22.74
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}} ; color:white;"|36,412
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}} ; color:white;"|5.00
|-

!51
|[[Phulpur Lok Sabha constituency|Phulpur]]
|Atique Ahamad
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|265,432
|35.15
|Keshari Devi Patel
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|201,085
|26.63
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|64,347
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|8.52
|-

!52
|[[Allahabad Lok Sabha constituency|Allahabad]]
|Kunwar Rewati Raman Singh Urf Mani Ji
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|234,008
|35.64
|Dr. Murali Manohar Joshi
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|205,625
|31.32
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|28,383
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|4.32
|-

!53
|[[Chail Lok Sabha constituency|Chail (SC)]]
|Shailendra Kumar
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|196,206
|35.33
|Vachaspati
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|195,576
|35.22
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|630
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|0.11
|-

!54
|[[Fatehpur Lok Sabha constituency|Fatehpur]]
|Mahendra Prasad Nishad
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|163,568
|32.28
|Achal Singh
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|111,000
|21.91
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}} ; color:white;"|52,568
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}} ; color:white;"|10.37
|-

!55
|[[Banda Lok Sabha constituency|Banda]]
|Shyama Charan Gupt
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|185,099
|35.17
|Ram Sajeevan
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|128,795
|24.47
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|56,304
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|10.70
|-

!56
|[[Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Hamirpur]]
|Rajnarayan Alias Rajju Mahraj
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|220,917
|36.57
|Ashok Kumar Singh Chandel
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|183,763
|30.42
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|37,154
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|6.15
|-

!57
|[[Jhansi Lok Sabha constituency|Jhansi]]
|Chandrapal Singh Yadav
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|238,782
|29.13
|Babu Lal Kushwaha
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|212,483
|25.92
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|26,299
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|3.21
|-

!58
|[[Jalaun Lok Sabha constituency|Jalaun (SC)]]
|Bhanu Pratap Singh Verma
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|195,228
|33.67
|Ghanshyam Kori
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|168,437
|29.05
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|26,791
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|4.62
|-

!59
|[[Ghatampur Lok Sabha constituency|Ghatampur (SC)]]
|Radhey Shyam Kori
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|160,117
|31.72
|Pyarelal Sankhwar
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|149,805
|29.68
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|10,312
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|2.04
|-

!60
|[[Bilhaur Lok Sabha constituency|Bilhaur]]
|Raja Ram Pal
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|223,195
|34.80
|Lal Singh Tomar
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|198,793
|30.99
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}} ; color:white;"|24,402
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}} ; color:white;"|3.80
|-

!61
|[[Kanpur Lok Sabha constituency|Kanpur]]
|Shriprakash Jaiswal
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|211,109
|34.12
|Satya Dev Pachauri
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|205,471
|33.21
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|5,638
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|0.91
|-

!62
|[[Etawah Lok Sabha constituency|Etawah]]
|Raghuraj Singh Shakya
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|367,807
|52.25
|Sarita Bhadauria
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|177,650
|25.24
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|190,157
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|27.01
|-

!63
|[[Kannauj Lok Sabha constituency|Kannauj]]
|Akhilesh Yadav
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|464,367
|61.21
|Th. Rajesh Singh
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|156,994
|20.69
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|307,373
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|40.52
|-

!64
|[[Farrukhabad Lok Sabha constituency|Farrukhabad]]
|Chandra Bhushan Singh (Munnoo Babu)
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|176,129
|26.47
|Louise Khurshid
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|173,384
|26.06
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|2,745
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|0.41
|-

!65
|[[Mainpuri Lok Sabha constituency|Mainpuri]]
|Mulayam Singh Yadav
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|460,470
|63.96
|Ashok Shakya
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|122,600
|17.03
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|337,870
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|46.93
|-

!66
|[[Jalesar Lok Sabha constituency|Jalesar]]
|Pro. S.P Singh Baghel
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|287,091
|44.14
|Pratyendra Pal Singh (Pappu Bhaiya)
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|181,023
|27.83
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|106,068
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|16.31
|-

!67
|[[Etah Lok Sabha constituency|Etah]]
|Ku. Devendra Singh Yadav
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|276,156
|47.04
|Ashok Ratan Shakya
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|224,821
|38.29
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|51,335
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|8.74
|-

!68
|[[Firozabad Lok Sabha constituency|Firozabad (SC)]]
|Ram Ji Lal Suman
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|212,383
|39.97
|Kishori Lal Mahaur
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|157,595
|29.66
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|54,788
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|10.31
|-

!69
|[[Agra Lok Sabha constituency|Agra]]
|Raj Babbar
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|243,094
|37.82
|Murari Lal Mittal Fatehpuria
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|185,752
|28.90
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|57,342
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|8.92
|-

!70
|[[Mathura Lok Sabha constituency|Mathura]]
|Manvendra Singh
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|187,400
|31.12
|Choudhary Laxminarayan
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|149,268
|24.79
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|38,132
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|6.33
|-

!71
|[[Hathras Lok Sabha constituency|Hathras (SC)]]
|Kishan Lal Diler
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|175,049
|35.57
|Ram Vir Singh Bhaiyaji
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|152,212
|30.93
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|22,837
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|4.64
|-

!72
|[[Aligarh Lok Sabha constituency|Aligarh]]
|Bijendra Singh
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|167,142
|26.38
|Sheela Gautam
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|164,351
|25.94
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|2,791
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|0.44
|-

!73
|[[Khurja Lok Sabha constituency|Khurja (SC)]]
|Ashok Kumar Pradhan
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|214,701
|35.74
|Ravi Gautam
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|173,551
|28.89
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|41,150
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|6.85
|-

!74
|[[Bulandshahr Lok Sabha constituency|Bulandshahr]]
|Kalyan Singh
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|258,284
|37.69
|Badrul Islam
|{{Party color cell|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal|RLD]]
|241,633
|35.26
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|16,651
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|2.43
|-

!75
|[[Hapur Lok Sabha constituency|Hapur]]
|Surendra Prakash Goyal
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|235,114
|29.40
|Ramesh Chand Tomar
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|192,751
|24.10
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|42,363
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|5.30
|-

!76
|[[Meerut Lok Sabha constituency|Meerut]]
|Mohd. Shahid
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|252,518
|36.20
|Malook Nagar
|{{Party color cell|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal|RLD]]
|183,182
|26.26
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}} ; color:white;"|69,336
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}} ; color:white;"|9.94
|-

!77
|[[Baghpat Lok Sabha constituency|Baghpat]]
|Ajit Singh
|{{Party color cell|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Rashtriya Lok Dal|RLD]]
|353,181
|53.76
|Aulad Ali
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|132,543
|20.18
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}} ; color:white;"|220,638
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}} ; color:white;"|33.59
|-

!78
|[[Muzaffarnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Muzaffarnagar]]
|Ch. Munawwar Hasan
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|306,225
|35.51
|Amarpal Singh
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|237,220
|27.51
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|69,005
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|8.00
|-

!79
|[[Kairana Lok Sabha constituency|Kairana]]
|Anuradha Choudhary
|{{Party color cell|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Rashtriya Lok Dal|RLD]]
|523,923
|64.15
|Shahnawaz
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|181,509
|22.22
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}} ; color:white;"|342,414
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}} ; color:white;"|41.93
|-

!80
|[[Saharanpur Lok Sabha constituency|Saharanpur]]
|Rasheed Masood
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|353,272
|35.67
|Mansoor Ali Khan
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|326,444
|32.96
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|26,828
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|2.71
|-

|}

==Bye-Elections Held==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="3" |Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" |Margin
|-
! No.
! Name
! Date
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Votes
! %
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Votes
! %
|-
!rowspan=2 |65
|rowspan=2 |[[Mainpuri Lok Sabha constituency|Mainpuri]]
|rowspan=2 |October 2004
|[[Dharmendra Yadav]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
|348,999
|62.64
|Ashok Shakya
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|169,286
|30.39
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}};Color:white;"|179,713
|-
!colspan=12 |The 2004 by-election for the Mainpuri Lok Sabha constituency in Uttar Pradesh was held to fill a vacancy created by the resignation of Mulayam Singh Yadav
|-
!rowspan=2 |23
|rowspan=2 |[[Akbarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Akbarpur]]
|rowspan=2 |October 2004
|[[Shankhlal Majhi]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
|352,159
|44.10
|[[Tribhuvan Dutt]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|255,759
|32.03
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}};Color:white;"|96,400
|-
!colspan=12 |The Akbarpur Lok Sabha bypoll in 2004 was held to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of the sitting MP, Mayawati. 
|-
!rowspan=2 |19
|rowspan=2 |[[Rae Bareli Lok Sabha constituency|Rae Bareli]]
|rowspan=2 |February 2006
|[[Sonia Gandhi]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|474,891
|80.49
|Raj Kumar
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
|57,003
|9.66
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};Color:white;"|417,888
|-
!colspan=12 |The Rae Bareli Lok Sabha bypoll was held following the resignation of the incumbent MP, Sonia Gandhi, after the seat was vacated due to the office-of-profit controversy.
|-
!rowspan=2 |49
|rowspan=2 |[[Robertsganj Lok Sabha constituency|Roberts Ganj (SC)]]
|rowspan=2 |May 2007
|[[Bhai Lal]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|219,601
|28.53
|[[Pakaudi Lal Kol]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
|219,262
|28.49
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}};Color:white;"|339
|-
!colspan=12 |The Roberts Ganj Lok Sabha bypoll was held following the cessation of membership of the incumbent MP, Lal Chand.
|-
!rowspan=2 |50
|rowspan=2 |[[Mirzapur Lok Sabha constituency|Mirzapur]]
|rowspan=2 |May 2007
|[[Ramesh Dube]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|233,482
|33.94
|[[Ram Rati Bind]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
|193,652
|28.15
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}};Color:white;"|39,830
|-
!colspan=12 |The Mirzapur Lok Sabha bypoll was held following the cessation of membership of the incumbent MP, N. K. Kushwaha.
|-
!rowspan=2 |60
|rowspan=2 |[[Bilhaur Lok Sabha constituency|Bilhaur]]
|rowspan=2 |May 2007
|[[Anil Shukla Warsi]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|229,123
|34.22
|Lal Singh Tomar
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
|203,111
|30.33
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}};Color:white;"|26,012
|-
!colspan=12 |The by-election was necessary because the sitting Member of Parliament, Raja Ram Pal, was expelled from the Lok Sabha in December 2005 due to his involvement in the "cash for query" scam. 
|-
!rowspan=2 |39
|rowspan=2 |[[Ballia Lok Sabha constituency|Ballia]]
|rowspan=2 |January 2008
|[[Neeraj Shekhar]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
|295,786
|54.60
|[[Vinay Shankar Tiwari]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|164,450
|30.36
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}};Color:white;"|131,286
|-
!colspan=12 |The Ballia Lok Sabha bypoll was held following the vacancy caused by the death of the incumbent MP and former Prime Minister, Chandrashekhar.
|-
!rowspan=2 |32
|rowspan=2 |[[Khalilabad Lok Sabha constituency|Khalilabad]]
|rowspan=2 |April 2008
|[[Bhishma Shankar Tiwari]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|218,393
|37.49
|[[Bhalchandra Yadava]]
|{{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
|153,761
|26.40
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}};Color:white;"|64,632
|-
!colspan=12 |The Khalilabad Lok Sabha bypoll was held following the cessation of membership of the incumbent MP, Bhalchandra Yadav.
|-
!rowspan=2 |41
|rowspan=2 |[[Azamgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Azamgarh]]
|rowspan=2 |April 2008
|[[Akbar Ahmad Dumpy]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|227,341
|37.29
|[[Ramakant Yadav (politician)|Ramakant Yadav]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|173,089
|28.39
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}};Color:white;"|54,252
|-
!colspan=12 |The Azamgarh Lok Sabha bypoll was held following the cessation of membership of the incumbent MP, Rama Kant Yadav.
|-

|}

==Post-election Union Council of Ministers from Uttar Pradesh ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"
|-
!#
!Name
!Constituency
!Designation
!Department
!From
!To
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|rowspan="2"|1
|rowspan="2"|Mahavir Prasad
|rowspan="2"|Bansgaon (SC)
|rowspan="2"|Cabinet Minister
|Small Scale Industries; Agro and Rural Industries (Merged into MSME)
|23 May 2004
|9 May 2007
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise
|9 May 2007
|22 May 2009
|-
|2
|Shriprakash Jaiswal
|Kanpur
|rowspan="3"|MoS
|Home Affairs
|23 May 2004
|22 May 2009
|-
|3
|Akhilesh Das
|Rajya Sabha (Uttar Pradesh)
|rowspan="2"|Steel
|29 January 2006
|6 April 2008
|-
|4
|Jitin Prasada
|Shahjahanpur
|6 April 2008
|22 May 2009
|-
|}

== Assembly segments-wise lead of parties ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=2 | Party
! [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Assembly segments]]
! Position in Assembly (as of [[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007 election]])
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}"|
! [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 160
| 97
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}"|
! [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 100
| 206
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
! [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 60
| 51
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
! [[Indian National Congress]]
| 47
| 22
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}"|
! [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
| 22
| 10
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}"|
! [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 4
| 1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}"|
! [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]
| 3
| 0
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|National Loktantrik Party}}"|
! [[National Loktantrik Party]]
| 2
| 0
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Apna Dal}}"|
! [[Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)|Apna Dal]]
| 1
| 0
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Others}}"|
! Others
| 4
| 16
|-
! colspan=2 | Total
! colspan=2 | 403
|}

==Post Result Analysis==

The result showed that both the national parties, BJP and the Congress were rejected by the state voters with the opinion poll proved equally wrong.<ref>{{cite news |title=NDA may recover in phase-III: Opinion polls |url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2004/may/03poll.htm?zcc=ar|date=4 May 2004 |archive-date=31 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131184858/https://www.rediff.com/election/2004/may/03poll.htm?zcc=ar|publisher=Rediff}}</ref> The state electorate seems to have upright rejected ''India shining'' slogan coined by the BJP owing to its dismal performance. The party downward slide continued in numbers way lower than what when it had registered the victory in more than 50 seats in the state in subsequent [[1991 Indian general election|1991]], [[1996 Indian general election|1996]] and [[1998 Indian general election|1998]] elections.<ref>{{cite news |title=The issue is not Modi |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2004/jun/23swapan.htm|date=23 June 2004 |archive-date=31 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131183655/https://www.rediff.com/news/2004/jun/23swapan.htm|publisher=Rediff}}</ref> The decision for calling snap polls by the Vajpayee govt proved very costly for the party. The tally in the state was the lowest since [[1989 Indian general election|1989 election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Elections 2004: BJP pays heavy price for arrogance, haste and strategic blunders |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20040524-elections-2004-bjp-pays-heavy-price-for-arrogance-haste-and-strategic-blunders-789954-2004-05-23|date=24 May 2004 |archive-date=31 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131184149/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20040524-elections-2004-bjp-pays-heavy-price-for-arrogance-haste-and-strategic-blunders-789954-2004-05-23|publisher=India Today}}</ref> Notable state BJP leaders including union ministers [[Murli Manohar Joshi]] and [[Chinmayanand (politician)|Swami Chinmayanand]], state assembly speaker [[Keshari Nath Tripathi]] and Uttar Pradesh party unit chief [[Vinay Katiyar]] were all defeated. [[Ayodhya dispute|The Ram temple issue]] also did not help as its party candidate [[Lallu Singh|Laloo Singh]] was defeated at Faizabad by BSP's [[Mitrasen Yadav]]. The party failed to win even a single seat in Kashi (Varanasi) region which had 13 Lok Sabha seats. Another BJP prominent leader and ex-CM [[Kalyan Singh]] was able to win from [[Bulandshahr Lok Sabha constituency|Bulandshahr]] by a small margin of around 6500 votes but the party lost [[Aligarh Lok Sabha constituency|Aligarh]], Singh's hometown to the Congress.

In spite of campaigning by Rahul Gandhi, the Congress party was restricted to only 9 seats. The Congress lost [[Rampur Lok Sabha constituency|Rampur]], [[Meerut Lok Sabha constituency|Meerut]], [[Pratapgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Pratapgarh]] and [[Muzaffarnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Muzaffarnagar]], but for the first time in a decade made victories in [[Purvanchal|Poorvanchal (eastern)]] region by capturing [[Varanasi Lok Sabha constituency|Varanasi]] and [[Bansgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Bansgaon]] seats.

The regional party, SP did quite well in the state, particularly in the eastern region and winning seats in the [[Bundelkhand]] region where it previously went blank in [[1999 Indian general election|1999 election]]. The alliance with the RLD proved fruitful in the [[Western Uttar Pradesh|western UP]] where Muslim-Jat-Yadav combined voted for the SP-RLD alliance.

Apart from it BSP also performed well with consolidation of [[dalit]] votes resulting in winning 19 seats from 14 before even in absence of party leader [[Kanshi Ram]] and [[Mayawati]] taking the charge thereof. Party strategy of fielding a large number of Muslims and upper caste candidates proved to be beneficial for the party.<ref name="rediff2004UP"/> Although the party had lost [[Election deposit#India|election deposit]] in 11 contesting seats.<ref name="bsp2004UP" />

It was also determined by 'Centre for the Study of Developing Societies' that the majority of the people did not voted keeping in mind the negative statements about their leader or parties to whom they are supporting.<ref>{{cite news |title=STATEWIDE ANALYSIS OF THE FOURTEENTH GENERAL ELECTIONS IN INDIA |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/sites/sciencespo.fr.ceri/files/elections.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018184414/https://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/sites/sciencespo.fr.ceri/files/elections.pdf|archive-date=18 October 2022|pages=32, 33 |publisher=[[Centre for the Study of Developing Societies|CSDS]]}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://eci.gov.in/ Election Commission of India]
* [https://sec.up.nic.in/site/ State Election Commission Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow]

{{Uttar Pradesh elections}}

[[Category:Indian general elections in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:2004 Indian general election by state or union territory|Uttar Pradesh]]

Anand Swarup Shukla

2026-04-04T03:10:31Z

MaryjoM897: new!

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Anand Swarup Shukla
| office = Minister of state for Rural Development [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start = 21 August 2019
| term_end = 25 March 2022
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| 2blankname = Minister
| 2namedata = [[Rajendra Pratap Singh]]
| office1 = Minister of state for Parliamentary Affairs [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start1 = 21 August 2019
| term_end1 = 25 March 2022
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| 2blankname1 = Minister
| 2namedata1 = [[Suresh Khanna]]
| office2 = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 2017
| term_end2 = 2022
| constituency2 = [[Ballia Nagar (Assembly constituency)|Ballia Nagar]]
| predecessor2 = Narad Rai
| successor2 = [[Daya Shankar Singh]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1979|10|06}}
| birth_place = [[Ballia district|Ballia]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| birth_name =
| father = Harihar Nath Shukla
| mother = Sita Shukla
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse =
| partner =
| relations =
| children =
| education = [[Master of Science|M.Sc]], [[Master of Arts|M.A.]], [[Bachelor of Education|B.Ed]]
| profession = Politician
| source = https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/12705/17
}}
'''Anand Swarup Shukla''' is an Indian politician and a member of 17th Legislative Assembly of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in India. He represented the [[Ballia Nagar (Assembly constituency)|Ballia Nagar]] constituency in [[Ballia district]] and was Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs and Rural Development, Overall Village Development in Uttar Pradesh Government. He lost U.P. state election 2022. He is currently a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="Candidate affidavit">{{cite news|title=Candidate affidavit|publisher= my neta.info|url=http://www.myneta.info/uttarpradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=5081|access-date=23 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.patrika.com/ballia-news/bjp-mla-anand-swarup-shukla-controversial-statement-on-bharat-band-3371232/|title=Bjp Mla anand swarup shukla controversial statement|work=Patrika|access-date=23 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.truthstoday.com/news/ballia/anand-swaroop-shukla-won-ballia-nagar-seat/|title=बलिया नगर से आनंद स्वरूप शुक्ल ने बनाया यह रिकार्ड|website=www.truthstoday.com|date=12 March 2017|access-date=23 December 2018}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Shukla was born 6 October 1979 in [[Ballia district|Ballia]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] to his father Harihar Nath Shuklaji. He has completed [[Master of Science|M.Sc.]] in [[Mathematics]], [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] in [[Political science]] and [[Bachelor of Education|B.Ed.]]<ref name=Profile>{{cite web|url=http://upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in/web/guest/member?memberId=20222|work=official website of Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|title=Member Profile|access-date=23 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="Candidate affidavit"/> He completed his schooling from Nagaji Saraswati Vidya Mandir Senior Secondary School, Maldepur Ballia.

==Political career==
Shukla has been MLA for one term. Since 2017, he represents Ballia Nagar constituency as a member of Bhartiya Janata Party. In 2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, he defeated Samajwadi Party candidate Laxman by a margin of 40,011 votes. He has been appointed [[Minister of state]] in a [[First Yogi Adityanath ministry|Yogi Adityanath cabinet]] on 21 August 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=In First Cabinet Expansion, UP CM Yogi Adityanath Inducts 18 Ministers, Promotes 5 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/in-first-cabinet-expansion-up-cm-yogi-adityanath-inducts-18-ministers-promotes-5-2278361.html |work=News18}}</ref>

In March 2021, Shukla called for the banning of the [[Burqa|Burka]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/burqa-should-be-banned-it-is-giving-credence-to-wahabi-culture-uttar-pradesh-minister-anand-swaroop-shukla/736747|title=Burqa should be banned, it is giving credence to Wahabi culture: Uttar Pradesh minister Anand Swaroop Shukla}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/burqa-should-be-banned-in-the-country-up-minister-anand-swaroop-shukla/articleshow/81686653.cms|title = Anand Swaroop Shukla: Burqa should be banned, says UP minister Anand Swaroop Shukla | Varanasi News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Posts held==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments
|-
| 01 || March 2017 || March 2022 || Member, [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/UP/10.Detailed%20Results.pdf|title=Uttar Pradesh 2017 Result|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=23 December 2018}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shukla, Anand Swaroop}}
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Ballia district]]
[[Category:1979 births]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Sarai Amanat Khan

2026-03-31T22:18:56Z

MaryjoM897: put up some stub more to come

{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox building
| image = Sarai Amanat Khan Lahore Gate.jpg
| location_country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| architectural_style = [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]]
}}
'''Sarai Amanat Khan''' is a [[caravanserai]] located in the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. Built in the 16th century, it was commissioned by Amanat Khan, who was a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] nobleman and calligrapher known for his work on the [[Taj Mahal]].

The ''sarai'' is located on the highway between [[Agra]] and [[Lahore]], and was intended to provide shelters to travelers along the route. A mosque and a well are located within the ''sarai''. A tomb, presumably containing the remains of Amanat Khan, is located nearby. It is listed as a [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|monument of national importance]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/84884.pdf |title=Inventory of Monuments and Sites of National Importance (Vol. I, Part 2) - Chandigarh Circle |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |year=1999 |location=New Delhi |pages=134 }}</ref>

== Background ==
A [[caravanserai]] (or ''sarai'') is a type of roadside [[inn]], providing accommodation for travelers and caravans. During the reign of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal empire]], several ''sarais'' were built at regular intervals along the major highways of the empire.{{Sfn|Begley|1983|p=167}} The Sarai Amanat Khan is located on the medieval (now little-used) [[Grand Trunk Road#Suri and Mughal Empires|highway]] between [[Agra]] and [[Lahore]].{{Sfn|Begley|1983|p=167}}

According to the foundation inscription located on the western gateway, the ''sarai'' (roadside [[inn]]) was commissioned by Amanat Khan Shirazi, in the year 1050 [[Hijri year|Hijri]] (1640–41 CE). He was a nobleman and a [[Calligraphy|calligrapher]] known for his work on the [[Taj Mahal]], and since the text of the inscription is given in the first person, it is assumed that Amanat Khan himself was the scribe.{{sfn|Begley|1983|pp=176-177}}

Amanat Khan's brother [[Afzal Khan Shirazi|Afzal Khan]] had died in 1639. According to a contemporary source, Amanat Khan was so grief-stricken upon his brother's death, that he gave up courtly life, and retired in a village where he constructed a ''sarai'', within which he was buried. This leads to the assumption that the ''sarai'' was intended to be a memorial to Afzal Khan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Begley |first=Wayne |title=Monumental Islamic Calligraphy from India |year=1985 }}</ref> However, the inscription makes no reference to Afzal Khan. Nonetheless, the inheritance from his brother in addition to his own stipend may have provided Amanat Khan with enough funds to construct the monumental building.{{sfn|Begley|1983|pp=175-176}}

In 1928, it was listed as a [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|monument of national importance]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gill |first=Manmeet Singh |title=Serai Amanat Khan's connection with Taj |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/serai-amanat-khan-s-connection-with-taj-827838/ |access-date=2 February 2025 |website=The Tribune |language=en |archive-date=8 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208211034/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/serai-amanat-khan-s-connection-with-taj-827838 |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2017}}, the ''sarai'' has been encroached illegally, and several houses have been constructed within its precincts.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=22 April 2017 |title=Hope revived for Sarai Amanat Khan as ASI finds four buried cells |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/hope-revived-for-sarai-amanat-khan-as-asi-finds-four-buried-cells/articleshow/58306845.cms |access-date=9 November 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 May 2008 |title=Sarai Amanat Khan: Mughal era caravan sarai |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/travel/sarai-amanat-khan-mughal-era-caravan-sarai/articleshow/3081141.cms |access-date=9 November 2023 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=9 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109153931/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/travel/sarai-amanat-khan-mughal-era-caravan-sarai/articleshow/3081141.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Description ==
It is located on the highway between [[Agra]] and [[Lahore]], and was intended to provide shelters to travelers along the route.{{Sfn|Begley|1983|p=167}} The ''sarai'' enclosure is almost square, measuring 168 meters in length and 165 meters in breadth. An octagonal [[bastion]], with a side of 1.6 meters is situated on each corner. Semi-octagonal bastions are also provided in the middle of the northern and southern sides.{{Sfn|Chander|1989|p=70}}[[File:16th dec.002.jpg|thumb|One of the monumental gateways]]The center of the eastern and western sides features monumental gateways. The facade of each gateway measures 19.8 meters in length, and is flanked on either side by an octagonal bastion, with a side of 1.8 meters, topped with a ''[[chhatri]]''. Each gateway has an entrance [[arch]] in the middle, with a span of 6.6 meters. This arch leads to a passage, with a deep [[veranda]] on each side, leading to a room. A staircase in either side of the gateway leads to the first floor, which has two rooms on each side. Once again, two staircases provide access to the roof. All the rooms of the gateways have vaulted ceilings.{{Sfn|Chander|1989|p=70-72}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Parihar |first=Subhash |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.72767/page/n39/mode/2up |title=Mughal Monuments in the Punjab and Haryana |date=1953 |pages=21–22 }}</ref>

The [[Spandrel|spandrels]] of the entrance arch are decorated with [[Arabesque]] designs formed by colorful [[Porcelain tile|glazed tiles]]. Two panels frame the entrance arch, containing inscriptions by Amanat Khan, executed in blue and yellow glazed tiles. The entrance arch is flanked by a deep [[Niche (architecture)|niche]] with a span of 1.2 meters. Above this niche is a story of tripe openings. These openings were originally adorned with ''[[jali]]'' screens. Square and rectangular panels, depicting flower-and-vase motifs are also found on the facade of the gateways, as well as the bastions.{{Sfn|Chander|1989|p=70-72}}

The number of rooms in the ''sarai'' is not known. The courtyard is filled with encroachments, and only a few of the original rooms have survived. However, each room is 3.5 meters square, and has a vaulted ceiling. A [[well]], with a diameter of 2 meters, is situated within the ''sarai''. Another well is located outside, near the western gateway.{{Sfn|Chander|1989|p=72-73}}

A mosque is situated in the southern half of the courtyard. The mosque measures {{Dimensions|16.2|7.9}} meters, and is surmounted by three [[Dome|domes]]. Its facade consists of three arched entrances, and was originally decorated with glazed tiles, of which only traces survive. The western wall of the mosque contains three ''[[Mihrab|mihrabs]]'' (prayer-niches). An inscription carved in [[stucco]] is provided above each ''mihrab''.{{Sfn|Chander|1989|p=72}}<ref name=":1" /> About eight hundred feet south of the eastern gateway is a tomb. While the tomb contains no inscription, it may be inferred from its style of construction that it was contemporary with the ''sarai''. The tomb might be the place of burial of Amanat Khan, and may have been constructed by his son.{{sfn|Begley|1983|pp=176-177}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{Cite thesis |last=Chander |first=Subhash |title=Mughal Architecture in the Punjab (1526-1707 A. D.) |date=May 1989 |publisher=Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla |url=https://archive.org/details/MughalArchitectureInThePunjab15261707AD/page/n87/mode/2up |pages=70–73 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Begley |first=Wayne E. |date=1983 |title=Four Mughal Caravanserais Built during the Reigns of Jahāngīr and Shāh Jahān |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1523076 |journal=Muqarnas |volume=1 |pages=167–179 |doi=10.2307/1523076 |jstor=1523076 |issn=0732-2992 |url-access=subscription }}

[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Mughal caravanserais]]
[[Category:Caravanserais in India]]

National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development

2026-03-31T05:32:42Z

MaryjoM897: made a details

{{Short description|Government owned All India Development Financial Institution and Regulatory Body}}
{{COI|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox organisation
| name = National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
| logo_caption = Logo of NABARD
| image = NABARD.jpg
| caption = NABARD Head-office, Mumbai
| logo = [[file:NABARD logo.png|100px]]
| predecessor = Agricultural Refinance and Development Corporation
| formation = {{start date and age|1982|07|12|df=y}}<ref name="nabard1">{{cite web |url=http://www.nabard.org/silver_jubilee.asp |title=25 YEARS OF DEDICATION TO RURAL PROSPERITY |publisher=Nabard.org |access-date=2010-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719224726/http://www.nabard.org/silver_jubilee.asp |archive-date=19 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| type = [[All India Development Financial Institutions|All India Development Financial Institution]] / [[Regulatory agency|Regulatory Body]]
| purpose = *Agriculture Development
*[[Rural Development]]
*Credit Planning
*[[Refinance]]
*Supervision of [[Regional Rural Bank]]s
*Supervision of Apex Cooperative Banks
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nabard.org/contact.aspx |title=Contact Us |publisher=NABARD}}</ref>
| coordinates = {{coord|19.064511|72.862738|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| owner = [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], [[Government of India]]
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = Shaji K V{{efn|name=n|Appointed with effect from 5 December 2022<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nabard.org/team.aspx?id=9 |website=www.nabard.org |access-date=2023-09-18 |title=Board Of Directors}}</ref>}}
| leader_title2 = Development Finance Institution of
| leader_name2 = {{Flag|India}}
| website = {{URL|http://www.nabard.org/}}
| footnotes = NABARD Act 1981 [https://www.nabard.org/auth/writereaddata/tender/0405234346nabard-act-2018.pdf]
| subsidiaries = {{var|NABkisan, NABsamruddhi, NABfins, NABsanrakshan, NABfoundation, NABcons, NABventure}}
}}
The '''National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development''' ('''NABARD''') is an All India Development Financial Institution (DFI)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reserve Bank of India - Press Releases |url=https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/FS_PressRelease.aspx?prid=53392&fn=14 |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=www.rbi.org.in}}</ref> and an apex Supervisory Body for overall supervision of [[Regional Rural Bank]]s, State Cooperative Banks and District Central Cooperative Banks in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=July 9, 2019 |title=Nabard to switch to risk-based supervision of co-operative banks, RRBs. |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/nabard-to-switch-to-risk-based-supervision-of-co-operative-banks-rrbs-119070901433_1.html |access-date=March 19, 2024 |work=Business Standard}}</ref> It was established under the '''[https://www.nabard.org/auth/writereaddata/tender/0405234346nabard-act-2018.pdf NABARD Act 1981]''' passed by the [[Parliament of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) {{!}} Department of Financial Services {{!}} Ministry of Finance {{!}} Government of India |url=https://financialservices.gov.in/beta/en/nabard-act |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=financialservices.gov.in}}</ref> It is [https://www.businesstoday.in/industry/banks/story/with-rbi-exist-government-owns-100pct-stake-in-nhb-nabard-190575-2019-04-24 fully owned] by [[Government of India]] and functions under the Department of Financial Services (DFS) under the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agricultureinformation.com/mag/?p=5265 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716133313/http://www.agricultureinformation.com/mag/?p=5265 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-07-16 |title=Nabard Rural Innovation Fund | Agriculture and Industry Survey |publisher=Agriculture information.com |access-date=2010-09-01 }}</ref>

==History==
The importance of institutional credit in boosting rural economy has been clear to the Government of India right from its early stages of planning. Therefore, the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) at the insistence of the Government of India, constituted a Committee to Review the Arrangements For Institutional Credit for Agriculture and Rural Development (CRAFICARD) to look into these very critical aspects.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Report of the committee to review arrangements for institutional credit for agriculture and rural development (Craficard) | url=https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/PublicationReport/Pdfs/CR353_1981356136CD0C1747659CDBCFE63094C356.PDF | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018172528/https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/PublicationReport/Pdfs/CR353_1981356136CD0C1747659CDBCFE63094C356.PDF | archive-date=2021-10-18}}</ref> The Committee was formed on 30 March 1979, under the Chairmanship of Shri B. Sivaraman, former member of the Planning Commission, Government of India.

The Committee’s interim report, submitted on 28 November 1979, outlined the need for a new organisational device for providing undivided attention, forceful direction and pointed focus to credit related issues linked with rural development. Its recommendation was the formation of a unique development financial institution which would address these aspirations, and the formation of National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) was approved by the Parliament through Act 61 of 1981.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) {{!}} Department of Financial Services {{!}} Ministry of Finance {{!}} Government of India |url=https://financialservices.gov.in/beta/en/nabard-act |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=financialservices.gov.in}}</ref>

NABARD came into existence on 12 July 1982 by transferring the agricultural credit functions of RBI and refinance functions of the then Agricultural Refinance and Development Corporation (ARDC). It was dedicated to the service of the nation by the late Prime Minister Smt. [[Indira Gandhi]] on 5 November 1982. Set up with an initial capital of [[Indian rupee|Rs.]]100 [[crore]], its paid up capital stood at Rs.14,080 crore as of 31 March 2020. Consequent to the revision in the composition of share capital between the Government of India and RBI, NABARD today is fully owned by the Government of India.<ref name=":0" /> The authorized share capital is Rs.30,000 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nabard - mission |url=https://www.nabard.org/english/mission.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092219/https://www.nabard.org/english/mission.aspx |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=9 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=15 October 2010 |title=RBI sells Nabard stake to govt |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/RBI-sells-NAABARD-stake-to-govt-for-rs-1-450/697952/ |access-date=28 December 2011}}</ref>

== International Partners ==
'''[[World Bank]]:''' International associates of NABARD include World Bank-affiliated organisations and global developmental agencies working in the field of agriculture and rural development. These organisations help NABARD by advising and giving monetary aid for the upliftment of the people in the rural areas and optimising the agricultural process.<ref name="ASSOCIATED WITH NABARD">{{cite web|title=NABARD|url=http://www.nabard.org/associatedwithnabard/introduction.asp|access-date=11 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902080008/http://nabard.org/associatedwithnabard/introduction.asp|archive-date=2 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
'''[[United Nations Development Programme|UNDP]]''': The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to co-create data-driven innovations in agriculture and food systems to support smallholder farmers. Under this MoU, both organizations will work to improve the lives and livelihoods of smallholder farmers by sharing open-source data for product development, transfer of technology and supporting the framing of agrarian policies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDP India partners with NABARD to boost data-driven innovations in agriculture |url=https://www.undp.org/india/press-releases/undp-india-partners-nabard-boost-data-driven-innovations-agriculture |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=UNDP |language=en}}</ref>

'''[[KfW]]:''' Several initiatives are underway to design and implement development projects in India, including the KfW-NABARD Adivasi development programme, the Indo-German watershed development programme, the Indo-German Umbrella Programme for Natural Resource Management, and the NABARD- SDC Rural Innovations Programme. These programs aim to address various challenges faced by rural communities in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex Post Evaluation Reports H-I {{!}} KfW Development Bank |url=https://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/International-financing/KfW-Development-Bank/Our-results/Results/Ex-Post-Evaluation-Reports-H-I/ |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de |language=en |archive-date=20 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520123214/https://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/International-financing/KfW-Development-Bank/Our-results/Results/Ex-Post-Evaluation-Reports-H-I/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

'''[[Women's World Banking|Women World Banking]]''': In a bid to enhance financial inclusion, the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) and Women's World Banking entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to promote the Jan Dhan Plus program through Regional Rural Banks. This collaboration targets increased utilization and adoption of basic financial services amongst the 8.09 crore Jan Dhan account holders, with a specific focus on empowering the 5.45 crore women account holders.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-20 |title=Nabard partners Women's World Banking to promote financial inclusion through Jan Dhan Plus programme |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/nabard-partners-womens-world-banking-to-promote-financial-inclusion-through-jan-dhan-plus-programme/articleshow/104583550.cms |access-date=2024-04-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Role==
NABARD has been instrumental in grounding rural, social innovations and social enterprises in the rural hinterlands. As of May 2023, NABARD operates at 31 Regional Offices in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Regional Office :: NABARD|url=https://www.nabskillnabard.org/regional-office.php?language=LG-1&status=Active|access-date=2020-07-04|website=www.nabskillnabard.org}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It has in the process partnered with about 4000 partner organisations in grounding many of the interventions, be it the SHG-Bank Linkage programme, tree-based tribal communities’ livelihoods initiative, the watershed approach in soil and water conservation, increasing crop productivity initiatives through the lead crop initiative or dissemination of information flow to agrarian communities through farmer clubs. Despite all this, it pays huge taxes too, to the national treasury – figuring in the top 50 tax payers consistently. NABARD virtually ploughs back all the profits for development spending. Thus the organisation had developed a huge amount of trust capital in its 3 decades of work with rural communities.<ref name="12/07/2013">{{cite web|title=NABARD is an institution and is in the business of development|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/tharoor-tells-nabard-to-consolidate-partnerships/article4921177.ece}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Raj Bajwa |first=Des |date=June 2020 |title=ROLE OF NABARD IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342301647 |journal=ResearchGate}}</ref> NABARD's role could be broadly categorised into three functions:

===1. Refinancing===
NABARD serves as an apex financing agency for the institutions providing investment and production credit for promoting the various developmental activities in rural areas. It co-ordinates the rural financing activities of all institutions engaged in developmental work at the field level and maintains liaison with the [[Government of India]], state governments, [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) and other national level institutions concerned with policy formulation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-13 |title=NABARD pioneers agri-financing and developmental interventions to promote rural growth |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/nabard-pioneers-agri-financing-and-developmental-interventions-to-promote-rural-growth/articleshow/92820179.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-03-28 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> It also refinances fund from [[World Bank]] and [[Asian Development Bank]] to state co-operative agriculture and rural development banks (SCARDBs), state co-operative banks (SCBs), regional rural banks (RRBs), commercial banks (CBs) and other financial institutions approved by RBI. While the ultimate beneficiaries of investment credit can be individuals, partnership concerns, companies, State-owned corporations or co-operative societies, production credit is generally given to individuals.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bank |first1=The World |title=India - National Bank For Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) Credit Project |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/618831468043141207/India-National-Bank-For-Agriculture-and-Rural-Development-NABARD-Credit-Project |website=worldbank.org |access-date=17 September 2018 |language=en |date=31 January 1986}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India: Rural Cooperative Credit Restructuring and Development Program |url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-document/62140/36343-01-ind-prtr.pdf |access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref>

===2. Banking Supervision===
NABARD supervises State Cooperative Banks (StCBs), [[District Cooperative Central Bank]]s (DCCBs), and [[Regional Rural Bank]]s (RRBs) and conducts statutory inspections of these banks.<ref>{{cite web |title=NABARD - National Bank For Agriculture And Rural Development. |url=https://www.nabard.org/content.aspx?id=469 |access-date=18 September 2018 |website=www.nabard.org |language=en}}</ref> It takes measures towards institution building for improving absorptive capacity of the credit delivery system, including monitoring, formulation of rehabilitation schemes, restructuring of credit institutions, training of personnel, etc. It also undertakes [[monitoring and evaluation]] of projects refinanced by it.

===3. Development ===
NABARD is also known for its 'SHG Bank Linkage Programme' which encourages India's banks to lend to [[self-help group (finance)|self-help groups]] (SHGs). Largely because SHGs are composed mainly of poor women, this has evolved into an important Indian tool for [[microfinance]]. By March 2006, 22 [[lakh]] SHGs representing 3.3 crore members had to be linked to credit through this programme.<ref>EDA and APMAS ''Self-Help Groups in India: A Study of the Lights and Shades'', CARE, CRS, USAID and GTZ, 2006, p. 11</ref>

NABARD also has a portfolio of Natural Resource Management Programmes involving diverse fields like Watershed Development, Tribal Development and Farm Innovation through dedicated funds set up for the purpose.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Critical role of NABARD in Rural Development of Country |url=https://legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-3610-critical-role-of-nabard-in-rural-development-of-country.html |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=legalserviceindia.com}}</ref>

== Regional Offices ==
NABARD has its head office at Mumbai, India and regional offices in all states, as well as one special cell at [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. The Regional Office [RO] is headed by a Chief General Manager [CGM] as Officer in Charge, and the Head Office has several top executives viz the Directors, Deputy Managing Directors [DMD], and the Chairperson. The Board of Directors are appointed by the Government of India in consonance with NABARD Act. It has 336 District Offices across the country which are staffed by District Development Managers (DDMs). It also has six training establishments.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-18 |title=List of Regional Offices of NABARD in India 2022: देखें भारत में नाबार्ड के क्षेत्रीय कार्यालयों की पूरी सूची, सिलेक्शन के बाद कहाँ हो सकती है पोस्टिंग |url=https://hindi.bankersadda.com/list-of-regional-offices-of-nabard-in/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=adda247 |language=en-IN}}</ref><gallery widths="130" heights="100" perrow="5">
File:NABARD Lucknow Office.jpg|NABARD RO, Lucknow
</gallery>

== Subsidiaries ==
NABARD has seven subsidiaries, established to leverage the institute’s expertise with its own specialists catering to specific sectors.

=== NABKISAN ===
The main objective of the NABKISAN is to provide credit for promotion, expansion and commercialization of enterprises in agriculture, allied and rural non-farm activities. It has extended support to 550 FPOs across various states in the country with cumulative assistance of more than Rs 225 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-12-08 |title=Bengal FPOs get corporate structure to avail of more fund |url=https://theprint.in/economy/bengal-fpos-get-corporate-structure-to-avail-of-more-fund/1255811/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== NABSAMRUDDHI ===
The objective of NABSAMRUDDHI is to provide credit facilities to legal entities for promotion, expansion, commercialization and modernization in non-farm activities including microfinance, MSME, housing, education, transport, etc. In March 2024, it launched the first phase of a nationwide funding awareness campaign, 'Climate Ready WASH', for women joint liability group (JLG) borrowers of microfinance institutions, to take forward the common mandate of sustainable rural development.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-23 |title=NABSAMRUDDHI's 'Climate Ready WASH' awareness campaign to cover 40 block-level camps in vulnerable areas |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/environment/nabsamruddhis-climate-ready-wash-awareness-campaign-to-cover-40-block-level-camps-in-vulnerable-areas-19351521.htm |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

=== NABFINS ===
NABFINS' approach to the business of microfinance is defined by its tagline “Balancing Business with Inclusion”. It adopts a unique model which leverages social collateral provided by the Self Help Groups (SHGs) & Joint Liability Groups (JLGs) by offering micro-credit at their doorstep, at the lowest interest rate among NBFC-MFIs to low income households, comprising predominantly women.

=== NABFOUNDATION ===
NABFOUNDATION is Non-Profit entity of NABARD which was established for executing impactful projects either on its own, or, in partnership with other stakeholders (like civil society organizations, agri-universities, Government departments and CSR outfits of both public and private organizations). In 2021, it has entered into an Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Dalmia Bharat Foundation to develop a unique skill mapping programme for unemployed youths in all the North Eastern states of Assam, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Mizoram, Manipur, Meghalaya and Tripura. An MoU was signed between NABFOUNDATION and Dalmia Bharat Foundation (DBF) in Delhi recently to collaborate on the project. NABSAMRUDDHI and NABFINS, two other subsidiaries of NABARD, have also stepped forward to support this unique initiative.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Bikash |date=2021-02-14 |title=NABFOUNDATION, Dalmia Bharat Foundation to develop skill mapping programme for unemployed youths in North East |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nabfoundation-dalmia-bharat-foundation-to-develop-skill-mapping-programme-for-unemployed-youths-in-north-east/articleshow/80901953.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-04-01 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

=== NABCONS ===
It is a Consultancy Wing of NABARD. NABCONS' objective is to provide consultancy in all spheres of agriculture, rural development and allied areas. In 2023, the agriculture department in Kerala state was on the verge of creating the first-ever Digital Crop Survey (DCS). The implementation of this programme was to be carried out by NABCONS.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vidyanandan |first=M. S. |date=2023-07-24 |title=Kerala to conduct first-ever digital crop survey |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2023/Jul/24/kerala-to-conduct-first-ever-digital-crop-survey-2597903.html |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== NABVENTURES ===
It is the Investment Manager of NABVENTURES Fund I with a target corpus of INR 500 crore. The fund focus on investments in early to mid-stage start-ups in agriculture, agtech, agri-biotech, food, agri/rural fintech and rural businesses.

=== NABSanrakshan ===
It aims to carry out credit guarantee and related activities towards sustainable and equitable agriculture and rural development.

==Rural innovation==
NABARD's role in rural development in India is phenomenal.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2010/06/28/stories/2010062850990600.htm |title=Nabard can help change face of rural India |newspaper=The Hindu Business Line |date=28 June 2010 |access-date=2010-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914114629/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2010/06/28/stories/2010062850990600.htm |archive-date=14 September 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The credit flow to agriculture activities sanctioned by NABARD reached Rs 1,57,480 crore in 2005–2006.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

Through assistance of the [[Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation]], NABARD set up the Rural Innovation Fund. The Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF) is another noted scheme for the bank for rural development.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://usaskstudies.coop/socialeconomy/files/congress07/sapovadia.pdf | title=Evaluating Effectiveness among Cooperatives vis-à-vis other Social Institutes – A case study of NABARD’s Rural Innovation Fund & Other Schemes | access-date=9 June 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714170831/http://usaskstudies.coop/socialeconomy/files/congress07/sapovadia.pdf | archive-date=14 July 2014 | url-status=dead}}</ref> Under the RIDF scheme, Rs. 51,283 crore have been sanctioned for 2,44,651 projects covering irrigation, rural roads and bridges, health and education, [[soil conservation]], water schemes etc. The Rural Innovation Fund is a fund designed to support innovative, risk friendly, unconventional experiments in these sectors that would have the potential to promote livelihood opportunities and employment in rural areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiamicrofinance.com/nabard-%E2%80%93-sdc-rural-innovation-fund.html |title=NABARD – SDC rural innovation fund |publisher=India microfinance.com |access-date=2010-09-01}}</ref> The assistance is extended to individuals, NGOs, cooperatives, Self Help Groups, and Panchayati Raj Institutions who have the expertise and willingness to implement innovative ideas for improving the quality of life in rural areas. Through a member base of 25 crore, 600000 cooperatives are working in India at a grassroots level in almost every sector of the economy. There are linkages between SHGs and other type institutes with that of cooperatives.

The purpose of RIDF is to promote innovation in rural and agricultural sector through viable means.<ref>{{cite journal |ssrn=985884 |title=Evaluating Effectiveness Among Cooperatives vis-a-vis Other Social Institutes - A Case Study of Nabard's Rural Innovation Fund & Other Schemes |author=Vrajlal K. Sapovadia |date=13 May 2007}}</ref>

In 2007–08, NABARD has started a new direct lending facility under 'Umbrella Programme for Natural Resource Management' (UPNRM). Under this facility financial support for natural resource management activities can be provided as a loan at reasonable rate of interest.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/karnataka-lags-in-using-nabard-rural-infra-fund/391543/ |title=india lags in using Nabard rural infra fund |newspaper=Business Standard India |publisher=Business-standard.com |date=12 April 2010 |access-date=2010-09-01|last1=Kulkarni |first1=Mahesh }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nabard.org/farm_sector/nrm_upnrm.asp |title=National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development |publisher=Nabard.org |access-date=2010-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100929205044/http://nabard.org/farm_sector/nrm_upnrm.asp |archive-date=29 September 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== All India Competitive Examinations ==
NABARD also conducts various examinations to induct various direct recruits in its Group 'A' and Group 'B' Services. Some of them are mentioned below.

* '''NABARD Grade A Examination''': This exam is conducted by the bank almost every year to recruit Grade-A Officers (Assistant Managers in Group 'A') for its Rural Development Banking Services (RDBS) and Rajbhasha Services.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NABARD Grade A & B 2024 Notification, Apply Online, Eligibility Criteria and Admit Card |url=https://anujjindal.in/nabard-grade-a-notification-admit-card-and-eligibility-criteria/ |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=Anujjindal.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''NABARD Grade-B Examination''': This exam is conducted to recruit Grade-B Officers (Managers in Group 'A'). However, its eligibility is different from the NABARD Grade-A Examination is usually focussed at recruiting the existing bankers, based on their performance in the examination.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-12 |title=NABARD Grade B Exam 2024, Recruitment Details, Application Procedure: ixamBee |url=https://www.ixambee.com/exams/nabard-grade-b-exam |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=www.ixambee.com |language=en}}</ref>
* '''NABARD Development Assistant / Development Assistant (Hindi) Examination''': This exam is conducted to recruit Development Assistant ( DA in Group 'B').
<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suruchi |date=2023-08-28 |title=NABARD Development Assistant Syllabus 2023 and Exam Pattern |url=https://www.bankersadda.com/nabard-development-assistant-syllabus/ |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=adda247 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Banks|Business and economics|India}}
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Grade-A NABARD Examination]]
* [[Rural development]]
* [[Cooperative banking]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (India)]]
* [[Ministry of Co-operation]]
* [[Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare]]
* [[List of national development banks]]
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.nabard.org/ Official website]

{{Banking in India}}{{Financial services in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:NABARD)}}
[[Category:Agricultural organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Rural development organisations in India]]
[[Category:Financial services companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Agricultural finance in India]]
[[Category:Microfinance companies of India]]
[[Category:1982 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1982]]
[[Category:Regulatory agencies of India]]

List of governors of Jammu and Kashmir

2026-03-26T12:01:09Z

MaryjoM897: updated intro for consistency and updated info after review

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
The '''governor of Jammu and Kashmir''' was the [[head of state|head]] of the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Previous Governors|url=https://jkrajbhawan.nic.in/previous-governors.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027042118/https://jkrajbhawan.nic.in/previous-governors.html|archive-date=27 October 2021|publisher=Lieutenant Governor Secretariat, Raj Bhawan, Jammu and Kashmir}}</ref>

When [[India]] became [[Independence of India|independent]], [[Hari Singh]] was the [[Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir|Maharaja]] of the [[Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir]]. Technically he remained so until 17 November 1952, although from 20 June 1949 his son [[Karan Singh]] acted as [[regent]]. From 17 November 1952 to 30 March 1965, Karan Singh served as the '''Sadr-e-Riyasat''' of the [[State of Jammu and Kashmir]]. On 30 March 1965, Karan Singh became the first governor of Jammu and Kashmir.

The office of governor was abolished after the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019]] was passed in August 2019 in the [[Parliament of India]], reorganising the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two union territories, [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]], on 31 October 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prsindia.org/sites/default/files/bill_files/Jammu%20and%20Kashmir%20Reorganisation%20Act%2C%202019.pdf |title=Reorganisation plan |publisher=prsindia.org |access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref> Provisions contained within the act created the positions of [[Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Lieutenant Governor of Ladakh]].<ref name="bill">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/resources/article28823852.ece/Binary/FullTextofJ&KReorganisationBill.pdf |title=Reorganisation Bill |publisher=thehindu.com |access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref>

== List of rulers of Jammu and Kashmir ==
''This is a list of rulers of State of Jammu and Kashmir from 1846 to 1952 CE.''

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ruler
! Portrait
! Reign
|-
|''Maharaja'' [[Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Gulab Singh]]
|[[File:Maharaja Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir.jpg|194x194px]]
|16 March 1846 – 20 February 1856
|-
|''Maharaja'' [[Ranbir Singh (Maharaja)|Ranbir Singh]]
|[[File:Maharajah Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir.jpg|201x201px]]
|20 February 1856 – 12 September 1885
|-
|''Maharaja'' [[Pratap Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Pratap Singh]]
|[[File:Maharaja Partab Singh (1848 - 1925).jpg|223x223px]]
|12 September 1885 – 23 September 1925
|-
|''Maharaja'' [[Hari Singh]]
|[[File:Hari Singh 1931.jpg|218x218px]]
|12 September 1925 – 17 November 1952{{Efn|Monarchy abolished.|group=note}}
|-
|}

== Sadr-e-Riyasat of Jammu and Kashmir ==

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" rowspan="2" |#
! scope="col" rowspan="2" width="180px" |Name
! scope="col" colspan="3" |Term of office
! scope="col" rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|Ref|References}}
|-
! scope="col" width="160px" | Took office
! scope="col" width="160px" | Left office
! scope="col" width="160px" | Time in office
|-
|| 1
! scope="row"| {{small|Maharaja}} '''[[Karan Singh]]'''
|| {{dts|1952|November|17|format=dmy}}
|| {{dts|1965|March|30|format=dmy}}
| {{age in years and days nts|1952|November|17|1965|March|30}}
|
|}

== Governors of Jammu and Kashmir ==

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" rowspan=2 |#
! scope="col" rowspan=2 width="180px" |Name
! scope="col" colspan=3 |Term of office
! scope="col" rowspan=2 |{{Abbr|Ref|References}}
|-
! scope="col" width="160px" | Took office
! scope="col" width="160px" | Left office
! scope="col" width="160px" | Time in office
|-
|| 1
! scope="row"| {{small|Maharaja}}''' [[Karan Singh]]'''
|| {{dts|1965|March|30|format=dmy}}
|| {{dts|1967|May|15|format=dmy}}
| {{age in years and days nts|1965|March|30|1967|May|15}} (total: 14 years, 179 days)
|<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Graça|first1=J. Da|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M0YfDgAAQBAJ|title=Heads of State and Government|last2=Graça|first2=John Da|date=2017-02-13|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-349-65771-1|pages=433}}</ref>
|-
|| 2
! scope="row"| '''[[Bhagwan Sahay]]''' {{small|[[Indian Civil Service|ICS]]}}
|| {{dts|1967|May|15|format=dmy}}
|| {{dts|1973|July|3|format=dmy}}
| {{age in years and days nts|1967|May|15|1973|July|3}}
|
|-
|| 3
! scope="row"| [[Lakshmi Kant Jha|'''L. K. Jha''']] {{small|[[Indian Civil Service|ICS]]}}
|| {{dts|1973|July|3|format=dmy}}
|| {{dts|1981|February|22|format=dmy}}
| {{age in years and days nts|1973|July|3|1981|February|22}}
|
|-
|| 4
! scope="row"| [[Braj Kumar Nehru|'''B. K. Nehru''']] {{small|[[Indian Civil Service|ICS]]}}
|| {{dts|1981|February|22|format=dmy}}
|| {{dts|1984|April|26|format=dmy}}
| {{age in years and days nts|1981|February|22|1984|April|26}}
|
|-
|| 5
! scope="row"| [[Jagmohan|'''Jagmohan Malhotra''']] {{small|[[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]}}
|| {{dts|1984|April|26|format=dmy}}
|| {{dts|1989|July|11|format=dmy}}
| {{age in years and days nts|1984|April|26|1989|July|11}}
|
|-
|| 6
! scope="row"| [[General officer|Gen.]] '''[[K. V. Krishna Rao]]''' {{small|[[PVSM]]}}
|| {{dts|1989|July|11|format=dmy}}
|| {{dts|1990|January|19|format=dmy}}
| {{age in years and days nts|1989|July|11|1990|January|19}}
|
|-
|| (5)
! scope="row"| [[Jagmohan|'''Jagmohan Malhotra''']] {{small|[[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]}}
|| {{dts|1990|January|19|format=dmy}}
|| {{dts|1990|May|26|format=dmy}}
| {{age in years and days nts|1990|January|19|1990|May|26}} (total: 5 years, 203 days)
|
|-
|| 7
! scope="row"| '''[[Girish Chandra Saxena]]''' {{small|[[Indian Police Service|IPS]]}}
|| {{dts|1990|May|26|format=dmy}}
|| {{dts|1993|March|12|format=dmy}}
| {{age in years and days nts|1990|May|26|1993|March|12}}
|
|-
|| (6)
! scope="row"| [[General officer|Gen.]] '''[[K. V. Krishna Rao]]''' {{small|[[PVSM]]}}
|| {{dts|1993|March|12|format=dmy}}
|| {{dts|1998|May|2|format=dmy}}
| {{age in years and days nts|1993|March|12|1998|May|2}} (total: 5 years, 243 days)
|
|-
|| (7)
! scope="row"| '''[[Girish Chandra Saxena]]''' {{small|[[Indian Police Service|IPS]]}}
|| {{dts|1998|May|2|format=dmy}}
|| {{dts|2003|June|4|format=dmy}}
| {{age in years and days nts|1998|May|2|2003|June|4}} (total: 7 years, 365 days)
|
|-
|| 8
! scope="row"| {{small|[[Lieutenant general|Lt. Gen]]}} [[Srinivas Kumar Sinha|'''S. K. Sinha''']] {{small|[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Aide-de-camp|ADC]]}}
|| {{dts|2003|June|4|format=dmy}}
|| {{dts|2008|June|25|format=dmy}}
| {{age in years and days nts|2003|June|4|2008|June|25}}
|
|-
|| 9
! scope="row"| [[Narinder Nath Vohra |'''N. N. Vohra''']] {{small|[[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]}}
|| {{dts|2008|June|25|format=dmy}}
|| {{dts|2018|August|23|format=dmy}}
| {{age in years and days nts|2008|June|25|2018|August|23}}
|
|-
|| 10
! scope="row"| '''[[Satya Pal Malik]]'''
|| {{dts|2018|August|23|format=dmy}}
|| {{dts|2019|October|30|format=dmy}}
| {{age in years and days nts|2018|August|23|2019|October|30}}
|
|-
| colspan="6" |''Jammu and Kashmir state partitioned on 31 October 2019''
|}
Janki Nath Wazir was acting governor after Karan Singh for two months,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Maqbool|first=Umer|date=22 August 2018|title=Career politician Satya Pal Malik new J&K Governor|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/career-politician-satya-pal-malik-new-jk-governor|access-date=2022-01-22|website=Greater Kashmir|language=en}}</ref> and [[Vazhakkulangarayil Khalid]] was acting governor for 12 days.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lateef|first=Samaan|date=22 August 2018|title=State gets its 13th Governor, first career politician|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/news-detail-641117|access-date=2022-01-22|website=Tribune India}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Maqbool|first=Umer|date=22 August 2018|title=Career politician Satya Pal Malik new J&K Governor|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/career-politician-satya-pal-malik-new-jk-governor|access-date=2022-01-22|website=Greater Kashmir|language=en}}</ref>

== Lieutenant Governors of Jammu and Kashmir ==

* {{note label|†|†|†}} Died in office
* {{note label|§|§|§}} Resigned from office
* {{note label|ẟ|ẟ|ẟ}} Removed from office

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; border:1px #aaf solid;"
!rowspan="2"| {{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" | Name (born{{spaced ndash}}died)
! rowspan="2" | Portrait
!rowspan="2" style="width:7em" | Home state
! colspan="3"| Tenure in office
!rowspan="2" style="width:18em"| Immediate prior position held
!rowspan="2" style="width:12em" | Appointed by
|-
!style="width:7em"| From
!style="width:7em"| To
!style="width:7em"| Time in office
|-
!1
|'''[[Girish Chandra Murmu]]''' {{small|[[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] (born 1959)}}
|[[File:Shri Girish Chandra Murmu, Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|[[Odisha]]
|31 October 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/girish-chandra-murmu-is-the-first-lg-of-jammu-kashmir-11572020122424.html|title=Girish Chandra Murmu is the first LG of Jammu & Kashmir|first=Gyan|last=Varma|date=25 October 2019|website=livemint.com}}</ref>
|6 August 2020{{ref label|§|§|§}}
!{{ayd|31 October 2019|6 August 2020}}
|align="left" style="font-size:93%"| [[Secretary to the Government of India|Union Expenditure Secretary]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Ram Nath Kovind]] {{small|(President)}}
|-
!2
|'''[[Manoj Sinha]]''' {{small|(born 1959)}}
|[[File:Manoj Sinha Lt. Governor (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|7 August 2020<ref>{{cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/manoj-sinha-takes-oath-as-lg-of-jammu-and-kashmir/articleshow/77409120.cms|title= Manoj Sinha takes oath as LG of Jammu and Kashmir|website=The Times of India|date= 7 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/manoj-sinha-appointed-as-new-lieutenant-governor-of-jammu-and-kashmir/story-KB2e86D0DRNUdneNrTmhTI_amp.html|title=Manoj Sinha appointed as new lieutenant governor of Jammu and Kashmir|first=Amit|last=Chaturvedi|date=6 August 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|7 August 2020}}
|align="left" style="font-size:93%"| [[Minister of Communications (India)|Union Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Communications]] {{small|(until 2019)}}
|-
|}

===Oath===
"I, A. B., do swear in the name of God/solemly affirm that I will faithfully
execute the office of Lieutenant Governor (or discharge the functions
of the Lieutenant Governor) of .............(name of the Union Territory) and will to
the best of my ability preserve, protect and defend the
Constitution and the law and that I will devote myself to
the service and well-being of the people of ..………(name
of the Union Territory)." <ref name="bill"></ref>

== Timeline ==
{{#tag:timeline|
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Define $start = 1955
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Define $now = 2019.10

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bar:2 width:18
color:In_Office align:left fontsize:M
from:1967.5 till:1973.7 shift:(-95,$dy) textcolor:NAME align:left text:[[Bhagwan Sahay]]

bar:3 width:18
color:In_Office align:left fontsize:M
from:1973.7 till:1981.2 shift:(-95,$dy) textcolor:NAME align:left text:[[L. K. Jha]]

bar:4 width:18
color:In_Office align:left fontsize:M
from:1981.2 till:1984.4 shift:(-95,$dy) textcolor:NAME align:left text:[[B. K. Nehru]]

bar:5 width:18
color:In_Office align:left fontsize:M
from:1984.4 till:1989.7 shift:(-95,$dy) textcolor:NAME align:left text:[[Jagmohan Malhotra]]
color:In_Office
from:1990.1 till:1990.5

bar:6 width:18
color:In_Office align:left fontsize:M
from:1989.7 till:1990.1 shift:(-95,$dy) textcolor:NAME align:left text:[[K. V. Krishna Rao]]
color:In_Office
from:1993.3 till:1998.5

bar:7 width:18
color:In_Office align:left fontsize:M
from:1990.5 till:1993.3 shift:(-95,$dy) textcolor:NAME align:left text:[[Girish Chandra Saxena]]
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from:1998.5 till:2003.6

bar:8 width:18
color:In_Office align:left fontsize:M
from:2003.6 till:2008.6 shift:(-95,$dy) textcolor:NAME align:left text:[[S. K. Sinha]]

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color:In_Office align:left fontsize:M
from:2008.6 till:2018.8 shift:(-95,$dy) textcolor:NAME align:left text:[[N. N. Vohra]]

bar:10 width:18
color:In_Office align:left fontsize:M
from:2018.8 till:2019.10 shift:(-95,$dy) textcolor:NAME align:left text:[[Satya Pal Malik]]

bar:11 width:30
color:G_Rule align:left fontsize:M
from:1977.3 till:1977.6 shift:(-95,$dy) textcolor:NAME align:left text:G Rule/P Rule
from:1986.3 till:1986.9
from:1990.1 till:1990.7
from:2002.10 till:2002.11
from:2008.7 till:2009.1
from:2015.1 till:2015.3
from:2015.1 till:2015.3
from:2016.1 till:2016.4
from:2018.7 till:2018.12
color:P_Rule
from:1986.10 till:1986.11
from:1990.7 till:1996.10
from:2018.12 till:2019.10

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pos:($warning,30)
text:Bifurcation

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pos:(200,$height)
fontsize:L
textcolor:black
text:"Tenure of Governor and duration of Governor's/President's rule"
}}

== See also ==
* [[Governor (India)|Governors in India]]
* [[Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[ Lieutenant Governor of Ladakh]]
* [[List of current Indian lieutenant governors and administrators]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India.htm#Jammu India]
* [http://jkrajbhawan.nic.in/ Raj Bhawan J&K]

[[Category:Governors of Jammu and Kashmir| ]]
[[Category:Lists of governors of Indian states|Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir-related lists|Governors]]

Samudhiram

2026-03-26T08:44:08Z

MaryjoM897:

{{Short description|2001 film by K. S. Ravikumar}}
{{distinguish|Samudram (1999 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Samudhiram poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[K. S. Ravikumar]]
| screenplay = K. S. Ravikumar
| story = [[Erode Soundar]]
| producer = [[R. B. Choudary]]
| starring = [[R. Sarathkumar|Sarathkumar]] [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] [[Manoj Bharathiraja]] [[Kaveri (actress)|Kaveri]] [[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]] [[Sindhu Menon]] [[Monal Naval|Monal]]
| cinematography = S. Murthy
| editing = K. Thanikachalam
| music = [[Sabesh–Murali]]
| studio = [[Super Good Films]]
| released = {{film date|2001|8|31|df=y}}
| runtime = 163 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Samudhiram''''' ({{translation|Ocean}}) is a 2001 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] co-written by [[Erode Soundar]] and directed by [[K. S. Ravikumar]]. The film stars an ensemble cast of [[R. Sarathkumar|Sarathkumar]], [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]], [[Manoj Bharathiraja]], [[Kaveri (actress)|Kaveri]], [[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]], [[Sindhu Menon]] and [[Monal Naval|Monal]]. The score and soundtrack are composed by [[Sabesh–Murali]].

''Samudhiram'' was released on 31 August 2001 and became a commercial success. The film was remade in Telugu as ''[[Siva Rama Raju]]'', in Bengali as ''[[Kartabya]]'' and in Kannada as ''[[Paramashiva (film)|Paramashiva]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A |date=11 September 2014 |title=Three-Year-Old Paramashiva Finally Sees Light of Day |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2014/sep/11/three-year-old-paramashiva-finally-sees-light-of-day-659146.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423181814/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2014/sep/11/Three-Year-Old-Paramashiva-Finally-Sees-Light-of-Day-659146.html |archive-date=23 April 2019 |access-date=1 June 2023 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Selvarasu is the head of his family, and his two brothers Thangarasu and Chinnarasu are ready to give up their lives for him. The three brothers are very fond of their sister Rasamani. A rich man from the neighbouring village [[Chinniampalayam]] Zamin Rangarajan, feels insulted when Thangarasu mishandles his son Aakash during a temple festival, and to take revenge, he comes with a wedding proposal to make Rasamani his daughter-in-law. At the time of the wedding, the groom's family demands the entire wealth of Selvarasu to be transferred to Rasamani as the dowry, for which Selvarasu and his brothers agree. The brothers are insulted at every opportunity, while Rasamani is also ill-treated by her husband and father in law.

Selvarasu is married to Lakshmi, while Thangarasu is married to his cousin Durga and Chinnarasu is in love with his classmate Priya. Rasamani conceives but still undergoes the torture of her family. Chinnarasu's wedding is arranged with Priya, and the brothers eagerly await for the arrival of Rasamani for the wedding. However, Rasamani is locked up in a room by Aakash, who is not permitting her to attend the wedding. Aakash also injures her feet while she tries to escape from her house with plans of attending the wedding. The brothers come to Rasamani's home requesting her to come for the wedding and are shocked to know that she is hurt and locked in a room. The brothers fight Aakash's goons. Rasamani gets furious and decides to end her relationship with Aakash. She removes the [[thaali]] and throws on the face of her husband and decides to go with her brothers. Thereafter, they got back their assets and she lived happily with her brothers.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[R. Sarathkumar|Sarathkumar]] as Selvarasu
* [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] as Thangarasu
* [[Manoj Bharathiraja]] as Chinnarasu
* [[Kaveri (actress)|Kaveri]] as Rasamani (voice dubbed by [[Savitha Reddy]])
* [[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]] as Lakshmi
* [[Sindhu Menon]] as Durga
* [[Monal Naval|Monal]] as Priya
* [[Goundamani]] as Ramanathan
* [[Manivannan]] as Sundaram
* [[Senthil]] as M. Dharmaraj
* Akash as Akash
* [[Pyramid Natarajan]] as Chinnapalayam Zamindar Raja Manikkam
* [[Priyanka]] as Kanmani, Bride Girl
* [[Manjula Vijayakumar]] as Parvathi
* [[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]] as Minister Thangavelu, Priya's father
* [[Riyaz Khan]] as Ramesh, Priya's brother
* [[Santhana Bharathi]] as Paramasivam Gounder
* [[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as College Principal Gopalsamy
* [[Manobala]] as Professor Sivaraman
* [[Vasu Vikram]] as Maruthamuthu
* [[Lavanya (actress)|Lavanya]] as Uma
* [[Crane Manohar]] as Mani
* [[Erode Soundar]] as Koti, Mercenary Hitman
* [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] (cameo appearance)
* [[K. S. Ravikumar]] (guest appearance in song "Vidiya Vidiya")
* [[Sridhar (choreographer)|Sridhar]] as dancer (in "Pineapple Vannathodu")
}}

== Production ==
Producer [[R. B. Choudary]]'s financial problems meant that the director [[K. S. Ravikumar]] financed the first schedule of the film by himself. Choudary acknowledged and thanked Ravikumar at the film's audio launch function.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinebits |url=http://www.nilacharal.com/enter/cinebit/c2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235536/http://www.nilacharal.com/enter/cinebit/c2.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=5 August 2012 |website=Nilacharal}}</ref>

In June 2001, during the shoot of the film in the [[Mandya]] district of Karnataka, the team were attacked by angry villagers.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |title=Samudram |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/location/samudram.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040825232952/http://www.chennaionline.com/location/samudram.asp |archive-date=25 August 2004 |access-date=6 January 2026 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> The set was trashed and crew was injured.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Riti |first=M D |date=1 June 2001 |title=Real life drama |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/jun/01ss.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050826053712/http://rediff.com/movies/2001/jun/01ss.htm |archive-date=26 August 2005 |access-date=2 November 2020 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The film's original ending showed Rasamani leaving her husband and going back to her brothers' house. This was later changed to show Rasamani's husband and father-in-law getting reformed and accepting her.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2001 |title={{sic|nolink=y|Samundaram}} climax changed |url=http://www.screenindia.com/20011019/rtam1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020109175441/http://www.screenindia.com/20011019/rtam1.html |archive-date=9 January 2002 |access-date=18 November 2020 |website=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Rasika |title=Fate of the film? |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/reeltalk/nov144.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040824235722/http://www.chennaionline.com/reeltalk/nov144.asp |archive-date=24 August 2004 |access-date=20 January 2024 |work=Chennai Online}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
[[Sabesh–Murali]], brothers of music composer [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], made their debut as full-fledged composers with this project after composing background music for their brother's films previously.<ref name="timesofindia">{{Cite web |date=28 August 2021 |title=20 Years of Samuthiram: Four interesting facts about the film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/20-years-of-samuthiram-four-interesting-facts-about-the-film/photostory/85687105.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828053341/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/20-years-of-samuthiram-four-interesting-facts-about-the-film/photostory/85687105.cms |archive-date=28 August 2021 |access-date=1 June 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Samudhiram (2001) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/samudhiram-songs-T0000372 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815144629/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/samudhiram-songs-T0000372 |archive-date=15 August 2020 |access-date=8 October 2021 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> The song "Vidiya Vidiya" is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] [[Arabhi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 April 2013 |title=Valour and worship |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/valour-and-worship/article4609821.ece |url-status=live |access-date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203045918/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/valour-and-worship/article4609821.ece |archive-date=3 February 2023}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kaa Vitta
| note1 =
| lyrics1 = [[Pa. Vijay]]
| extra1 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Kandupidi
| note2 =
| lyrics2 = Ilaiyakamban
| extra2 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Ganga Sitharasu| Ganga]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Azhagana Chinna Devathai
| note3 =
| lyrics3 = Kalaikumar
| extra3 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], Harini
| length3 =
| title4 = Vidiya Vidiya
| note4 =
| lyrics4 = [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]
| extra4 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| length4 =
| title5 = Pineapple Vannathodu
| note5 =
| lyrics5 = Pa Vijay
| extra5 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| length5 =
}}

== Release and reception ==

''Samudhiram'' was released on 31 August 2001.<ref name="timesofindia" /> Malathi Rangarajan from ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated that ''Samudhiram'' "is a story of the sincere affection that exists in a family – love that is more filial than fraternal; attachment that is more unnatural than normal".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=20 February 2002 |title=Film Review: Samudhiram |url=http://thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/09/07/stories/09070222.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020220154552/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/09/07/stories/09070222.htm |archive-date=20 February 2002 |access-date=19 April 2021 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Visual Dasan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' felt ''Samudhiram'' is an example of Choudary making many such films as audience are ready to watch these kind of films, he however praised Sabesh–Murali's music, Sindhu's acting and Goundamani and Senthil's humour and concluded saying the director, who understands that cinema is a dream world, can learn to shoot realistically by watching his disciple [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=தாசன் |first=விஷுவல் |date=16 September 2001 |title=சமுத்திரம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2001-09-16/page/29/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230531133738/https://archive.org/details/kalki2001-09-16/page/28/mode/2up |archive-date=31 May 2023 |access-date=31 May 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=28–29 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{K. S. Ravikumar}}

[[Category:2001 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2001 drama films]]
[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:2001 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. Ravikumar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sabesh–Murali]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Super Good Films films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Zaynab bint Jahsh

2026-03-23T23:47:21Z

MaryjoM897: improved lead as per guidelines additionally and fixed typos

{{Short description|Muhammad's seventh wife (c. 590–641)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Zaynab bint Jahsh {{small|[[Muhammad's wives|Mother of the Believers]]}}
| native_name = {{lang|ar|زينب بنت جحش}}
| birth_date = {{circa|590 [[Common Era|CE]]}}
| birth_place = [[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]], Arabia (present-day [[Saudi Arabia]])
| death_date = {{circa|640/641 CE}} (aged 51)
| death_place = [[Medina]], Hejaz, [[Rashidun Caliphate]] (present-day Saudi Arabia)
| resting_place = [[Jannat al-Baqi]], Medina
| known_for = [[Muhammad's wives|Seventh wife]] of [[Muhammad]]
| spouse = {{ubl| Unknown first husband (died by 622)|[[Zayd ibn Harithah]] ({{abbr|m.|married}} around 625 – divorced in 627)|[[Muhammad]] ({{abbr|m.|married}} 627–632)}}
| father = [[Jahsh ibn Riyab]]
| mother = [[Umayma bint Abd al-Muttalib]]
| relatives = {{Collapsible list|state=collapsed|title=brother(s):|[[Abd-Allah ibn Jahsh|Abdullah]]|[[Ubayd-Allah ibn Jahsh|Ubaydullah]]|[[Abu Ahmad ibn Jahsh|Abu Ahmad]]}}{{Collapsible list|state=collapsed|title=sister(s):|[[Habiba bint Jahsh|Habibah]]|[[Hammanah bint Jahsh|Hammanah]]}}{{Collapsible list|state=collapsed|title=cousin:|[[Muhammad]]}}
| family = [[Banu Asad ibn Khuzaymah|Banu Asad]] (by birth) [[Ahl al-Bayt]] (by marriage)
}}
'''Zaynab bint Jaḥsh''' ({{langx|ar|زينب بنت جحش}}; {{circa|590–641}}) was the first cousin<ref>{{cite book|title=Buddha, Jesus and Muhammad: A Comparative Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6pF7AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT212|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|date=2013|isbn=978-1118465493|first=Paul|last=Gwynne}}</ref> and the seventh wife of [[Muhammad]] and therefore, considered by Muslims to be a [[Mother of the Believers]].<ref name="Hisham">[[Ibn Hisham|Abdulmalik ibn Hisham]]. ''Notes to Ibn Ishaq's "Life of the Prophet"'', Note 918. Translated by Guillaume, A. (1955). ''The Life of Muhammad'', p. 793. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref>

==Early life==
Zaynab's father was [[Jahsh ibn Riyab]], an immigrant from the [[Bani Assad|Asad ibn Khuzaymah]] tribe who had settled in [[Mecca]] under the protection of the [[Banu Umayya|Umayya]] clan. Her mother was [[Umayma bint Abd al-Muttalib]], a member of the [[Banu Hashim|Hashim clan]] of the [[Quraysh tribe]] and a sister of Muhammad's father.<ref name="Saad8">Muhammad ibn Saad, ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir''. Translated by Bewley, A. (1995). ''Volume 8: The Women of Madina''. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.</ref>{{rp|33}} Hence Zaynab and her five siblings were the first cousins of Muhammad.

She was a skilled tanner and leather-worker. She continued with this line of work throughout her life, even after she no longer needed the money.<ref name="Saad8"/>{{rp|74, 77}}

==Marriage(s)==
===First marriage===
Zaynab's first marriage was likely before Islam. The name of her first husband is not known to history, but it is mentioned that he had died by the time of [[Hijra (Islam)|''Hijrah'']] in the year of 622 CE.<ref name="Tabari39">[[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari]]. ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa'l-Muluk''. Translated by Landau-Tasseron, E. (1998). ''Volume 39: Biographies of the Prophet's Companions and Their Successors''. Albany: State University of New York Press.</ref>{{rp|180}} At that time Zaynab, who had become a [[Muslim]], was among those who accompanied her brother [[Abd-Allah ibn Jahsh|Abdullah]] on the ''Hijrah'' to [[Medina]].<ref>[[Ibn Ishaq|Muhammad ibn Ishaq]]. ''Sirat Rasul Allah''. Translated by Guillaume, A. (1955). ''Life of Muhammad'', p. 215. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref>

===Marriage to Zayd===
====Circumstances of the marriage====
Around 625, Muhammad proposed Zaynab to marry his [[Islamic adoption|adopted]] son, [[Zayd ibn Harithah]]. Zayd had been born into the [[Banu Kalb|Kalb tribe]] but as a child he had been kidnapped by slave-traders. He had been sold to a nephew of [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid]], who in her turn had given him as a wedding present to her husband Muhammad. After some years, Muhammad had [[manumitted]] Zayd and had adopted him as his son.<ref name="Tabari39"/>{{rp|6–10}}

Zaynab, supported by her brother Abdullah, at first refused the proposal on the grounds that, "I am a widow of the Quraysh."<ref name="Tabari39" />{{rp|180}} She presumably implied that her social status was too high to allow her to marry an ex-slave. It has been asserted that these social differences were precisely the reason why Muhammad wanted to arrange the marriage:

<blockquote>"The Prophet was well aware that it is a person's standing in the eyes of Allah that is important, rather than his or her status in the eyes of the people... their marriage would demonstrate that it was not who their ancestors were, but rather their standing in the sight of Allah, that mattered."<ref>Thomson, A. (2012). ''The Wives of the Prophet Muhammad'', pp. 61-62. London: Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd.</ref></blockquote>

It has also been suggested that he wanted to establish the legitimacy and right to [[Islamic adoptional jurisprudence|equal treatment of the adopted]].<ref>Caesar E. Farah, ''Islam: Beliefs and Observances'', p.69</ref> By contrast, [[William Montgomery Watt|Montgomery Watt]] points out that Zayd was high in Muhammad's esteem.

<blockquote>"She can hardly have thought that he was not good enough. She was an ambitious woman, however, and may already have hoped to marry Muhammad; or she may have wanted to marry someone with whom Muhammad did not want his family to be so closely allied."<ref>Watt, W. M. (1956). ''Muhammad at Medina'', p. 331. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.</ref></blockquote>

When Muhammad announced a new verse of the [[Qur'an]]:
{{Blockquote|It is not for a believing man or a believing woman, when Allah and His Messenger have decided a matter, that they should [thereafter] have any choice about their affair. And whoever disobeys Allah and His Messenger has certainly strayed into clear error,<ref>{{cite quran|33|36|style=nosup|expand=no}}</ref>}}
After hearing this verse Zaynab gave her consent to marry Zayd.<ref name="Hisham"/><ref>Al-Jalalayn, ''Tafsir'' on Q33:36-38.</ref> Muhammad personally paid the dower of 160 ''dirhams'' in cash, a cloak and veil, a coat of armour, 50 ''mudd'' of grain and 10 ''mudd'' of dates.<ref>[[Ibn Kathir|Ismail ibn Umar ibn Kathir]]. ''Al-Sira al-Nabawiya''. Translated by Le Gassick, T. (2000). ''The Life of the Prophet Muhammad'', vol. 3 p. 198. Reading, U.K.: Garnet Publishing.</ref>

====Circumstances of the divorce====
The marriage lasted less than two years.<ref>Maududia (1967), vol. 4, p. 112-3</ref>

A story narrated by the 9th-century historians [[Ibn Sa'd]] and [[al-Tabari]], but rejected by modern Muslim scholars, including those from Sunni traditions such as Ibn Kathir, al-Albani, is that Muhammad paid a visit to Zayd's house. The hairskin curtain that served as Zayd's front door was blown aside, accidentally revealing Zaynab dressed only in her shift. Zaynab arose to dress herself, advising Muhammad that Zayd was not at home but he was welcome to visit. However, he did not enter. He exclaimed to himself, “Praise be to Allah, who turns hearts around!” and then departed. When Zayd came home, Zaynab told him what had happened. Zayd went to Muhammad, saying: "Prophet, I have heard about your visit. Perhaps you admire Zaynab, so I will divorce her." Muhammad replied, "No, fear Allah and keep your wife."

The story has been rejected by Muslim scholars<ref>Ibn Al-’Arabi, Ahkam Al-Quran (3/1543)</ref><ref>Sirat-Un-Nabi, by Allama Shibli Nu'Mani</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Qadhi|first=Yasir|title=Seerah of Prophet Muhammad 69 - The Prophet's Marriage to Zaynab|date=18 November 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kbaorsGGFio |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/kbaorsGGFio |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=2020-05-02}}{{cbignore}}</ref> mainly because of its lack of having any chain of narration, its recording after 300 years<ref name="auto">{{Cite book |last=Debas |first=Faridah Masʻood |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bqM4vgAACAAJ |title=The Wives of Prophet Muhammad |date=2009 |publisher=International Islamic Publishing House |language=en}}</ref> and its complete absence from any authentic hadith. Some commentators<ref>For example, Qadi Iyad ibn Musa al-Yahsubi</ref> have found it absurd that Muhammad would suddenly become aware of Zaynab's beauty one day after having known her all her life. Zainab was Muhammad's cousin. According to the Fatwa Department Research Committee, if her beauty had been the reason for Muhammad to marry her, he would have married her himself in the first place rather than arranging her marriage to Zayd.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.islamtoday.net/quesshow-14-943.htm|title=The Prophet's Marriage to Zaynab bint Jahsh|website=Islam Today|access-date=2015-05-02|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406062043/http://en.islamtoday.net/quesshow-14-943.htm|archive-date=6 April 2015}}</ref> Some Islamic scholars state that rumours were spread by Hypocrites who disguised themselves as Muslims.<ref name="auto"/>

Historiographic assessments suggest that the "lovestruck" narrative itself was a fabrication that developed over a century after the death of Muhammad.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ashraf |first1=Hasan |title=The Prophet's ﷺ Marriage to Zaynab bint Jaḥsh: A Reexamination from a Historiographic Perspective HISTORY LIFE OF THE PROPHET (SEERAH) The Prophet's ﷺ Marriage to Zaynab bint Jaḥsh: A Reexamination from a Historiographic Perspective |url=https://yaqeeninstitute.org/read/paper/the-prophets-marriage-to-zaynab-bint-jahsh |website=Yaqeen Institute |access-date=12 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-01 |title=Prophet Muhammad and Zainab: Background to the Marriage {{!}} ICRAA |url=https://www.icraa.org/muhammad-marriage-zainab-analysis-reports/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=ICRAA.org |language=en-US}}</ref>

Zayd divorced Zaynab in December 626.<ref name="Tabari39"/>{{rp|182}}{{why|date=June 2025}}

===Marriage to Muhammad===
====Preparation for the marriage====
Muhammad expected criticism if he married Zaynab. Pre-Islamic custom disapproved of marriage between a man and his adopted son's former wife.<ref>"For in the time of ignorance they regarded the marriage with an adopted son's wife as illegal as that with the wife of a natural son." Koelle, S. W. (1889). ''Mohammed and Mohammedanism Critically Considered'', p. 497. London: Rivingtons.</ref> Arab society would have viewed this union as profoundly wrong, because it was considered an adopted son was truly a "son". Therefore, for a man to marry his adopted son's wife - even if she was divorced - was considered incestuous.<ref>"...the marriage of a man with the wife of his adopted son, even though divorced, was looked upon by the Arabs as a very wrong thing indeed." Sell, E. (1905). ''The Historical Development of the Quran'', pp. 149–150. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.</ref><ref>"This liberality did not prevent severe comments from those who regarded adopted sonship as real sonship — for which view Mohammed's institution of brotherhoods gave some support — and who, therefore, regarded this union as incestuous." Margoliouth, D. S. (1905). ''Mohammed and the Rise of Islam, Third Edition'', p. 321. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.</ref> As a result, he "hid in his heart" the idea that he might marry her. This internal conflict is mentioned in the Qur'an {{cite quran|33|37|style=nosup|expand=no}}:
{{Blockquote|Behold! Thou didst say to one who had received the grace of [[Allah]] and thy favour: "Retain thou (in wedlock) thy wife, and fear Allah." But thou didst hide in thy heart that which Allah was about to make manifest: thou didst fear the people, but it is more fitting that thou shouldst fear Allah. Then when Zaid had dissolved (his marriage) with her, with the necessary (formality), We joined her in marriage to thee: in order that (in future) there may be no difficulty to the Believers in (the matter of) marriage with the wives of their adopted sons, when the latter have dissolved with the necessary (formality) (their marriage) with them. And Allah's command must be fulfilled.}}
After this verse was announced, Muhammad proceeded to reject the existing Arabian norms.<ref name="EI2">{{Cite encyclopedia | edition = 2nd| publisher = Brill Academic Publishers| volume = 11| pages = 475| last = Lecker| first = M | title = Zayd B. Haritha| encyclopedia = [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]| date = 2002 |isbn=9004127569}}</ref><ref>Watt, W. M. (1956). Muhammad at Medina, pp. 330-331. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.</ref> Thereafter, Zayd reverted to being known by his original name of "Zayd ibn Harithah" instead of "Zayd ibn Muhammad".<ref name="Tabari39"/>

Some Muslim historians have understood the discrepancy between Muhammad's private thoughts and his expressed words to refer, not to a desire to marry Zaynab, but only to a prophetic foreknowledge that the marriage was going to happen.<ref>Le Gassick/Ibn Kathir vol. 3 p. 198. "God stated, 'You hide within yourself what God makes evident.' Regarding this, 'Ali b. al-Husayn Zayn b. al-Abidin and [[al-Suddi]] said, 'He (the Messenger of God (SAAS)) knew that she was to be one of his wives and it is he who hid (this) within himself.' Many early authorities discussed this matter in various strange ways. Some of these are controversial and so we are omitting them."</ref><ref>Haykal, M. H. (1933). ''Hayat Muhammad''. Translated by al-Faruqi, I. R. A. (2005). ''The Life of Muhammad (pbuh)'', p. 340. Baltimore: American Trust Publications. "Muhammad ... found himself disinclined to implement this judgment by marrying Zaynab after Zayd had divorced her. Indeed, the criticisms of the commonplace and the vituperations with which he was indicted in the public eye for breaking down such well established custom did, for a time, influence Muhammad's judgment and affected his decision. It was at this stage that the following divine criticism was addressed to Muhammad: 'Would you hide, O Muhammad, within yourself that which God was going to bring to light anyway? Would you fear the gossip of the people? Isn't God more worthy of being feared?' [Qur'an, 33:37] The truth is, however, that Muhammad was the exemplar of obedience to God; his life was the implementation of that which he was entrusted to convey to mankind. The outcome, therefore, was that Muhammad would not give any weight at all to the gossip of the people if he were to marry the ex-wife of his adopted son, since the fear of social condemnation is nothing comparable to that of condemnation by God, of disobedience to divine commandment. Thus, Muhammad married Zaynab in order to provide a good example of what the All-Wise Legislator was seeking to establish by way of rights and privileges for adoption."</ref>

====The wedding====
Muhammad married Zaynab as soon as her waiting-period from her divorce was complete, on 27 March 627.<ref name="Tabari39"/>{{rp|182}} He went into her house when she did not expect him and without knocking. She asked him: "Is it going to be like this, without any witnesses or trustee (''wali'') for our union?" Muhammad replied: "Allah is the witness and Gabriel is the trustee."<ref name="Sa'id Ashur p. 126">Sa'id Ashur. ''Jurisprudence from Muhammad's life'', p. 126.</ref><ref name="Asqalani. p. 307">Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani. ''Al-Isaba fi tamyiz al-Sahaba'', vol. IV, p. 307.</ref>

Muhammad gave Zaynab a dower of 400 ''dirhams''.<ref name="Hisham"/> Later he held a wedding banquet for her and slaughtered a sheep. [[Anas ibn Malik]] said there were over seventy guests, and that none of Muhammad's other wives was given such a large banquet. 
{{Blockquote|Anas narrates: The marriage of Zainab bint Jahash was mentioned in the presence of Anas and he said, "I did not see the Prophet giving a better banquet on marrying any of his wives than the one he gave on marrying Zainab. He then gave a banquet with one sheep."}}
{{Blockquote|Anas narrates: "The Prophet offered a wedding banquet on the occasion of his marriage to Zainab, and provided a good meal for the Muslims. Then he went out as was his custom on marrying, he came to the dwelling places of the mothers of the Believers (i.e. his wives) invoking good (on them), and they were invoking good (on him). Then he departed (and came back) and saw two men (still sitting there). So he left again. I do not remember whether I informed him or he was informed (by somebody else) of their departure."<ref name="Saad8"/>{{rp|75}}<ref>Bukhari 7:62:84. Bukhari 7:62:97.</ref>}}

As soon as the men had departed, Muhammad announced a new ''ayat'' of the Quran.<ref name="Saad8"/>{{rp|76–77, 126–127}}

{{Blockquote|O you who have believed, do not enter the houses of the Prophet except when you are permitted for a meal, without awaiting its readiness. But when you are invited, then enter; and when you have eaten, disperse without seeking to remain for conversation. Indeed, that was troubling the Prophet, and he is shy of [dismissing] you. But Allah is not shy of the truth. And when you ask [his wives] for something, ask them from behind a partition. That is purer for your hearts and their hearts. And it is not for you to harm the Messenger of Allah or to marry his wives after him, ever. Indeed, that would be in the sight of Allah an enormity.<ref>Quran 33:53 (Sahih International)</ref>}}

===Life in Medina===
[[Aisha]] believed that Muhammad's favourite wives, after herself, were Zaynab and [[Umm Salama]].<ref name="Saad8"/>{{rp|81}} She said: "Zaynab was my equal in beauty and in the Prophet's love for her."<ref>Bukhari 5:59:462.</ref> Umm Salama said of Zaynab: "The Messenger of Allah liked her and he also used to become vexed with her."<ref name="Saad8"/>{{rp|74}} On two occasions, when Muhammad divided a gift of food among all his wives, Zaynab was displeased with her portion and sent it back to him.<ref name="Saad8"/>{{rp|138}}

Several traditions indicate conflict between Zaynab and her co-wives. She used to boast to them: "You were given in marriage by your families, while I was married (to the Prophet) by Allah from over seven Heavens."<ref name="Sa'id Ashur p. 126"/><ref name="Asqalani. p. 307"/><ref>Bukhari 9:93:516.</ref> In one quarrel, Zaynab shouted insults at Aisha while Muhammad was present. Aisha retaliated with "hot words until I made her quiet." Muhammad only commented that Aisha was "really the daughter of [[Abu Bakr]]."<ref>Bukhari 3:47:755. Muslim 31:5984. Abu Dawud 42:4880.</ref> Another time Zaynab refused to lend her spare camel to [[Safiyya bint Huyayy|Safiyya]]; Muhammad was so angry that he did not speak to Zaynab for over two months.<ref name="Saad8"/>{{rp|90}} Aisha related that the wives were divided into two factions, one led by herself and the other by Umm Salama. Zaynab was allied to Umm Salama, together with [[Ramla bint Abi Sufyan|Umm Habiba]], [[Juwayriyya bint al-Harith|Juwayriyya]] and [[Maymunah bint al-Harith|Maymunah]].<ref>Bukhari 3:47:755. Muslim 31:5984. Abu Dawud 41:4880.</ref>

Yet it was Zaynab who defended Aisha when the latter was accused of adultery. Muhammad asked her if she knew anything about it, and Zaynab replied: "O Allah's Messenger! I refrain to claim hearing or seeing what I have not heard or seen. By Allah, I know nothing except goodness about Aisha."<ref>Bukhari 3:48:829.</ref> Aisha conceded: "I have never seen a woman more advanced in religious piety than Zaynab, more God-conscious, more truthful, more alive to the ties of blood, more generous and having more sense of self-sacrifice in practical life and having more charitable disposition and thus more close to God, the Exalted, than she was."<ref name="Muslim 31:5984">Muslim 31:5984.</ref>

Zaynab had a reputation for being prayerful.<ref name="Saad8"/>{{rp|74}} She prayed so much by night that she hung a rope between two pillars in the mosque and held onto it when she became too tired to stand. When Muhammad discovered the rope, he removed it and told her that when she became tired, she should stop praying and sit down.<ref>Bukhari 2:21:251.</ref>

==Later life==
After Muhammad's death, Zaynab never left Medina again.<ref name="Saad8"/>{{rp|146}} She was a widow for nine years, during which time she narrated eleven ''ahadith''.<ref>[[Al-Dhahabi|Muhammad ibn Ahmad Al-Dhahabi]]. ''Siyar Aalam al-Nubala'' vol. 2 #112.</ref>

She continued to work at tanning and leather-crafts, and she gave away all her profits in charity.<ref name="Saad8"/>{{rp|74, 77}} Even when [[Umar bin Khattab|Caliph Umar]] sent her the pension of 12,000 ''dirhams'' that he allowed to all of Muhammad's widows, Zaynab gave it all away to various poor families in Medina.<ref name="Saad8"/>{{rp|78–79}} At her death, her heirs did not find a single coin in her house.<ref name="Saad8"/>{{rp|81}}

==Death==
Zaynab died during the caliphate of Umar in 20 [[Islamic Calendar|AH]], in the summer of 640 or 641 [[Common Era|CE]], being the first of Muhammad's widows to die after him.<ref name="Saad8"/>{{rp|79–81}} She was 53 (lunar) years old.<ref name="Tabari39"/>{{rp|182}}

==See also==
* [[Jahsh (name)]]
* [[Zaynab (name)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Wives of Muhammad}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zaynab Bint Jahsh}}
[[Category:590 births]]
[[Category:641 deaths]]
[[Category:Wives of Muhammad]]
[[Category:Women in medieval Asian warfare]]
[[Category:Women in war in West Asia]]
[[Category:Muslim female saints]]
[[Category:Burials at Jannat al-Baqī]]
[[Category:Arab women in medieval warfare]]
[[Category:7th-century Arab people]]
[[Category:7th-century Arab women]]

Syro-Malankara Catholic Church

2026-03-23T17:59:00Z

MaryjoM897: Content updated and refined

{{Short description|Eastern Catholic church}}
{{distinguish|text=the [[Syro-Malabar Church]], another Eastern Catholic body}}
{{AI-generated|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox religion
| name = Syro-Malankara Catholic Church
| image = St. Marys Cathedral Trivandrum Fassade 2 (retuschiert).jpg
| caption = Old image of [[Cathedral of Saint Mary, Pattom]], [[Trivandrum]]
| type = [[Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites|Particular church]] (''[[sui iuris]]'')
| main_classification = [[Christianity|Christian]]
| orientation = {{ubl|[[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern Catholic]]|[[Syriac Christianity|Syriac]]}}
| theology = [[Catholic theology]]
| polity = [[Episcopal polity]]
| leader_title = [[Pope]]
| leader_name = {{Incumbent pope}}
| leader_title1 = [[Major Archbishop]]
| leader_name1 = [[Baselios Cleemis]]
| scripture = [[Peshitta]]<ref>{{cite book|title=The Bible in Translation: Ancient and English Versions|last=Metzger|first=Bruce M.|year=2001|publisher=Baker Academic|isbn=9780801022821}}</ref>
| fellowships =
| associations =
| area =
| founder = {{ubl
| a. [[Jesus]] according to Catholic [[sacred tradition]]
| b. [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostle]] [[Thomas the Apostle|Thomas]] through [[apostolic succession]], by tradition
| c. [[Geevarghese Ivanios]] (1930)
}}
| founded_date = 1930{{ndash}}1932<ref>{{cite book|title=[[The Oxford History of Christian Worship]]|editor-last1=Wainwright|editor-first1=Geoffrey|editor-last2=Westerfield Tucker|editor-first2=Karen B.|isbn=978-0-19-513886-3|date=2006|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=[[Oxford]]|chapter=The Ancient Oriental Churches|last=Chaillot|first=Christine|page=161}}</ref>
| founded_place =
| separated_from = [[Malankara Jacobite Syrian Church]] and [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]
| branched_from = [[Saint Thomas Christians]]
| merger =
| liturgy = {{ubl | [[West Syriac Rite]] | ([[Malankara Rite]])}}
| separations =
| hospitals =
| nursing_homes =
| aid =
| congregations =
| members = 458,015<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cnewa.org/source-images/Roberson-eastcath-statistics/eastcatholic-stat17.pdf |title=The Eastern Catholic Churches 2017 |access-date=2019-09-02 |archive-date=2018-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024215818/http://www.cnewa.org/source-images/Roberson-eastcath-statistics/eastcatholic-stat17.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| division_type = [[Parish in the Catholic Church|Parishes]]
| division = 1096{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}
| division_type1 = Eparchies
| division1 =
| ministers = {{ubl
| [[Bishop (Catholic Church)|Bishops]]: 20<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/rite/bml2.html |title=Living Bishops of Syro-Malankara Catholic Church |encyclopedia=[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]] |publisher=David M. Cheney |date=2025-11-29 |accessdate=2026-02-16}}</ref>
| [[Priesthood (Catholic Church)|Priests]]: 1,007{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}
| [[Nuns]]: 2,500{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}
}}
| missionaries =
| temples =
| primary_schools =
| secondary_schools =
| tax_status =
| headquarters = [[St. Mary's Cathedral, Pattom|Cathedral of Saint Mary]], [[Pattom]], [[Kerala]], India
| tertiary =
| other_names = {{ubl | Malankara Syrian Catholic Church | Syro-Malankara Rite Catholic Church}}
| website = {{Official URL}}
| footnotes =
}}


The '''Syro-Malankara Catholic Church''', also known as the '''Malankara Syrian Catholic Church''', is an [[Eastern Catholic Church|Eastern Catholic]] ''[[sui iuris]]'' [[particular church]] that employs the [[West Syriac Rite]] and is in [[full communion]] with the worldwide [[Catholic Church]],possessing self-governance under the [[Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches]]. It is one of the [[Major Archiepiscopal Church|major archiepiscopal]] churches of the Catholic Church and is headed by Major Archbishop [[Baselios Cleemis|Mor Baselios Cardinal Cleemis]] [[Maphrian|Catholicos]] of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Major Archeparchy of Trivandrum|Major Archdiocese of Trivandrum]] based in [[Kerala]], [[India]]. With more than 1096 parishes, it is one of India's biggest church evangelical establishments.{{Eastern Christianity sidebar}}The Malankara Syrian Catholic Church traces its origins to the missions of [[Thomas the Apostle]] in the 1st century.<ref name="Official Website">{{Cite web |title=The Syro-Malabar Church Today: An Overview::The St. Thomas Christians::East Syrian (Chaldean)::Syro-Malabar Major Archiepiscopal Church |url=http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/syro-malabar-church.php |access-date=2020-02-28 |website=www.syromalabarchurch.in |archive-date=11 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120811103409/http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/syro-malabar-church.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Menachery">[[George Menachery]] (1973) The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India, Ed. George Menachery, B.N.K. Press, vol. 2, {{ISBN|81-87132-06-X}}, Lib. Cong. Cat. Card. No. 73-905568; B.N.K. Press – (has some 70 lengthy articles by different experts on the origins, development, history, culture... of these Christians, with some 300 odd photographs).</ref><ref name="Lbrown">Leslie Brown, (1956) The Indian Christians of St. Thomas. An Account of the Ancient Syriac Church of Malabar, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1956, 1982 (repr.)</ref><ref name="Puthiakunnel">Thomas Puthiakunnel, (1973) "Jewish colonies of India paved the way for St. Thomas", The Saint Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India, ed. George Menachery, Vol. II., Trichur.</ref> The Church employs the [[West Syriac Rite]] [[Divine Liturgy of Saint James]] and is one of the two Eastern Catholic churches in India, the other being the [[Syro-Malabar Church]] which employs the [[East Syriac Rite]] liturgy.

After the [[Coonan Cross Oath]] in 1653, the Malankara faction ''(Puthenkūttukār)'' split from communion with the Catholic Church, and supported Archdeacon [[Thoma I]] in resisting the authority of the [[Latin Church|Latin Catholic]] [[Portugal|Portuguese]] ''[[Padroado]].'' They entered into communion with the [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch]] and Archdeacon [[Thoma I]] was consecrated as bishop by [[Gregorios Abdal Jaleel|Mor Gregorios Abdul Jaleel]]. After this, the Malankara Church began to adopt the West Syriac Rite liturgy from the Syrian Orthodox Church.

[[Geevarghese Ivanios|Mor Geevarghese Ivanios]], a bishop of the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]],began a movement in the Malankara Church to reunite with Rome in the 1920s. Mor Ivanios started negotiations with the [[Holy See]] in 1926 and two bishops including Mor Ivanios, a priest, a deacon and a layman were received into the Catholic Church together in 1930.

The Malankara Syrian Catholic Church was formed on 20 September 1930 under the leadership of [[Geevarghese Ivanios|Mor Ivanios]], the first Archbishop of the church.

By 1950, there were some 65,588 faithful, and in 1970, 183,490. There are now over 400,000 faithful in over 12 dioceses in India and across the world.<ref>{{cite web |last=Roberson |first=Ronald |title=The Syro-Malankara Catholic Church |url=http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=66&pagetypeID=9&sitecode=hq&pageno=1 |access-date=2 August 2018 |publisher=E Catholic Near East Welfare Association}}</ref>

The Syro-Malankara Catholic Church is one of two Eastern Catholic Churches in India, the other being the [[Syro-Malabar Church|Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]], which represents the faction of ''[[Syrian Catholics of Malabar|Pazhayakuttukar]],'' which remained in full communion with Rome after the Coonan Cross Oath and employs the [[Syro-Malabaric Rite|East Syriac Rite]].{{Eastern Catholicism }}

==History==

===Pre-Coonan Cross Oath===
{{Main|Saint Thomas Christians}}

The [[Saint Thomas Christians|St. Thomas Christians]], also known as ''Nasranis'', are an ancient Christian community in India with origins traditionally traced to the evangelistic activities of [[Thomas the Apostle]] in the 1st century CE. Situated primarily in the southwestern state of [[Kerala]], the St. Thomas Christians developed a unique identity blending elements of Indian and [[Syriac Christianity|Syriac Christian]] traditions. They maintained a hierarchical ecclesiastical structure, often aligning with the [[Church of the East|East Syriac Church]] (under the Church of the East) and later the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]]. The community largely followed Eastern Christian liturgy, practiced Syriac liturgical traditions, and were in communion with the [[Patriarch of the Church of the East|Patriarch of the East]] based in [[Iran|Persia]].

The arrival of Portuguese explorers in India in the late 15th century marked the beginning of significant European influence on the St. Thomas Christians. The Portuguese sought to bring the Indian Christians into conformity with the [[Latin Church]] and asserted their religious and administrative control through the establishment of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman|Diocese of Goa]]. This led to tensions, as the Portuguese pressured the community to abandon Eastern practices and adopt Latinized customs, culminating in the [[Synod of Diamper]] in 1599, which formally placed the St. Thomas Christians under the jurisdiction of the Catholic Archbishopric of Goa and imposed Latin rites and customs. These measures sparked resistance among the St. Thomas Christians, who sought to preserve their traditions and ecclesiastical autonomy. By the mid-17th century, these grievances intensified, setting the stage for the historic Coonan Cross Oath.[[File:Branches & Denominations of Saint Thomas Christians.svg|thumb|420x420px|A diagram showing the history of the divisions among the Saint Thomas Christians.]]

===Coonan Cross Oath===
{{Main|Coonan Cross Oath}}

A protest took place in 1653 with the [[Coonan Cross Oath]] (Oath of the bent cross). Under the leadership of Archdeacon Thomas, the Thomas Christians publicly took an oath that they would not obey the Jesuit Bishops.<ref name="ReferenceB">Eugene Cardinal Tisserant, "Eastern Christianity in India"</ref>

Rome sent Carmelites in two groups from the [[Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples|Propagation of the Faith]] to Malabar headed by Fr. Sebastiani and Fr. Hyacinth. Fr. Sebastiani arrived first in 1655 and began to speak directly with the archdeacon, Thoma I. Fr. Sebastiani, with the help of Portuguese, gained the support of many, especially with the support of [[Palliveettil Mar Chandy|Palliveettil Chandy]], Kadavil Chandy Kathanar and Vengoor Geevarghese Kathanar. These were the three of the four counselors of Thoma I, who along with Thoma I, had defected with Francisco Garcia Mendes, Archbishop of [[Kodungallur|Cranganore]], before the arrival of Sebastaini, according to Jesuit reports.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

Between 1661 and 1662, out of the 116 churches, the Carmelites claimed eighty-four churches, leaving the native Thoma I with thirty-two churches. The eighty-four churches and their congregations were the body from which the Syro Malabar Church and [[Chaldean Syrian Church]] have descended. The other thirty-two churches and their congregations represented the nucleus from which the [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]], [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]] , the [[Malabar Independent Syrian Church]] (Thozhiyur Church), [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church|Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church]], and Syro-Malankara Catholic Church have originated.<ref>Catholic Encyclopedia profile of "St. Thomas Christians" - The Carmelite Period</ref>

In 1665, [[Gregorios Abdal Jaleel|Mor Gregorios Abdul Jaleel]], a bishop sent by the [[Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch]], arrived in India. The independent group under the leadership of the archdeacon welcomed him.<ref name="ReferenceC">Thekkedath, History of Christianity in India"</ref> Though most of the St. Thomas Christians gradually relented in their strong opposition to the Western control, the arrival of Bishop [[Gregorios Abdal Jaleel|Gregorios]] of the Syriac Orthodox Church in 1665 marked the beginning of a formal schism among the St. Thomas Christians. Those who accepted the West Syriac liturgical tradition of the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] of Antioch of Gregorios became known as the ''Puthenkoor''. Those who were in the communion of Rome after the Synod of Damper and those who rejoined the Catholic communion from the ''Puthenkoor'' church during the Carmelite period, came to be known as the ''Pazhayakoor''.<ref name=Vadakkekara86>Vadakkekara, p. 84; 86.</ref><ref>Frykenberg, p. 361.</ref><ref>Fernando, p. 79.</ref><ref>Chaput, pp. 7–8.</ref>

Both factions continued to use the name "Malankara", the real name of the St. Thomas Christian community for the church.

The remaining ''Pazhayakoor'' Christians came to be known as the [[Syro-Malabar Church|Syro Malabar Church]] from the last decade of the Nineteenth century onwards.<ref name="ReferenceC"/>

===Post-Coonan Cross Oath===
The [[List of Syriac Orthodox Patriarchs of Antioch|118th Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch]], [[Ignatius Abded Aloho II]], went to Malankara in 1911 and excommunicated [[Geevarghese Mar Dionysius of Vattasseril|Geevarghese Mor Dionysius of Vattasseril]] (This excommunication was declared invalid by the High Court of [[Travancore]]). To ward off the undue interference of the Patriarch in the administration of the temporalities of the Church, [[Geevarghese Mar Ivanios|Fr. P.T. Geevarghese]] with the blessing of [[Geevarghese Mar Dionysius of Vattasseril|Mor Dionysius]] contacted [[Ignatius Abdul Masih II]], the [[List of Syriac Orthodox Patriarchs of Antioch|117th Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch]], who had been excommunicated by the Ottoman government in 1906, and invited him to visit Malankara and to establish an independent [[Catholicate]]. Hence, [[Ignatius Abdul Masih II]] went to Malankara in 1912 and established the Catholicate in Malankara. This created a split in the church:
*the faction resisting the Patriarch's administrative interference became the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]], an [[autocephalous]] Church under [[Malankara Metropolitan]] and the Catholicos;
*the faction supporting the Patriarch's administration became the [[Malankara Syriac Orthodox Church]] (known today as the ''Jacobite Syrian Christian Church'').

Baselios Paulose I (1912–1913), the first Catholicos, died after a short period of five months on 13 May 1913; the See remained vacant until 1925.

=== Pre-ecclesial communion ===
{{See also|Geevarghese Ivanios}}[[File:ARCHBISHOP GEEVARGHESE MAR IVANIOS.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|Aboon Geevarghese Ivanios]]
In the early 20th century, Geevarghese Ivanios emerged as a pivotal figure in the development of the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church. Born on 21 September 1882 in [[Mavelikkara|Mavelikara]], he was raised in the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]] and later pursued education at M.D. Seminary School in [[Kottayam]]. After completing high school, he furthered his studies at [[Madras Christian College]], earning a master's degree. In 1908, he was ordained as a priest by [[Dionysius Vattasseril|Geevarghese Mor Dionysius of Vattasseril]] and appointed principal of M.D. Seminary, a position that allowed him to shape future church leaders. Later, he accepted an invitation to teach at [[Serampore College]] in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], where he also founded a monastic community.

Upon returning to Kerala, Ivanios established the [[The Bethany Ashram|Bethany Ashram]] on land donated by his friend E. John Vakeel in Mundanmala, Ranni-Perunadu.<ref>Fr. Thomas Inchakkalody, ''Archbishop Mar Ivanios'' (Vol.1), pp. 152-171</ref> This ashram, founded on 15 August 1919, served as a center for spiritual renewal and monastic life, with an additional outreach for orphan care. His monastic vision expanded in 1925 with the founding of the Bethany Madhom, a convent for women religious, inspired by the Epiphany Sisters of England.

Ivanios was consecrated as a bishop in the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church by [[Baselios Geevarghese I|Catholicos Beselios Geevarghese I]] on 1 May 1925, taking the name Geevarghese Ivanios.<ref name="CLL">{{cite journal | last =Rajan | first =Matthew | title = H.H. Baselios Geevarghese I - Second Catholicose | journal=The Christian Light of Life | url=http://www.lightoflife.com/LOL_Arch_Basalios_GeevargheseI_Second_Catholicose.htm | year = 2004 |volume=3| issue=12|pages=221–225 }}</ref> However, he later advocated for reunification with the Catholic Church, leading a movement that ultimately established the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church.

=== Ecclesial communion ===
[[Image:Five Pillars.jpg|thumb|right|The Five Pillars of 1930 Union Event: [[Mar Ivanios|Ivanios]], [[Jacob Mar Theophilos|Jacob Theophilos]], [[Fr. John Kuzhinapurath OIC|John Kuzhinapurath]], Alexander, Chacko Kiliyilathu]]

On 20 September 1930, Mor Ivanios, Bishop [[Jacob Mar Theophilos|Jacob Theophilos]], [[Fr. John Kuzhinapurath OIC]], Dn. Alexander OIC, and Chacko Kilileth enterered into communion with the Catholic Church. The Union Movement under the leadership of Ivanios gave rise to Malankara Catholic Church. This took place in the Quilon bishop’s chapel. They were received by his Lordship Bishop Aloysius Maria Benziger (Bishop of Quilon), whom Ivanios approached for help and who was deputed by the Holy See to perform the reception.

[[File:Quilon Bischofskapelle Gedenkstein JS2.jpg|thumb|upright|Quilon bishop's chapel, memorial stone to commemorate the founding of the Syro-Malankara rite, 1930]]

=== Post-ecclesial communion ===
[[Pope Pius XI]], through the Apostolic Constitution ''[[Christo Pastorum Principi]]'' of 11 June 1932, established the Syro-Malankara Catholic hierarchy for the reunited community and erected the Archeparchy of Thiruvananthapuram with the Eparchy of [[Tiruvalla]] as its suffragan. The Metropolitan Eparchy of Thiruvananthapuram was established in 1933. Ivanios was enthroned as its first [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan Archbishop]]. The Eparchy of Tiruvalla was established in 1933. Jacob Theophilos was enthroned as its first bishop.

In 1937, [[Joseph Mar Severios|Joseph Severios]] of the Malankara Orthodox Church joined the Catholic Church.{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}} In 1939, Thomas Dioscoros, the metropolitan of the Knanaya [[Jacobite Church]], joined the Catholic Church.{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}} In 1938, the missionary congregation of the [[Daughters of Mary (Syro-Malankara)|Daughters of Mary]] was founded at [[Marthandam|Marthandom]] in Kanyakumari District. Bishop Dioscoros died in 1943.

Ivanios consecrated [[Benedict Mar Gregorios|Benedict Gregorios]] as his auxiliary bishop in 1953. Ivanios died on 15 July 1953.

The Eparchy of Tiruvalla was led by Jacob Theophilos and Joseph Severios. Severios was the administrator of the eparchy until 1950 due to the ill health of Theophilos. In 1950 he was appointed as the bishop of Tiruvalla. He was also invested with the title ''archbishop''. He died on 18 January 1955.[[Image:Gregorios4.jpg|thumb|Benedict Gregorios|alt=]]
In 1955, Metropolitan Archbishop Benedict Gregorios was enthroned as the metropolitan archbishop of [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and the head of the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bthang.html|title=Archbishop Benedict Varghese Gregorios Thangalathil [Catholic-Hierarchy]|website=www.catholic-hierarchy.org|access-date=2020-02-28}}</ref>

The Holy See appointed [[Zacharias Athanasios]] as successor to Severios; his consecration took place in 1954. [[Jacob Mar Theophilos|Jacob Theophilos]] died in 1956.

[[Francis Acharya]], a [[Cistercian]] monk, came to the Eparchy of Tiruvalla. In the year 1957 he founded the [[Kristiya Sanyasa Samaj, Kurisumala Ashram]] in the high ranges of Vagamon.

In 1958, the territorial boundary of the Eparchy of Tiruvalla was extended north to include the [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]] region of Kerala, the civil districts of [[Coimbatore]] and Nilgiris and Karoor Taluk in Tiruchirappally District of Tamil Nadu and districts of Mysore, Mandya, Coorg, Hasan, Chickamangalore, Shimoga and South Kanara of Karnataka State.

Athanasios died in 1977.

[[Paulos Mor Philoxenos|Paulos Philoxenos]], the metropolitan of the [[Malabar Independent Syrian Church]], was received into the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church on 28 August 1977.

The appointment of [[Isaac Yoohanon]] as Bishop of Tiruvalla and erection of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Bathery|Eparchy of Bathery]] with the appointment of [[Cyril Baselios]] as its first bishop through the decree of the Holy See took place in 1978. Both prelates were consecrated that year.

The Eparchy of Bathery was officially inaugurated in 1978. In 1979 the Eparchial contemplative monastery, Dhyana Ashram, was founded in the Eparchy of Bathery by Fr. Silvester Kozhimannil.

Lawrence Ephrem was consecrated bishop in 1980.

Malankara Catholics within India but outside the canonical territorial boundaries of the Church were first organized as Malankara Catholic Associations, and later came to be erected as [[personal parish]] communities. A coordinator was appointed to oversee them, in the Council of Hierarchs of the Malankara Catholic Church.{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}}

[[St. Mary’s Malankara Major Seminary]], the first local seminary, was inaugurated at Pattom in 1983 and the new building was blessed at [[Nalanchira]], Thiruvananthapuram was blessed in 1989.

On 8 February 1986, [[Pope John Paul II]] visited [[St. Mary's Cathedral, Pattom, Trivandrum|St. Mary's Cathedral, Pattom, Thiruvananthapuram]].

On 28 April 1987, Yoohanon, the bishop of Tiruvalla died.

[[Cardinal Lourdusamy]], the then prefect of the [[Congregation for the Oriental Churches]], visited the Malankara Catholic Church in August 1987.

[[Geevarghese Timotheos]] succeeded Yoohanon as the bishop of Tiruvalla. He was consecrated bishop in 1988.

Benedict Gregorios died in 1994 after serving 41 years.[[File:BaseliFinal.jpg|thumb|]]
[[Cyril Baselios]], the bishop of Bathery having been appointed by Pope John Paul II, was enthroned as Metropolitan Archbishop of Thiruvananthapuram and as the head of the Malankara Catholic Church on 14 December 1995. [[Geevarghese Divannasios Ottathengil|Geevarghese Divannasios]] was consecrated Bishop of Bathery in the place of Cyril Baselios on 5 February 1997.
[[Achille Silvestrini]], Cardinal Prefect of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches, visited the Malankara Catholic Church on 11–13 February 1996.

On the request of Cyril Baselios, by an Apostolic Bull dated 16 December 1996, Pope John Paul II erected the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Marthandom|Eparchy of Marthandom]] bifurcating the Metropolitan Eparchy of Thiruvananthapuram. [[Lawrence Mar Ephrem|Lawrence Ephrem]] was appointed as its first bishop. He died after a few months of his enthronement as Bishop of Marthandom, on 8 April 1997.

In the meantime the Eparchy of Tiruvalla was blessed with an auxiliary bishop in the person of [[Thomas Mar Koorilos|Thomas Koorilos]], who was consecrated bishop on 17 July 1997. On 29 June 1998 [[Yoohanon Mar Chrysostom|Yoohanon Chrysostom]] was consecrated as the bishop of Marthandom and [[Joshua Mar Ignathios|Joshua Ignathios]] as the auxiliary bishop for the Metropolitan Eparchy of Thiruvananthapuram. Paulos Philoxenos died on 3 November 1998.

Christu Jayanthi Maha Jubilee and the Sapthathy of the Re-union Movement of the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church were celebrated jointly at Tiruvalla on 26–28 December 2000.

In this period parishes for the faithful of the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church in the [[United States|United States of America]] were established. On 18 June 2001 Pope John Paul II nominated the Proto-Syncellus of Bathery Isaac Thottunkal, auxiliary bishop of Thiruvananthapuram and apostolic visitor for the Syro-Malankarites residing in North America and Europe. He was consecrated on 15 August 2001 at Tirumoolapuram, (Tiruvalla), and assumed the name [[Baselios Cleemis|Isaac Cleemis]].

Bifurcating the Eparchy of Tiruvalla, the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Muvattupuzha|Eparchy of Muvattupuzha]] was erected on 15 January 2003 and Thomas Koorilos was appointed as its first bishop.

On 29 March 2003 Bishop Timotheos resigned due to his age, and the Holy See appointed Isaac Cleemis, the apostolic visitor to Europe and America, as the bishop of Tiruvalla. Cleemis took charge of the diocese on 2 October 2003. On 5 January 2005 [[Joseph Mar Thomas|Joseph Thomas]] was appointed as the auxiliary bishop of Thiruvananthapuram and apostolic visitor to North America and Europe.

On 10 February 2005, the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church was raised to the status of a [[major archiepiscopal Church]] by the papal document ''[[Ab ipso Sancto Thoma]]'', and as such possesses a high level of autonomy under the ''[[Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches]]''. Pedro López Quintana, the Apostolic Nuncio in India, read the official declaration at [[St. Mary's Cathedral, Pattom, Trivandrum|St. Mary's Cathedral, Pattom, Thiruvananthapuram]]. The Hierarchical Head of the Church became a [[Major Archbishop]] who exercises patriarchal powers and governs the Church assisted by the Holy Synod of Bishops of the Church.

On 19 February 2005, Joseph Thomas was consecrated as auxiliary bishop of Thiruvananthapuram and apostolic visitor to North America and Europe. On 11 April 2005 the Faculty of Theology of [[St. Mary’s Malankara Major Seminary]] became affiliated to the [[Pontifical Urban University]], Rome.

The enthronement of the [[major archbishop]] as the head of the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church took place on 14 May 2005. The Malankara Major Archiepiscopal Curia (Catholicate Centre) started functioning at the St. Mary's Campus, Pattom, Thiruvananthapuram. On 20 May 2005, Cyril Baselios blessed the Curia building. Baselios soon constituted the first synod of the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church, convened from 16 to 18 August 2005 at the Major Archiepiscopal Curia, Thiruvananthapuram. It constituted the Permanent Synod and the various Synodal Commissions headed by bishops to take care of various apostolates of the Church. The official bulletin, ''Malankara'' is published from the Major Archiepiscopal Curia, to communicate the Synodal acts and voice of the Syro-Malankara Major Archiepiscopal Church.

The platinum jubilee of the Reunion Movement and the Year of the Eucharist were celebrated jointly at Mar Ivanios Nagar, Punnamoodu, Mavelikara, on 19–21 September 2005.

By decrees of Baselios, the Metropolitan Province of Tiruvalla, with the Eparchies of Bathery and Muvattupuzha as suffragans, was established on 15 May 2006 and Isaac Cleemis was appointed as the metropolitan archbishop of Tiruvalla. On 10 June 2006 Isaac Cleemis was enthroned as the first metropolitan-archbishop of Tiruvalla.

By the decree of Baselios, on 1 January 2007, the new [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Mavelikara|Eparchy of Mavelikara]] was erected and [[Joshua Mar Ignathios|Joshua Ignathios]], the auxiliary bishop and protosyncellus of the Major Archdiocese of Thiruvananthapuram, was appointed as its first bishop.

The Second Ordinary Holy Episcopal Synod was convoked on 6–7 December 2006 and it was decided to revive monastic consecration according to the tradition of the Antiochene Church, properly termed Rabban per the Syriac, but locally called [[Ramban (title)|Ramban]]; and [[Corepiscopo]], to honour a number of priests for their meritorious service in the Church.

On 18 January 2007, Cyril Baselios died, and was entombed by the side of his predecessors at St. Mary's Cathedral, Pattom, Thiruvananthapuram on 20 January 2007.

Isaac Cleemis was elected the Major Archbishop of the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church through the first Episcopal Synod of election of the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church held on 7–10 February 2007 at the Catholicate Centre, Pattom, [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. [[Pope Benedict XVI]] confirmed the election on 9 February and it was announced on 10 February at St. Mary's Cathedral, Pattom, Thiruvananthapuram.
[[File:Syro-Malankara Holy Mass 1.jpg|thumb|270px| [[Holy Qurobo|Holy Qurbono]] in [[Syro-Malankara Rite]]]]

The installation of Aboon Joshua Ignathios was held on 16 February 2007 at Mavelikara and Aboon Geevarghese Divannasios, the administrator of The Malankara Catholic Major Archiepiscopal Church, presided over the installation ceremony. The new eparchy has a 30,825 Syro-Malankara Catholic faithful of a total population of 2,998,325 inhabitants. Of this 269,849 are Malankara non-Catholics and 598,824 Christians of other denominations.

On 7 February 2007, Pope Benedict XVI appointed Fr. Chacko Aerath OIC as the [[Apostolic Visitor]] with Episcopal status for the Malankara Catholic faithful residing in the Extraterritorial Regions of the Church within India.{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}}

[[Baselios Cleemis]] was enthroned as the Major Archbishop of the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church on 5 March 2007 at St. Mary's Cathedral, Pattom, Thiruvananthapuram.

In March 2007 the Aboon [[Thomas Mar Koorilos|Thomas Koorilos]] was appointed the Second Metropolitan Archbishop of the Archieparchy of Tiruvalla. His installation Ceremony was held in May 2007 at [[St. John's Cathedral, Tiruvalla]]. Cleemis was the main celebrant.

Baselios Cleemis visited Pope Benedict XVI on 28 May 2007 at the Vatican and exchanged ecclesiastical Communion.

In July 2007 Baselios Cleemis declared Ivanios a [[Servant of God]].

In accordance with the provisions of [[CCEO]] can. 1063, the Ordinary Tribunal of the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church was constituted on 15 November 2007.

Aboon [[Abraham Mar Julios|Abraham Julios]], PhD, was consecrated Bishop of the Eparchy of Moovattupuzha by Baselios Cleemis on 9 February 2008 at Moovattupuzha.

Baselios Cleemis blessed the newly built Tomb Chapel of the Servant of God Ivanios in St. Mary's Cathedral, Pattom, Thiruvananthapuram, on 1 July 2008.

[[Image:Leonardosandri.jpg|thumb|270px| Cardinal [[Leonardo Sandri]] at [[St. Mary's Cathedral, Pattom, Trivandrum|St. Mary's Cathedral, Pattom, Thiruvananthapuram]]]]

[[Leonardo Sandri]], Cardinal Prefect of Congregation for the Oriental Churches, visited the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church on 10 November 2008. Holy Qurbono according to the Syro-Malankara Tradition was celebrated. Baselios Cleemis was the main celebrant. In the following meeting Cardinal Sandri recognized [[St. Mary, Queen of Peace Basilica|Queen of Peace Pro-Cathedral at Palayam]], Thiruvananthapuram, as a [[Basilica]]. Cleemis dedicated [[St. Mary, Queen of Peace Basilica]] on 7 December 2008.

Cleemis created two new eparchies in the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church, [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Pathanamthitta|Pathanamthitta]] in [[Kerala]] and [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Puthur|Puthur]] in the State of [[Karnataka]]. He appointed four new bishops, elected by the Holy Episcopal Synod. He announced the transfer of Bishop of Marthandom [[Yoohanon Mar Chrysostom|Yoohanon Chrysostom]] to the new See of [[Pathanamthitta]] and Bishop [[Geevarghese Divannasios Ottathengil|Geevarghese Divannasios]] from the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Bathery|See of Bathery]] to the new See of Puthur. [[Joseph Mar Thomas|Joseph Thomas]], the Apostolic Visitator to [[North America]] and [[Europe]] was appointed Bishop of Bathery. To the See of Marthandom, vacant due to the transfer of its bishop, was appointed Vincent Kulapuravilai, Professor and Registrar of St. Mary's Malankara Seminary Thiruvananthapuram. Samuel Kattukallil, Syncellus of the Major Archeparchy of Thiruvananthapuram, and Stephen Thottathil, Dean of the Faculty of Theology of St. Mary's Malankara Seminary, were appointed auxiliary bishops of the [[Major Archeparchy of Trivandrum|Major Archeparchy of Thiruvananthapuram]] and the [[Archieparchy of Tiruvalla]] respectively. Antony Valiyavilayil, the Postulator of the Cause of Canonisation of Servant of God Archbishop Ivanios and the Chancellor of the Major Archiepiscopal Curia, was appointed the bishop of the Curia.<ref>[[Malayala Manorama]], [[Deepika (newspaper)|Deepika]] January 26, 2010</ref>

The episcopal ordination of Bishops Vincent Paulos, Samuel Irenios, Philipose Stephanos and Thomas Anthonios took place at Ivanios Vidya Nagar in Thiruvananthapuram on 13 March 2010
[[File:Episcopal Ordination Syro-Malankara Catholic Church 1.jpg|thumb|270px| The public meeting after the Episcopal Ordination, March 2010|alt=]]

[[Thomas Naickamparampil]] was appointed as the first exarch of the Syro-Malankara Catholic Exarchate in the United States by Pope Benedict XVI, with consultation by Cleemis and the Holy Synod of Syro-Malankara Catholic Church, on 14 July 2010. He was ordained bishop and received the name Aboon Thomas Eusebius on 21 September 2010 at St. Mary's Malankara Syrian Catholic Cathedral, Thiruvananthapuram. His installation ceremony was on 3 October 2010 at Kellenberg Memorial High School, Uniondale, New York.

Baselios Cleemis was elevated to the [[College of Cardinals]] of the [[Catholic Church]] by Pope Benedict XVI at the [[Papal Basilica of Saint Peter]] in the [[Holy See|Vatican]] on 24 November 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://press.catholica.va/news_services/bulletin/news/29888.php?index=29888&lang=ge|title=Annuncio di Concistoro per la Creazione di Sei Nuovi Cardinali|publisher=[[Holy See Press Office]]|date=2012-10-24|language=it|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223054432/http://press.catholica.va/news_services/bulletin/news/29888.php?index=29888&lang=ge|archive-date=2013-02-23}}</ref> As [[Cardinal-Priest]] he was assigned the [[titular church]] of ''[[San Gregorio VII]]''. He is the first bishop of the Syro-Malankara church and the fifth Keralite to become cardinal.

The Syro-Malankara Catholic Church is fast growing in theological and canonical studies. Many authors have contributed to the development in the field of theology and canon law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/237392941/Kuzhinapurath-Bibliography-Till-August-2014|title=The classified Bibliography of Fr. Dr. Thomas Kuzhinapurath |publisher= Scribd.com|date=2014-09-15|language=en, ml}}</ref>

Besides the canonical institutions of the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church, various associations including the [[Malankara Catholic Youth Movement]] (MCYM), the [[Malankara Catholic Association]] (MCA), and the Legion of Mary, Matruvedi, Pithruvedi, emerged.

The Syro-Malankara Catholic Church engages in humanitarian activities. One example of such services is [[Thapovanam, Shelter of Hope, Sulthan Bathery]], a centre for the rehabilitation of the mentally ill.

<gallery>
File:St. Mary's Cathedral, Pattom, Thiruvananthapuram.jpg|The latest image of St. Mary's Cathedral, Pattom, Thiruvananthapuram
Image:SyroMalankara ireland.JPG|Syro-Malankara Catholics in Ireland with Dr. Joshua Ignathius. (Mavelikara Diocese Bishop)
</gallery>

==Liturgy==
The liturgy of the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church is of the [[Antiochene Rite]], [[West Syriac rite|West Syriac]] in character. The liturgy today is celebrated in [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Syriac language|Syriac]], [[English language|English]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and [[Hindi]]. The church uses one of several [[Bible translations into Malayalam]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

==Jurisdictions==
{{Main|List of Syro-Malankara Catholic eparchies and bishops}}

===Proper Ecclesiastical provinces===
*[[Syro-Malankara Catholic Major Archeparchy of Trivandrum|Metropolitan Major Archeparchy of Thiruvananthapuram]]
**[[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Marthandom|Eparchy of Marthandom]]
**[[Diocese of Mavelikara|Eparchy of Mavelikara]]
**[[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Parassala|Eparchy of Parassala]]
**[[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Pathanamthitta|Eparchy of Pathanamthitta]]
**[[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of St. Ephrem of Khadki|Eparchy of St. Ephrem of Khadki]]
*[[Syro-Malankara Catholic Archieparchy of Tiruvalla|Metropolitan Archeparchy of Tiruvalla]]
**[[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Bathery|Eparchy of Bathery]]
**[[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Muvattupuzha|Eparchy of Muvattupuzha]]
**[[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Puthur|Eparchy of Puthur]]

===Personal Jurisdiction directly under the Holy See===
*[[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of St. John Chrysostom of Gurgaon|Eparchy of St. John Chrysostom of Gurgaon]]
*[[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of the United States of America and Canada|Eparchy of St. Mary, Queen of Peace of the United States of America and Canada]]

===Apostolic Visitation===
*[[Apostolic Visitator|Apostolic Visitation]] of Europe, based in Coventry, UK
*[[Apostolic Visitator|Apostolic Visitation]] of Oceania, based in Adelaide, Australia

===Titular See===
*Titular Episcopal See of Chayal

==Statistics==
According to the Pontifical yearbook ''[[Annuario Pontificio]]'' for 2012, the Syro-Malankara Church had approximately 436,870 members.<ref name="statistics">{{cite web
|url=http://nasrani.net/2007/02/13/population-statistics-demography-saint-thomas-christians-churches/ |title=Population Statistics|date=13 February 2007}}, Syro Malankara Church.</ref><ref name="cnewastat">{{cite web
|url=http://www.cnewa.org/source-images/Roberson-eastcath-statistics/eastcatholic-stat12.pdf
|author=Ronald Roberson
|title=The Eastern Catholic Churches 2012
|publisher=Catholic Near East Welfare Association
|access-date=Nov 18, 2012
|archive-date=April 18, 2013
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418032947/http://www.cnewa.org/source-images/Roberson-eastcath-statistics/eastcatholic-stat12.pdf
|url-status=dead
}} Information sourced from ''Annuario Pontificio'' 2012 edition.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Dioceses
! Members
! Bishops
! Parishes
! Diocesan Priests
! Religious Priests
! Men Religious
! Women Religious
! Seminarians
|-
! Archeparchy of Thiruvananthapuram
| 219,437
| 2
| 184
| 131
| 24
| 97
| 578
| 100
|-
! Eparchy of Parassala
| 22,000
| 1
| 104
| 31
| 4
|
|
|
|-
! Eparchy of Pathanamthitta
| 37,500
| 2
| 99
| 64
| 6
| 6
| 110
| 26
|-
! Eparchy of Marthandom
| 65,715
| 1
| 85
| 40
| 7
| 14
| 178
| 21
|-
! Eparchy of Mavelikara
| 24,083
| 1
| 93
| 56
| 7
| 9
| 145
| 23
|-
! Archeparchy of Tiruvalla
| 75,000
| 1
| 122
| 112
| 25
| 54
| 285
| 37
|-
! Eparchy of Bathery
| 25,000
| 1
| 101
| 77
| 8
| 8
| 274
| 25
|-
! Eparchy of Muvattupuzha
| 12,435
| 2
| 69
| 41
| 8
| 24
| 82
| 13
|-
! Eparchy of Puttur
| 2,700
| 1
| 32
| 14
| 7
| 8
| 20
| 3
|-
! Eparchy of the United States and Canada<ref name="Official Statutes">{{cite web |url=http://syromalankarausa.org/content/exarchate-statutes/ |title=The Statutes from St. Mary, Queen of Peace Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy in USA and Canada website |access-date=2017-10-26 |archive-date=2021-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112034645/http://syromalankarausa.org/content/exarchate-statutes/ |url-status=dead }}, Syro Malankara Church.</ref>
| 10,000
| 1
| 19
| 11
| 1
| 1
| 16
| 4
|-
! Eparchy of Gurgaon
| 10,000
| 1
| 34
| 26
| 15
|
|
|
|-
! Eparchy of Khadki
| 10,000
| 1
| 29
| 27
| 10
|
|
|
|-
! TOTAL
| 436,870
| 14
| 692
| 546
| 93
| 221
| 1688
| 252
|-
|}

===Previous metropolitans===
{|cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="2" align="center" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #DEE8F1 solid"
|
{| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="2" style="background-color:white; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px #DEE8F1 solid"
! style="background-color:#B0BFD5; color:white"|Title
! style="background-color:#B0BFD5; color:white"|Name
! style="background-color:#B0BFD5; color:white"|Notes
|----
|Archbishop
|[[Geevarghese Mar Ivanios|Geevarghese Ivanios]]
|Split from [[Malankara Orthodox Church]]
|----
|1st Metropolitan of Tiruvalla
|[[Jacob Mar Theophilos|Jacob Theophilos]]
|Split from [[Malankara Orthodox Church]]
|----
|2nd Metropolitan of Tiruvalla
|[[Joseph Mar Severios|Joseph Severios]]
|Left [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|Malankara Orthodox Church]]
|----
|Bishop of Thirumoolapuram
|[[Thomas Mar Dioscoros|Thomas Dioscoros]]
|Left [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Knanaya Syriac Orthodox Church]]
|----
|Archbishop
|[[Benedict Mar Gregorios|Benedict Gregorios]]
|Left [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|Malankara Orthodox Church]]
|----
|3rd Metropolitan of Tiruvalla
|[[Zacharias Mar Athanasios|Zacharias Athanasios]]
|Left [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|Orthodox Church]]
|----
|Titular Bishop of Chayal
|[[Paulos Mor Philoxenos|Paulos Philoxenos]]
|Left [[Malabar Independent Syrian Church]]
|----
|4th Metropolitan of Tiruvalla
|[[Isaac Mar Yoohanon|Isaac Yoohanon]]
|
|----
|Major Arch Bishop-Catholicos
| [[Cyril Baselios]]
|
|----
|1st Metropolitan of Marthandom
| [[Lawrence Mar Ephrem|Lawrence Ephrem]]
|
|----
|1st Metropolitan of Puttur
| [[Geevarghese Divannasios Ottathengil|Geevarghese Divannasios]]
|
|----
|5th Metropolitan & 1st Bishop Emeritus of Tiruvalla
| [[Geevarghese Timotheos]]
|Left [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|Malankara Orthodox Church]]
|----
|1st Metropolitan of Gurgaon
| [[Jacob Mar Barnabas|Jacob Barnabas]]
|}
|}

==In the Indian diaspora==
There are 39 Syro-Malankara communities in North India, including churches at Bangalore, Chennai, Kolkata, Delhi, Mumbai, Pune and Hyderabad.
On 26 March 2015, Cleemis and the Holy Synod in consultation with [[Pope Francis]] erected two Eparchies to cover all of India. Bishop Barnabas Jacob was appointed bishop of the Delhi-based Eparchy of St. John Chrysostom of Gurgaon. Bishop Anthonios Thomas heads the Apostolic Exarchate of St. Ephrem of Khadki.<ref>[http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2015/03/26/0219/00492.html Bollettino] vatican.va {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028012413/https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2015/03/26/0219/00492.html |date=28 October 2022 }}</ref>

==Around the world==
===North America===
{{main|Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of the United States of America and Canada}}

[[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of the United States of America and Canada|The eparchy of the United States of America and Canada]] was initially established as an [[apostolic exarchate]] by [[Pope Benedict XVI]] in July 2010. Father [[Thomas Eusebius|Thomas Naickamparampil]], then serving as secretary general of the Major Archiepiscopate of the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church, was appointed the first apostolic exarch. He was consecrated as bishop on 21 September 2010 at [[Cathedral of Saint Mary, Pattom|St. Mary's Malankara Syrian Catholic Cathedral]] in [[Pattom]], adopting the episcopal name Aboon Thomas Eusebius. His enthronement took place on 3 October 2010 at Kellenberg High School in [[Uniondale, New York]].<ref name=zenit>{{cite news
|url = http://www.zenit.org/article-29886?l=english
|title = New Apostolic Exarchate for Syro-Malankara Church
|publisher = ZENIT News Agency
|date = July 14, 2010
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110607212740/http://www.zenit.org/article-29886?l=english
|archive-date = June 7, 2011
}}</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/gsI4qw9Tl3c Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20201022223415/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gsI4qw9Tl3c&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gsI4qw9Tl3c| title = Malankara Catholic Exarchate in USA Inauguration | website=[[YouTube]] | date = 17 September 2011 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>

On 4 January 2016, [[Pope Francis]] elevated the exarchate to the status of an eparchy, expanding its jurisdiction to include [[Canada]].<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/jsDRTQb7_Mw Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20201022223410/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jsDRTQb7_Mw&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jsDRTQb7_Mw| title = Announcement of New Syro-Malankara Eparchy in USA & Canada | website=[[YouTube]] | date = 6 January 2016 }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://malankaracatholicna.church/content/his-holiness-pope-francis-erects-syro-malankara-catholic-eparchy-usa-and-canada|title = His Holiness Pope Francis Erects Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy in USA and Canada | St. Mary, Queen of Peace Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy in USA and Canada}}</ref> Subsequently, Bishop [[Philippos Stephanos Thottathil|Philippos Mar Stephanos]] was appointed as the eparchy's second bishop on 5 August 2017, succeeding Bishop Thomas Mar Eusebius.<ref name="press.vatican.va">{{Cite web|url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2017/08/05/170805b.html|title=Resignations and Appointments|website=press.vatican.va|accessdate=21 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://malankaracatholicna.church/node/7436|title = Most Rev. Dr. Philipos Mar Stephanos | St. Mary, Queen of Peace Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy in USA and Canada}}</ref> Bishop Mar Stephanos was installed on 28 October 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://malankaracatholicna.church/node/7445|title = Bishop Philipos Mar Stephanos installed as the second bishop of the Eparchy | St. Mary, Queen of Peace Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy in USA and Canada}}</ref>

As of now, the eparchy oversees 19 parishes and missions, with 14 located in the United States and five in Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://malankaracatholicna.church/parishes-and-missions|title = Parishes and Missions | St. Mary, Queen of Peace Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy in USA and Canada}}</ref>

=== Europe and Oceania ===
In 2017, Pope Francis appointed Bishop Yoohanon Mar Theodosius as [[Apostolic visitor|Apostolic Visitor]] for Syro-Malankara Catholics residing in [[Europe]] and [[Oceania]]. This appointment was in addition to his role as Bishop of the Major Archiepiscopal Curia of the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2017/08/05/170805c.html|title=From the Oriental Churches|website=press.vatican.va|accessdate=21 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="press.vatican.va"/> The Syro-Malankara communities in these regions are present in several countries, including [[Germany]], [[Austria]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], [[Italy]], [[Switzerland]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Australia]], and [[New Zealand]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

===Middle East===
The Syro-Malankara Catholic Church has a presence in [[Bahrain]], [[Kuwait]], [[Oman]], [[Qatar]], and the [[United Arab Emirates]], with a total of thirteen communities. These communities do not have an organized [[ecclesiastical jurisdiction]] and remain under the supervision of the [[Latin Church]]'s [[Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Arabia|Apostolic Vicariates of Northern Arabia]] and [[Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Arabia|Apostolic Vicariates of Southern Arabia]].<ref name="qatar">{{cite web
|url=http://www.smccqatar.org/
|title=St. Mary's Malankara Catholic Church (Doha, Qatar)
|access-date=July 15, 2010
|archive-date=28 July 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728031808/http://www.smccqatar.org/
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> [[Qatar]] is the only country in the region with an officially organized Syro-Malankara parish.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

The Syro-Malankara faithful in the [[Persian Gulf|Gulf region]] have been proactive in their online engagement, with early websites being launched to connect the community before the establishment of official church platforms. Currently, most communities in the region maintain their own websites to support pastoral activities.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

In recent developments, Rev. Fr. Mathew Kandathil, a Syro-Malankara priest serving in the Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Arabia, has been appointed as the Coordinator for the Malankara Catholic faithful in the Middle East. He oversees pastoral activities and coordinates the efforts of Syro-Malankara priests in the Gulf region, facilitating religious services and community engagement.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

== Institutions and organizations ==

=== Daughters of Mary ===
The Congregation of the Daughters of Mary is a missionary organization within the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church. Established in 1938 at [[Marthandam]], in the [[Kanyakumari district]], the congregation was founded by Joseph Kuzhinjalil under the guidance of [[Geevarghese Ivanios]]. Its mission focuses on evangelization and serving the poor and marginalized.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Malankara Church / Syro-Malankara Church|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1877-5888_rpp_sim_13461|access-date=2021-02-09|journal=Religion Past and Present|date=April 2011|doi=10.1163/1877-5888_rpp_sim_13461|last1=Tubach|first1=Jürgen|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

In 1988, the congregation was granted [[pontifical right]] status, signifying its recognition by the [[Holy See]]. Today, the Daughters of Mary operates six provinces, serving six eparchies of the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church and 20 dioceses worldwide. The congregation was initially supported by the [[Syro-Malabar Church|Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]], which contributed religious women to assist in its establishment. The founder, Joseph Kuzhinjalil, was originally a member of the Syro-Malabar Church.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

=== Other religious orders and ashrams ===
*[[Order of the Imitation of Christ]], [[Bethany Ashram]]
*[[Order of the Friars Minor Capuchin]]
*[[Kristiya Sanyasa Samaj, Kurisumala Ashram]]
*[[Franciscan Missionary Brothers]]
*[[Malabar Missionary Brothers]]
*[[Disciples of Divine Saviour]]
*[[Dhyana Ashram]]
*[[Chyalpadi Ashram]]
*[[Santhi Ashram]]
*[[Sisters of the Imitation of Christ]], [[Bethany Madhom]]
*[[Holy Spirit Sisters]]
*[[Congregation of the Sacred Heart]]
*[[Dina Sevana Sabha]]
*[[Sisters of the Charity of St. Vincent de Paul]]
*[[Snehagiri Missionary Sisters]]
*[[Little Sisters of Jesus]]
*[[Sisters of John the Baptist]]
*[[Salesian Sisters of Don Bosco|Salesian Sisters]]
*[[Basilian sisters]]
*[[Franciscan Missionaries of Mary]]
*[[Adoration monastery of Mount Thabor]]
*[[Gathsemene Samarpitha Satsangham]]
*[[Little Servants of Divine Providence]]
*[[Sisters of Charity]]
*[[Fervent Daughters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus]]

=== Seminaries ===

==== Major seminary ====
*[[St. Mary’s Malankara Major Seminary]], Thiruvananthapuram

==== Minor seminaries ====

*Bethany Vedavijnana Peetham, [[Pune]]
*St. Aloysius Seminary, [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
*Infant Mary's Minor Seminary, [[Thiruvalla]]
*St. Thomas Minor Seminary, [[Gurukulam, Bathery]]
*St. Ephraem's Minor Seminary, [[Marthandom]]
*Gurusannidhi Minor Seminary, [[Muvattupuzha]]
*[[Mar Ivanios Minor Seminary, Mavelikkara|Ivanios Minor Seminary, Mavelikkara]]
*[[Mar Gregorios Malankara Syrian Catholic Seminary, New York|Gregorios Malankara Syrian Catholic Seminary, New York]]
* St. Thomas Minor Seminary, Pathanamthitta
* Girideepam Minor Seminary, Diocese of St. John Chrysostom, Gurgaon, New Delhi
*Nirmal Hriday Minor Seminary, Pune

=== Educational institutions ===
The Malankara Catholic Educational Society manages various [[ecclesiastical]], charitable, and educational institutions. Baselios Cleemis is the president and Samuel Irenios the vice-chairman of Malankara Catholic Educational Society.

==== Colleges ====

===== Kerala =====

*[[Mar Ivanios College|Ivanios College]], Thiruvananthapuram
*[[St. John's College, Anchal]]
*Mar Theophilos Training College
*[[Pazhassi Raja College, Pulpally, Bathery]]
*Mar Severios College of Teacher Education, Chengaroor, Thiruvalla
*St. Joseph's College of Information Technology and Management, Thiruvalla
*St. John's Parallel College, Thiruvalla
*Mar Baselios College of Education, Bathery
*Mar Ivanios College of Education, Kunthoor, Karnataka
*Girideepam Institute of Advanced Learning, Kottayam
*Bethany Junior College, Noojibalthila, Bathery

===== Tamil Nadu =====

* [[Mar Gregorios College of Arts and Science, Chennai]]
* [[Malankara Catholic College, Mariagiri]], Marthandom
* [[Bethany College, Nalanchira, Thiruvananthapuram]]
* [[Bethany Navajeevan College of Education, Vencode, Marthandom]]
* [[Mar Chrysostom College of Education, Kirathur]], Marthandom
* [[Kanyakumari Community College, Mariagiri]], Marthandom

===== Other Indian states =====

* [[Jnanodaya Bethany PU Science College, Nellyadi]]
* [[Nirmal Bathany Junior College, Kalewadi, Pune]]

==== Professional and technical institutes ====

===== Medical and health sciences =====

* [[Pushpagiri Medical College, Thiruvalla]]
* [[Pushpagiri College of Pharmacy, Thiruvalla]]
* [[Pushpagiri College of Nursing, Thiruvalla]]
* [[Pushpagiri College of Dental Sciences, Thiruvalla]]
* [[Bethany Navajeevan College of Nursing, Borsi, Durg, Bhilai]]
*[[St.Joseph's College of Nursing, Anchal]]
*[[Bethany Navajeevan College of Physiotherapy, Nalanchira, Thiruvananthapuram]]

===== Engineering and technology =====

*[[Mar Baselios College of Engineering and Technology]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
*[[Mar Baselios Institute of Technology, Anchal]]
*[[Mar Ephraem College of Engineering, Marthandom]]

===== Advanced studies and research =====

*[[St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute]], Kottayam
*[[Mar Athanasios College for Advanced Studies, Tiruvalla]]

=== Youth and lay organizations ===

==== Malankara Catholic Youth Movement ====
{{Main|Malankara Catholic Youth Movement}}

The Malankara Catholic Youth Movement (MCYM) is the official youth organization of the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church. It originated in Kerala during the late 1960s. While individual youth groups existed at the parish level earlier, the development of a unified diocesan structure occurred later.

The movement aims to foster spiritual growth, leadership, and community engagement among young members of the Church. MCYM has expanded its presence across Kerala, other Indian states, and internationally.

MCYM branches in Kerala include the Major Archieparchy of [[Thiruvananthapuram]], the Archieparchy of [[Thiruvalla]], and the Eparchies of [[Sultan Bathery|Bathery]], [[Muvattupuzha]], [[Mavelikkara]], and [[Pathanamthitta]]. In [[Tamil Nadu]], the movement serves the Eparchy of [[Marthandam]], while in [[Karnataka]], it operates within the Eparchy of [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]]. In North India, it functions under the Apostolic Visitation for Malankara Syrian Catholic Churches (MCCETR – [[New Delhi]]). {{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}Internationally, MCYM serves the Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of the [[United States]] and [[Canada]], headquartered in [[Elmont, New York]], through the Malankara Catholic Youth Movement of North America (MCYM-NA).''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://malankaracatholicna.church/content/youth-apostolate-malankara-catholic-youth-movement-mcym|title = Youth Apostolate - Malankara Catholic Youth Movement (MCYM) | St. Mary, Queen of Peace Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy in USA and Canada}}</ref>''

==== Malankara Catholic Association ====
Founded in 1989, the Malankara Catholic Association is the official organization for the lay faithful of the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church. Its activities are aimed at fostering lay participation in the Church's mission and supporting the spiritual and social needs of the community.

The association functions across several dioceses, including the Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvalla, Bathery, Muvattupuzha, and Marthandam eparchies, as well as in the United States and Canada. [[Baselios Cleemis]] serves as its patron.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

== Notable people ==
{{Main|List of Syro-Malankara Catholics}}

==Official name==

The official name of the church is Syro-Malankara Catholic Church which is mainly used in the English speaking Western regions. The name of the church as translated from Malayalam/Syriac is Malankara Syrian Catholic Church.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

==See also==

*[[All India Catholic Union]]
*[[Churches of Kerala]]
*[[List of Major Archbishops of Trivandrum]]
*[[Sacred Heart Catholic Church (Mylapra, Pathanamthitta)|Sacred Heart Catholic Church, Mylapra, Pathanamthitta]]
*[[Saint Thomas Anglicans]]
*[[St. Mary's Higher Secondary School, Pattom, Trivandrum|St. Mary's Higher Secondary School, Pattom, Thiruvananthapuram]]
*[[List of Syro-Malankara Catholics]]

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

===Additional sources===
* ''The Syro-Malankara Catholic Major Archiepiscopal Church Directory'', Thiruvananthapuram, 2006.
* Ronald Roberson, CSP; ''The Eastern Christian Churches: A Brief Survey'' (6th Edition); Edizioni Orientalia Christiana, Pontifico Instituto Orientale; Rome, Italy; 1999; {{ISBN|88-7210-321-5}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}

===Official websites===
*[http://www.malankaratvm.com/ Major Archdiocese of Trivandrum]
*[http://catholicarchdioceseoftiruvalla.com/ Major Archdiocese of Tiruvalla]
*[http://www.pathanamthittadiocese.com/ Eparchy of Pathanamthitta]
*[http://syromalankarausa.org/ St. Mary, Queen of Peace Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy in USA and Canada]

===Other===
*[https://cnewa.org/eastern-christian-churches/toc/the-catholic-eastern-churches/from-the-oriental-orthodox-churches/the-syro-malankara-catholic-church/ Article on the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church by Ronald Roberson on the CNEWA website.]

{{Syro-Malankara Catholic Church Hierarchy}}
{{Particular churches sui iuris footer}}
{{Churches in India}}
{{Christianity in Kerala}}
{{Syriac Christianity}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Syro-Malankara Catholic Church| ]]
[[Category:1930 establishments in British India]]

List of people from Goa

2026-03-23T17:25:01Z

MaryjoM897: slightly rework information additionally and fixed typos

{{short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
[[File:Goa in India.png|thumb|250px|Location of Goa in the India map]]

This is a list of notable people from [[Goa]], India. This list includes [[Goans]] and persons of Goan origin. The names are arranged in alphabetical order in their respective categories.
{{Indian people sidebar|people}}
{{Dynamic list}}

== Architects ==
* [[Bruno Dias Souza]] (1925–2025), Indian architect who was part of a group of architects who aimed to redefine the essence of [[modern architecture]] within the context of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Digital Archives of Goan Architect, Bruno Souza - Archives - News - CEPT |url=https://cept.ac.in/archives/news/digital-archives-of-goan-architect-bruno-souza |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=cept.ac.in}}</ref>
* [[Charles Correa]] (1930–2015), Indian architect and [[urban planner]], recognized for his contributions to modern architecture in [[History of India (1947–present)|post-Independent India]].<ref>[http://www.upenn.edu/ARG/archive/architecture/architecture.html An Architecture of Independence: The Making of Modern South Asia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603215030/http://www.upenn.edu/ARG/archive/architecture/architecture.html |date=3 June 2009 }} [[University of Pennsylvania]].</ref>
* [[Gerard da Cunha]], Goan origin, founder and principal architect of the architecture firm Architecture Autonomous. An alumnus of the School of Planning and Architecture, Delhi, he is known for utilizing locally available materials and traditional construction techniques in harmony with its ecosystem<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gerard Da Cunha's Architectural gems |url=https://taoarchitecture.com/news/gerard-da-cunhas-architectural-gems.php |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=taoarchitecture.com}}</ref>
* [[Sarto Almeida]]

==Artists==
* [[Angelo da Fonseca]], noted for presenting [[Christianity|Christian]] themes in an Indian style<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menezes |first=Vivek |title=The enduring significance of Goan artist Angelo da Fonseca, whose work was erased from art history |url=https://scroll.in/article/1028278/the-enduring-significance-of-goan-artist-angelo-da-fonseca-whose-work-was-erased-from-art-history |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Scroll.in |date=31 July 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Antonio Piedade da Cruz]], twentieth-century painter and sculptor<ref name=":0" />
* [[António Xavier Trindade]], important painter of the Bombay School in the early 20th century<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-13 |title=Rembrandt of the East : António Xavier Trindade [includes activity sheet ] |url=https://www.theheritagelab.in/antonio-trindade-goa-painter/ |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=The Heritage Lab |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* [[Carl d'Silva]], Indian wildlife artist and naturalist well known for his paintings of birds in many [[Ornithology|ornithological]] handbooks and field guides.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Jul 20, 2015 |title=Wildlife artist Carl D'Silva passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/wildlife-artist-carl-dsilva-passes-away/articleshow/48137625.cms |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Dinanath Dalal]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Deenath Dalal|url=https://jyotsnaprakashan.com/authors/english-authors/deenanath-dalal-2}}</ref>
* [[Francis Newton Souza]] (1924–2002), artist<ref>{{Cite web |title=F.N. Souza {{!}} Indian artist |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/F-N-Souza |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Frederika Menezes]], Goan author, poet and artist. She is best known for her book, Unforgotten (which was a love story for young adults, published in 2014). A poem of hers, The Different Normals, is yet to feature in English textbook of the Goa Board of Secondary & Higher Secondary Education (GBSHSE)<ref name="itsgoa.com">{{Cite web |date=2021-11-24 |title=Humans of Goa - Frederika Menezes And How To Smile in Adversity |url=https://itsgoa.com/frederika-menezes-humans-of-goa/ |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=ItsGoa |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Lancelot Ribeiro]], Goan origin Modern artist<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-04-03 |title=Lancelot Ribeiro: Artist in the vanguard of the influx of Indian |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/lancelot-ribeiro-artist-in-the-vanguard-of-the-influx-of-indian-artists-to-britain-2261209.html |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Laxman Pai]], Indian artist and painter. He was a principal of the Goa College of Art, a post he held from 1977 to 1987. Pai was a recipient of several awards, including India's third highest civilian honour of Padma Bhushan, awarded by the Government of India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-15 |title=Goan artist Laxman Pai passes away at 95 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/musically-equipped-painter-goan-painter-laxman-pai-passed-away-7228321/ |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Mario Miranda]] (1926–2011), famous for his cartoons in ''The Illustrated Weekly'' of India; Padma Vibushan awardee<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-05-09 |title=The genius of Indian cartoonist Mario Miranda |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36220327 |access-date=2022-11-26}}</ref>
* [[Prafulla Dahanukar]], Indian painter, a leader in modern Indian art who also helped and influenced many young artists in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Akshaya G. |date=2023-01-11 |title=Prafulla Dahanukar: An Iconic Feminist In The History of Women In Art |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2023/01/12/prafulla-dahanukar-an-iconic-feminist-in-the-history-of-women-in-art-indianwomeninhistory/ |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=Feminism in India |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* [[Subodh Kerkar]], Indian painter, sculptor and installation artist, and founder of the private art gallery Museum of Goa. He is known for his artworks and installations<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-03 |title=Watch: Ocean artist makes a case for sustainable living by making art from discarded fishing boats |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/ocean-artist-subodh-kerkar-sustainable-art-discarded-fishing-boats-8698250/ |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sushila Yawalkar]], painter, sculptor and dancer
* [[Vamona Navelcar]], painter<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-04 |title=Rediscovering Vamona's versatility |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/rediscovering-vamonas-versatility/articleshow/99969778.cms |access-date=2023-11-02 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Vasudeo S. Gaitonde]] (1924–2001), regarded as India's foremost abstract artist; received Padma Shri Award in 1971; born in Nagpur of Goan parents<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-26 |title=Explained: What makes VS Gaitonde India's highest-selling modern artist |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-v-s-gaitonde-india-highest-selling-modern-artist-7791946/ |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Bankers==
* [[Aisha de Sequeira]], Indian banker and co-head of [[Morgan Stanley]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnan |first=Revathi |date=2020-12-11 |title=Aisha de Sequeira — 'daughter of Goa' & Morgan Stanley India co-head who idolised Steve Jobs |url=https://theprint.in/india/aisha-de-sequeira-daughter-of-goa-morgan-stanley-india-co-head-who-idolised-steve-jobs/565173/ |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Victor Menezes]], Goan origin Senior Operating Advisor for New Silk Route<ref name=":0" />

==Businesspersons and Entrepreneurs==
* [[Francisco D'Souza]], American businessman of Goan origin<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-20 |title=Exclusive: Francisco D'Souza, Co-founder & Managing Partner, Recognize, Former CEO Of Cognizant |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/bt-tv/video/exclusive-francisco-dsouza-co-founder-managing-partner-recognize-former-ceo-of-cognizant-402782-2023-10-20 |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Gracias Saldanha]], Goan origin founder of [[Glenmark Pharmaceuticals]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Board of Director - Glenmark Pharmaceuticals |url=https://glenmarkpharma.com/about-us/board-of-directors/ |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=Glenmark Pharma |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Ivan Menezes]], Goan origin, CEO of [[Diageo]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-07 |title=Ivan Menezes, India-born CEO of Diageo, passes away |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/ivan-menezes-india-born-ceo-of-diageo-passes-away/article66940977.ece |access-date=2023-11-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* [[Manuel Menezes]], business executive and former chairman of the Indian Railway Board<ref name=":0" />
* [[Rogério de Faria (Roger Faria)|Roger Faria]], merchant<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pinto |first=Jerry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2fUS0OHs9R0C&pg=PA136 |title=Reflected in Water: Writings on Goa |date=2006 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-310081-2 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Tony Fernandes]], Malaysian founder of Tune Air, owner of budget airline Air Asia. Father originally from Goa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Toh |first=Michelle |date=2023-10-19 |title=AirAsia chief Tony Fernandes criticized after posting shirtless massage photo on LinkedIn |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/19/business/airasia-tony-fernandes-shirtless-photo-backlash-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Vasudev Salgaocar]], Indian businessman, and the founder and chairman of the V. M. Salgaocar Group of Companies, active mainly in iron ore mining, but also in coal mining and wind energy<ref>{{Cite web |first1=P. |last1=Manoj |first2=Thomas K. |last2=Thomas |date=2018-05-04 |title=Salgaocar family settles six-year feud |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/salgaocar-family-settles-six-year-feud/article23776860.ece |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

==Chief Secretary==
* [[J C Almeida|Dr. JC Almeida]], IAS officer, former Chief Secretary of Goa, and the first Chairman of the Goa Public Service Commission<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Herald |date=2017-11-30 |title=Goa's only native Chief Secretary, Dr J C Almeida, passes away |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Goa%E2%80%99s-only-native-Chief-Secretary-Dr-J-C-Almeida-passes-away/123345 |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=Herald Goa |language=en}}</ref>

==Industrialists==
* [[Ramnath Kare]], industrialist<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-19 |title=Ramnath Kare, a visionary – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2020/10/19/magazines/bnc/ramnath-kare-a-visionary/ |access-date=2023-11-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Vasantrao S. Dempo]], industrialist<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tributes paid to the great visionary Vasantrao Dempo: Navhindtimes.com, Goa |url=http://www.navhindtimes.com/story.php?story=200903053 |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=www.navhindtimes.com}}</ref>

== Engineers ==
* [[Peter de Noronha]], Goan origin, businessman and civil servant of Kanpur, India. He was knighted by Pope Paul VI in 1965 for his work for the Christian community in India.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S14aAQAAMAAJ&q=Peter+de+Noronha+Kanpur |title=Capital: A Weekly Journal of Commerce, Industry, and Finance |date=July 1970 |language=en}}</ref>

==Esport players==
* [[Jonathan Gaming]], Indian professional esports player<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-25 |title=How Jonathan Gaming became the master of his universe |url=https://www.redbull.com/in-en/jonathan-gaming-life-and-career |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=Red Bull |language=en-in}}</ref>

== People in Film and Television==
* [[Varsha Usgaonkar]], Indian film and television actress<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-26 |title=Senior actress Varsha Usgaonkar invites her Sukh Mhanje Nakki Kay Asta co-actor Girija Prabhu to her native Usgaon for Ganpati festival, watch video |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/senior-actress-varsha-usgaonkar-invites-her-sukh-mhanje-nakki-kay-asta-co-actor-girija-prabhu-to-her-native-usgaon-for-ganpati-festival-watch-video/articleshow/103961893.cms |access-date=2023-11-02 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
*[[Waluscha De Sousa]], Indian actress and model. She made her debut in the 2016 Hindi film Fan.<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{Cite web |title=Waluscha De Sousa recalls working with SRK in Fan: He is so charismatic {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/waluscha-de-sousa-recalls-working-with-srk-in-fan-he-is-so-charismatic-exclusive-2399619-2023-06-29 |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=India Today |date=29 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Keith Sequeira]], Indian actor and former model.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2023-08-12 |title=These stars trace their roots to Goa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/goa/these-stars-trace-their-roots-to-goa/articleshow/102675466.cms |access-date=2024-07-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
*[[Ileana D'Cruz]], Portuguese actress<ref name=":2" />

==Governors==
* [[Anthony Lancelot Dias]], Goan origin, 8th Governor of West Bengal<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Vaz |first=J. Clement |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DJLxYBYA-YC&dq=anthony+lancelot+dias&pg=PA158 |title=Profiles of Eminent Goans, Past and Present |date=1997 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-619-2 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Bernardo Peres da Silva]], of Neurá; appointed Prefect of Estado da Índia Portuguesa in 1835, the only Goan to hold a post equivalent to a Governor-General<ref>{{Cite web |title=Recounting the legacy of Dr Bernardo Peres Da Silva (BPS) |url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/news/goa/recounting-the-legacy-of-dr-bernardo-peres-da-silva-bps |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Gomantak Times |date=17 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Rajendra Arlekar]], 30th Governor of Bihar and 21st Governor of Himachal Pradesh<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Rajendra Arlekar, Hon'ble Governor of Himachal Pradesh paid courtesy visit to Hon'ble Governor at Raj Bhavan |url=https://rajbhavan.goa.gov.in/node/146 |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=rajbhavan.goa.gov.in}}</ref>
* [[Sunith Francis Rodrigues]], 26th Governor of Punjab<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Mar 5, 2022 |title='Military thinker' and former Army chief SF Rodrigues no more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/former-army-chief-gen-sunith-francis-rodrigues-passes-away-gen-naravane-expresses-condolences/articleshow/89991887.cms |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Historians, Indologists and Archeologists==
* [[José Pereira (scholar)|José Pereira]], Sanskrit scholar, historian, writer, artist, and linguist from Goa, India<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-02-01 |title=Farewell, the last great Goan polymath |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/farewell-the-last-great-goan-polymath/articleshow/46081674.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-11-02 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
*[[Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi]] (1907–1966), historian and mathematician <ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering the man who enlightened Indians about genetics and fought caste system, Damodar Dharmanand Kosambi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/damodar-dharmanand-kosambi-genetics-caste-system-1301133-2018-07-31 |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=India Today |date=31 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[José Gerson da Cunha]] (1844–1900), historian and Orientalist; wrote the first book on history of Bombay, ''The Origin of Bombay'' (1900), published by the Bombay branch of the Royal Asiatic Society<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/Family-Matters/articleshow/154584.cms|title=Family Matters|date=31 August 2003|work=The Times of India|first1=Sudeshna|last1=Chatterjee}}</ref>
*[[Dharmananda Damodar Kosambi]] (1876–1947), scholar of Buddhist religion and Pali language<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-03 |title=MANAS | UCLA Social Sciences Computing |url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Religions/paths/BuddhismRevival.doc |access-date=2023-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215557/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Religions/paths/BuddhismRev |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=unfit}}</ref>
*[[Percival Noronha]], Indian historian and bureaucrat<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desouza |first=Fay |date=2019-08-20 |title=Remembering the legend that was Percival Noronha |url=https://itsgoa.com/percival-noronha |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=ItsGoa |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Prakashchandra Pandurang Shirodkar]], Indian archaeologist and writer<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-05-07 |title=Archivist Prakashchandra Shirodkar dies in Bengaluru |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/archivist-prakashchandra-shirodkar-dies-in-bengaluru/articleshow/82445683.cms |access-date=2023-11-02 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Lawyers and Judges==
* [[Anuja Prabhudessai]], Judge at Bombay High Court<ref>{{Cite web |title=Justice Anuja Prabhudessai |url=https://www.barandbench.com/topic/justice-anuja-prabhudessai |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Eurico da Silva]] (1933–2025), Judge at Bombay High Court<ref name="ToIStalwart25" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Barbosa |first=Alexandre Moniz |author-link=Alexandre Moniz Barbosa |date=2025-03-28 |title=Justice Eurico Santana da Silva Remembered for Integrity and Legal Acumen Following His Passing |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/goa/eurico-da-silva-a-veritable-pillar-of-justice/421023 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Herald Goa |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ferdino Rebello]], former Chief Justice of Allahabad High Court<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Justice Ferdino Rebello |website=MCIA |date=6 June 2016 |url=https://mcia.org.in/2016/06/06/justice-ferdino-rebello/ |access-date=2022-11-26 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Fitz de Souza]], Goan origin, [[barrister]]-at-law and PhD from London; important figure in African politics; participated in Kenya's struggle for freedom<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fitz Remedios Santana de Souza |url=https://nri.goa.gov.in/fitz-remedios-santana-de-souza/ |access-date=2022-11-26 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Kashinath Trimbak Telang]], former Judge at Bombay High Court.{{cn|date=September 2024}}
* [[Libia Lobo Sardesai]], lawyer and freedom fighter, winner of the [[Padma Shri]] in 2025<ref name="MenezesHeraldLiberdade24">{{Cite web |first=Vivek |last=Menezes |date=28 Apr 2024 |title=LIBBY DE LIBERDADE |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Edit/By-invitation/LIBBY-DE-LIBERDADE-/220727 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref>

==Military==
* [[General (India)|General]] [[Sunith Francis Rodrigues]], former [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]] and former [[Governor of Punjab (India)|Governor of Punjab]]<ref name=":0" />
* [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]] [[Hrushikesh Moolgavkar]], Goan-origin [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]] from 1 February 1976 to 31 August 1978<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-04-10 |title=Former IAF Chief Moolgavkar dead |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/former-iaf-chief-moolgavkar-dead/article7090057.ece |access-date=2023-11-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[WAG Pinto]], Senior General officer in the [[Indian Army]] and the Victor of Basantar<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-28 |title=Lieutenant General Walter Anthony Gustavo 'Wag' Pinto dies at 97 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/lieutenant-general-walter-anthony-gustavo-wag-pinto-dies-at-97-7248518/ |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Francis Dias]], Senior General officer in the [[Indian Army]] who was awarded a [[Vir Chakra]]<ref name=":0" />
* [[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[John Colin De Silva]], former Vice Chief of the Naval Staff and [[Director General of the Indian Coast Guard]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vice Admiral Silva laid to rest |url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/m/details.php?n_id=154137 |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref>
* [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]] [[Erlic Pinto]], Goan origin Air officer in the [[Indian Air Force]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Dr Hemant Kumar Pandey & Manish Raj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eqgsEAAAQBAJ&dq=Erlic+Pinto&pg=PA30 |title=INDIA'S MAJOR MILITARY & RESCUE OPERATIONS |date=2021-05-06 |publisher=Horizon Books ( A Division of Ignited Minds Edutech P Ltd) |isbn=978-93-86369-24-6 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Filipe Nery Xavier]], Portuguese military commander<ref>{{Cite book |last=D’Souza |first=Carmo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ztz0DwAAQBAJ&dq=Filipe+Nery+Xavier&pg=PA271 |title=Civil Law Studies: An Indian Perspective |date=2020-07-24 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-5275-5725-3 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Manuel António de Sousa]], military captain<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd9nNQEACAAJ |title=Manuel Antonio de Sousa: heroi de Massangano |date=1936 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho]], Goan origin Portuguese military officer<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wise |first=Peter |date=2021-07-25 |title=Saraiva de Carvalho, hero of Portugal's return to democracy, 1936-2021 |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/abb4ab84-eb31-4c11-84ea-e749ab10c88a |access-date=2023-11-02}}</ref>
* [[Kuxttoba]], rebel leader from the Rane clan of Sattari<ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Sisir Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6N8XZckIR9cC&q=Kuxttoba |title=A History of Indian Literature: Western impact: Indian response, 1800-1910 |date=1991 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-7201-006-5 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[André Pereira dos Reis]], commander who lost Muscat in 1680<ref>{{cite book|title=Portugaliae monumenta cartographica|last1=Cortesão|first1=Armando|last2=Teixeira da Mota|first2=Avelino|date=1987|publisher=INCM|location=Lisbon|page=Vol 5}}</ref>

==Models and Pageants==
*[[Anjali Mendes]], Goan origin model<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-27 |title=Supermodel archives: Vogue India looks back at the Indian women who claimed international runways |url=https://www.vogue.in/fashion/content/supermodel-archives-vogue-india-looks-back-at-the-indian-women-who-claimed-international-runways |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=Vogue India |language=en-IN}}</ref>
*[[Candice Pinto]], Goan origin model and pageant<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-24 |title=In Bed With Candice Pinto: "I once wore Rocky S to bed" |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/brunch/in-bed-with-candice-pinto-i-once-wore-rocky-s-to-bed-101635016735638.html |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Gail Nicole Da Silva]], Indian model and beauty pageant title holder of Femina Miss India United Continent 2014<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-15 |title=India's Gail Nicole Da Silva bags second spot at international beauty pageant |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/indias-gail-nicole-da-silva-bags-second-spot-at-international-beauty-pageant/ |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Joanne Da Cunha]], Indian actress, singer and model<ref>{{Cite web |title='Celebrities Goa' launched for lifestyle community |url=https://www.thegoan.net/global-goenkar/%E2%80%98celebrities-goa%E2%80%99-launched-for-lifestyle-community/89610.html |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Radha Bartake]], Indian actress and model <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-20 |title=A Goan Beauty |url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/ilive/goan-beauty |access-date=2023-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220104902/http://www.navhindtimes.in/ilive/goan-beauty |archive-date=20 February 2014 }}</ref>
*[[Reita Faria]], Goan origin former Miss World<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-09 |title=Miss World competition returns to India after 27 years |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/lifestyle-gallery/after-27-years-the-miss-world-competition-returns-to-india-8654287/ |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Waluscha De Sousa]], Indian actress and model. She made her debut in the 2016 Hindi film Fan.<ref name="indiatoday.in"/>

==Musicians and Singers==
{{See also|Goans in Hindi film music composition|List of bands from Goa}}
*[[Anjanibai Malpekar]] (1883–1974), Hindustani classical singer of [[Bhendibazaar gharana]], [[List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows|Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]] (1958).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anjanibai Malpekar |url=https://www.parrikar.org/vpl/catalogue/hindustani/anjanibai-malpekar/ |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=Rajan Parrikar Music Archive |language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[António Fortunato de Figueiredo]] (1903–1981), conductor, violinist; founder-director of the Academia de Música (now Dept of Western Classical Music, Kala Academy); founder-director of the Orquestra Sinfónica de Goa (Goa Symphony Orchestra).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-02-05 |title=Francisco Monteiro: Antonio Figueiredo Biography |url=http://www.colaco.net/1/FMantonioFigueiredoBio.htm |access-date=2023-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205152553/http://www.colaco.net/1/FMantonioFigueiredoBio.htm |archive-date=5 February 2007 }}</ref>
*[[Anthony Gonsalves]] (1927–2012), violinist; taught R.D. Burman and Pyarelal Ramprasad Sharma (a member of the Laxmikant Pyarelal team) and worked with most of the legendary composers of the 1950s and 1960s<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-02 |title=Music legend Anthony Gonsalves no more - Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Music/Music-legend-Anthony-Gonsalves-no-more/Article1-799209.aspx |access-date=2023-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102173524/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Music/Music-legend-Anthony-Gonsalves-no-more/Article1-799209.aspx |archive-date=2 November 2012 }}</ref>
*[[Chic Chocolate]], trumpeter and music composer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bollywood Retrospect: Chic Chocolate and a trip down Bombay's jazz age |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bollywood-retrospect-chic-chocolate-and-a-trip-down-bombay-s-jazz-age-2089479 |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Chris Perry (musician)|Chris Perry]], the king of Goan music.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-01 |title=Goa: Chris Perry's son files Rs 100 crore defamation suit against Lorna Cordeiro |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/chris-perrys-son-files-rs-100cr-defamation-suit-against-lorna/articleshow/91221364.cms |access-date=2023-11-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
*[[Brown Indian Band|Colin D'Cruz]], jazz producer and bassplayer; runs Jazz Goa<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-10-16 |title=Colin all musicians: It's all about the bass for D'Cruz |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/colin-all-musicians-its-all-about-the-bass-for-dcruz/articleshow/54875296.cms |access-date=2023-11-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
*[[Datta Naik]], Hindi film music director<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-31 |title=Biopic on music composer Datta Naik in the works |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/biopic-on-music-composer-datta-naik-in-the-works-7127250/ |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Dinanath Mangeshkar]], dramatist and classical vocalist<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghangurde |first=Vandana Ravindra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GkNqCwAAQBAJ&q=Deenanath+Mangeshkar |title=Swarsamrat Deenanath Mangeshkar: Swarsamrat Deenanath Mangeshkar: The Musical Genius of Maharashtra |date=2021-01-19 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-93-5048-552-1 |language=hi}}</ref>
*[[Esther Eden]], pop singer<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-18 |title=This girl is on fire – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2015/12/18/magazines/kuriocity/this-girl-is-on-fire/ |access-date=2023-11-03 |language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Frank Fernand]], violinist, trumpeter and music conductor<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fernandes |first=André Rafael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ |title=When the Curtains Rise--: Understanding Goa's Vibrant Konkani Theatre |date= |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |isbn=978-93-80739-01-4 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Hema Sardesai]], playback singer<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-06-19 |title=Singer Hema Sardesai condemns Sadhavi Saraswati's beef remarks |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/singer-hema-sardesai-condemns-sadhavi-saraswatis-beef-remarks/article19105490.ece |access-date=2023-11-03 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*[[Ian D'Sa]], UK-born, of Goan descent; guitarist of Canadian rock band [[Billy Talent]].<ref>{{Cite web |first=Rich |last=Chamberlain |date=2016-07-19 |title=Billy Talent's Ian D'Sa: the 10 records that changed my life |url=https://www.musicradar.com/news/guitars/billy-talents-ian-dsa-the-10-records-that-changed-my-life-640197 |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=MusicRadar |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Jitendra Abhisheki]], Indian musician<ref>{{Cite web |title=Check Out Latest Marathi Audio Song 'Lagi Kalejva Katar' Sung By Jitendra Abhisheki {{!}} Marathi Video Songs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/marathi/check-out-latest-marathi-audio-song-lagi-kalejva-katar-sung-by-jitendra-abhisheki/videoshow/99115554.cms |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Kesarbai Kerkar]] (1892–1977)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Banani |date=2023-09-12 |title=Kesarbai Kerkar: Legendary Classical Singer Whose Voice Went Interstellar |url=https://feminisminindia.com/?p=160825 |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=Feminism in India |language=en-GB}}</ref>
*[[Khaprumama Parvatkar]] (1879–1953), ghumot and tabla player<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pradhan |first=Aneesh |date=2017-06-03 |title=Listen: Rare recordings of the remarkable Khaprumama Parvatkar, who mastered the maths of rhythm |url=https://scroll.in/article/839436/listen-rare-recordings-of-the-remarkable-khaprumama-parvatkar-who-mastered-the-maths-of-rhythm |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Kishori Amonkar]], classical vocalist<ref>{{Cite news |last=Denselow |first=Robin |date=2017-04-12 |title=Kishori Amonkar obituary |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2017/apr/12/kishori-amonkar-obituary |access-date=2023-11-03 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
*[[Leoncie]], singer<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-13 |title=From Iceland — Leoncie Claims Gay Rights Association Is Behind Death Threats |url=https://grapevine.is/news/2015/05/13/leoncie-claims-gay-rights-association-is-behind-death-threats/ |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=The Reykjavik Grapevine |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Lorna Cordeiro]], Konkani language singer<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-24 |title=The love song of Lorna Cordeiro, the inspiration behind Bombay Velvet |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/the-love-song-of-lorna-cordeiro-the-inspiration-behind-bombay-velvet/ |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Lourdino Barreto]], music conductor and composer<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-16 |title=Remembering Fr Lourdino: A great Goan composer is resurrected 25 years after death |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/remembering-fr-lourdino-a-great-goan-composer-is-resurrected-25-years-after-death/articleshow/90246905.cms |access-date=2023-11-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
*[[Mogubai Kurdikar]], classical vocalist<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 22, 2019 |first=Sumana |last=Ramanan |title=High Notes: Carrying Mogubai's vision forward |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/columnists/sumana-ramanan/high-notes-carrying-mogubais-vision-forward/articleshow/65301081.cms |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Mark Revlon]], singer, drummer, and bandleader of The Mark Revlon Band.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goan sensation Mark Revlon to perform in London at Easter |url=https://www.thegoan.net/global-goenkar/goan-sensation-mark-revlon-to-perform-in-london-at-easter/96924.html |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Oliver Sean]], singer-songwriter<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portuguese artist Oliver Sean hits the Billboard Top 10 Charts. |url=https://www.theportugalnews.com/news/portuguese-artist-oliver-sean-hits-the-billboard-top-10-charts/49929 |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=www.theportugalnews.com |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Prabhakar Karekar]], Hindustani classical singer<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2019-07-13 |title=गुरूंना अभिमान वाटावा असा गायक - पं. प्रभाकर कारेकर |url=https://www.lokmat.com/editorial/singer-pt-be-proud-gurus-prabhakar-karekar/ |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>
*[[Prasad Sawkar]], singer<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-03-07 |title=Whether singing or acting, he's star of the stage |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/whether-singing-or-acting-hes-star-of-the-stage/articleshow/46477591.cms |access-date=2023-11-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
*[[Ramdas Kamat]], Sangeet Natak musician<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-09 |trans-title=veteran singer actor pandit ramdas kamat passed away at his residence zws 70 |title= ज्येष्ठ गायक-अभिनेते पंडित रामदास कामत यांचे निधन |url=https://www.loksatta.com/mumbai/veteran-singer-actor-pandit-ramdas-kamat-passed-away-at-his-residence-zws-70-2753573/ |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
* [[Remo Fernandes]], musician and [[Bollywood]] playback singer<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-22 |title=Remo Fernandes brings down curtains on GALF 2023 |url=https://goanews.com/remo-fernandes-brings-down-curtains-on-galf-2023/ |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=goanews.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Sebastian D'Souza]], music arranger and conductor<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desai |first=Kunal |date=2021-01-29 |title=Sebastian D'Souza : The Man Behind Immortal Harmonies |url=https://themusicroom.in/sebastian-dsouza-the-man-behind-immortal-harmonies/ |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=The Music Room |language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Sonia Sirsat]], Fado singer<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ribeiro |first=Mini |date=2022-09-30 |title=How Sonia Shirsat is reviving Fado in India |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/sonia-shirsat-indias-fado-artsite/article65930567.ece |access-date=2023-11-03 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* [[Suresh Haldonkar]], classical vocalist, actor<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suresh Haldankar |url=https://www.parrikar.org/vpl/catalogue/hindustani/suresh-haldankar/ |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=Rajan Parrikar Music Archive |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Tsumyoki]], Indian rapper, singer, record producer and musician<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goan Hip-Hop Artist Tsumyoki Nominated for MTV EMAs in Paris, November Awards Show Features Top Indian Acts |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/News-Today/Goan-HipHop-Artist-Tsumyoki-Nominated-for-MTV-EMAs-in-Paris-November-Awards-Show-Features-Top-Indian-Acts/211606 |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=oHeraldo|date=5 October 2023 }}</ref>
*[[Tulsidas Borkar]], harmonium player and music composer<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sinha |first=Manjari |date=2018-11-02 |title=Pt. Tulsidas Borkar: Not just a master accompanist |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/pt-tulsidas-borkar-not-just-a-master-accompanist/article25389964.ece |access-date=2023-11-03 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*[[Ajit Kadkade]], Devotional singer<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Popular Marathi Devotional Video Song 'Janmojanmi Aamhi' Sung By Ajit Kadkade. Best Marathi Devotional Songs, Devotional Songs, Bhajans, and Pooja Aarti Songs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/lifestyle/devotional/marathi/watch-popular-marathi-devotional-video-song-janmojanmi-aamhi-sung-by-ajit-kadkade-best-marathi-devotional-songs-devotional-songs-bhajans-and-pooja-aarti-songs/videoshow/78579667.cms |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Manoharbua Shirgaonkar]], known as "Bhajan Samrat", [[bhajan]] singer

==Olympians==

===Representing India===
* [[Peter Paul Fernandes]] was part of India's Gold Medal-winning Men's Field Hockey Team at the 1936 Berlin Olympics.
* [[Walter de Sousa|Walter D'Souza]], [[Lawrie Fernandes]], [[Maxie Vaz]], [[Leo Pinto]] and [[Reginald Rodrigues]] were part of the Gold Medal-winning Men's Field Hockey Team at the 1948 London Olympics.
* [[Mary D'Souza Sequeira]] became the First Indian Woman to Qualify for an Olympics at the 1952 Helsinki Olympics competing in the women's 100 and 200 metres race.
* [[Lavy Pinto]] reached the semi-final of the men's 100 meters Race at the 1952 Helsinki Olympics, the best ever performance by an Indian till date.
* [[Neville D'Souza]] from [[Assagao]] scored a Hattrick in the quarter-finals against Australia as the Men's Football Team stood Fourth in the 1956 Melbourne Olympics.
* [[Fortunato Franco]] From [[Colvale]] was part of the Indian Men's Football team at the 1960 Rome Olympics.
* [[Anthony Francis Coutinho]] competes in the men's 4 × 100 metres relay, reaching the semi-final at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics
* [[Stephie D'Souza]] competes in the Women's 400 meters Race of the 1964 Tokyo Olympics.
* [[Edward Sequeira]] from [[Arpora]] competes the Men's 5000 meters Race in the 1972 Munich Olympics
*Dr [[Vece Paes]] was Part of the Men's Hockey Bronze Medal-winning team though He did not play a Match at the 1972 Munich Olympics.
* [[Mervyn Fernandes]] was part of the Men's Hockey Team which won the gold medal at the 1980 Moscow Olympics. He also was part of the Team at the 1984 Los Angeles and 1988 Seoul Olympics.
* [[Margaret Toscano]], [[Selma D'Silva]], [[Lorraine Fernandes]] and [[Eliza Nelson]] were Part of the Women's's Field Hockey Team which stood Fourth at the 1980 Moscow Olympics.
* [[Joaquim Carvalho (field hockey)|Joaquim Carvalho]] from [[Assolna]] was part of the Men's Field Hockey team at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics.
* [[Darryl D'Souza]] was Part of the Men's Field Hockey team at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics.
* [[Leander Paes]] won a bronze medal in the Men's Singles Tennis at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics.

===Representing other nations===

* [[Jack Britto]], field hockey, 1952, representing Pakistan<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goans in Karachi: Conclusion: Magnanimity of a Goan tribe afar! |url=https://www.thegoan.net/global-goenkar/goans-in-karachi-%EF%BB%BF%EF%BB%BFconclusion-magnanimity-of-a-goan-tribe-afar/90705.html |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Seraphino Antao]], Athletics, 1960, 1964, representing Kenya<ref>{{Cite web |title=GOAN SPORTS ICONS FROM E. AFRICA: Yesterday, when Goans were kings, queens of sport! |url=https://www.thegoan.net/global-goenkar/goan-sports-icons-from-e-africa-yesterday-when-goans-were-kings-queens-of-sport/101119.html |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Dominic John Rebelo]], 1996, 2000 Olympian in archery for Kenya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dominic John Rebelo - Olympic Facts and Results |url=https://www.olympiandatabase.com/index.php?id=258343&L=1 |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=www.olympiandatabase.com}}</ref>

==Physicians==
*[[José Camillo Lisboa]], Goan physician and botanist<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bloom where you are planted |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Goa-Social/Bloom-where-you-are-planted/102034 |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=oHeraldo|date=15 May 2016 }}</ref>
*[[José Gerson da Cunha]], Goan physician who achieved international renown as an orientalist, historian, linguist and numismatist<ref>{{Cite web |title=Collections Online {{!}} British Museum |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG134556 |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=www.britishmuseum.org}}</ref>
*[[Acacio Gabriel Viegas]], medical practitioner who was credited with the discovery of the outbreak of bubonic plague in Bombay, India, in 1896.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dias |first=Luis |date=2021-04-28 |title=Tracing the overlapping lives of my great-grandfather and one of the heroes of the Bombay Plague |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/993365/tracing-the-overlapping-lives-of-my-great-grandfather-and-one-of-the-heroes-of-the-bombay-plague |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Jaime Valfredo Rangel]], Goan doctor, Director of Tipografia Rangel (Rangel Printing Press), President of the Municipal Council of Bardez (Mayor of Bardez) and a delegate to the International Labour Organization for Portugal.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C2cuyG9pEygC&q=Jaime+Valfredo+Rangel |title=Boletim eclesiástico da Arquidiocese de Goa |date=1946 |publisher=Paço Patriarcal. |language=pt-BR}}</ref>
*[[P. D. Gaitonde]], surgeon from Goa and an active participant in the Goa liberation movement. Along with Antonio Colaco, Gaitonde was nominated by the president of India to the 3rd Lok Sabha in 1962, following the incorporation of Goa, Daman and Diu into India on 19 December 1961.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The liberation of Goa : a participant's view of history / P.D. Gaitonde - Catalogue {{!}} National Library of Australia |url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/catalog/295920 |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=catalogue.nla.gov.au |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Alvaro de Loyola Furtado]], social worker, historian, journalist, medical practitioner and humanitarian. He was described as a leader among men, a man of great integrity and honour.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-05-23 |title=Alvaro de Loyola Furtado: Remembering a Goan patriot |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/alvaro-de-loyola-furtado-remembering-a-goan-patriot/articleshow/35489597.cms |access-date=2023-11-04 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
*[[Bhau Daji]], Indian physician, Sanskrit scholar, and an antiquarian.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2023-06-07 |title=History Today in Medicine - Dr. Bhau Daji Lad |url=https://cmeindia.in/history-today-in-medicine-dr-bhau-daji-lad/ |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=CME INDIA |language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Francisco Luís Gomes]], Goan physician, writer, historian, economist, political scientist and MP in the Portuguese parliament. A classical liberal by political orientation, Gomes represented Portuguese India in the Cortes Gerais (parliament) from 1861 to 1869.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to National Book Trust India |url=https://www.nbtindia.gov.in/books_detail__9__national-biography__130__francisco-luis-gomes.nbt |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=www.nbtindia.gov.in}}</ref>
*[[Rosendo Ribeiro]], Goan physician and diplomat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Rosendo Ayres Ribeiro: The Story of the Doctor on a Zebra |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/dr-rosendo-ayres-ribeiro-the-story-of-the-doctor-on-a-zebra/JwWxTnU4fFehKQ |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref>
*[[António Maria de Bettencourt Rodrigues]], doctor, Portuguese diplomat and politician.<ref>{{Cite web |title=António Maria de Bettencourt Rodrigues (1854–1933), Portuguese Ambassador {{!}} Art UK |url=https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/antonio-maria-de-bettencourt-rodrigues-18541933-portugese-ambassador-230654 |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=artuk.org |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Vithal Nagesh Shirodkar]], Indian obstetrician and gynaecologist, hailing from the State of Goa.<ref>{{Citation |title=Shirodkar, Vithal Nagesh (1899–1971): Shirodkar Cervical Suture |date=2019 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/eponyms-and-names-in-obstetrics-and-gynaecology/shirodkar-vithal-nagesh-18991971/5F2C2E48FE9CBE4935FB981D9D2BC583 |work=Eponyms and Names in Obstetrics and Gynaecology |pages=385 |editor-last=Baskett |editor-first=Thomas F. |access-date=2023-11-04 |edition=3 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781108421706.308 |isbn=978-1-108-42170-6|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
*[[Miguel Caetano Dias]], medical doctor best known for his roles as chief of health services in Goa (Estado da Índia Portuguesa) and director of the Medical School of Goa (Escola Médico-Cirúrgica de Goa).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sethu |first=Divya |date=2021-07-09 |title=Son Of An Okra Farmer Transformed Goa's Healthcare & Eradicated Its Plague |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/258319/luis-miguel-caetano-dias-bubonic-plague-goa-bombay-okra-farmer-doctor-inspiring-history/ |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[P S Ramani]], Indian neurosurgeon and writer from the state of Goa. He is known for his work in Newcastle and his neuro spinal surgery technique of "PLIF". He is currently the senior neuro spinal surgeon at Lilavati Hospital, Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Proud moment for Goa as auditorium in Mumbai named after Dr Ramani |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Proud-moment-for-Goa-as-auditorium-in-Mumbai-named-after-Dr-Ramani/194198 |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=oHeraldo|date=20 September 2022 }}</ref>
*[[Vincent Alvares]], medical practitioner and chemist of his Majesty John V of Portugal. In 1713, he accompanied the General of the Arraial of Ponda, Antonio do Amaral Sarmento, to Sunda in Kanara.
*[[M. C. Albuquerque]], Indian physician. She was medical superintendent of the Vanivilas Women and Children Hospital in Bangalore, from 1937 to 1948.<ref>{{Cite book |last=SL Bhatia History of Medicine Museum |url=http://archive.org/details/TheFirsts |title=The Firsts: Life Sketches of Medical Women in India |publisher=SL Bhatia History of Medicine Museum |others=SL Bhatia History of Medicine Museum}}</ref>
*[[Wilfred de Souza]], surgeon and politician from Goa, India. He served as Goa's chief minister on three occasions when he was a member of the Indian National Congress and the Goa Rajiv Congress Party, during his third tenure<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-09-04 |title=Former Goa Chief Minister Wilfred De Souza passes away at 88 |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/former-goa-chief-minister-wilfred-de-souza-passes-away-at-88/articleshow/48799916.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-11-04 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
*[[Mortó Dessai]], medical analyst of Goan origin who worked in Goa and Portugal<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Warwick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-V1DwAAQBAJ&dq=Mort%C3%B3+Dessai&pg=PA34 |title=Luso-Tropicalism and Its Discontents: The Making and Unmaking of Racial Exceptionalism |last2=Roque |first2=Ricardo |last3=Santos |first3=Ricardo Ventura |date=2019-04-22 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-78920-114-7 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Aquino de Bragança|Tomaz Aquino Messias de Bragança]], physicist and Mozambican social scientist

==Politicians==
{{See also|List of chief ministers of Goa|List of deputy chief ministers of Goa|List of Rajya Sabha members from Goa}}
* [[Abbé Faria]], priest, member of the [[Indian peers and baronets|Pinto clan]] key participant in the [[Conspiracy Of The Pintos]]; became a famous hypnotist and revolutionary in France
* [[Alfredo Bruto da Costa]], former Minister for Health and Social Welfare of Portugal
* [[Alfredo Nobre da Costa]], former Prime Minister of Portugal
* [[António Maria de Bettencourt Rodrigues]] (1854-1933) - Judge and diplomat
* [[António Costa]], former Portuguese Prime Minister
* [[Cincinnatus Fabian D'Abreo]], Saligao origin, former Councillor of Karachi Municipality and founder of [[Karachi Goan Association]]
* [[Churchill Alemao]], first Catholic Chief Minister and the shortest serving Chief Minister of Goa
* [[Claire Coutinho]], Goan origin, [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[East Surrey (UK Parliament constituency)|East Surrey]]
* [[Dayanand Bandodkar]], first Chief Minister of Goa
* [[Dayanand Narvekar]], youngest speaker in Goan assembly history at (34 years) in 1984
* [[Digambar Kamat]], former Chief Minister
* [[Eduardo Faleiro]], former Minister of State for External Affairs
* [[Erasmo de Sequeira]], head of United Goans Party; former member of the Indian Parliament at New Delhi
* [[Ernest Soares]], Bardez origin, former [[List of Lords Commissioners of the Treasury|Junior Lord of the Treasury]] and former [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Barnstaple (UK Parliament constituency)|Barnstaple]]
*[[Fitz Remedios Santana de Souza]], Kenyan lawyer and politician
* [[Francisco Luís Gomes]] (1829-1869), Member of Português [[Cortes Gerais]] for Goa
* [[Francisco Sardinha]], former Chief Minister and current MP of South Goa
* [[Jack de Sequeira]], prominent campaigner for the opinion poll that retained Goa as a separate 'Union territory'
* [[Jaime Valfredo Rangel]], physician and president of the Municipal Council of [[Bardez]], also delegate to the [[International Labour Organization]]
* [[João Leão]], former Finance Minister of Portugal
* [[John F Fernandez]], first Rajya Sabha MP
* [[Jorge Barreto Xavier]], Margao born, former Secretary of State of Culture of Portugal
* [[José Inácio Candido de Loyola]] (1891-1973), Goan independence activist
* [[Joseph Murumbi]], Guirim born, 2nd [[Deputy President of Kenya|Vice President]] of Kenya and 2nd Minister for Foreign Affairs (Kenya)
* [[Kalidás Barreto]] (1932-2020) - Son of Goan intellectual [[Adeodato Barreto]]; MP for Castanheira de Pera
* [[Keith Vaz]], Bastora origin, former [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Leicester East (UK Parliament constituency)|Leicester East]]
* [[Laxmikant Parsekar]], first incumbent Chief Minister to lose its assembly constituency
* [[Luís de Menezes Bragança]], journalist, writer and anti-colonial activist, member of the [[Indian peers and baronets|Bragança family]] erstwhile rulers of [[Chandor]]
* [[Luis Proto Barbosa]], former Chief Minister
* [[Luizinho Faleiro]], former Chief Minister and the first unopposed MLA
* [[Manohar Parrikar]], former Chief Minister of Goa; former Defense Minister of India<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/manohar-parrikar-appointed-as-new-goa-chief-minister/articleshow/57610213.cms|title=Manohar Parrikar appointed as new Goa Chief Minister|date=2017-03-13|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2017-07-16}}</ref>
* [[Narana Coissoró]], left his motherland of Goa to serve the Portuguese people and became a member of the Portuguese Parliament
* [[Nelson de Souza]], former Minister of Planning for Portugal
* [[Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho]], formerly a Portuguese military officer, was the chief strategist of the 1974 [[Carnation Revolution]] in Lisbon; was born in Lourenço Marques (now Maputo); Mozambique of some Goan ancestry
* [[Pandurang Purushottam Shirodkar]], first speaker of the Goa Assembly<ref>{{Cite web|title=Past speakers of Goa |url=http://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/pastspk.php|url-status=dead|archivedate=24 September 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924020431/http://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/pastspk.php}}</ref>
* [[Pio Gama Pinto]], Kenyan freedom fighters and politician; director of the Pan African Press
* [[Pramod Sawant]], current Chief Minister
* [[Pratapsingh Raoji Rane]], longest serving Chief Minister (15 years and 250 days), longest serving MLA (1972–2022) and oldest speaker in Goan assembly history at (73 years) in 2012
* [[Ravi Naik]], former Chief Minister
* [[Rosendo Ribeiro]] (1871-1951) - former Vice-Consul of Portugal in Nairobi
* [[Sanyogita Rane]], only woman MP
* [[Shamrao Madkaikar]], was a freedom fighter and a leader of Communist Party of India from the Indian state of Goa. Madkaikar established the Gomantakiya Tarun Sangh in 1937 at Margao.
* [[Shashikala Kakodkar]], only woman Chief Minister and the youngest (38) serving Chief Minister
* [[Shripad Naik]], longest serving MP from Goa and the current MP of North Goa
* [[Suella Braverman]], Assagao origin, [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Fareham (UK Parliament constituency)|Fareham]]
* [[Valerie Vaz]], Bastora origin, [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Walsall South (UK Parliament constituency)|Walsall South]]
* [[Sadanand Tanavade]], current Rajya Sabha MP
* [[Wilfred de Souza]], oldest (71) serving Chief Minister
* [[Wolfgang Dourado]], former [[Attorney General]] and [[Chief Justice]] of [[Zanzibar]]
* [[Zaneta Mascarenhas]], Goan origin, [[Australian House of Representatives|Member of Parliament]] for [[Division of Swan|Swan]]

==Education==
* [[Armando Menezes]], Head of the Department of English St Xavier's College Bombay; Principal of Karnataka College Dharwad; Under-Secretary Education, Government of Maharashtra<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bhasker |first=W. W. S. |title=Armando Menezes the Writer |date=1983 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40872512 |journal=Journal of South Asian Literature |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=71–81 |jstor=40872512 |issn=0091-5637}}</ref>
* [[Rui de Figueiredo]], professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Mathematics, [[University of California, Irvine]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rui de Figueiredo, Investment Management |url=https://www.morganstanley.com/profiles/rui-de-figueiredo-investment-management |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Morgan Stanley |language=en}}</ref>

== Priests, Nuns, Bishops and Religious leaders ==
*Ven. [[Agnelo de Souza]], S.F.X - Roman Catholic priest<ref name=":0" />
*[[Aleixo das Neves Dias]], S.F.X - Bishop of Port Blair
*[[Angelo Innocent Fernandes]] - Archbishop of New Delhi
*[[Aniceto Nazareth]] - Roman Catholic priest in Bombay
*[[Anil Joseph Thomas Couto]] - current Archbishop of Delhi
*[[Anthony Alwyn Fernandes Barreto]] - current Bishop of Sindhudurg
*[[Anthony de Mello (Jesuit priest)|Anthony de Mello]] - Jesuit priest, psychotherapist and author
*[[Anthony Theodore Lobo]] - Bishop of Rawalpindi/Islamabad, Pakistan (Karachi/Goa)
*[[Antonio Francisco Xavier Alvares]] - first Metropolitan of Goa and Ceylon of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church
*[[Armando Trindade]] - Archbishop of Lahore
*[[Benny Mario Travas]] - current Archbishop of Karachi
*[[Blasco Francisco Collaço]] - first Indian Nuncio<ref name=":0" />
*[[Bridget Sequeira]], F.M.C.K. - founded the [[Franciscan Missionaries of Christ the King]], a missionary religious congregation for women in Karachi, Pakistan.
*Msgr. [[Chico Monteiro]] - Goan priest
*[[Earl K. Fernandes]] - current Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Columbus|Columbus]]
*[[Evarist Pinto]] - from Aldona, Archbishop of Karachi, Pakistan
*[[Ferdinand Joseph Fonseca]] - Auxiliary Bishop of Bombay
*[[Filipe Neri Ferrão]] - from Aldona, current [[Archbishop of Goa|Archbishop of Goa and Daman]]<ref name=":0" />
*[[Francisco Xavier da Piedade Rebelo]] - Auxiliary Bishop of Goa
*[[Hubert Olympus Mascarenhas]] - Catholic priest in Bombay
*[[Ignatius P. Lobo]] - Bishop of Belgaum
*[[Ivan Dias]], Cardinal Prefect, Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, Rome (Mumbai/Goa).<ref name=":0" />
*[[Jacome Gonsalves]], C.O. - [[Oratory of Saint Philip Neri|Oratorian]] priest, also known as the "Father of Catholic Literature of Sri Lanka"
*[[Joseph Cordeiro]] - first Pakistani Cardinal (Karachi/Goa)
*[[Joseph Coutts]] - current Cardinal-priest of Pakistan
*St. [[Joseph Vaz]] - C.O. missionary in Sri Lanka (Ceylon); patron of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman]]<ref name=":0" />
*[[Karuna Mary Braganza]] - Catholic nun and Principal of [[Sophia College for Women|Sophia College, Bombay]]
*[[Lumen Monteiro]], C.S.C - current Bishop of Agartala
*[[Matheus de Castro]] (c. 1594–1677) - first Indian Bishop of the Catholic Church
*[[Mathias Fernandes]] - first native Indian Bishop of Mysore
*[[Max Rodrigues]] - Bishop of Hyderabad (Pakistan)
*[[Moreno de Souza]] - translated the [[Bible]] into [[Konkani language]]
*[[Oswald Gracias]] - from Carmona, current Cardinal Archbishop of Mumbai
*[[Raul Nicolau Gonçalves]] - Archbishop of Goa and Damao<ref name=":0" />
*[[Robert D'Silva]] - Pakistani priest for over 50 years
*[[Romuald D'Souza]] - Jesuit priest, founder of Xavier Centre of Historical Research and Goa Institute of Management
*Msgr. [[Sebastião Rodolfo Dalgado]]- Catholic priest, professor and linguist
*[[Thomas de Castro]] - [[Apostolic vicariate|Vicar Apostolic]] of [[Kanara|Canara]]
*[[Valerian D'Souza]] - Bishop of Poona
*[[Valerian Gracias]] - first Indian Cardinal and Archbishop (Mumbai/Goa)
*[[Vasco do Rego]], SJ - Jesuit priest, editor of the oldest Konkani periodical
*[[Zinia Pinto]] - Catholic nun and principal of [[St Joseph's Convent School, Karachi]]

==Scientists and Researchers==
*[[Froilano de Mello]], Portuguese microbiologist, medical scientist, professor, author and independent [[Member of Parliament|MP]] in the [[Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)|Portuguese parliament]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Froilano De Melo: Pioneer of Indian medical mycology |website=The Navhind Times |date=27 September 2015 |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2015/09/27/magazines/panorama/froilano-de-melo-pioneer-of-indian-medical-mycology/ |access-date=2022-11-26 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Raghunath Mashelkar]], scientist and head of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life |url=https://mashelkar.com/life/ |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=R A Mashelkar |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Nishtha Desai]], scholar<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-22 |title=History Hour 13 – "Tourism related Paedophilia: Some Insight" by Dr. Nishtha Desai. Wednesday, 16th March 2005 – XCHR |url=https://xchr.in/2005/03/16/tourism-related-paedophilia-some-insight-by-dr-nishtha-desai-wednesday-16th-march-2005/ |access-date=2024-05-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Athletes ==
{{Main article|Goans in cricket}}
{{See also|Goa cricket team}}
{{Main article|Goans in football}}
{{See also|Goa football team}}
* [[Antao D'Souza]], represented Pakistan cricket team in Tests in the 1950s and early 60s<ref>{{Cite web |title=Antao D'Souza profile and biography, stats, records, averages, photos and videos |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/antao-d-souza-40041 |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}
[Vibhor Batheja] Vibhor Batheja National Skating, participant.

</ref>
* [[Anthony de Mello (cricket administrator)|Anthony de Mello]], first secretary of the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anthony De Mello profile and biography, stats, records, averages, photos and videos |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/anthony-de-mello-28449 |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
* [[Bhakti Kulkarni]], International Master and Woman Grandmaster in Chess
* [[Brahmanand Sankhwalkar]], former Indian football team captain; one of Goa's best goalkeepers; Arjuna awardee
* [[Brandon Fernandes]], all-time top Indian assister in ISL<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brandon Fernandes Profile |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/21102?type=club |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>
* [[Bruno Coutinho (footballer, born 1969)|Bruno Coutinho]], former Indian football team captain, Arjuna awardee and AIFF Player of the Year, 1996
* [[Carlos Cordeiro]], former president of the [[United States Soccer Federation]]
* [[Climax Lawrence]], most capped Goan International footballer and AIFF Player of the Year, 2005
* [[Dilip Sardesai]], former Indian international cricketer. He played Tests for the Indian national team as a batsman, the first Goa-born cricketer to play for India, and was often regarded as one of India's best batsmen against spin, although Indian batsmen have been known to play better against spin
* [[Eliza Nelson]], 1982 Asian Games hockey team
* [[Fortunato Franco]], 1962 Asian Games football team
* [[Ivana Maria Furtado]], Woman International Master in Chess
*[[Joshuah Vaz]], current head coach of [[Indian national futsal team]]
* [[Lavy Pinto]], 1951 Asian Games gold medallist in 100m and 200m sprint
* [[Lawrie Fernandes]], 1948 London Olympics hockey team
* [[Leander Paes]], 1996 Atlanta Olympics Tennis singles bronze medallist, 5 gold medals at the Asian Games (1994-2006) and 18 Grand Slam titles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leander Paes {{!}} Biography, Titles, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leander-Paes |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Leo Pinto]], 1948 London Olympics hockey team<ref>{{Cite web |author=Pradeep Vijayakar|date=Aug 10, 2010 |title=Leo Pinto, India's oldest Olympian, passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/leo-pinto-indias-oldest-olympian-passes-away/articleshow/6288763.cms |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Leon Luke Mendonca]], Grandmaster in Chess
* [[Liston Colaco]], highest scoring Goan in ISL
* [[Maria Rebello]], former Indian women footballer and currently a referee
* [[Mandar Rao Dessai]], record Appearance maker in ISL
* [[Margaret Toscano]], 1982 Asian Games hockey team
* [[Mary D'Souza Sequeira]], 1954 Asian Games {{nowrap|4 × 100 m}} relay team
* [[Mauricio Afonso]], former Indian football team captain
* [[Menino Figueiredo]], Goa’s 1st International Football Player
* [[Maxie Vaz]], 1948 London Olympics hockey team
* [[Mervyn Fernandis]], 1980 Moscow Olympics hockey team
* [[Peter Paul Fernandes]], 1936 Berlin Olympics hockey team
* [[Pratesh Shirodkar]], record Goan Appearance maker in I-league
* [[Reginald Rodrigues]], 1948 London Olympics hockey team
* [[Rowllin Borges]], AIFF Emerging Player of the Year, 2016
* [[Selma D'Silva]], 1982 Asian Games hockey team
* [[Seraphino Antao]], represented Kenya in sprinting in the Common wealth Games during the 1950s and early 60s; won two gold medals
* [[Shadab Jakati]], spin bowler for Goa and [[Chennai Super Kings]]; played a key role to help his team win the IPL
* [[Swapnil Asnodkar]], opening batsman for Goa and [[Rajasthan Royals]]; played a key role help his team win the inaugural edition of the Indian Premier League
* [[Stephie D'Souza]], 1954 Asian Games {{nowrap|4 × 100 m}} relay team
* [[Victorino Fernandes]], leading Goan goalscorer in I-league
* [[Visitacao Lobo]], regarded as being the first Goan to play for the [[India men's national football team|Indian national football team]].
* [[Wallis Mathias]], represented Pakistan cricket team in 1955
* [[Walter de Sousa]], 1948 London Olympics hockey team
* [[Yeshwant Barde]], cricket umpire at the Ranji Trophy and IPL

==Tiatrists==
{{Main article|Tiatr#List of tiatrists}}
*[[Alfred Rose (singer)]], one of the most popular singers and composers of [[Konkani language|Konkani]] songs (of the ''cantaram'' category), and is routinely broadcast on the [[Panaji]] or [[Panjim]] station of [[All India Radio]] ([[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)|Akashvani]]).<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45_WlAEACAAJ |title=Directory of Tiatr Artistes, 2012 |date=2012 |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |language=en}}</ref>
*[[C. Alvares]], Indian actor, playwright, singer, producer and director from [[Saligao]], [[Goa]].<ref name=":1" />
*[[Comedian Selvy]], (1974–2022) playwright, singer, director and producer from Goa. Regarded as one of the greatest Konkani comedians of his generation.<ref name=":1" />
*[[Edmer Barreto]], Indian writer, director, and actor who primarily works on the Konkani stage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=When law makers turn law breakers… |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/When-law-makers-turn-law-breakers%E2%80%A6/120051 |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=oHeraldo|date=14 September 2017 }}</ref>
*[[Hortencio Pereira]], is a Konkani stage actor from Goa, India. He is a lyricist, writer, actor, comedian, and singer.<ref name=":1" />
*[[John D'Silva]], is an Indian Konkani actor, playwright and director. D'Silva is the first tiatrist to enter the Limca Book of Records in 2010 for acting, writing, directing and producing 25 tiatrs having a double alphabet in their titles.<ref name=":1" />
*[[M. Boyer]], is a writer, director and producer from Goa. He has produced over 35 plays, participated in more than 5000 performances, composing and singing over 1000 songs.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Kamlakant Chari]], Indian scenic designer known for his work on the Konkani stage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2011-10-27 |title=Meet Kamlakant Chari, at 'Kolakorak Bhett', – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2011/10/27/magazines/buzz/ilive-meet-kamlakant-chari-kolakorak-bhett/ |access-date=2024-04-18 |language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Maestro Josinho]] (1941–2017), Indian saxophonist and playwright<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maestro Josinho no more |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Maestro-Josinho-no-more/114949 |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=oHeraldo|date=9 May 2017 }}</ref>
* [[Manuel D'Lima]] (1934–2016), Indian playwright and theatre director known for his [[liturgical drama|religious plays]] staged during [[Lent]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |author-link=Wilson Mazarello |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=173 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Mario Menezes]] (1960–2022), Indian actor, director, writer and prominent tiatrist. He primarily worked on the Konkani stage and was the vice president of Tiatr Academy Goa.<ref name=":1" />
*[[Nevel Gracias]] (1964–2022), Indian actor, singer, composer, director, playwright, editor and diocesan priest from Goa. He predominantly worked on the Konkani stage and is best known for his lenten tiatrs.<ref name=":1" />
*[[Pascoal de Chicalim]], playwright and theatre director known for his ''tiatr'' productions like Devchaar (Devil).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Son of Colvale & Chicalim's pride |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Son-of-Colvale-Chicalim%E2%80%99s-pride/164248 |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=oHeraldo|date=15 August 2020 }}</ref>
*[[Prince Jacob]], popular tiatrist and singer from Goa, India. He is "the most Famous man in Konkani Comedy".<ref name=":1" />
*[[Roseferns]], Indian actor and director who is a Konkani tiatrist. He popularly goes under the sobriquet King of centuries.<ref name=":1" />
* [[Roy de Chinchinim]], Indian playwright, theatre director, and actor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Police secure venue of Roseferns' tiatr show |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Police-secure-venue-of-Roseferns%E2%80%99-tiatr-show/95793 |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=oHeraldo|date=18 November 2015 }}</ref>
*[[Sharon Mazarello]], tiatrist, singer, scriptwriter, director and actor, hailing from the coastal state of Goa, India.<ref name=":1" />
*[[Sylvester Vaz]], [[contemporary worship music]] singer, and former ''[[tiatrist]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |title=Konkani Khell Tiatr |publisher=[[Dalgado Konknni Akademi]] |date=10 March 2018 |location=Panaji, Goa |pages=126–127}}</ref>
*[[Tomazinho Cardozo]], dramatist, playwright, writer (in Konkani and English), educationist and politician from Goa.<ref name=":1" />

==Writers, Editors and Journalists==
{{Main|Goan literature#Goan writers}}
{{See also|Poets in (and from) Goa}}
{{See also|List of fiction writers from Goa, India}}
*[[Armand de Souza]] (1877–1922), founding editor of the ''Morning Leader'' in Ceylon; early freedom fighter; jailed by the British colonial government for advocating democracy, but was released following public protests; author of ''Hundred days in Ceylon under martial law in 1915'';<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://openlibrary.org/b/OL16666915M/Hundred_days_in_Ceylon_under_martial_law_in_1915 |title = Hundred days in Ceylon under martial law in 1915|publisher = Printed by Woolridge & Co.|year = 1916| ol=16666915M }}</ref> father of Senator Doric de Souza (Professor of English) and the late editor of the ''Times of Ceylon'', Tory de Souza
*[[Damodar Mauzo]], Jnanpith Award-winning Konkani writer, Novelist, Critic and script writer<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goan writer Damodar Mauzo gets Jnanpith Award |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/goan-writer-damodar-mauzo-gets-jnanpith-award-1222699.html |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
*[[B. D. Satoskar]], author, ex-editor of ''Gomantak'' daily.<ref name=":0" />
*[[Chandrakant Keni]], retired editor of Marathi daily ''Rashtramat'' and Konkani daily ''[[Sunaparant]]''; former freelance journalist; was associated with the development of Konkani language; won Sahitya Academy Award for his book ''Ashadh Pawali''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Keni |first=Chandrakant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ypnnPgAACAAJ |title=Eklo eksuro (novolika) ani don kotha |date=2006 |publisher=Goa Konkani Akademi |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Dom Moraes]] (1938–2004), won the American Press Club Citation for Excellence in Reporting, for some 20 articles he wrote for the ''New York Times Sunday Magazine''; poet.<ref name=":0" />
*[[Francisco Luís Gomes]] (1829–1869), Portuguese physician, politician, writer, historian, and economist.<ref name=":0" />
*[[Frank Simoes]], Goan advertising executive; author of ''Glad Season in Goa.''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Simoes |first=Frank |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ub9lAAAAMAAJ&q=Frank+Simoes |title=Frank Unedited: The Best of Frank Simoes |date=2003 |publisher=Lotus Collection |isbn=978-81-7436-303-9 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Frank Moraes]], editor of prominent newspapers in post-independence India, including ''The Indian Express''<ref>{{Cite web |title=In the time of Frank Moraes, too |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/columns/t-j-s-george/2020/mar/22/in-the-time-of-frank-moraes-too-2119962.html |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=The New Indian Express|date=24 March 2020 }}</ref>
*[[Frederick Noronha]], active in cyberspace and involved with e-ventures involving Goa, developmental concerns and free software.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rise (and Fall?) of Goa's Book Ecosystem |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/The-Rise-and-Fall-of-Goa%E2%80%99s-Book-Ecosystem/194886 |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=oHeraldo|date=7 October 2022 }}</ref>
* [[Frederika Menezes]], Goan author, poet and artist. She is best known for her book, Unforgotten (which was a love story for young adults, published in 2014). A poem of hers, The Different Normals, is yet to feature in English textbook of the Goa Board of Secondary & Higher Secondary Education (GBSHSE)<ref name="itsgoa.com"/>
*[[Ian Fyfe (Pakistani journalist)|Ian Fyfe]] (d. 2005), cricketer, coach and a sports journalist from Karachi, Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shameel CC clinch Ian Fyfe memorial cricket title |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/73656-shameel-cc-clinch-ian-fyfe-memorial-cricket-title |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Ivo de Figueiredo]] (born 1966), Norwegian historian, biographer and critic of Goan origin<ref>{{Cite web |title=Getting to know home and family |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Getting-to-know-home-and-family/154534 |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=oHeraldo|date=9 December 2019 }}</ref>
*[[J. Clement Vaz]] (1915–unknown) author of Profiles of Eminent Goans, Past and Present<ref name=":0" />
*[[JoeGoaUk]], pseudonymous Goa-based correspondent, photographer, photojournalist, and online activist<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Marvellous, Mysterious JoeGoaUk |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/The-Marvellous-Mysterious-JoeGoaUk/195539 |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=oHeraldo|date=21 October 2022 }}</ref>
*[[Lambert Mascarenhas]], author of the novel ''Sorrowing Lies My Land'' (1955); editor of the ''Goan Tribune''; founder editor of ''[[Goa Today]]'', former editor of ''[[The Navhind Times]]''; won the State Cultural award.<ref name=":0" />
*[[Leopoldo da Gama]], Goan journalist and founder of the weekly Portuguese newspaper "''A Convicção''".<ref name=":0" />
*[[Manohar Rai Sardesai]], Konkani and French novelist and poet.<ref name=":0" />
*[[Maria Aurora Couto]], writer, academic and literary critic with books including ''Graham Greene: On the Frontier, Politics and Religion in the Novels'', and ''Goa: A Daughter's Story.''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-21 |title=Obituary: Maria Couto (1937-2022) combined scholarship with sagacity, compassion, humanism, and humility |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/obituary-maria-couto-1937-2022-combined-scholarship-with-sagacity-compassion-humanism-and-humility-101642789421668.html |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Olivinho Gomes]] (St Estevam, Goa, 1943—30 July 2009), eminent Konkani scholar and former acting vice chancellor of the Goa.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gomes |first=Olivinho |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rl9uAAAAMAAJ&q=olivinho+gomes |title=Goa |date=2004 |publisher=National Book Trust, India |isbn=978-81-237-4139-0 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Orlando da Costa]] (1929–2006), Communist Portuguese poet and writer of Goan descent, born in the capital of the former Portuguese colony of Mozambique, Maputo.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Costa |first=Orlando da |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nOHBAQAACAAJ |title=No Flowers, No Wreaths: A Play in Three Acts |date=2017 |publisher=Goa 1556 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Orlando Gomes]] (1925–2003), theatre critic and writer known for his previews, reviews and free advertisements for Konkani ''tiatrs''.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=349–351 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Ravindra Kelekar]] (born 1925), freedom fighter, writer and revivalist of the Konkani language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Konkani writer Ravindra Kelekar receives Jnanpith |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/konkani-writer-ravindra-kelekar-receives-2503867 |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sebastião Rodolfo Dalgado]] (1855–1922), from Assagão, linguist; knew Malayalam, Sinhala, Bengali, Kannada, Marathi, and Sanskrit; in 1892, he produced a Konkani-Portuguese dictionary and later a grammar<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalgado |first=Sebastião Rodolfo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BrIbmAEACAAJ |title=Glossário luso-asiático, por... Sebastião Rodolfo Dalgado,... |date=1919 |publisher=Impr. da Universidade |language=pt}}</ref>
* [[Teotonio R. de Souza]], historian, founder-director of Xavier Centre of Historical Research, Goa (1979–1994); Fellow of the Portuguese Academy of History; author of publications on Goan history and culture.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-04-24 |title=Digging deep into surname stories |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/digging-deep-into-surname-stories/articleshow/51963333.cms |access-date=2023-11-02 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Prashanti Talpankar]]
* [[Sandesh Prabhudesai]]
* [[Hema Naik]]
* [[Pundalik Naik]]
* [[Isabel de Santa Rita Vás]]
* [[Jessica Faleiro]]
* [[Savia Viegas]]
* [[Hirabai Pednekar]], regarded as the first female [[Marathi language]] playwright
* [[Vinayak Sadashiv Sukhthankar]]

==Activists==
* [[Neola Pereira]], Indian environmentalist who is known for her participation in the [[Save Mollem]] campaign<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Neola Pereira, the 20-year old fighting for Goa's forests |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/meet-neola-pereira-the-20-year-old-fighting-for-goas-forests-974907.html |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Nilesh Naik]] (1970–1995), Goan environmental activist and farmworker; Goa's first environmental martyr<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Edelman |first1=Marc |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s_0wDwAAQBAJ&dq=nilesh+naik+nylon&pg=PT519 |title=Global Land Grabbing and Political Reactions 'from Below' |last2=Hall |first2=Ruth |last3=Borras Jr |first3=Saturnino M. |last4=Scoones |first4=Ian |last5=White |first5=Ben |last6=Wolford |first6=Wendy |date=2017-08-15 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-62240-0 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Floriano Vaz]] (1963–1986), Indian writer and activist from Goa. First martyr of the scheduled tribe community who fought for the official status of the Konkani language during the Konkani language agitation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Konkani martyr remembered on death anniversary |url=https://www.thegoan.net//konkani-martyr-remembered-on-death-anniversary/8078.html |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Dadu Mandrekar]] (c. 1957–2020), [[Dalit]] rights activist

==Radio personalites==
* [[RJ Joed Almeida]], Indian radio personality known for hosting ''The Drive with Joed'' on [[Indigo 91.9 FM]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karun |first=Nina |date=2022-05-13 |title=The Drive With Joed |url=https://indigomusic.com/on-air/on-air-rjs/the-drive-with-joed-almeida |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=indigomusic.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Criminals==
* [[Zenito Cardozo]], Indian gangster and leader of Bang Bang gang.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-07-09 |title=Santa Cruz shootout was fallout of gang war: Goa cops |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/st-cruz-shootout-was-fallout-of-gang-war-cops/articleshow/76863537.cms |access-date=2024-04-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Mahanand Naik]], serial killer known as the "Dupatta killer"

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://goanet.org/post.php?name=News&list=goanet&info=2006-November/thread&post_id=050978 Great Men of Goa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328061106/http://goanet.org/post.php?name=News&list=goanet&info=2006-November%2Fthread&post_id=050978 |date=28 March 2009 }}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List of people from Goa}}
[[Category:Lists of Indian people by state or union territory|Goa]]
[[Category:People from Goa| ]]
[[Category:Konkani people]]
[[Category:Lists of people from Goa| ]]
[[Category:People from North Goa district]]
[[Category:People from South Goa district]]

Aadu (film)

2026-03-23T13:55:03Z

MaryjoM897:

{{Short description|2015 film by Midhun Manuel Thomas}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aadu
| image = Aadu film.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Midhun Manuel Thomas]]
| producer = [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]] [[Sandra Thomas]]
| writer = Midhun Manuel Thomas
| starring = [[Jayasurya]] [[Saiju Kurup]] [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]] [[Sunny Wayne]] [[Vinayakan]] [[Dharmajan Bolgatty]]
| music = [[Shaan Rahman]]
| cinematography = [[Vishnu Narayanan]]
| editing = [[Lijo Paul]]
| narrator = [[Mamukkoya]]
| studio = [[Friday Film House]]
| distributor = [[Friday Film House|Friday Tickets]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|2|6|India}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Aadu'''''<ref>titled as ''Aadu: Oru Bheekarajeeiyaanu;'' {{Translation|Goat: A Mischievous Animal}}</ref> is a 2015 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action comedy film]], written and directed by [[Midhun Manuel Thomas]]. It was an unofficial adaptation from [[Guy Ritchie]]'s 2000 film ''[[Snatch (film)|Snatch]]'' where the dog and diamond were replaced by the Goat and "Neela Koduveli". It is the first installment of the ''[[Aadu (film series)|Aadu franchise]]'' and was produced and distributed by [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]] and [[Sandra Thomas]] through [[Friday Film House]]. The film stars [[Jayasurya]], [[Saiju Kurup]], [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]], [[Sunny Wayne]], [[Vinayakan]], [[Dharmajan Bolgatty]], [[Vineeth Mohan]], [[Bhagath Manuel]], [[Renji Panicker]], [[Sandra Thomas]], [[Chemban Vinod Jose]], [[Indrans]], [[Bijukuttan]], and [[Harikrishnan (Malayalam actor)|Harikrishnan]].

''Aadu'' was released in India on 6 February 2015. Upon release, it received a mixed response and underperformed at the box office. However, after its home media release the reception towards the film was positive and in time, attained a [[cult following]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-03-07 |title=Cult hit 'Aadu' to be re-released this month |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/cult-hit-aadu-to-be-re-released-this-month/articleshow/63199583.cms |access-date=2023-09-15 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pinky, back with a bleat |date=8 March 2018 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/080318/pinky-back-with-a-bleat.html}}</ref> A [[sequel]] ''[[Aadu 2]]'' was released in 2017, and the third installment ''[[Aadu 3|Aadu 3: One Last Ride - Part 1]]'' has been released on 19 March 2026.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aadu 3 {{!}} റെഡി വൺ, ടൂ, ത്രീ... ആട് 3ന് സ്റ്റാർട്ട് പറഞ്ഞ് മിഥുൻ മാനുവൽ തോമസും കൂട്ടരും|url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/jayasurya-midhun-manuel-thomas-movie-aadu-3-begins-mm-723454.html|date=10 May 2025|access-date=11 May 2025|website=News18}}</ref> ''Aadu'' was re-released in [[Kerala]] on 16 March 2018.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/cult-hit-aadu-to-be-re-released-this-month/articleshow/63199583.cms | title=Cult hit 'Aadu' to be re-released this month | newspaper=The Times of India | date=7 March 2018 }}</ref>

==Plot==
In [[Bangkok]], a gangster named Dude is asked by his boss to search for and bring a rare herb known as Neelakoduveli from [[Kerala]] which is believed to bring eternal fortune to its bearer.

In Kerala] Shaji Pappan and his friends who live in the [[High Range, Kerala |High Range area]] in [[Idukki district|Idukki]] participate in and win a [[tug-of-war]] tournament, the prize of which is a female goat, whom the team calls 'Pinky'. Shaji, who suffers from frequent back pain, has an issue with women due to his wife, Mary, eloping with his driver.

He reluctantly allows Pinky inside his van on the condition that Abu, one of his teammates, will slaughter it later for a feast. Abu, however, is revealed to be unable to slaughter the goat. This, along with many other problems on their journey back, makes Shaji determined to get rid of Pinky.

One such problem is that they are stopped by Inspector Sarbath Shameer, a quirky police officer, who is known for ramming the culprits' forehead on a lemon and drinking the juice. As Shameer questions them, Menaka Kanthan, an animal welfare activist, arrives and accuses the group of abusing the goat and presses charges. Elsewhere, a veteran leader named P.P Sasi foolishly discloses politically driven murders publicly and has to escape to evade the law.

Dude and his boys now arrive in Kerala in search of Neelakkoduveli, which is now in possession of Satan Xavier, a high-profile Anglo Indian drug dealer living in the High Range area. They make a deal with Kanjavu Soman, a low-level drug dealer, to retrieve the herb from Xavier. However, the trunk containing Neelakkoduveli is stolen from Soman by masked assailants driving a van similar to the one that Shaji drives. Dude thinks that Shaji and his group are the thieves and his men then capture Abu and Pinky as hostages. In reality, the true thief is High Range Hakkim, P.P. Sasi's right hand man, who wanted to steal the Neelakoduveli for their profit after hearing about it from Kanjavu Soman.

Shaji is sent a ransom video by Dude and is able to work out their location. The group attempts to rescue Abu and Pinky but is unable to do so due to the firepower that Dude unleashes.
Shaji then reluctantly decides to seek help from his estranged elder brother, Thomas, who arms the group with ancient rifles. These rifles turn out to be duds but the group is still able to defeat Dude and rescue Abu and Pinky. During this clash, Shameer and his men arrive and apprehend Dude, the trunk, and also find Sasi hidden nearby. However, on opening the trunk they discover cow dung instead of the herb.

It is then revealed that Soman had switched the trunk with a decoy one filled with dung early on. While escaping with it, he falls into a pit and the contents of the trunk are dispersed. The herb is then eaten by Pinky who is nearby. The power of the herb brought Pinky luck, which was why the lamb wasn't harmed.

Shaji finally manages to sell Pinky to a butcher. On the sight of his friends' evoked grievances, he feels a stroke of sympathy and calls Pinky back. But the butcher's daughter, also named Pinky, responds to the call, and a budding romance is implied between her and Shaji Pappan.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Jayasurya]] as [[Aadu (franchise)#Shaji Pappan|Pannimattathil Shaji Pappan]]
* [[Saiju Kurup]] as [[Aadu (franchise)#Arakkal Abu|Arakkal Abu]]
* [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Sarbath Shameer/ [[Dabangg]] Shameer
* [[Sunny Wayne]] in a dual role as:
** Saathaan Xavier
*** Antony Elrin D'Silva as Young Xavier
** Abraham Xavier
* [[Vinayakan]] as Damodaran Unnimakan Delmen Edakochi (DUDE)
* [[Dharmajan Bolgatty]] as Captain Sachin Cleetus
* [[Bhagath Manuel]] as Krishnan Mandaram
* [[Harikrishnan (Malayalam actor)|Harikrishnan]] as Lalan P. K. aka Lolan
* [[Vineeth Mohan]] as Kuttan Moonga
* Unni Rajan P Dev as Bastin Pathrose
* [[Indrans]] as P.P Sasi Aashan
* [[Renji Panicker]] in dual role as:
**Thomas Paappan, Shaji Pappan's brother
**Varkey Pappan, Shaji Pappan's father (photo)
* [[Sandra Thomas]] as Menaka Kanthan
* [[Chemban Vinod Jose]] as High Range Hakkim
* [[Sudhi Koppa]] as Kanjavu Soman
* [[Nelson Sooranad]] as Paili Vattakuzhy, later named Dragon Paili by Dude
* Geevarghese Eappen as Sakhavu K. P.
* [[Pradeep Kottayam]] as Head Constable
* [[Chembil Ashokan]] as Vaidyar
* Salam Bukhari as Hyder Sulthan
* Harisree Martin as Palmist
* [[Blessy Kurien]] as Veterinary Doctor
* [[Swathi Reddy]] as Pinky (cameo)
* [[Aju Varghese]] as Driver Ponnappan (cameo)
* [[Srinda Arhaan]] as Mary, Shaji Pappan's wife (cameo)
* [[Bijukuttan]] as Battery Simon (cameo)
* Dr. Ronin Peter Gomez as the goat king
}}

==Reception==
Upon release, the film received mixed response. Full comedy scenes<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.ibtimes.co.in/aadu-oru-bheegara-jeevi-aanu-review-roundup-jayasurya-starrer-fails-meet-expectations-622751|title = 'Aadu Oru Bheegara Jeevi Aanu' Review Roundup: Jayasurya Starrer Fails to Meet Expectations|last = Nicy V P|date = 7 February 2015|agency = [[International Business Times]]}}</ref> Akhila of ''FilmiBeat'' stated "Film fails to meet the expectations raised by the first looks and promotion".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/reviews/2015/aadu-oru-bheegara-jeevi-aanu-movie-review-173077.html|title=Aadu Oru Bheegara Jeevi Aanu Movie Review: Not As Expected!|first=Akhila|last=Menon|date=6 February 2015|website=Filmibeat}}</ref> Veeyen of ''nowrunning.com'' said "'Aadu Oru Bheekara Jeevi Aanu' is a fiasco of colossal proportions that is little more than a series of insipid conversations between supposedly hilarious characters. Suffering from some severely smug writing, Aadu Oru Bheekara Jeevi Aanu is iffy stuff that delivers none of the promises that it makes, which includes serving a few earnest laughs as well."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/15211/malayalam/aadu-oru-bheekara-jeeviyanu/4984/review/|title=Aadu Oru Bheekara Jeeviyanu Review | Aadu Oru Bheekara Jeeviyanu Malayalam Movie Review by Veeyen|website=NOWRUNNING|access-date=19 February 2016|archive-date=18 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218004112/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/15211/malayalam/aadu-oru-bheekara-jeeviyanu/4984/review/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Aadu Oru Bheegara Jeeviyanu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Shaan Rahman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 28 January 2015
| recorded = 2014
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 5.23
| language = Malayalam
| label = Sargaswara Audio Lab
| producer = Shaan Rahman
| prev_title = [[Ormayundo Ee Mukham]]
| prev_year = 2014
| next_title = [[Oru Vadakkan Selfie]]
| next_year = 2015
}}

The original soundtrack and background score were composed by [[Shaan Rahman]] with lyrics by Manu Manjith.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Aadu-Oru-Bheekara-Jeeviyanu-Music-Review/articleshow/46232589.cms|title = Aadu Oru Bheekara Jeeviyanu Music Review|last = TNN|date = 13 February 2015|agency = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

;Soundtrack
{| class="wikitable"
!#Title
!Singer(s)
!Lyrics
!Length
|-
|"Chingaariyaadu"
|[[Harsha K. H.]], [[Jayasurya]], [[Muhammad Ashad]]
|[[Manu Manjith]]
|2:51
|-
|"Kodikayarana"
|[[Anwar Sadath]], [[Shaan Rahman]]
|Manu Manjith
|2:32
|}

;Background score
{| class="wikitable"
!#Title
!Singer(s)
!Lyrics
!Length
|-
|"Shaaji Paappan"
|Anwar Sadath, Shaan Rahman
|Manu Manjith
|00:52
|-
|"Abu Bheekaran"
|Anwar Sadath, Shaan Rahman
|Manu Manjith
|00:54
|-
|"Dude"
|Anwar Sadath, Shaan Rahman
|Manu Manjith
|00:46
|-
|"Sarbath Shameer"
|Anwar Sadath, Shaan Rahman
|Manu Manjith
|00:50
|-
|"Sathan Xavier"
|Shaan Rahman
|Manu Manjith
|00:52
|-
|"Lal Salaam(Shashi Ashan)"
|Muhammad Ashad, [[Shaan Rahman]]
|Manu Manjith
|00:46
|}

==Sequels==
{{main article|Aadu (franchise)}}

===Sequels===
{{main article|Aadu 2}}

A second instalment to the film series called ''[[Aadu 2]]'' was released on 22 December 2017 and was a commercial success at the [[box office]].

{{main article|Aadu 3: One Last Ride - Part 1}}

A third instalment to the film series titled ''[[Aadu 3|Aadu 3: One Last Ride - Part 1]]'' was launched on 10 May 2025. The shooting has been completed and is slated for a theatrical release on 19 March 2026.<ref>{{cite web|title=Midhun Manuel Thomas confirms Aadu 3 as Christmas 2025 release |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Feb/17/midhun-manuel-thomas-confirms-aadu-3-as-christmas-2025-release|date=17 February 2025|access-date=11 May 2025|website=The News Indian Express}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*
* {{IMDb title|4511460}}
{{Midhun Manuel Thomas}}
{{Friday Film House}}
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shaan Rahman]]
[[Category:Indian comedy road movies]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian slapstick comedy films]]
[[Category:2015 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2015 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2010s comedy road movies]]
[[Category:Malayalam films in series]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Indian film series]]
[[Category:Films shot in Idukki]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thodupuzha]]
[[Category: Films directed by Midhun Manuel Thomas]]
[[Category:2015 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Adaptations of works by Guy Ritchie]]

Ruhani Bai Begum

2026-03-21T13:12:04Z

MaryjoM897: added new article

{{Infobox royalty
| name = Ruhani Bai Begum
| title = Ruhani Bai
| image =
| spouse = [[Chhatrasal]]
| issue = [[Mastani]]
| house = [[Bundela]] (by marriage)
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}
'''Ruhani Bai Begum''' (also spelled as '''Ruhaani Bai Begum''') was the daughter of [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] and chief consort of [[Bundela|Bundela Rajput]] ruler [[Chhatrasal]], ruler of [[Panna State|Panna]] from 1675 to 1731.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&q=ruhaani+bai+begum |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813 |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Vareekal |first=George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RjBlEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT101 |title=Passionate love legends of the past: Stories of Undying Romances |date=2022-03-19 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=979-8-88555-411-4 |pages=101 |language=en}}</ref>

== Mastani’s marriage ==
Ruhaani was of [[Persian Muslims|Persian Muslim]] descent.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kullrich |first=Nina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chVfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA68 |title=Skin Colour Politics: Whiteness and Beauty in India |date=2022-02-14 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-662-64922-0 |pages=60 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1728, when [[Muhammad Khan Bangash]] invaded [[Chhatrasal]]'s kingdom and besieged his capital. Chhatrasal wrote to Maratha Peshwa [[Bajirao I]] for help but being occupied in a military campaign Bajirao could not respond until 1729, when he finally marched on towards [[Bundelkhand]]. Ultimately Bajirao defeated Bangash after reaching [[Jaitpur, Kulpahar|Jaitpur]] near [[Kulpahar]] in present [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |url=https://books.google.at/books/about/Advanced_Study_in_the_History_of_Modern.html?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&redir_esc=y |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813 |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6 |pages=108 |language=en}}</ref>

In gratitude, Chhatrasal gave Bajirao the hand of Mastani, his daughter with his concubine Ruhani Begum, along with dominion over [[Jhansi]], [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]] and [[Kalpi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chavan |first=Akshay |date=2019-05-13 |title=Raja Chhatrasal: Bundelkhand’s Hero |url=https://www.peepultree.world/story/snapshort-histories/raja-chhatrasal-bundelkhands-hero |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=PeepulTree Live History India |language=en}}</ref>

At first Ruhani Begum was against the marriage of her daughter [[Mastani]] with Bajirao I as Mastani was half-Muslim. She was concerned that her daughter may be discriminated for being a follower of [[Shia Islam]], whereas Bajirao was a [[Hindus|Hindu]] [[Brahmin]]. However, Ruhani Begum accepted this marriage later on the advice of her husband, that Mastani was also a half-Hindu and being a follower of the [[Pranami]] [[Sampradaya]] will not treated with any discrimination.<ref>Liu, H. (2022, October 11). [https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/28810 Pranami Sampraday]. In ''Encyclopedia''. Retrieved February 10, 2026.</ref>

== In popular culture ==
===In film and television===
* [[Zila Khan]] portrayed Ruhaani Bai Begum in the historical epic film ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-04-10 |title=The inner child in me found the rhythmic beat of Sufi music full of 'masti': Zila Khan |url=https://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/the-inner-child-in-me-found-the-rhythmic-beat-of-sufi-music-full-of-masti-zila-khan-2720884.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20201106184908/https://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/the-inner-child-in-me-found-the-rhythmic-beat-of-sufi-music-full-of-masti-zila-khan-2720884.html |archive-date=2020-11-06 |access-date=2025-12-05 |work=Firstpost |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Dolly Sohi]] portrayed Begum in the TV series ''[[Peshwa Bajirao (TV series)|Peshwa Bajirao]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2017-07-28 |title=Historical roles come with responsibilities: Dolly Sohi |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2017-07-28/Historical-roles-come-with-responsibilities-Dolly-Sohi/315187 |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref>
* Rudrakshi Gupta portrayed Begum in the TV series ''[[Kashibai Bajirao Ballal]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive! Balika Vadhu fame Rudrakshi Gupta roped for Zee TV's Kashibai Bajirao Ballal |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/exclusive-balika-vadhu-fame-rudrakshi-gupta-roped-zee-tv-s-kashibai-bajirao-ballal |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=Telly Chakkar |language=en}}</ref>

===In literature===
* Begum is a character in Niranjan Mudholkar's historical fiction novel ''The Kingdom of God''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mudholkar |first=Niranjan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYhGEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT74 |title=The Kingdom of God |date=2022-09-15 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-68538-288-9 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Anara Begum]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ruhani Bai Begum}}
[[Category:18th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Panna district]]
[[Category:People from Bundelkhand]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:Indian female royalty]]
[[Category:Indian queens consort]]
[[Category:Indian royal consorts]]
[[Category:1740 deaths]]

Ayanāṃśa

2026-03-19T18:28:34Z

MaryjoM897: brief improve lead for consistency further and corrected details for accuracy

{{Short description|System for the precession of equinoxes}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
[[File:Equinox path.png|thumb|300px|Path taken by the point of [[March equinox|vernal equinox]] along the ecliptic over the past 6000 years]]

'''''Ayanamsa''''' ({{IAST|ayanāṃśa}}: {{etymology|san|ayana|movement||aṃśa|component}}), also '''''ayanabhāga''''' ({{etymology|san|bhāga|portion}}), is the [[Sanskrit]] term for many systems used in [[Hindu astrology]] to account for the [[precession of equinoxes]].<ref name=":0">Barbara Pijan, https://barbarapijan.com/bpa/Amsha/Ayanamsha.htm</ref>{{Verification needed|date=December 2019}} There are also systems of ayanamsa used in [[Sidereal and tropical astrology|Western sidereal astrology]], such as the Fagan/Bradley Ayanamsa.<ref name=":1" />

==Overview==
There are various systems of Ayanamsa that are in use in Hindu astrology (also known as [[Vedas|Vedic]] astrology) such as the [[B V Raman|Raman Ayanamsa]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.saravali.de/articles/ayanamsa.html|title=Saravali: Ayanamsa|website=www.saravali.de|access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref> and the Krishnamurthy Ayanamsa,<ref name=":0" /> but the Lahiri Ayanamsa, named after its [[inventor]], [[astronomer]] Nirmal Chandra Lahiri (1906–1980), is by far the most prevalent system in India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.astro.com/astrology/in_ayanamsha_e.htm|title=Ayanamshas in Sidereal Astrology|website=www.astro.com|language=en|access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@srivarahamihira/which-ayanamsa-did-sri-varahamihira-use-205ae5925480|title=Which Ayanamsa did Sri Varahamihira use?|last=Mihira|first=Varaha|date=2016-02-04|website=Medium|language=en|access-date=2020-03-31}}</ref> Critics of Lahiri Ayanamsa have proposed an ayanamsa called True Chitra Paksha Ayanamsa.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> There are other existing ayanamsa such as Raman, Pushya Paksha, Rohini, Kërr A.I, Usha Shashi and Chandra Hari. However, the zero ayanamsa year of Dulakara ayanamsa is precise; the zero ayanamsa year according to it is 232 CE. Indrasena ayanamsa is a significant improvement of Dulakara ayanamsa by introducing a different precessional rate, which is 50.30274802049371" per year, to 232 CE zero ayanamsa year. <ref>https://www.scribd.com/document/907636582/Ayanamsa-decoded</ref>

The use of ayanamsa to account for the precession of equinoxes is believed to have been defined in [[Vedas|Vedic texts]]{{Which|date=July 2023}} at least 2,500 years before the [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] astronomer [[Hipparchus]] quantified the precession of equinoxes in 127 B.C.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}} While critical scholars believe these "Vedic texts", at least those centering Spica Cittā (or 0° Libra, Tūla Rāśi), were composed in the common era, between 200 and 400 CE.

Lahiri falsely [unsubstantiated claim] intended that Spica be centred in Cittā (0° Tūla, tropical LIB) and exactly 180° from tropical ARI. Spica's ecliptic longitude was approximately 203.2° in the mid 1950s, 203.84° in 2000 and thus its presumed ayanamsa is 23.84° (J2000), 24.2° by 2026, and 25.0° by 2083.

The actual longitude of Spica is closer to 29° Virgo<ref>Astrological origins : Fagan, Cyril, 1895– : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive. (2022). Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/astrologicalorig0000faga</ref> than 0° Libra. Thus, the Lahiri ayanamsa is nearly one degree less than the true value of ayanamsa.

Centring Spica in Cittā, as Lahiri does, pushes Aldebaran and Regulus off-centre and pushes Antares west and outside its namesake nakshatra. Allowing Spica 45' to 1° east of Cittā's center better aligns Pleiades in Kattikā, centers Aldebaran in Rohini, Regulus in Maghā, and Antares to define the western boundary of Jyestha.

==See also ==
* [[Sidereal and tropical astrology|Western sidereal astrology]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{Prone to spam|date=August 2016}}

* [https://books.google.com/books?id=fTbyDwAAQBAJ Controversial topics in astrology and Vedic astronomy]

{{Jyotish Vidya}}
{{Time Topics}}
{{Time measurement and standards}}
{{Chronology}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ayanamsa}}
[[Category:Technical factors of Hindu astrology]]

{{Astrology-stub}}

2003 Case Western Reserve University shooting

2026-03-15T16:36:35Z

MaryjoM897:

{{Short description|School shooting in Cleveland, Ohio}}
{{redirect|Biswanath Halder|the Bangladeshi first-class cricketer|Bishawnath Halder}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 2003 Case Western Reserve University shooting
| image =
| caption =
| location = [[Cleveland, Ohio]], United States
| coordinates = {{coord|41.510|-81.608|type:event_region:US-OH|display=inline,title}}
| date = May 9, 2003
| time =
| timezone =
| type = [[School shooting]]
| fatalities = 1
| injuries = 2
| perp = Biswanath Halder
| weapons = * [[9x19mm|9mm]] [[Cobray Company|Cobray]] [[MAC-11|MAC-11/9]] semi-automatic pistol<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cleveland.com/opinion/2018/02/the_roll_of_shame_of_ohio_lawm.html|title=Roll of shame of Ohio lawmakers who overrode GOP Gov. Taft's 2006 veto, ending cities' bans on massacre-capable weapons: Thomas Suddes|last=Suddes|first=Thomas|website=cleveland.com|date=February 24, 2018}}</ref>
* 9mm [[Ruger P series|Ruger]] semi-automatic pistol<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/cleveland-shooter-had-military-training/|title=Cleveland Shooter Had Military Training|publisher=[[CBS News]]|date=May 9, 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna15767366|title=School shooting at Case Western Reserve University|last=Stafford|first=Rob|publisher=[[NBC News]]|date=November 18, 2006}}</ref>
| motive = Revenge
}}
The '''Case Western Reserve University shooting''' took place on May 9, 2003, when Biswanath Halder entered the Peter B. Lewis Building of the [[Weatherhead School of Management]] in [[Cleveland, Ohio]] where he then killed graduate student Norman Wallace and wounded two professors. Halder took people in the building hostage, and they ran and barricaded themselves and hid during the seven hours that the gunman roamed the building, shooting indiscriminately. He was finally apprehended by a SWAT team. Halder was convicted on multiple felony counts and sentenced to life in prison. He lost a 2008 appeal.

==Shooting==
Dressed in camouflage, 62-year-old Biswanath Halder, wearing a flak vest and carrying a semi-automatic pistol, entered the Peter B. Lewis Building of [[Case Western Reserve University]] on the afternoon of May 9, 2003.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/11/us/ex-employee-held-in-campus-attack.html|title=Ex-Employee Held in Campus Attack|last=Hakim|first=Danny|date=2003-05-11|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-03-18|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> He started roaming the halls and shooting the pistol, quickly encountering Norman Wallace, a 30-year-old graduate student, whom he shot and killed. Hearing the shots, other people ran to get away from the gunman. As it was a Friday, the school had fewer students and staff around than at other times during the week, but nearly 100 people were trapped in the building. Police and authorities advised them by e-mail to hide and barricade their offices. Some hid in closets. The irregular design of the building by architect [[Frank Gehry]] provided the shooter with places of concealment,<ref name=":0" /> and he proceeded throughout the building, shooting at anyone he encountered. He exchanged frequent gunfire with law enforcement forces.

For more than seven hours, Halder held off Cleveland city police, SWAT officers, FBI and forces of the Cuyahoga County Sheriff's Department.<ref name="tenth"/> He conducted sniper-like gun battles from positions in the building, but they gradually forced him upward in the building. As the police and other forces were able to clear each floor of the five-story building, they escorted people to safety. Halder was ultimately apprehended by a [[SWAT]] team in a closet of a fifth-floor classroom.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-05-10 |title=One killed in US school shooting |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3015873.stm |access-date=2024-08-16 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Victims==
*Norman Wallace, 30, first-year MBA student from Youngstown, Ohio, was killed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://case.edu/industry/diversity-giving/funding-opportunities/scholarships/norman-wallace-scholarship|title=Norman Wallace Scholarship|date=2018-04-03|website=Industry {{!}} Case Western Reserve University|language=en|access-date=2018-12-23}}</ref>
*Wounded, Avi Dor, Professor of Health Care Economics<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tspppa.gwu.edu/sites/g/files/zaxdzs2001/f/DOR-CV-15-September%20(2).pdf|title=AVI DOR CV|date=September 2015|website=tspppa.gwu.edu|access-date=2018-12-23}}</ref>
*Wounded, [[Susan Helper]], Professor of Economics<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://faculty.weatherhead.case.edu/helper/|title=Susan Helper - Case Western Reserve University|website=faculty.weatherhead.case.edu|access-date=2018-12-23}}</ref>

==Perpetrator==
Biswanath Halder (b. July 19, 1940)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Offender Detail - Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction |url=https://appgateway.drc.ohio.gov/OffenderSearch/Search/DetailsPrint/A501980 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250602032147/https://appgateway.drc.ohio.gov/OffenderSearch/Search/DetailsPrint/A501980 |archive-date=June 2, 2025}}</ref> was a 62-year-old native of [[Calcutta, India]]. He immigrated to the United States, where he worked for many years. He attended the Weatherhead School of Management at Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), graduating in 1999 and gaining a reputation of being difficult. He filed a suit against Shawn Miller,<ref name="dateline">[https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna15767366 Rob Stafford, Transcript" "School shooting at Case Western Reserve University"], ''Terror in the Afternoon'', ''NBC: Dateline,'' 18 November 2006, accessed 8 October 2015</ref> administrator of the computer lab, accusing him of "destroying his computer files and website which he said was to help fellow Indians form businesses."<ref name="tenth"/> Halder had been feuding with him for three years and filed a civil case against him, which was dismissed by the court in 2003.<ref name="dateline"/> It appears Halder went to the business school seeking the man in revenge. He was armed and wearing a flak vest, helmet, and camouflage gear.

==Aftermath==
Halder was charged with 338 felony counts, including aggravated murder and terrorism. His trial began in late 2005 and more than 100 witnesses were called. In court, he apologized for his actions. He was convicted on all counts. Though prosecutors had sought the death penalty for Halder, the jury instead sentenced him to life in prison without parole. An appeal in 2008 was denied.<ref name="tenth"/><ref>State v. Halder, 2008-Ohio-3345</ref>

In 2006, ''[[Dateline NBC]]'' aired a report, "Terror in the Afternoon," on the shooting incident. It featured video footage from the incident, interviews with family members of Halder and Wallace, and discussions about Halder's motive.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-11-19 |title=School shooting at Case Western Reserve University |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna15767366 |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> The tenth anniversary of the incident was commemorated in various news media in 2013.<ref name="tenth">{{cite web |last1=Misson |first1=Elizabeth |title=May 9, 2013 marks 10 years since shooting spree at CWRU left 1 student dead, 2 others injured |url=http://www.newsnet5.com/news/local-news/cleveland-metro/may-9-2013-marks-10-years-since-shooting-spree-at-cwru-left-1-student-dead-2-others-injured |website=newsnet5.com |publisher=Scripps TV Station Group |access-date=8 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403104227/http://www.newsnet5.com/news/local-news/cleveland-metro/may-9-2013-marks-10-years-since-shooting-spree-at-cwru-left-1-student-dead-2-others-injured |archive-date=3 April 2015 |date=9 May 2013}}</ref>

Halder was held at the [[Pickaway Correctional Institution]] in Pickaway, Ohio.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction |url=https://appgateway.drc.ohio.gov/OffenderSearch/Search/Details/A501980 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250602032358/https://appgateway.drc.ohio.gov/OffenderSearch/Search/Details/A501980 |archive-date=June 2, 2025}}</ref> He died at the Franklin Medical Center, a prison hospital in Columbus, on November 17, 2025.<ref name="death">{{cite web | last=Gambino | first=David | title=2003 Case Western Reserve University shooter dies while serving life sentence | website=Cleveland.com | date=2025-11-17 | url=https://www.cleveland.com/court-justice/2025/11/2003-case-western-reserve-university-shooter-dies-while-serving-life-sentence.html | access-date=2025-11-18}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of school shootings in the United States by death toll]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{School shootings in the United States}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Case Western Reserve University shooting, 2003}}
[[Category:2000s crimes in Ohio]]
[[Category:2000s in Cleveland]]
[[Category:2003 in Ohio]]
[[Category:2003 mass shootings in the United States]]
[[Category:2003 murders in the United States]]
[[Category:Crimes in Cleveland]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in Ohio]]
[[Category:Hostage taking in the United States]]
[[Category:Indian-American history]]
[[Category:May 2003 crimes in the United States]]
[[Category:Murder in Ohio]]
[[Category:School shootings in Ohio]]
[[Category:University and college killings in the United States]]
[[Category:University and college shootings in the United States]]
[[Category:Attacks on schools in 2003]]
[[Category:Revenge]]

Hilite Mall Calicut

2026-03-11T19:43:00Z

MaryjoM897: new.

{{Short description|Shopping mall in Kerala, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox shopping mall
| name = HiLITE Mall Calicut
| image =
| caption = HiLITE Mall Calicut in 2025
| location = [[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]], India
| coordinates = {{Coord|11.254632|75.824642|display=inline,title}}
| address = Hilite City
| opening_date = 10 April 2015
| closing_date =
| developer = HiLITE Realtors
| manager = Sulaiman P
| owner = HiLITE
| architect =
| number_of_stores = 200+<ref>[https://hilitemall.com/calicut/home] ''HiLITE Mall official website''</ref>
| number_of_anchors = 5 major anchors
| floor_area = {{Convert|810000|sqft|m2}}<ref>[https://hilitemall.com/calicut/home] ''HiLITE Mall official website''</ref>
| parking =
| floors = 4
| website = {{URL|https://hilitemall.com/calicut/home}}
| belowstyle =
| footnotes =
}}

HiLITE Mall is a shopping and entertainment complex located in the [[Kozhikode district]], in the [[Malabar region]] of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. Developed by the HiLITE Group as part of the larger HiLITE City project and operated by HiLITE Urban, the mall is situated along [[National Highway 66 (India)|National Highway 66]] near Palazhi, on the outskirts of Kozhikode city.

The mall covers a total built-up area of 1,260,000 sq ft (117,000 m²), with 810,000 sq ft (75,000 m²) of retail space, making it one of the largest shopping malls in Kerala. It opened to the public on 10 April 2015.

Facilities at HiLITE Mall include a large food court, restaurants,<ref>[https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-hilite-mall-enters-limelight-123215/?utm_source=chatgpt.com] ''Financial Express''</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}} family entertainment zones, a children’s play area, a snow-themed attraction, gaming arcades, billiards facilities, beauty parlours, and a bowling alley. It also houses '''Palaxi Cinemas''', an eight-screen multiplex featuring Kerala's first '''EPIQ''' (Enhanced Presentation in Digital Cinema) large-format screen.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150112182630/http://www.cyberparktoday.com/kozhikode-city/kozhikode-shopping-malls/kozhikode-shopping-malls-calicut-malls-multiplexes] ''Cyberpark Today''</ref><ref>[https://hilitemall.com/calicut/home] ''HiLITE Mall official website''</ref>

HiLITE Mall has also been described as India’s first fully solar-powered shopping mall.<ref>[https://themachinemaker.com/news/eallisto-energies-powers-hilite-group-become-indias-first-100-solar-powered-mall/] ''The Machine Maker''</ref>

== Location ==
HiLITE Mall is located along [[National Highway 66 (India)|National Highway 66]] at the Palazhi bypass junction, on the outskirts of [[Kozhikode]].<ref name="TOI">{{cite web |title=HiLITE Mall, Kozhikode |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/things-to-do/hilite-mall/articleshow/52521348.cms |website=Times of India – Times Travel |access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref>

The mall is situated near major IT hubs of the city, including the government-run [[Cyberpark, Kozhikode|Cyberpark]] and the ULCCS Technology Park. Its proximity to these business areas contributes to weekday visitor traffic from working professionals and families.<ref name="KozhikodeDirectory">{{cite web |title=HiLITE Mall |url=https://www.kozhikode.directory/hilite-mall/i/26 |website=Kozhikode Directory |access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="TrekZone">{{cite web |title=HiLITE Mall – Kozhikode |url=https://trek.zone/en/india/places/322755/hilite-mall-kozhikode |website=Trek.Zone |access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref>

== Sustainability ==
HiLITE Mall has been described as India’s first fully solar-powered shopping mall, setting a benchmark in sustainable infrastructure.<ref name="InkelSolar">{{cite news |title=INKEL sets up solar power plants at HiLITE Malls |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2016/may/17/INKEL-sets-up-solar-power-plants-at-HiLITE-Malls-902138.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=17 May 2016 |access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref> The solar plants, developed in partnership with [[INKEL]] Ltd, supply power to the entire mall complex and reduce reliance on conventional energy sources.

The initiative began with the Calicut and Thrissur malls, where solar plants with a combined capacity of 12 MW generate over 48,000 units of renewable energy daily.<ref name="InkelAnnual">{{cite web |title=INKEL Annual Report 2016 |url=https://inkel.in/annualreport2016.pdf |publisher=INKEL Ltd |access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref> This reduces approximately 28,750 tons of carbon emissions annually, an effect comparable to planting 1.3 million trees or removing more than 6,000 petrol vehicles from circulation.<ref name="InkelAnnual" />
== Structure and facilities ==
HiLITE Mall has a total built-up area of 1,260,000 sq ft (117,000 m²), with 810,000 sq ft (75,000 m²) dedicated to retail space, making it one of the largest shopping malls in Kerala.<ref name="HiliteOverview">{{cite web |title=HiLITE Mall – Overview |url=https://hilitecity.in/ |publisher=HiLITE Group |access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref>

Facilities at the mall include:
* Food courts and restaurants, including one of India’s largest food courts offering international and regional cuisines.<ref name="Foodcourt">{{cite news |title=HiLITE Mall launches India’s largest food court |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/hi-lite-food-court/article7084722.ece |work=The Hindu |date=11 April 2015 |access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref>
* Family entertainment zones and children’s play areas
* '''Snow Fantasy''', an indoor snow-themed attraction.<ref name="SnowFantasy">{{cite news |title=Snow Fantasy opens at HiLITE Mall |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/offbeat/hi-lite-snow-fantasy-1.2572163 |work=Mathrubhumi |date=20 December 2017 |access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref>
* Bowling alley, billiards, and gaming zones
* Toy train ride inside the premises
* Beauty salons and lifestyle outlets

The mall also houses an eight-screen multiplex, '''Palaxi Cinemas''', which includes an [[EPIQ]] large-format screen.<ref name="Palaxi">{{cite news |title=Palaxi Cinemas brings EPIQ screen to Kerala |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/140315/epiq-screen-launched.html |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=14 March 2015 |access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Hilite Mall}}
* http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/hilite-plans-rs-600-cr-integrated-township-at-kozhikode/452205/
* https://archive.today/20130216061525/http://news.indiamart.com/story/hilite-city-scheduled-be-completed-by-2013-148116.html
* http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article3690304.ece
* {{cite web |title=Kozhikode Shopping Malls : Calicut Malls & Multiplexes |website=cyberparktoday.com |date=2014-06-03 |url=http://www.cyberparktoday.com/kozhikode-city/kozhikode-shopping-malls/kozhikode-shopping-malls-calicut-malls-multiplexes/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112182630/http://www.cyberparktoday.com/kozhikode-city/kozhikode-shopping-malls/kozhikode-shopping-malls-calicut-malls-multiplexes/ |archive-date=2015-01-12 |url-status=usurped |ref={{sfnref|cyberparktoday.com|2014}} |access-date=2025-08-03}}
* http://www.hilitebuilders.com/project/hilite-mall/
* [https://hilitemall.com/about Explore About HiLITE - Shopping Mall & Entertainment Center, Calicut]

{{Shopping malls in Kerala |state=expanded}}
{{Shopping malls in India}}
[[Category:2015 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Shopping malls in Kerala]]

Prakasam district

2026-03-11T14:32:22Z

MaryjoM897:

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Prakasam district
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Andhra Pradesh|District]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = The Ongole Bull of Moses.jpg
|photo2a = Pakala Beach,Singarayakonda.jpg
}}
| image_caption = Clockwise from top-left: [[Ongole cattle|Ongolu breed of cattle]], Beach in [[Pakala, Prakasam district|Pakala]]
| image_map = Prakasam in Andhra Pradesh (India).svg
| map_caption = Location of Prakasam district in Andhra Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|15|30|N|80|03|E|type:adm3rd_region:IN_dim:200000|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = Ongolu
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|}}[[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = Region
| subdivision_name2 = [[Coastal Andhra]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 2 February 1970
| named_for = [[Tanguturi Prakasam]]
| established_title2 = 1st Reorganized
| established_date2 = 4 April 2022
| established_title3 = 2nd Reorganized
| established_date3 = 31 December 2025
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Ongole|Ongolu]]
| parts_type = [[List of mandals of Andhra Pradesh|Mandalas]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 27
| area_total_km2 = 14322
| area_footnotes ={{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=III}}
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 2288026
| population_footnotes = <ref name="demographics"/>{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=III}}
| population_urban = 19.44%
| population_density_km2 = auto

| leader_title = [[District magistrate|Collector]]
| leader_name = P.Raja babu, IAS<ref>{{cite news |title=Days after assuming office, Jagan rejigs administration in AP |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/days-after-assuming-office-jagan-rejigs-administration-in-ap20190605014921/ |access-date=5 June 2019 |work=Asian News International |date=5 June 2019 |language=en|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201164242/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/days-after-assuming-office-jagan-rejigs-administration-in-ap20190605014921/ |archive-date=1 February 2021 }}</ref>
| leader_title3 = [[Lok Sabha|Parliament constituencies]]
| leader_name3 = [[Ongole (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ongolu]], [[Bapatla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bapatla]], [[Nellore Lok Sabha constituency|Nellore]]
| leader_title4 = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Assembly constituencies]]
| leader_name4 = [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|06]]
| leader_title1 = [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]]
| leader_name1 = V.Harshavardhan Raju, IPS
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India|AP-27 (former)]] AP–39 (from 30 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=New 'AP 39' code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |access-date=9 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2019 |location=Vijayawada|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121042200/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |archive-date=21 November 2020 }}</ref>
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[National Highway 16 (India)|NH-16]]
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|https://prakasam.ap.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| total_type = Total
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 7
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| map_caption1 = Interactive map outlining district
}}
'''Prakasam district''' named in honour of [[Tanguturi Prakasam]] is in the [[coastal Andhra]] region of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It was reorganised on 4 April 2022 and 31 December 2025. The headquarters of the district is [[Ongole]]. It is bounded by [[Bapatla district|Bapatla]], [[Palnadu district|Palnadu]], [[Markapuram district|Markapuram]], [[Nellore district|Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore]] districts and [[Bay of Bengal]].

== Etymology ==
The district was named after [[Tanguturi Prakasam]], also known as '''Andhra Kesari''<nowiki/>', an Indian freedom fighter who served as the first [[Chief minister of Andhra Pradesh#1953–1956|chief minister]] of [[Andhra State]], who was born in the village of [[Vinodarayunipalem]]. It was accordingly renamed as Prakasam District in 1972.<ref name="dist overview">{{cite web|title=District info|url=http://www.apind.gov.in/Library/District/prakasam.pdf|publisher=apind.gov.in|access-date=16 June 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228161029/http://www.apind.gov.in/Library/District/prakasam.pdf|archive-date=28 December 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== History ==
Prakasam district was originally constituted on 2 February 1970, carved out of [[Guntur district|Guntur]], [[Nellore district|Nellore]] and [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]] districts of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name='Statoids'>{{cite web | url = http://www.statoids.com/yin.html | title = Districts of India | access-date = 11 October 2011 | last = Law | first = Gwillim | date = 25 September 2011 | work = Statoids| url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210320121214/http://www.statoids.com/yin.html | archive-date = 20 March 2021 }}</ref> It was carved out of three taluks of Guntur district, i.e. [[Addanki]], [[Chirala]], and [[Ongole]], four taluks of Nellore district, i.e. [[Kandukur]], [[Kanigiri]], [[Darsi]] and [[Podili]] and three taluks of Kurnool district i.e. [[Markapur]], Yarragondapalem and [[Giddaluru]]. It is one of the nine districts in the [[Coastal Andhra]] region of undivided [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It was restructured in 2022, where few mandals were merged into [[Bapatla district]] and [[Nellore district|SPSR Nellore district]], some of which were restored in the restructure effected on 31 December 2025. In the second restructure Markapuram district was carved out.<ref>{{cite web |title=A.P. Cabinet clears district reorganisation, mandal realignment|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ap-cabinet-clears-district-reorganisation-mandal-realignment/article70450525.ece |date=29 December 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en }}</ref><ref name="eenadu-20251230">{{Cite news |title=Andhra News:కొత్త జిల్లాలు పోలవరం, మార్కాపురం |date=2025-12-30 |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/andhra-pradesh/ap-cabinet--approves-formation-of-two-new-districts/1799/125240498 |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=Eenadu|lang=te}}</ref>

Naxalite activity in Prakasam district used to be high during 2000s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/deadly-arsenal/232590 |title=Deadly arsenal |date=2022-02-03 |website=Outlook India}}</ref>

{{Historical populations |11=1901|12=9,75,037|13=1911|14=10,68,743|15=1921|16=11,17,701|17=1931|18=12,05,223|19=1941|20=13,43,883|21=1951|22=14,63,737|23=1961|24=16,71,726|25=1971|26=19,19,995|27=1981|28=23,29,571|29=1991|30=27,59,166|31=2001|32=30,59,423|33=2011|34=33,97,448|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140630013753/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A-2_Data_Tables/28%20A-2%20Andhra%20Pradesh.xlsx Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=left}}

== Geography ==
Prakasam district following 2022 district restructure occupied an area of {{convert|14,322|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name=aponline>{{cite web|title=Prakasam dist|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/about-ap/districts/prakasam/|publisher=AP state portal|access-date=16 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215170822/http://www.ap.gov.in/about-ap/districts/prakasam/|archive-date=15 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=1}} After 2025 district reorganisation, it is bounded by [[Markapuram district]] in the west, [[Nellore district|SPSR Nellore district]] in the south west, [[Palnadu district|Palnadu]] in the north, [[Bapatla district|Bapatla]] district in the north east, and [[Bay of Bengal]] in the south.

The district has 50 kilometres of coastline. [[Kothapatnam]] of Kothapatnam Mandal and [[Pakala, Prakasam district|Pakala]] of Singarayakonda Mandal are prominent beaches. Gundlakamma, [[Musi River (India)|Musi]] and [[Paleru]] are the major rivers in the district. Smaller rivers such as the Thammileru, Sagileru and Gudisileru and streams like Ogeruvagu, Nallavagu and Vedimangala Vagu also flow in the district.{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=2}}

===Climate===
Before the district restructure effective on 30th December 2025, the district has a moderate climate in the coastal areas and a hot climate in the non-coastal areas. The normal maximum and minimum temperatures recorded in the district are 40.20 C and 20.30 C respectively. The maximum temperature is usually recorded in the months of April - June. The district receives its rainfall mostly from South West and North-East monsoon. The normal rainfall is 366.2 mm and 384.7 mm respectively.{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=III}}

===Flora and Fauna===
Orchids, casuarinas and cashew plantations are common in the coastal areas.{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=III}}

===Irrigation===
[[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam|Nagarjuna Sagar Project]] and Krishna Western Delta are major irrigation projects. Mopadu Reservoir, Paleru-Bitragunta Anicut, and Cumbum Tank are major sources of medium irrigation.{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=III}} 

===Mineral resources ===
Chimakurthi is known for its [[granite]] reserves.The minerals found in the district are [[Baryte]], [[iron ore]], [[quartz]], and [[silica sand]].<ref name="mining"/>

== Demographics ==
Based on 2011 [[2011 census of India|census of India]], the undivided district before 2022 had a population of 3,397,448 with a density of 193 persons per sq.km. The total population constitute 17,14,764 males and 16,82,684 females –a ratio of 981 females per 1000 males. The total urban population is 664,582 (19.56%).<ref name="census">{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook – Prakasam|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2818_PART_B_DCHB_PRAKASAM.pdf |website=Census of India|access-date=18 January 2016|pages=16–17, 48}}</ref>{{rp|20}} There are 19,04,435 literates with a literacy rate of 63.08%.<ref name=census />{{rp|21}}
The district had a sex ratio of 971 females per 1000 males. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 537,159 (23.48%) and 88,209 (3.86%) of the population respectively.<ref name="demographics">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Prakasam |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/126/download/154/DH_2011_2818_PART_A_DCHB_PRAKASAM.pdf|website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>{{rp|77-81}}

Based on 2011 census numbers updated for restructure in 2022, the district had a population of 22,88,026, of which 444,865 (19.44%) lived in urban areas.
93.88% of the population spoke [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and 5.05% [[Urdu]] as their first language in the undivided district.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Andhra Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10193/download/13305/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> Hinduism is the major religion.
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Prakasam district (2011), updated for 2022 restructure<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value1 = 93.88 |color1 = steelblue
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 5.05 |color2 = green
|label3 = Others |value3 = 1.07 |color3 = grey
}}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Prakasam district (2011), updated for 2022 restructure<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion - Andhra Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11363/download/14476/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|92.96}}
{{bar percent|[[Andhra Muslims|Islam]]|green|6.30}}
{{bar percent|[[Telugu Christians|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.52}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.22}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

== Economy ==

The Gross district domestic product (GDDP) of the undivided district is {{INRConvert|35962|c|abbr=on}} and it contributes 6.9% to the [[Gross State Domestic Product of Indian states|Gross state domestic product (GSDP)]]. For the FY 2013–14, the [[per capita income]] at current prices was {{INRConvert|85765}}. The [[Primary sector of the economy|primary]], [[secondary sector of the economy|secondary]] and [[tertiary sector of the economy|tertiary sectors]] of the district contribute {{INRConvert|12875|c|abbr=on}}, {{INRConvert|7897|c|abbr=on}} and {{INRConvert|15190|c|abbr=on}}, respectively.<ref name="apedb">{{cite web|title=Economy of Prakasam District|url=http://apedb.gov.in/infrastrctr.html|website=Andhra Pradesh Economic Development Board|access-date=25 April 2017}}</ref> The major products contributing to the [[Gross value added|GVA]] of the district from agriculture and allied services are, [[tobacco]], [[paddy (unmilled rice)|paddy]], [[chillies]], batavia, [[milk]], [[meat]] and [[Fishery|fisheries]]. The [[Gross value added|GVA]] to the industrial and service sector is contributed from [[construction]], minor minerals, unorganised trade and ownership of [[dwelling]]s.<ref name="apedb" />

=== Industries ===
The district has many service industries such as industrial testing, electrical appliance repair, clinical laboratories, servicing of computer hardware, tourism, and hospitality. Major exports from the district include seafood, processed tobacco, granite blocks, granite monuments and yarn.<ref name="dist prof">{{cite web|title=Brief Industrial Profile of Prakasam District|url=http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/amended%20prakasam.pdf|website=Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises, Government of India|publisher=Development Commissioner (MSME)|access-date=16 June 2014|archive-date=23 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823174025/http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/amended%20prakasam.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are many industries of food and agriculture, mineral, chemical, leather, plastic and rubber, engineering, cotton and textiles, electronic products. All these industries deal with prawn and fish processing and canning, dairy products, the granite industry, pharmaceuticals, tanning, fishing nets, surgical cotton, etc. Forest-based industries produce Ayurvedic medicines, essential oil (Palm Rose Oil), wooden furniture, wooden toys, bamboo products, etc.<ref name=mining />

=== Mining ===
The district leads in granite mining in the state. ''Galaxy Granite'' is found in the Chimakurthy area of the district.<ref name=mining>{{cite web|title=Geology and Mineral Resources of Prakasam District|url=http://apmines.org/?page_id=920|publisher=Department of mines and geology, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=16 June 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140616085846/http://apmines.org/?page_id=920|archive-date=16 June 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Politics==
===Parliament constitutencies===
The district is part of [[Ongole (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ongole]], [[Bapatla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bapatla]], and [[Nellore Lok Sabha constituency|Nellore]] Lok Sabha constituencies.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=31}}</ref>

===Assembly segments===

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Assembly segments<ref name="ceo"/>
!width="50px" style="font-size:75%"|Constituency number
!Name
!style="font-size:75%"|Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
!Parliament
|-
|103
|[[Darsi (Assembly constituency)|Darsi]]
|None
|[[Ongole Lok Sabha constituency|Ongole]]
|-
|105
|[[Addanki Assembly constituency|Addanki]]
|None
| rowspan="2" |[[Bapatla Lok Sabha constituency |Bapatla]]
|-
|107
|[[Santhanuthalapadu (Assembly constituency)|Santhanuthalapadu]]
|[[Dalit|SC]]
|-
|108
|[[Ongole (Assembly constituency)|Ongole]]
|None
|[[Ongole Lok Sabha constituency|Ongole]]
|-
| 109
|[[Kandukur Assembly constituency|Kandukur]]
| None
| [[Nellore Lok Sabha constituency|Nellore]]
|-
|110
|[[Kondapi Assembly constituency|Kondapi]]
| [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]]
| [[Ongole Lok Sabha constituency|Ongole]]
|-
|}

== Administrative divisions ==
{{See also|List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh}}
The district comprises three revenue divisions viz.,Addanki, Kandukur and Ongole. There are a total of 27 mandals, with 10 in Addanki division, 7 in Kandukur division, and 11 in Ongole division.<ref name="eenadu-20251230"/> Urban administrative divisions of Panchayatraj include Ongole (Municipal Corporation), Addanki (Municipality), Kandukur (Municipality) and 2 Nagar panchayats for Chimakurthy and Darsi.{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=5}} The rural administrative divisions of Panchayatraj include 715 Gram Panchayats. There are about 769 Inhabited Revenue villages in the district.{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=III}}

=== Mandals ===
{{Overpass-turbo|https://overpass-turbo.eu/s/1tiv|Mandals of Prakasam district}}

The list of 28 mandals in Prakasam district under three revenue divisions are listed in the following table:
{{Div col|colwidth=16em|rules=yes|gap=2em}}
# [[Addanki revenue division]]
## [[Addanki mandal|Addanki]]
## [[Ballikurava mandal|Ballikurava]]
## [[Darsi mandal|Darsi]]
## [[Donakonda mandal|Donakonda]]
## [[J. Panguluru mandal|J. Panguluru]]
## [[Korisapadu mandal|Korisapadu]]
## [[Kurichedu mandal|Kurichedu]]
## [[Mundlamuru mandal|Mundlamuru]]
## [[Santhamaguluru mandal|Santhamaguluru]]
## [[Thallur mandal|Thallur]]
# [[Kandukur revenue division]]
## [[Gudluru mandal|Gudluru]]
## [[Kandukur mandal|Kandukur]]
## [[Lingasamudram mandal|Lingasamudram]]
## [[Marripudi mandal|Marripudi]]
## [[Ponnaluru mandal|Ponnaluru]]
## [[Ulavapadu mandal|Ulavapadu]]
## [[Voletivaripalem mandal|Voletivaripalem]]
# [[Ongole revenue division]]
## [[Chimakurthy mandal|Chimakurthy]]
## [[Kondapi mandal|Kondapi]]
## [[Kothapatnam mandal|Kothapatnam]]
## [[Maddipadu mandal|Maddipadu]]
## [[Naguluppalapadu mandal|Naguluppalapadu]]
## [[Ongole mandal|Ongole Rural]]
## [[Ongole mandal|Ongole Urban]]
## [[Santhanuthalapadu mandal|Santhanuthalapadu]]
## [[Singarayakonda mandal|Singarayakonda]]
## [[Tanguturu mandal|Tanguturu]]
## [[Zarugumalli mandal|Zarugumalli]]

{{Div end}}

=== Cities and Towns ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Cities and towns in Prakasam District{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=5}}
!Ciy/Town!! Civil status!! Revenue Division !!Population (2011)
|-
| [[Ongole]]
| Municipal corporation
| Ongole
| 2,08,344

|-
| [[Addanki]]
| Municipality
| Addanki
| 60,022
|-
| [[Darsi]]
| Municipality
| Addanki
| 33,418
|-
| [[Kandukur]]
| Municipality
| Kandukur
| 57,315
|-
| [[Chimakurthy]]
| Nagara Panchayathi
| Ongole
| 30,279
|}

== Transport ==

The total road length of [[state highway]]s in the undivided district is {{Convert|1184|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aprdc.ap.gov.in/Documents/DOWNLOADDOCUMENTS/STATE%20SH%20ROADS.pdf|title=Existing State Highways|website=Andhra Pradesh Road Development Corporation|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|page=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920122729/http://aprdc.ap.gov.in/Documents/DOWNLOADDOCUMENTS/STATE%20SH%20ROADS.pdf|archive-date=20 September 2018|access-date=11 May 2019}}</ref> The district is well connected by [[National highways of India|national highways]], state highways and district roads as well. The [[National Highway 16 (India)|NH 16]] passes through [[Ongole]] which is the major highway connecting the cities of [[Howrah]] and [[Chennai]], a part of [[Asian Highway Network]] [[AH45]].

The district has a rail network of {{Convert|406|km|abbr=on}}. The entire rail network is under the [[South Central Railway zone]]. {{Stnlnk|Ongole}} is one of the main stations of this district and most of the stations are under [[Vijayawada railway division]].

== Education ==
The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the state's School Education Department.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Education Department |url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227185018/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|archive-date=27 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Department of School Education – Official AP State Government Portal |url=http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations-2/school-education/ |website=www.ap.gov.in |access-date=7 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413205259/http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations-2/school-education/ |archive-date=13 April 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As per the school information report for the academic year 2015–16, there are a total of 4,311 schools. They include, 33 government, 2,949 mandal and zilla parishads, 1 residential, 1079 private, 10 model, 37 Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV), 50 municipal and 152 other types of schools.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Information Report|url=http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls#|website=Commissionerate of School Education|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=8 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108154343/http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls|archive-date=8 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The total number of students enrolled in primary, upper primary and high schools of the district are 562,510.<ref name="student">{{cite web|title=Student Information Report|url=http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/districtStudentReport.do|website=Commissionerate of School Education|publisher=Child info 2015–16, District School Education – Andhra Pradesh|access-date=8 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522011144/http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/districtStudentReport.do|archive-date=22 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The total number of students enrolled in primary, upper primary and high schools of the district are 461,065.<ref name="student" />

Rajeev Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies, Ongole campus is at [[Santhanuthalapadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rguktong.ac.in/index.php |title=RGUKT Ongole |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=RGUKT Ongole}}</ref> [[Andhra Kesari University]] was approved in 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=Prakasam to realise dream of university after 50-year wait|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/prakasam-to-realise-dream-of-university-after-50-year-wait-717008|publisher=The Hans India|access-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>

==Tourism==
{{Maplink|frame=yes|zoom=7|text=Prakasam district tourist places (After zoom, move mouse to get more details)
|type=shape|id=Q15390|description=Prakasam District|stroke-color=#0000FF|stroke-width=3
|type2=point|coord2={{Coord|15.854|79.962}}|title2=Prasannajaneyaswamy Temple, Singarakonda|marker2=place-of-worship
|type3=point|id3=Q6434013|title3=Kothapatnam beach|marker3=beach
|type4=point|id4=Q15222300|title4=Gundalkamma reservoir, Mallavaram|marker4=dam
|type5=point|id5=Q22330090|title5=Chandavaram Buddhist site,Chandvaram|marker5=historic
}}
Prasannanjaneya swamy temple at [[Singarakonda]] near Addanki is a popular pilgrimage center. This temple was said to be constructed in the 15th century by Vijayanagara king Devarayalu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/devotees-make-a-beeline-for-singarakonda-for-temple-fete/article8390867.ece |title=Devotees make a beeline for Singarakonda for temple fete |date=2016-03-24 |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Mahasivaratri is celebrated in a grand manner at Ganga Bhramarambha Sameta Malleswara Swamy temple, [[Manikeswaram]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/siva-temples-gear-up-for-the-festival/article6903335.ece |title=Siva temples gear up for the festival |date=2015-02-17 |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=AP Tourism E-Brochure Bapatla district |year=2023 |url=https://aptourism.gov.in/media-data/brouchers/33-4cfb67ceaa53d3394be4beb6f6d44edf727d7fd1.pdf}}</ref>

== Some notable people ==
* [[Tanguturi Prakasam]]: a freedom fighter who was also the first Chief Minister of Andhra State and Chief Minister of Madras Presidency
* [[M. Visvesvaraya|Mokshagundam Viswesvarayya]]: a prominent civil engineer who built and planned many projects like the Tirupati ghat roads and more
* [[U. Aswathanarayana]]: director of the Mahadevan International Centre for Water Resources Management in India.
* [[Bhanumathi Ramakrishna]]: a film actress who was also a producer, director and singer
* [[D. Ramanaidu]]: a film producer
* [[Tottempudi Krishna]]: a film director and editor
* [[Tottempudi Gopichand]]: a film actor known for his antagonistic roles in the films, [[Jayam (2002 film)|''Jayam'']] (2002) and [[Varsham (2004 film)|''Varsham'']] (2004)
* [[Giri Babu]]: a film actor
* [[Raghu Babu]]: a film actor and comedian in Telugu cinema
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]]: a comedian in Telugu cinema
* [[Pullela Gopichand]]: an all-england champion and national badminton coach
* [[Yarlagadda Nayudamma]]: a consultant paediatric surgeon. Former HRD Minister in the UPA 2 government
* [[Daggubati Purandeswari]]: daughter of N. T. Rama Rao and is married to [[Daggubati Venkateswara Rao]]
* [[GVL Narsimha Rao]]: a [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] politician.

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Books===
{{Cite book |last=CPO|title=District Handbook of Statistics -2020 (Updated for district reorganisation in 2022) |year=2022 |location=Ongole |language=English|url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3f3f27a324736617f20abbf2ffd806f6d/uploads/2022/04/2022040588.pdf}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links| wikt=no | commons=Category:Prakasam district | b=no | n=no | q=no | s=no | v=no | voy=no | species=no | d=Q15390}}

* [https://prakasam.ap.gov.in Official site]

{{Geographic location|state=expanded
|Centre = Prakasam district
|North = [[Palnadu district]]
|Northeast =[[Bapatla district]]
|East = [[Bay of Bengal]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Nellore district]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Markapuram district]]
|Northwest = [[Markapuram district]]
}}
{{Prakasam district}}
{{Districts of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Prakasam district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1970 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Mangulam

2026-03-11T04:17:32Z

MaryjoM897:

{{Short description|Neighbourhood in Madurai district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{other uses|Mankulam (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
[[File:Mangulam inscription.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Mangulam Jain inscriptions (model)]]
{{Jainism}}

'''Mangulam''' or '''Mankulam''' is a village in [[Madurai district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It is located {{convert|25|km}} from [[Madurai]].<ref name="tnarch">{{cite web | url=http://www.tnarch.gov.in/excavation/Mangulam.htm | title=Mangulam | publisher=Department of Archaeology, Government of Tamil Nadu | accessdate=21 February 2014}}</ref> The inscriptions discovered in the region are the earliest [[Tamil-Brahmi]] inscriptions.<ref name="Mahadevan2003">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZBkAAAAMAAJ&q=mangulam+iravatham+mahadevan | title=Early Tamil epigraphy from the earliest times to the sixth century A.D. | publisher=Harvard University Press | author=Iravatham Mahadevan | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-674-01227-1}}</ref><ref name="University" />

== History ==
A hill southeast of the village known as Mangulam hill or [[Kalugumalai]]<ref name="Lālavānī1991">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LpnXAAAAMAAJ&q=mangulam+Kalugumalai | title=Jainthology: An Anthology of Articles Selected from the Jain Journal of Last 25 Years | publisher=Jain Bhawan | author=Gaṇeśa Lālavānī | year=1991}}</ref> (eagle hill) or Ovamalai,<ref name="tnarch" /> is where [[Tamil Jain]] monks lived in the caves during when their religion flourished in the ancient [[Tamil country]]. They converted the caves into their ''Palli'' (monastery)<ref name="KasturiMadhavan2007">{{cite book|author1=Prema Kasturi|author2=Chithra Madhavan|title=South India heritage: an introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_HwMAQAAMAAJ|year=2007|publisher=East West Books (Madras)|isbn=978-81-88661-64-0}}</ref> and lived here from 3 BCE to the 9th century CE.<ref name="University">{{cite web | url=http://www.jainart.uni-bonn.de/image-database-1/tamil-nadu/kalugumalai | title=Kalugumalai | publisher=[[University of Bonn]] | accessdate=22 February 2014 | archive-date=27 February 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227015143/http://www.jainart.uni-bonn.de/image-database-1/tamil-nadu/kalugumalai | url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Mangulam inscriptions ===
Mangulam inscriptions were discovered by [[Robert Sewell (historian)|Robert Sewell]] in the caves of the hill in 1882.<ref name="Jaina treasure">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/jaina-treasure-trove-in-mankulam-village/article365626.ece | title=Jaina treasure trove in Mankulam village | work=The Hindu | date=1 January 2009 | accessdate=22 February 2014}}</ref> This was the earliest finding of such kind of inscriptions. In 1906, Indian [[epigraphist]] [[V. Venkayya]] tried to read the inscriptions and found that it similar to the [[Brahmi script]] in [[Edicts of Ashoka|Ashokan edicts]], he thought that the inscriptions were in [[Pali language]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.varalaaru.com/design/article.aspx?ArticleID=866 | title=பழந்தமிழ்க் கல்வெட்டுகள் | publisher=Varalaaru.com | accessdate=23 February 2014 | language=Tamil}}</ref><ref name="essays">{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/stream/IndologicalEssays2/IndologySiromoney1_djvu.txt | title=Indological essays — Pulli in the Tamil Brahmi Script | publisher=Internet Archive | work=Department of Statistics, Madras Christian College | accessdate=23 February 2014 | author=Iravatham Mahadevan | pages=146–147}}</ref> In 1919, epigraphist [[H. Krishna Sastri]] identified few Tamil words in the inscriptions.<ref name="essays" /> In 1924, [[K. V. Subrahmanya Aiyar]] discovered that inscriptions are in Tamil with some [[Prakrit]] loan words in the Brahmi script and concluded that script is Tamil-Brahmi.<ref name="Jaina treasure" /> In 1965, [[Iravatham Mahadevan]] recorded the inscriptions in the caves<ref name="Mahadevan2003" /> and dated it to the late 3rd century BCE.<ref name="Bengtson2008">{{cite book|author=John D. Bengtson|title=In Hot Pursuit of Language in Prehistory: Essays in the Four Fields of Anthropology : in Honor of Harold Crane Fleming|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xxcdjUGfx40C&pg=PA427|date=January 2008|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|isbn=978-90-272-3252-6|pages=427–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TRxJDwAAQBAJ&q=Mangulam+3rd+century&pg=PA43 | title=Reading History with the Tamil Jainas: A Study on Identity, Memory and Marginalisation | publisher=Springer | author=R. Umamaheshwari | year=2018| isbn=978-81-322-3756-3| page = 43}}</ref>

There are five caves in the hill of which six inscriptions are found in four caves.<ref name="Jaina treasure" /> These were inscribed during [[Sangam period]], hence it is considered one of the important inscriptions in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/an-epigraphic-perspective-on-the-antiquity-of-tamil/article482654.ece | title=An epigraphic perspective on the antiquity of Tamil | work=The Hindu | date=24 June 2010 | accessdate=23 February 2014}}</ref> Archeologists found [[sherd]]s, [[Sling (weapon)|sling stones]]<ref name="tnarch" /> and an ancient burial site<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/07/05/stories/2004070502350400.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041127200504/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/07/05/stories/2004070502350400.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=27 November 2004 | title=Jain vestiges | date=5 July 2004 | work=[[The Hindu]] | accessdate=21 February 2014}}</ref> during the excavation in the region. In 2007, Tamil Nadu Archaeology Department excavated the ruins of the Jain prayer halls of Sangam period.<ref name="Jaina treasure" /> The inscriptions are among the [[List of State Protected Monuments in Tamil Nadu|protected monuments in Tamil Nadu]] by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_protected_monu_tamil_nadu.asp | title=Protected Monuments in Tamil Nadu | publisher=Archaeological Survey of India | accessdate=25 February 2014 | quote=S. No.8 — Ovamalai Kalvettu (inscriptions)}}</ref>

==== Content ====
The inscriptions mentions that workers of [[Nedunjeliyan I|Neṭuñceḻiyaṉ I]], a [[Pandyan]] king of Sangam period, ({{circa|270 BCE}}) made stone beds for Jain monks. It further details the name of worker for whom he made stone bed. For example, an inscription shows that Kaṭalaṉ Vaḻuti, a worker ({{lang|ta|பணஅன்}}- accountant; he was also related family) of Neṭuñceḻiyaṉ, made a stone bed for the Jain monk Nanta-siri Kuvaṉ.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tamilvu.org/tdb/titles_cont/inscription/html/mankulam.htm | title=மாங்குளம் தமிழ்க் கல்வெட்டுக்கள் | publisher=[[Tamil Virtual University]] | accessdate=23 February 2014 | language=Tamil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ashok |first=Sowmiya |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Bf6fEQAAQBAJ&pg=PT170&dq=tamil+Inscription+keeladi+dating&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiFpLX7-5aTAxXTSWwGHe8OItIQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=tamil%20Inscription%20keeladi%20dating&f=false |title=The Dig: Keeladi and the Politics of India’s Past |date=2025-12-23 |publisher=Hachette India |isbn=978-93-5731-853-2 |language=en}}</ref>

{{Gallery |perrow=2 |mode=packed |align=center
|File:S-TN-36 Ovamalai Kallvettu Hill Mangulam Madurai.jpg|The longest inscription at the site, and the earliest known Tamil-Brāhmī inscription. It records the gift by the Pandya king Neṭuñceḻiyaṉ of a monastery to the senior Jain monk Nanta-siri Kuvaṉ.
|File:S-TN-36 Ovamalai Kallvettu Archaeology Board Mangulam.jpg|Information board by Department of Archaeology, on the left is description about the Mangulam Tamil Brahmi inscriptions and actual translation is on the right.
|File:Tamil_Inscriptions.jpg|Mangulam inscriptions explained.
|File:Mangulam Tamil Inscriptions 01.jpg|Mangulam inscription no.2 explained.
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commonscat inline}}

{{coord|10.033227|N|78.243114|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{Jain history}}
{{Madurai district}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Villages in Madurai district]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Jain rock-cut architecture]]
[[Category:Tamil Brahmi script]]
[[Category:Hills of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Caves of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2nd-century BC Jain temples]]

Narayanavanam mandal

2026-03-09T13:08:21Z

MaryjoM897:

{{Short description|Mandal in Tirupati district, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Narayanavanam mandal
| native_name = నారాయణవనం మండలం
| native_name_lang = te
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|Revenue division]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Srikalahasti revenue division|Srikalahasti]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
| population_total = 37041
| population_as_of = 2011
| area_total_km2 = 114
| area_footnotes = <ref name=":0" />
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_footnotes = <ref name=":3" />
| population_urban = 2802
| population_urban_footnotes = <ref name=":3" />
| population_rural = 6564
| population_rural_footnotes = <ref name=":3" />
| coordinates = {{coord|13|24|14|N|79|34|37|E}}
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| mapframe = yes
}}

'''Narayanavanam mandal''' ({{Langx|te|నారాయణవనం మండలం}}) is one of the 36 [[mandal]]s in [[Tirupati district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is administered as a part of [[Srikalahasti revenue division]].

== History ==
Narayanavanam mandal was a part of [[Chittoor district]] until 2022. It was made part of the newly formed Tirupati district effective from 4 April 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 December 2015 |title=Eastern mandals in Chittoor marooned |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/eastern-mandals-in-chittoor-marooned/article7938655.ece |access-date=6 September 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=3 April 2022 |title=New AP Map: Check Out Biggest and Smallest Districts in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=[[Sakshi Post]] |language=en |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601231914/https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{bar box|title=Religions in Narayanavanam mandal (2011)|titlebar=#Fcd116|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|bars={{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|darkorange|99.32}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|0.41}}
{{bar percent|[[Telugu Christians|Christians]]|dodgerblue|0.07}}
{{bar percent|Others or not stated|black|0.20}}|caption=Distribution of religions<ref name=":0" />|float=right}}

{{As of|2011|alt=As per 2011 census}}, Narayanavanam mandal had a total population of 37,041 with 18,658 male population and 18,383 female population with a density of {{Pop density|37041|114|km2}}. It had a [[Human sex ratio|sex ratio]] of 985. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] made up 10,417 and 1,983 of the population respectively. It had a literacy rate of 71.46% with 80.44% among males and 62.39% among females.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook - Chittoor |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2823_PART_B_DCHB_CHITTOOR.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113225924/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2823_PART_B_DCHB_CHITTOOR.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2015 |access-date=6 September 2022 |publisher=[[Government of India]] |pages=46–47}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Handbook of Statistics - Chittoor district |url=https://core.ap.gov.in/cmdashboard/Download/Publications/DHB/Chittoor%20-%202018.pdf |access-date=6 September 2022 |publisher=[[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] |pages=XXXII,3, 5, 30, 32, 34, 62}}</ref>

== Administration ==
Narayanavanam mandal is a part of [[Srikalahasti revenue division]].<ref name=":2" /> As of 2011 census, the mandal comprises [[Narayanavanam]] census town and the following 15 villages:<ref name=":3" />
{{srn}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Village
|-
| Aranyam Khandriga
|-
| Bheemunicheruvu
|-
| Boppa Raju Palem
|-
| Diguvakanakam Palem
|-
| Erikambattu
|-
| Ipppam Thangal
|-
| Kalyanapuram
|-
| Kasimmitta
|-
| Keelagaram
|-
| Kondalacheruvu
|-
| [[Palamangalam]] Dakshini
|-
| Samudayam
|-
| Thiruvatyam
|-
| Thumbur
|-
| Venkata Krishna Palem
|}

== Politics ==
Narayanavanam mandal is a part of [[Satyavedu Assembly constituency]] and [[Tirupati Lok Sabha constituency]]. {{As of|2018|10|8}}, the mandal had 24,544 eligible voters with 12,216 male voters and 12,328 female voters.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Tirupati district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Tirupati district]]

Sollu Thambi Sollu

2026-03-04T05:00:36Z

MaryjoM897: expanded information as per guidelines

{{short description|1959 film by T. V. Sundaram}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sollu Thambi Sollu
| image = Sollu Thambi Sollu.jpg

| caption = Poster
| director = T. V. Sundaram
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[As You Like It]]''|[[William Shakespeare]]}}
| producer = T. V. Sundaram
| starring = [[Prem Nazir]] [[Rajasulochana]]
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| studio = T. V. S. Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1959|3|27}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Sollu Thambi Sollu''''' ({{translation|Tell Me, Brother}}) is a 1959 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film produced and directed by T. V. Sundaram. It is an adaptation of the [[William Shakespeare]] play ''[[As You Like It]]''. The film stars [[Prem Nazir]] and [[Rajasulochana]]. It was released on 27 March 1959, and did not succeed commercially.

== Plot ==
Chinnathambi, the only son of a wealthy estate owner Sundaram Pillai, falls in love with Kalyani, the daughter of a poor clerk, but their romance faces obstacles.<ref name="theekkathir" />

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Prem Nazir]] as Chinnathambi<ref name="theekkathir" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 July 2018 |title=கலைமாமணி வாமனனின் 'நிழலல்ல நிஜம்' – 138 {{!}} பிரேம் நசீர் தமிழில் சம்சாரித்தபோது ! |language=ta |work=[[Dinamalar]] |location=Nellai |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/53854/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E2%80%98%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E2%80%99-%E2%80%93-138 |url-status=usurped |access-date=2 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102112151/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/53854/%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25B2%25E0%25AF%2588%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AE%25A3%25E0%25AE%25BF-%25E0%25AE%25B5%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AE%25A9%25E0%25AE%25A9%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25A9%25E0%25AF%258D-%25E2%2580%2598%25E0%25AE%25A8%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25B4%25E0%25AE%25B2%25E0%25AE%25B2%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25B2-%25E0%25AE%25A8%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%259C%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%258D%25E2%2580%2599-%25E2%2580%2593-138 |archive-date=2 November 2018}}</ref>
* [[Rajasulochana]] as Kalyani<ref name="theekkathir">{{Cite news |date=24 June 2018 |title=விந்தனின் திரைப்பயணம் சொந்தப் படமும் வந்த படங்களும்: திருநின்றவூர் சந்தானகிருஷ்ணன் |language=ta |work=[[Theekkathir]] |url=https://theekkathir.in/2018/06/24/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A/ |url-status=live |access-date=2 November 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181102075611/https://theekkathir.in/2018/06/24/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A/ |archive-date=2 November 2018}}</ref>
* [[S. S. Rajendran]]
* [[M. N. Nambiar]]
* [[T. S. Muthaiah]]
* [[K. Sarangapani]]
* Friend Ramasamy
* [[G. Sakunthala]]
* [[T. A. Mathuram]]
* [[S. D. Subbulakshmi]]
* K. S. Angamuthu
}}

== Production ==
''Sollu Thambi Sollu'' is an adaptation of the [[William Shakespeare]] play ''[[As You Like It]]'',{{sfn|Baskaran|1996 |p=169}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran |date=23 April 2016 |title=Of monologues and melodrama |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/theodore-baskaran-on-shakespeareinspired-tamil-films/article8510087.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2 November 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181102080351/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/theodore-baskaran-on-shakespeareinspired-tamil-films/article8510087.ece |archive-date=2 November 2018}}</ref> and was in development as early as July 1958.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 July 1958 |title=Sollu Thambi Sollu |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19580705&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=8 December 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> It was directed by T. V. Sundaram, who also produced the film under his own company T. V. S. Productions.<ref name="Anandan" /> The dialogues were written by Vindhan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 April 2018 |title='கூண்டுக்கிளி' வசனகர்த்தா விந்தன்..! கதை சொல்லிகளின் கதை - பாகம் 21 |language=ta |work=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |url=https://www.vikatan.com/news/miscellaneous/123532-the-story-of-story-tellers-part-21-vindhan.html |url-status=live |access-date=2 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616214908/https://www.vikatan.com/news/miscellaneous/123532-the-story-of-story-tellers-part-21-vindhan.html |archive-date=16 June 2018}}</ref> The final length of the film was {{convert|16053|metres|feet}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 1959 |title=Sollu Thambi Sollu (Celluloid) |url=http://movies.syzygy.in/censor/sollu-thambi-sollu-celluloid |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181102111953/http://movies.syzygy.in/censor/sollu-thambi-sollu-celluloid |archive-date=2 November 2018 |access-date=2 November 2018 |publisher=[[Central Board of Film Certification]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=1959 |title=Sollu Thambi Sollu (Tamil) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIkQWYK8drUC&q=%22Sollu+Thambi+Sollu%22 |url-status=live |magazine=Punjab Government Gazette, Part 2 |pages=647 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612053056/https://books.google.com/books?id=QIkQWYK8drUC&q=%22Sollu+Thambi+Sollu%22 |archive-date=12 June 2022 |access-date=16 August 2019}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].<ref name="Anandan">{{Cite web |title=1959 – சொல்லுத்தம்பி சொல்லு – டி.வி.எஸ். புரொடக்சன்ஸ் |trans-title=1959 – Sollu Thambi Sollu – T. V. S. Productions |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1959-cinedetails21.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181102071856/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1959-cinedetails21.asp |archive-date=2 November 2018 |access-date=2 November 2018 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer/s !! Lyrics !! Duration
|-
| "Panbodu Ennaalume" || Seerkazhi Govindarajan & P. Susheela || rowspan=7|[[A. Maruthakasi]]|| 03:02
|-
| "Kavalai Ariyaamal" || P. Susheela || 03:35
|-
| "Aasai Mozhi Pesuthu" || Seerkazhi Govindarajan & Jikki || 03:13
|-
| "Solvadhu Onnu" || P. Susheela || 03:35
|-
| "Ulagaala Uruvaana Kalai" ||P. Susheela || 02:58
|-
| "Vattamittu Ennai Kettalaiya" || S. C. Krishnan ||
|-
| "Nere Ennai Nimirnthu" || S. C. Krishnan & L. R. Eswari ||
|-
| "Soodaadha Malaraai" || R. Balasaraswathi Devi || T. V. Kalyani || 03:00
|}

== Release ==
''Sollu Thambi Sollu'' was released on 27 March 1959,<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 March 1959 |title=Sollu Thambi Sollu |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19590327&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=2 November 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=8 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and did not succeed commercially.{{sfn|Paramasivam|2001|p=139}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |title=The Eye of the Serpent: An Introduction to Tamil Cinema |publisher=East West Books |year=1996 |location=Chennai |oclc=243920437 |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran}}
* {{Cite book |last=Paramasivam |first=M. |title=திரையுலகில் விந்தன் |publisher=Arul Pathipagam |year=2001 |location=Chennai |language=ta |trans-title=Vindhan in the world of cinema |oclc=50714256}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{As You Like It}}

[[Category:1959 Indian films]]
[[Category:1959 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1959 films]]
[[Category:1959 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films based on As You Like It]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]

String instrument

2026-03-04T04:34:33Z

MaryjoM897: typo fix

{{Short description|Class of musical instruments with vibrating strings}}
{{Refimprove|date=January 2013}}
[[File:StringInstruMAPDF.JPG|thumb|upright=1.4|Various string instruments; mostly [[History of lute-family instruments|lute family instruments]]]]
{{Musical instruments sidebar}}

In [[musical instrument classification]], '''string instruments''', or '''chordophones''', are [[musical instrument]]s that produce sound from [[vibrating strings]] when a performer [[strum]]s, plucks, strikes or sounds the strings in varying manners.

Musicians play some string instruments, like [[Guitar|guitars]], by plucking the [[String (music)|strings]] with their fingers or a [[plectrum|plectrum (pick)]], and others by hitting the strings with a light wooden hammer or by rubbing the strings with a [[bow (music)|bow]], like [[Violin|violins]]. In some [[keyboard (music)|keyboard]] instruments, such as the [[harpsichord]], the musician presses a key that plucks the string. Other musical instruments generate sound by striking the string.

With bowed instruments, the player pulls a rosined [[horsehair]] bow across the strings, causing them to vibrate. With a [[hurdy-gurdy]], the musician cranks a wheel whose rosined edge touches the strings.

Bowed instruments include the [[string section]] instruments of the [[orchestra]] in [[Western classical music]] ([[violin]], [[viola]], [[cello]] and [[double bass]]) and a number of other instruments (e.g., [[viol]]s and [[Viol|gambas]] used in [[early music]] from the [[Baroque music]] era and [[fiddle]]s used in many types of [[folk music]]). All of the bowed string instruments can also be plucked with the fingers, a technique called "[[pizzicato]]". A wide variety of techniques are used to sound [[Musical note|notes]] on the [[electric guitar]], including plucking with the [[Nail (anatomy)|fingernails]] or a plectrum, strumming and even "[[tapping]]" on the [[fingerboard]] and using [[feedback (guitar)|feedback]] from a loud, [[distortion (music)|distorted]] [[guitar amplifier]] to produce a sustained sound.

Some string instruments are mainly plucked, such as the [[harp]] and the [[electric bass]]. Other examples include the [[sitar]], [[rebab]], [[banjo]], [[mandolin]], [[ukulele]], and [[bouzouki]].

In the [[Hornbostel–Sachs]] scheme of [[musical instrument classification]], used in [[organology]], string instruments are called chordophones. According to [[Curt Sachs|Sachs]],{{sfn|Sachs|1940|p=463}}

{{Quote|Chordophones are instruments with strings. The strings may be struck with sticks, plucked with the bare fingers or a plectrum, bowed or (in the Aeolian harp, for instance) sounded by wind. The confusing plenitude of stringed instruments can be reduced to four fundamental type: zithers, lutes, lyres, and harps.}}

In most string instruments, the [[Vibration|vibrations]] are transmitted to the body of the instrument, which often incorporates some sort of hollow or enclosed area. The body of the instrument also vibrates, along with the air inside it. The vibration of the body of the instrument and the enclosed hollow or chamber make the vibration of the string more audible to the performer and audience. The body of most string instruments is hollow, in order to have better sound projection. Some, however—such as [[electric guitar]] and other instruments that rely on [[Amplifier|electronic amplification]]—may have a solid wood body.

== Classification ==
In [[musicology]], string instruments are known as chordophones. It is one of the five main divisions of instruments in the [[Hornbostel–Sachs]] scheme of [[musical instrument classification]].

Hornbostel–Sachs divides chordophones into two main groups: instruments without a [[resonator]] as an integral part of the instrument (which have the classification number 31, also known as 'simple'); and instruments with such a [[resonator]] (which have the classification number 32, also known as 'composite'). Most western instruments fall into the second group, but the [[piano]] and [[harpsichord]] fall into the first. Hornbostel and Sachs's criterion for determining which sub-group an instrument falls into is that if the resonator can be removed without destroying the instrument, then it is classified as 31. The idea that the piano's casing, which acts as a resonator, could be removed without destroying the instrument, may seem odd, but if the action and strings of the piano were taken out of its box, it could still be played. This is not true of the [[violin]], because the string passes over a [[Bridge (music)|bridge]] located on the resonator box, so removing the [[Acoustic resonance|resonator]] would mean the strings had no tension.

Curt Sachs also broke chordophones into four basic subcategories, "zithers, lutes, lyres and harps."<ref name="sachschordophones463-467">{{cite book|last=Sachs|first=Curt|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmusical00sach|title=The History of Musical Instruments|date=1940|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmusical00sach/page/463 463–467]|isbn=9780393020687|url-access=registration}}</ref>

* [[Zither]]s include ''stick zithers'' such as the [[musical bow]], ''[[Tube zither|tube zithers]]'' with a tube as the resonator such as the [[valiha]], [[Raft zither|raft zithers]] in which tube zithers are tied into a single "raft", ''board zithers'' including [[clavichord]] and [[piano]] and [[Dulcimer (disambiguation)|dulcimer]], and ''long zithers'' (described as combination of half-tube and board zithers) including [[Se (instrument)|Se]] and [[Guzheng]] families.
* [[Lute]]s are stringed musical instruments that include a body and "a [[Neck (music)|neck]] which serves both as a handle and as a means of stretching the strings beyond the body."<ref name="sachsshortlong">{{harvnb|Sachs|1940|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmusical00sach/page/464 464]}}</ref> The [[History of lute-family instruments|lute family]] includes not only ''short-necked plucked lutes'' such as the [[lute]], [[oud]], [[pipa]], [[guitar]], [[citole]], [[gittern]], [[Mandore (instrument)|mandore]], [[Rubab (instrument)|rubab]], and [[gambus]] and ''long-necked plucked lutes'' such as the [[tanbura]], [[swarabat]], [[bağlama]], [[bouzouki]], [[veena]], [[theorbo]], [[archlute]], [[pandura]], [[sitar]], [[setar]], but also ''bowed instruments'' such as the [[Yaylı tambur]], [[rebab]], [[erhu]], and entire family of [[Viol|viols]] and [[Violin|violins]].<ref name="sachsshortlong" />
* The [[lyre]] has two arms, which have a "yoke" or crossbar connecting them, and strings between the crossbar and the soundboard.<ref name="sachschordophones463-467" /> Sachs divided this into the ''box lyre'' such as the Greek [[kithara]] and the ''bowl lyre'' which used a bowl on its side with skin [[Sound board (music)|soundboard]].<ref name="sachschordophones463-467" />
* The [[harp]] which has strings vertical to the [[Soundboard (music)|soundboard]].<ref name="sachschordophones463-467" />

== Earliest string instruments ==
{{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
| align = right
| image2 = MusicalBow.gif
| width2 = 145
| alt2 = Musical bow
| caption2 = [[Musical bow]]s have survived in some parts of Africa.

| image1 = COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Harp-luit TMnr A-11006.jpg
| width1 = 150
| alt1 = Harp lute, from West Africa
| caption1 = Bow Harp or Harp Lute, West Africa
}}
Dating to around {{Circa|13,000 BC}}, a [[cave painting]] in the [[Trois Frères]] cave in France depicts what some believe is a [[musical bow]], a hunting bow used as a single-stringed musical instrument.<ref name=vanCampen>{{cite web | last1= Campen | first1= Ank van | title= The music-bow from prehistory till today | url= http://www.harphistory.info/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=65&Itemid=17&lang=en | website= HarpHistory.info | access-date= March 26, 2015 | quote= A cave-painting in the "Trois Frères" cave in France dating from about 15,000 years ago. The magician-hunter plays the musical bow. | url-status= live | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103518/http://www.harphistory.info/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=65&Itemid=17&lang=en | archive-date= April 2, 2015 }}</ref><ref name=frerescavedate>{{cite web|url= http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/prehistoric/trois-freres-cave.htm|title= Trois Freres Cave|access-date= March 27, 2015|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150318091929/http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/prehistoric/trois-freres-cave.htm|archive-date= March 18, 2015}}</ref> From the musical bow, families of stringed instruments developed; since each string played a single note, adding strings added new notes, creating [[African harp|bow harps]], [[harp]]s and [[lyres]].{{sfn|Dumbrill|2005|pp=179, 231, 235–236, 308–310}} In turn, this led to being able to play [[Dyad (music)|dyads]] and [[chord (music)|chords]]. Another innovation occurred when the bow harp was straightened out and a [[Bridge (instrument)|bridge]] used to lift the strings off the [[Neck (music)|stick-neck]], creating the lute.{{sfn|Dumbrill|2005|pp=308–310}}

This picture of musical bow to harp bow is theory and has been contested. In 1965 Franz Jahnel wrote his criticism stating that the early ancestors of plucked instruments are not currently known.<ref name=Jahnel>{{cite book |last=Jahnel |first=Franz |date=1965 |title=Manual of Guitar Technology: The History and Technology of Plucked String Instruments|series=Fachbuchreihe "Das Musikinstrument", vol. 37|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4QTfTINjQtUC&q=balkan%20mandolin&pg=PA15 |page=15 |isbn=0-933224-99-0|quote=There have been some uncertain presumptions concerning the "invention" of the bowed harp...The "musical bow" conjectured by many music scholars is not definitely recognizable in any cave paintings. The fact that some African negroes held the end of their bow-shaped harp in their mouths in order to improve the tone...should not be taken as proof that the first European bowmen were also conversant with the musical bow. }}</ref> He felt that the harp bow was a long cry from the sophistication of the civilizations of [[West Asia|western Asia]] in 4000 BC that took the primitive technology and created "technically and artistically well-made harps, lyres, [[Kithara|citharas]], and lutes."<ref name=Jahnel/>

[[Archaeological excavation|Archaeological digs]] have identified some of the earliest stringed instruments in [[Ancient Mesopotamia]]n sites, like the [[lyres of Ur]], which include [[Artifact (archaeology)|artifacts]] over three thousand years old. The development of [[lyre]] instruments required the [[music technology (mechanical)|technology]] to create a [[Tuning mechanisms for stringed instruments|tuning mechanism]] to tighten and loosen the string tension. Lyres with wooden bodies and strings used for plucking or playing with a bow represent [[Key (instrument)|key instruments]] that point towards later harps and violin-type instruments; moreover, [[Music of India|Indian instruments]] from 500 BC have been discovered with anything from 7 to 21 strings. In [[Vietnam]], a 2,000 year old, singularly stringed instrument made of deer antler was also discovered.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Campos |first1=Fredeliza Z. |last2=Hull |first2=Jennifer R. |last3=Hồng |first3=Vương Thu |title=In search of a musical past: evidence for early chordophones from Vietnam |journal=Antiquity |date=2023 |language=en |volume=97 |issue=391 |pages=141–157 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2022.170 |s2cid=257039609 |issn=0003-598X |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Lutes ==
{{further|History of lute-family instruments}}
{{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
| align = right
| image2 = Mérida pandurium.jpg
| width2 = 120
| alt2 = Sculpture of a Roman pandura in Spain
| caption2 =Spanish [[stele]] of a boy with a [[pandura]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Deceased is the Young Lutaia Lupata Who is Shown Playing the Lute or Pandurium |date=20 September 2014 |url=https://m.flickr.com/#/photos/julio-claudians/8098646683/ |quote=Museum information sign for the stele. Circa 2nd century AD memorial [[stele]] from [[Augusta Emerita]] in modern Spain for a Roman boy, Lutaia Lupata, showing him with his pandurium, the Roman variant of the Greek Pandura. Kept at the Museo Arqueologico, [[Mérida, Spain]]. |via=flickr}}</ref>

| image1 = Indo-GreekBanquet.JPG
| width1 = 165
| alt1 = Gandhara banquet with lute player
| caption1 = Hellenistic banquet scene from the 1st century AD, [[Hadda, Afghanistan|Hadda]], [[Gandhara]]. Lute player far right.
}}

[[Musicology|Musicologists]] have put forth examples of that 4th-century BC technology, looking at engraved images that have survived. The earliest image showing a lute-like instrument came from [[Mesopotamia]] prior to 3000 BC.<ref name=Dumbrillp321>{{harvnb|Dumbrill|2005|p=321}}</ref> A [[cylinder seal]] from {{Circa|3100 BC}} or earlier (now in the possession of the [[British Museum]]) shows what is thought to be a woman playing a stick lute.<ref name="Dumbrillp321" /><ref name=Britishmuseum>{{cite web |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1447477&partId=1&people=24615&peoA=24615-3-17&page=1 |title=Cylinder seal |access-date=2017-06-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702214251/http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1447477&partId=1&people=24615&peoA=24615-3-17&page=1 |archive-date=2017-07-02 |publisher=[[British Museum]] |quote=Culture/period Uruk, Date 3100BC (circa1), Museum number 141632}}</ref> From the surviving images, theorists have categorized the Mesopotamian lutes, showing that they developed into a long variety and a short.{{sfn|Dumbrill|2005|p=310}} The line of long lutes may have developed into the [[tambur]]s and [[pandura]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Dumbrill |first=Richard J.|author-link=Richard Dumbrill (musicologist)|date=2005 |title=The Archaeomusicology of the Ancient Near East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nlm1Kbc7P5UC&q=dumbrill%2C%20long%20lutes&pg=PA320 |location=Victoria, British Columbia |publisher=Trafford Publishing |pages=319–320 |isbn=1-4120-5538-5|oclc=1020920823|quote=The long-necked lute in the OED is orthographed as tambura; tambora, tamera, tumboora; tambur(a) and tanpoora. We have an Arabic Õunbur; Persian tanbur; Armenian pandir; Georgian panturi, and a Serbo-Croat tamburitza. The Greeks called it pandura; panduros; phanduros; panduris or pandurion. The Latin is pandura. It is attested as a Nubian instrument in the third century BC. The earliest literary allusion to lutes in Greece comes from [[Anaxilas (comic poet)|Anaxilas]] in his play ''The Lyre-maker'' as 'trichordos'... According to [[Julius Pollux|Pollux]], the trichordon (sic) was [[Assyria]]n and they gave it the name pandoura...These instruments survive today in the form of the various Arabian ''tunbar''...}}</ref> The line of short lutes was further developed to the east of Mesopotamia, in [[Bactria]], [[Gandhara]], and [[Northwest India]], and shown in sculpture from the 2nd century BC through the 4th or 5th centuries AD.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/barbat|title=Barbat|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|date=1988-12-15 |access-date=2023-06-15|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517011447/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/barbat |archive-date=2015-05-17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://collections.lacma.org/node/201622|title=Five Celestial Musicians|website=LACMA.org|access-date=15 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010211908/http://collections.lacma.org/node/201622|archive-date=10 October 2017}} Views 3 & 4 show a musician playing a 4th- to 5th-century lute-like instrument, excavated in Gandhara, and part of a Los Angeles County Art Museum collection of ''Five Celestial Musicians''</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clevelandart.org/art/1980.15|title=Bracket with two musicians 100s, Pakistan, Gandhara, probably Butkara in Swat, Kushan Period (1st century-320)|publisher=The Cleveland Museum of Art|access-date=March 25, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101154/http://www.clevelandart.org/art/1980.15|archive-date=April 2, 2015}}</ref>

During the [[medieval era]], instrument development varied in different regions of the world. [[Middle East|Middle Eastern]] rebecs represented breakthroughs in terms of shape and strings, with a half a pear shape using three strings. Early versions of the violin and [[fiddle]], by comparison, emerged in Europe through instruments such as the [[gittern]], a four-stringed precursor to the guitar, and basic [[lute]]s. These instruments typically used catgut (animal intestine) and other materials, including silk, for their strings.

== Renaissance to modern ==
[[File:Viol, fidel and rebec.jpg|thumb|Viol, [[vielle|fidel]] and rebec (from left to right) on display at ''Amakusa Korejiyokan'' in Amakusa, Kumamoto, Japan]]
String instrument design was refined during the [[Renaissance]] and into the [[Baroque period]] (1600–1750) of musical history. [[Violins]] and [[guitars]] became more consistent in design and were roughly similar to [[Acoustic guitar|acoustic guitars]] of the 2000s. The violins of the [[Renaissance]] featured intricate [[woodwork]] and stringing, while more elaborate bass instruments such as the [[Bandora (instrument)|bandora]] were produced alongside quill-plucked [[cittern]]s, and Spanish body guitars.

In the 19th century, string instruments were made more widely available through mass production, with wood string instruments a key part of orchestras – [[Cello|cellos]], [[Viola|violas]], and [[Double bass|upright basses]], for example, were now standard instruments for [[Chamber music|chamber ensembles]] and smaller orchestras. At the same time, the 19th-century guitar became more typically associated with six-string models, rather than traditional five-string versions.

Major changes to string instruments in the 20th century primarily involved innovations in electronic [[instrument amplification]] and electronic music – [[Electric violin|electric violins]] were available by the 1920s and were an important part of emerging [[Jazz|jazz music]] trends in the United States. The [[acoustic guitar]] was widely used in [[blues]] and [[jazz]], but as an [[Acoustic music|acoustic instrument]], it was not loud enough to be a [[Solo (music)|solo instrument]], so these genres mostly used it as an [[accompaniment]] [[rhythm section]] instrument. In [[big band]]s of the 1920s, the [[acoustic guitar]] played backing chords, but it was not loud enough to play solos like the [[saxophone]] and [[trumpet]]. The development of guitar amplifiers, which contained a [[power amplifier]] and a [[loudspeaker]] in a [[speaker enclosure|wooden cabinet]], let [[jazz guitar]]ists play solos and be heard over a big band. The development of the [[electric guitar]] provided guitarists with an instrument that was built to connect to [[Guitar amplifier|guitar amplifiers]]. Electric guitars have [[magnetic pickup]]s, [[potentiometer|volume control knob]]s and an output jack.

In the 1960s, larger, more powerful guitar amplifiers were developed, called "stacks". These powerful amplifiers enabled guitarists to perform in [[Musical ensemble|rock bands]] that played in large venues such as [[Stadium|stadiums]] and outdoor music festivals (e.g., [[Woodstock Music Festival]]). Along with the development of [[Guitar amplifier|guitar amplifiers]], a large range of electronic [[effects unit]]s, many in small [[stompbox]] pedals, were introduced in the 1960s and 1970s, such as [[fuzz pedal]]s, [[flanger]]s, and [[Phaser (effect)|phasers]], enabling performers to create unique new sounds during the [[psychedelic rock]] era. Breakthroughs in [[electric guitar]] and [[Bass (sound)|bass]] technologies and playing styles enabled major breakthroughs in pop and rock music in the 1960s and 1970s. The distinctive sound of the amplified electric guitar was the centerpiece of new genres of music such as [[blues rock]] and [[Jazz fusion|jazz-rock fusion]]. The sonic power of the loudly amplified, highly [[distortion (music)|distorted]] electric guitar was the key element of the early [[heavy metal music]], with the distorted guitar being used in [[lead guitar]] roles, and with [[power chord]]s as a [[rhythm guitar]].

The ongoing use of [[Amplifier|electronic amplification]] and effects units in string instruments, ranging from traditional instruments like the violin to the new electric guitar, added variety to [[contemporary classical music]] performances, and enabled experimentation in the dynamic and timbre ([[Tone (musical instrument)|tone]] colour) range of orchestras, bands, and solo performances.<ref name="mp">{{cite book|author=Michael Chanan|title=Musica Practica: The Social Practice of Western Music from Gregorian Chant to Postmodernism|year=1994|publisher=Verso|isbn=978-1-85984-005-4|pages=170}}</ref>

==Types of instruments==
[[File:Dinastia tang, coppia di musici a cavallo, VIII-IX secolo ca. 02.jpg|thumb|A woman playing some kind of string instrument while riding a horse, [[Tang dynasty]]]]
===Construction===

String instruments can be divided into three groups:
;[[Lute]]s : Instruments that support the strings via a [[Neck (music)|neck]] and a bout (gourd), for instance a guitar, violin, or [[baglama|saz]]
;[[Harp]]s : Instruments that contain the strings within a frame
;[[Zither]]s : Instruments that have the strings mounted on a body, [[frame zither|frame]] or [[tube zither|tube]], such as a [[guqin]], [[cimbalom]], [[autoharp]], [[harpsichord]], [[piano]], or [[valiha]]

It is also possible to divide the instruments into categories focused on how the instrument is played.

===Playing techniques===
{{further|List of string instruments}}All string instruments produce sound from one or more [[vibrating string]]s, transferred to the air by the body of the instrument (or by a pickup in electronically amplified instruments). They are usually categorised by the technique used to make the strings vibrate (or by the primary technique, in the case of instruments where more than one may apply). The three most common techniques are plucking, bowing, and striking. An important difference between bowing and plucking is that in the former the phenomenon is periodic so that the [[Overtone|overtones]] are kept in a strictly [[harmonic]] relationship to the fundamental.<ref name=":0" />

==== Plucking ====
{{main|Plucked string instrument}}

Plucking is a method of playing on instruments such as the [[veena]], [[banjo]], [[ukulele]], guitar, harp, [[lute]], [[mandolin]], [[oud]], and [[sitar]], using either a finger, thumb, or quills (now plastic plectra) to pluck the strings.

Instruments normally played by bowing (see below) may also be plucked, a technique referred to by the Italian term ''[[pizzicato]]''.

==== Bowing ====
{{main|Bowed string instrument}}

[[Bowing (music)|Bowing]] (Italian: ''arco'') is a method used in some string instruments, including the [[violin]], [[viola]], [[cello]], and the [[double bass]] (of the [[violin family]]), and the old [[viol]] family. The [[bow (music)|bow]] consists of a stick with a "ribbon" of parallel horse tail hairs stretched between its ends. The hair is coated with [[rosin]] so it can grip the string; moving the hair across a string causes a [[stick-slip phenomenon]], making the string [[vibration|vibrate]], and prompting the instrument to emit sound. Darker grades of rosin grip well in cool, dry climates, but may be too sticky in warmer, more humid weather. Violin and viola players generally use harder, lighter-colored rosin than players of lower-pitched instruments, who tend to favor darker, softer rosin.<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Heather K. |last=Scott |title=The Differences Between Dark and Amber Rosin |url=http://stringsmagazine.com/the-differences-between-dark-and-amber-rosin/ |magazine=Strings Magazine |date=January 5, 2004 |access-date=February 1, 2020}}</ref>

The [[ravanahatha]] is one of the oldest string instruments. Ancestors of the modern bowed string instruments are the [[rebab]] of the Islamic Empires, the Persian [[kamanche]] and the [[Byzantine lira]]. Other bowed instruments are the [[rebec]], [[hardingfele]], [[nyckelharpa]], [[kokyū]], [[erhu]], [[igil]], [[sarangi]], [[morin khuur]], and [[K'ni]]. The [[hurdy-gurdy]] is bowed by a wheel. Rarely, the [[bowed guitar|guitar has been played with a bow]] (rather than plucked) for unique effects.

==== Striking ====
The third common method of sound production in stringed instruments is to strike the string. The piano and [[hammered dulcimer]] use this method of sound production. Even though the piano strikes the strings, the use of felt hammers means that the sound that is produced can nevertheless be mellow and rounded, in contrast to the sharp attack produced when a very hard hammer strikes the strings.

Violin family string instrument players are occasionally instructed to strike the string with the stick of the bow, a technique called ''[[col legno]]''. This yields a percussive sound along with the [[Pitch (music)|pitch]] of the note. A well-known use of ''[[col legno]]'' for orchestral strings is [[Gustav Holst]]'s "Mars" [[Movement (music)|movement]] from ''[[The Planets]]'' suite.

==== Other methods ====
The [[aeolian harp]] employs a very unusual method of sound production: the strings are excited by the movement of the air.

Some instruments that have strings have an attached [[musical keyboard|keyboard]] that the player presses keys on to trigger a mechanism that sounds the strings, instead of directly manipulating the strings. These include the [[piano]], the [[clavichord]], and the harpsichord. With these [[keyboard instrument]]s, strings are occasionally plucked or bowed by hand. Modern [[composer]]s such as [[Henry Cowell]] wrote music that requires that the player reach inside the piano and pluck the strings directly, "bow" them with bow hair wrapped around the strings, or play them by rolling the bell of a [[brass instrument]] such as a [[trombone]] on the array of strings. However, these are relatively rarely used special techniques.

Other keyed string instruments, small enough for a strolling musician to play, include the plucked [[autoharp]], the bowed [[nyckelharpa]], and the hurdy-gurdy, which is played by cranking a rosined wheel.

Steel-stringed instruments (such as the guitar, bass, violin, etc.) can be played using a [[magnetic field]]. An [[E-Bow]] is a small hand-held [[Electric battery|battery-powered]] device that magnetically excites the strings of an electric string instrument to provide a sustained, singing [[Tone (musical instrument)|tone]] reminiscent of a held bowed violin note.

[[3rd bridge|Third bridge]] is a plucking method where the player ''frets'' a string and strikes the side opposite the bridge. The technique is mainly used on electric instruments because these have a pickup that amplifies only the local string vibration. It is possible on acoustic instruments as well, but less effective. For instance, a player might press on the seventh [[fret]] on a guitar and pluck it at the head side to make a tone resonate at the opposing side. On electric instruments, this technique generates multitone sounds reminiscent of a clock or bell.

Electric string instruments, such as the [[electric guitar]], can also be played without touching the strings by using [[audio feedback]]. When an electric guitar is plugged into a loud, powerful guitar amplifier with a [[loudspeaker]] and a high level of [[distortion (music)|distortion]] is intentionally used, the guitar produces sustained high-pitched sounds. By changing the proximity of the guitar to the speaker, the guitarist can produce sounds that cannot be produced with standard plucking and picking techniques. This technique was popularized by [[Jimi Hendrix]] and others in the 1960s. It was widely used in [[psychedelic rock]] and [[heavy metal music]].

==Changing the pitch of a vibrating string==
{{main|Mersenne's laws}}

There are three ways to change the pitch of a [[vibrating string]]. String instruments are tuned by varying a string's tension because adjusting length or mass per unit length is impractical. Instruments with a [[fingerboard]] are then played by adjusting the length of the vibrating portion of the strings. The following observations all apply to a string that is infinitely flexible (a theoretical assumption, because in practical applications, strings are not infinitely flexible) strung between two fixed supports. Real strings have finite curvature at the bridge and nut, and the bridge, because of its motion, is not exactly nodes of vibration. Hence the following statements about proportionality are approximations.

===Length===
[[File:Proportional string fingering.png|thumb|200px|right|String fingering is proportional and not fixed,<ref>[[Walter Piston|Piston, Walter]] (1955). ''Orchestration'', p. 5.</ref> as on the piano]]

Pitch can be adjusted by varying the [[length]] of the string.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = Oxford Music Online by subscription|url = http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/|website = www.oxfordmusiconline.com|access-date = 2015-09-17|url-status = live|archive-url = http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110224031012/http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com|archive-date = 2011-02-24}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=June 2023|reason=That's just the home page of Oxford Music Online.}} A longer string results in a lower pitch, while a shorter string results in a higher pitch. A [[concert harp]] has pedals that cause a hard object to make contact with a string to shorten its vibrating length during a performance.<ref name="woosterped">{{cite web |last1=Wooster |first1=Patricia McNulty |title=Pedal Harp 101 |url=https://www.harpspectrum.org/pedal/wooster.shtml |website=harp spectrum.org |access-date=March 18, 2021}}</ref> The frequency is inversely proportional to the length:

:<math>
f \propto \frac{1}{l}
</math>

A string twice as long produces a tone of half the frequency (one octave lower).

===Tension===

Pitch can be adjusted by varying the [[Tension (physics)|tension]] of the string. A string with less tension (looser) results in a lower pitch, while a string with greater tension (tighter) results in a higher pitch. Pushing a pedal on a [[pedal steel guitar]] raises the pitch of certain strings by increasing tension on them (stretching) through a mechanical linkage; release of the pedal returns the pitch to the original. Knee levers on the instrument can lower a pitch by releasing (and restoring) tension in the same way.<ref>{{cite web|last=Brenner|first=Patrick|title=Early History of the Steel Guitar|url=http://steelguitaramerica.com/instruction/history/|website=steelguitaramerica.com|publisher=Patrick Brenner|access-date=March 17, 2021}}</ref> A homemade [[washtub bass]] made out of a length of rope, a broomstick and a washtub can produce different pitches by increasing the tension on the rope (producing a higher pitch) or reducing the tension (producing a lower pitch). The frequency is proportional to the square root of the tension:

:<math>
f \propto \sqrt{T}
</math>

=== Linear density ===

The pitch of a string can also be varied by changing the [[linear density]] (mass per unit length) of the string. In practical applications, such as with [[double bass]] strings or bass [[piano]] strings, extra weight is added to strings by winding them with metal. A string with a heavier metal winding produces a lower pitch than a string of equal length without a metal winding. This can be seen on a 2016-era set of gut strings for double bass. The higher-pitched G string is often made of synthetic material, or sometimes animal intestine, with no metal wrapping. To enable the low E string to produce a much lower pitch with a string of the same length, it is wrapped with many wrappings of thin metal wire. This adds to its mass without making it too stiff. The frequency is inversely proportional to the square root of the linear density:

:<math>
f \propto {1 \over \sqrt{\mu}}
</math>

Given two strings of equal length and tension, the string with higher mass per unit length produces the lower pitch.

== String length or scale length ==
The length of the string from [[Nut (instrumental)|nut]] to [[Bridge (instrument)|bridge]] on bowed or plucked instruments ultimately determines the distance between different notes on the instrument. For example, a double bass with its low range needs a [[scale length (string instruments)|scale length]] of around {{convert|42|in|cm}}, whilst a violin scale is only about {{convert|13|in|cm}}. On the shorter scale of the violin, the left hand may easily reach a range of slightly more than two octaves without [[shifting position]], while on the bass' longer scale, a single octave or a ninth is reachable in lower positions.

== Contact points along the string ==

[[File:DuplexScaling.jpg|thumb|300px|The strings of a [[piano]]]]
In bowed instruments, the bow is normally placed perpendicularly to the string, at a point halfway between the end of the fingerboard and the bridge. However, different bow placements can be selected to change [[timbre]]. Application of the bow close to the bridge (known as ''[[sul ponticello]]'') produces an intense, sometimes harsh sound, which acoustically emphasizes the upper [[harmonic]]s. Bowing above the fingerboard (''[[sul tasto]]'') produces a purer tone with less overtone strength, emphasizing the [[Fundamental frequency|fundamental]], also known as ''flautando'', since it sounds less reedy and more flute-like.

Bowed instruments pose a challenge to instrument builders, as compared with instruments that are only plucked (e.g., guitar), because on bowed instruments, the musician must be able to play one string at a time if they wish. As such, a bowed instrument must have a curved bridge that makes the "outer" strings lower in height than the "inner" strings. With such a curved bridge, the player can select one string at a time to play. On guitars and [[lute]]s, the bridge can be flat, because the strings are played by plucking them with the fingers, fingernails or a pick; by moving the fingers or pick to different positions, the player can play different strings. On bowed instruments, the need to play strings individually with the bow also limits the number of strings to about six or seven; with more strings, it would be impossible to select individual strings to bow. (Bowed strings can also play two bowed notes on two different strings at the same time, a technique called a [[double stop]].) Indeed, on the orchestral [[string section]] instruments, four strings are the norm, with the exception of five strings used on some [[double bass]]es. In contrast, with stringed keyboard instruments, 88 courses are used on a [[piano]], and even though these strings are arranged on a flat bridge, the mechanism can play any of the notes individually.

Similar timbral distinctions are also possible with plucked string instruments by selecting an appropriate plucking point, although the difference is perhaps more subtle.

In keyboard instruments, the contact point along the string (whether this be hammer, tangent, or plectrum) is a choice made by the instrument designer. Builders use a combination of experience and acoustic theory to establish the right set of contact points.

In harpsichords, often there are two sets of strings of equal length. These "choirs" usually differ in their plucking points. One choir has a "normal" plucking point, producing a canonical harpsichord sound; the other has a plucking point close to the bridge, producing a reedier "nasal" sound rich in upper harmonics.

== Production of multiple notes ==
[[File:Ottoman musical string instrument at the Debbane Palace museum.jpg|thumb|Arab string musical instrument on display at the [[Debbane Palace]] museum, [[Lebanon]]]]
A single string at a certain tension and length only produces one note. To produce multiple notes, string instruments use one of two methods. One is to add enough strings to cover the required range of different notes (e.g., as with the [[piano]], which has sets of 88 strings to enable the performer to play 88 different notes). The other is to provide a way to ''stop'' the strings along their length to shorten the part that vibrates, which is the method used in guitar and violin family instruments to produce different notes from the same string. The piano and harp represent the first method, where each note on the instrument has its own string or [[Course (music)|course]] of multiple strings tuned to the same note. (Many notes on a piano are strung with a "choir" of three strings tuned alike, to increase the volume.) A guitar represents the second method—the player's fingers push the string against the fingerboard so that the string is pressed firmly against a metal fret. Pressing the string against a fret while plucking or strumming it shortens the vibrating part and thus produces a different note.

Some zithers combine stoppable (melody) strings with a greater number of "open" harmony or chord strings. On instruments with stoppable strings, such as the violin or guitar, the player can shorten the vibrating length of the string, using their fingers directly (or more rarely through some mechanical device, as in the [[nyckelharpa]] and the hurdy-gurdy). Such instruments usually have a fingerboard attached to the neck of the instrument, that provides a hard flat surface the player can stop the strings against. On some string instruments, the fingerboard has [[fret]]s, raised ridges perpendicular to the strings, that stop the string at precise intervals, in which case the fingerboard is also called a ''fretboard''.

Moving frets during performance is usually impractical. The bridges of a [[Koto (instrument)|koto]], on the other hand, may be moved by the player occasionally in the course of a single piece of music. Many modern Western harps include levers, either directly moved by fingers (on Celtic harps) or controlled by foot pedals (on orchestral harps), to raise the pitch of individual strings by a fixed amount. The Middle Eastern zither, the [[Qanun (instrument)|qanun]], is equipped with small levers called ''mandal'' that let each course of multiple strings be incrementally retuned "on the fly" while the instrument is being played. These levers raise or lower the pitch of the string course by a microtone, less than a half step.

==Sympathetic strings==
{{main|Sympathetic string}}
Some instruments are employed with [[sympathetic string]]s—which are additional strings not meant to be plucked. These strings [[resonance|resonate]] with the played notes, creating additional tones. Sympathetic strings vibrate naturally when various intervals, such as the [[unison]]s or the [[octave]]s of the notes of the sympathetic strings are plucked, bowed or struck. This system is used on the [[sarangi]], the [[grand piano]], the [[hardanger fiddle]] and the [[Rubab (instrument)|rubab]].

== Sound production ==

=== Acoustic instruments ===
{{See also|Musical acoustics}}
[[File:Chordophone (Cordophone).jpg|thumb|The Moroccan [[gimbri|loutar]] uses a soundboard made of goatskin.]]

A vibrating string strung on a very thick log, as a hypothetical example, would make only a very quiet sound, so string instruments are usually constructed in such a way that the vibrating string is coupled to a hollow resonating chamber, a [[soundboard (music)|soundboard]], or both. On the violin, for example, the four strings pass over a thin wooden bridge resting on a hollow box (the body of the violin). The normal force applied to the body from the strings is supported in part by a small cylinder of wood called the [[soundpost]]. The violin body also has two "f-holes" carved on the top. The strings' vibrations are distributed via the bridge and soundpost to all surfaces of the instrument, and are thus made louder by matching of the [[acoustic impedance]]. The correct technical explanation is that they allow a better match to the [[acoustic impedance]] of the air.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

It is sometimes said that the sounding board or soundbox "amplifies" the sound of the strings. In reality, no power amplification occurs, because all of the [[energy]] to produce [[sound]] comes from the vibrating string. The mechanism is that the sounding board of the instrument provides a larger surface area to create [[sound wave]]s than that of the string and therefore acts as a matching element between the acoustic impedance of the string and that of the surrounding air. A larger vibrating surface can sometimes produce better matching; especially at lower frequencies.

All [[lute]]-type instruments traditionally have a bridge, which holds the string at the proper action height from the fret/finger board at one end of the strings. On acoustic instruments, the bridge performs an equally important function of transmitting string energy into the "sound box" of the instrument, thereby increasing the sound volume. The specific design, and materials used in the construction of the bridge of an instrument, have a dramatic impact upon both the sound and responsiveness of the instrument.

Achieving a tonal characteristic that is effective and pleasing to the player's and listener's ear is something of an art and craft, as well as a science, and the makers of string instruments often seek very high quality woods to this end, particularly [[spruce]] (chosen for its lightness, strength and flexibility) and [[maple]] (a very hard wood). Spruce is used for the sounding boards of instruments from the violin to the piano. Instruments such as the banjo use a drum, covered in natural or synthetic skin, as their soundboard.

Acoustic instruments can also be made of artificial materials, such as [[carbon fiber]] and [[fiberglass]] (particularly the larger, lower-pitched instruments, such as cellos and basses).

In the early 20th century, the [[Stroh violin]] used a diaphragm-type [[resonator]] and a metal horn to project the string sound, much like early mechanical gramophones. Its use declined beginning about 1920, as electronic amplification through [[power amplifier]]s and [[loudspeaker]]s was developed and came into use. String instrument players can electronically amplify their instruments by connecting them to a [[PA system]] or a [[guitar amplifier]].

=== Electronic amplification ===
Most string instruments can be fitted with [[piezoelectric]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mottola |first1=R. M.|title=Mottola's Cyclopedic Dictionary of Lutherie Terms |date=1 January 2020 |publisher=LiutaioMottola.com |isbn=978-1-7341256-0-3 |page=122 |url=https://www.liutaiomottola.com/books/dictionary.htm}}</ref> or magnetic [[Pick up (music technology)|pickup]]s to convert the string's vibrations into an electrical signal that is amplified and then converted back into sound by loudspeakers. Some players attach a pickup to their traditional string instrument to "electrify" it. Another option is to use a solid-bodied instrument, which reduces unwanted [[Audio feedback|feedback]] howls or squeals.

Amplified string instruments can be much louder than their acoustic counterparts, so musicians can play them in relatively loud rock, blues, and jazz ensembles. Amplified instruments can also have their amplified tone modified by using electronic effects such as distortion, reverb, or [[wah-wah (music)|wah-wah]].

Bass-register string instruments such as the double bass and the electric bass are amplified with [[bass instrument amplification|bass instrument amplifiers]] that are designed to reproduce low-frequency sounds. To modify the tone of amplified bass instruments, a range of electronic [[bass effects]] are available, such as distortion and chorus.

==Symphonic strings==

The string instruments usually used in the [[orchestra]],<ref>{{cite web |first=Jorge |last=Aguilar |title=String Instruments |url=http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/projects/spring03/aguilar/TchaiConSo.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130141956/http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/projects/spring03/aguilar/TchaiConSo.htm |archive-date=January 30, 2019 |publisher=[[University of Florida]] |date=2003 |access-date=February 1, 2020}}</ref> and often called the "symphonic strings" or [[string section]] are:<ref>{{cite book|title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music|url=https://archive.org/details/conciseoxforddic00scho|year=1964|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-311302-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/conciseoxforddic00scho/page/412 412]}}</ref>

* [[Violin]]s (divided into two sections—first violins and second violins; these sections play exactly the same instruments; the difference is that the first violins play higher-register lines and the second violins play lower-register parts, [[accompaniment]] parts or [[counter-melody|counter-melodies]])
* [[Viola]]s
* [[Cello]]s
* [[Double bass]]es

When orchestral instrumentation specifies "strings", it often means this combination of string parts. Orchestral works rarely omit any of these string parts, but often include additional string instruments, especially the [[concert harp]] and piano. In the [[Baroque orchestra]] from the 1600s–1750 (or with modern groups playing [[early music]]) harpsichord is almost always used to play the [[basso continuo]] part (the written-out [[bass line]] and improvised chords), and often a [[theorbo]] or [[lute]] or a [[pipe organ]]. In some classical music, such as the [[string quartet]], the double bass is not typically used; the cello plays the bass role in this literature.

== See also ==
{{commons category|String instruments}}
* "[[Essay on the fingering of the violoncello and on the conduct of the bow]]"
* [[List of string instruments]]
* [[Luthier]] (maker of stringed instruments)
* [[Musical acoustics]]
* [[Ravanahatha]]
* [[String instrument extended technique]]
* [[String instrument repertoire]]
* [[String orchestra]]
* [[Stringed instrument tunings]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://www.savartjournal.org/index.php/sj Savart Journal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421001257/https://www.savartjournal.org/index.php/sj |date=2021-04-21 }}, an online resource published in collaboration with the Guild of American Luthiers.
* [http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/jw/Bows.html The physics of the bowed string]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110807214938/http://www.bsmny.org/features/iidviola/ Instruments in Depth: The Viola], an online feature presented by Bloomingdale School of Music (2010)
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Stringed instruments|ref=none}}
* [http://blog.musicteachershelper.com/a-brief-history-of-string-instruments A Brief History of String Instruments] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303135242/http://blog.musicteachershelper.com/a-brief-history-of-string-instruments/ |date=2016-03-03 }}

{{Instrument tunings}}
{{Hornbostel-Sachs}}
{{Elemental organology}}
{{Strings (music)}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:String Instrument}}
[[Category:String instruments| ]]
[[Category:Orchestras]]
[[Category:Rhythm section]]

Thumbida Mane

2026-03-03T22:08:32Z

MaryjoM897: added layout additionally and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=May 2015}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Thumbida Mane
| image = Tumbida Mane.jpg

| caption = Poster
| director = S. Umesh
| producer = K. Prabhakar
| writer = K. Prabhakar
| narrator =
| starring = [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] [[Shashikumar]] [[Vinaya Prasad]] [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]] [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]] [[Abhijeeth]]
| music = [[Upendra Kumar]]
| cinematography = H. G. Raju
| editing = S. Umesh
| studio = Vijay Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1995|5|2}}
| runtime = 147 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
}}

'''''Thumbida Mane''''' is a 1995 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic action film]] directed by S. Umesh and written & produced by K. Prabhakar. The film stars an ensemble star cast including [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]],<ref>[http://www.vishnuvardhan.com/home.htm Vishnuvardhan film list]</ref> [[Shashikumar]], [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]], [[Vinaya Prasad]] and [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]], besides a host of supporting actors.<ref>[http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/thumbida-mane.html Cast & crew]</ref> The music for the film was scored by [[Upendra Kumar]] and the audio was bought by [[Lahari Music]].

==Cast==
* [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] as Ramanna
* [[Vinaya Prasad]] as Seetha
* [[Shashikumar]] as Krishna
* [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]] as Kaveri
* [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]] as Geetha
* [[Ashok (Kannada actor)|Ashok]] as Bhaira
* [[Pramila Joshai]] as Kempi Bhaira wife
* [[Shivakumar]]
* [[Anjali Sudhakar]] as Sundri
* [[Lokanath]] as Nettkkall Shivajja
* [[Umashri]] as Gangavva
* [[C. R. Simha]] as Lawyer Lakshmayya
* [[Abhijith (actor)|Abhijith]] as Lokesha
* [[Usha]] as Rosy
* [[Dheerendra Gopal]] as Nagappa
* [[Girija Lokesh]] as Bhagya, Kaveri mother
* [[Ashalatha]] as Bhemanhalli Mallavva
* [[KV Manjayya]] as Kempi father
* [[Lohithashwa]]

==Soundtrack==
The music of the film was composed by [[Upendra Kumar]]. All the lyrics were written by M. D. Hashim<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150420211834/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/thumbida-mane-original-motion/id608544990 Songs]</ref>

{{Infobox album
| name = Thumbida Mane
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Upendra Kumar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|1995|}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kaveri Sirigannada
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Hatthira Hatthira
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Manjula Gururaj]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Jeevakke Jeeva
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Sangeetha Katti]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Sri Ramachandrana
| extra4 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length4 =
| title5 = Phalisithu Premada
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Manjula Gururaj
| length5 =
| title6 = Kaveri Sirigannadamma
| extra6 = Sangeetha Katti
| length6 =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thumbida Mane}}
[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:1995 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1995 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Upendra Kumar]]
[[Category:1995 drama films]]

{{1990s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Adavilo Abhimanyudu

2026-03-03T19:02:17Z

MaryjoM897: general corrected layout based on references and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Adavilo Abhimanyudu
| image = Adavilo Abhimanyudu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = Satyanand {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = Ashok
| screenplay =
| producer = S. Venkataratnam
| director = [[S. Anil|S. Anil Kumar]]
| starring = [[Jagapathi Babu]] [[Vinod Kumar Alva]] [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]]
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cinematography = [[Jayanan Vincent]]
| editing = [[K. Narayanan]]
| based_on = [[Douthyam]] (1989)
| studio = Pallavi Purna Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1989|12|8}}
| runtime = 112 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}
'''''Adavilo Abhimanyudu''''' ({{translation|''Abhimanyu in a Forest''}}) is a 1989 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[adventure film|adventure]]-[[thriller film]], produced by S. Venkataratnam and directed by S. Anil Kumar.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9e4x6c8qniQ |title=നക്ഷത്ര വിശേഷങ്ങൾ {{!}} റീ റിലീസിനൊരുങ്ങി ദൗത്യം {{!}} ദൗത്യം അനിൽ {{!}} DOUTHYAM ANIL {{!}} CINEPHILE |date=2025-02-19 |last=CinePhile |access-date=2025-07-18 |via=YouTube}}</ref> It stars [[Jagapathi Babu]], [[Vinod Kumar Alva]] and [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]] (in her acting debut), with music composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]]. The film is a remake of the 1989 [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Douthyam]]''. The film won two [[Nandi Awards]].

==Plot==
''Adavilo Abhimanyudu'' follows the story of Captain Abhimanyu, a brave and skilled army officer, who is assigned a dangerous mission deep in the forest. A military aircraft carrying top-secret documents and a fellow officer, Captain Suresh, has gone missing. With time running out and national security at risk, Abhimanyu is chosen to recover the documents and, if possible, rescue his comrade.

Venturing alone into the dense, unfamiliar jungle, Abhimanyu faces a series of life-threatening challenges,from harsh terrain and wild animals to deadly enemy forces also hunting for the same documents. As he pushes forward, his mission becomes more than just a duty; it’s a personal test of endurance & loyalty.

Struggling against the odds, Abhimanyu’s journey becomes a gripping fight for survival. His strength, intelligence, and emotional resilience are put to the ultimate test as he races to complete the mission and make it back alive.

==Cast==
*[[Jagapathi Babu]] as Captain Abhimanyu
*[[Vinod Kumar Alva]] as Captain Suresh
*[[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]] as Shanti
*[[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]] as Col. Raghuram
*[[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as Major
*[[Babu Antony]] as Max
*Sanjeevi as Captain Raju
*KK Sarma as Boxing Refery
*Kuali as [[item number]]
*Priyanka as Leela
*[[Kalpana Rai]] as Kalpana

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Adavilo Abhimanyudu
| type = Film
| artist = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1989
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 12:36
| label = AVM Audio
| producer = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| prev_title = Atta Mechina Alludu
| prev_year = 1989
| next_title = [[Sutradharulu]]
| next_year = 1989
}}

The movie's music was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]], and the lyrics were written by [[Acharya Aatreya]]. The soundtrack was released by AVM Audio Company.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No!!Song title !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Pachahani Pachhika"
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]
|4:08
|-
|2
|"Puttameedha Palapitta"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra
|4:13
|-
|3
|"Dammu Okati Kotteyara"
|Chitra
|4:15
|}

==Awards==
;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
* [[Nandi Special Jury Award|Special Jury Award]] - [[Jagapati Babu]] (1989)
* [[Nandi Award for Best Screenplay Writer|Best Screenplay Writer]] - Satyanand

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:1989 action films]]
[[Category:1989 adventure films]]
[[Category:1989 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1980s action adventure films]]
[[Category:1989 Indian films]]
[[Category:1989 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films about terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Films about the military]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Films set in forests]]
[[Category:Indian action adventure films]]
[[Category:Indian Army in films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian war comedy films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Malayalam films]]

{{1980s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Raghava (film)

2026-03-03T18:11:23Z

MaryjoM897: added entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Raghava film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = Y. Nageswara Rao
| writer = [[Satish Vegesna]] (dialogue)
| screenplay = Y. Nageswara Rao
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = L. B. Reddy [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]]
| starring = {{plainlist|*Suresh
* [[Rajasree]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Poorna
| editing =
| music = [[Shashi Preetam]]
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2002|2|1}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Raghava''''' is a 2002 Indian Telugu-language film directed by Y. Nageswara Rao and starring [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]] and [[Rajasree]]. The film was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/research/anal/tollywood2002firsthalf.html|title=Tollywood in the first half of 2002|last1=Sunil|first1=Sreya|last2=Jeevi}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]] as Raghava Reddy
* [[Rajasree]] as Anjali
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Lakshma Reddy
* [[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]] as Veera Reddy
* [[Brahmanandam]]
* [[M. S. Narayana]]
* [[Chalapati Rao]]
* [[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]]
* [[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]]
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]]
* [[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]]
* [[G. V. Sudhakar Naidu]]
* [[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]]
* [[Gautam Raju]]
* [[Suma Kanakala]]
* [[Ramya Sri]]
* Padmajayanthi
* [[Sudeepa Pinky]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Shashi Preetam]].
{{Infobox album
| name = Raghava
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Shashi Preetam]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2001
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 20:53
| language = Telugu
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| producer =
| chronology = [[Shashi Preetam]]
| prev_title = [[Hands Up! (2000 film)|Hands Up!]]
| prev_year = 2000
| next_title = [[Aamdani Atthanni Kharcha Rupaiya]]
| next_year = 2001
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|Tkr25pr0KWA|Raghava – Jukebox}}}}
}}
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Nuvve Nuvve
| length1 = 4:30
| lyrics1 = Sahithi
| extra1 = [[Shashi Preetam]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Usha (Telugu singer)|Usha]]
| title2 = Prema Prema
| length2 = 4:47
| lyrics2 = [[Bhuvana Chandra]]
| extra2 = Mano, [[Swarnalatha]]
| title3 = Vamshoddara Vennela
| length3 = 3:14
| lyrics3 = Vijayaditya
| extra3 = Mano, Usha
| title4 = Maina Maina
| length4 = 3:57
| lyrics4 = Vijayaditya
| extra4 = [[Kousalya (singer)|Kousalya]], Sashi Preetam, Vijayaditya
| title5 = Nuvve Nuvve (Pathos)
| length5 = 4:25
| lyrics5 = Vijayaditya
| extra5 = Swarnalatha, Sashi Preetam
| total_length = 20:53
}}

== Reception ==
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' wrote that "''Raghava'' is a badly made film with uninspiring story and direction".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeevi |date=1 February 2002 |title=Telugu Cinema - Review - Raghava |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-raghava.html |access-date= |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> Gudipoodi Srihari of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "The film, with a focus on the faction fights in Rayalaseema, is rather disappointing".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srihari |first=Gudipoodi |date=1 February 2002 |title=Movie review - Raghava |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-raghava.html}}</ref>

A critic from ''Full Hyderabad'' wrote that "The film is nothing but an unabashed excuse to make money using what Tollywood considers the flavor of the season".<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2002 |title=Raghava Review |url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/raghava/telugu/raghava-movie-reviews-603-2.html |website=Full Hyderabad}}</ref> Griddaluru Gopalrao of ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'' also a gave a negative review for the film, writing the film had a poor storyline and the director failed to handle the film's conflict properly.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gopalrao |first=Giddaluru |date=15 February 2002 |title=రాఘవ అఘోరిస్తున్నాడు |language=te |trans-title=Raghava is lamenting |pages=9, 11 |url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/2002/Feb/15-Feb-2002.pdf}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2002 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:2002 Indian films]]

{{2000s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Sabari (2007 film)

2026-03-03T04:38:14Z

MaryjoM897: added a info

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sabari
| image = Sabari (2007 film).jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[Suresh (director)|Suresh]]
| producer = [[Salem Chandrasekharan]]
| writer = Suresh Pattukottai Prabhakar (dialogues)
| starring = [[Vijayakanth]] [[Jyothirmayi Nishanth|Jyorthirmayi]] [[Malavika (Tamil actress)|Malavika]]
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cinematography = Y. N. Murali
| editing = [[G. Sasikumar]]
| studio = [[Salem Chandrasekharan|Sree Saravana Creations]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2007|03|17}}
| runtime = 167 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
}}
'''''Sabari''''' is a 2007 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[Suresh (director)|Suresh]]. It stars [[Vijayakanth]] as the title character with [[Jyothirmayi Nishanth|Jyothirmayi]], [[Malavika (Tamil actress)|Malavika]] and [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] in supporting roles. The film was released on 17 March 2007 to mixed reviews.

==Plot==
Sabarivasan is a doctor by profession and cannot tolerate injustice by any means. Nandhini, a college student, meets Sabari and falls in love with him. Eventually they both get married. Vajravelu is a local criminal working for a minister. Vajravelu's brother-in-law Ezhumalai is arrested by the police for a brutal murder. While trying to escape on the way to court, he is shot by a policeman. Vajravelu's henchmen take Ezhumalai to Sabari and force him to operate. Sabari removes the bullet, but he beats up all the henchmen and produces Ezhumalai to the police. Ezhumalai is sentenced to death and is hanged.

Vajravelu is angry and vows revenge. Vajravelu comes out on bail and kills Sabari's father. He also kidnaps Nandhini. Sabari fights against Vajravelu and saves Nandhini. On the way back to the hospital, Sabari is stabbed by Vajravelu's wife. Vajravelu and his henchmen arrive and injure Sabari. They leave thinking Sabari is dead, but he is saved and admitted to hospital. Knowing this, Vajravelu comes in search of Sabari. Sabari fights them back and kills Vajravelu.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vijayakanth]] as Dr. Sabarivasan
* [[Jyothirmayi]] as Nandhini
* [[Malavika (Tamil actress)|Malavika]] as Doctoral student
* [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] as Vajravelu
* [[Mahadevan (actor)|Mahadevan]] as Minister
* [[Delhi Ganesh]] as Sabarivasan's father
* [[Aryan (Tamil actor)|Aryan]] as Ezhumalai
* [[LIC Narasimhan]] as Doctor
* [[Scissor Manohar]] as Party member
* [[R. N. R. Manohar]] as Dr. Manohar
* [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]] as Vajravelu's wife
* [[Rajashree (actress)|Rajashree]] as Maragadham
* Reena as Anjali
* Ayyappan Gopi as Brake inspector
* Robo Chandru as Inspector Vasudevan
* Rajendranath as Commissioner of police
* Sindhu as Vajravelu's sister
* [[Vatsala Rajagopal]] as Nandhini's grandmother
* Boys Rajan as Dr. Rajan
* Mudhalvan Mahendran as Police inspector
* Theni Murugan as Arumugam
* Raviprakash as Inspector general of police
* Vishwanth as Sri Lankan Tamil man
* Archana Harish as Sri Lankan Tamil woman
}}

==Production==
The film was launched at AVM Studios on 29 August 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=P.V. Sathish |date=29 August 2006 |title=Viyakanth's 150th film 'Sabari' launched |url=https://www.nowrunning.com/news/tamil/viyakanths-150th-film-sabari-launched/7602/story.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220111219/http://www.nowrunning.com/news/tamil/viyakanths-150th-film-sabari-launched/7602/story.htm |archive-date=20 December 2012 |access-date=20 October 2024 |website=Nowrunning |language=en}}</ref> Shooting was done at locations in India including [[Chennai]], [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] and [[Rameswaram]], while a song sequence was filmed in [[Bangkok]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2007 |title=Sabari |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/previews/new/sabari.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613140228/http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/previews/new/sabari.shtml |archive-date=13 June 2007 |access-date=5 August 2024 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
Soundtrack was composed by [[Mani Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sabari (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) Songs |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/sabari-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-songs-T0005512 |access-date=4 July 2024 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| "Aalayamani" || Kalyani Menon || rowspan=4|[[Na. Muthukumar]]
|-
| "Aavana Aakkana" || [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
|-
| "Om Ennum" || [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], Naveen, [[Rahul Nambiar]]
|-
| "Orumurai Sonnal" || Naveen, Bhargavi
|-
| "Osama Osama" || [[A. V. Ramanan]], Ranjith, Naveen || [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]
|}

==Critical reception==
''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Now having said all these you can only add that Vijayakanth could have gone in for an innovative storyline, far removed from the run-of-the-mill rut".<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2007 |title=A little respite now and then - Sabari |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2007/03/23/stories/2007032300160200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070602113723/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2007/03/23/stories/2007032300160200.htm |archive-date=2 June 2007 |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Lajjavathi of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised Vijayakanth for doing an action film without politics and also praised Suresh for racy screenplay and called Pattukottai Prabhakar's dialogues as sharp but felt if Malavika's portions, unnecessary songs were removed and some of the plots were trimmed, this ''Sabari'' would have been talked about even more.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=லஜ்ஜாவதி |date=1 April 2007 |title=சபரி |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2007-04-01/page/10/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240419031251/https://archive.org/details/kalki2007-04-01/page/10/mode/2up |archive-date=19 April 2024 |access-date=18 April 2024 |magazine=Kalki |page=10 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> ''Chennai Online'' wrote "Whether it's a lawyer, a cop or a doctor he is playing, it doesn't seem to matter much. For it's the same predictable and cliched scenario that Vijaykanth goes through. Which again doesn't speak very highly of the director's effort to present a fare that is refreshing or exciting".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=27 March 2007 |title=Sabari |url=http://chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2007/03sabari.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011071204/http://chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2007/03sabari.asp |archive-date=11 October 2007 |access-date=17 August 2024 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote "There is plenty of blood and gore, punch lines, flying kicks and songs in exotic foreign locales. But sadly director Suresh has no story to tell and stretches it for nearly three hours. All said and endured, Sabari, tests your patience".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sabari |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14413098&ctid=5&cid=2429 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212084518/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14413098&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-date=12 December 2007 |access-date=20 October 2024 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2007 Indian films]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:2007 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2007 action films]]
[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bangkok]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Stone inscriptions in the Kathmandu Valley

2026-03-02T11:56:58Z

MaryjoM897: put up a entry basic info - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
[[File:Inscription in 14 languages by Pratap Malla.jpg|thumb|Inscription in 15 languages dated 1654 AD at Kathmandu Durbar Square.]]
[[File:Della penna epitaph.jpg|thumb|Epitaph in Latin and Nepal Bhasa dated 1745 on the tombstone of Father Della Penna who was buried in [[Patan, Nepal|Patan]].]]
[[File:Nepal bhasa tibetan inscription at swayambhu.jpg|thumb|Detail of stone inscription in Nepal Bhasa and Tibetan at Swayambhu.]]
'''Stone inscriptions in the Kathmandu Valley''' ([[Nepal Bhasa]]:नेपाःमन्दःया ल्वंह पौत) refer to ancient stone slabs, pillars and pedestals with text carved on them. They are the most important sources for the history of [[Nepal]]. A vast majority of the inscriptions found in Nepal are from the [[Kathmandu Valley]] where they are an ubiquitous element at heritage sites. They consist of royal edicts and dedicatory notes on [[Hindu]] and [[Buddhist]] temples, [[stupa]]s, statues, water spouts and other architectural structures.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gutschow |first=Niels |year=1997 |title=The Nepalese Caitya: 1500 Years of Buddhist Votive Architecture in the Kathmandu Valley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQp_957RRtAC&q=The+Nepalese+Caitya: |publisher=Edition Axel Menges |page=25 |isbn=9783930698752 |access-date=25 March 2014|language=en}}</ref> Stone inscriptions are locally referred as Lōhan Pau ([[Nepal bhasa]]:{{Script|Newa|𑐮𑑂𑐰𑐴𑑅 𑐥𑑁}}).

The early inscriptions are from the [[Licchavi (kingdom)|Licchavi]] period, and date from the fifth to the ninth centuries. They number more than 170, and are carved in [[Sanskrit]] language and [[Gupta script]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Vajracarya |first=Gautamavajra|title=Recently discovered inscriptions of Licchavi Nepal |url=http://www.thlib.org/static/reprints/kailash/kailash_01_02_02.pdf |journal=Kailash |pages= 117–133|access-date=9 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Arvind |first=Krishan Dev Agrawal |year=2010 |title=Importance of Nepalese Sanskrit Inscriptions |url=http://www.sanskrit.nic.in/DigitalBook/N/NepalesseInscriptions.pdf |location= New Delhi |publisher=Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan |isbn=978-81-86111-37-6 |access-date=19 March 2014|language=en}}</ref> Inscriptions from the 14th century onwards, which are the most numerous, are in [[Nepal Bhasa|Newar language]] (Nepal Bhasa) and [[Nepal script]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=TW |editor-first=Thomas |editor-last=Albert Sebeok |title=Current Trends in Linguistics |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=1976 |page=253 |chapter=Nepali and Pahari |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JqYMTdBws40C&q=bibliogroup:%22Current+trends+in+linguistics%22}}</ref> The earliest dated inscription in Nepal Bhasa is dated [[Nepal Era]] 293 (1173 AD).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kpmalla.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/Classical-Newari-Literature.pdf |title=Classical Newari Literature |last=Malla |first=KP|page=1 |access-date=19 March 2014}}</ref>

==Oldest inscription==
The oldest dated inscription in Kathmandu dates from the year 107 of the [[Shalivahana era|Saka era]] which corresponds to 184/185 AD. This date was accepted by all historians except Dinesh Chandra Regmi who assigned it to the Gupta era (started on A.D. 320). Paleo-graphically he says it to be close to Samudra Gupta's Allahabad inscription (A.D. 360). The inscription is carved in Gupta characters, also known as Brahmi script, on the pedestal of a statue of King Jayavarman. It was unearthed at a building site in Maligaon in 1992. The language is Sanskrit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asianart.com/articles/jaya/index01_12.html|title=A Kushan-period Sculpture from the reign of Jaya Varma, A.D. 184/185|last1=Tamot|first1=Kashinath|last2=Alsop|first2=Ian|website=Asian Arts|access-date=25 March 2014}}</ref>

Prior to this discovery, the distinction of the oldest dated stone inscription in the valley was held by an inscription carved on a pillar installed next to the [[Changu Narayan]] Temple in [[Bhaktapur]] which is dedicated to a Hindu deity [[Vishnu]]. It was inscribed in the year 383 which corresponds to 464 AD. It is written in the Sanskrit language and Gupta characters.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Riccardi, Jr |first=Theodore |date=Oct–Dec 1989 |title=The Inscription of King Manadeva at Changu Narayan |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=109 |issue=4 |pages=611–620 |doi=10.2307/604086|jstor=604086 }}</ref>

==Multilingual inscriptions==

Among the thousands of [[Newar language]] inscriptions scattered across [[Nepal Mandala]], or the Kathmandu Valley and its neighborhood, there are a few inscribed in other languages too. King [[Tutedhara#Royal_inscriptions|Pratap Malla]]'s polyglot inscription dated [[Nepal Era]] 774 (1654 AD) at [[Kathmandu Durbar Square]] is an example of his linguistic interest. The massive [[Tutedhara|stone with spouts]] to dispense water to travelers is carved in 15 languages including [[Greek language|Greek]], [[French language|French]] and [[Persian language|Persian]].<ref>{{cite book |title= Account of the Kingdom of Nepal |first= Father |last= Giuseppe |publisher= Vernor and Hood |location= London|year= 1799|pages= 313–314|access-date=14 March 2014 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vSsoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA307}}</ref>

Three inscriptions written in [[Nepali language|Nepali]] (Khas Kura, Gorkhali) have been found in the Kathmandu Valley, all of them from the period in which Pratap Malla featured prominently in the politics of Kantipur. There is one at Makhan dated 1641 AD. Although it acknowledges Jaya Laxmi Malla, Pratap Malla's father, its date is very close to the formal commencement of Pratap Malla's ascension to the throne. Another at Guheswari bears the name Pratap Malla. Another famed stone inscription of Pratap Malla installed at [[Rani Pokhari]] pond contains writings in three languages: Sanskrit, Nepali and Nepal Bhasa. It is dated [[Nepal Era]] 790 (1670 AD) and describes the construction of Rani Pokhari and its religious significance.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=TW |editor-first=Thomas |editor-last=Albert Sebeok |title=Current Trends in Linguistics |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=1976 |page=253 |chapter=Nepali and Pahari |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JqYMTdBws40C&q=bibliogroup:%22Current+trends+in+linguistics%22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://moste.gov.np/Rani_pokhari |title= Historical and Environmental Study of Rani Pokhari |last= Tribhuvan University Teachers' Association |date= June 2012 |publisher= Government of Nepal, Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology |pages=4–5 |access-date=14 March 2014}}</ref>

A large stone inscription containing texts in Nepal Bhasa and [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]] is installed at the Swayambhu stupa complex. It records the renovation of the stupa during the years 1751-1758.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ehrhard |first=Franz-Karl |title=A Renovation of Svayambhunath-Stupa in the 18th Century and its History |url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_114_01.pdf |journal=Ancient Nepal |pages=1–8 |access-date=14 March 2014}}</ref> The epitaph on the tombstone of a [[Capuchin Order|Capuchin]] [[missionary]] named [[Francesco della Penna]], who died and was buried in [[Patan, Nepal|Patan]] in 1745, contains texts in [[Latin]] and Nepal Bhasa.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lévi |first=Sylvain |year=1908 |title=Le Népal: étude historique d'un royaume hindou |url=https://archive.org/details/lenpaltudehisto00lvgoog |publisher=E. Leroux |page=[https://archive.org/details/lenpaltudehisto00lvgoog/page/n118 107]|access-date=17 March 2014}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Nepal Bhasa stone inscription at Swayambhu.jpg|<div align ="center">Inscription at Swayambhu, Kathmandu.</div>
File:Dhalasikwa inscription of nepal era 1021.jpg|<div align ="center">Inscription of Nepal Era 1021 (1901) at Dhalasikwa, Kathmandu.</div>
File:Nepal bhasa inscription dated nepal sambat 902.jpg|<div align ="center">Nepal Bhasa inscription dated Nepal Sambat 902 (1782) at Swayambhu.</div>
File:Asan inscription nepal sambat 1044.jpg|<div align ="center">Inscription in Nepal Bhasa at Asan dated Nepal Sambat 1044 (1924).</div>
File:Inscription in Nepal script.jpg|<div align ="center">Inscription in Nepal script at Swayambhu, Kathmandu.</div>
File:Inscription in Nepal script dated Nepal era 821.jpg|<div align ="center">Inscription in Nepal Bhasa and Nepal script dated Nepal era 821 (1701).</div>
File:Balambu stone inscription.jpg|<div align ="center">Inscription at Balambu</div>
File:Kamalachhi inscription.jpg|<div align ="center">Inscription dated 25 March 2014 at Kamalachhi</div>
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:History of Kathmandu]]
[[Category:Epigraphy]]
[[Category:Newar language]]
[[Category:Nepali language]]
[[Category:Sanskrit inscriptions]]
[[Category:Nepalese inscriptions]]

Papa Buka

2026-03-02T04:36:00Z

MaryjoM897: added data

{{short description|2025 Papua New Guinea drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Papa Buka
| image =
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[Dr. Biju]]
| writer = {{Plainlist|
* Dr. Biju
* Daniel Jonerdhagtt
}}
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Noelene Taula Wunum
* [[Akshay Parija]]
* [[Pa. Ranjith]]
* [[Prakash Bare]]
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Sine Boboro
* [[Ritabhari Chakraborty]]
* Prakash Bare
}}
| cinematography = Yedhu Radhakrishnan
| editing = Davis Manuel
| music = [[Ricky Kej]]
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* NAFA Productions
* Akshay Parija Productions
* Neelam Productions
* Silicon Media
}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|9|19}} (Papua New Guinea)
| country = {{Plainlist|
* Papua New Guinea
* India
}}
| runtime = 101 minutes
| language = {{Plainlist|
* [[Tok Pisin]]
* English
* Hindi
* Bengali
}}
}}

'''''Papa Buka''''' is a 2025 [[drama film]] co-written and directed by [[Dr. Biju]]. Starring Sine Boboro in the titular role, it follows an elderly war veteran, who helps two Indian historians discover forgotten World War II events that link India and Papua New Guinea through acts of bravery and kindness.

The film premiered on 19 September 2025 in Papua New Guinea. The timing of the film release is significant as [[Papua New Guinea]]’s [[50th Independence Anniversary King's Medal|50th year of independence]] was celebrated on 16 September 2025.<ref name="oscar:ver" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Waide |first=Aseneth |date=2025-09-19 |title=Papa Buka Has Grand Premiere at Paradise Cinema |url=https://pnghausbung.com/papa-buka-has-grand-premiere-at-paradise-cinema/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=PNG Haus Bung |language=en-US}}</ref> It was also selected as the first ever submission of Papua New Guinea for the [[Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Best International Feature Film]] at the [[98th Academy Awards]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/papa-buka-papua-new-guineas-first-oscar-journey-begins-with-indian-collaboration-1503477955.html |title=Papa Buka: Papua New Guinea's first Oscar journey begins with Indian collaboration |date=29 August 2025|access-date=29 August 2025|website= [[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2024-05-15 |title=India, Papua New Guinea Co-Production 'Papa Buka' Sets July Shoot – Global Bulletin |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/asia/india-papua-new-guinea-coproduction-papa-buka-1236004436/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> but was not on the list of films accepted by the academy.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thewrap.com/oscars-international-category-sends-86-films-to-voters/|title=Oscars International Category Sends 86 Films to Voters|last=Pond |first=Steve |date=24 October 2025|access-date=25 October 2025 |website=[[TheWrap]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Synopsis==

Two Indian historians, Romila Chatterjee and Anand Kunhiraman, travel to [[Port Moresby]] in Papua New Guinea to research and write a book about Indian soldiers who served alongside British and Australian forces during [[World War II]], fighting against the Japanese. In their search for firsthand accounts, they meet Papa Buka, an 80-year-old war veteran from the [[Kokoda Track campaign]]. He becomes their guide, leading them through remote jungle villages where they interview other veterans and collect memories of the war. As their journey unfolds, they encounter surprising and unforeseen events.

==Cast==
* Sine Boboro as Papa Buka
* [[Ritabhari Chakraborty]] as Romila Chatterjee
* [[Prakash Bare]] as Anand Kunhiraman
* John Sike as Sike Yuants
* Barbara Anatu as National Museum Officer
* Jacob Oburi
* Sandra Dauma as Wahu
* Max Maso PPC as Sogeri Police Commander

==Production==

The film was officially announced in May 2024 by Inbasekar Sundaramurti, [https://www.hcipom.gov.in/ Indian High Commissioner to Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands]. ''[https://papabuka.com/ Papa Buka]'' is the first Papua New Guinea–India co-produced feature film, marking a milestone in cinematic collaboration between the two countries and Papua New Guinea’s representation at major international film festivals. Noelene Taula Wunum of Papua New Guinea and Indian producers [[Akshay Parija]], [[Pa. Ranjith]], and [[Prakash Bare]] serve as producers, with Parul Agarwal as executive producer. The production is supported by the [https://www.linkedin.com/company/ministry-of-tourism-arts-and-culture/?originalSubdomain=pg Papua New Guinea Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture], the [https://www.ncc.gov.pg/ National Cultural Commission], and the High Commission of India.

In 2024, [[Ritabhari Chakraborty]] was selected as the female lead.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ritabhari Chakraborty set for debut international project Papa Buka |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/entertainment/ritabhari-chakraborty-set-for-debut-international-project-papa-buka/cid/2020170 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516060552/https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/entertainment/ritabhari-chakraborty-set-for-debut-international-project-papa-buka/cid/2020170 |archive-date=2024-05-16 |access-date=2025-09-21}}</ref> The film also stars Prakash Bare, Sine Boboro, and John Sike. Indian cinematographer Yedhu Radhakrishnan makes his feature debut with the project.<ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2019-09-19 |title=M J Radhakrishnan's son to debut as cinematographer with Dr. Biju's next |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/Sep/19/m-j-radhakrishnans-son-to-debut-as-cinematographer-with-dr-bijus-next-2035698.html |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Principal photography began<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kassas |first=Scholar |date=2024-05-15 |title=First major co-producing film project for India and PNG |url=https://www.postcourier.com.pg/first-major-co-producing-film-project-for-india-and-png/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=Post Courier |language=en-US}}</ref> in mid-August 2024 across various locations in Papua New Guinea, including Port Moresby and the Varirata National Park. Filming wrapped in September 2024. Shot through a very crisp shoot schedule, Papa Buka had its post production done in India.

The beginning credits highlight the significant institutional, governmental, and cultural support behind the production. Special acknowledgments are given to the Government of Papua New Guinea, Prime Minister [[James Marape]], and [[Belden Namah]], Minister for Tourism, Arts and Culture. Additional thanks extend to the Government of India, High Commission of India in Papua New Guinea, as well as Jason Waviha Peter (Minister for Community Development, Youth and Religion), Jerry Ubase (Secretary, DFCDR), Steven Enomb Kilanda (Executive Director, National Cultural Commission), and Karan Rana of [https://www.adzguru.co/ Adzguru (PNG) Ltd.], Papua New Guinea. Contributions were also recognized from cultural and academic institutions such as the National Film Institute, National Museum and Art Gallery, [[National Library of Papua New Guinea|National Library and Archives]], [[University of Papua New Guinea]], [[Pacific Adventist University]], and others.

The film is a co-production of NAFA Productions, Akshay Parija Productions, Neelam Productions, and Silicon Media. It is directed and written by Dr. Biju.

The film is positioned as Papua New Guinea’s official entry to the 98th Academy Awards in 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=KAMUS |first=MAXINE |date=2025-09-19 |title=PNG film for Oscars. 'Papa Buka' nominated for world's top awards {{!}} The National |url=https://www.thenational.com.pg/png-film-for-oscars-papa-buka-nominated-for-worlds-top-awards/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Music==
The original score for Papa Buka was composed by Ricky Kej, a three-time Grammy Award-winning Indian musician and United Nations Goodwill Ambassador.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ravindran |first=Manori |title=Papua New Guinea Makes First-Ever Oscar Submission With 'Papa Buka' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/awards/papua-new-guinea-first-ever-oscar-submission-papa-buka-1236498808/ |website=Variety |date=27 August 2025 |access-date=24 September 2025}}</ref>
Kej stated that he studied "raw tribal music, indigenous instruments, jungle sounds, rhythms, archival recordings and natural sound-scapes" to create a score rooted in Papua New Guinea's cultural and historical traditions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ricky Kej composes music for Papua New Guinea's first Oscar entry 'Papa Buka' |url=https://pragativadi.com/ricky-kej-composes-music-for-papua-new-guineas-first-oscar-entry-papa-buka/ |website=Pragativadi |date=28 August 2025 |access-date=24 September 2025}}</ref>
According to Hindustan Times, the score was praised for its ability to heighten the film’s emotional tone while remaining subtle and closely aligned with the narrative.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ricky Kej's music powers Papua New Guinea's first Oscar entry with film |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/ricky-kej-s-music-powers-papua-new-guinea-s-first-oscar-entry-with-film-101756960454429.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=28 August 2025 |access-date=24 September 2025}}</ref>

==Release==

Papa Buka had its world premiere on 18 September 2025 in Port Moresby, [[Papua New Guinea]], in a grand event attended by Prime Minister [[James Marape]], cabinet ministers, ambassadors, and representatives of the creative community. The following day, the film was given a theatrical release across Papua New Guinea, marking the country’s first Oscar-qualifying cinema release.<ref>{{cite news |title=Papa Buka premieres in Port Moresby ahead of Oscar campaign |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/dr-bijus-papa-buka-papua-is-new-guineas-oscar-entry/articleshow/123549002.cms |work=The Times of India |date=27 August 2025 |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref>

The PNG Oscar Selection Committee formally announced the film as the country’s first-ever submission to the Academy Awards in the Best International Feature Film category. This milestone coincided with the nation’s [[50th Independence Anniversary King's Medal|50th anniversary of independence]], giving the release a symbolic cultural significance.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ravindran |first=Manori |title=Papua New Guinea Makes First-Ever Oscar Submission With 'Papa Buka' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/awards/papua-new-guinea-first-ever-oscar-submission-papa-buka-1236498808/ |website=Variety |date=27 August 2025 |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref>

The film will have its International premiere at the [[Listapad|Minsk International Film Festival]] and compete in the Main Competition Fiction Films in November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://listapad.org/en/ |title=Main Competition Fiction Films |date=14 July 2025|access-date=25 October 2025|website= [[Listapad]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Instagram |user=neelam_productions |postid=DQGX1vtEust |title= Papa Buka's International Premiere at Minsk International Film Festival!|date=22 October 2025|access-date=25 October 2025}}</ref>

The film was screened at the [[International Film Festival of Kerala]] (IFFK) on 13 December 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Papa Buka director Dr Biju says lives of marginalised communities are the same worldwide: ‘Be it a democratic, fascist or socialist country…’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/papa-buka-director-dr-biju-says-lives-of-marginalised-communities-are-the-same-worldwide-10420701/ |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Oscar submission ==
In August 2025, Papa Buka was selected by the Papua New Guinea Oscar Selection Committee as the country’s first-ever official [[List of Papua New Guinean submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|submission]] to the [[Academy Award for Best International Feature Film]] at the 98th Academy Awards. The announcement was made in Port Moresby by the Minister for Tourism, Arts and Culture, Belden Norman Namah, alongside National Cultural Commission Executive Director Steven Enomb Kilanda and committee chairman Dr. Don Niles. The committee described the film as a “pioneering cinematic collaboration between Papua New Guinea and India” that would showcase the nation’s cultural heritage to a global audience.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/08/27/papa-buka-oscar-entry-papua-new-guinea-oscars-history.html |title=Dr Biju's film 'Papa Buka' selected as Papua New Guinea's official entry to Oscars|date=27 August 2025|access-date=29 August 2025|website= [[Onmanorama]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.paradisecinemas.com.pg/movie/papa-buka |title=Papa Buka|access-date=30 August 2025|website= Paradise Cinema |language=en}}</ref><ref name="oscar:ver">{{Cite news |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=26 August 2025 |title=Papua New Guinea Makes First-Ever Oscar Submission With 'Papa Buka' (EXCLUSIVE) |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/awards/papua-new-guinea-first-ever-oscar-submission-papa-buka-1236498808/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250831150758/https://variety.com/2025/film/awards/papua-new-guinea-first-ever-oscar-submission-papa-buka-1236498808/ |archive-date=31 August 2025}}</ref>

== Festival selections and awards ==

* '''Winner of the Special Jury Diploma''' at the 31st [[Minsk International Film Festival Listapad]] (2025).<ref>{{cite web |title=Awards of the 31st Minsk International Film Festival Listapad |publisher=Listapad Official Site |date=20 November 2025 |url=https://listapad.org/en/news/awards-of-the-31st-minsk-international-film-festival-listapad |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref>

* '''Official Selection''' in the Red Carpet Gala section of the 56th [[International Film Festival of India]] (IFFI), Goa (2025).<ref>{{cite news |title=Red Carpet: Papa Buka at 56th IFFI |publisher=The Hindu |date=25 November 2025 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/iffi-2025-goa-opens-first-ever-carnival-parade-premieres-gabriel-mascaros-the-blue-trail-and-launches-waves-film-bazaar/article70304645.ece |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref>

* '''Official Selection''' in the World Cinema section of the 30th [[International Film Festival of Kerala]] (IFFK) (2025).<ref>{{cite news |title=Papa Buka Kerala premiere at IFFK World Cinema section |publisher=Asianet News |date=27 November 2025 |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/dr-biju-papa-buka-kerala-premier-at-iffk-world-cinema-section-articleshow-8qsa2l5 |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref>

* '''Official Selection''' in the International Competition section of the 24th [[Dhaka International Film Festival]] (2026).<ref>{{cite web |title=24th DIFF lists of films |publisher=Dhaka International Film Festival |date=16 January 2026 |url=https://www.dhakafilmfestival.org/24th-diff-lists-of-films-2026/ |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref>

* '''Official Selection''' in the Asian Competition section of the 22nd [[Third Eye Asian Film Festival]], Mumbai (2026).<ref>{{cite web |title=What can you see through your two eyes at the Third Eye Asian Film Festival? |publisher=Film Festivals |date=5 January 2026 |url=https://www.filmfestivals.com/blog/siraj_syed/what_can_you_see_through_your_two_eyes_at_the_third_eye_asian_film_festival |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref>

* '''Official Selection''' in the International Competition section of the 24th [[Pune International Film Festival]] (PIFF) (2026).<ref>{{cite web |title=24th PIFF Global Cinema selection |publisher=Pune International Film Festival |date=15 January 2026 |url=https://piffindia.com/pdf/2026/24th-piff-Global-Cinema.pdf |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref>

* '''Official Selection''' in the Oriental Express and Directors' Week competition sections of the 46th [[Fantasporto]] – Oporto International Film Festival (2026).<ref>{{cite web |title=Directors' Week selection |publisher=Fantasporto |date=20 January 2026 |url=https://fantasporto.com/en/category/directors-week-en/ |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref>

* '''Official Selection''' as the closing film of the Cinema at Sea – Okinawa Pan-Pacific International Film Festival, Japan (2026), in the Homecoming section.<ref>{{cite web |title=Special Showcase Homecoming opening and closing films announced |publisher=Cinema at Sea |date=22 January 2026 |url=https://www.cinema-at-sea.com/en/news/gazQGEGe |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[List of submissions to the 98th Academy Awards for Best International Feature Film]]
* [[List of Papua New Guinean submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}
* {{IMDb title}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GKF2G6Ct2c0 ''Papa Buka'' official trailer l] on YouTube
{{Dr. Biju}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dr. Biju]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Papua New Guinea]]
[[Category:Cinema of Papua New Guinea]]
[[Category:Films shot in Papua New Guinea]]
[[Category:2025 English-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:English-language drama films]]

Biogeography

2026-03-01T21:26:23Z

MaryjoM897: rework citations further

{{Short description|Study of distribution of species}}

[[File:Alfred Russel Wallace's map of biogeographical regions.jpg|thumb|350px|[[Book frontispiece|Frontispiece]] to [[Alfred Russel Wallace]]'s book ''The Geographical Distribution of Animals'']]

{{evolutionary biology}}

'''Biogeography''' is the study of the [[species distribution|distribution]] of [[species]] and [[ecosystem]]s in [[geography|geographic space]] and through [[evolutionary history of life|geological time]]. Organisms and biological [[community (ecology)|communities]] often vary in a regular fashion along geographic gradients of [[latitude]], [[elevation]], [[allopatric speciation|isolation]] and habitat [[species-area curve|area]].<ref name="Brown University">{{cite web |url=https://biomed.brown.edu/Courses/BIO48/29.Biogeography.HTML |title=Biogeography |access-date=2014-04-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020041149/http://biomed.brown.edu/Courses/BIO48/29.Biogeography.HTML |archive-date=2014-10-20|publisher=Brown University}}</ref> [[Phytogeography]] is the branch of biogeography that studies the distribution of [[Plant|plants]], [[Zoogeography]] is the branch that studies distribution of [[Animal|animals]], while Mycogeography is the branch that studies distribution of [[Fungus|fungi]], such as [[mushrooms]].

Knowledge of spatial variation in the numbers and types of organisms is as vital to us today as it was to our early human [[ancestors]], as we adapt to heterogeneous but geographically predictable [[Natural environment|environments]]. Biogeography is an integrative field of inquiry that unites concepts and information from [[ecology]], [[evolutionary biology]], [[taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]], [[geology]], [[physical geography]], [[palaeontology]], and [[climatology]].<ref name= "Dansereau">{{cite book|last=Dansereau|first=Pierre|year=1957|title=Biogeography; an ecological perspective|location=New York|publisher=Ronald Press Co}}</ref><ref name="Cox_et_al_2016">{{cite book |title=Biogeography:An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach |last1=Cox |first1=C. Barry |last2=Moore |first2 =Peter D. |last3=Ladle |first3=Richard J. |year=2016 |publisher=Wiley |location=Chichester, UK |isbn=978-1-118-96858-1 |page=xi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GP5HeCwkV2IC |access-date=22 May 2020}}</ref>

Modern biogeographic research combines information and ideas from many fields, from the physiological and ecological constraints on organismal [[Biological dispersal|dispersal]] to [[geological]] and [[climatological]] phenomena operating at global spatial scales and [[evolution]]ary time frames.

The short-term interactions within a habitat and species of organisms describe the ecological application of biogeography. Historical biogeography describes the long-term, evolutionary periods of time for broader classifications of organisms.<ref name=Cox>{{cite book|last1=Cox|first1=C Barry|first2=Peter|last2=Moore|title=Biogeography: an ecological and evolutionary approach|location=Malden, MA|publisher=Blackwell Publications|year=2005|isbn=978-1-4051-1898-9}}</ref> Early scientists, beginning with [[Carl Linnaeus]], contributed to the development of biogeography as a science.

The scientific theory of biogeography grows out of the work of [[Alexander von Humboldt]] (1769–1859),<ref>{{cite book|last=von Humboldt|first=A|year=1805|title=Essai sur la geographie des plantes; accompagne d'un tableau physique des régions equinoxiales|publisher=Levrault|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> [[Francisco Jose de Caldas]] (1768–1816),<ref>{{cite book|last=Caldas|first=FJ|year=1796–1801|title=La Nivelacion de las Plantas|location=Colombia|language=es}}</ref> [[Hewett Cottrell Watson]] (1804–1881),<ref>{{cite book|last=Watson|first=HC|year=1847–1859|title=Cybele Britannica: or British plants and their geographical relations|publisher=Longman|location=London}}</ref> [[Alphonse de Candolle]] (1806–1893),<ref>{{cite book|last=de Candolle|first=Alphonse|year=1855|title=Géographie botanique raisonnée &c|publisher=Masson|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref> [[Alfred Russel Wallace]] (1823–1913),<ref>{{cite book|last=Wallace|first=AR|year=1876|title=The geographical distribution of animals|publisher=Macmillan|location=London}}</ref> [[Philip Lutley Sclater]] (1829–1913) and other biologists and explorers.<ref name=Browne>{{cite book |last=Browne |first=Janet |year=1983 |title=The secular ark: studies in the history of biogeography |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven |isbn=978-0-300-02460-9 }}</ref>

==Introduction==
The patterns of species distribution across geographical areas can usually be explained through a combination of historical factors such as: [[speciation]], [[extinction]], [[continental drift]], and [[glaciation]]. Through observing the geographic distribution of species, we can see associated variations in [[sea level]], river routes, habitat, and [[river capture]]. Additionally, this science considers the geographic constraints of [[landmass]] areas and isolation, as well as the available ecosystem energy supplies.{{cn|date=June 2024}}

Over periods of [[ecology|ecological]] changes, biogeography includes the study of plant and animal species in: their past and/or present living ''[[refugium (population biology)|refugium]]'' [[habitat]]; their interim living sites; and/or their survival locales.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Martiny|first1=JBH|first2=BJM|last2=Bohannan|first3=JH|last3=Brown|display-authors=et al|url=http://alrlab.pdx.edu/media/HughesBiogeoNature.pdf|title=Microbial biogeography: putting microorganisms on the map|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621194350/http://alrlab.pdx.edu/media/HughesBiogeoNature.pdf |archive-date=2010-06-21|journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology|date=Feb 2006|volume=4|issue=2 |pages=102–112 |doi=10.1038/nrmicro1341 |pmid=16415926 }}</ref> As David Quammen put it, "...biogeography does more than ask ''Which species?'' and ''Where''. It also asks ''Why?'' and, what is sometimes more crucial, ''Why not?''."<ref>{{cite book | last=Quammen | first=David | author-link=David Quammen | title=Song of the Dodo: Island Biogeography in an Age of Extinctions | publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons|Scribner]] | year=1996 | location=New York | pages=[https://archive.org/details/songofdodoisland00quam/page/17 17] | isbn=978-0-684-82712-4 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/songofdodoisland00quam/page/17 }}
</ref>

Modern biogeography often employs the use of [[Geographic Information Systems]] (GIS), to understand the factors affecting organism distribution, and to predict future trends in organism distribution.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cavalcanti|first=Mauro|year=2009|url=http://digitaltaxonomy.infobio.net/?Software:Biogeography_and_GIS |title=Digital Taxonomy Infobio |access-date=2009-09-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015021915/http://digitaltaxonomy.infobio.net/?Software:Biogeography_and_GIS |archive-date=2006-10-15 }}</ref>
Often mathematical models and GIS are employed to solve ecological problems that have a spatial aspect to them.<ref>{{cite book |last=Whittaker |first=R. |year=1998 |title=Island Biogeography: Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-850021-6 }}</ref>

Biogeography is most keenly observed on the world's [[island]]s. These habitats are often much more manageable areas of study because they are more condensed than larger ecosystems on the mainland.<ref name="Mac">{{cite book|last1=MacArthur|first1=RH|last2=Wilson|first2=EO|year=1967|title=The theory of island biogeography|publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0-691-08836-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a10cdkywhVgC&pg=PR7|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731031641/https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=a10cdkywhVgC&pg=PR7|archive-date=2022-07-31}}</ref> Islands are also ideal locations because they allow scientists to look at habitats that new [[invasive species]] have only recently colonized and can observe how they disperse throughout the island and change it. They can then apply their understanding to similar but more complex mainland habitats. Islands are very diverse in their [[biome]]s, ranging from the tropical to arctic climates. This diversity in habitat allows for a wide range of species study in different parts of the world.

[[Charles Darwin]] recognized the importance of these geographic locations, and remarked in his journal that "the Zoology of Archipelagoes will be well worth examination".<ref name=Mac/> Two chapters in ''[[On the Origin of Species]]'' were devoted to geographical distribution.

==History==
===18th century===
The first discoveries that contributed to the development of biogeography as a science began in the mid-18th century, as Europeans explored the world and described the biodiversity of life. During the 18th century most views on the world were shaped around religion and for many natural theologists, the bible. [[Carl Linnaeus]], in the mid-18th century, improved our classifications of organisms through the exploration of undiscovered territories by his students and disciples. When he noticed that species were not as perpetual as he believed, he developed the Mountain Explanation to explain the distribution of biodiversity; when Noah's ark landed on Mount Ararat and the waters receded, the animals dispersed throughout different elevations on the mountain. This showed that different species in different climates proved the fact that species are not constant.<ref name=Cox /> Linnaeus' findings set a basis for ecological biogeography. Through his strong beliefs in Christianity, he was inspired to classify the living world, which then gave way to additional accounts of secular views on geographical distribution.<ref name=Browne /> He argued that the structure of an animal was very closely related to its physical surroundings.<ref name=Browne />

Closely after Linnaeus, [[Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon]] observed shifts in climate and how species spread across the globe as a result. Buffon believed there was a single species creation event, and he was the first to theorize different groups of organisms coming from different regions of the world. Buffon saw similarities between some regions which led him to believe that at one point continents were connected and then water separated them and caused differences in species. His hypotheses were described in his work, the 36 volume ''[[Histoire Naturelle|Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière]]'', in which he argued that varying geographical regions would have different forms of life, inspired by his observations comparing the Old and New World. He noted that similar environments in different regions of the world held separate and distinct species, a concept later known as Buffon's Law, which eventually became a major principle of biogeography.<ref name=Browne /> Buffon also studied fossils which led him to believe that the Earth was over tens of thousands of years old, and that humans had not lived there long in comparison to the age of the Earth.<ref name=Cox />

===19th century===
Following the period of exploration came the [[Age of Enlightenment]] in Europe, which attempted to explain the patterns of biodiversity observed by Buffon and Linnaeus. At the birth of the 19th century, [[Alexander von Humboldt]], known as the "founder of plant geography",<ref name=Cox /> developed the concept of "''physique generale''" to demonstrate the unity of science and how species fit together. As one of the first to contribute empirical data to the science of biogeography through his travel as an explorer, he observed differences in climate and vegetation. The Earth was divided into regions which he defined as tropical, temperate, and arctic and within these regions there were similar forms of vegetation.<ref name=Cox /> This ultimately enabled him to create the [[Contour_line#Temperature_and_related_subjects|isotherm]] (temperature lines on a map), which allowed scientists to see patterns of life within different climates.<ref name=Cox /> He contributed his observations to findings of botanical geography by previous scientists, and sketched this description of both the biotic and abiotic features of the Earth in his book, ''[[Cosmos (Humboldt)|Cosmos]]''.<ref name=Browne />

[[Augustin de Candolle]] contributed to the field of biogeography as he observed species competition and the several differences that influenced the discovery of the diversity of life. He was a Swiss botanist and created the first Laws of Botanical Nomenclature in his work, Prodromus.<ref name=Nicolson>{{cite journal | last1 = Nicolson | first1 = D.H. | year = 1991 | title = A History of Botanical Nomenclature | journal = Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden | volume = 78 | issue = 1 | pages = 33–56 | doi = 10.2307/2399589 | jstor = 2399589 | bibcode = 1991AnMBG..78...33N | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/35570 | access-date = 2022-06-25 | archive-date = 2021-08-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210812103707/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/35570 | url-status = live }}</ref> He discussed plant distribution and his theories eventually had a great impact on [[Charles Darwin]], who was inspired to consider species adaptations and evolution after learning about botanical geography. De Candolle was the first to describe the differences between the small-scale and large-scale distribution patterns of organisms around the globe.<ref name=Browne />

Several additional scientists contributed new theories to further develop the concept of biogeography. [[Charles Lyell]] developed the Theory of [[Uniformitarianism]] after studying fossils. This theory explained how the world was not created by one sole catastrophic event, but instead from numerous creation events and locations.<ref name=Lyell>Lyell, Charles. 1830. Principles of geology, being an attempt to explain the former changes of the Earth's surface, by reference to causes now in operation. London: John Murray. Volume 1.</ref> Uniformitarianism also introduced the idea that the Earth was actually significantly older than was previously accepted. Using this knowledge, Lyell concluded that it was possible for species to go extinct.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lomolino|first1=Mark V|first2=Lawrence R|last2=Heaney|year=2004|title=Frontiers of biogeography: new directions in the geography of nature|location=Sunderland, Mass|publisher=Sinauer Associates}}</ref> Since he noted that Earth's climate changes, he realized that species distribution must also change accordingly. Lyell argued that climate changes complemented vegetation changes, thus connecting the environmental surroundings to varying species. This largely influenced Charles Darwin in his development of the theory of evolution.<ref name=Browne />

[[Charles Darwin]] was a natural theologist who studied around the world, and most importantly in the [[Galapagos Islands]]. Darwin introduced the idea of natural selection, as he theorized against previously accepted ideas that species were static or unchanging. His contributions to biogeography and the theory of evolution were different from those of other explorers of his time, because he developed a mechanism to describe the ways that species changed. His influential ideas include the development of theories regarding the struggle for existence and natural selection. Darwin's theories started a biological segment to biogeography and empirical studies, which enabled future scientists to develop ideas about the geographical distribution of organisms around the globe.<ref name=Browne />

[[Alfred Russel Wallace]] studied the distribution of flora and fauna in the [[Amazon Basin]] and the [[Malay Archipelago]] in the mid-19th century. His research was essential to the further development of biogeography, and he was later nicknamed the "father of Biogeography". Wallace conducted fieldwork researching the habits, breeding and migration tendencies, and feeding behavior of thousands of species. He studied butterfly and bird distributions in comparison to the presence or absence of geographical barriers. His observations led him to conclude that the number of organisms present in a community was dependent on the amount of food resources in the particular habitat.<ref name=Browne /> Wallace believed species were dynamic by responding to biotic and abiotic factors. He and Philip Sclater saw biogeography as a source of support for the theory of [[evolution]] as they used Darwin's conclusion to explain how biogeography was similar to a record of species inheritance.<ref name =Browne /> Key findings, such as the sharp difference in fauna either side of the [[Wallace Line]], and the sharp difference that existed between North and [[South America]] prior to their relatively recent [[Great American Interchange|faunal interchange]], can only be understood in this light. Otherwise, the field of biogeography would be seen as a purely descriptive one.<ref name =Cox />

===20th and 21st century===
[[File:Snider-Pellegrini Wegener fossil map.svg|thumb|300px|Schematic distribution of fossils on Pangea according to Wegener]]
Moving on to the 20th century, [[Alfred Wegener]] introduced the Theory of [[Continental Drift]] in 1912, though it was not widely accepted until the 1960s.<ref name =Cox /> This theory was revolutionary because it changed the way that everyone thought about species and their distribution around the globe. The theory explained how continents were formerly joined in one large landmass, [[Pangea]], and slowly drifted apart due to the movement of the plates below Earth's surface. The evidence for this theory is in the geological similarities between varying locations around the globe, the geographic distribution of some fossils (including the [[mesosaur]]s) on various continents, and the jigsaw puzzle shape of the landmasses on Earth. Though Wegener did not know the mechanism of this concept of Continental Drift, this contribution to the study of biogeography was significant in the way that it shed light on the importance of environmental and geographic similarities or differences as a result of climate and other pressures on the planet. Importantly, late in his career Wegener recognised that testing his theory required measurement of continental movement rather than inference from fossils species distributions.<ref>{{Cite book|title=International Encyclopedia of Geography: People, the Earth, Environment and Technology|pages = 1–9|last=Trewick|first=Steve|date=2016|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd|isbn=978-1-118-78635-2|language=en|doi=10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0638|chapter = Plate Tectonics in Biogeography}}</ref>

In 1958 [[Paleontology|paleontologist]] [[Paul Schultz Martin|Paul S. Martin]] published ''A Biogeography of Reptiles and Amphibians in the Gómez Farias Region, Tamaulipas, Mexico'', which has been described as "ground-breaking"<ref name="Steadman (2011)">{{cite journal|last=Steadman|first=David W|url=https://www.esa.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/94/2022/02/Martin_PS.pdf|title=Professor Paul Schultz Martin 1928–2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809110057/https://www.esa.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/94/2022/02/Martin_PS.pdf |archive-date=2022-08-09|journal=Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America|date=January 2011|pages=33–46|doi=10.1890/0012-9623-92.1.33 }}</ref>{{rp|35 p.}} and "a classic treatise in historical biogeography".<ref name="Adler (2012)">{{cite book|last=Adler|first=Kraig|year=2012|title=Contributions to Herpetology|volume=29|publisher=Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles|isbn=978-0-916984-82-3}}</ref>{{rp|311 p.}} Martin applied several disciplines including [[ecology]], [[botany]], [[climatology]], [[geology]], and [[Pleistocene]] dispersal routes to examine the herpetofauna of a relatively small and largely undisturbed area, but ecologically complex, situated on the threshold of [[Temperate climate|temperate]] – [[Tropics|tropical]] (nearctic and neotropical) regions, including semiarid lowlands at 70 meters elevation and the northernmost [[cloud forest]] in the western hemisphere at over 2200 meters.<ref name="Steadman (2011)" /><ref name="Adler (2012)" /><ref name="Martin (1958)">{{cite journal|last=Martin|first=Paul S|year=1958|url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/56345/MP101.pdf?sequence=1|title=A Biogeography of Reptiles and Amphibians in the Gómez Farias Region, Tamaulipas, Mexico|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307213128/https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/56345/MP101.pdf?sequence=1 |archive-date=2023-03-07|journal=Miscellaneous Publications|publisher=Museum of Zoology University of Michigan|volume=101|pages=1–102}}</ref>

[[File:Plos wilson.jpg|thumb|Biologist [[E. O. Wilson|Edward O. Wilson]], coauthored ''[[The Theory of Island Biogeography]]'', which helped in stimulating much research on this topic in the late 20th and 21st. centuries.]]

The publication of ''[[The Theory of Island Biogeography]]'' by [[Robert MacArthur]] and [[Edward Osborne Wilson|E.O. Wilson]] in 1967<ref>This work expanded their 1963 paper on the same topic.</ref> showed that the species richness of an area could be predicted in terms of such factors as habitat area, immigration rate and extinction rate. This added to the long-standing interest in [[island biogeography]]. The application of island biogeography theory to [[habitat fragmentation|habitat fragments]] spurred the development of the fields of [[conservation biology]] and [[landscape ecology]].<ref>This applies to British and American academics; landscape ecology has a distinct genesis among European academics.</ref>

Classic biogeography has been expanded by the development of [[molecular systematics]], creating a new discipline known as [[phylogeography]]. This development allowed scientists to test theories about the origin and dispersal of populations, such as [[endemic (ecology)|island endemics]]. For example, while classic biogeographers were able to speculate about the origins of species in the [[Hawaiian Islands]], phylogeography allows them to test theories of relatedness between these populations and putative source populations on various continents, notably in [[Asia]] and [[North America]].<ref name= "Mac"/>

Biogeography continues as a point of study for many life sciences and geography students worldwide, however it may be under different broader titles within institutions such as ecology or evolutionary biology.

In recent years, one of the most important and consequential developments in biogeography has been to show how multiple organisms, including mammals like monkeys and reptiles like [[Squamata|squamates]], overcame barriers such as large oceans that many biogeographers formerly believed were impossible to cross.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Monkey's Voyage: How Improbable Journeys Shaped the History of Life |last=Queiroz, de |first=Alan |year=2014 |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0-465-02051-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/monkeysvoyagehow0000dequ }}</ref> See also [[Oceanic dispersal]].

==Modern applications==
[[File:Europe biogeography countries en.svg|thumb|300px|Biogeographic regions of Europe]]
Biogeography now incorporates many different fields including, but not limited to, physical geography, geology, plant biology, zoology, general biology, and modelling. A biogeographer's main focus is on how the environment and humans affect the distribution of species and genetic diversity. Biogeography is being applied to biodiversity conservation and planning,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ahmadi |first1=Mohsen |last2=Hemami |first2=Mahmoud-Reza |last3=Kaboli |first3=Mohammad |last4=Ghane-Ameleh |first4=Somayeh |last5=Malekian |first5=Mansoureh |date=2025 |title=Conservation Biogeography of Mountain Vipers: A Phylogenetic Niche Modelling Approach |journal=Diversity and Distributions |language=en |volume=31 |issue=1 |article-number=e13955 |doi=10.1111/ddi.13955 |bibcode=2025DivDi..31E3955A |issn=1472-4642|doi-access=free }}</ref> projecting global environmental changes on species and biomes,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fialas |first1=Penelope C. |last2=Santini |first2=Luca |last3=Russo |first3=Danilo |last4=Amorim |first4=Francisco |last5=Rebelo |first5=Hugo |last6=Novella-Fernandez |first6=Roberto |last7=Marques |first7=Francisco |last8=Domer |first8=Adi |last9=Vella |first9=Adriana |last10=Martinoli |first10=Adriano |last11=Figurek |first11=Aleksandra |last12=Tsoar |first12=Asaf |last13=Sandor |first13=Attila |last14=Ibanez |first14=Carlos |last15=Korine |first15=Carmi |date=2025 |title=Changes in community composition and functional diversity of European bats under climate change |journal=Conservation Biology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=4 |article-number=e70025 |doi=10.1111/cobi.70025 |issn=1523-1739 |pmc=12309660 |pmid=40165613 |bibcode=2025ConBi..3970025F }}</ref> projecting the spread of infectious diseases,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Walsh |first1=Michael G. |last2=Webb |first2=Cameron |last3=Brookes |first3=Victoria |date=2025 |title=Landscapes associated with Japanese encephalitis virus in Australia reflect the functional biogeography of waterbirds |journal=Ecosphere |language=en |volume=16 |issue=10 |article-number=e70404 |doi=10.1002/ecs2.70404 |issn=2150-8925|doi-access=free |bibcode=2025Ecosp..1670404W }}</ref> invasive species,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Di Febbraro |first1=Mirko |last2=Bosso |first2=Luciano |last3=Fasola |first3=Mauro |last4=Santicchia |first4=Francesca |last5=Aloise |first5=Gaetano |last6=Lioy |first6=Simone |last7=Tricarico |first7=Elena |last8=Ruggieri |first8=Luciano |last9=Bovero |first9=Stefano |last10=Mori |first10=Emiliano |last11=Bertolino |first11=Sandro |date=2023 |title=Different facets of the same niche: Integrating citizen science and scientific survey data to predict biological invasion risk under multiple global change drivers |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gcb.16901 |journal=Global Change Biology |language=en |volume=29 |issue=19 |pages=5509–5523 |doi=10.1111/gcb.16901 |pmid=37548610 |bibcode=2023GCBio..29.5509D |issn=1365-2486|hdl=2158/1331492 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> and for supporting planning for the establishment of crops.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Runxi |last2=Kass |first2=Jamie M. |last3=Chaudhary |first3=Chhaya |last4=Economo |first4=Evan P. |last5=Guénard |first5=Benoit |date=2024-07-05 |title=Global biogeographic regions for ants have complex relationships with those for plants and tetrapods |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=5641 |doi=10.1038/s41467-024-49918-2 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=11226674 |pmid=38969636}}</ref> Technological evolution and advances in knowledge have generated a suite of predictor variables for biogeographic analysis, including global satellite imaging and image processing of the Earth.<ref name="Watts">{{cite conference|title=The New Biogeography and its Niche in Physical Geography|first=D|last=Watts|conference=Geography Annual Conference|volume=63|number=4|date=November 1978|pages=324–337}}</ref> Two main types of satellite imaging that are important within modern biogeography are Global Production Efficiency Model (GLO-PEM) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). GLO-PEM uses satellite-imaging gives "repetitive, spatially contiguous, and time specific observations of vegetation". These observations are on a global scale.<ref name="Prince">{{cite journal|first1=Stephen D|last1=Prince|first2=Samuel N|last2=Goward|title=Global Primary Production: A Remote Sensing Approach|journal=Journal of Biogeography|volume=22|number=4/5|series=Terrestrial Ecosystem Interactions with Global Change, Volume 2|date=Jul 1995|pages=815–835|doi=10.2307/2845983 |jstor=2845983 |bibcode=1995JBiog..22..815P }}</ref> GIS can show certain processes on the earth's surface like whale locations, [[sea surface temperature]]s, and [[bathymetry]].<ref name="NASA">{{cite web |url=http://rsd.gsfc.nasa.gov/rsd/RemoteSensing.html |title=Remote Sensing Data and Information |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427035513/http://rsd.gsfc.nasa.gov/rsd/RemoteSensing.html |archive-date=2014-04-27 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bosso |first1=Luciano |last2=Saviano |first2=Simona |last3=Abagnale |first3=Maria |last4=Bellardini |first4=Daniele |last5=Bolinesi |first5=Francesco |last6=Botte |first6=Vincenzo |last7=Buondonno |first7=Angela |last8=Carotenuto |first8=Ylenia |last9=Casotti |first9=Raffaella |last10=Chiusano |first10=Maria Luisa |last11=Cipolletta |first11=Francesco |last12=Conversano |first12=Fabio |last13=De Domenico |first13=Francesca |last14=Del Gaizo |first14=Gabriele |last15=Donnarumma |first15=Vincenzo |date=2025-05-09 |title=GIS-based integration of marine data for assessment and management of a highly anthropized coastal area |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=16200 |doi=10.1038/s41598-025-00206-z |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=12064697 |pmid=40346072 |bibcode=2025NatSR..1516200B }}</ref> Current scientists also use coral reefs to delve into the history of biogeography through the fossilized reefs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Reeb |first1=Anne-Sophie |last2=Rebelo |first2=Ana Cristina |last3=Ramalho |first3=Ricardo S. |last4=Madeira |first4=José |last5=Rasser |first5=Michael W. |date=September 2024 |title=Systematics and paleobiogeography of Quaternary corals from Cabo Verde Archipelago |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/quaternary-research/article/abs/systematics-and-paleobiogeography-of-quaternary-corals-from-cabo-verde-archipelago/B05CAD7F2B4F9DB1637A6D10212E7D2D |journal=Quaternary Research |language=en |volume=121 |pages=94–108 |doi=10.1017/qua.2024.20 |bibcode=2024QuRes.121...94R |issn=0033-5894|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Two global information systems are either dedicated to, or have strong focus on, biogeography (in the form of the spatial location of observations of organisms), namely the [[Global Biodiversity Information Facility]] (GBIF: 2.57 billion species occurrence records reported as at August 2023)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gbif.org/ |title=Global Biodiversity Information Facility |access-date=27 August 2023 }}</ref> and, for marine species only, the [[Ocean Biodiversity Information System]] (OBIS, originally the ''Ocean Biogeographic Information System'': 116 million species occurrence records reported as at August 2023),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://obis.org/ |title=Ocean Biodiversity Information System |access-date=27 August 2023 }}</ref> while at a national scale, similar compilations of species occurrence records also exist such as the U.K. [[National Biodiversity Network]], the [[Atlas of Living Australia]], and many others. In the case of the oceans, in 2017 Costello ''et al.'' analyzed the distribution of 65,000 species of marine animals and plants as then documented in OBIS, and used the results to distinguish 30 distinct marine realms, split between continental-shelf and offshore deep-sea areas.<ref name="Costello_et_al">{{cite journal |last1=Costello |first1=Mark J. |last2=Tsai |first2=Peter |last3=Wong |first3=Pui Shan |last4=Cheung |first4=Alan Kwok Lun |last5=Basher |first5=Zeenatul |last6=Chaudhary |first6=Chhaya |year=2017 |title=Marine biogeographic realms and species endemicity |journal=Nature Communications |volume=8 |issue=article number 1057 |page= 1057|doi=10.1038/s41467-017-01121-2 |jstor= |pmid=29051522 |pmc=5648874 |bibcode=2017NatCo...8.1057C }}</ref>

Since it is self evident that compilations of species occurrence records cannot cover with any completeness, areas that have received either limited or no sampling, a number of methods have been developed to produce arguably more complete "predictive" or "modelled" distributions for species based on their associated environmental or other preferences (such as availability of food or other habitat requirements); this approach is known as either Environmental niche modelling (ENM) or [[Species distribution modelling]] (SDM).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Buonincontri |first1=Mauro Paolo |last2=Bosso |first2=Luciano |last3=Smeraldo |first3=Sonia |last4=Chiusano |first4=Maria Luisa |last5=Pasta |first5=Salvatore |last6=Di Pasquale |first6=Gaetano |date=2023-06-15 |title=Shedding light on the effects of climate and anthropogenic pressures on the disappearance of Fagus sylvatica in the Italian lowlands: evidence from archaeo-anthracology and spatial analyses |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969723015097 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=877 |article-number=162893 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162893 |pmid=36933734 |bibcode=2023ScTEn.87762893B |issn=0048-9697|url-access=subscription |hdl=11365/1233095 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Benavides Rios |first1=Eva |last2=Sadler |first2=Jonathan |last3=Graham |first3=Laura |last4=Matthews |first4=Thomas J. |date=2024-06-01 |title=Species distribution models and island biogeography: Challenges and prospects |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989424001471 |journal=Global Ecology and Conservation |volume=51 |article-number=e02943 |doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2024.e02943 |bibcode=2024GEcoC..5102943B |issn=2351-9894}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yousefi |first1=Masoud |last2=Nicolaï |first2=Michaël P. J. |last3=Bosso |first3=Luciano |last4=Kafash |first4=Anooshe |last5=Nezami |first5=Bagher |last6=Rastegar-Pouyani |first6=Eskandar |date=2025-03-19 |title=Global scale high-resolution habitat suitability modeling of avifauna providing pollination service (sunbirds, Nectariniidae) |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=9489 |doi=10.1038/s41598-025-85587-x |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=11923160 |pmid=40108218 |bibcode=2025NatSR..15.9489Y }}</ref> Depending on the reliability of the source data and the nature of the models employed (including the scales for which data are available), maps generated from such models may then provide better representations of the "real" biogeographic distributions of either individual species, groups of species, or [[biodiversity]] as a whole, however it should also be borne in mind that historic or recent human activities (such as [[Whaling|hunting of great whales]], or other human-induced exterminations) may have altered present-day species distributions from their potential "full" ecological footprint. Examples of predictive maps produced by niche modelling methods based on either GBIF (terrestrial) or OBIS (marine, plus some freshwater) data are the former ''Lifemapper'' project at the [[University of Kansas]] (now continued as a part of ''BiotaPhy''<ref name="BiotaPhy">{{cite web |url=https://biotaphy.github.io/ |title=BiotaPhy Project |access-date=27 August 2023 }}</ref>) and [[AquaMaps]], which as at 2023 contain modelled distributions for around 200,000 terrestrial, and 33,000 species of [[teleost]]s, marine mammals, and invertebrates.<ref name="BiotaPhy" /><ref name="AquaMaps">{{cite web |url=https://aquamaps.org/ |title=AquaMaps |access-date=27 August 2023 }}</ref> One advantage of ENM/SDM is that in addition to showing current (or even past) modelled distributions, insertion of changed parameters such as the anticipated effects of [[climate change]] can also be used to show potential changes in species distributions that may occur in the future based on such scenarios.<ref name="Newbold">{{cite journal |last1=Newbold |first1=Tim |year=2018 |title=Future effects of climate and land-use change on terrestrial vertebrate community diversity under different scenarios |journal= Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=285 |issue=article number 20180792 |page= |doi=10.1098/rspb.2018.0792 |jstor= |pmid= 29925617|pmc= 6030534 |bibcode=2018RSPSB.28580792N }}</ref>

==Paleobiogeography==
{{See also|Dinosaur paleobiogeography}}
[[File:Wegener fossils-mapped.png|thumb|300px|Distribution of four Permian and Triassic fossil groups used as biogeographic evidence for continental drift, and land bridging]]
Paleobiogeography goes one step further to include [[paleogeography|paleogeographic]] data and considerations of [[plate tectonics]]. Using molecular analyses and corroborated by [[fossils]], it has been possible to demonstrate that [[perching birds]] evolved first in the region of [[Australia]] or the adjacent [[Antarctic]] (which at that time lay somewhat further north and had a temperate climate). From there, they spread to the other [[Gondwana]]n continents and Southeast Asia – the part of [[Laurasia]] then closest to their origin of dispersal – in the late [[Paleogene]], before achieving a global distribution in the early [[Neogene]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jønsson|first1=Knud A|last2=Fjeldså|first2=Jon|year=2006|title=Determining biogeographical patterns of dispersal and diversification in oscine passerine birds in Australia, Southeast Asia and Africa|journal=[[Journal of Biogeography]]|volume=33|issue=7|pages=1155–1165|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01507.x |bibcode=2006JBiog..33.1155J }}</ref> Not knowing that at the time of dispersal, the Indian Ocean was much narrower than it is today, and that South America was closer to the Antarctic, one would be hard pressed to explain the presence of many "ancient" lineages of perching birds in Africa, as well as the mainly South American distribution of the [[suboscine]]s.{{cn|date=June 2024}}

Paleobiogeography also helps constrain hypotheses on the timing of biogeographic events such as [[vicariance]] and [[geodispersal]], and provides unique information on the formation of regional biotas. For example, data from species-level phylogenetic and biogeographic studies tell us that the [[Amazon Basin|Amazonian]] [[teleost]] fauna accumulated in increments over a period of tens of millions of years, principally by means of allopatric speciation, and in an arena extending over most of the area of tropical South America.<ref>* {{cite book|last1=Albert|first1=JS|first2=RE|last2=Reis|year=2011|url=http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520268685|title=Historical Biogeography of Neotropical Freshwater Fishes|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley}}</ref> In other words, unlike some of the well-known insular faunas ([[Galapagos finches]], Hawaiian drosophilid flies, African rift lake [[cichlids]]), the species-rich Amazonian ichthyofauna is not the result of recent [[adaptive radiation]]s.<ref name="Lovejoy, N. R. 2010 Pp. 405-417">{{cite book|last1=Lovejoy|first1=NR|first2=SC|last2=Willis|first3=JS|last3=Albert|year=2010|chapter=Molecular signatures of [[Neogene]] biogeographic events in the Amazon fish fauna|pages=405–417|title=Amazonia, Landscape and Species Evolution|edition=1st|editor1-last=Hoorn|editor1-first=CM|editor2-last=Wesselingh|editor2-first=FP|location=London|publisher=Blackwell Publishing}}</ref>

For [[freshwater]] organisms, landscapes are divided naturally into discrete [[drainage basin]]s by [[Drainage divide|watersheds]], episodically isolated and reunited by [[erosion]]al processes. In regions like the [[Amazon Basin]] (or more generally Greater Amazonia, the Amazon basin, [[Orinoco]] basin, and [[Guianas]]) with an exceptionally low (flat) topographic relief, the many waterways have had a highly reticulated history over [[geological time]]. In such a context, [[stream capture]] is an important factor affecting the evolution and distribution of freshwater organisms. Stream capture occurs when an upstream portion of one river drainage is diverted to the downstream portion of an adjacent basin. This can happen as a result of [[tectonic uplift]] (or [[subsidence]]), natural damming created by a [[landslide]], or headward or lateral [[erosion]] of the watershed between adjacent basins.<ref name="Lovejoy, N. R. 2010 Pp. 405-417"/>

==Concepts and fields==
Biogeography is a synthetic science, related to [[geography]], [[biology]], [[soil science]], [[geology]], [[climatology]], [[ecology]] and [[evolution]].

Some fundamental concepts in biogeography include:
* [[allopatric speciation]] – the splitting of a species by evolution of geographically isolated populations
* [[evolution]] – change in genetic composition of a population
* [[extinction]] – disappearance of a species
* [[Biological dispersal|dispersal]] – movement of populations away from their point of origin, related to [[Animal migration|migration]]
* [[endemism|endemic]] areas
* [[geodispersal]] – the erosion of barriers to [[wikt:biotic|biotic]] dispersal and gene flow, that permit range expansion and the merging of previously isolated [[biota (ecology)|biotas]]
* [[range (biology)|range]] and [[Population distribution|distribution]]
* [[vicariance]] – the formation of barriers to biotic dispersal and gene flow, that tend to subdivide species and biotas, leading to speciation and extinction; vicariance biogeography is the field that studies these patterns

===Comparative biogeography===
The study of comparative biogeography can follow two main lines of investigation:<ref>{{cite book|first1=Lynne R|last1=Parenti|first2=Malte C|last2=Ebach|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K1GU_1I6bG4C|title=Comparative Biogeography: Discovering and Classifying Biogeographical Patterns of a Dynamic Earth|chapter=Introduction|date=18 November 2009 |page=9|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-94439-8 }}</ref>
* Systematic biogeography, the study of biotic area relationships, their distribution, and hierarchical classification
* Evolutionary biogeography, the proposal of evolutionary mechanisms responsible for organismal distributions. Possible mechanisms include widespread taxa disrupted by continental break-up or individual episodes of long-distance movement.

==Biogeographic units==
{{anchor|Biogeographic regionalisations}}
There are many types of biogeographic units used in biogeographic [[regionalisation]] schemes,<ref name=Calow98>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Calow|first=P|year=1998|title=The Encyclopedia of Ecology and Environmental Management|location=Oxford|publisher=Blackwell Science|page=82|isbn=978-1-4443-1324-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JKTeiqPBpM4C&pg=PA82}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last = Walter|first = B. M. T.|date = 2006|title = Fitofisionomias do bioma Cerrado: síntese terminológica e relações florísticas|format = Doctoral dissertation|publisher = Universidade de Brasília|page = 200|url = http://www.pgecl.unb.br/images/sampledata/arquivos/teses/2000a2010/2006/Bruno%20M.T.%20Walter.pdf|language = pt|access-date = 2016-08-26|archive-date = 2016-08-26|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160826132951/http://www.pgecl.unb.br/images/sampledata/arquivos/teses/2000a2010/2006/Bruno%20M.T.%20Walter.pdf|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Vilhena|first1= D.|last2= Antonelli|first2= A.|date = 2015|title = A network approach for identifying and delimiting biogeographical regions|journal = Nature Communications|volume = 6|article-number = 6848 |doi= 10.1038/ncomms7848|pmid= 25907961|pmc= 6485529|arxiv= 1410.2942|bibcode= 2015NatCo...6.6848V}}.</ref> as there are many criteria ([[species composition]], [[physiognomy]], ecological aspects) and hierarchization schemes: [[biogeographic realm]]s (ecozones), [[bioregion]]s (''sensu stricto''), [[ecoregion]]s, [[zoogeographical region]]s, [[floristic region]]s, [[vegetation]] types, [[biome]]s, etc.

The terms biogeographic unit<ref name=Calow98/> or biogeographic area<ref name=Ebach08/> can be used for these regions, regardless of where they fall in any hierarchy.

In 2008, an [[International Code of Area Nomenclature]] was proposed for biogeography.<ref name=Ebach08>{{cite journal|last1=Ebach|first1=MC|last2=Morrone|first2=JJ|last3=Parenti|first3=LR|last4=Viloria|first4=ÁL|year=2008|title=International Code of Area Nomenclature|journal=Journal of Biogeography|volume=35|issue=7|pages=1153–1157|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.01920.x |bibcode=2008JBiog..35.1153E |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.01920.x/pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916022658/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.01920.x/pdf|archive-date=2016-09-16}}</ref><ref name="Parenti et al. 2009">{{cite journal |last1=Parenti |first1=Lynne R. |last2=Viloria |first2=Ángel L. |last3=Ebach |first3=Malte C. |last4=Morrone |first4=Juan J. |title=On the International Code of Area Nomenclature (ICAN): a reply to Zaragüeta-Bagils et al. |journal=Journal of Biogeography |date=August 2009 |volume=36 |issue=8 |pages=1619–1621 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02171.x |bibcode=2009JBiog..36.1619P |s2cid=84690263 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Morrone|first=JJ|year=2015|title=Biogeographical regionalisation of the world: a reappraisal|journal=Australian Systematic Botany|volume=28|pages=81–90|issue=3|doi=10.1071/SB14042 |bibcode=2015AuSyB..28...81M |s2cid=83401946}}</ref> It achieved limited success; some studies commented favorably on it, but others were much more critical,<ref name="Zara et al. 2009">{{cite journal |last1=Zaragüeta-Bagils |first1=René |last2=Bourdon |first2=Estelle |last3=Ung |first3=Visotheary |last4=Vignes-Lebbe |first4=Régine |last5=Malécot |first5=Valéry |title=On the International Code of Area Nomenclature (ICAN) |journal=Journal of Biogeography |date=August 2009 |volume=36 |issue=8 |pages=1617–1619 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02106.x |language=en|doi-access=free |bibcode=2009JBiog..36.1617Z }}</ref> and it "has not yet gained a significant following".<ref name="Servais et al. 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Servais |first1=Thomas |last2=Cecca |first2=Fabrizio |last3=Harper |first3=David A. T. |last4=Isozaki |first4=Yukio |last5=Mac Niocaill |first5=Conall |title=Chapter 3 Palaeozoic palaeogeographical and palaeobiogeographical nomenclature |journal=Geological Society, London, Memoirs |date=January 2013 |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=25–33 |doi=10.1144/m38.3 |bibcode=2013GSLMm..38...25S |s2cid=54492071 |url=https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1443038 |language=en}}</ref> Similarly, a set of rules for paleobiogeography<ref name="Cecca & Westermann 2003">{{cite journal |last1=Cecca |first1=F. |last2=Westermann |first2=GEG |title=Towards a guide to palaeobiogeographic classification |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=2003 |volume=201 |issue=1 |pages=179–181 |doi=10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00557-1 |bibcode=2003PPP...201..179C |url=https://repository.geologyscience.ru/bitstream/handle/123456789/35292/Cecc_03.pdf?sequence=1}}</ref> has achieved limited success.<ref name="Servais et al. 2013"></ref><ref name="Laurin 2023 advent">{{cite book |last1=Laurin |first1=Michel |title=The Advent of PhyloCode: The Continuing Evolution of Biological Nomenclature |date=3 August 2023 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-003-09282-7 |pages=xv + 209 |doi=10.1201/9781003092827 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.1201/9781003092827/advent-phylocode-michel-laurin}}</ref> In 2000, Westermann suggested that the difficulties in getting formal nomenclatural rules established in this field might be related to "the curious fact that neither paleo- nor neobiogeographers are organized in any formal groupings or societies, nationally (so far as I know) or internationally — an exception among active disciplines."<ref name="Westermann 2000 order">{{cite journal |last1=Westermann |first1=Gerd E. G |title=Biochore classification and nomenclature in paleobiogeography: an attempt at order |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=1 May 2000 |volume=158 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00162-5 |bibcode=2000PPP...158....1W |issn=0031-0182}}</ref>

==See also==

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Allen's rule]]
* [[Bergmann's rule]]
* [[Biogeographic realm]]
* [[Bibliography of biology]]
* [[Biogeography-based optimization]]
* [[Center of origin]]
* [[Concepts and Techniques in Modern Geography]]
* [[Distance decay]]
* [[Ecological land classification]]
* [[Floristics]]
* [[Geobiology]]
* [[Macroecology]]
* [[Marine ecoregions]]
* [[Max Carl Wilhelm Weber]]
* [[Miklos Udvardy]]
* [[Phytochorion]]
*[[Phytogeography]]
* [[Sky island]]
* [[Systematic and evolutionary biogeography association]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes and references==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal | last1 = Albert | first1 = J.S. | last2 = Crampton | first2 = W.G.R. | year = 2010 | title = The geography and ecology of diversification in Neotropical freshwaters | journal = Nature Education | volume = 1 | issue = 10| page = 3 }}
* {{cite journal|last1=Cox|first1=CB|year=2001|title=The biogeographic regions reconsidered|journal=Journal of Biogeography|volume=28|issue=4 |pages=511–523|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2699.2001.00566.x |bibcode=2001JBiog..28..511B |url=http://desiguenza.net/geobotanica/tema09-Cox2001-KingdomsReconsidered.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203441/http://desiguenza.net/geobotanica/tema09-Cox2001-KingdomsReconsidered.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}
* {{cite book|last=Ebach|first=MC|year=2015|title=Origins of biogeography. The role of biological classification in early plant and animal geography|location=Dordrecht|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-94-017-9999-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K7UYCgAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book|last=Lieberman|first=BS|year=2001|title=Paleobiogeography: using fossils to study global change, plate tectonics, and evolution|publisher=Kluwer Academic, Plenum Publishing|isbn=978-0-306-46277-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMCsfquuCrYC&q=paleobiogeography%20using%20fossils%20to%20study&pg=PA214}}
* {{cite book|last1=Lomolino|first1=MV|last2=Brown|first2=JH|year=2004|title=Foundations of biogeography: classic papers with commentaries|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-49236-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbkCgsEPv6YC}}
* {{cite book |title=Geographic Ecology |last=MacArthur |first=Robert H. |author-link=Robert MacArthur |year=1972 |publisher=Harper & Row |location=New York }}
* {{cite book |title=Here be dragons: how the study of animal and plant distributions revolutionized our views of life and Earth |first=Dennis |last=McCarthy |location=Oxford & New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-954246-8}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Millington|editor-first1=A|editor-last2=Blumler|editor-first2=M|editor-last3=Schickhoff|first3=U|year=2011|title=The SAGE handbook of biogeography|publisher=Sage|location=London|isbn=978-1-4462-5445-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A2clqrhHUpIC}}
* {{cite journal|last=Nelson|first=GJ|year=1978|url=http://www.ib.usp.br/~silvionihei/pdf/Nelson1978_From%20Candolle%20to%20Croizat.pdf|title=From Candolle to Croizat: Comments on the history of biogeography|journal=Journal of the History of Biology|volume=11|issue=2 |pages=269–305|doi=10.1007/BF00389302 |pmid=11610435 }}
* {{cite journal|last=Udvardy|first=MDF|year=1975|title=A classification of the biogeographical provinces of the world|journal=IUCN Occasional Paper|number=18|location=Morges, Switzerland|publisher=IUCN|url=http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/udvardy.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811210836/http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/udvardy.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2011 }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Biogeography}}
* [https://www.biogeography.org/ The International Biogeography Society]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081205035334/http://www.seba.uac.pt/ Systematic & Evolutionary Biogeographical Society] (archived 5 December 2008)
* [http://people.wku.edu/charles.smith/biogeog/ Early Classics in Biogeography, Distribution, and Diversity Studies: To 1950]
* [http://people.wku.edu/charles.smith/biogeog/index2.htm Early Classics in Biogeography, Distribution, and Diversity Studies: 1951–1975]
* [http://people.wku.edu/charles.smith/chronob/homelist.htm Some Biogeographers, Evolutionists and Ecologists: Chrono-Biographical Sketches]

'''Major journals'''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041215091935/http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0305-0270 ''Journal of Biogeography'' homepage] (archived 15 December 2004)
* [http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=1466-822X&site=1 ''Global Ecology and Biogeography'' homepage]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728121557/http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=1466-822X&site=1 |date=2012-07-28 }}.
* [https://www.ecography.org/ ''Ecography'' homepage].

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[[Category:Biogeography| ]]
[[Category:Landscape ecology]]
[[Category:Physical oceanography]]
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Vinod Krishan

2026-02-21T07:58:41Z

MaryjoM897: put up basic stub added tags - done

{{short description|Indian physicist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Vinod Krishan
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| citizenship = Indian
| fields = [[Astrophysics]]
| workplaces = [[New Delhi]]
| alma_mater = [[Delhi University]] [[University of Tennessee]], United States
| doctoral_advisor =
| dissertation =
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for = [[Solid State Physics]]
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = Dr. Vikram Sarabhai research award for Space Sciences for the year 1992
| signature = 
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
| spouse =
}}

'''Vinod Krishan''' (born 14 October 1946<ref name=":0">''[https://nbtindia.gov.in/writereaddata/freebooks/pdf/Women%20Scientists%20in%20India.pdf Women Scientists in India]''. National Book Trust, India. p. 209.</ref>), is an Indian [[physicist]], a Senior Professor and dean of sciences at the [[Indian Institute of Astrophysics]], [[Bangalore]].<ref name=":2" /> She is involved in teaching and research in [[Plasma Physics]]. She is a Fellow of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]]<ref name=":0" /> and the 1991 recipient of the Vikram Sarabhai Award for Space Sciences.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Hari Om Ashram Prerit Vikram Sarabhai Research Award Awardees List|url=https://www.prl.res.in/prl-eng/list_awards_hoa|access-date=14 March 2021|website=Physical Research Laboratory of the Department of Space|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624023031/https://www.prl.res.in/prl-eng/list_awards_hoa|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Rohini Godbole (editor)|first=Ram Ramaswamy (editor)|url=http://archive.org/details/A0560IASLeelavathisDaughterFullBook|title=Lilavati's Daughters: The Women Scientists of India|date=31 October 2008|pages=163–165, 359}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Krishan lived with her grandparents until she was in fourth grade, when she moved to [[Delhi]] to live with her parents, Om Prakash and Raj Dulari Pabbi.<ref name=":2" /> She traces her first interest in science to trying to replicate an electronic bell from her physics textbook and shorting out the electrical circuits in her home, much to her father's delight.<ref name=":2" />

==Education==
Vinod Krishan's post-secondary academic career began with earning a BSc Degree (Physics, Chemistry & Maths) in 1966 and M.Sc.(Physics) degree in 1968 from the [[Delhi University|University of Delhi]].<ref name=":0" /> She also holds a diploma in German (1968) from the University of Delhi.<ref name=":0" /> She did her doctoral degree (Ph.D.) from the [[University of Tennessee]], United States in 1971<ref name=":2" /> and her thesis was on "Damping of plasmons in a nearly free electron gas" in the field of [[Solid State Physics]], and was a Post-doctoral Fellow at the [[University of Alberta]], [[Edmonton, Alberta]], Canada (1971–73).<ref name=Astro>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iiap.res.in/personnel/vinod/manisha.html|title=Vinod Krishan|accessdate=16 March 2014|publisher=Indian Institute of Astrophysics}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==Career==
Vinod Krishan initially worked as Pool Officer at the Centre for Theoretical Studies, [[Indian Institute of Science]], Bangalore from November 1973 to August 1975 and then worked as a [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] Research Associate.<ref name=":0" /> She worked in various capacities as Visiting Scientist (1977–78), a Fellow (1978–81), Reader (1981-1986), Associate Professor (1986-1991), and Professor (1991-1998) at the [[Indian Institute of Astrophysics]], Bangalore, and was a senior Professor at the institute since 1998, teaching Plasma Astrophysics in the Joint Astronomy Programme.<ref name=":0" /> She retired from the IIA in 2008.<ref name=Astro/> Her research activities encompass the fields of Modeling of [[Solar Coronal Loops]], [[Solar Granulation]], [[Extragalactic Plasmas]], and [[Structure Formation Through Hydrodynamics]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iiap.res.in/personnel/vinod/resprof.html|title= Professor Vinod Krishan-Research Profile|accessdate=16 March 2014|publisher= Indian Institute of Astrophysics}}</ref>

==Awards==
Vinod Krishan is recipient of the Dr. [[Vikram Sarabhai Research Award]] for Space Sciences for the year 1991.<ref name=":1" /> Apart from membership of various scientific institutions connected with her specialization, she is also a Fellow of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India|National Academy of Sciences India]], 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iiap.res.in/personnel/vinod/mem.html |title=Professor Vinod Krishan-Memberships & Awards|accessdate=16 March 2014| publisher= Indian Institute of Astrophysics}}</ref> For many years she was also an active member of the International Astronomical Union, including hosting the 142nd Symposium in Bangalore, India, 1–5 December 1989.<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Astronomical Union {{!}} IAU|url=https://www.iau.org/administration/membership/individual/5280/|access-date=14 March 2021|website=www.iau.org|archive-date=16 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616081047/https://www.iau.org/administration/membership/individual/5280/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":3">[https://books.google.com/books?id=gHEUmF7Hz_oC Basic Plasma Processes on the Sun: Proceedings of the 142nd Symposium] of the [[International Astronomical Union]] Held in Bangalore, India, December 1–5, 1989. Netherlands, Springer Netherlands, 1990.</ref>

==Publications and books==
She has an over one hundred peer-reviewed papers to her credit in the fields of [[Laboratory Plasmas]], [[Plasma Processes in Extragalactic Sources]], [[Solar Physics]], [[comet tail|cometary plasmas]], Structure Formation Through Hydrodynamics and many miscellaneous subjects.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iiap.res.in/personnel/vinod/pubs.html|title=Professor Vinod Krishan-List of Publications|accessdate=16 March 2014|publisher= Indian Institute of Astrophysics}}</ref>

She edited proceedings of many conferences on solar and plasma physics including the IAU symposium (1989)<ref name=":3" /> in addition to being the chief Editor of the Bulletin of the Astronomical Society Of India for several years. She has published three books: 1. Astrophysical Plasmas and Fluids, Kluwer Academic Press, 1998; 2. Plasmas the First State of Matter, Cambridge University Press, 2014 and 3. Physics of Partially ionized Plasmas, Cambridge University Press, 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iiap.res.in/personnel/vinod/edit.html|title=Professor Vinod Krishan-Editorial Work|accessdate=16 March 2015|publisher= Indian Institute of Astrophysics}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=inauthor:"Vinod Krishan" - Google Books Search|url=https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=inauthor:%22Vinod+Krishan%22&tbm=bks|access-date=14 March 2021|website=www.google.com}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Krishan married Som Krishan in 1968, the same year she completed her master's degree.<ref name=":2" /> They completed their doctoral work and grappled with both finding work that would allow them to live in the same place.<ref name=":2" /> They have one child.<ref name=":2" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishan, Vinod}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Articles created or expanded during Women's History Month (India) - 2014]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian astrophysicists]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:University of Tennessee alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women physicists]]

Vikram Sampath

2026-02-16T21:31:26Z

MaryjoM897: refine article and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian biographer and popular historian}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vikram Sampath
| image = Vikram Sampath.jpg
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|FRHistS|size=100%}}
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| alma_mater = *[[Birla Institute of Technology and Science|BITS Pilani]] ([[Bachelor of Electrical Engineering|BE Electrical]], [[Master of Mathematics|MSc Mathematics]])
*[[S. P. Jain Institute of Management and Research|SP Jain]] ([[Master of Business Administration|MBA]])
*[[University of Queensland]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] [[Ethnomusicology]] and [[History]])
| occupation = [[Popular historian]], [[columnist]], former [[financial analyst]]
| notable_works = [[Savarkar (book)|''Savarkar'']]
| awards = Sahitya Akademi [[Yuva Puraskar]] 2011<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/274665/yuva-puraskar-vikram-sampath.html|title=Yuva Puraskar for Vikram Sampath|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=2026-01-13}}</ref>
}}

'''Vikram Sampath''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRHistS|}} is an Indian [[popular historian]] and columnist, who is noted for writing biographies of [[Gauhar Jaan]], [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]] and [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore Kings]]. He is Fellow of the [[Royal Historical Society]], an Eisenhower and Aspen Global Fellow and Senior Research Fellow of [[Prime Ministers' Museum and Library Society]]. He is also a columnist for [[ThePrint|The Print]]. He is also the founder of the Bangalore Literature Festival.

Sampath was born in [[Karnataka]]. After academic training in engineering, mathematics, and finance, he worked in banking. In 2008, he published a history of the [[Wadiyar dynasty|Wadiyar Dynasty of Mysore]]—a childhood fascination. In 2012, he published a biography of Gauhar Jaan, which received critical acclaim and won the [[Yuva Puraskar]] in English literature from [[Sahitya Akademi]]. The next year, Sampath published a biography of [[S. Balachander]], which also garnered positive reviews.

In 2013, Sampath left his job at [[Hewlett-Packard]] to begin a PhD in [[ethnomusicology]] and history at the [[University of Queensland]], Australia. In 2019 and 2021, he wrote a two-part biography of Savarkar that received praise for its thorough detail but was criticised for its uncritical treatment of the subject. In September 2021, Sampath was selected as a Fellow of the [[Royal Historical Society]].

In February 2022, some academics accused Sampath of [[plagiarism]], providing examples of near-identical reproduction of other authors' works in his corpus. Sampath denied the allegations and initiated a lawsuit.

== Early life and education ==
Vikram Sampath's father Sampath Srinivasan was a [[Tamils|Tamil]] banker; his mother Nagamani Sampath was a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] housewife.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |date=5 April 2008 |title=Telling the untold story of Wadiyars |work=Deccan Herald |url=http://vikramsampath.com/files/DH20080405.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615161602/http://vikramsampath.com/files/DH20080405.pdf |archive-date=15 June 2021}}</ref><ref name=":14">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110717203814/http://www.vikramsampath.com/files/JM20100601.pdf The skeptics called me a royalist] - Kumar, Smita Balram. Jade.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sampath |first=Vikram |title=Indian Classical Music and the Gramophone, 1900–1930 |publisher=Routledge |year=2023 |isbn=978-0-367-42132-8 |series=SEMPRE Studies in The Psychology of Music |pages=xiii |language=en |chapter=Acknowledgements |doi=10.4324/9780367822026|s2cid=249139177 }}</ref> He was raised in [[Bangalore]], and completed his schooling at [[Sri Aurobindo Memorial School, Bengaluru|Sri Aurobindo Memorial School]] and [[Bishop Cotton Boys' School]].<ref name=":14" />

Sampath was trained in [[Carnatic music]] since the age of five; among his teachers were [[Jayanthi Kumaresh]] and [[Bombay Jayashri]].<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |first=Savitha |last=Gautam|date=19 January 2012 |title=A wizard and his veena |url=https://www.thehindu.com/arts/music/article2814150.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122142524/https://www.thehindu.com/arts/music/article2814150.ece |archive-date=22 January 2012 |access-date=2022-03-05 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |date=25 February 2012 |title='When I look at excel sheets, a thumri plays in my head' |work=Tehelka|url=http://tehelka.com/story_main51.asp?filename=hub250212Vikram.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527081505/http://tehelka.com/story_main51.asp?filename=hub250212Vikram.asp |archive-date=27 May 2012 |access-date=2022-03-05}}</ref> Sampath graduated from [[Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani]] (BITS Pilani) with a dual degree in electronics engineering and a master's degree in mathematics.<ref name=":14" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-11-26 |title=Dr. Vikram Sampath |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/times-litfest-kolkata-2019/speakers/dr-vikram-sampath/articleshow/72240817.cms |access-date=2024-04-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Against the wishes of his professors, who wanted Sampath to pursue a PhD in [[topology]], he shifted to finance and obtained an MBA from [[S. P. Jain Institute of Management and Research]].<ref name=":14" /> In October 2017, Sampath received a doctorate in [[ethnomusicology]] and history from the School of Music at [[University of Queensland]], Australia.{{efn|The thesis is titled "[[doi:10.14264/uql.2017.1010|Indian classical music and the gramophone (c. 1900-1930): A socio-cultural, historical, and musical analysis of the Gramophone Company's Indian recording expeditions]]".}}

==Career==
Sampath worked at [[GE Capital]] in [[Gurgaon]] for about eight months until December 2005, then switched to [[Citibank]]'s Global Decision Management Team at Bangalore, where he worked until March 2008.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Sampath |first=Vikram |title=LinkedIn CV |url=https://in.linkedin.com/in/dr-vikram-sampath-frhists-056910 |access-date=30 March 2022 |website=[[LinkedIn]]}}</ref> He went on to join [[Hewlett-Packard]], where he stayed until July 2013.<ref name=":15" />

Sampath is a senior fellow at [[Nehru Memorial Museum & Library]],<ref name="penguin Bio">{{Cite web|title=Vikram Sampath|url=https://penguin.co.in/book_author/vikram-sampath/|access-date=1 August 2021|website=Penguin Random House India|language=en-US|archive-date=1 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801073525/https://penguin.co.in/book_author/vikram-sampath/|url-status=live}}</ref> and is the founder and director of [[Bangalore Lit Fest]] and [[Essel Group|ZEE Group]]'s ARTH: A Culture Fest.<ref name=":15" /> In February 2014, Sampath was appointed for a three-year tenure as the Executive Director of the Bangalore regional center of [[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]], from which he resigned in August 2015 for personal reasons.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2015 |title=All for a sign |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/the-informer/gangarams-book-bureau-vikram-sampath-tapasije-mishra-salman-khan/articleshow/48414387.cms |access-date=2022-03-30 |work=Bangalore Mirror |language=en |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331170830/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/the-informer/gangarams-book-bureau-vikram-sampath-tapasije-mishra-salman-khan/articleshow/48414387.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The same year, he also resigned from Bangalore Lit Fest after invited authors disagreed with his characterization of the [[Indian writers protest against government silence on violence]] and declined to take part in the festival.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mallya |first=Vinutha |title=How Vikram Sampath Played Victim to the "Tolerance Mafia" at the BLF This Year |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/vantage/how-vikram-sampath-played-victim-to-the-tolerance-mafia-at-the-blf-this-year |access-date=2023-02-25 |website=The Caravan |language=en |archive-date=25 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225105738/https://caravanmagazine.in/vantage/how-vikram-sampath-played-victim-to-the-tolerance-mafia-at-the-blf-this-year |url-status=live }}</ref> President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] selected Sampath as a writer-in-residence at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] in 2015.<ref name="ThePrint18">{{cite news |title=This is the next generation of intellectuals in India |url=https://theprint.in/features/this-is-the-next-generation-of-indian-intellectuals/168750/ |access-date=6 September 2022 |work=ThePrint |date=27 December 2018}}</ref>

== Works and reception ==

=== Wadiyar dynasty ===
Vikram Sampath's first book, a history of the [[Wadiyar dynasty]] of Mysore, was published in 2008 by [[Rupa Publications]], a topic that had captivated him since reading the "humiliating portrayal" of Wadiyars in ''[[The Sword of Tipu Sultan]]'', and a "television show's misrepresentation of a particular era of the dynasty" provided the impetus to explore the subject.<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2008 |title=History retold |work=Deccan Herald |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Mar72008/metro2008030655910.asp |access-date=2022-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401070406/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Mar72008/metro2008030655910.asp |archive-date=1 April 2010 }}</ref> Sampath was inspired by the works of [[Arun Shourie]] and [[Ramachandra Guha]] but said his work is not a "historian's point-of-view"; the lack of an academic training coupled with a disinclination to either [[Marxism]] or [[Hindu Nationalism]] benefitted him.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news |last=Murthy |first=Neeraja |date=12 July 2008 |title=Spinning a Royal Tale |work=The Hindu |url=http://vikramsampath.com/files/TH20080712.pdf |url-status=dead |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615150707/http://vikramsampath.com/files/TH20080712.pdf |archive-date=15 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2008 |title=The facts of fiction |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/03/31/stories/2008033151100100.htm |access-date=2022-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401061707/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/03/31/stories/2008033151100100.htm |archive-date=1 April 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandra |first=Vaishalli |date=12 March 2008 |title=Reclaiming the Heirloom |work=Bangalore Mirror |url=http://vikramsampath.com/files/BM20080312.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615165626/http://vikramsampath.com/files/BM20080312.pdf |archive-date=15 June 2021}}</ref> [[Suryanath U. Kamath]] proof-read the work.<ref name=":10" />

A review in ''The Hindu Literary Review'' noted the work to be unprecedented for the span of time it chronicles; the reviewer, however, said they found Sampath's "keenness on chronicling details rather than harnessing them for a rigorous academic engagement with forces that shape history" disappointing.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Bageshree |first=S. |date=2009-06-01 |title=A balanced reading |url=http://www.hindu.com/lr/2008/06/01/stories/2008060150300600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601162543/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2008/06/01/stories/2008060150300600.htm |archive-date=1 June 2009 |website=The Hindu : Literary Review}}</ref> His methodology—mundane documentation of all sides to a story absent any historical analysis—was criticized as were his "totally inane" observations.<ref name=":3" /> Pavitra Jayaraman's review in ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'' found the work to be a "page-turner" that attests to the years of work Sampath had put in the project.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jayaraman |first=Pavitra |date=2008-03-29 |title=Beautiful south |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/NfF6mLrpcMmXnXF3nIhYQO/Beautiful-south.html |access-date=2022-03-05 |work=Mint |language=en |archive-date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305110829/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/NfF6mLrpcMmXnXF3nIhYQO/Beautiful-south.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Another review in the ''[[Business Standard]]'' found Sampath to have surpassed all other works produced on similar themes in a non-academic context; he made excellent use of the archives to draft a "riveting" narrative.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Sankar |first=Anand |date=2010-04-01 |title=Off with his nose |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=320582 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401210900/http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=320582 |archive-date=1 April 2010 |access-date= |work=Business Standard}}</ref>

=== Gauhar Jaan ===
In 2012, Sampath published a biography of [[Gauhar Jaan]], who was India's first classical musician to record on the gramophone. He had chanced upon Jaan in the Royal Archives of Mysore while researching for the previous book.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2022-02-05 |title=Cascade Of Silk |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/cascade-of-silk/266254 |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=outlookindia.com/ |language=en |archive-date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305112016/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/cascade-of-silk/266254 |url-status=live }}{{subscription required}}</ref>{{Efn|Sampath spotted some letters from Jaan, addressed to the Mysore Government with pleas to not slash her salary.}}

All reviewers commended Sampath's meticulous archival work despite the scarcity of sources on figures like Jaan. Ethnomusicologist Peter Manuel found Sampath to have had sketched an "informative and evocative portrait" of Jaan and her politico-cultural milieu despite a non-scholarly approach that lacks citations; his work was hailed as a groundbreaking contribution to studies of [[Hindustani music]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Manuel |first=Peter |date=2012 |title=Review of "My Name is Gauhar Jan!": The Life and Times of a Musician |journal=Ethnomusicology |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=146–150 |doi=10.5406/ethnomusicology.56.1.0146 |issn=0014-1836 |jstor=10.5406/ethnomusicology.56.1.0146 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Partha Chatterjee, reviewing for ''[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]'', found his portrayal of Jaan "an unusual and beautiful book".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Partha |title=Poignant notes |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30180732.ece |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=Frontline |date=17 June 2010 |language=en |archive-date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305112015/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30180732.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Harbans Singh, reviewing for ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'', praised Sampath's non-judgmental scholarship and forceful recreation of the cultural world inhabited by Jaan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100509/spectrum/book2.htm |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=www.tribuneindia.com |archive-date=16 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616171712/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100509/spectrum/book2.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> ''The Hindu Literary Review'' admired Sampath's nuanced chronicling of the dichotomies that arose with regimes of princely modernity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-05 |title=Of a woman, her music, and her times |work=The Hindu: Book Review |url=http://www.hindu.com/br/2010/06/22/stories/2010062254081400.htm |access-date=2022-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805025339/http://www.hindu.com/br/2010/06/22/stories/2010062254081400.htm |archive-date=5 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sadanand Menon, reviewing for ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'', found the book be filled with a "glut of [pedantic and tiresome] detail"; the work was held to be "at times tiresome, at others ingenuous in its amateurish attempts at reconstructing history".<ref name=":5" />

The book has been translated into Hindi<ref>{{cite news |date=29 March 2022 |title=Hindi translation of 'Mera Naam Gauhar Jaan Hai' launched |language=en |work=Lokmat Times |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/national/hindi-translation-of-mera-naam-gauhar-jaan-hai-launched/ |access-date=4 December 2022 |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204035027/https://www.lokmattimes.com/national/hindi-translation-of-mera-naam-gauhar-jaan-hai-launched/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and Marathi.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bari |first1=Prachi |date=22 December 2017 |title=Pune's Sujata Deshmukh bags Sahitya Akademi award for best translation |language=en |work=Hindustan Times |agency=Pune News |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/pune-s-sujata-deshmukh-bags-sahitya-akademi-award-for-best-translation/story-U38BGxVIMeRTQFjut5mIpN.html |access-date=4 December 2022 |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204035018/https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/pune-s-sujata-deshmukh-bags-sahitya-akademi-award-for-best-translation/story-U38BGxVIMeRTQFjut5mIpN.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It has also been adapted into an eponymous play by Lillette Dubey and [[Mahesh Dattani]].<ref name="Gauhar play">{{cite news |date=12 November 2016 |title=Gauhar, the fall of a star |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Gauhar-the-fall-of-a-star/article16443687.ece |access-date=4 December 2022 |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204042114/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Gauhar-the-fall-of-a-star/article16443687.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Govind |first1=Ranjani |date=16 March 2016 |title=A woman of her times |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-woman-of-her-times/article8360788.ece |access-date=4 December 2022 |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204040958/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-woman-of-her-times/article8360788.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Ashutosh Gowariker|Ashutosh Gowarikar]] acquired film rights for the book in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Govind |first1=Ranjani |date=4 April 2017 |title=Gauhar Jaan to be brought to life on celluloid |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/gauhar-jaan-to-be-brought-to-life-on-celluloid/article17815313.ece |access-date=4 December 2022 |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204042451/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/gauhar-jaan-to-be-brought-to-life-on-celluloid/article17815313.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Digital music archive ====
While working on the book, Sampath set up a private, non-profit trust in collaboration with [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education|Manipal University]] to digitize vintage gramophone recordings and make them freely accessible to the public, with funding from T. V. Mohandas Pai.<ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Afternoon raga |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/afternoon-raga/cid/181003 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330131551/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/afternoon-raga/cid/181003 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, Sampath donated the collection to the [[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Shyama Krishna |date=8 April 2015 |title=Library with Rare Records a Hit |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2015/apr/08/library-with-rare-records-a-hit-739460.html |access-date=8 May 2022 |archive-date=8 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508233150/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2015/apr/08/Library-with-Rare-Records-a-Hit-739460.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Since 2013,<ref name="Nair">{{cite news |last1=Nair |first1=Malini |date=1 August 2013 |title=Vikram Sampath: Indian music archive goes online |language=en |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/indian-music-archive-goes-online/articleshow/21521392.cms |access-date=8 May 2022 |archive-date=8 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508222641/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/indian-music-archive-goes-online/articleshow/21521392.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> much of the archive has been accessible for free on [[SoundCloud]].<ref name="Mavad">{{cite news |last1=Mavad |first1=Asra |date=14 July 2021 |title=Wondering what to do with old gramophone records? |language=en |work=Deccan Herald |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-your-bond-with-bengaluru/wondering-what-to-do-with-old-gramophone-records-1008322.html |access-date=8 May 2022 |archive-date=8 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508214431/https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-your-bond-with-bengaluru/wondering-what-to-do-with-old-gramophone-records-1008322.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2021, the archive includes almost 15,000 records, 7,000 of which had been digitized.<ref name="Mavad" />

=== S. Balachander ===
Sampath's third book, which was published in 2013, narrates the life of [[Veena]] maestro [[S. Balachander]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ganesh |first=Deepa |date=5 March 2012 |title=It's more than the melody |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/its-more-than-the-melody/article2961608.ece |access-date=21 October 2021 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=21 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021070044/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/its-more-than-the-melody/article2961608.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Balachander was a controversial figure; Sampath received [[hate mail]]<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last=Aravind |first=Indulekha |date=2012-03-10 |title='Biographies can really drain you' |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/-biographies-can-really-drain-you-112031000017_1.html |access-date=2022-03-05 |archive-date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305185555/https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/-biographies-can-really-drain-you-112031000017_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> but he was extensively helped by Balachander's widow and family during his research.<ref name=":11" /> Overall, Sampath found Balachander to be a much-misunderstood and maligned genius.

[[T. M. Krishna]] found Sampath's work to be "engaging" and provides "a rare insight into one of the most enigmatic figures in Indian performing art". According to Krishna, "the author has tried to create a social and musical context for the reader, sometimes this intrudes into Balachander's story".<ref name=":4" /> Krishna also noted errors on the musical history of South India.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |first=T. M. |last=Krishna |title=A rare insight into the life and art of a musical maestro |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20120430-voice-of-the-veena-s-balachander-a-biography-by-vikram-sampath-758112-2012-04-20 |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=India Today |date=20 April 2012 |language=en |archive-date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305112015/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20120430-voice-of-the-veena-s-balachander-a-biography-by-vikram-sampath-758112-2012-04-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> A review in ''Frontline'' commended Sampath for situating a well-researched, detailed and objective biography of an enigmatic figure within the broader interplays of [[Carnatic music]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Partha |title=Versatile genius |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30165220.ece |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=Frontline |date=19 April 2012 |language=en |archive-date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305112017/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30165220.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The book has been translated into Tamil.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Balasubramanian |first1=V. |date=11 April 2013 |title=The wizard of the veena |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/the-wizard-of-the-veena/article4605885.ece?homepage=true |access-date=4 December 2022 |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204035444/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/the-wizard-of-the-veena/article4605885.ece?homepage=true |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== V. D. Savarkar ===
Sampath's fourth book is a [[Savarkar (book)|biography of V. D. Savarkar]] that was published by [[Penguin Books]] in two parts in 2019 and 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Parashar |first1=Swati |title='Savarkar: A Contested Legacy, 1924–1966' review: Hindutva's biggest ideologue |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/savarkar-a-contested-legacy-1924-1966-review-hindutvas-biggest-ideologue/article36135057.ece |work=The Hindu |date=28 August 2021 |language=en-IN |access-date=18 September 2021 |archive-date=18 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918135239/https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/savarkar-a-contested-legacy-1924-1966-review-hindutvas-biggest-ideologue/article36135057.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> He stated he was motivated by the lack of a comprehensive biography of Savarkar despite his strong presence in the Indian political discourse for decades.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

Janaki Bakhle, an associate professor of Indian history at [[University of California, Berkeley]] who reviewed the volumes for ''[[India Today]]'', noted despite meticulous and thorough research, Sampath's contribution is wholly uncritical, and he accepts every primary source at face value; Bakhle criticised Sampath's interpretation of concurrent historical events as non-objective and lacking in updates from relevant scholarship.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Bakhle |first=Janaki |date=26 September 2019 |title=The missing pieces {{!}} Books |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/up-front/story/20191007-the-missing-pieces-books-1603478-2019-09-26 |access-date=2020-01-04 |website=India Today |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213163414/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/up-front/story/20191007-the-missing-pieces-books-1603478-2019-09-26 |url-status=live }}</ref> Vikram Visana, a Lecturer in Political Theory at the [[University of Leicester]] criticises him for failing to put Savarkar's "rhetorical historywriting" that makes use of "epic heroism and myth-making" to incite "revolutionary violence" into context with his narrative. He also criticises him for taking Savarkar's allegations of abuse by Muslim prison wardens in Savarkar's ''My transportation for life'' at face value.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Visana | first=Vikram | title=Glory and Humiliation in the Making of V. D. Savarkar's Hindu Nationalism | journal=The Historical Journal | volume=66 | issue=1 | date=2023 | issn=0018-246X | doi=10.1017/S0018246X22000255 | doi-access=free | pages=165–185 | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/B196AD5F952FF78DF066CC25E0D058E8/S0018246X22000255a.pdf/div-class-title-glory-and-humiliation-in-the-making-of-v-d-savarkar-s-hindu-nationalism-div.pdf | access-date=18 February 2025}}</ref> Reviewing for ''[[Open (Indian magazine)|Open]]'', popular historian [[Manu S. Pillai]] voiced similar concerns; he praised Sampath's meticulous research and his persuasive case of Savarkar as a martyr who had sacrificed his youth for the cause of nation but criticised his methodologies, especially the uncritical acceptance of Savarkar's self-laudatory memoirs, and Sampath was held to be an unobjective biographer.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Manu S |date=27 September 2019 |title=In search of the real Savarkar |url=https://openthemagazine.com/lounge/books/in-search-of-the-real-savarkar/ |access-date=2020-01-04 |website=Open The Magazine |archive-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219191543/https://openthemagazine.com/lounge/books/in-search-of-the-real-savarkar/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Madhav Khosla, professor of Political Science at [[Columbia Law School]] who reviewed the work for ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', commended the detailed narrative but found Sampath's treatment of Savarkar's extremist views and his relationship with the British government less "thoughtful" when compared to another contemporary biography by Vaibhav Purandare.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khosla |first=Madhav |date=2019-11-29 |title=Review: Books on VD Savarkar by Vikram Sampath and Vaibhav Purandare |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-books-on-vd-savarkar-by-vikram-sampath-and-vaibhav-purandare/story-mpBCS5DSKVsZPCOWPFA9EI.html |url-status=live |access-date=2020-01-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=11 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511163758/https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-books-on-vd-savarkar-by-vikram-sampath-and-vaibhav-purandare/story-mpBCS5DSKVsZPCOWPFA9EI.html }}</ref> [[P. A. Krishnan]], reviewing for ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]],'' found the work to be an elaborate but sympathetic biography.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Krishnan |first=P.A. |date=4 November 2019 |title=Pro Patria Mori Meets Fire-And-Brimstone |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/books-pro-patria-mori-meets-fire-and-brimstone/302276 |access-date=2020-01-04 |website=Outlook India |archive-date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305143224/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/books-pro-patria-mori-meets-fire-and-brimstone/302276 |url-status=live }}{{subscription required}}</ref> [[Salil Tripathi]], reviewing for [[Mint (newspaper)|''Mint'']], found Sampath's choice of language and analyses to "give away" his obvious bias despite the façade of neutrality; particular attention was drawn to the cavalier descriptions of any massacre perpetrated by Muslims as "genocides".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-30 |title=Savarkar, the patriot with tunnel vision |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com//news/big-story/savarkar-the-patriot-with-a-tunnel-vision-111632972367273.html |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=Mintlounge |language=en |archive-date=6 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306171738/https://lifestyle.livemint.com//news/big-story/savarkar-the-patriot-with-a-tunnel-vision-111632972367273.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In contrast, Swati Parashar, a professor at the [[University of Gothenburg]] who reviewed the volumes for ''[[The Hindu]]'', called the comprehensive treatment of Savarkar a "must-read", admiring how he brought out "the contradictions, complexities and complicities" that made Savarkar.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Parashar |first=Swati |date=2021-08-28 |title='Savarkar: A Contested Legacy, 1924-1966' review: Hindutva's biggest ideologue |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/savarkar-a-contested-legacy-1924-1966-review-hindutvas-biggest-ideologue/article36135057.ece |access-date=2021-10-15 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=18 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918135239/https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/savarkar-a-contested-legacy-1924-1966-review-hindutvas-biggest-ideologue/article36135057.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Reviewing for ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'', [[TCA Raghavan]] described the book as "a straightforward, no-fuss narrative without hyperbole and hero worship".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Raghavan |first1=TCA Srinivasa |date=30 September 2019 |title=The Savarkar revival |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/the-savarkar-revival/cid/1708584 |access-date=29 April 2022 |archive-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509160645/https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/the-savarkar-revival/cid/1708584 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Baul ===
In 2022, Sampath, composer [[Ricky Kej]] and scholar Rajib Sarma produced a documentary film titled ''Who is Baul'' about the mystical [[Baul]] tradition of [[Bengal]]; it was directed by Sairam Sagiraju.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prasad |first1=Sanath |date=16 March 2021 |title='Baul'ed over |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2021/mar/16/bauled-over-2277002.html |access-date=8 May 2022 |archive-date=8 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508234037/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2021/mar/16/bauled-over-2277002.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sudevan |first1=Praveen |date=19 April 2021 |title='Who is Baul?' delves into the philosophy of Bengal's musical mystics |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ricky-kej-who-is-baul-documentary/article34359867.ece |access-date=8 May 2022 |archive-date=8 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508234037/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ricky-kej-who-is-baul-documentary/article34359867.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Bravehearts of Bharat ===
Sampath's ''Bravehearts of Bharat: Vignettes from Indian History'', published in 2022, is an anthology of 15 biographies of "under-appreciated civilisational warriors".<ref>{{cite news |date=25 October 2022 |title=New book challenges 'mainstream' Indian history, brings to fore stories of 15 unsung heroes |work=ThePrint |url=https://theprint.in/softcover/new-book-challenges-mainstream-indian-history-brings-to-fore-stories-of-15-unsung-heroes/1173960/ |access-date=7 December 2022}}</ref> He intended to shift the "Delhi-centric" perspective of Indian historiography and among those included were [[Lachit Barphukan]], [[Chand Bibi]], and [[Lalitaditya Muktapida]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Biswas |first1=Tunir |date=15 November 2022 |title=Documenting the undocumented |language=en |work=Indulge |publisher=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/books/2022/nov/15/documenting-the-undocumented-45450.html |access-date=7 December 2022}}</ref> [[Shashi Warrier]], reviewing the work for [[The Asian Age]], praised the author's selection of figures from a millennia-long span cutting across religion, profession, and gender and found his narration commendable; however, he took issue with the word "civilization", and further found Sampath's presentation of Lalitaditya non-critical and unconvincing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-11 |title=Book Review {{!}} Folk heroes take precedence over icons, wording of title still curious |url=https://www.asianage.com/books/111222/book-review-folk-heroes-take-precedence-over-icons-wording-of-title-still-curious.html |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=The Asian Age}}</ref>

=== Waiting for Shiva: Unearthing the Truth of Kashi’s Gyan Vapi ===
In 2024, the book ''Waiting for Shiva: Unearthing the Truth of Kashi’s Gyan Vapi'' by him was launched by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman at Pradhan Mantri Museum and Library auditorium. The book is a comprehensive work that combines historical, religious, archaeological, and legal perspectives on the Hindu reclamation efforts in Varanasi. Sampath draws parallels between Hindu devotion to Shiva and the Nandi bull's anticipation of darshan in temples. He criticizes historians for ignoring India's deep cultural connection.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kissu |first=Sagrika |date=2024-03-05 |title=Vikram Sampath book launch ticked many boxes: Shiva, Aurangzeb, Hindu resilience, bias, Nehru |url=https://theprint.in/feature/around-town/vikram-sampath-book-launch-ticked-many-boxes-shiva-aurangzeb-hindu-resilience-bias-nehru/1989481/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Tipu Sultan: The Saga of Mysore's Interregnum (1760–1799)===
In 2024, his new book "Tipu Sultan: The Saga of Mysore's Interregnum (1760–1799)" was released.<ref name="Balachandran">{{cite web | last=Balachandran | first=P. K. | title=Tipu Sultan: An Indian Freedom Fighter Reviled By Both British Rulers And Hindu Nationalists – OpEd | website=Eurasia Review | date=3 December 2024 | url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/03122024-tipu-sultan-an-indian-freedom-fighter-reviled-by-both-british-rulers-and-hindu-nationalists-oped/ | access-date=18 February 2025}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Honors ===
For his book on Gauhar Jaan, Sampath was awarded the first [[Yuva Puraskar]] in English literature by [[Sahitya Akademi|Sahitya Akademi, India]],<ref>{{Cite web|first=Shrabonti|last=Bagchi|date=15 February 2012|title=Yuva Puraskar for Bangalore author|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/yuva-puraskar-for-bangalore-author/articleshow/11894120.cms|access-date=21 October 2021|work=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=21 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021070044/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/yuva-puraskar-for-bangalore-author/articleshow/11894120.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and the Excellence in Historical Research Award by [[Association for Recorded Sound Collections]].<ref name="penguin Bio"/> Sampath was also accorded with a visiting fellowship by [[Berlin Institute for Advanced Study]]. In September 2021, he was selected as a Fellow of the [[Royal Historical Society]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=281 new Fellows & Members elected to the Society {{!}} RHS|url=https://royalhistsoc.org/281-new-fellows-members-elected-to-the-society/|access-date=18 October 2021|website=royalhistsoc.org|archive-date=18 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018200817/https://royalhistsoc.org/281-new-fellows-members-elected-to-the-society/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|Apart from historians in academia, members include "government historians, broadcasters, film-makers, creative writers, biographers, public historians, curators, publishers, journalists and editors, and academic librarians." They must have made an "original contribution to historical scholarship, typically through the authorship of a book, a body of scholarly work similar in scale and impact to a book, the organisation of exhibitions and conferences, the editing of journals, and other works of diffusion and dissemination grounded in historical research".}}

=== Critics and allegations ===
In a letter to the president of the Royal Historical Society dated 11 February 2022, [[Audrey Truschke]], Rohit Chopra,{{Efn|Chopra is an Associate Professor in the Department of Communication at [[Santa Clara University]]. He has published on the intersections of [[Hindu nationalism]] and media.}} and Ananya Chakravarti{{Efn|Chakravarti is an Associate Professor of History at [[Georgetown University]]. She has published on the histories of religion in South Asia.}} accused Sampath of plagiarism and requested Sampath's membership be reviewed and his scholarship be thoroughly examined.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2022 |title=Savarkar Biographer Vikram Sampath Accused of Plagiarism, Historians Say Others' Work Not Cited Fairly |url=https://thewire.in/history/vikram-sampath-savarkar-accused-plagiarism |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218202359/https://thewire.in/history/vikram-sampath-savarkar-accused-plagiarism |archive-date=18 February 2022 |access-date=18 February 2022 |work=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2022 |title=Vikram Sampath: The literary start of the right-wing |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/vikram-sampath-the-literary-start-of-the-right-wing-1085544.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226222409/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/vikram-sampath-the-literary-start-of-the-right-wing-1085544.html |archive-date=26 February 2022 |access-date=27 February 2022 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

The letter includes as examples sections from a 2017 publication by Sampath, which lacked explicit attribution and were copied with minimal paraphrasing from works of Vinayak Chaturvedi and Janaki Bakhle. They also cited an example from his biography of Savarkar, in which a paragraph was nearly identical to one in an undergraduate student thesis. It was later supplemented with more examples of identical reproduction from the works of Chaturvedi and [[R.C. Majumdar]].<ref name=":0" /> According to the letter, [[plagiarism detection software]] had found about 50% of the text in the 2017 publication was plagiarised.<ref name=":0" />{{efn|They also claimed to have come across other similar instances in Sampath's corpus of work.<ref name=":0" /> Chaturvedi expressed his disappointment at Sampath's lack of ethical standards;<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaturvedi |first=Vinayak |date=24 February 2022 |title=Would VD Savarkar have condoned plagiarism? |url=https://scroll.in/article/1018067/would-vd-savarkar-have-condoned-plagiarism |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224033607/https://scroll.in/article/1018067/would-vd-savarkar-have-condoned-plagiarism |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> Bakhle requested Sampath offer a public apology for unequivocal plagiarism and retract the publication.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title='Vikram Sampath Is Claiming My Ideas, Words as His Own': Historian Janaki Bakhle on Savarkar Author |url=https://thewire.in/books/vikram-sampath-is-claiming-my-ideas-words-as-his-own-historian-janaki-bakhle-on-savarkar-author |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222120232/https://thewire.in/books/vikram-sampath-is-claiming-my-ideas-words-as-his-own-historian-janaki-bakhle-on-savarkar-author |archive-date=22 February 2022 |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=The Wire}}</ref>{{Efn|Bakhle's support came about a week after the publication of the accusations.<ref name=":1" /> Sampath had argued, including in his representation to the Delhi High Court, Bakhle had reviewed his biography of Savarkar without any adverse comments about plagiarism, and she thus did not share the concerns of the letter.<ref name=":1" />}}

Sampath rejected the allegations and filed a defamation suit in [[Delhi High Court]] seeking costs of {{INR|two [[crore]]}} ({{Formatnum:{{Convert currency|20000000|IND|year=2021|r=-3}}}} USD).<ref name=":0" /> He stated the 2017 publication is the transcript of a speech in which he had properly included appropriate attribution, and that the sources remain cited in the bibliography section. The biography paragraph is similar due to dependence on a common source.<ref name=":0" /> In response, the complaining authors said referencing a publication is not a free pass to reproduce content;<ref name=":0" /> Bakhle also noted the implausibility of numerous footnotes in any speech.<ref name=":1" /> None of the complainants except Chakravarti submitted to the jurisdiction of the Court. On the first hearing, an [[interim order]] was passed restraining Truschke and others from publishing the letter or any other defamatory material;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thapliyal |first=Nupur |date=18 February 2022 |title=Delhi High Court Restrains Historian Audrey Truschke & Others From Publishing Defamatory Material Against Vikram Sampath |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/delhi-high-court-restrain-historian-audrey-truschke-defamation-vikram-sampath-192240 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218062340/https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/delhi-high-court-restrain-historian-audrey-truschke-defamation-vikram-sampath-192240 |archive-date=18 February 2022 |access-date=18 February 2022 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref> a week later and again in May, the court ordered [[Twitter]] to remove multiple tweets to such effect Truschke had published despite the order.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Prashant |date=24 February 2022 |title=Delhi High Court directs Twitter to take down five tweets of Audrey Truschke against Vikram Sampath |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/delhi-high-court-directs-twitter-take-down-five-tweets-audrey-truschke-against-vikram-sampath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316211803/https://platform.twitter.com/embed/Tweet.html?creatorScreenName=Prashant%20Jha&dnt=false&embedId=twitter-widget-1&features=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%3D&frame=false&hideCard=false&hideThread=false&id=1636230359812804608&lang=en&origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.barandbench.com%2Fnews%2Fdelhi-high-court-directs-twitter-take-down-five-tweets-audrey-truschke-against-vikram-sampath&sessionId=9f5844d7eeb498d53056dd6d3e3b4e72cabcbaa9&siteScreenName=barandbench&theme=light&widgetsVersion=aaf4084522e3a%3A1674595607486&width=550px |archive-date=16 March 2023 |access-date=24 February 2022 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thapliyal |first=Nupur |date=2022-05-04 |title="Defamatory": Delhi High Court Directs Twitter To Take Down 5 More Tweets Posted By Historian Audrey Truschke Against Vikram Sampath |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/delhi-high-court-twitter-tweets-audrey-truschke-vikram-sampath-198245 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504090227/https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/delhi-high-court-twitter-tweets-audrey-truschke-vikram-sampath-198245 |archive-date=4 May 2022 |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref>

Sampath has also faced criticisms of using the decolonisation platform to allegedly justify Hindu domination.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Hew | first=Wai Weng | last2=Chan | first2=Nicholas | title=Idealized Past, Exclusivist Present: Right-wing Appropriation of the Decolonial Rhetoric in Malaysia | journal=Critical Asian Studies | volume=56 | issue=4 | date=2024 | issn=1467-2715 | doi=10.1080/14672715.2024.2400219 | pages=625–651}}</ref> Describing Muslim rulers such as Tipu Sultan as barbarians, he claims that colonial mindset has taken from India its "civilizational greatness" by downplaying "bloody Islamic conquests".<ref>{{cite journal | last=Ahmad | first=Irfan | title=Recognizing Hindu Orientalism | journal=Journal of Political Ideologies | volume=30 | issue=1 | date=2 January 2025 | issn=1356-9317 | doi=10.1080/13569317.2023.2196244 | doi-access=free | pages=285–305 | url=https://openaccess.ihu.edu.tr/bitstreams/f74e24dc-11f9-436a-a423-e795eda124be/download | access-date=18 February 2025| hdl=20.500.12154/2249 | hdl-access=free }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite news|last=Bhattacharya|first=Akash|title=How historian Vikram Sampath uses decolonisation rhetoric to make Hindu domination sound reasonable|url=https://scroll.in/article/1010454/how-historian-vikram-sampath-uses-decolonisation-rhetoric-to-make-hindu-domination-sound-reasonable|date=13 November 2021|website=[[Scroll.in]]}}
* {{Cite web |title=The Risks of Looking at India's History Through the Eyes of Pseudo-Historians |url=https://thewire.in/history/india-history-pseudo-historians-risks |last=D'Souza |first=Rohan |date=20 October 2021 |website=[[The Wire (India)]]}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sampath, Vikram}}
[[Category:Writers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Historians of India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani alumni]]
[[Category:S. P. Jain Institute of Management and Research alumni]]
[[Category:University of Queensland alumni]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Historical Society]]
[[Category:Bishop Cotton Boys' School alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Rashtriya Raksha University

2026-02-08T23:59:23Z

MaryjoM897: Content updated and refined

{{Short description|National Police and CAPF University in Gujarat, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox university
| name = '''Rashtriya Raksha University'''
| native_name =
| image = Rashtriya Raksha University logo.png
| image_size = 180px
| image_alt = Rashtriya Raksha University
| caption = Emblem of Rashtriya Raksha University
| other_name = RRU
| former_name = Raksha Shakti University
| motto = {{lang|sa|Rashtriya Suraksha Sarvopari}}
| mottoeng = National Security is Supreme
| type = {{hlist| [[Institutes of National Importance|INI]] | [[Public university|Public]] | [[Research university]]}}
| established = {{start date and age|2009}} (as Raksha Shakti University) {{start date and age|2020}} (as Rashtriya Raksha University)
| chancellor =
| vice_chancellor = Dr. Bimal N. Patel
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| address = RRU Campus, Lavad-Dahegam
| city = [[Gandhinagar district]]
| state = [[Gujarat]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| postalcode = 382305
| coordinates = {{coord|23.1544554|N|72.884999|E|format=dms|type:edu_region:IN-GJ|display=inline, title|}}
| language =
| free_label =
| free =
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| parent = [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India]]
| accreditation = {{hlist| [[Ministry_of_Home_Affairs_(India)|Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India]]}}
| affiliations = {{hlist| [[BRICS Universities League]] | [[Central Forensic Science Laboratory|CFSL]]}}
| academic_affiliation =
| colors =
| website = {{URL|https://rru.ac.in}}
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Rashtriya Raksha University''' (simply '''RRU'''; ''lit''. [[Hindi]] '''राष्ट्रीय रक्षा विश्वविद्यालय,''' formerly '''Raksha Shakti University''') is a public central university and an [[Autonomous university|autonomous institute]] located in [[Gandhinagar]], [[Gujarat|Gujarat, India]]. [[Ajit Doval]] is one of the board members of this university. It is recognized as an [[Institution of National Importance]] under the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] (MHA), Government of India, by an act of the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]]. <ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-rsu-accorded-national-status-is-now-rashtriya-raksha-university-6605490/|title = Gujarat: RSU accorded national status, is now Rashtriya Raksha University|newspaper=The Indian Express|date = 22 September 2020|access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref> RRU specializes in [[national security]], [[cyber security]], [[digital forensics]], and [[internal security]].

It was established by the [[Government of Gujarat]], [[India]], in 2009. In 2020, via Act 31 of [[Parliament|Parliament of India]], the [[Government of India]] took over the university from the Government of Gujarat.<ref name="indianexpress.com" />

The university offers undergraduate, postgraduate, research degree programmes, and professional diploma and certificate programmes.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|title=Courses offered by Raksha Shakti University|url=http://rsu.ac.in/courses/|access-date=29 June 2020|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205014147/https://rsu.ac.in/courses/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The institute was inaugurated by the former chief minister of Gujarat [[Narendra Modi]] on 22 July 2010.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=Modi inaugurates police varsity as the news breaks|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/modi-inaugurates-police-varsity-as-the-news-breaks/650640/|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=23 July 2010}}</ref>

The university has been upgraded as Rashtriya Raksha University, a national university, as an [[Institution of National Importance]] through the Rashtriya Raksha University Act, passed by Parliament in October 2020.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Rashtriya Raksha University Bill, 2020 |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/rashtriya-raksha-university-bill-introduced-in-ls20200323191135//|date=23 March 2020}}</ref>

==History==
{{multiple image
| width = 200
| image1 = modiji.jpg
| alt1 = Narendra Modi
| footer = Shri [[Narendra Modi]], Former Chief Minister of Gujarat, inaugurated Raksha Shakti University.
}}
It was established as Raksha Shakti University in 2009 by the Government of Gujarat, led by the then Chief Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Modi to inaugurate Raksha Shakti University |url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2010/07/19/modi-to-inaugurate-raksha-shakti-university-on-22nd/comment-page-1/|date=19 July 2010}}</ref> It was created by Act 14 passed in the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]. In 2020, via Act 31 of [[Parliament|Parliament of India]], the university upgraded to Rashtriya Raksha University. The university was set up to provide youth with better academic qualifications in the fields of [[counter-terrorism]], [[counter-insurgency]], [[internal security]], [[forensic science]], [[digital forensic]], and [[Computer security|cyber security]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Raksha Shakti University launches new courses for security job aspirants|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/raksha-shakti-university-launches-new-courses-for-security-job-aspirants/articleshow/37070275.cms|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=23 June 2014}}</ref> It lays great emphasis on professional security, strategy and [[Defence (military)|defence]] education.<ref>{{cite web|title=Objective of Raksha Shakti University|url=http://rsu.ac.in/objective/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Aims and Objectives of RSU|url=http://rsu.ac.in/extension-aim-objectives/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sarkari Naukri |url=https://sikshavidya.com/}}</ref>

== Campuses ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! No.
! Name
! City
! State / UT
|-
| 1
| [https://rru.ac.in/ RRU Main Campus]
| [[Gandhinagar]]
| [[Gujarat]]
|-
| 2
| [https://rru.ac.in/arunachal-pradesh-campus/ RRU Arunachal Pradesh Campus]
| [[Pasighat]]
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|-
| 3
| [https://rru.ac.in/uttar-pradesh-campus/ RRU Uttar Pradesh Campus]
| [[Lucknow]]
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
| 4
| [https://rru.ac.in/shivamogga-campus-karnataka/ RRU Karnataka Campus]
| [[Shivamogga]]
| [[Karnataka]]
|-
| 5
| [https://rru.ac.in/puducherry-campus/ RRU Puducherry Campus]
| [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]]
| [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|-
| 6
| [https://rru.ac.in/madhya-pradesh-campus/ RRU Madhya Pradesh Campus]
| [[Bhopal]]
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|}

On 12 March 2022, the university after being dedicated to the nation<ref>{{cite web|title=RRU for nation|url=https://newsonair.gov.in/News?title=PM-Modi-dedicates-building-of-Rashtriya-Raksha-University-to-nation&id=437024}}</ref> was given the mandate to establish its campuses all across the country to produce trained manpower for the security organizations of India, by the [[Prime Minister of India]], Shri [[Narendra Modi]], and the Minister of Home Affairs and Cooperation Minister, Shri [[Amit Shah]]. RRU at present has multiple campuses, with the first and main campus in [[Gandhinagar]], [[Gujarat]].

===Rashtriya Raksha University, Gandhinagar Campus===
The main campus of RRU is located in [[Gandhinagar]]. The site is abutted by a 1.5 km stretch of [[Meshwo River]] across 232 acres on the southern boundary. The university follows a distinct TREE model (Training, Research, Education, Extension), and has 13 schools imparting training and education at UG, PG, and PhD levels. The university has received a 5-star GRIHA rating for Green Campus and acquired the Green Campus Award in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|title=Campus of RRU|url=http://rsu.ac.in/eco-green-campus/}}</ref> The nearest railway station is [[Gandhinagar Railway Station]] and the nearest Airport is [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport]] and [[Dahegam]] is the nearest bus stand. The campus also has three dedicated helipads for VIP landings.

{{multiple image
| width = 250
| image1 = rsufront.jpg
| alt1 = RSU Campus
| image2 = rsucampus.jpg
| alt2 = RSU Campus
}}

===Rashtriya Raksha University, Arunachal Pradesh Campus===
The university opened its first campus outside [[Gujarat]] in [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Arunachal Pradesh Campus of RRU|url=http://www.uniindia.com/amit-shah-inaugurates-rru-s-arunachal-pradesh-campus/east/news/2738598.html}}</ref> The campus has been established under a memorandum of understanding entered into between the Government of Arunachal Pradesh and Rashtriya Raksha University. The new campus was inaugurated by the Union Home Affairs and Cooperation Minister Shri [[Amit Shah]] in the presence of Hon'ble Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh Shri [[Pema Khandu]] on 22 May 2022. The campus is located at [[Pasighat]] in the [[East Siang]] district of Arunachal Pradesh.

==Schools of Rashtriya Raksha University==
Source:<ref>{{cite web|title=Schools of RRU|url=https://rru.ac.in/schools/}}</ref>
# School of IT, Artificial Intelligence, Cyber Security (SITAICS)
# School of Applied Sciences, Engineering, and Technology (SASET)
# School of Behavioral Sciences and Forensic Investigations (SBSFI)
# School of Internal Security and SMART Policing (SISSP)
# School of Integrated Coastal and Maritime Security Studies (SICMSS)
# School of Private, Industrial and Corporate Security Management (SPICSM)
# School of Internal Security, Defence and Strategic Studies (SISDSS)
# School of International Cooperation, Security and Strategic Languages (SICSSL)
# School of Criminal Law and Military Law (SCLML)
# School of Physical Education and Sports (SPES)
# Bharat Centre of Olympic Research and Education (BCORE)
# Security and Scientific Technical Research Association (SASTRA)
# School of NCC and Police Martial Music Band (SNPMMB)
# AIC RRU Incubation Foundation

===Security and Scientific Technical Research Association (SASTRA)===
The Security and Scientific Technical Research Association (SASTRA) is India's first national security innovation center. Our primary objective is to facilitate a three-way engagement between academia, industry, and the government for innovation, incubation, and technology acceleration in the security space. Effectively, we are an aggregator of solution providers who work within the problem space with an emphasis on youth engagement and "Atmanirbhar Bharat".<ref>{{cite web|title=SASTRA|url=https://rru.ac.in/security-and-scientific-technical-research-association-sastra/ }}</ref>

===Research and publication centres===

Research is an integral part of the activities of RRU. The university conducts research within its academic programmes under all the schools to study & explore semi-structured & unstructured problems.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=Research and Publications|url=http://rsu.ac.in/rp-dashboard/}}</ref>

One of the major research studies carried out is by Dr. Sumit Kumar Choudhary, from the Department of Forensic Science. It has busted a myth around 'Corrugated Lines as Evidence of Forgery' on which many forensic handwriting experts have relied to date.<ref>{{cite news|title=Corrugated lines in handwriting not always forgery|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-corrugated-lines-in-handwriting-not-always-forgery-2614178|newspaper=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]|date=12 May 2018}}</ref>

RRU regularly organizes [[Seminars]], [[Conferences]], TOTs, [[Workshops]], Awareness Programs, and Value-Added Courses among others.<ref name=":2" /> It always keeps a leading position in organizing seminars like National level Research Methodology workshop sponsored by ICSSR, International Conference on Police Science<ref name=":2" /> and national seminar on [[Intellectual property rights|IPR]] and [[Cyber Security]].<ref name=":2" />

'''Publications by Researchers and Faculties:'''

• "Wonderful World of the Mounted Police in India" – A Pictorial Narration • Criminal Justice System in India: Need for Systemic Changes • Booklets on Police Commemoration Day • History of Mounted Police in India'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Books |url=http://rsu.ac.in/books/}}</ref>'''

===Training===
RRU provides training and education to its civilian students, and personnel from various central and state police forces,<ref>[https://arunachal24.in/itanagar-arunachal-pradesh-governor-addresses-dysp-probationers/ Training police forces]</ref> agencies of the government,<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/to-improve-agencys-conviction-rate-20-law-officers-of-cbi-complete-capacity-building-exercise-at-rru-7836908/ Training Government Agencies]</ref> paramilitary forces, defense forces, and private and corporate security. The university works towards skilling aspirants for security forces,<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-project-wardec-india-ai-powered-wargame-centre-7928387/ Training Security Forces]</ref> upskilling the in-service personnel, and re-skilling the ex-servicemen and women.

==Major achievements==

The first convocation of the university was organized on 12 March 2022, that was graced by the presence of Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{cite news|title=PM Modi in RRU|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/image-of-uniformed-personnel-changing-in-india-pm-modi-at-rru-convocation-101647088504731.html|date=12 March 2020}}</ref> Along with Honorable Prime Minister Union Home Minister [[Amit Shah]], [[Governor of Gujarat]] and [[Chief Minister of Gujarat]] were also present at the event.

The union government introduced a bill to upgrade the Gujarat-based Raksha Shakti University as an institution of national importance. [[G Kishan Reddy]], Union Minister of State for Home, introduced the Rashtriya Raksha University Bill, 2020.<ref>{{cite news|title=Govt to upgrade Raksha Shakti University as institution of national importance|url=https://www.shiksha.com/articles/govt-to-upgrade-raksha-shakti-university-as-institution-of-national-importance-blogId-33075|newspaper=[[Shiksha]]|date=24 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Govt introduces bill in Lok Sabha to upgrade Gujarat-based Raksha Shakti University|url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/govt-introduces-bill-in-lok-sabha-to-upgrade-gujarat-based-raksha-shakti-university/|date=23 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bill To Upgrade Raksha Shakti University As Institution Of National Importance Introduced In Lok Sabha|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/bill-to-upgrade-raksha-shakti-university-as-institution-of-national-importance-introduced-in-lok-sab-2199416|newspaper=[[NDTV]]|date=23 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Govt introduces bill in LS to upgrade Guj university as institution of national importance|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/govt-introduces-bill-in-ls-to-upgrade-guj-university-as-institution-of-national-importance/1777404|date=23 March 2020}}</ref>

Amit Shah, The Union Minister for Home Affairs while speaking at the valedictory session of 47th All India Police Science Congress in December 2019, said that the government will establish 'Raksha Shakti University' and affiliated colleges in the states where there is no police university.<ref>{{cite news|title=Centre to set up Raksha Shakti University to train people for policing: Amit Shah|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/centre-to-set-up-raksha-shakti-university-to-train-people-for-policing-amit-shah-1624094-2019-12-01|newspaper=[[India Today]]|date=1 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=पुलिस में भर्ती होने इच्छुक युवाओं को शिक्षा देने के लिए रक्षा विश्वविद्यालय की स्थापना होगी: अमित शाह|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-defense-university-to-be-established-to-provide-education-to-youths-willing-to-join-police-amit-shah-nodkp-2651071.html|newspaper=[[News 18]]|date=29 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Amit Shah's Big Announcement|url=https://www.patrika.com/lucknow-news/amit-shah-big-statement-on-up-police-and-cm-yogi-5436643/|date=29 November 2019}}</ref>

Raksha Shakti University had signed an MoU with [[Israel]] based ‘HackerU’ for its course of PG Diploma in [[Cyber Forensics]] since 2017–18.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cyber forensics course: Raksha Shakti University joins hands with Israeli Firm|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/cyber-forensics-course-rsu-joins-hands-with-israeli-firm/articleshow/59314093.cms|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=26 June 2017}}</ref>

[[Arjun Ram Meghwal]], Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs, [[Water Resources]], River Development and [[Ganga]] Rejuvenation, awarded the Merit trophy to Raksha Shakti University at the 14th National Youth Parliament Competition, 2017–18.<ref>{{cite news|title=Arjun Ram Meghwal distributes Prizes for 14th National Youth Parliament Competition, 2017–18 for University and Colleges|url=https://www.5dariyanews.com/news/247162-Arjun-Ram-Meghwal-distributes-Prizes-for-14th-National-Youth-Parliament-Competition-2017-18-for-University-and-Colleges|date=26 June 2017}}</ref>

[[Forensic psychologist]] Reena Sharma while pursuing her Ph.D. from RRU opted for the positive [[criminology]] route and assessed violent behaviour of 110 prison inmates convicted under heinous offenses like murder, rape, etc. She convinced the prison authorities to set up a psychological cell in Sabarmati Jail, Ahmedabad, Gujarat.<ref>{{cite news|title=Soon, a psychological cell in Sabarmati jail|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-soon-a-psychological-cell-in-sabarmati-jail-2580280|newspaper=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]|date=1 February 2018}}</ref>

RRU has signed a memorandum of understanding with [[India Navy]] for collaboration for innovation and research in the field of defense. RRU was praised by Defence Minister Shree [[Rajnath Singh]] on the occasion.<ref>{{cite news|title=RSU inks MoU with Indian Navy for capacity building, research projects|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rsu-inks-mou-with-indian-navy-for-capacity-building-research-projects/articleshow/77532161.cms|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=13 August 2020}}</ref>

===Placements===
The [[Internship]] & [[Job placement|Placement]] Division of Rashtriya Raksha University endeavours to facilitate and provide suitable placement in reputed multinationals, government organizations, and the private sector. All students of the university are entitled to placement assistance, need-based training, and counselling for employment. The division assures support to the visiting organizations at every stage of the placement by making the university infrastructure available to them.

The Internship & Placement Division acts as an interface between the recruiters and the students for primarily enabling the students to select the best available option for their career. The division liaises with the recruiters to provide suitable jobs to the students completing their studies from the university and the section continues to facilitate the students who have already graduated from the university depending upon the requirements of the recruiters and alumni. The division conducts extra classes and mock interviews to enable and prepare the students to become successful professionals.<ref>{{cite web|title=Internships and Placements|url=http://rsu.ac.in/training-and-placement-division/}}</ref>

==Student life==
{{More citations needed|date=March 2021}}

===Student accommodation===
{{multiple image
| width = 250
| image1 = rsuhostel.jpg
| alt1 = RSU hostel
}}
The residences for students are anticipated as not just hostels with long corridors but rather as homes. These [[courtyard]] homes are put together forming a hierarchy of communities. When a cluster of homes come together they start sharing sports facilities such as badminton courts and playgrounds.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Architecture of RSU|url=http://rsu.ac.in/lavad/}}</ref>

===Events===
'''NCX and [[NCIIPC]]:'''
RRU seeks expressions of interest for conducting events such as the Bharat NCX and NCIIPC SEC-EX.

Cultural Events: They host events like Navya, which features a range of activities like no-flame cooking, treasure hunts, and debate competitions. Additionally, the university has a student-driven Event Management Club that coordinates various events. RRU's Eventique is also a notable event that involves various activities.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

Campus Celebrations: RRU hosts various cultural and festive events like [[Garba (dance)|Garba]] Navratri, [[Ram Navmi]], [[Ganesh Chaturthi]], [[Onam]], Rangratri, [[Makar Sankranti]], and [[Maha Shivaratri]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

Sangram is a sports fest of RRU, which is organized every year. Various outdoor games such as [[Lawn Tennis]], [[Swimming]], [[Kabaddi]], [[Kho-Kho]], [[Cricket]], [[Badminton]], [[Volleyball]], [[Sport of athletics|Athletics]], and Indoor Games like [[Chess]] and [[Table Tennis]] provide an opportunity for sports enthusiasts so that they can show their skills and passion towards sports.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

==Impact==

===Extension===

===Training===
Rashtriya Raksha University is set to define a training module for [[commandos]] of [[Special Protection Group]]. The SPG protects the prime minister and their family members residing with them at the official residence.<ref>{{cite news|title=Modi's Raksha Shakti varsity to train SPG, other elite units|url=https://www.securitytoday.in/indian-news/modis-raksha-shakti-varsity-to-train-spg-other-elite-units/|date=14 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Soon, a psychological cell in Sabarmati jail|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Modis-Raksha-Shakti-University-to-train-SPG-other-elite-units/articleshow/53000069.cms|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=1 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Modi's Raksha Shakti varsity to train SPG, other elite units|url=https://www.nyoooz.com/news/ahmedabad/523909/modis-raksha-shakti-varsity-to-train-spg-other-elite-units/|date=30 June 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Indian National Defence University]]
* [[Law enforcement in India]]
* [[Sardar Patel University of Police, Security and Criminal Justice]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Universities in Gujarat}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Central universities in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2010]]
[[Category:Education in Gandhinagar]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Gujarat]]

Emelina Soares

2026-02-07T19:00:48Z

MaryjoM897: Made a pg

{{Short description|Qatari-born Indian artist, art historian and educator}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Emelina Soares
| image = Emelina.jpg
| birth_place = Doha, Qatar
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1993}}
| education = Emily Carr University of Art and Design, MFA
University College of London, MA
Virginia Commonwealth University, BFA
}}

'''Emelina Soares''' (born 1993)<ref name="Emelina Soares">{{cite web |title=About |url=https://www.emelinasoares.com/about |website=Emelina Soares |access-date=4 November 2021 |language=en |archive-date=4 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104204538/https://www.emelinasoares.com/about |url-status=dead }}</ref> is an Indian artist, art historian, and educator who uses site-specific installation, animation, projection, drawing, printmaking, and sculpture. Common themes of her works include [[ecology]], [[ethology]], [[Human migration|migration]], and cultural exchanges.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=LOoW Participating Artists|url=https://leaningoutofwindows.org/phase-3/participating-artists/|last=|first=|date=|website=LOoW|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
She completed her [[Bachelor of Fine Arts|BFA]] from [[Virginia Commonwealth University - Qatar|Virginia Commonwealth University Qatar]], in addition with an [[Master of Arts|MA]] from the [[University College London|University College of London Qatar]] under [[Hamad Bin Khalifa University]] and an [[Master of Fine Arts|MFA]] from [[Emily Carr University of Art and Design]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://qatar.vcu.edu/news/painting-printmaking-alumna-emelina-soares-features-in-vancouver-exhibition|title=Painting & Printmaking Alumna Emelina Soares Features in Vancouver Exhibition|last=VCUQatar|website=qatar.vcu.edu|language=en|access-date=2020-04-19}}</ref>

== Art practice ==

=== Research ===
[[File:Recontextualizing_Saint_Thomas.jpg|alt=|thumb|''Recontextualizing Saint Thomas'' created by Soares]]
Soares used oriental references as inspiration, combined with prominent saints from India, the Middle East and Portugal to create contemporary [[appropriation (art)|appropriation]]s in the series of recontextualizing saints. Her practice explored patterns of carpets in combination with sand from the dunes of Qatar, and natural dyes from India,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/kraftwerk-berlin-to-host-survey-of-contemporary-art-from-qatar|title=Largest survey of Qatari contemporary art to open in Berlin despite ongoing blockade|website=www.theartnewspaper.com|date=23 November 2017 |access-date=2020-04-19}}</ref> to create ephemeral Sand Carpets. The changing patterns of the carpets due to guests walking on the piece reflects her multinational identity.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Connolly|first=Kate|date=2017-12-10|title=Qatar's dynamic young artists showcased in major Berlin exhibition|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2017/dec/10/qatars-dynamic-young-arists-showcased-in-major-berlin-exhibition|access-date=2020-02-11|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
[[File:Sand_Carpet_created_by_Artist_Emelina_Soares.jpg|alt=|thumb|Sand Carpet by Soares.<ref name=":3" />]]
Her practice consists of site-specific installations such as ''Hidden in Plain Site'', that discuss the adaptive attitude of migrating and invasive bodies within changing perspectives of space and place.<ref name=":0" />

Soares participated as an artist and facilitator for the Leaning Out of Windows project led by [[Randy Lee Cutler]] and [[Ingrid Koenig]], where she collaborated with a physicist from [[TRIUMF]], Canada's national particle accelerator centre, and faculty from [[Emily Carr University of Art and Design|Emily Carr University]], to create an interdisciplinary project on the study of dark matter.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://leaningoutofwindows.org/exhibition-2020/|title=Exhibition 2020 {{!}} Leaning Out Of Windows|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.triumf.ca/|title=Home {{!}} TRIUMF : Canada's particle accelerator centre|website=www.triumf.ca|access-date=2020-02-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Leaning Out Of Windows {{!}}|url=https://leaningoutofwindows.org/|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Participating Artists (Phase 3) |url=https://leaningoutofwindows.org/participating-artists/ |access-date=25 April 2022 |website=Leaning Out Of Windows |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:Hidden_in_Plain_Site_created_by_Emelina_Soares.jpg|thumb|''Hidden in Plain Site'' is a site-specific installation created by Soares.]]

=== Exhibitions ===
Soares was part of several group exhibition such as Shifting Identities,<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 Dec 2017 |title=Qatar contemporary art exhibition opens in Berlin |url=https://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/09/12/2017/Qatar-contemporary-art-exhibition-opens-in-Berlin |access-date=2020-04-19 |website=The Peninsula}}</ref> Introspection / Extrospection,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ecuad.ca/calendar/introspection-extrospection-mfa-thesis-show|title=Introspection/Extrospection {{!}} MFA Thesis Show|last1=Vancouver|first1=520 East 1st Avenue|last2=Canada|first2=BC V5T 0H2|date=2019-03-11|website=Emily Carr University of Art + Design|language=en|access-date=2020-02-11}}</ref> Tracing Erasure<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ahva.ubc.ca/events/event/tracing-erasure/|title=Tracing Erasure {{!}} AHVA - The Department of Art History, Visual Art & Theory|website=ahva.ubc.ca|access-date=2020-02-11}}</ref> in Vancouver, Canada. Qatar Contemporary Art and Photography in Russia,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qm.org.qa/en/qatar-contemporary-art-and-photography|title=Qatar Contemporary: Art and Photography|website=Qatar Museums|language=en|access-date=2020-02-11|archive-date=2020-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813055541/https://www.qm.org.qa/en/qatar-contemporary-art-and-photography|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ruwad: Pioneering artists of Qatar<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qataramerica.org/ruwad_qatar/|title=Ruwad|website=Qatar-America Institute|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-11|archive-date=2020-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408112424/https://qataramerica.org/ruwad_qatar/|url-status=dead}}</ref> in Washington DC. Art Leaders Network and Contemporary Art Qatar<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qm.org.qa/en/contemporary-art-qatar|title=Contemporary Art Qatar|website=Qatar Museums|language=en|access-date=2020-02-11|archive-date=2020-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222110839/http://www.qm.org.qa/en/contemporary-art-qatar|url-status=dead}}</ref> in Germany. Built/ Unbuilt Home/ City at the Kathmandu Triennale 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tumsamekh.wordpress.com/2017/04/15/buildunbuild-homecity-art-projrct-curated-by-dr-dina-bangdel-collateral-event-with-kathmandu-triennale-2017/|title=Build/Unbuild Home:city Art Projrct 2017 curated by Dr. Dina Bangdel collateral event with Kathmandu Triennale 2017|last=mekhlimbu|date=2017-04-15|website=Mekh Limbu|language=en|access-date=2020-02-11}}</ref> AlBahie Auction House, Qatar Foundation: Emerging Artists, Art and Medicine VCU Qatar,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qatar.vcu.edu/news/chromosthesia-exploring-the-intersection-of-art-and-medicine|title=Chromosthesia, Exploring the Intersection of Art and Medicine|last=VCUQatar|website=www.qatar.vcu.edu|language=en|access-date=2020-02-11}}</ref> Fire Station Artists-in-residence show,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.qm.org.qa/en/artists-residence-exhibition-20152016|title=Artists in Residence Exhibition 2015/2016|website=Qatar Museums|language=en|access-date=2020-02-11|archive-date=2020-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023214810/https://www.qm.org.qa/en/artists-residence-exhibition-20152016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Virginia Commonwealth University Qatar, Katara Art Centre, and Qatar Museums: Create and Inspire (Qatar Brazil).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://islamicartsmagazine.com/magazine/view/winners_of_create_inspire_2014/|title=Winners of 'Create & Inspire 2014' Explore Brazil in Artistic Journey of a Lifetime|website=Islamic Arts Magazine|language=en|access-date=2020-02-11}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Soares, Emelina}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Emily Carr University of Art and Design alumni]]
[[Category:Indian women contemporary artists]]

Chinmoy Sankar Dey

2026-02-06T06:20:42Z

MaryjoM897: Made new article

{{short description|Indian molecular biologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Chinmoy Sankar Dey
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|3|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Molecular biology]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[National Institute of Immunology, India|National Institute of Immunology]] | [[National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Mohali|NIPER Mohali]] | [[IIT Delhi|Bio-school, IIT Delhi]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Calcutta University]] | [[Jadavpur University]] | [[Indian Institute of Chemical Biology]] | [[California Institute of Technology]] | [[Baylor College of Medicine]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[insulin resistance]]
| awards = {{ublist| 2003 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 2003 [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development|N-Bios Prize]] | 2005 OPPI-Scientist Award | 2008 CDRI Award }}
}}
'''Chinmoy Sankar Dey''' (born 18 March 1961) is an Indian [[molecular biologist]] and a professor at ''Kusuma School of Biological Sciences'' of the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi]]. Known for his research on [[insulin resistance]], Dey's is a J. C. Bose National Fellow of the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] and an elected fellow of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] and the [[Indian National Science Academy]]. The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Medical Sciences in 2003. He is also a recipient of the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]] of the [[Department of Biotechnology]].

== Biography ==
[[File:University of Calcutta cropped.JPG|thumb|235px|University of Calcutta]]
S. C. Dey was born on 18 March 1961 in [[Kolkata]], the capital of the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].<ref name="Faculty Profile A">{{Cite web |url=http://bioschool.iitd.ac.in/csdeycvfeb2017.pdf |title=Faculty Profile A |date=2017 |publisher=Bioschool, IIT Delhi |access-date=26 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327081309/http://bioschool.iitd.ac.in/csdeycvfeb2017.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2017 }}</ref> He graduated in zoology from the [[University of Calcutta]] in 1982 and continued at the institution to obtain a master's degree in 1984.<ref name="Faculty Profile B">{{Cite web |url=http://bioschool.iitd.ac.in/CSD.html |title=Faculty Profile B |date=2017 |publisher=Bioschool, IIT Delhi}}</ref> Afterwards, he joined the [[Indian Institute of Chemical Biology]], in Kolkata, as a research fellow for his doctoral studies and submitted his thesis ''Biochemical regulation of sperm motility'', which earned him a PhD from [[Jadavpur University]] in 1990.<ref name="Indian fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/P07-1433 |title=Indian fellow |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=22 April 2017 |archive-date=5 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205154104/http://insaindia.res.in/detail/P07-1433 }}</ref> He did his post-doctoral studies initially at [[California Institute of Technology]] from 1988 to 1991 as a post-doc research fellow and later, at the [[Baylor College of Medicine]], as a post-doc research associate from 1991 to 1992. On his return to India in 1992, he started his career by joining the [[National Institute of Immunology, India|National Institute of Immunology]] as a pool officer, but his stay there lasted only for two years.

In 1994, he moved to [[National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Mohali]] as an assistant professor at the department of biotechnology where he served for over a decade and a half. During this period, he held positions as an associate professor (1999–2002) as well as a professor (2002–10), and he became head of the department in 2004. In 2010, he moved his base to New Delhi to join the [[Indian Institute of Technology]] at ''Kusuma School of Biological Sciences'' as a professor<ref name="Faculty">{{Cite web |url=http://bioschool.iitd.ac.in/people-faculty.html |title=Faculty |date=2017 |publisher=Bioschool, IIT Delhi}}</ref><ref name="Chinmoy Shankar Dey : Biological Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iitd.ac.in/content/chinmoy-shankar-dey-biological-sciences |title=Chinmoy Shankar Dey: Biological Sciences |date=2017 |publisher=IIT Delhi}}</ref> and is the head of the Central Research Facility.<ref name="Contact Us">{{Cite web |url=http://www.scfbio-iitd.res.in/crf/contact.html |title=Contact Us |date=2017 |publisher=Central Research Facility, IIT Delhi}}</ref> He leads a laboratory at IIT Delhi involved in research on [[Insulin-resistant diabetes]] and hosts a number of scholars and students.<ref name="Chinmoy S. Dey's Lab">{{Cite web |url=http://bioschool.iitd.ac.in/lab-cs-dey.html |title=Chinmoy S. Dey's Lab |date=2017 |publisher=Bioschool, IIT Delhi}}</ref> He also serves as a visiting scientist at Madras Diabetes Research Foundation (MDRF).<ref name="MDRF honours IIT Delhi professor">{{Cite web |title=MDRF honours IIT Delhi professor |date=22 July 2011 |publisher=News 18}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Dey's research has been focusing on the drug resistance of two diseases, [[leishmaniasis]] and [[diabetes]].<ref name="Indian fellow" /> His work on [[insulin resistance]] included the development of an ''[[in vitro|in-vitro]]'' model, which has potential applications in screening anti-diabetic drugs.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=446 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2017 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize}}</ref><ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | page=71 | date=1999 | access-date=26 March 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> The model, which involved insulin-resistant cultured skeletal muscle cells, earned him a US patent.<ref name="Skeletal cell model to screen anti-diabetic compounds">{{Cite web |url=http://patents.justia.com/inventor/chinmoy-sankar-dey |title=Skeletal cell model to screen anti-diabetic compounds |last=Chinmoy Sankar Dey |date=30 May 2006 |publisher=Justia Patents |work=US Patent No. 7052910}}</ref> Using the model in tandem with biochemical and [[gene silencing]] methodologies, he demonstrated that [[focal adhesion kinase]]s and [[p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases]] could be used as possible drug targets.<ref name="Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize‑winner Prof. Chinmoy Sankar Dey's Work">{{Cite web |url=http://www.niscair.res.in/sciencecommunication/rndnewsletters/csirnews2k4/csirnews_15jan04.asp |title=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize‑winner Prof. Chinmoy Sankar Dey's Work |date=2017 |publisher=NISCAIR}}</ref> His team identified for the first time the [[apoptosis]]-like cell death in [[Type II topoisomerase]] and suggested the [[Type II topoisomerase|enzyme]] as a possible treatment protocol for [[Leishmaniasis]].<ref name="Indian fellow" /> His findings were published in a 2005 article in ''Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology'' of [[Elsevier]].<ref name="Novobiocin induces apoptosis-like cell death in topoisomerase II over-expressing arsenite resistant Leishmania donovani">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Singh G, Jayanarayan KG, Dey CS|title=Novobiocin induces apoptosis-like cell death in topoisomerase II over-expressing arsenite resistant Leishmania donovani |journal=Mol Biochem Parasitol. |date=May 2005 |volume=141 |issue=1 |pages=57–69 |doi=10.1016/j.molbiopara.2005.01.014 |pmid=15811527}}</ref> He also proposed [[eIF4A]], a member of a set of three related [[proteins]], as a drug target to combat infection with ''[[Leishmania donovani]]'', a [[Miltefosine]]-resistant type of [[Trypanosoma|trypanosome]] causing [[leishmaniasis]].<ref name="Indian fellow" /> His work on [[myogenesis]] and [[muscular dystrophy]] showed insulin‑mediated [[dephosphorylation]] of [[PTK2]] (focal adhesion kinase) could be stopped by inhibiting the activity of the [[insulin receptor]] [[tyrosine kinase]], which was a new discovery.<ref name="Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize‑winner Prof. Chinmoy Sankar Dey's Work" /> His research has been documented in numerous articles;<ref name="Scholarly Contributions">{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindawi.com/89821536/ |title=Scholarly Contributions |date=2017 |publisher=Hindawi}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|See also "Selected bibliography" section}} [[ResearchGate]], an online repository of scientific articles, lists 90 of them.<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/researcher/39989144_Chinmoy_Sankar_Dey |title=On ResearchGate |date=2017 }}</ref> Besides this he has contributed chapters to two books,<ref name="Singh2015">{{cite book|author1=Shio Kumar Singh (editor)|author2=G. C. Majumdar, S. C. Dey, S. Saha, K. Das, D. Nath. A. Maiti, S. Dey, D. Roy|author3=S. Mitra, A. Rana, J. Chakrabarty, S. Das, A. Bhoumik, S. Banerjee, M. Mandal, B. S. Jaiswal, P. Ghosh, A. Das, D. Bhattacharyya, S. R. Dungdung (chapter authors)|title=Mammalian Endocrinology and Male Reproductive Biology|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-KYCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA197|date=4 September 2015|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4987-2736-5|pages=197–|chapter=Role of Sperm Surface Molecules in Motility Regulation}}</ref><ref name="Singh2015-1">{{cite book|author1=Shio Kumar Singh (editor)|author2=S. C. Dey (chapter author)|title=Mammalian Endocrinology and Male Reproductive Biology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-KYCgAAQBAJ&pg=PR14|date=4 September 2015|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4987-2736-5|pages=14–}}</ref> and his work has drawn citations from other researchers.<ref name="SoccolPandey2016">{{cite book|author1=Vanete Thomaz Soccol|author2=Ashok Pandey|author3=Rodrigo R. Resende|title=Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering: Human and Animal Health Applications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8HN_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA588|date=17 September 2016|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-0-444-63671-3|pages=588–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Studies in Natural Products Chemistry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5QRV0gT0aRMC&pg=PA427|date=15 March 2013|publisher=Newnes|isbn=978-0-444-62609-7|pages=427–}}</ref><ref name="Majumder2008">{{cite book|author=Hemanta K. Majumder|title=Drug Targets in Kinetoplastid Parasites|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rk9H6xW6Z10C&pg=PA7|date=15 September 2008|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-387-77570-8|pages=7–}}</ref> [[James Watson]], a recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] in 1962, cited one of Dey's papers in his 2013 lecture at [[University of California, Los Angeles]] to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the discovery of [[double helical]] structure [[DNA]],<ref name="Faculty Profile A" /> which was later published as an article in Lancet in 2014.<ref name="Type 2 diabetes as a redox disease">{{Cite journal |title=Type 2 diabetes as a redox disease |url=http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(13)62365-X.pdf |journal=Lancet |date=2014 |volume=383 |issue=9919 |pages=841–43 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62365-x|pmid=24581668 |last1=Watson |first1=James D. |s2cid=1076963 }}</ref> He also holds a [[Patent Cooperation Treaty]] and his aforementioned US patent, as well as two Indian patents, and has guided students in their master's and doctoral studies.<ref name="Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize‑winner Prof. Chinmoy Sankar Dey's Work" />

Dey was the Sectional Secretary of the 91st [[Indian Science Congress]] held in 2003; he was also associated with the organization of the ''Indo‑US Symposium on Recombinant DNA Technology and Its Application in Drug Discovery'' held at [[BITS, Pilani]] in February 1999 and the workshops on Molecular Basis of Drug Discovery and on Molecular Modeling and Pharmainformatics held at [[National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Mohali]] in 2005.<ref name="Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize‑winner Prof. Chinmoy Sankar Dey's Work" /> He was the regional associate editor of the ''Journal of Biopharmaceutics and Biotechnology'' in 2006 and is a former member of the editorial boards of the now defunct ''Open Parasitology Journal'' of [[Bentham Science Publishers]] and ''[[Scientific Reports]]'' of [[Nature Publishing Group]].<ref name="Faculty Profile A" /> He is a reviewer for ''Molecular Biology International'', a journal of the [[Hindawi Publishing Corporation]],<ref name="Molecular Biology International">{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindawi.com/journals/mbi/reviewers/ |title=Molecular Biology International |date=2017 |publisher=Hindawi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327080703/https://www.hindawi.com/journals/mbi/reviewers/ |archive-date=2017-03-27 }}</ref> the ''Diabetes'' journal of the [[American Diabetes Association]], ''[[The FASEB Journal]]'', the ''Molecular Medicine'' journal, ''[[FEBS Letters]]'', the ''Journal of Molecular Cell Biology'', ''[[Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy]]'', the ''[[British Journal of Pharmacology]]'', ''[[Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology]]'', ''[[Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy]]'', the ''[[Indian Journal of Medical Research]]'', and ''[[Experimental Parasitology]]''. He has also served as an adviser or consultant to pharmaceutical companies such as Orchid Chemicals and Pharmaceutical Ltd., TCG Lifesciences (former Chembiotek Research International) and DSM Anti-Infectives.<ref name="Faculty Profile B" />

== Awards and honors ==
The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 2003.<ref name="Medical Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Medical_SCIENCES.htm |title=Medical Sciences |date=2017 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224074105/http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Medical_SCIENCES.htm |archive-date=2013-02-24 }}</ref> The same year, he also received the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]] of the [[Department of Biotechnology]],<ref name="Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development">{{Cite web |url=http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |title=Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development |date=2016 |publisher=Department of Biotechnology |access-date=26 March 2017 |archive-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304191331/http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf }}</ref> followed by the OPPI Award of the Organisation of Pharmaceutical Producers of India in 2005.<ref name="OPPI Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.niper.ac.in/oppi.htm |title=OPPI Award |date=2017 |publisher=NIPER |access-date=26 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060624231921/http://www.niper.ac.in/oppi.htm |archive-date=24 June 2006 }}</ref> He became an elected fellow of two major Indian science academies in 2007: the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]]<ref name="NASI Year Book 2015">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |title=NASI Year Book 2015 |date=2017 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806211716/http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |archive-date=2015-08-06 }}</ref> and the [[Indian National Science Academy]].<ref name="INSA Year Book 2016">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |title=INSA Year Book 2016 |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=26 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104001952/http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2016 }}</ref> He received two honors in 2008: the CDRI Award of the [[Central Drug Research Institute]]<ref name="CDRI Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cdri.res.in/HonoursAwards.aspx |title=CDRI Award |date=2017 |publisher=Central Drug Research Institute |access-date=26 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327081308/http://www.cdri.res.in/HonoursAwards.aspx |archive-date=27 March 2017 }}</ref> and the J. C. Bose National Fellowship of the Department of Biotechnology.<ref name="J C Bose fellowship">{{Cite web |url=http://www.niper.gov.in/jcbose_fellow.htm |title=J C Bose fellowship |date=2017 |publisher=NIPER}}</ref><ref name="NASI fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=D |title=NASI fellows |date=2017 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717020647/http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=D |archive-date=2015-07-17 }}</ref> In 2011, he was awarded the inaugural Honor Lecture Award by Madras Diabetes Research Foundation.<ref name="MDRF honours IIT Delhi professor" /> He is also a life member of the Society of Biological Chemists, India.<ref name="Faculty Profile A" />

== Selected bibliography ==
=== Book chapters ===
* {{cite book|author1=Shio Kumar Singh (editor)|author2=G. C. Majumdar, S. C. Dey, S. Saha, K. Das, D. Nath. A. Maiti, S. Dey, D. Roy|author3=S. Mitra, A. Rana, J. Chakrabarty, S. Das, A. Bhoumik, S. Banerjee, M. Mandal, B. S. Jaiswal, P. Ghosh, A. Das, D. Bhattacharyya, S. R. Dungdung (chapter authors)|title=Mammalian Endocrinology and Male Reproductive Biology|date=4 September 2015|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4987-2736-5|pages=197–|chapter=Role of Sperm Surface Molecules in Motility Regulation}}
* {{cite book|author1=Shio Kumar Singh (editor)|author2=S. C. Dey (chapter author)|title=Mammalian Endocrinology and Male Reproductive Biology|date=4 September 2015|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4987-2736-5|pages=14–}}

=== Articles ===
* {{Cite journal |last=Hira Lal Goel, Chinmoy Sankar Dey |title=Insulin stimulates spreading of skeletal muscle cells involving the activation of focal adhesion kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and extracellular signal regulated kinases |journal=Journal of Cellular Physiology |date=2002 |volume=193 |issue=2 |pages=187–198 |doi=10.1002/jcp.10161|pmid=12384996 |s2cid=21928362 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Hira Lal Goel, Chinmoy Sankar Dey |title=Role of protein kinase C during insulin mediated skeletal muscle cell spreading |journal=Journal of Muscle Research & Cell Motility |date=2002 |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=269–277 |doi=10.1023/A:1022028808806|pmid=12630700 |s2cid=28801734 }}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Bisht B, Goel HL, Dey CS|title=Focal adhesion kinase regulates insulin resistance in skeletal muscle |journal=Diabetologia |date=2007 |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=1058–69 |doi=10.1007/s00125-007-0591-6|pmid=17333113 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Bisht B, Dey CS|title=Focal Adhesion Kinase contributes to insulin-induced actin reorganization into a mesh harboring Glucose transporter-4 in insulin resistant skeletal muscle cells |journal=BMC Cell Biol |date=2008 |volume=9 |issue=48 |page=48 |doi=10.1186/1471-2121-9-48|pmid=18771597 |pmc=2551595 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Gupta A, Bisht B, Dey CS|title=Peripheral insulin-sensitizer drug metformin ameliorates neuronal insulin resistance and Alzheimer's-like changes |journal=Neuropharmacology |date=2011 |volume=60 |issue=6 |pages=910–20 |doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.033|pmid=21277873 |s2cid=20315718 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Amit Gupta, Chinmoy Sankar Dey |title=PTEN, a widely known negative regulator of insulin/PI3K signaling, positively regulates neuronal insulin resistance |journal=Mol Biol Cell |date=2012 |volume=23 |issue=19 |pages=3882–3898 |doi=10.1091/mbc.E12-05-0337|pmid=22875989 |pmc=3459864 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Aakash Gautam Mukhopadhyay, Chinmoy Sankar Dey |title=Reactivation of flagellar motility in demembranated Leishmania reveals role of cAMP in flagellar wave reversal to ciliary waveform |journal=Scientific Reports |date=2016 |volume=6 |article-number=37308 |doi=10.1038/srep37308|pmid=27849021 |pmc=5110981 |bibcode=2016NatSR...637308M }}

=== Patents ===
* {{Cite web |url=http://patents.justia.com/inventor/chinmoy-sankar-dey |title=Skeletal cell model to screen anti-diabetic compounds |last=Chinmoy Sankar Dey |date=30 May 2006 |publisher=Justia Patents |work=US Patent No. 7052910}}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Recombinant DNA]]
* [[Protein kinase C]]
* [[GLUT4]]
* [[Metformin]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Medicine}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.tmpsearchers.com/cgi-bin/perlfect/search/search.pl?q=delhi&showurl=%2F2007March09%2Fpg_0054.htm |title=Skeletal cell model to screen anti-diabetic compounds |date=2017 |publisher=TMP searchers |page=Indian patent details |access-date=26 March 2017 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511140906/http://www.tmpsearchers.com/cgi-bin/perlfect/search/search.pl?q=delhi&showurl=%2F2007March09%2Fpg_0054.htm }}
* {{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite journal |doi=10.1091/mbc.E12-05-0337 |pmid=22875989 |pmc=3459864 |title=PTEN, a widely known negative regulator of insulin/PI3K signaling, positively regulates neuronal insulin resistance |journal=Molecular Biology of the Cell |volume=23 |issue=19 |pages=3882–3898 |year=2012 |last1=Gupta |first1=Amit |last2=Dey |first2=Chinmoy Sankar }}

{{SSBPST recipients in Medical Science}}
{{N-BIOS Laureates 1999–2009}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dey, Chinmoy Sankar}}
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian inventors]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Indian molecular biologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali scientists]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Jadavpur University alumni]]
[[Category:California Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Baylor College of Medicine alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Delhi]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Medical Science]]
[[Category:N-BIOS Prize recipients]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian inventors]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Kolkata]]

Chetan Anand (director)

2026-02-04T20:52:31Z

MaryjoM897: brief adjust references as per guidelines and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{short description|Hindi film producer, screenwriter and director (1921–1997)}}
{{Other uses|Chetan Anand (disambiguation){{!}}Chetan Anand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chetan Anand
| image = Chetan Anand 2013 stamp of India.jpg
| image_size = 255px
| caption = Chetan Anand on a 2013 stamp of India
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1921|01|03}}
| birth_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]] (present-day [[Lahore, Pakistan|Lahore]], [[Pakistan]])<ref>Page 1, ''Romancing with Life — an autobiography'' by Dev Anand, Penguin books India 2007</ref>
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1997|07|06|1921|01|03}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Film producer|Producer]], [[film director|director]], [[actor]], [[screenwriter]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Uma Anand]]|1943}}
| partner = [[Priya Rajvansh]]
| children = 2; [[Ketan Anand]] and Vivek Anand
| relatives = See [[List of Hindi film clans#Anand-Sahni family|Anand-Sahni family]] [[Anand family]]
| website =
| years_active = 1944–1994
| awards = [[Cannes Film Festival]]: {{Lang|fr|[[Palme d'Or]]|italic=no}} (Best Film): '''{{Lang|hi-latn|[[Neecha Nagar]]}}''' (1946)
}}
'''Chetan Anand''' (3 January 1921 – 6 July 1997) was a [[Bollywood]] film producer, [[screenwriter]] and director from India, whose first film, {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Neecha Nagar]]}}, was awarded the Grand Prix Prize (now Golden Palm) at the first ever [[Cannes Film Festival]] in 1946. Later, he co-founded [[Navketan Films]] with his younger brother [[Dev Anand]] in 1949.<ref>{{cite news |title=With Navketan Films, Anand brothers among Bollywood's first families|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-05/news/30477546_1_dev-anand-anand-brothers-navketan-films |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531110145/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-05/news/30477546_1_dev-anand-anand-brothers-navketan-films |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 May 2013 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=5 December 2011 }}</ref>

==Biography==
===Early life===
Anand was born on 3 January 1921 in [[Lahore]], [[British India]], to a well-to-do advocate, Pishori Lal Anand. He went to [[Gurukul Kangri Vishwavidyalaya]] to study Hindu scriptures and graduated in English from [[Government College Lahore]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview-with-sidharth-bhatia/20111212.htm |title=How Dev Anand's Navketan changed Indian cinema |website=Rediff |date=12 December 2011 |access-date=2018-11-08}}</ref> He remained a member of [[Indian National Congress]] in the 1930s, subsequently worked for the [[BBC]] and taught at the [[Doon School]] in [[Dehradun]] for a while, before going to [[Bombay]] to sell a film script.<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Britannica/Popular Prakashan |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&pg=PT89 |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-7991-066-5 |page=89 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

===Career===
In the early 1940s, while he was teaching history, he wrote a film script on king [[Ashoka]], which he showed to the director [[Phani Majumdar]] in Bombay. Anand failed to qualify for the [[Indian Civil Service]] (ICS) exams in [[London]]. As luck would have it, Majumdar cast him as a lead in his [[Hindi]] film, ''Rajkumar'', released in 1944. He also became associated with the [[Indian People's Theatre Association]] (IPTA) in Bombay.Sahir was a member of [[Indian People's Theatre Association|IPTA]] and also the [[Progressive Writers' Movement|Progressive Writer's Association]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/inhabiting-two-worlds/article5652150.ece|title=Inhabiting two worlds|publisher=Frontline|first=Patha|last=Chatterjee|date=2014-02-05|access-date=2024-10-29}}</ref>

He soon took to film direction with the well-acclaimed movie {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Neecha Nagar]]}} which won the {{Lang|fr|[[Palme d'Or]]|italic=no}} award at Cannes in 1946.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/06/15/stories/2007061551020100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016143853/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/06/15/stories/2007061551020100.htm |archive-date=16 October 2008|title=Maker of innovative, meaningful movies |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=15 June 2007}}</ref> It was the first film for [[Kamini Kaushal]], became the first Indian film to gain international recognition<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/features/2014/flop-debuts-who-became-hit-bollywood-140607.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720045402/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/features/chetan-anand-140607.html |url-status=live |archive-date=20 July 2011 |title=History will never forget Chetan Anand |date=13 June 2007}}</ref> and was the debut of [[Pandit Ravi Shankar]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/music/article818170.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=My First Break: Pandit Ravi Shankar | date=7 October 2010}}</ref>

By the early 1950s, he and his younger brother [[Dev Anand]] had set up Navketan Productions in Bombay present day Mumbai. ''Afsar'', starring [[Dev Anand]] and [[Suraiya]], was the first film made by Navketan, which turned out to be a moderate success. It was followed by ''[[Taxi Driver (1954 film)|Taxi Driver]]'' and ''[[Aandhiyan (1952 film)|Aandhiyan]]'', both of which he directed for [[Navketan Films]].{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}}

While he made his reputation as a director, Anand kept on acting too occasionally. He appeared in ''Humsafar'' made in 1957. In 1957, he directed two movies ''Arpan'' and ''Anjali'', in which he played lead roles too. He went on to act in ''Kala Bazar'', ''Kinare-Kinare'', ''Aman'', ''Kanch Aur Heera'' and ''Hindustan Ki Kasam'', which he also directed.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0025608/?ref_=tt_ov_st | work=IMDb | title=Filmography-Actor}}</ref>

Chetan Anand started his own production company called Himalaya films and teamed up with the photographer [[Jal Mistry]], music director [[Madan Mohan]], lyrics writer [[Kaifi Azmi]] and the actress [[Priya Rajvansh]]. Together, they made some of most memorable and unique films in Hindi cinema like ''[[Haqeeqat (1964 film)|Haqeeqat]]'', ''[[Heer Raanjha]]'', ''[[Hanste Zakhm]]'' and ''[[Hindustan Ki Kasam (1973 film)|Hindustan Ki Kasam]]''.{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}}

Chetan Anand is the film-maker who "discovered" [[Rajesh Khanna]] from an acting competition. Rajesh Khanna had his first break and was cast by Chetan Anand in the film [[Aakhri Khat]], although G. P. Sippy's "Raaz" introducing Rajesh Khanna and Babita was the first "released" film for Rajesh Khanna. ''Aakhri Khat'' is known for its beautiful locations, songs penned by Kaifi Aazmi, composed by Khayyam, the beautiful lady Indrani Mukherjee and the child star Bunty. Bunty and the music were the main attractions of this film. Anand later directed Khanna in the film ''[[Kudrat]]'', based on the theme of reincarnation.{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}}

Apart from 17 feature films, he is also known for the acclaimed television serial, ''[[Param Vir Chakra (TV series)|Param Veer Chakra]]'', which was abroadcast by [[Doordarshan]] in 1988.{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}}

===Personal life===
In 1943, Chetan Anand married Uma Chatterji, a [[Bengali Christians|Bengali Christian]] woman of [[Brahmin]] heritage. Her father, Gyanesh Chandra Chatterji, was the principal of Government Law College, Lahore, and he was the son of [[Reverend|Rev.]] Probhat Chandra Chatterji, a Christian priest. Her mother, Ila Chatterji, was a first cousin of Mona Singha, better known as [[Kalpana Kartik]], wife of Chetan's younger brother Dev Anand. Kalpana Kartik's father and Uma's maternal grandmother were brother and sister. Also, Uma was a sister of the [[Pakistan]]i [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer, [[Indu Mitha]].<ref>[http://www.filmkailm.com/chetan-anand-the-dynasty-founder/ "Chetan Anand – The Dynasty Founder"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908021458/http://www.filmkailm.com/chetan-anand-the-dynasty-founder/ |date=8 September 2017 }}, ''Film ka ilm'', 3 January 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2018.</ref>

Chetan Anand and Uma quickly became the parents of two sons, Ketan and Vivek, but they separated within a few years and she became the companion of [[Ebrahim Alkazi]], a Muslim theatre professional.<ref>[https://www.mid-day.com/sunday-mid-day/article/new-memoir-revisits-two-mumbai-families-who-resurrected-theatre-23156892 Memoirs of Feisal Ebrahim Alkazi]</ref> Until 1956, it was legally impossible for Hindus (and nearly impossible for Christians) to obtain a divorce. Therefore, despite open adultery, the couple remained legally married to each other.

In the 1960s, many years after being estranged from his wife, Chetan Anand fell in love with [[Priya Rajvansh]], who had made her debut as heroine of his film ''[[Haqeeqat (1964 film)|Haqeeqat]].'' The two fell in love during the making of this film, and their relationship lasted all their lives. Priya Rajvansh worked in every single film made by Anand beginning with ''[[Haqeeqat (1964 film)|Haqeeqat]],'' and more surprisingly, she did not work in a single film made by anyone else. Since Anand was a legally married man, the two were unable to formalize their relationship, and they had no children together.

Chetan Anand died aged 76 on 6 July 1997 in [[Mumbai]].<ref name=express>[http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19970707/18850733.html Haqeeqat director Chetan Anand] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307080024/http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19970707/18850733.html |date=7 March 2008 }}, ''[[The Indian Express]]'', 7 July 1997.</ref> He bequeathed a sizable portion of his wealth to Priya Rajvansh. This included the right of lifelong residence in his sprawling beachfront bungalow in Ruia Park, [[Juhu]], [[Mumbai]], where real estate is among the most expensive in India. She was given no right to sell the property, which would revert to Anand's sons upon her death; the arrangement was made because Priya Rajvansh and Anand had no children together, and this would enable her to live her whole life in the house that she had shared with him for two decades, while not depriving his sons of this valuable piece of real estate.

On 27 March 2000, three years after his death, Priya Rajvansh was murdered in the same beachfront bungalow. Both of Anand's sons, Ketan and Vivek, were arrested for the murder. They were convicted and given the sentence of life imprisonment. However, they were granted bail after spending two years in jail.<ref>[https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/anand-brothers-granted-bail-in-priya-rajvansh-case_64872.html] [[Zee News]], Nov 01, 2002.</ref>

==Legacy==
''Chetan Anand: The Poetics of Film'', a book written by his wife [[Uma Anand]] and son Ketan Anand (Himalaya Films Media Entertainment), was released in 2006.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090527040054/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=c3a2b8c4-3287-4ce1-ae20-705e339d4636&MatchID1=4577&TeamID1=7&TeamID2=3&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1148&PrimaryID=4577&Headline=Remembering+Chetan+Anand+and+EMNeecha+Nagar%2FEM Remembering Chetan Anand and Neecha Nagar] [[Hindustan Times]], 29 September 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/03/11/3661/index.html Book Review] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725121525/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/03/11/3661/index.html |date=25 July 2008 }} [[Bollywood Hungama]]</ref> A documentary by the same name made by Ketan Anand was released in 2008.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081021034759/http://www.iaac.us/MIAAC2008/film_details.htm Chetan Anand: The Poetics of Film – Ketan Anand. India, 2007, 95 min; US Premiere] Indo-American Arts Council Inc., New York. 2008.</ref>

A retrospective of his films was held at the Stuttgart Film Festival and at the [[India International Centre]], [[New Delhi]] in 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080212030014/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/09/14/stories/2007091450010100.htm An enigma resolved], ''[[The Hindu]]'', 14 September 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_chetan-anand-at-stuttgart-film-fest_1103115 Chetan Anand at Stuttgart film fest] [[DNA]], 13 June 2007.</ref>

==Filmography==
{{unreferenced section|date= July 2022}}

===Director===
;Films
* {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Neecha Nagar]]}} (1946)
* ''[[Afsar (1950 film)|Afsar]]'' (1950)
* ''[[Aandhiyan (1952 film)|Aandhiyan]]'' (1952)
* ''[[Taxi Driver (1954 film)|Taxi Driver]]'' (1954)
* ''[[Funtoosh]]'' (1956)
* ''Arpan'' (1957)
* ''Kinare Kinare'' (1963)
* ''[[Haqeeqat (1964 film)|Haqeeqat]]'' (1964)
* {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Aakhri Khat]]}} (1966)
* ''[[Heer Raanjha]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Hanste Zakhm]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Hindustan Ki Kasam (1973 film)|Hindustan Ki Kasam]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Jaaneman (1976 film)|Jaaneman]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Saheb Bahadur]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Kudrat]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Haathon Ki Lakeeren]]'' (1986)

;TV series
* ''[[Param Vir Chakra (TV series)|Param Veer Chakra]]'' (1988)

===Producer===
* ''[[Saheb Bahadur]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Haathon Ki Lakeeren]]'' (1986)

===Actor===
* ''[[Kala Bazar]]'' (1960)
* ''Arpan'' (1957)
* ''Kinare Kinare'' (1963)

==Awards==
* 1946: {{Lang|fr|[[Palme d'Or]]|italic=no}} (Best Film), [[Cannes Film Festival]]: {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Neecha Nagar]]}}
* 1965: [[National Film Award for Second Best Feature Film]]: [[Haqeeqat (1964 film)|Haqeeqat]]
* 1982: [[Filmfare Best Story Award]]: [[Kudrat]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0025608|name=Chetan Anand}}
* [http://aboutfilm.wordpress.com/2007/04/08/heer-ranjha-%E2%80%93-the-cinema-of-chetan-anand/ Heer Ranjha – The Cinema of Chetan Anand]

{{FilmfareAwardBestStory}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anand, Chetan}}
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:1997 deaths]]
[[Category:Government College University, Lahore alumni]]
[[Category:The Doon School faculty]]
[[Category:Directors of Palme d'Or winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Mass media people from Lahore]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:Anand–Sahni family]]

J. K. Organisation

2025-12-25T08:18:35Z

MaryjoM897:

{{Short description|Indian industrial conglomerate}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = J. K. Organisation
| logo = J. K. Organisation.svg
| foundation = 1918
| founder = Lala Juggilal Singhania & [[Lala Kamlapat Singhania]]
| location = [[New Delhi]], [[Kanpur]], and [[Mumbai]], India
| industry = [[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]
| products = Cement, Tyres, Paper, Biotech, Chemicals, and other diversified industries
}}

The '''J. K. Organisation''' is the common name for a group of Indian industrial companies, which were formerly part of a single conglomerate founded in 1918. The original organisation has since been divided into three main business groups run by different branches of the [[Singhania family]], which rose to prominence in [[Kanpur]], India, under [[Lala Kamlapat Singhania]]. The name JK is derived from the initials of Kamlapat and his father Seth Juggilal (1857–1922), who belonged to the family associated with the Marwari firm Sevaram Ramrikhdas of [[Mirzapur]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5cWUAwAAQBAJ&q=Sevaram%20Ramrikhdas&pg=PT52|title=The Marwaris: From Jagat Seth to the Birlas|first=Thomas A.|last=Timberg|date=22 May 2015|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=9789351187134|via=Google Books|access-date=12 December 2020|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502031042/https://books.google.com/books?id=5cWUAwAAQBAJ&q=Sevaram%20Ramrikhdas&pg=PT52|url-status=live}}</ref> The JK Group was founded in 1918.<ref>{{cite book |title=Industrial Wage Regulation in Orissa |last=Mahapatro |first=B. B. |page=108 |year=1993 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-474-9 }}</ref>

[[File:EXCON 2025, Bangalore International Exhibition Centre (325).jpg|thumb|right|The organization's subsidiary JK Tyre, at [[EXCON]] 2025, ([[Bangalore International Exhibition Centre|BIEC]]) ]]

==History==
The group rose in importance in the 1950s to 1980s, when it was reportedly the third-largest [[industrial conglomerate]] in India after the [[Birla family|Birla]] and [[Tata Group|Tata]] conglomerates.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}} The group has multi-business, multi-product, and multi-location operations, with interests in many countries. It has overseas manufacturing operations in [[Mexico]], [[Indonesia]], [[Romania]], [[Belgium]], [[Portugal]], the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]], and [[Switzerland]]. The organization also includes research and development institutes in various fields.<ref>{{cite web |title=Group Profile |url=https://www.jkorg.in/index.php/group-profile |access-date=12 June 2023 |website=jkorg.in |archive-date=12 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612122742/https://www.jkorg.in/index.php/group-profile |url-status=live }}</ref>

The family is currently divided into three main groups headed by Gaur Hari Singhania based in Kanpur, [[Hari Shankar Singhania]] based in Delhi and [[Vijaypat Singhania]] based in [[Mumbai]]. The three men are cousins who now run independent businesses,<ref>{{cite web|title=Singhania vs Singhania: what went wrong?|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/V3FLJjBVvmPLLKeDTgODmO/Singhania-vs-Singhania-what-went-wrong.html|website=Livemint|date=24 May 2015|access-date=13 November 2025|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908034503/http://www.livemint.com/Companies/V3FLJjBVvmPLLKeDTgODmO/Singhania-vs-Singhania-what-went-wrong.html|archive-date=8 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/the-marwari-business-modeli/article4591445.ece |title=The Marwari business model-I |website=The Hindu Business Line |date=5 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411161421/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/the-marwari-business-modeli/article4591445.ece |archive-date=11 April 2013}} </ref> which are technically and legally separate entities and have no cross-holdings or common directors and employees, sharing only the family history.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chitravanshi |first1=Ruchika |title=A brand of many firsts, the JK Group trying to live up to its legacy |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/a-brand-of-many-firsts-the-jk-group-trying-to-live-up-to-its-legacy-120012200061_1.html |access-date=30 October 2020 |work=Business Standard India |date=22 January 2020 |archive-date=4 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104042412/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/a-brand-of-many-firsts-the-jk-group-trying-to-live-up-to-its-legacy-120012200061_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{URL|https://www.jkorg.in|J. K. Organisation website}} (Note: This website represents the Delhi-based group)
* {{URL|https://www.jkcement.com/|JK Cement website}}
* {{URL|https://www.jktyre.com/|JK Tyre website}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Conglomerate companies of India]]
[[Category:Tyre manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Conglomerate companies established in 1918]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1918]]

Mysore Kalyanam

2025-12-18T05:54:03Z

MaryjoM897: made a details - done

{{Short description|Type of marriage in southern India}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2025}}

'''Mysore Kalyanam''' is a controversial and exploitative practice of marrying off poor women from the districts of [[Wayanad]], [[Malappuram]], [[Kannur]], and [[Kozhikode]] in [[Kerala]], [[India]], to men from nearby [[Mysore]] in [[Karnataka]]. The practice often involves men from lower economic backgrounds and sometimes involving anti-social elements, engaging in fraudulent marriages with women from the [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]] region. The primary motive behind these marriages is the [[dowry]] money provided by the bride’s family. Once the financial benefit is secured, the men [[divorce]] their wives and abandon them, leaving the women to fend for themselves.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marry, Spend Dowry, Dump Wife: One More Case of Mysore Kalyanam Being Probed in Kerala |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2017/Sep/22/marry-spend-dowry-dump-wife-one-more-case-of-mysore-kalyanam-being-probed-in-kerala-1661145.html |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The practice often involves men who marry women under false pretences, solely to obtain dowry. In some cases, these men are unemployed, involved in criminal activities, or are drug addicts. After the marriage, they cite trivial reasons for divorce, such as the wife’s inability to learn [[Kannada]], poor cooking skills, or failure to adapt to the local culture. Frequently, the men remarry multiple times, each time extracting dowry from the brides' families.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mysore Kalyanam Still Haunts Muslim Women from Kerala |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/mysore-kalyanam-still-haunts-muslim-women-from-kerala-174252.html |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

These marriages are often arranged by brokers who misrepresent the financial background of the men involved. These brokers typically receive 15 to 20 per cent of the dowry amount for their services, further perpetuating the cycle of exploitation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Investigation into the Socio-Cultural Background and Impacts of Mysore Kalyanam |url=http://10.26.1.76/ks/004935.pdf |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=MG University |author=Dilshad Valasseri |language=en}}</ref> This practice has been described as a scam that targets families from economically disadvantaged backgrounds, who are often duped into believing that their daughters are marrying into a stable and prosperous family.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Situational Analysis on Retrieved Mysore Marriage Victims: A Critical Analysis |author=Midhu Prasad S |url=http://10.26.1.76/ks/004935.pdf |publisher=Thuravoor SSUS Regional Centre |date=2013 |access-date=2025-01-24 |language=en}}</ref>

After the dowry is extracted, men commonly divorce their wives, leaving them in difficult circumstances. Many abandoned women are left with children to care for, with no financial support. While some women are sent back to their parental homes, either voluntarily or with the intervention of local leaders or police, others remain in the Mysore area, particularly in neighbourhoods like Shantinagar, Ghousianagar, Nehrunagar, and Kesare, which have significant Muslim populations. These women often struggle to make ends meet, as they do not want to be a burden on their families.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mysore Marriages of Kerala: A Study on the Issues and Concerns of Deserted Women |author=Muhammed Jabir M.M |url=https://www.jswep.in/index.php/jswep/article/view/29/27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127022350/https://www.jswep.in/index.php/jswep/article/view/29/27 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=January 27, 2025 |publisher=Journal of Social Work Education and Practice |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=41–52 |date=2017 |access-date=2025-01-24 |language=en}}</ref>

In many cases, the Mysore Kalyanam practice continues to be facilitated by agents who deceive the bride’s family into thinking they are arranging a legitimate marriage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anumol is a hapless victim of 'Mysore Kalyanam' next |author=Anjana George |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anumol-is-a-hapless-victim-of-mysore-kalyanam-next/articleshow/52763128.cms |publisher=Times of India |date=January 27, 2017 |access-date=2025-01-27 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}



[[Category:Marriage in India]]

C. G. Howard's cricket team in India in 1956–57

2025-12-15T22:37:05Z

MaryjoM897: Made a details

{{Short description|International cricket tour (1956–57)}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
An English cricket team managed and selected by [[Geoffrey Howard (cricket player and administrator)|Geoffrey Howard]] toured India in the [[1956–57 Indian cricket season|1956–57 season]]. They played two [[first class cricket|first class]] matches between 30 December 1956 and 8 January 1957, winning one and losing one.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Seasons/IND/1956-57_IND_CG_Howards_XI_in_India_1956-57.html |title=C. G. Howard's XI in India, 1956–57 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=2 December 2022 |archive-date=30 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930141548/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Seasons/IND/1956-57_IND_CG_Howards_XI_in_India_1956-57.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The tour coincided with the [[English cricket team in South Africa in 1956–57|English tour of South Africa]], thus no players who were part of that touring party played on this tour. Neither were any of the players that had beaten [[Australian cricket team in England in 1956|Australia in the final Test of 1956]]. Nevertheless, with the exception of wicket-keeper [[Jock Livingston]] the entire touring party of twelve had previous Test experience, eight of them for England and three of them for Australia.

==Touring party==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Name
! rowspan="2" | Age
! rowspan="2" | Style
! rowspan="2" |Domestic team
! colspan="5" | Tour statistics
|-
! [[Match|Mat]]
! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! [[Batting average (cricket)|Bat avg]]
! [[Wicket|Wkts]]
! [[Bowling average|Bowl avg]]
|-
| [[Bill Edrich]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]) ||40 || [[Batsman|RHB]], [[Fast bowling|RFM]] || [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]] || 2 || 125 || 31.25 || 0 ||
|-
| [[Alec Bedser]] || 38 || [[Batsman|RHB]], [[Fast bowling|RMF]] || [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey]] || 2 || 10 || 5.00 || 2 || 59.50
|-
| [[Bruce Dooland]] || 33 || [[Batsman|RHB]], [[Leg break|LBG]] || [[Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club|Nottinghamshire]] || 2 || 33 || 11.00 || 8 || 28.12
|-
| [[Tom Graveney]] || 29 || [[Batsman|RHB]], [[Leg break|LB]] || [[Gloucestershire County Cricket Club|Gloucestershire]] || 2 || 284 || 94.66 ||
|-
| [[Jock Livingston]] || 36 || [[Batsman|LHB]], [[Wicketkeeper|WK]] || [[Northamptonshire County Cricket Club|Northamptonshire]] || 1 || 29 || 29.00 || 0 ||
|-
| [[Colin McCool]] || 40 || [[Batsman|RHB]], [[Wicketkeeper|(WK)]] || [[Somerset County Cricket Club|Somerset]] || 1 || 24 || 12.00 || 0 ||
|-
| [[Alan Moss]] || 28 || [[Batsman|RHB]], [[Fast bowling|RFM]] || [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]] || 2 || 13 || 6.50 || 4 || 25.25
|-
| [[Reg Simpson]] || 36 || [[Batsman|RHB]], [[Off break|OB]] || [[Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club|Nottinghamshire]] || 2 || 97 || 24.25
|-
| [[George Tribe]] || 36 || [[Batsman|LHB]], [[Left-arm unorthodox spin|SLW]] || [[Northamptonshire County Cricket Club|Northamptonshire]] || 2 || 54 || 18.00 || 11 || 13.45
|-
| [[Fred Trueman]] || 25 || [[Batsman|RHB]], [[Fast bowling|RF]] || [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]] || 2 || 96 || 48.00 || 8 || 25.50
|-
| [[Alan Wharton]] || 33 || [[Batsman|LHB]], [[Fast bowling|RM]] || [[Lancashire County Cricket Club|Lancashire]] || 2 || 101 || 25.25 || 0 ||
|-
| [[Willie Watson (England cricketer)|Willie Watson]] || 36 || [[Batsman|LHB]] || [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]] || 2 || 102 || 25.50 || ||
|-
|}

==Matches==

===30 December–2 January: Bengal Chief Minister's XI vs CG Howard's XI===

{| width="100%" style="background: #EBF5FF"
|-
| width="15%" valign="top" rowspan="2" | '''[[West Bengal|Bengal]] [[Chief Minister]]'s XI'''
| width="18%" | '''149'''
| width="12%" | &
| width="20%" | '''379/8[[declaration and forfeiture|d]]'''
| width="35%" | '''Bengal Chief Minister's XI won by 142 runs'''
|-
| style="font-size: 85%;" valign="top" |
[[Vinoo Mankad|MH Mankad]] 32 
[[George Tribe|GE Tribe]] 4/41
|
| style="font-size: 85%;" |
[[Nari Contractor|NJ Contractor]] 157 
[[Alec Bedser|AV Bedser]] 2/66
| valign="top" style="font-size: 85%;" rowspan="3" |
[[Eden Gardens]], [[Calcutta]], [[India]] 
Umpires: Sunil Banerjee ([[India|Ind]]) and Santosh Ganguli ([[India|Ind]]) 
|-
| valign="top" rowspan="2" | '''CG Howard's XI'''
| '''227/9[[declaration and forfeiture|d]]'''
| &
| '''158'''
|-
| style="font-size: 85%;" |
[[Bill Edrich|WJ Edrich]] 58 
[[Ghulam Ahmed (cricketer)|Ghulam Ahmed]] 4/68
|
| valign="top" style="font-size: 85%;" |
[[Fred Trueman|FS Trueman]] 46[[not out|*]] 
[[Ghulam Ahmed (cricketer)|Ghulam Ahmed]] 4/38
|-
|}

The first match was a part of the celebrations for the [[silver jubilee]] of the Bengal Cricket Association.<ref>[[Geoffrey Howard (cricket player and administrator)|Geoffrey Howard]], [http://magazine.cricketarchive.com/Magazine/1957/spring_annual_1957/58/index.html "A Visit to India"], ''[[The Cricketer]]'', Spring Annual 1957, pp. 57–58.</ref> The hosting eleven, representing [[Bidhan Chandra Roy]] as Chief Minister of West Bengal, turned a first innings deficit around to a win after the tourists' wicket-keeper Livingston and No. 3 batsman Graveney were both forced to miss the second innings due to illness. Seven of the select XI had featured in the 3-Test series against [[Australian cricket team in India in 1956–57|Australia in October and November]], while three of the remaining four had been dropped from the scene in the early 1950s. [[Nari Contractor]] had played in the final Test against Australia and now made 73 [[not out]] on New Year's Eve and continued towards 157 on New Year's Day. On the first day, the tourists' Australian spinners Dooland and Tribe took seven wickets, before Edrich made 58 for the tourists against the hosts' spinners Ghulam and [[Subhash Gupte]], who shared eight between them. With Livingston and Graveney out, Howard's eleven was 16 for nought overnight on the final day chasing 301 to win, but were bowled out by Ghulam and [[Vinoo Mankad]].

===5 January–8 January: Cricket Club of India President's XI vs CG Howard's XI===

{| width="100%" style="background: #EBF5FF"
|-
| width="15%" valign="top" rowspan="2" | '''CG Howard's XI'''
| width="18%" | '''319'''
| width="12%" | &
| width="20%" | '''313/7[[declaration and forfeiture|d]]'''
| width="35%" | '''CG Howard's XI won by 152 runs'''
|-
| style="font-size: 85%;" valign="top" |
[[Tom Graveney|TW Graveney]] 153 
[[Baloo Gupte|BP Gupte]] 4/99
|
| style="font-size: 85%;" |
[[Tom Graveney|TW Graveney]] 120 
[[Baloo Gupte|BP Gupte]] 4/77
| valign="top" style="font-size: 85%;" rowspan="3" |
[[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Bombay]], [[India]] 
Umpires: RS Mahajan ([[India|Ind]]) and Ahmed Mansa ([[Burma]]) 
|-
| valign="top" rowspan="2" | '''[[Cricket Club of India]] President's XI'''
| '''171'''
| &
| '''158'''
|-
| style="font-size: 85%;" |
[[Polly Umrigar|PR Umrigar]] 57 
[[Bruce Dooland|B Dooland]] 3/38
|
| valign="top" style="font-size: 85%;" |
[[Polly Umrigar|PR Umrigar]] 100 
[[George Tribe|G Tribe]] 3/93
|-
|}

Another strong eleven were fielded by the [[Cricket Club of India]]'s President at the club's home, the [[Brabourne Stadium]] in [[Bombay]]. The side included four players who had featured in the Test series against Australia and a further five players with Test experience. The tourists had brought in McCool as replacement for the injured Livingston. It was the only time in first-class cricket that McCool kept wicket and he responded by stumping [[Vinoo Mankad]] off the bowling of Dooland. Graveney, who had been taken ill during the previous match, now responded with a pair of centuries as the tourists batted the hosts out of the game. The Cricket Club of India's first innings included a fall from 113 for three to 171 all out after [[Vijay Hazare]] retired on 32.

==Tour aftermath==

From the touring side, [[Tom Graveney]], [[Alan Moss]], [[Fred Trueman]] and [[Willie Watson (England cricketer)|Willie Watson]] all returned to the England Test team. Graveney had already played more than 15 Tests for England, though he had been left out of the side for the final three Tests of the 1956 Ashes, but returned to make 472 runs at a batting average over 100 in the [[West Indian cricket team in England in 1957|3–0 win over West Indies in 1957]]. Trueman established himself as a player in that 1957 series, taking 23 wickets after having been in and out of the team since he was first called up to play [[Indian cricket team in England in 1952]]. Both played major parts in England Test history well into the 1960s, with Trueman becoming the first player ever to take 300 Test wickets. Moss and Watson featured in a few Tests during the final years of the 1950s, but did not make major contributions.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* ''Playfair Cricket Annual''
* ''Wisden Cricketers Almanack''

{{International cricket tours of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:C. G. Howard's cricket team in India in 1956-57}}
[[Category:1956 in English cricket]]
[[Category:1956 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1957 in English cricket]]
[[Category:1957 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:English cricket tours of India|1956-57]]
[[Category:Indian cricket seasons from 1945–46 to 1969–70]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions from 1945–46 to 1960]]

Aryan Cargo Express

2025-11-27T16:18:41Z

MaryjoM897: creating!

{{Short description|Airline}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox Airline
| airline = Aryan Cargo Express
| logo = Aryan Cargo Express logo.png
| image =
| logo_size =
| fleet_size = 1
| destinations = 5
| IATA = YE
| ICAO = ACQ
| callsign = ACE CARGO
| parent =
| founded = December 2005{{cn|date=April 2013}}
| commenced = 2010
| ceased = December 2010
| headquarters = New Delhi, India
| key_people =
| hubs = [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]]
| secondary_hubs =
| focus_cities =
| alliance =
| website = {{URL|http://www.acex.in/}}
}}

'''Aryan Cargo Express''' was a [[cargo airline]] based in [[New Delhi]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/2008/08/05230605/Aryan-Cargo-to-begin-operation.html|title=Aryan Cargo to begin operations by October, eyes high-traffic routes|date=2008-08-05|publisher=livemint.com}}</ref>
It operated a single [[Airbus A310-300F]]. Plans for the introduction of an MD-11F<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.acex.in/newsdetail.aspx?NewsId=15|title=Aryan Cargo future destinations and fleet plans|publisher=acex.in}}</ref> did not materialize.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airlineupdate.com/content_public/airlines/indian_subcontinent/india.htm|title=Information about airlines from India|publisher=airlineupdate.com|url-status=usurped|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120729183704/http://www.airlineupdate.com/content_public/airlines/indian_subcontinent/india.htm |archivedate=29 July 2012 }}</ref> In December 2010 the only aircraft of the airline was stored at [[Mumbai International Airport]] and the airline had ceased operations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/airline/ARY|title=Aryan Cargo Express|publisher=ch-aviation}}</ref>

==Destinations==
'''{{BEL}}'''
*[[Brussels]] - [[Brussels Airport]]

'''{{HKG}}'''
*Hong Kong - [[Hong Kong International Airport]]

'''{{IND}}'''
*[[Mumbai]] - [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] '''Hub'''

'''{{KOR}}'''
*[[Seoul]] - [[Incheon International Airport]]

'''{{THA}}'''
*[[Bangkok]] - [[Suvarnabhumi Airport]]

==Fleet==
[[File:VT-EQT Airbus A310-304(F) (cn 544) Aryan Cargo Express. (14209983065).jpg|thumb|The airline's sole aircraft in storage at Mumbai in 2014]]
Aryan Cargo Express operated the following aircraft (as of December 2010):{{Cn|date=March 2025}}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto;text-align:center"
|+ Aryan Cargo Express fleet
|-
!Aircraft
!In service
!Orders
!Notes
|-
|[[Airbus A310-300F]]
|1
|—
|Leased from [[Air India]]
|-
!Total
!1
!—
!
|}

==See also==
*[[List of defunct airlines of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Commonscat|Aryan Cargo Express}}
{{Portalbar|India|Companies|Aviation}}
{{Airlines of India}}

[[Category:Defunct airlines of India]]
[[Category:Airlines established in 2005]]
[[Category:Airlines disestablished in 2010]]
[[Category:Indian companies disestablished in 2010]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2005]]
[[Category:Companies based in Delhi]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Delhi]]

State Council (Sikkim)

2025-11-22T14:20:12Z

MaryjoM897: put up new details more to come - done

{{Short description|Abolished legislature of the Kingdom of Sikkim}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Sikkim State Council
| coa_pic = Achievement of Sikkim.jpg
| coa_caption = [[Emblem of Sikkim]]
| coa_alt = The Emblem of Sikkim includes two dragons supporting a shield
| disbanded = 1975
| succeeded_by = [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]
| house_type = Unicameral
| term_length = 3 years
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post]]
| house1 = State Council
| first_election1 = [[1953 Sikkimese general election|1953]]
| last_election1 = [[1974 Sikkimese general election|1974]]
| members = '''32'''
| meeting_place = [[Gangtok]], [[Sikkim]]
}}
[[File:South Asia locator map (Sikkim highlighted).svg|thumb|Sikkim (in red) within South Asia (in pale yellow)|alt=Sikkim was a small country located between India and China.]]

The '''State Council of Sikkim''' was the unicameral [[legislature]] of the former [[Kingdom of Sikkim]], which was located in the [[Himalayas]], between [[India]] and [[China]].

There were six elections held for the council between 1953 and 1974. In 1975, after a [[1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum|referendum]] to abolish the monarchy, and the passing of the 36th amendment to the Indian constitution, the [[Chogyal|monarchy]] was abolished, along with the State Council. The territory of the kingdom was merged with India, becoming its 22nd state. The members of the State Council at the time, were deemed to be the [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] of the newly formed state.

==Structure==
The council was composed of some elected members and some nominated by the ''[[Chogyal]]''. After the [[1973 Sikkimese general election|1973 election]], the composition was changed and the appointments by the ''Chogyal'' were eliminated, while at the same time the number of seats in the council was increased.<ref name=act1974/>

===Executive Council===
From among the State Council members, an Executive Council (equivalent to a [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet of ministers]]) was chosen by the ''Chogyal''. The Executive Council was presided over by the ''Dewan of Sikkim'',<ref name=proclamation1953/> and each member within it was given individual government responsibilities.<ref name=ec1953>{{cite news |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP880-1-1-48 |pages=25, 28 |title=State Council and Executive Council Proclamation - Memo No. 525 |date=4 August 1953 |author=[[Tashi Namgyal]] |newspaper=Endangered Archives Programme |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201938/https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP880-1-1-48 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
The State Council of Sikkim existed since at least the late 19th century.<ref name="meeting1892">{{cite web |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP880-1-1-4 |title=Proceeding of the Council meeting held at Gangtok on 16th November 1892 |date=16 November 1892 |pages=62 |access-date=1 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184255/https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP880-1-1-4 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was an advisory and executive body, and was presided by the ''Chogyal'' (King). After the [[Independence Day (India)|Independence]] of neighbouring India in August 1947, various political bodies in Sikkim began to demand greater say in the kingdom's administration.<ref name="smashAndGrab">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.131331 |title=Smash And Grab - Annexation of Sikkim |author=[[Sunanda K. Datta-Ray]] |isbn=0706925092 |year=1984 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |pages=55–60 |access-date= 15 June 2021}}</ref> In 1952, the ''Chogyal'' conceded and announced new constituencies, for an election in 1953.<ref name="proclamation1953">{{cite web |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP880-1-1-48 |title=State Council and Executive Council Proclamation |date=23 March 1953 |pages=16–21 |author=[[Tashi Namgyal]] |access-date=1 July 2021 |quote=The Dewas shall be the president of the Executive Council ... |archive-date=30 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630025147/https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP880-1-1-48 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="HB">{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India |volume=7:Sikkim |author=[[Hamlet Bareh]] |year=2001 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=9788170997948 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jrr7HPr8NAQC}}</ref>

The ''Chogyal'' agreed to have 12 (out of 18) seats on the council, be electable. The other six were appointed by the Chogyal. Under a parity formula agreed upon by the political groups, six of the electable seats were to be for the [[Nepali people|Sikkim Nepalis]] and the other six for the [[Bhutia-Lepcha]] (BL) people. There were four constituencies drawn up of the kingdom, and elections were to be held in 1953.<ref name="proclamation1953" /> In the [[1953 Sikkimese general election|1953 election]], all the Nepali-reserved seats were won by the [[Sikkim National Party]], while the BL-reserved seats were won by the [[Sikkim State Congress]].<ref name="sdg1953">{{cite journal |journal=Sikkim Darbar Gazette |volume=2 |number=12 |title=Results of elections - 1953 |date=12 May 1953 }}</ref><ref name="TenzingThesis">{{cite thesis |url=http://dspace.cus.ac.in/jspui/handle/1/6961 |title=Monarchy to Democracy Understanding Political Development in Sikkim, 1970-1994 |date=July 2019 |author=Pem Choden Tenzing |access-date=17 June 2021 |pages=147 |archive-date=16 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616110139/http://dspace.cus.ac.in/jspui/handle/1/6961 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Tashi Namgyal.jpg|thumb|Chogyal [[Tashi Namgyal]] initiated proceedings for the first election to the Council, in 1953|left|alt=A seated middle-aged man wearing round spectacles.]]
Although the term of the Council was set as three years, the Chogyal decided to extend the term of the first Council, until 1958.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Sikkim Darbar Gazette |title=Proclamation of Tashi Namgyal |year=1956 |issue=1}}</ref> Due to requests from the monastery associations, and other groups, the number of electable seats on the council was increased by two: [[Sangha Assembly constituency|one]] for the [[Sangha (Buddhism)|Sangha]], to be voted on by the monks, and one seat that was not reserved for any particular group.<ref name=sinha>{{cite journal |url=https://www.ide.go.jp/library/English/Publish/Reports/Jrp/pdf/133_10.pdf |journal=Sub-Regional Relations in the Eastern South Asia: With Special Focus on India's North Eastern Region |volume=113 |title=Sikkim |date=February 2005 |author=A. C. Sinha |access-date=3 July 2021 |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325124256/https://www.ide.go.jp/library/English/Publish/Reports/Jrp/pdf/133_10.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NamgyalProclamation" /> In the elections of [[1958 Sikkimese general election|1958]], the Sikkim State Congress won an additional seat, while the unreserved seat was won by an [[Independent (politician)|Independent]].<ref name="HB" />

The second council's term was due to end in 1961, but the outbreak of the [[Sino-Indian war]] led to the extension of its term till 1967. Before the [[1967 Sikkimese general election|1967 election]], the constituencies were redrawn and increased to five, and four more electable seats were added to the council: one each for the Sikkim Nepalis and the Bhutia-Lepcha, one for the [[Limbu people|Tsong]], and one for people of the [[Scheduled Castes]].<ref name=sinha/><ref name=regulation1966/>

After the 1973 elections, the [[Sikkim National Congress]] and [[Sikkim Janata Congress]] claimed that [[Vote-rigger|vote rigging]] took place in the South Sikkim constituency.<ref name=sikkimexpress>{{cite web |url=http://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/the-8th-may-agreement |title=The 8th May Agreement |date=8 May 2021 |newspaper=Sikkim Express |author=Shanker Sharma |access-date=10 July 2021 |quote=The defeated parties alleged polling in Rabong, in South Sikkim, was rigged in the favour of the SNP candidate |archive-date=10 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710074703/http://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/the-8th-may-agreement |url-status=live }}</ref> They demanded that officials involved be arrested, but these demands were not met, leading to protests.<ref name=HB/> The unrest led to the signing of a tripartite agreement, on 8 May, between the ''Choygal'', Sikkimese political parties, and the [[government of India]]. The agreement led to the establishment of a government, supervised by a Chief Executive, who was nominated by the Indian government.<ref name=TenzingThesis/> It also necessitated another delimitation exercise, where the Chogyal-appointed seats in the council were abolished, the State Council was renamed to the Sikkim Assembly, and thirty-one new constituencies were drawn, along with one constituency for the monasteries (Sangha). Keeping to the parity formula of 1952, 15 of the constituencies were reserved for the Bhutia-Lepcha, and 15 for the Sikkim-Nepalis. The other remaining constituency was for the Scheduled Castes. The principle of "one-man one-vote" was applied.<ref name=act1974/> In the [[1974 Sikkimese general election|1974 election]], the [[Sikkim National Congress]] (which was in favour of Sikkim's merger with India), won an absolute majority with 31 of the 32 seats.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sikkimassembly.org/sikkim_legislative_assembly.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921002208/http://www.sikkimassembly.org/sikkim_legislative_assembly.html |title=Sikkim Legislative Assembly |access-date=11 January 2022 |quote=The First Sikkim Assembly formed through the election held in 1974 with 32 members is deemed to be the First Legislative Assembly of Sikkim ... Sikkim Congress led by Kazi Lhendup Dorjee won 31 seats and one seat went in favour of Sikkim National Party.}}</ref>

===Final years (1974–75)===
[[File:Kazi Lhendup Dorjee .jpg|thumb|[[Kazi Lhendup Dorjee]] was the last head of the Council. On 16 May 1975, he was sworn in as the first Chief Minister of the new Legislative Assembly of Sikkim.|alt=An old man wearing spectacles.]]

In May 1974, the council passed the ''Government of Sikkim Act'', which provided for responsible government, and furthering relations with India.<ref name=ML>{{Cite book |title=Sikkim: Society, Polity, Economy, Environment |author=[[Mahendra P. Lama]] |publisher=Indus Publishing Company |year=1994 |pages=110–111| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LvuOKCIICMEC |isbn=8173870136}}</ref> This was followed, in July, by them adopting a new constitution that provided for the country becoming a state of India. The Chogyal signed this constitution under pressure from the Indian government.<ref name=DD/> The Indian [[Lok Sabha]] (lower house) then voted in favour of making Sikkim an "associate" state. The [[Rajya Sabha]] (upper house) voted for an amendment on 8 September, giving it a status equal to that of other states, and integrating it with the Indian Union.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1314&dat=19740905&id=vR5OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=NO0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=7242,1915999 |title=Lawmakers Vote Sikkim Status of Indian State |newspaper=The Spokesman-Review |date=5 September 1974 |access-date=6 July 2021 |archive-date=21 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821135735/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1314&dat=19740905&id=vR5OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=NO0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=7242,1915999 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&dat=19740909&id=b4YjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Cn4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=5616,816824 |title=Sikkim Bill Ratified |newspaper=New Straits Times |date=9 September 1974 |access-date=6 July 2021 |archive-date=21 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821135735/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&dat=19740909&id=b4YjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Cn4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=5616,816824 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 8 September, the Chogyal cited "widespread Sikkimese misgivings over the bill", and called for a free and fair referendum. The ''Sikkimese Students Association'' echoed his call for a referendum.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19740909&id=CQwyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=u6EFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4272,2162710 |title=Sikkim Leader Wants Appeal |newspaper=The Montreal Gazette |date=9 September 1974 |access-date=6 July 2021 |archive-date=21 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821135750/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19740909&id=CQwyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=u6EFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4272,2162710 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 1975, the Sikkim National Congress repeated its calls for integration into India, while the Chogyal again called for a referendum.<ref name=DD/> On 9 April 1975, Indian troops entered the country, disarmed the palace guard (killing one of them) and surrounded the palace, putting the king under house arrest.<ref>{{cite book |author=Barun Roy |year=2012 |title=Gorkhas and Gorkhaland |page=250 |publisher=Parbati Roy Foundation |isbn=9789810786465 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y38eAgAAQBAJ}}</ref> The next day, the Council passed a Bill, declaring the office of the Chogyal as abolished, and called for a referendum on this issue, which was scheduled to be held four days later.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1928&dat=19750411&id=_g8gAAAAIBAJ&sjid=CmYFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1266,1583524 |title=Sikkim Referendum Slated on Indian Statehood |newspaper=The Lewiston Daily Sun |date=11 April 1975 |access-date=7 July 2021 |archive-date=21 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821135736/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1928&dat=19750411&id=_g8gAAAAIBAJ&sjid=CmYFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1266,1583524 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 14 April, the [[1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum|referendum]] took place, resulting in more than 97% of the votes in favor of abolishing the monarchy.<ref name=DD>{{cite web |url=http://www.sudd.ch/event.php?lang=en&id=in011975 |title=Sikkim (Indien), 14. April 1975 : Abschaffung der Monarchie |date=14 April 1975 |language=de |trans-title=Sikkim (India), 14 April 1975: Abolition of the monarchy |access-date=2 July 2021 |archive-date=18 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818220430/http://www.sudd.ch/event.php?lang=en&id=in011975 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 26 April the Indian parliament passed the 36th amendment to the constitution, which transformed Sikkim from an Indian protectorate to a new state within the Indian union.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19750417&id=uxZPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=QAIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2627,5630200 |title=India Slates State Status for Sikkim |newspaper=Toledo Blade |date=17 April 1975 |access-date=7 July 2021 |archive-date=21 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821135744/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19750417&id=uxZPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=QAIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2627,5630200 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/04/16/archives/sikkim-votes-to-end-monarchy-merge-with-india.html |title=Sikkim Votes to End Monarchy, Merge With India |newspaper=The New York Times |date=16 April 1975 |access-date=7 July 2021 |archive-date=19 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819022845/http://www.nytimes.com/1975/04/16/archives/sikkim-votes-to-end-monarchy-merge-with-india.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1310&dat=19750427&id=26NVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MOADAAAAIBAJ&pg=3221,7095696 |title=Sikkim annexation OK'd |newspaper=Eugene Register-Guard |date=27 April 1975 |access-date=7 July 2021 |archive-date=21 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821135744/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1310&dat=19750427&id=26NVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MOADAAAAIBAJ&pg=3221,7095696 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Palden Thondup Namgyal.jpg|thumb|[[Palden Thondup Namgyal]] was the last [[Chogyal]] of Sikkim. He was deposed on 15 May 1975.|alt=A seated man with a pointed beard wearing silk upper garments.]]
On 15 May, the [[President of India|Indian President]] [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]] ratified the constitutional amendment ([[Thirty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India|36th]]) that made Sikkim the 22nd state of India, and abolished the position of the Chogyal.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=19750516&id=4spRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fm0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=4840,2124351 |title=Sikkim Annexed, Now Indian State |newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |date=16 May 1975 |access-date=7 July 2021 |archive-date=21 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821135741/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=19750516&id=4spRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fm0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=4840,2124351 |url-status=live }}</ref> The State Council was considered to be dissolved, and its members were deemed to be the new [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly of Sikkim]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-thirty-sixth-amendment-act-1975 |title=The Constitution (Thirty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1975 |website=india.gov.in |quote=... the Assembly for Sikkim formed as a result of the elections held in Sikkim in April, 1974 ... shall be deemed to be the Legislative Assembly of the State of Sikkim |access-date=5 July 2021 |archive-date=7 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207134700/https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-thirty-sixth-amendment-act-1975 |url-status=live }}</ref> Following this, [[B. B. Lal (politician)|B. B. Lal]] took charge as the Governor of the state on 16 May.<ref name="governor">{{cite web |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP880-1-6-48 |page=384 |title=Sikkim Durbar Gazette notifications |date= |author= |access-date=17 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202130/https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP880-1-6-48 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Electoral history===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+{{sronly|Electoral history of the Sikkim State Council}}
!rowspan=2 scope="col" |Election Year
! scope="colgroup" colspan=2|Pro-Independence
!rowspan=2 scope="col" |Pro-Merger {{efn|Includes [[Sikkim State Congress]], [[Sikkim Janata Congress]], and the [[Sikkim National Congress]] into which the rest eventually merged}}
!rowspan=2 scope="col" |Other/ Unknown
!rowspan=2 scope="col" |Total
|-
!scope="col"|Appointed
!scope="col" |[[Sikkim National Party|SNP]]
|-
!scope="row" |[[1953 Sikkimese general election|1953]]
| align="right" rowspan=5|6
| align="right"|6
| align="right"|6
| align="right"|0
| align="right"|18
|-
!scope="row" |[[1958 Sikkimese general election|1958]]
| align="right"|6
| align="right"|7
| align="right"|1
| align="right"|20
|-
!scope="row" |[[1967 Sikkimese general election|1967]]
| align="right"|5
| align="right"|10
| align="right"|3
| align="right" rowspan=3|24
|-
!scope="row" |[[1970 Sikkimese general election|1970]]
| align="right"|8
| align="right"|7
| align="right"|3
|-
!scope="row" |[[1973 Sikkimese general election|1973]]
| align="right"|9
| align="right"|7
| align="right"|2
|-
!scope="row" |[[1974 Sikkimese general election|1974]]
| align="right"|0
| align="right"|1
| align="right"|31
| align="right"|0
| align="right"|32
|}
{{notelist}}

==Constituencies==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Changes in the constituencies of the Sikkim State Council
!rowspan=2 scope="col" |Year
!rowspan=2 scope="col" class="unsortable" |Details
!rowspan=2 scope="col" |Constituencies
!scope="colgroup" colspan=5|Seats
!rowspan=2 scope="col" |Elections
|-
! scope="col" |Nepali
! scope="col" |[[Bhutia-Lepcha|BL]]
! scope="col" |Others
! scope="col" |Appointed
! scope="col" |Total
|-
!scope="row" |1952
|Elections were announced for a new State Council, with 12 (out of 18) elected members.<ref name=proclamation1953/>
| align="right"|4
| align="right"|6
| align="right"|6
| align="right"|0
| align="right"|6
| align="right"|18
|[[1953 Sikkimese general election|1953]]
|-
!scope="row" |1958
|Seats in the State Council were increased to 20.<ref name="NamgyalProclamation">{{cite web |url=http://districtcourtsnamchi.nic.in/laws/oldsikkim/sikkimcodevol5.pdf |title=Proclamation of His Highness Sir Tashi Namgyal, KCSI, KCIE, Maharaja of Sikkim, Dated the 16th March, 1958 |date=16 March 1958 |page=102 |author=Tashi Namgyal |access-date= 16 June 2021|url-status=dead |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129074817/https://districtcourtsnamchi.nic.in/laws/oldsikkim/sikkimcodevol5.pdf}}</ref>
| align="right"|4
| align="right"|6
| align="right"|6
| align="right"|2 {{efn|[[Sangha (Buddhism)|Sangha]], General}}
| align="right"|6
| align="right"|20
|[[1958 Sikkimese general election|1958]]
|-
!scope="row" |1966
|The "Representation of Sikkim Subjects Regulation, 1966" was passed.<ref name=regulation1966>{{cite web |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP880-1-6-48 |title=Representation of Sikkim Subjects Regulation, 1966 |pages=117–119 |author=[[Palden Thondup Namgyal]] |date=21 December 1966 |access-date=1 July 2021 |archive-date=27 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627201713/https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP880-1-6-48 |url-status=live }}</ref> The number of constituencies in the council was increased to 5.
| align="right"|5
| align="right"|7
| align="right"|7
| align="right"|4{{efn|Sangha, [[Limbu people|Tsong]], [[Scheduled Castes|SC]], General}}
| align="right"|6
| align="right"|24
|[[1967 Sikkimese general election|1967]], [[1970 Sikkimese general election|1970]] and [[1973 Sikkimese general election|1973]]
|-
!scope="row" |1974
|"The Government of Sikkim Act, 1974" was passed.<ref name=act1974>{{cite web |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP880-1-6-49 |title=The Government of Sikkim Act, 1974 |date=6 July 1974 |access-date=1 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182340/https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP880-1-6-49 |url-status=live }}</ref> Multi-seat constituencies were eliminated.
| align="right"|32
| align="right"|15
| align="right"|15
| align="right"|2{{efn|Sangha, SC}}
| align="right"|0
| align="right"|32
|[[1974 Sikkimese general election|1974]]
|-
|}
{{notelist}}

==See also==
* [[History of Sikkim#Independent monarchy]]
* [[List of heads of government of the Kingdom of Sikkim]]
* [[Bombay Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Tripura Territorial Council]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikisource|1=Thirty-sixth Amendement of the Constitution of India}}
* {{cite web|url=https://eap.bl.uk/project/EAP880 |title=Fragments of Sikkim: Preserving and presenting the palace archives of a Himalayan Kingdom, 1875–1975 (EAP880) |work=[[Endangered Archives Programme]] |date=6 September 2017 |publisher=[[British Library]]}}


{{S-start}}
{{S-new|institution}}
{{S-ttl|title=Sikkim State Council|years=1953–1975}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]}}
{{End}}
{{Navboxes|list=
{{Sikkim}}
{{Sikkimese elections}}
{{National unicameral legislatures}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sikkim State Council}}
[[Category:Defunct unicameral legislatures]]
[[Category:1975 disestablishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Parliaments by country]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Sikkim]]

Goshainganj railway station

2025-11-16T20:46:27Z

MaryjoM897: General cleanup and content improvements

{{Short description|Railway station in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{one source|date=February 2019}}
{{third-party|date=February 2019}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Goshainganj
| type = [[Light rail]] & [[Commuter rail]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|100px]]
| image_caption = Indian Railways logo
| address = [[Goshainganj]], [[Ayodhya district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.5700674|82.3838882|display=inline}}
| map_type = India#India Uttar Pradesh
| line = [[Varanasi–Lucknow line|Varanasi–Jaunpur–Ayodhya–Lucknow line]]
| other = Bus stand, Taxi stand, Auto stand
| structure = Standard on-ground station
| platform = 3
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 5
| parking = Available
| bicycle = Available
| opened = {{start date and age|1873}}
| closed =
| rebuilt = undergoing
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = GGJ
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Indian Railways]]
| zone = [[Northern Railway (India)|Northern Railways]]
| former =
| passengers = 10000
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = Waiting Room, ATM
| map_locator =
}}

'''Goshainganj railway station''' is a railway station between [[Lucknow]] and [[Varanasi]] railway route in [[Goshainganj]], [[Ayodhya district]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.

==Services==
There are about 31 trains which pass via Goshainganj out of which following 20 trains halt here.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantrains.org/station-details/?code=GGJ&name=GOSHAINGANJ |title=GOSHAINGANJ Railway Station Details |publisher=www.indiantrains.org |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605120826/http://www.indiantrains.org/station-details/?code=GGJ&name=GOSHAINGANJ |archivedate=5 June 2012 }}</ref>

* [[Varanasi–Bareilly Express]] (14235/14236)
* [[Utsarg Express]] (18191/18192)
* [[Doon Express]] (13009/13010)
* [[Farakka Express (via Sultanpur)]] (13483/13484)
* [[Ganga Sutlej Express]] (13307/13308)
* [[Kolkata–Jammu Tawi Express]] (13151/13152)
* Ahmedabad–Darbhanga Sabarmati Express (19165/19166)
* Ahmedabad–Varanasi [[Sabarmati Express]] (19167/19168)
* [[Sadbhavna Express (via Faizabad)|Sadbhavna Express (via Ayodhya)]] (14017/14018)
* 14853/[[Marudhar Express (via Faizabad)|Marudhar Express (via Ayodhya)]] – Varanasi/BSB to Jodhpur

==See also==
* {{stnlnk|Akbarpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ayodhya Junction}}
* [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station]]
* {{stnlnk|Jaunpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Varanasi Junction}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1873]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Ayodhya district]]
[[Category:Lucknow NR railway division]]

{{UttarPradesh-railstation-stub}}

Ramchandra Birabar Harichandan

2025-11-13T21:36:53Z

MaryjoM897: redirect created

{{Short description|Raja of Talcher from 1873 to 1891}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{infobox royalty
| name = Ramchandra Birabar Harichandan
| title = [[Raja]]
| succession = [[Raja]] of [[Talcher State|Talcher]]
| reign = 8 November 1873 – 18 December 1891
| predecessor = [[Dayanidhi Birabar Harichandan|Dayanidhi Birabar]]
| successor = [[Kishore Chandra]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1856|12|22|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1891|12|18|1856|12|22|df=yes}}
| house = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Talcher_Princely_State.svg}} [[Talcher State|Talcher]]
| father = [[Dayanidhi Birabar Harichandan|Dayanidhi Birabar]]
| dynasty = [[Gajapati Empire|Gajapati]]
}}
'''Ramchandra Birabar Harichandan''' was the [[Raja]] of [[Talcher State|Talcher]] from 1873 until his death in 1891.

==Birth==
He was born on 22 December 1856 to [[Dayanidhi Birabar Harichandan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Lethbridge |first=Sir Roper |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zykYAAAAYAAJ |title=The Golden Book of India. A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated, of the Indian Empire. With an Appendix for Ceylon |date=1900 |publisher=S. Low, Marston & Company |pages=310 |language=en}}</ref>

==Reign==
He succeeded as the [[Raja]] of [[Talcher State|Talcher]] as a minor on 8 November 1873.<ref name=":0" /> He started land settlement and, in 1879, established courts of justice, an accounts section, tauzi, and nizarat.<ref name=":2" /> He established police stations at [[Talcher]], Serampore, Kansamunda, Bajrakote, and Gahami.<ref name=":3" /> He also established a jail and the departments of public works, education, health, excise, and forests.<ref name=":2" /> He set up a middle vernacular school and a middle girls' school.<ref name=":3" /> He established a hospital.<ref name=":2" /> He insisted on regular maintenance of records as well as observance of official rules.<ref name=":3" /> In 1887, he built the Victoria Hall and Circuit House to commemorate the [[Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria]].<ref name=":4" />

== Literature and science ==
Ramchandra was a scholar of [[history]] and [[geography]] and a fond of [[Sanskrit literature]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=D. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W8GXSR0SiF8C |title=People's Revolt in Orissa: A Study of Talcher |date=1998 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-7156-739-3 |pages=54–55 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Senapati |first=Nilamani |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3130/ |title=Orissa District Gazetteers: Dhenkanal |publisher=Superintendent, Orissa Government Press |year=1972 |location=Cuttack |pages=60}}</ref> He set up a [[Sanskrit]] toll at [[Talcher]], and his [[Durbar (court)|durbar]] was attended by [[Sanskrit]] scholars.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Narayan Patnaik |first=Jitendra |url=https://archive.org/details/orissa-review-1991-04/ |title=Orissa Review |last2=Biswal |first2=Bibekananda |volume=XLVII |publication-date=April 1991 |pages=53 |issn=0970-8669 |issue=9}}</ref> He was also a writer in [[Odia language|Odia]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Sisir Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHklK65TKQ0C |title=A History of Indian Literature |date=2005 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-7201-006-5 |pages=517 |language=en}}</ref> He translated the [[Bhagavad Gita|Gita]] into [[Odia language|Odia]] and authored ''Bharatara Sankhipta Itihas'', a book on the history of India, which was prescribed as a textbook for middle vernacular classes in Odisha.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> He wrote commentaries on ''Manu Sanhita'' and ''Parasara Sanhita''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=ଗୋବର୍ଦ୍ଧନ ଦୋରା |url=https://archive.org/details/orissa-an-encyclopaedia-of-events-2003-2008-2e/ |title=ଓଡ଼ିଶା – ଆନ୍ ଏନ୍ସାଇକ୍ଲୋପିଡ଼ିଆ ଅଫ୍ ଇଭେଣ୍ଟ୍‌ସ |date=2003 |pages=300 |language=or}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He was a man of religious and charitable disposition.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> [[Radhanath Ray]] had dedicated his Usha to Ramchandra.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohanty |first=Gopinath |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.220244 |title=Radhanath Ray |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=1978 |location=[[Delhi]] |pages=21}}</ref> In his dedication, [[Radhanath Ray|Radhanath]] wrote of him in the following words:<ref name=":2" />{{Blockquote
|text=I have never seen such a pious ruler elsewhere who regularly feeds a good number of beggars and destitutes from his granary.
|sign=[[Radhanath Ray]]
|source=''Usha''
}}
== Death ==
He died on 18 December 1891, and his son, [[Kishore Chandra]], succeeded to his title.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vadivelu |first=A. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.05831/ |title=The ruling chiefs, nobles and zamindars of India |date=1915 |publisher=G. C. Loganadham Bros, Madras |pages=398–400}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Department |first=India Foreign and Political |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8wkAQAAIAAJ |title=United Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Central Provinces |date=1909 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |pages=306 |language=en}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Harichandan, Ramchandra Birabar}}
[[Category:1856 births]]
[[Category:1891 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]