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Saiyaara (soundtrack)

2026-05-31T05:23:20Z

MaryellenBuckman: New New Pg

{{Short description|2025 soundtrack album by various artists}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Saiyaara (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
| type = soundtrack
| cover = Saiyaara (soundtrack).jpg
| alt =
| border = yes
| artist = [[Sachet–Parampara]], [[Tanishk Bagchi]], The Rish, [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]], Faheem Abdullah and Arslan Nizami
| released = 4 July 2025 (Standard) 10 September 2025 (Extended)
| studio = {{Hlist|Aural Dimension Recording Studio, Mumbai|Trinity Sounds Studio, Mumbai|VMS Studios, Mumbai|SP Studios, Mumbai|Living Water Music Studios, Mumbai|The Sanctuary, Mumbai|[[Yash Raj Films|YRF Studios]], Mumbai}}
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 31:03 (Standard) 1:08:06 (Extended)
| language = Hindi
| label = [[YRF Music]]
| producer = {{Hlist|[[Tanishk Bagchi]] |Ganesh Waghela|Krishna Kishor|[[Dhrubajyoti Phukan|DJ Phukan]]|Vaibhav Pani|[[Sachet–Parampara]]|Swapnil Tare|Raghav Sharma|Godswill Mergulhão|Rishabh Kant}}
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|dQCHTmQiy7Q|Saiyaara – Full Song Audio Jukebox}}
| audio2 =
{{YouTube|ySX4E5U_ZOQ&t|Saiyaara – Extended Album}}
}}
{{Singles
| name = Saiyaara
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Saiyaara
| single1date = 3 June 2025
| single2 = Barbaad
| single2date = 10 June 2025
| single3 = Tum Ho Toh
| single3date = 17 June 2025
| single4 = Humsafar
| single4date = 24 June 2025
| single5 = Dhun
| single5date = 1 July 2025
}}
}}

'''''Saiyaara (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] to the 2025 film [[Saiyaara (film)|of the same name]] directed by [[Mohit Suri]] and produced by Akshaye Widwani under [[Yash Raj Films]], starring debutants Ahaan Panday and [[Aneet Padda]]. The soundtrack consists of seven songs composed by [[Mithoon]], [[Sachet–Parampara]], [[Tanishk Bagchi]], The Rish, [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]], Faheem Abdullah and Arslan Nizami with lyrics written by Mithoon, Kant, [[Raj Shekhar]], and [[Irshad Kamil]]. The soundtrack was released through [[YRF Music]] on 4 July 2025. The extended album, that contained eighteen additional songs (used as background music), released on 10 September 2025.

== Background ==
{{Quote box
| quote = "Saiyaara album is my tribute to the best romantic albums that I have loved to watch, and it is my tribute to the first Aashiqui, whose music left me spellbound. I didn't know what hit me and it made me fall in love with music... that love story is still continuing with every film that I direct [...] It is very rare to have the best talent of the country to be a part of a film music album and I'm delighted that Saiyaara has the best musical geniuses of India pouring their hearts out to create a romantic album that hopefully will stand the test of time.
| source = — [[Mohit Suri]] on the soundtrack to ''Saiyaara''.<ref name=":1" />
| align = right
| width = 25%
}}
The album for ''Saiyaara'' consisted of multiple composers working on each song, bypassing YRF's strategy of working on only single composers for an album; the previous YRF soundtrack to have multiple artists was for ''[[Detective Byomkesh Bakshy!]]'' (2015).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Parasuraman |first=Prathyush |date=2025-07-18 |title='Zeher' to 'Woh Lamhe' and 'Saiyaara': Director Mohit Suri On Why His Films Are Always Tied To Music |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/interviews/saiyaara-director-mohit-suri-on-why-his-films-are-always-tied-to-music |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718141449/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/interviews/saiyaara-director-mohit-suri-on-why-his-films-are-always-tied-to-music |archive-date=2025-07-18 |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Mithoon]], a recurrent composer of Suri's works since ''[[Aashiqui 2]]'' (2013) also associated with one of the songs, while also introducing new voices: Kashmiri musicians Faheem Abdullah, Arslan Nizami and Rishabh Kant, who was credited as The Rish.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2025-07-17 |title=Mohit Suri's 'Saiyaara' Bets Big on Bollywood Romance: 'The Heart Still Aches in the Same Place' |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/mohit-suri-saiyaara-bollywood-romance-1236462355/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718142408/https://variety.com/2025/film/news/mohit-suri-saiyaara-bollywood-romance-1236462355/ |archive-date=2025-07-18 |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Alakshendra |date=19 June 2025 |title=From the 'soundproof' hills of Kashmir to Bollywood: Meet Faheem Abdullah and Arslan Nizami, musicians behind Saiyaara's title track |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/faheem-abdullah-and-arslan-nizami-musicians-behind-saiyaaras-title-track-from-the-soundproof-hills-of-kashmir-to-bollywood-10064585/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709021319/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/faheem-abdullah-and-arslan-nizami-musicians-behind-saiyaaras-title-track-from-the-soundproof-hills-of-kashmir-to-bollywood-10064585/ |archive-date=9 July 2025 |access-date=21 June 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Other prominent artists include [[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]] and [[Sachet–Parampara]], who also worked in several multi-composer albums.<ref name=":0" /> Suri considered the album as a tribute to the successful soundtrack of ''[[Aashiqui]]'' (1990).<ref name=":1" />

== Release ==
The seven-track album was preceded by five singles, with each of them being released on Tuesdays.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=4 July 2025 |title="Saiyaara Album Is My Tribute to The First Aashiqui Film"- Mohit Suri |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/saiyaara-album-is-my-tribute-to-the-first-aashiqui-film-mohit-suri-75343.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250705075831/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/saiyaara-album-is-my-tribute-to-the-first-aashiqui-film-mohit-suri-75343.html |archive-date=5 July 2025 |access-date=18 July 2025 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> The first song, "Saiyaara" was released on 3 June 2025, followed by the second song "Barbaad" on 10 June.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-03 |title=Saiyaara title song: Ahaan Panday channels rockstar in song from Mohit Suri's film that feels like hark back to Aashiqui 2 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/saiyaara-title-song-ahaan-panday-channels-rockstar-10045173/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250611051824/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/saiyaara-title-song-ahaan-panday-channels-rockstar-10045173/ |archive-date=2025-06-11 |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Lubna |date=2025-06-10 |title=Saiyaara Song Barbaad OUT: Ahaan Panday-Aneet Padda's 'Top-Tier' Chemistry Wows Fans |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/saiyaara-song-barbaad-out-ahaan-panday-aneet-paddas-top-tier-chemistry-wows-fans-ws-kl-9377733.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250611053656/https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/saiyaara-song-barbaad-out-ahaan-panday-aneet-paddas-top-tier-chemistry-wows-fans-ws-kl-9377733.html |archive-date=2025-06-11 |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> The third song "Tum Ho Toh" was released on 17 June,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Akriti |date=2025-06-17 |title=Ananya Panday Calls Ahaan Panday And Aneet Padda's Tum Ho Toh Song ' Soo Cute' |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/ananya-panday-calls-ahaan-panday-and-aneet-paddas-tum-ho-toh-song-soo-cute-ws-l-9390392.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250619111143/https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/ananya-panday-calls-ahaan-panday-and-aneet-paddas-tum-ho-toh-song-soo-cute-ws-l-9390392.html |archive-date=2025-06-19 |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> and the fourth and fifth songs "Humsafar" and "Dhun" released on 24 June and 1 July, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Akriti |date=2025-06-24 |title=Saiyaara Song Humsafar Out: Ahaan Panday, Aneet Padda Shine In This Track; Fans React |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/saiyaara-song-humsafar-out-ahaan-panday-aneet-padda-shine-in-this-track-fans-react-ws-l-9401045.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250625031620/https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/saiyaara-song-humsafar-out-ahaan-panday-aneet-padda-shine-in-this-track-fans-react-ws-l-9401045.html |archive-date=2025-06-25 |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Akriti |date=2025-07-01 |title=Saiyaara Song Dhun Out: Ahaan Panday, Aneet Padda Shines in Soulful Track, Fans React |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/saiyaara-song-dhun-out-ahaan-panday-aneet-padda-shines-in-soulful-track-fans-react-ws-l-9413967.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704111357/https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/saiyaara-song-dhun-out-ahaan-panday-aneet-padda-shines-in-soulful-track-fans-react-ws-l-9413967.html |archive-date=2025-07-04 |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> The reprised version of "Saiyaara" and "Barbaad" released along with the album on 4 July.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2025 |title=Saiyaara (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/saiyaara-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1824400207 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718143950/https://music.apple.com/in/album/saiyaara-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1824400207 |archive-date=18 July 2025 |access-date=18 July 2025 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

The extended edition of the album featuring eighteen additional songs were released on 10 September 2025.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=10 September 2025 |title=Saiyaara (Extended Album) |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/0tugMf048N72PBS0v8J2bu?si=PZBe5HsBQCK_GFmWhr2vQA |publisher=Spotify}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
The music was instrumental in creating anticipation among moviegoers.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-18 |title='Saiyaara' Box-Office: How Film's Music and YRF's Strategy of Keeping Ahaan Panday and Aneet Padda Away From Promotions Paid Off |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/saiyaara-box-office-how-films-music-and-yrfs-strategy-of-keeping-ahaan-panday-and-aneet-padda-away-from-promotions-paid-off |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718164355/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/saiyaara-box-office-how-films-music-and-yrfs-strategy-of-keeping-ahaan-panday-and-aneet-padda-away-from-promotions-paid-off |archive-date=2025-07-18 |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]] |language=en}}</ref> Industry insiders noted that the film's "chartbuster soundtrack" worked in its favor, transforming it from "a mid-sized film to a tentpole romantic event" especially the titular track which topped several music, video and other short-form platforms.<ref name=":2" />

Radhika Sharma of ''[[NDTV]]'' wrote "Its soundtrack, consisting of songs such as ''Saiyaara, Barbaad,'' and ''Tum Ho Toh'', is both hummable as well as head-bangy. If it takes almost the whole of the music industry (there are seven composers and four lyricists in credits) to build a complete and contemporary music album, it should be made a norm".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Radhika |date=2025-07-18 |title=Saiyaara Review: No One Does Heartbreak Like Mohit Suri |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/saiyaara-review-no-one-does-heartbreak-like-mohit-suri-ahaan-panday-aneet-padda-3-stars-8899426 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718144503/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/saiyaara-review-no-one-does-heartbreak-like-mohit-suri-ahaan-panday-aneet-padda-3-stars-8899426 |archive-date=2025-07-18 |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref> Dhaval Roy of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "The film's emotional core finds a match in its evocative music by Faheem Abdullah, Tanishk Bagchi, Rishabh Kant, Vishal Mishra, Arslan Nizami, Mithoon, and Sachet-Parampara. John Stewart Eduri's background score enhances the overall experience".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Dhaval |date=2025-07-18 |title=Saiyaara Movie Review: Impressive debutants Ahaan Panday and Aneet Padda power this heartfelt romantic musical |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/saiyaara/movie-review/122764806.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250718162710/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/saiyaara/movie-review/122764806.cms |archive-date=2025-07-18 |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

Rishabh Suri of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote "Music has always been a strength in Mohit's films, and this time too, he doesn't disappoint. Tanishk Bagchi, Arslan Abdullah, and Faheem Nizami compose genuinely moving tracks. Personal picks: the title song and the beautifully shot Tum Ho Toh, sung by Vishal Mishra."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suri |first=Rishabh |date=2025-07-18 |title=Saiyaara movie review: Ahaan Panday, Aneet Padda's chemistry, soulful music give life to Mohit Suri's cliched love story |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/saiyaara-movie-review-ahaan-panday-aneet-paddas-chemistry-soulful-music-give-life-to-mohit-suris-cliched-love-story-101752827656927.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718162906/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/saiyaara-movie-review-ahaan-panday-aneet-paddas-chemistry-soulful-music-give-life-to-mohit-suris-cliched-love-story-101752827656927.html |archive-date=2025-07-18 |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated, "the tripping soundtrack, put together by five composers, grows on your senses".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=2025-07-18 |title='Saiyaara' movie review: Ahaan Panday, Aneet Padda make this bittersweet romance sparkle |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/saiyaara-movie-review-mohit-suri-ahaan-panday-aneet-padda/article69827833.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718144542/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/saiyaara-movie-review-mohit-suri-ahaan-panday-aneet-padda/article69827833.ece |archive-date=2025-07-18 |access-date=2025-07-18 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' noted "The songs take the story forward rather than coming in the way. [it's] lingering flavour isn't restricted to the music, particularly the title track written by Irshad Kamil, composed by Tanishk Bagchi, Faheem Abdullah, Arslan Nizami and sung by Abdullah".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2025-07-18 |title='Saiyaara' review: A romance as soaring as it is downbeat |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1084457/saiyaara-review-a-romance-as-soaring-as-it-is-downbeat |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718163803/https://scroll.in/reel/1084457/saiyaara-review-a-romance-as-soaring-as-it-is-downbeat |archive-date=2025-07-18 |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en}}</ref> Rahul Desai of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' India described the song "Saiyaara" as "earwormy in the most [[Vishesh Films]]-coded way".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/saiyaara-movie-review-ahaan-panday-aneet-padda-in-a-love-story-to-remember|title='Saiyaara' Movie Review: Finally, A Love Story to Remember|magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=8 August 2025|accessdate=12 August 2025}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = ''Saiyaara (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)''
| total_length = 32:36
| title1 = Saiyaara
| length1 = 6:09
| lyrics1 = [[Irshad Kamil]]
| music1 = [[Tanishk Bagchi]], Faheem Abdullah, Arslan Nizami
| extra1 = Faheem Abdullah
| title2 = Barbaad
| length2 = 5:57
| lyrics2 = The Rish
| music2 = The Rish
| extra2 = [[Jubin Nautiyal]]
| title3 = Tum Ho Toh
| length3 = 5:18
| lyrics3 = [[Raj Shekhar]]
| music3 = [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
| extra3 = Vishal Mishra, Hansika Pareek
| title4 = Humsafar
| length4 = 5:22
| lyrics4 = Irshad Kamil, Prashant Pandey
| music4 = [[Sachet-Parampara]]
| extra4 = Sachet Tandon, Parampara Thakur
| title5 = Dhun
| length5 = 4:36
| lyrics5 = [[Mithoon]]
| music5 = Mithoon
| extra5 = [[Arijit Singh]]
| title6 = Saiyaara Reprise – Female
| length6 = 3:03
| lyrics6 = Irshad Kamil
| music6 = Tanishk Bagchi, Faheem Abdullah, Arslan Nizami
| extra6 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| title7 = Barbaad Reprise – Female
| length7 = 2:10
| lyrics7 = The Rish
| music7 = The Rish
| extra7 = [[Shilpa Rao]]
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = ''Saiyaara'' (Extended Album)
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title8 = Barbaad - Rock Version
| length8 = 2:37
| lyrics8 = The Rish
| music8 = The Rish
| extra8 = The Rish
| title9 = Saath Tu Chal Humsafar
| length9 = 2:27
| lyrics9 = Mellow D, Irshad Kamil
| music9 = Sachet-Parampara
| extra9 = Sachet Tandon, Mellow D
| title10 = Vaani Batra
| length10 = 1:56
| lyrics10 = Irshad Kamil
| music10 = Tanishk Bagchi, Faheem Abdullah, Arslan Nizami, John Stewart Eduri
| extra10 = Shreya Ghoshal
| title11 = Krish Kapoor
| length11 = 0:56
| lyrics11 = Mithoon
| music11 = Mithoon, John Stewart Eduri
| extra11 = Arijit Singh
| title12 = Tu Paas Hai
| length12 = 1:02
| lyrics12 = Irshad Kamil
| music12 = Tanishk Bagchi, Faheem Abdullah, Arslan Nizami, John Stewart Eduri
| extra12 = Faheem Abdullah, Arslan Nizami
| title13 = Raahon Pe Teri
| length13 = 1:18
| lyrics13 = [[Instrumental]]
| music13 = Sachet-Parampara, John Stewart Eduri
| extra13 = Instrumental
| title14 = Dimaag Bhool Jaayega, Par Dil Nahin
| length14 = 1:24
| lyrics14 = Irshad Kamil
| music14 = Tanishk Bagchi, Faheem Abdullah, Arslan Nizami, John Stewart Eduri
| extra14 = Faheem Abdullah, Arslan Nizami
| title15 = Khushi Ko Barbaad Hone Mein
| length15 = 1:48
| lyrics15 = The Rish
| music15 = The Rish, John Stewart Eduri
| extra15 = The Rish
| title16 = Go Follow Your Dream
| length16 = 3:02
| lyrics16 = The Rish
| music16 = The Rish, John Stewart Eduri
| extra16 = Jubin Nautiyal
| title17 = Forever and Ever and Ever
| length17 = 2:21
| lyrics17 = Irshad Kamil
| music17 = Tanishk Bagchi, Faheem Abdullah, Arslan Nizami, John Stewart Eduri
| extra17 = Faheem Abdullah, Arslan Nizami
| title18 = Pata Chal Gaya Na!
| length18 = 2:17
| lyrics18 = Irshad Kamil
| music18 = Tanishk Bagchi, Faheem Abdullah, Arslan Nizami, John Stewart Eduri
| extra18 = Faheem Abdullah, Arslan Nizami
| title19 = I'm Not Letting You Go!
| length19 = 1:30
| lyrics19 = Instrumental
| music19 = Tanishk Bagchi, Faheem Abdullah, Arslan Nizami, John Stewart Eduri
| extra19 = Instrumental
| title20 = Taaron Mein Ek Tanha Taara
| length20 = 2:09
| lyrics20 = Irshad Kamil
| music20 = Tanishk Bagchi, Faheem Abdullah, Arslan Nizami, John Stewart Eduri
| extra20 = Faheem Abdullah, Arslan Nizami, [[Suzanne D'Mello]]
| title21 = Jaa Yahaan Se!
| length21 = 2:03
| lyrics21 = Irshad Kamil
| music21 = Tanishk Bagchi, Faheem Abdullah, Arslan Nizami, John Stewart Eduri
| extra21 = Faheem Abdullah, Arslan Nizami, Suzanne D'Mello
| title22 = Apne Pyaar Ke Liye, Khud Ko Khatam Mat Karna
| length22 = 1:54
| lyrics22 = Instrumental
| music22 = John Stewart Eduri
| extra22 = Instrumental
| title23 = Uske Liye Yeh Gaana Banaao
| length23 = 2:07
| lyrics23 = Irshad Kamil
| music23 = Tanishk Bagchi, Faheem Abdullah, Arslan Nizami, John Stewart Eduri
| extra23 = Faheem Abdullah, Arslan Nizami
| title24 = Woh Aayegi, Bhaagte Hue, I Promise
| length24 = 1:53
| lyrics24 = Instrumental
| music24 = Tanishk Bagchi, Faheem Abdullah, Arslan Nizami, John Stewart Eduri
| extra24 = Instrumental
| title25 = I Love You Krish Kapoor!
| length25 = 3:22
| lyrics25 = Irshad Kamil
| music25 = Tanishk Bagchi, Faheem Abdullah, Arslan Nizami, John Stewart Eduri
| extra25 = Faheem Abdullah, Arslan Nizami, Suzanne D'Mello
| total_length = 1:08:06
}}

== Personnel ==
Credits adapted from YRF Music:<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQCHTmQiy7Q |title=Saiyaara {{!}} Full Song Audio Jukebox {{!}} In Cinemas 18 July 2025 {{!}} New Music Album 2025 {{!}} New Movie Song |date=2025-07-03 |last= |publisher=[[Yash Raj Films|YRF]] |access-date=2025-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250711170434/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQCHTmQiy7Q |archive-date=2025-07-11 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref>
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
* Music composers: [[Tanishk Bagchi]], Faheem Abdullah, Arslan Nizami (tracks: 1, 6), Rishabh Kant (tracks: 2, 7), [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]] (track: 3), [[Sachet–Parampara]] (track: 4), Mithoon (track: 5)
* Lyricists: [[Irshad Kamil]] (tracks: 1, 4, 6), Rishabh Kant (tracks: 2, 7), [[Raj Shekhar]] (track: 3), Mithoon (track: 5)
* Singers: Faheem Abdullah (track: 1), Jubin Nautiyal (track: 2), [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]] (track: 3), Hansika Pareek (track: 3), Sachet Tandon (track: 4), Parampara Thakur (track: 4), [[Arijit Singh]] (track: 5), [[Shreya Ghoshal]] (track: 6), [[Shilpa Rao]] (track: 7)
* Music production: Tanishk Bagchi (tracks: 1, 6), Ganesh Waghela (tracks: 1, 6), Krishna Kishor (tracks: 1, 6), [[Dhrubajyoti Phukan|DJ Phukan]] (track: 2), Vaibhav Pani (tracks: 3, 4), Sachet–Parampara (track: 4), Swapnil Tare (track: 4), Raghav Sharma (track: 4), Godswill Mergulhão (track: 5), Rishabh Kant (track: 7)
* Music supervisor: Yash Anand
* Recording engineers: Calvin Fernandes (Aural Dimension Recording Studio, [[Mumbai]]) [track: 1], DJ Phukan (Trinity Sounds Studio, Mumbai) [track: 2], Trihangku Lahkar (VMS Studios, Mumbai) [track: 3], Sachet–Parampara (SP Studios, Mumbai) [track: 4], Swapnil Tare (track: 4), A Manivannan (Living Water Music Studios, Mumbai) [track: 5], Eli Rodrigues (track: 5), Vedant Uttarkar (The Sanctuary, Mumbai) [track: 6], Abhishek Khandelwal ([[Yash Raj Films|YRF Studios]], Mumbai) [track: 7]
* Mixing and mastering engineers: [[Eric Pillai]] (Future Sound Of Bombay, Mumbai) [tracks: 1, 2, 5, 6], Trihangku Lahkar (VMS Studios, Mumbai) [track: 3], [[Shadab Rayeen]] (New Edge Sound Studios, Mumbai) [track: 4], Michael Edwin Pillai (track: 5), Hanish Taneja (Studio Alika, Mumbai) [track: 7]
* Musical assistance: Kumar Gaurav Singh, Trihangku Lahkar, Bitupon Boruah, Anugrah, Godswill Mergulhao, Eli Rodrigues, Kaushal Gohil
* Mithoon's manager: Vijay Iyer (track: 5)
* Mithoon's staff: Navnath Bacche, Ganesh Raut, Sanjeev Utekar (track: 5)
* Creative head: Anugrah (track: 5)

{{col-2}}

'''Musicians'''
* Guitars: Kalyan Baruah (track: 1, 5), Vaibhav Pani (track: 3), Sagar Sathe (track: 4), Bibhash Buragohain (track: 7)
* ⁠piano: Tanishk Bagchi (track: 1)
* ⁠Rubab: Krishna Kishor (track: 1)
* Bass: Napier Peter Naveen (track: 1)
* Violins: Rajesh, Melvin (track: 1)
* Female choir: Kamalaja (track: 1), Alisha (track: 1), Fathima (track: 1), Aarthi (track: 1)
* ⁠Male choir: Rahul (track: 1), Suganth (track: 1), Abijith (track: 1), Sanjay (track: 1)
* Live sarangi: Dilshad Khan (track: 2)
* Electric Violin: Arbaz Khan (track: 2)
* Electric guitars: Ishan Das (track: 2), Daanish Sharma (track: 2), Arbaz Khan (track: 2), Rishabh Kant (track: 2, 7), Kandarpa Kalita (track: 3), Kalyan Baruah (track: 4), Bibhash Buragohain (track: 4), Bhushan Chitnis (track: 7)
* Acoustic guitars: Ishan Das (track: 2), Arbaz Khan (track: 2), Kandarpa Kalita (track: 3), Kalyan Baruah (track: 4), Bhushan Chitnis (track: 7)
* Live synthesizers: Rishabh Kant (track: 2), Asad Shabbir (track: 2)
* Beatboxers: Ishita Jagta (track: 4), Shivali Shripad Joshi (track: 4), Sadhana Bhikaji Tawde (track: 4)
* Backing vocals: Harjot Kaur (track: 2), Akanksha Bhandari (track: 7)
{{col-end}}

== Charts ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ Chart performance for ''Saiyaara (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)''
! scope="col"| Chart (2025)
! scope="col"| Peak position
|-
{{album chart|UKSoundtrack|24|date=20250725|rowheader=true|access-date=2 August 2025}}
|}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ Weekly chart performance for "Saiyaara"
! scope="col"| Chart (2025)
! scope="col"| Peak position
|-
! scope="row"| [[Billboard Global 200|Global 200]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref name=":0" />
| 8
|-
! scope="row"| [[India Songs|India]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref name=india250802>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/2025-08-02/|title=India Songs: Week of August 2, 2025|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref>
| 1
|-
! scope="row"| [[The Official MENA Chart|Middle East and North Africa]] ([[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theofficialmenachart.com/weeklychart|title=The Official Mena Chart – This Week's Official MENA Chart Top 20 from 07/25/2025 to 07/31/2025|publisher=[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]]|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 5
|-
! scope="row"| New Zealand Hot Singles ([[Recorded Music NZ|RMNZ]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/hot-singles/2025-08-01|title=Official Hot 40 Singles|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=1 August 2025|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref>
| 25
|-
! scope="row"| Saudi Arabia ([[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theofficialmenachart.com/weeklychart|title=The Official MENA Chart — This Week's Official Saudi Arabia Chart Top 20 from 25/07/2025 to 31/07/2025|website=[[The Official MENA Chart]]|publisher=[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]]|access-date=7 August 2025|language=en}} [Select 2025 Week 31]</ref>
| 8
|-
! scope="row"| [[The Official MENA Chart|United Arab Emirates]] ([[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theofficialmenachart.com/weeklychart|title=The Official MENA Chart — This Week's Official UAE Chart Top 20 from 18/07/2025 to 24/07/2025|website=[[The Official MENA Chart]]|publisher=[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]]|access-date=31 July 2025|language=en}} [Select 2025 Week 30]</ref>
| 1
|-
{{single chart|UK|65|date=20250808|rowheader=true|access-date=9 August 2025}}
|-
! scope="row"| UK Asian Music ([[Official Charts Company|OCC]])<ref name=ukasian250808>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20250808/asian/|title=Official Asian Music Chart Top 40|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|access-date=9 August 2025}}</ref>
| 1
|-
{{single chart|UKindie|14|date=20250808|rowheader=true|access-date=9 August 2025}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ Chart performance for "Humsafar"
! scope="col"| Chart (2025)
! scope="col"| Peak position
|-
! scope="row"| [[India Songs|India]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref name=india250809/>
| 10
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ Chart performance for "Tum Ho Toh"
! scope="col"| Chart (2025)
! scope="col"| Peak position
|-
! scope="row"| [[Billboard Global Excl. US|Global Excl. US]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref name=exclus0809>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-global-excl-us/2025-08-09/|title=''Billboard'' Global Excl. US: Week of August 9, 2025|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=5 August 2025}}</ref>
| 137
|-
! scope="row"| [[India Songs|India]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref name=india250809>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/2025-08-09/|title=India Songs: Week of August 9, 2025|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=5 August 2025}}</ref>
| 6
|-
! scope="row"| [[The Official MENA Chart|United Arab Emirates]] ([[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI]])<ref name="UAE">{{cite web|url=https://www.theofficialmenachart.com/weeklychart|title=The Official MENA Chart — This Week's Official UAE Chart Top 20 from 25/07/2025 to 31/07/2025|website=[[The Official MENA Chart]]|publisher=[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]]|access-date=7 August 2025|language=en}} [Select 2025 Week 31]</ref>
| 16
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ Weekly chart performance for "Saiyaara Reprise – Female"
! scope="col"| Chart (2025)
! scope="col"| Peak position
|-
! scope="row"| [[Billboard Global Excl. US|Global Excl. US]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref name=exclus0809>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-global-excl-us/2025-08-09/|title=''Billboard'' Global Excl. US: Week of August 9, 2025|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=5 August 2025}}</ref>
| 112
|-
! scope="row"| [[India Songs|India]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref name=india250809>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/2025-08-09/|title=India Songs: Week of August 9, 2025|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=5 August 2025}}</ref>
| 4
|-
! scope="row"| [[The Official MENA Chart|United Arab Emirates]] ([[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI]])<ref name="UAE">{{cite web|url=https://www.theofficialmenachart.com/weeklychart|title=The Official MENA Chart — This Week's Official UAE Chart Top 20 from 25/07/2025 to 31/07/2025|website=[[The Official MENA Chart]]|publisher=[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]]|access-date=7 August 2025|language=en}} [Select 2025 Week 31]</ref>
| 12
|-
! scope="row"| UK Asian Music ([[Official Charts Company|OCC]])<ref name=ukasian250808/>
| 2
|-
{{single chart|UKindie|43|date=20250801|rowheader=true|access-date=2 August 2025|refname=saiyaararepriseukindie}}
|-
! scope="row"| UK Video Streaming ([[Official Charts Company|OCC]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://officialcharts.com/charts/video-streaming-chart/20250808/7508/|title=Official Video Streaming Chart Top 100|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|access-date=9 August 2025}}</ref>
| 21
|}

== Recreation ==
In August 2025, an AI-generated video of the title song using singer [[Kishore Kumar|Kishore Kumar’s]] voice circulated widely on social media. The video reimagines the song by overlaying its melody onto the sing "Rimjhim Gire Sawan" from the 1979 film [[Manzil (1979 film)|''Manzil'']], depicting [[Amitabh Bachchan]] and [[Moushumi Chatterjee]] walking and romancing in the rain on the streets of Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Better than original': AI-generated 'Saiyaara' track in Kishore Kumar's voice leaves fans in awe |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/ai-generated-saiyaara-track-in-kishore-kumars-voice-leaves-fans-in-awe/cid/2116407 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250905220419/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/ai-generated-saiyaara-track-in-kishore-kumars-voice-leaves-fans-in-awe/cid/2116407 |archive-date=2025-09-05 |access-date=2025-12-30 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-04 |title=Amitabh Bachchan, Moushumi romance in rain in AI-generated cover of Saiyaara, fans impressed by Kishore Kumar version |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-moushumi-chatterjee-romance-in-the-rain-in-ai-generated-cover-of-saiyaara-internet-says-kishore-kumar-101754291111332.html |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2025 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Hindi film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Romance film soundtracks]]
[[Category:2020s film soundtrack albums]]

Anindya Bhattacharyya

2026-05-06T23:43:31Z

MaryellenBuckman: starting initial entry from scratch

{{short description|Indian American technology instructor}}
{{Orphan|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox person/Wikidata|fetchwikidata=ALL}}

'''Anindya Bapin Bhattacharyya''' (born 3 July 1970) is an [[Indian Americans|Indian American]] technology instructor for the [[Deafblindness|deafblind]]. He coordinates the National Outreach Technology Development and Training Program at the [[Helen Keller National Center for Deaf-Blind Youths and Adults|Helen Keller National Center for DeafBlind Youths and Adults]], traveling the country teaching deafblind people to use [[assistive technology|adaptive technology]]. Deaf from birth and blind at the age of nine, Bhattacharyya has been an advocate for deafblind individuals in the United States and beyond.

==Early life and education==

Anindya Bapin Bhattacharyya was born on 3 July 1970 in Telari, a small village in the state of [[Bihar]], in eastern India.<ref name=BapinFAQ /><ref name=TampaBay1992 /> He was born [[Deafness|deaf]] and as a child wore a sound processor around his neck.<ref name="FeelingThrough">{{cite web |title=Feeling Through Live, Episode 6: DeafBlind Man's Journey from Rural India to Tech Wiz |url=https://www.feelingthrough.com/transcripts/ep6 |website=Feeling Through |access-date=22 December 2021 |date=22 May 2020}}</ref> Bhattacharyya grew up speaking Bengali and learned to lipread.<ref name=FeelingThrough /> His parents were middle class and well educated, but struggled to find [[Deaf education|appropriate educational opportunities]] for their son.<ref name=FeelingThrough /> Bhattacharyya attended a mainstream school as the only deaf student; his mother occasionally sat in on his elementary classes to help fill in gaps in teaching.<ref name=FeelingThrough />

When Bhattacharyya was nine, another boy threw dirt in his face, which led to him developing [[retinal detachment|detached retinas]].<ref name=FeelingThrough /> Three months after that incident, his vision was completely gone.<ref name=FeelingThrough /> With no way to [[Lip reading|lip read]], he lost access to a significant amount of communication and needed his parents to use [[Haptic communication|tactile communication]] with him, such as printing letters on his palm.<ref name=FeelingThrough /> For four years he did not attend school, as his parents could not find anyone who had the capacity to teach someone with combined hearing and vision loss.<ref name=FeelingThrough /> During this time, Bhattacharyya developed a hobby of [[Pottery|ceramics]] and sculpting.<ref name=FeelingThrough />

His father, Ajay, wrote to [[Perkins School for the Blind]], and with the financial help of a scholarship to the school, friends and relatives raised the money to send him to the [[United States]].<ref name=Korkhao1984 /><ref name="TampaBay1992">{{cite news |title=Modern-day Helen Keller graduates |url=https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1992/06/04/modern-day-helen-keller-graduates/ |access-date=22 December 2021 |work=Tampa Bay Times |date=4 June 1992 |language=en}}</ref> He moved to the U.S. at age thirteen, in 1983, accompanied by his father.<ref name=FeelingThrough /> At Perkins, he learned English and [[braille]], and received [[physical therapy]] to improve his balance and physiological awareness.<ref name="Korkhao1984">{{cite journal |last1=Korkhao |first1=Jal |title=Anindya: a Deaf-Blind Boy at Perkins |journal=Blind Welfare |date=1984 |volume=26 |pages=16–22}}</ref> He attended [[Belmont Hill School]] part time while living at Perkins, graduating in 1992.<ref name=TampaBay1992 /><ref name=TheWeb1993 /> In addition to his studies, Bhattacharyya was fascinated by the technology available in the U.S., attending computer shows across [[Massachusetts]] and buying computer parts to assemble his own desktop.<ref name=FeelingThrough /> He also began doing computer programming and set up his own [[bulletin board system]], as well as building computers for other deafblind people, instructing them in how to use adaptive technology.<ref name=FeelingThrough />

In September 1992, he entered [[Gardner-Webb University]].<ref name="TheWeb1993">{{cite journal |title=Bhattacharyya Receives Laser Came To Assist with Campus Mobility |journal=The Web Magazine |date=June 1993 |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=10 |url=https://digitalcommons.gardner-webb.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1138&context=the-web |access-date=22 December 2021 |publisher=Gardner-Webb University}}</ref> Bhattacharyya graduated from the [[University of Arkansas at Little Rock]] in 1998 with a bachelor's degree in political science.<ref name="Clancy2013">{{cite web |last1=Clancy |first1=Megan |title=Presenter praises technology for opening doors to deaf-blind people |url=https://www.gallaudet.edu/presenter-praises-technology-for-opening-doors-to-deaf-blind-people/ |website=Gallaudet University |access-date=22 December 2021 |date=9 December 2013}}</ref>

Shortly after moving to New York to start his career in 1999, he was featured in ''[[The New York Times]]'' for finishing the Seacrest-Tobay Triathlon.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fischler |first1=Marcelle S. |title=TRIATHLON; Full of Purpose, and Feeling Their Way to the Finish |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/23/sports/triathlon-full-of-purpose-and-feeling-their-way-to-the-finish.html |work=The New York Times |date=23 August 1999}}</ref>

==Work in adaptive technology==

Bhattacharyya began working at the Helen Keller National Center for Deaf-Blind Youths and Adults in 1999.<ref name="BapinFAQ">{{cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) |url=http://bapin.info/faq/ |website=Anindya Bapin Bhattacharyya |access-date=22 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> In his role as Coordinator of the National Outreach Technology Development and Training Program, he travels the U.S. helping deafblind people connect with adaptive technology.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Wright |first1=Robin |title=Who is "Worthy"? Deaf-Blind People Fear That Doctors Won't Save Them from the Coronavirus |magazine=The New Yorker |date=28 April 2020 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/who-is-worthy-deaf-blind-people-fear-that-doctors-wont-save-them-from-the-coronavirus |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref> He also contributes to research and development of new technologies for disabled people.<ref name="Klatell2006">{{cite news |last1=Klatell |first1=James |title=The Blind-Deaf Tech Wiz |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-blind-deaf-tech-wiz/ |access-date=22 December 2021 |work=CBS News |date=17 June 2006}}</ref> A 2006 [[CBS News]] article featured his contributions to developing a [[Braille]] modified laptop phone, a tactile talking tablet, and a screen Braille communicator.<ref name=Klatell2006 /> He also owns his own company, BapinGroup, which sells adaptive technology and computer hardware/software products.<ref name=Clancy2013 />

As part of his work through the Helen Keller National Center, Bhattacharyya is involved in political advocacy for the needs of deafblind people. One result of his efforts was the 2012 establishment of the National Deaf-Blind Equipment Distribution Program (also known as "I Can Connect") through the [[Federal Communications Commission]], which provides training, outreach, and assessment to low-income deafblind individuals.<ref name=Clancy2013 /> He also played a role in the passage of the [[Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010]].<ref>{{cite web |title=5 achievers with disabilities from across India honoured with CavinKare Ability Awards |url=https://newzhook.com/story/5-achievers-with-disabilities-cavinkare-ability-awards-disabled-ability-foundation/ |website=Newz Hook |access-date=22 December 2021 |date=7 March 2020}}</ref>

Bhattacharyya presents at conferences and writes frequently about his life and work, as when he wrote a 2005 ''New York Times'' article describing how he relies on his [[guide dog]], technology, and assistance from others while traveling.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=Anindya |title=Flying Blind and Deaf but Not Alone |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/30/business/flying-blind-and-deaf-but-not-alone.html |access-date=22 December 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=30 August 2005}}</ref> He met his wife, Sook Hee Choi, when they both served on the board of the American Association for the DeafBlind.<ref name=FeelingThrough /><ref name=BapinFAQ />

He received the CavinKare Ability Special Recognition Award in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Five honoured with ability awards |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/five-honoured-with-ability-awards/article30830973.ece |access-date=22 December 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=15 February 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://bapin.info/ Personal website]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhattacharyya, Anindya}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Deafblind educators]]
[[Category:Indian blind people]]
[[Category:Indian deaf people]]
[[Category:American deafblind people]]
[[Category:People from Bihar]]
[[Category:University of Arkansas at Little Rock alumni]]
[[Category:Deaf activists]]
[[Category:American activists with disabilities]]
[[Category:Indian activists with disabilities]]
[[Category:Blind activists]]
[[Category:American disability rights activists]]
[[Category:21st-century American educators]]
[[Category:Educators of the blind]]
[[Category:Educators of the deaf]]

Braj cuisine

2026-05-06T13:49:52Z

MaryellenBuckman: Adding The Info More To Come

{{Short description|Culinary traditions of Braj region}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{AI-generated|date=December 2025}}{{Tone|date=April 2026}}{{Indian cuisine}}

'''Braj cuisine''' is a cuisine originating from the [[Braj|Braj region]] of [[Northern India]], that includes the Indian states of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Haryana]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last1=Cardona |first1=George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA252 |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |last2=Jain |first2=Dhanesh K. |date=2007-07-26 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-79711-9 |language=en |quote=Braj (western Uttar Pradesh and adjacent districts of Haryana and Rajasthan)}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Tyagi, Pankaj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bmgUEQAAQBAJ&dq=braj+cuisine+braj+region&pg=PA324 |title=Examining Tourist Behaviors and Community Involvement in Destination Rejuvenation |last2=Vipin |first2=Nadda |last3=Kannapat |first3=Kankaew |last4=Kaitano |first4=Dube |date=2024-06-03 |publisher=IGI Global |isbn=979-8-3693-6821-3 |language=en |quote=Braj region. Nestled in the northern part of India, the Braj region is synonymous with devotion, where the ethereal... cuisine, with its flavorful dishes, regional specialties, and age old recipes, provides a unique lens...}}</ref> Braj in ancient [[Hindu mythology]] was the childhood home of [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]]. Krishna's worship here has given rise to a gastronomic culture that embodies the principles of [[Sattvic diet|Satvik food]]. Dairy products that are commonly used in ''Braj cuisine'' are milk, cream, butter, [[ghee]], [[Khoa|mawa]], yogurt, buttermilk and [[chhena]]. The high number of dairy products used as food source is with adherence to the region's devotion to Krishna.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Braj Cuisine Echoes The Legends Of Lord Krishna, Radha And Holi |url=https://www.slurrp.com/article/holi-2023-braj-cuisine-echoes-the-legends-of-lord-krishna-radha-and-holi-1677850126840 |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Slurrp |language=en |quote=Religion and cows play a significant role in Braj cuisine, which takes its cue from Krishna, the God of the Gherao. Typical satwik fare is prepared without the use of garlic or onions.}}</ref>

== History and influence ==
Braj cuisine has its direct influences from [[Vaishnavism]] and its various [[Sampradaya]]s like [[Pushtimarga Sampradaya|Pushtimarga]] tradition,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Entwistle |first=A. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YoRAQAAIAAJ&q=Pushtimarg+braj+food |title=Braj: Centre of Krishna Pilgrimage |date=1987 |publisher=E. Forsten |isbn=978-90-6980-016-5 |language=en |quote=Pushtimarg's predilection for food offerings, the dishes appropriate for each place are specified}}</ref> [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]], [[Nimbarka Sampradaya|Nimbarka]] Sampradaya, [[Radha Vallabha Sampradaya|Radhavallabhi]] tradition. Vaishnavism signified the devotion to [[Radha]], [[Krishna]] and to the [[Kamadhenu|holy cow]]. It also promoted the use of dairy products in worship and cuisine as milk being considered a symbol of purity and nourishment.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Cuisine Of Braj |url=https://www.vhtofficial.com/cuisine-of-braj |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=www.vhtofficial.com |language=en |quote=The use of dairy products, especially ghee and milk, is prominent, symbolizing the reverence for Lord Krishna, the divine cowherd.}}</ref>

[[File:Nathdwara srinathji.jpg|thumb|250px|Rice offered to Shri Krishna during Annakuta festival by [[Pushtimarga Sampradaya|Pushtimarg Vaishnavite]] priests]]

[[Vegetarianism and religion|Vegetarianism]] is another tenet of Braj cuisine, reflecting the Vaishnavite emphasis on [[ahimsa]] (non-violence) and compassion.<ref name=":2">{{Citation |last=Rosen |first=Steven J. |title=Vaishnava Vegetarianism: Scriptural and Theological Perspectives on the Diet of Devotion |date=2020-04-17 |work=The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Religion and Materiality |pages=395–413 |editor-last=Narayanan |editor-first=Vasudha |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118660072.ch21 |access-date=2024-08-22 |edition=1 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |doi=10.1002/9781118660072.ch21 |isbn=978-1-118-66010-2|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

[[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] principles have also influenced Braj cuisine, with a focus on using seasonal ingredients, whole grains, and balancing flavors to promote health and well-being.<ref>{{Citation |last=Sharma |first=Vikas |title=Promotion of Satvik Cuisine Among Food Freak Customers in Braj Region, India: |date=2024-06-03 |work=Advances in Hospitality, Tourism, and the Services Industry |pages=308–322 |editor-last=Tyagi |editor-first=Pankaj Kumar |url=https://services.igi-global.com/resolvedoi/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018/979-8-3693-6819-0.ch023 |access-date=2026-04-29 |publisher=IGI Global |doi=10.4018/979-8-3693-6819-0.ch023 |isbn=979-8-3693-6819-0 |last2=Srivastav |first2=Dhananjay Kumar |last3=Jain |first3=Garima |editor2-last=Nadda |editor2-first=Vipin |editor3-last=Kankaew |editor3-first=Kannapat |editor4-last=Dube |editor4-first=Kaitano}}</ref> The region's fertile soil and favorable climate have made it an ideal place for growing a variety of fruits, vegetables, grains, and spices which are incorporated into the cuisine.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Vinod |date=2023-12-08 |title=Kharif Kaleidoscope: The Bounty of Braj's Vibrant Vegetable Harvest |url=https://www.brajyatri.com/post/braj-kharif-vegetable-harvest-sustainable-cultivation |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Braj Yatri |language=en |quote=With its fertile soils and favourable climate, the Braj region becomes a verdant canvas for cultivating a diverse range of vegetables }}</ref>

=== Etiquette of Brajwasi dining ===
Braj region is known for its community feasts known as [[Bhandara (community kitchen)|Bhandara]], where Satvik food is served to devotees at one place.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaturvedi |first=Hemachandra |date=23 January 2024 |title=Ram Temple inauguration: Krishna becomes Ram as Braj celebrates consecration |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/krishna-becomes-ram-as-braj-celebrates-consecration-101705948821711-amp.html |quote=Ram Temple inauguration: Krishna becomes Ram as Braj celebrates consecration}}</ref> Festivals in Braj region are associated with ''Chhapan Bhog'' tradition where fifty six special food items are offered to Krishna and then distributed among its devotees.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dave |first=Bhaskar R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oX3kBQAAQBAJ&dq=Chhapan+bhog+fifty+six&pg=PT20 |title=Explosive Thrills: An Octogenarian Looks Back |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-93-83185-38-2 |language=en |quote=fifty- six food items to the Almighty and this offering is called "chhapan bhog" (fifty - six food offerings), which consists of great culinary recipes relished by one and all.}}</ref>

== Popular dishes ==
{{Expand section|Each dish with it's cooking technique, variants, brief history and exact place consumed needs to be given. For now it's just a list with no proper citations. Also add images wherever necessary|date=April 2026}}
Signature dishes of Braj cuisine include -
* ''Bedmi [[Puri (food)|puri]]''
* ''Dubki wale aloo'' <ref name=":4" />
* {{Annotated link|Mathura peda}}
* ''Mathura Heeng [[Kachori]]'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Santosh |first=Anusha Moorthy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8k-BEAAAQBAJ&dq=hing+kachori+mathura&pg=PT350 |title=Vegan Treasures of India: 60 Home-Style Recipes that Capture the Country's Favorite Flavors |date=2023-09-19 |publisher=Page Street Publishing |isbn=978-1-64567-799-4 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Vrindavan Dahi Arbi jhor''
* ''Vrindavan [[Khichdi (dish)|khichdi]]'' <ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-07-01 |title=Budget bites |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/budget-bites/articleshow/5517195.cms |access-date=2024-08-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |quote=There's even a dry fruit khichdi, which we didn't have the stomach to try and a Vrindavan khichdi, which comes with a side of gatte ki sabzi and papad}}</ref>
* ''Janmashtami [[Panjiri]]'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-09 |title=Janmashthmi 2020: Why is Panjiri so popular in Janmashtmi? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/why-is-panjiri-so-popular-in-janmashtmi/amp_etphotostory/77432644.cms |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en |quote=Panjiri is one of the quintessential delights of Krishna Janmashtmi bhog.}}</ref>
* ''Panchamrit prasad''
* {{Annotated link|Agra Petha}}
* ''Agra Dalmoth'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=Niharika Sahoo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BdiIEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Agra+Dalmoth%22&pg=PA116 |title=Geographical Indication Protection in India: The Evolving Paradigm |date=2022-09-13 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-19-4296-9 |language=en |quote=Agra Dalmoth}}</ref>
* ''Morena [[Tilsakri|Tilpatti]]'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gazak |url=https://morena.nic.in/en/culinary-delight/gazak/ |website=morena.nic.in |quote=The gajaks of Morena are very well-known and is exported internationally.}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
Vrindavan wali arbi with parata ( vrindavan colocasia with wheat flat bread).jpg|Vrindavan Dahi Arbi with paratha
Chappan Bhog.jpg|Chhapan Bhog offered to Shri Radha Krishna
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Janamashtami]]
* [[Annakut]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External Links ==
* [https://vhtofficial.com Braj Tourism, Food and Culture]

[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine by city]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradeshi cuisine]]
[[Category:South Asian cuisine]]

Cherthala Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T19:57:28Z

MaryellenBuckman: Adding The Data More To Come

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Cherthala
| type = SLA
| loksabha_cons = [[Alappuzha Lok Sabha constituency|Alappuzha]]
| state = Kerala
| constituency_no = 103
| map_image = Cherthala infopark.jpg
| map_caption = [[InfoPark, Kochi|Infopark]], [[Cherthala]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = 2,04,830 (2016)
| mla = [[P. Prasad]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| alliance = {{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|'''[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| district = [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]
}}
'''Cherthala State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven state legislative assembly constituencies included in [[Alappuzha Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web
|url = https://alappuzha.nic.in/legislative-assembly-constituencies
|website = alappuzha.nic.in
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Alappuzha district, Kerala
|accessdate = 11 March 2020
}}</ref> The current MLA is P. Prasad of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Cherthala Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/alappuzha.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Alappuzha District
}}</ref>

{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
! width="100px" | Name
! width="130px" | Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
! width="100px" | [[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
| [[Cherthala]]
| Municipality
| [[Cherthala]]
|-
| [[Cherthala South]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Cherthala]]
|-
| [[Kadakkarappally]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Cherthala]]
|-
| Kanjikuzhy
| Grama panchayat
| [[Cherthala]]
|-
| [[Muhamma]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Cherthala]]
|-
| [[Pattanakkad]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Cherthala]]
|-
| [[Thanneermukkom]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Cherthala]]
|-
| [[Vayalar]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Cherthala]]
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
'''Travancore Legislative Assembly 1948'''

Sherthalai I - P. V. Urumese Tharakan

Sherthalai II - P. K. Raman

Sherthalai III (General) - Krishnan Ayyappan

Sherthalai III ( Latin Catholic) - Joseph Mathen

'''Travancore Cochin Legislative Assembly'''

# C. K. Kumara Panicker 1952
# [[K. R. Gouri Amma|K. R. Gouri]] 1954

The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the constituency:<ref name=":0" />

'''Key'''

{{Party index link|Communist Party of India}}{{Party index link|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}{{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}{{Party index link|Independent (politician)}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Election
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Niyama
Sabha
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Member
! colspan="2" style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Party
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Tenure
|-
|[[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|1st
| rowspan="2" |[[K. R. Gowri Amma]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|1957 – 1960
|-
|[[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
|2nd
|1960 – 1965
|-
|[[1965 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1965]]
| -
|C. V. Jacob<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jayashankar |first=A |title=Vimochana samaravum Communist partyum |publisher=Mathrubhumi}}</ref>
|
|[[Kerala Congress]]
|
|-
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|3rd
|N. P. Thandar
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|1967 – 1970
|-
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
|4th
|[[A. K. Antony]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|1970 – 1977
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|5th
|M. K. Raghavan
|1977 – 1980
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|6th
|[[P. S. Sreenivasan]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|1980 – 1982
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|7th
| rowspan="2" |[[Vayalar Ravi|Vaylar Ravi]]
| {{Party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|1982 – 1987
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|8th
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1987 – 1991
|-
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|9th
|[[C. K. Chandrappan]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|1991 – 1996
|-
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|10th
| rowspan="2" |A. K. Antony
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|1996 – 2001
|-
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|11th
|2001 – 2006
|-
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|12th
| rowspan="3" |[[P. Thilothaman]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=4}}
|2006 – 2011
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|13th
|2011 – 2016
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|14th
|2016-2021
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|15th
|[[P. Prasad]]
|2021-2026
|-
|[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|16th
|
|
|
|
|}

== Election results ==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediately previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Cherthala}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = K. R. Rajendra Prasad
|votes = 68727
|percentage = 39.91
|change = -3.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = [[P. Prasad]]
|votes = 83216
|percentage = 48.32
|change = +1.32
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharath Dharma Jana Sena
|candidate = Adv. T. P. Anantharaj
|votes = 17997
|percentage = 10.45
|change = +2.27
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 14489
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
There were 2,13,276 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 Kerala Assembly election.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Cherthala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = [[P. Prasad]]
|votes = 83,702
|percentage = 47.00
|change = {{up}}1.30
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = S. Sharath
|votes = 77,554
|percentage = 43.55
|change = {{up}}1.90
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharath Dharma Jana Sena
|candidate = Adv. P. S. Jyothis
|votes = 14,562
|percentage = 8.18
|change = {{down}}2.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Vayalar Jayakumar
|votes = 613
|percentage = 0.34
|change = {{down}}0.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 602
|percentage = 0.34
|change = {{down}}0.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sarath S. Kannattuveli
|votes = 501
|percentage = 0.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = V. A. Shahjahan
|votes = 201
|percentage = 0.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Karthikeyan
|votes = 193
|percentage = 0.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sonymon K. Mathew
|votes = 169
|percentage = 0.09
|change = {{down}}0.11
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 6,148
|percentage = 3.45
|change = {{down}}0.60
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,78,097
|percentage = 83.51
|change = {{down}}3.22
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India
|swing = {{up}}1.30
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 2,04,830 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Cherthala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[P. Thilothaman]]|votes=81,197|percentage=45.70|change={{decrease}}7.41}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=S. Sarath|votes=74,001|percentage=41.65|change={{down}}0.18}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|candidate=P. S. Rajeev|votes=19,614|percentage=11.04|change={{up}}7.38}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=C. P. Thilakan|votes=845|percentage=0.48|change={{decrease}}0.25}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=687|percentage=0.39|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=S. Sarath|votes=639|percentage=0.36|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Sonnymon K. Mathew|votes=348|percentage=0.20|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Vayalar Rajeevan|votes=174|percentage=0.10|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=K. V. Joseph|votes=150|percentage=0.08|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=7,196|percentage=4.05|change={{decrease}}7.23}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,77,655|percentage=86.73|change={{increase}}1.68}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Communist Party of India|loser=Indian National Congress|swing={{decrease}}7.41}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,90,806 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|accessdate=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Cherthala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[P. Thilothaman]]|votes=86,193|percentage=53.11|change={{up}}1.55}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy|candidate=[[K. R. Gowri Amma]]|votes=67,878|percentage=41.83|change={{down}}1.82}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Adv. P. K. Binoy|votes=5,933|percentage=3.66|change={{up}}0.11}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=K . R. Rajeevan|votes=1,185|percentage=0.73|change=-}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Shajimon|votes=1,094|percentage=0.67|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=18,315|percentage=11.28|change={{up}}3.37}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,62,283|percentage=85.05|change={{up}}5.75}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India|swing={{up}}1.55}}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
There were 1,35,676 registered voters in the constituency for the 2006 election.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Cherthala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = [[P. Thilothaman]]
|votes = 55,626
|percentage = 51.56
|change = {{up}}5.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = C. K. Shajimohan
|votes = 47,092
|percentage = 43.65
|change = {{down}}8.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = BJP
|candidate = Sajeevlal
|votes = 3,833
|percentage = 3.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shajimon
|votes = 804
|percentage = 0.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Chacko George
|votes = 194
|percentage = 0.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = AIADMK
|candidate = Raveendran
|votes = 178
|percentage = 0.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Uthaman
|votes = 169
|percentage = 0.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 8,534
|percentage = 7.91
|change = {{up}}1.95
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,07,900
|percentage = 79.30
|change = {{down}}2.35
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{up}}5.73
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
There were 1,41,109 registered voters in the constituency for the 2001 election.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Cherthala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[A. K. Antony]]
|votes = 59,661
|percentage = 51.79
|change = {{down}}0.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = [[C. K. Chandrappan]]
|votes = 52,801
|percentage = 45.83
|change = {{up}}1.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Adv. N. Hariharan
|votes = 1,415
|percentage = 1.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = K. N. Sinimol
|votes = 715
|percentage = 0.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = T. C. Antony
|votes = 421
|percentage = 0.37
|change = {{down}}0.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rajendra Prasad
|votes = 192
|percentage = 0.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 6,860
|percentage = 5.96
|change = {{down}}1.64
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,15,220
|percentage = 81.65
|change = {{down}}4.35
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing = {{down}}0.41
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
There were 1,28,441 registered voters in the constituency for the 1996 election.

{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Cherthala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[A. K. Antony]]
|votes = 56,691
|percentage = 52.2
|change = {{up}}4.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = [[C. K. Chandrappan]]
|votes = 48,306
|percentage = 44.5
|change = {{down}}4.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = BJP
|candidate = S. Padmakumar
|votes = 2,163
|percentage = 2.0
|change = {{down}}0.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = T. C. Antony
|votes = 437
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Peoples Democratic Party (India)
|candidate = M. A. Kareem
|votes = 420
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ravi
|votes = 301
|percentage = 0.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = C. V. Muraleedharan Nair
|votes = 147
|percentage = 0.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jayagopalan Om Pillai
|votes = 125
|percentage = 0.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 8,385
|percentage = 7.6
|change = {{up}}6.7
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,10,505
|percentage = 86.0
|change = {{up}}3.3
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India
|swing = {{up}}4.1
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
There were 1,26,734 registered voters in the constituency for the 1991 election.

{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Cherthala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = [[C. K. Chandrappan]]
|votes = 50,884
|percentage = 49.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Vayalar Ravi]]
|votes = 49,853
|percentage = 48.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = BJP
|candidate = P. K. Induchoodan
|votes = 2,692
|percentage = 2.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Gopalakrishnan
|votes = 321
|percentage = 0.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 991
|percentage = 0.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,04,754
|percentage = 82.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Cherthala]]
* [[Alappuzha district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Alipurduars Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T19:56:14Z

MaryellenBuckman:

{{Short description|West Bengal Legislative Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Alipurduars
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Alipurduars.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Alipurduars Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Paritosh Das]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Alipurduar district|Alipurduar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alipurduars]]
| constituency_no = 12
| established = 1951
| electors = 249,846
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Alipurduars Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Alipurduar district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 12 Alipurduars Assembly constituency covers [[Alipurduar]] municipality, [[Alipurduar Railway Junction]], Banchukamari, Chakowakheti, Mathura, Parorpar, Patlakhawa, Shalkumar I, Shalkumar II, Tapsikhata, Vivekananda II, Vivekananda I [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Alipurduar I (Community development block)|Alipurduar I]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]], and Chaporerpar I, Chaporerpar II, and Tatpara II gram panchayats of [[Alipurduar II (Community development block)|Alipurduar II]] community development block.<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 21 June 2014 | work = West Bengal| publisher = Election Commission}}</ref>

Alipurduars Assembly constituency is part of No. 2 [[Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency)]] (ST).<ref name =delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Name
! colspan=2| Party
|-
| [[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Pijush Kanti Mukherjee]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
| [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Nani Bhattacharya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
| [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Narayan Bhattacharya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Nani Bhattacharya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|rowspan=7}}
|-
| [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
| [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
| [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Nirmal Das]]
|-
| [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
| [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
| [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[Debaprasad Roy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[Sourav Chakraborty (politician)|Sourav Chakraborty]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Suman Kanjilal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|[[Paritosh Das]]
|}

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Alipurduars}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Paritosh Das]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,43,242
|percentage = 61.62
|change = Winner
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Suman Kanjilal]]
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = 72,822
|percentage = 31.33
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shyamal Roy
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 7,301
|percentage = 3.14
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mrinmoy Sarkar (Papan)
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 2,644
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Abinash Das
|party = Independent
|votes = 954
|percentage = 0.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bhupesh Das
|party = Independent
|votes = 923
|percentage = 0.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Abdul Latif Choudhury
|party = Aam Janata Unnayan Party
|votes = 647
|percentage = 0.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Abhijit Saha
|party = Independent
|votes = 531
|percentage = 0.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Pijush Kanti Sarma
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|votes = 408
|percentage = 0.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Manik Barman
|party = Kamatapur People's Party (United)
|votes = 374
|percentage = 0.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 2,620
|percentage = 1.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 70,420
|percentage = 30.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,32,466
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
In the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], Suman Kanjilal of BJP defeated his nearest rival Sourav Chakraborty of TMC.
{{Election box begin | title= [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Alipurduars constituency}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Suman Kanjilal
|votes = 1,07,333
|percentage = 48.19
|change = Winner
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Sourav Chakraborty
|votes = 91,326
|percentage = 41.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Debprosad Roy
|votes = 15,651
|percentage = 7.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Nikhil Chandra Raibir
|votes = 2,351
|percentage = 1.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Rinku Ghosh
|votes = 1,393
|percentage = 0.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Pijush Kanti Sarma
|votes = 1,111
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ashim Roy
|votes = 696
|percentage = 0.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Kushal Kumar Roy
|votes = 620
|percentage = 0.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Abinash Das
|votes = 270
|percentage = 0.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the Above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 1,981
|percentage = 0.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,22,732
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===

In the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], Sourav Chakraborty of TMC defeated his nearest rival Biswaranjan Sarkar of Congress.

{{Election box begin | title= [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Alipurduars constituency}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Sourav Chakraborty
|votes = 89,695
|percentage = 44.09
|change = Winner
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Biswaranjan Sarkar
|votes = 77,737
|percentage = 38.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kushal Chatterjee
|votes = 20,098
|percentage = 9.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = Nirmal Das
|votes = 7,324
|percentage = 3.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Alokesh Das
|votes = 2,308
|percentage = 1.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Amra Bangalee
|candidate = Dalendra Nath Ray
|votes = 1,341
|percentage = 0.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Santosh Kumar Balo
|votes = 989
|percentage = 0.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Gouri Roy
|votes = 974
|percentage = 0.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the Above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 2,980
|percentage = 1.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 11,958
|percentage = 5.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,03,446
|percentage = 86.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===

In the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], Debaprasad Roy of Congress defeated his nearest rival Kshiti Goswami of RSP.

{{Election box begin | title= [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Alipurduars constituency}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Debaprasad Roy
|votes = 79,605
|percentage = 46.02
|change = Winner
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = Kshiti Goswami
|votes = 72,822
|percentage = 42.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Manik Chandra Saha
|votes = 8,238
|percentage = 4.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Santosh Kumar Balo
|votes = 3,072
|percentage = 1.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Manohar Bhagat
|votes = 1,864
|percentage = 1.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Abhijit Roy
|votes = 1,508
|percentage = 0.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Chanchal Kumar Das
|votes = 1,438
|percentage = 0.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Parimal Roy
|votes = 1,396
|percentage = 0.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sanjit Das
|votes = 1,301
|percentage = 0.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mantu Barman
|votes = 1,195
|percentage = 0.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Rashtriya Deshaj Party
|candidate = Bishwanath Gop
|votes = 530
|percentage = 0.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,783
|percentage = 3.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,72,969
|percentage = 86.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977-2006===
Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]], 2001, 1996 and 1991 state assembly elections, Nirmal Das of [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] defeated Sourav Chakraborty of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], Prasanta Narayan Majumdar of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]], Manindralal Rakshit of Congress and Biswa Ranjan Sarkar of Congress, respectively. Nani Bhattacharya of RSP defeated Debabrata Chatterjee of Congress in 1987, Pallab Ghosh of Congress in 1982 and Narayan Bhattachary of Congress in 1977.

===1951–1972===
Narayan Bhattacharya of Congress won in 1971 and 1972. Nani Bhattacharya of RSP won in 1967 and 1969. Pijush Kanti Mukherjee of Congress won in 1957 and 1962. In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]], it was a joint seat. Pijush Kanti Mukherjee and Dhirandra Brahma Mandal, both from Congress, won.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Alipurduar topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Alipurduar district]]
[[Category:Alipurduar district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Guruvayur Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T15:27:31Z

MaryellenBuckman:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Guruvayur
| type = SLA
| state = Kerala
| constituency_no = 63
| map_image = Guruvayur temple surroundings (3).jpg
| map_caption = Guruvayoor temple
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| electors = 2,01,801 (2016)
| mla = [[N. K. Akbar]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| alliance = {{legend2|#ED1C24|'''[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = 2021
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
}}
'''Guruvayur State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.thrissurkerala.com/general/assembly-constituencies
|website = www.thrissurkerala.com
|title = State Assembly constituencies in Thrissur district, Kerala.
}}</ref> As of the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021 assembly elections]], the current MLA is [[N. K. Akbar]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]].

==Location==
[[File:Subdistricts of Thrissur.svg|thumb|Location of Chavakkad Taluk in Thrissur District]]
Guruvayur Assembly constituency lies in [[Chavakkad]] [[Tehsil|taluk]]. [[Chavakkad]] is the lone taluk of [[Thrissur district]], which entirely lies in the erstwhile [[Malabar District|British Malabar]]. [[Chavakkad]] Taluk was created in 1956-57 by dividing [[Ponnani taluk]] of the erstwhile [[Malabar District]]. Present-day [[Chavakkad]] taluk and much of the coastal region of [[Thrissur district]] were ruled by the [[Zamorin of Calicut]] until the 18th century. Guruvayur Assembly constituency shares its boundary with [[Ponnani Assembly constituency]] of [[Malappuram district]] to the north, [[Kunnamkulam Assembly constituency]] to the northeast, and [[Manalur Assembly constituency]] both to southeast and south.

In 1994, Guruvayoor Assembly constituency was composed of around 47% Muslims, 45% Hindus and 8% Christians.

==Local self-governed segments==
Guruvayur Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/thrissur.html
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Thrissur District
|access-date = 3 March 2021
|archive-date = 12 March 2011
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110312073152/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/thrissur.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Chavakkad]]
|Municipality
|[[Chavakkad]]
|-
|2
|[[Guruvayur]]
|Municipality
|[[Chavakkad]]
|-
|3
|[[Engandiyur]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Chavakkad]]
|-
|4
|[[Kadappuram]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Chavakkad]]
|-
|5
|[[Orumanayur]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Chavakkad]]
|-
|6
|[[Punnayur]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Chavakkad]]
|-
|7
|[[Punnayurkulam]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Chavakkad]]
|-
|8
|[[Vadakkekad]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Chavakkad]]
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the constituency:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Niyama Sabha
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
!Tenure
|-
|[[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|1st
|[[P. K. Koru|Koru Kooliyat]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|1957 – 1960
|-
|[[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
|2nd
|K. G. Karunakara Menon
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1960 – 1965
|-
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|3rd
|B. V. S. Thangal
|{{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|1967 – 1970
|-
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
|4th
|V. Vadakan
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|1970 – 1977
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|5th
| rowspan="2" |B. V. S. Thangal
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=5|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|1977 – 1980
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|6th
|1980 – 1982
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|7th
| rowspan="2" | P. K. K. Bava
|1982 – 1987
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|8th
|1987 – 1991
|-
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|9th
|P. M. Abubacker
|1991 – 1996
|-
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|10th
|P. T. Kunju Muhammed
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|1996 – 2001
|-
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|11th
|P. K. K. Bava
|{{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|2001 – 2006
|-
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|12th
| rowspan="3" |[[K. V. Abdul Khader]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=5|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|2006 – 2011
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|13th
|2011 – 2016
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|14th
|2016-2021
|-
| [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| 15th
| rowspan="2" |[[N. K. Akbar]]
|2021-2026
|-
| [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| 16th
|2026-current
|}
{{notelist}}

== Election results ==

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Guruvayur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=CPI(M)|candidate=[[N. K. Akbar]]|votes=66,069|percentage=40.77|change={{decrease}}11.75}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=C. H. Rasheed|votes=64,071|percentage=39.54|change={{decrease}}0.61}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Adv. B. Gopalakrishnan|votes=28,947|percentage=17.86|change={{increase}}13.57}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=K. V. Abdul Nasar|votes=1,610|percentage=0.99|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Pauly Francis Guruvayur|votes=466|percentage=0.29|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=C. R. Unnikrishnan|votes=218|percentage=0.13|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=658|percentage=0.41|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 1,998
|percentage = 1.23
|change = {{down}}11.22
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes=1,62,039
|percentage=73.31
|change={{increase}}3.66
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser=Indian Union Muslim League
|swing = {{decrease}}11.75
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Guruvayur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[N. K. Akbar]]|votes=77,072|percentage=52.52|change={{increase}}7.76|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=[[K. N. A. Khader]]|votes=58,804|percentage=40.07|change={{increase}}5.54|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Democratic Social Justice Party|candidate=Dileep Nair|votes=6,294|percentage=4.29|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=1,007|percentage=0.69|change=-}}
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=18,268|percentage=12.45|change={{up}}2.22}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,46,759||percentage=69.65||change=||}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|loser=Indian Union Muslim League|swing={{increase}}7.76}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,90,919 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Guruvayur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=K. V. Abdul Khader|votes=66,088|percentage=44.76|change={{decrease}}3.77|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=P. M. Sadiqali|votes=50,990|percentage=34.53|change={{decrease}}6.22|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Nivedida Subramanian|votes=25,490|percentage=17.26|change={{increase}}10.01|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=P. R. Siyad|votes=1,406|percentage=0.95|change={{decrease}}0.75|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=K. G. Mohanan|votes=1,382|percentage=0.94|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Peoples Democratic Party (India)|candidate=Muhammed Rasheed Arakkal|votes=500|percentage=0.45|change=-|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the Above|votes=605|percentage=0.41|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=C. V. Premraj|votes=314|percentage=0.21|change={{decrease}}0.02}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Abdul Khader Kumbilavalappil|votes=256|percentage=0.17|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Sasi Anjoor|votes=204|percentage=0.14|change=-}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=15,098|percentage=10.23|change={{up}}2.45}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,47,350|percentage=73.17|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|loser=Indian Union Muslim League|swing={{decrease}}3.77}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,74,161 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref> 
{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Guruvayur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=K. V. Abdul Khader|votes=62,246|percentage=48.53|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=Ashraf Kokkur |votes=52,278|percentage=40.75|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Dayanandan Mampully|votes=9,306|percentage=7.25|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Ashraf Vadakoot|votes=2,187|percentage=1.70|change=-|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Shameerbabu|votes=1,017|percentage=0.94|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=K. V. Abdul Khader|votes=415|percentage=0.32|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Vijayanath|votes=353|percentage=0.28|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=C. V. Premraj|votes=242|percentage=0.19|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Muhammed Ashraf|votes=232|percentage=0.18|change=}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=9,968|percentage=7.78|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,28,276|percentage=72.01|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|loser=Indian Union Muslim League|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Guruvayur]]
* [[Thrissur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]

[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Guruvayur]]

Ophiophagus kaalinga

2026-05-01T11:28:49Z

MaryellenBuckman:

{{Short description|Species of snake}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = King Cobra agumbe.jpg
| image_caption = From [[Agumbe]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]].
| genus = Ophiophagus
| species = kaalinga
| authority = Gowri Shankar, Das & Ganesh, 2024
| range_map =
| range_map_caption =
}}

'''''Ophiophagus kaalinga''''', the '''Western Ghats King Cobra''', is a species of King cobra endemic to the [[Western Ghats]] of south-western India.<ref name=taxonomy>{{Cite journal |title=Taxonomic revision of the king cobra Ophiophagus hannah (Cantor, 1836) species complex (Reptilia: Serpentes: Elapidae), with the description of two new species |journal=European Journal of Taxonomy |date= 2024|volume= |doi= 10.5852/ejt.2024.961.2681|url=https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/2681/12413|last1= Das|first1= Indraneil|last2= Gowri Shankar|first2= P.|last3= Swamy|first3= Priyanka|last4= Williams|first4= Rhiannon C.|last5= Lalremsanga|first5= Hmar Tlawmte|last6= Prashanth|first6= P.|last7= Sahoo|first7= Gunanidhi|last8= Vijayakumar|first8= S.P.|last9= Höglund|first9= Jacob|last10= Shanker|first10= Kartik|last11= Dutta|first11= Sushil K.|last12= Ganesh|first12= S.R.|last13= Wüster|first13= Wolfgang|issue= 961|page=2681 |doi-access= free|bibcode=2024EJTax.961.2681D }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dasgupta |first=Shreya |date=2024-10-21 |title=Four of a kind: King cobra is a quad of species, not one, study finds |url=https://news.mongabay.com/short-article/four-of-a-kind-king-cobra-is-a-quad-of-species-not-one-study-finds/ |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=Mongabay Environmental News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghai |first=Rajat |date=2024-10-18 |title=Long live the King Cobra(s): Scientists recategorise world's longest venomous snakes into 4 distinct species, with one from the Western Ghats |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/wildlife-biodiversity/long-live-the-king-cobras-scientists-recategorise-worlds-longest-venomous-snakes-into-4-distinct-species-with-one-from-the-western-ghats |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=Down To Earth |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pflughoeft |first=Aspen |title=Venomous 10-foot-long snake found in hills of India and discovered as new species |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/other/venomous-10-foot-long-snake-found-in-hills-of-india-and-discovered-as-new-species/ar-AA1snPMS |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hestermann |first=Bethanie |date=2024-10-18 |title=Scientists Discover New Large, 'Dangerously Venomous' Snakes |url=https://outdoors.com/scientists-discover-new-large-dangerously-venomous-snakes/ |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=Outdoors with Bear Grylls |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hestermann |first=Bethanie |date=2024-10-22 |title=New king cobra species in Luzon identified |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/scitech/science/924545/new-king-cobra-species-in-luzon-identified/story/ |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=GMA News Online |language=en}}</ref>

== Description ==
''Ophiophagus kaalinga'' is characterized by pale bands without darker edges on adult snakes, unlike the unbanded ''[[Ophiophagus salvatana|O. salvatana]]'' and the banded ''[[King cobra|O. hannah]]'', which has dark edges. Additionally, ''O. kaalinga'' has fewer pterygoid teeth (12) compared to ''O. hannah'' (18–21). Juvenile ''O. kaalinga'' also has 28–48 fewer body bands than ''O. salvatana''.<ref name="taxonomy" />

== Etymology ==
[[File:King Cobra imported from iNaturalist photo 52769884 on 23 October 2024.jpg|left|thumb|Juvenile]]The specific epithet ''kaalinga'' comes from the [[Kannada|Kannada language]] of [[Karnataka]], [[India]], meaning "dark" or "black" (from 'Kali' [ಕಾಳಿ] or 'Kari' [ಕರಿ]). It is an abbreviated form of "Kaalinga Sarpa," which is associated with [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]].

== Distribution and Ecology ==
''Ophiophagus kaalinga'' is endemic to the Western Ghats in southwestern India, found in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]], Karnataka, [[Goa]], and parts of [[Maharashtra]]. Its range extends from the Ashambu hills near [[Kanyakumari]] through various mountain ranges, including the [[Agastya Mala|Agasthyamalai]] and [[Cardamom Hills|Cardamom hills]], reaching elevations of about 100 m to 1800 m above sea level. The species is hill-dwelling and thrives in mid-elevation rainforests (500–900 m) but can also be found in lower foothills and montane forests.

==Conservation==
As a member of the king cobra species complex, the Western Ghats king cobra is also considered as "vulnerable" under the [[IUCN Red List]].<ref name="taxonomy" /> [[Agumbe rainforest research station]] in [[Agumbe]] is one of the dedicated conservation efforts towards this species.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Reptiles described in 2024]]
[[Category:Snakes of India]]
[[Category:Venomous snakes]]
[[Category:Elapidae]]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q130581069}}{{Snake-stub}}

Aloka (dog)

2026-04-29T07:46:11Z

MaryellenBuckman: starting initial stub basic info

{{Short description|Dog that joined Buddhist Walk for Peace in USA and Sri Lanka}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox animal
| name = Aloka
| image = Aloka (dog).jpg
| alt = A pariah dog in a green vest being carried by a man through a crowd
| caption = Aloka, near [[Kandy]], Sri Lanka - April 2026
| species = Dog ''(Canis familiaris)''
| breed = [[Pariah dog]]
| gender = Male
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| awards =
| relativeage =
| occupation =
| employer =
| role =
| years_active =
| known = Accompanying Buddhist monks in the [[Walk for Peace]] 2025–2026
| residence =
| owner =
| parents =
| weight =
| height =
| appearance = White and brown
| namedafter = Āloka (Pali: meaning Enlightenment or illumination)
| website =
}}
'''Aloka''' is a rescue dog of Indian origin who became widely known as '''Aloka the Peace Dog''' in 2025–2026 for accompanying a group of [[Bhikkhu|Buddhist monks]] on a [[Walk for Peace]] across the [[United States]].<ref name="people">{{cite web |date=January 2026 |title=Aloka the Peace Dog Joins Buddhist Monks on Walk of Peace Across U.S. |url=https://people.com/aloka-the-peace-dog-joins-buddhist-monks-on-walk-of-peace-11879241 |access-date=January 6, 2026 |website=People}}</ref>

He is believed to be a [[Pariah dog]] originally living as a stray when he encountered a group of [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Vietnamese-American Buddhist]] monks in 2022<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Snipes |first1=Anisa |last2=Alvarado |first2=Amanda |date=January 14, 2026 |title=Aloka the Peace Dog recovering from surgery after being injured during a peace walk with Buddhist monks |url=https://www.wistv.com/2026/01/14/aloka-peace-dog-recovering-surgery-after-being-injured-during-peace-walk-with-buddhist-monks/ |access-date=January 14, 2026 |website=WISTV}}</ref> participating in a peace pilgrimage across [[India]]. According to the monks, Aloka began following them during their walk and despite facing hardships – including being hit by a car and falling seriously ill during the journey – he repeatedly rejoined the procession. The monks then adopted the dog and brought him back to the United States.<ref name="indianexpress">{{cite web |date=January 4, 2026 |title=Aloka the 'peace dog' walking alongside Buddhist monks in US goes viral |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-globally/aloka-the-peace-dog-walking-alongside-buddhist-monks-viral-10456612/ |access-date=January 6, 2026 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wellbank |first=Lauren |date=December 22, 2025 |title=A Rescue Dog Named Aloka Gets a Second Chance After Getting Adopted by a Monk |url=https://www.greenmatters.com/news/aloka-the-peace-dog |access-date=January 8, 2026 |website=Green Matters}}</ref>

Aloka's prominence grew when he joined a larger initiative called the "Walk for Peace." This event began on October 26, 2025, when a group of approximately 19 Buddhist monks from the Huong Dao Vipassana Bhavana Center in [[Fort Worth, Texas]], set out on a roughly 2,300‑mile walk from Fort Worth to [[Washington, D.C.]] Aloka has walked alongside the monks, sometimes on foot and other times riding in a support vehicle when needed.<ref name="indianexpress" />

He has a distinctive heart‑shaped marking on his forehead and has amassed a large following on social media platforms.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 8, 2026 |title=Meet Aloka: The Indian street dog who has joined Buddhist monks on 3,700-km walk for peace across the US |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/meet-aloka-the-indian-street-dog-who-has-joined-buddhist-monks-on-3-700-km-walk-for-peace-across-the-us/ar-AA1TOPd1 |access-date=January 8, 2026 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Injury and recovery ==
[[File:Aloka the Peace Dog (full).jpg|thumb|left|alt=A pariah dog in a green vest being carried by a man through a crowd|Aloka being carried in front of a crowd, with his full body, including injured leg, pictured]]
In early January 2026, Aloka was diagnosed with a leg injury while accompanying the monks during the Walk for Peace in [[South Carolina]]. A post from the walk's official Facebook page announced that Aloka would undergo veterinary surgery on January 12 to address the issue.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 12, 2026 |title=Update: Aloka's Surgery Today |url=https://www.facebook.com/walkforpeaceusa/posts/pfbid0fUKFBN7nhQCmthsyfNrNLsQbjZEqiFZoLEvnsKiE17GP2uW7VhZBMgUBNkSGKgoSl |website=Facebook}}</ref> The procedure concerned an issue with his knee and chronic right hind limb condition in his leg dating back to his life in India. This would require him to enter a period of restricted mobility as part of a gradual recovery process, and would be back in "two or three days."<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Marchant |first=Bristow |date=January 12, 2026 |title=Aloka the 'Peace dog' needs surgery after Walk for Peace in SC |url=https://www.thestate.com/news/local/article314291333.html |work=The State (South Carolina)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 12, 2026 |title=Video: This morning, Venerable Bhikkhu Paññākāra announced to everyone that Aloka would be undergoing surgery today for his leg injury. |url=https://www.facebook.com/reel/867569369425468 |website=Facebook}}</ref> He received care at Lake Murray Animal Hospital and Batesburg-Leesville Animal Hospital, before being operated on at Charleston Veterinary Referral Center.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Buchanan |first=Christopher |date=January 12, 2026 |title=Aloka the Peace Dog out of surgery in Charleston, group says |url=https://www.wltx.com/article/news/local/aloka-peace-dog-surgery/101-16d59fdf-bee5-4861-a93e-d145e3de18f0 |access-date=January 13, 2026 |website=wltx.com}}</ref>

On January 12, 2026, following a short one hour surgery, the doctor, surgeon and care team described the issue as a tear in the [[Anterior cruciate ligament|cranial cruciate ligament]] (CCL), described as common in dogs, which required a [[Tibial-plateau-leveling osteotomy|tibial plateau-leveling osteotomy]] (TPLO).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chrisman |first=Spencer |date=January 12, 2026 |title=Dog accompanying Buddhist monks on Walk for Peace has successful surgery in South Carolina |url=https://www.wbtv.com/2026/01/12/dog-accompanying-buddhist-monks-walk-peace-has-successful-surgery-south-carolina/ |access-date=January 13, 2026 |website=WBTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tan |first=Tiffany |date=January 12, 2026 |title=Buddhist monks' rescue dog is taking a break from Walk for Peace after SC stop to undergo surgery |url=https://www.postandcourier.com/columbia/news/aloka-dog-surgery-walkforpeace-monks/article_9847022d-ab4f-4596-9407-12523e3b08ab.html |access-date=January 13, 2026 |website=Post and Courier}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Snipes |first=Anisa |date=January 12, 2026 |title=Buddhist monks' Peace dog recovering after 'quick, successful' surgery in SC |url=https://www.wtoc.com/2026/01/12/buddhist-monks-peace-dog-undergo-surgery-following-injury-during-peace-walk/ |access-date=January 13, 2026 |website=WTOC}}</ref>

Aloka's care plan allowed him to rejoin the monks on the walk, but limit him to walking no more than ten minutes at a time, up to six times per day during the first week of recovery and gradually increase activity thereafter.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 9, 2025 |title=Lake Murray Animal Hospital |url=https://www.facebook.com/lakemurrayanimalhospitalgilbert/posts/it-was-an-honor-for-our-clinic-to-be-chosen-to-provide-care-for-aloka-two-of-our/1496006599193451/ |website=Facebook}}</ref>

Aloka's temporary absence from full participation in the walk coincided with the monks' passage through Columbia, South Carolina, where the group held a public peace talk on the steps of the [[South Carolina State House]].<ref name=":0" />

Aloka reunited with the venerable monks on day 89 (January 22, 2026). The official Walk for Peace Facebook page announced that Aloka would mostly not be walking on the road until fully healed.<ref>https://www.facebook.com/share/p/17tMne14ZY/?mibextid=wwXIfr</ref>

On the last few days of the Walk for Peace, Aloka was evaluated and treated by Summit Veterinary Care. On February 7, 2026, veterinarians Dr. Cady Johnston and Dr. Tosha Starke performed a physical examination and cold laser therapy for Aloka's injured leg. On September 2, 2026, the treatments were repeated, and Aloka was able to walk the final few steps of the Walk for Peace with his handler at his side on February 10, 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1Aw7JNsVmD/|title=We were absolutely honored to... - Summit Veterinary Care}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/share/p/17wgt3p8rw/|title=Last night, our team had the... - Summit Veterinary Care}}</ref>

== Walk for Peace in Sri Lanka ==
{{Main|Walk for Peace in Sri Lanka}}
On April 21, 2026, Ven. Pannakara Thero arrived in [[Sri Lanka]] with Aloka at the invitation of President [[Anura Kumara Dissanayake]] to participate in a Walk for Peace. The walk commenced on April 22, 2026 from [[Dambulla]] and concluded on April 28, 2026 at [[Independence Memorial Hall|Independence Square]] in Colombo, covering a distance of approximately {{convert|117|mi|km}}. The procession carried a sapling from the [[Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi]], which was a gift from the government of Sri Lanka, and was transported to the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 21, 2026 |title=Ven. Pannakara Thero Arrives with "Aloka" for Walk For Peace in the Island of Peace |url=https://english.newsfirst.lk/2026/4/21/ven-pannakara-thero-arrives-with-aloka-for-walk-for-peace-in-the-island-of-peace |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260421063052/https://english.newsfirst.lk/2026/04/21/ven-pannakara-thero-arrives-with-aloka-for-walk-for-peace-in-the-island-of-peace |archive-date=April 21, 2026 |access-date=April 21, 2026 |website=Newsfirst |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-22 |title="Walk for Peace" to begin in Dambulla under state patronage |url=https://www.adaderana.lk/news.php?nid=121561 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260422015513/https://www.adaderana.lk/news.php?nid=121561 |archive-date=2026-04-22 |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Ada Derana |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-28 |title=Ehipassiko Peace Walk concludes |url=https://www.dailymirror.lk/caption-story/Ehipassiko-Peace-Walk-concludes/110-338972 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260429074243/https://www.dailymirror.lk/caption-story/Ehipassiko-Peace-Walk-concludes/110-338972 |archive-date=2026-04-29 |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=Daily Mirror |language=en}}</ref> The Sri Lanka Veterinary Association (SLVA) was tasked with ensuring the animal's health and safety.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 21, 2026 |title=Full medical and safety arrangements for 'Aloka' ahead of 'Walk for Peace' journey in Sri Lanka: Vet Association |url=https://adaderana.lk/news.php?nid=121516 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260421073956/https://adaderana.lk/news.php?nid=121516 |archive-date=April 21, 2026 |access-date=April 21, 2026 |website=Ada Derana |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.facebook.com/walkforpeaceusa/ Peace Walk official page on Facebook]
* [https://www.instagram.com/alokathepeacedog/ Aloka the Peace Dog on Instagram]

{{Indian dogs}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aloka (dog)}}
[[Category:21st-century animal births]]
[[Category:Animals in religion]]
[[Category:Dogs in popular culture]]
[[Category:Individual animals in India]]
[[Category:Individual dogs in the United States]]
[[Category:Peace marches]]

Pheran Day

2026-04-27T07:00:59Z

MaryellenBuckman: created initial info needs work!

{{short description|Annual day celebrated in Kashmir}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
'''[[Pheran]] Day''' (also '''International Pheran Day''' or '''World Pheran Day''') is celebrated in [[Kashmir]] on 21 December as first day of [[Chillai Kalan]].

==History==
The Pheran Day is celebrated for the preservation of tradition of wearing Pheran. In 2021, i.e December 2021, members of The Jammu and Kashmir Economic Confederation (JKEC) and [[Jammu and Kashmir Administrative Service|JKAS]] officer Zeeshan Khan (Asstt Director Tourism Kashmir) assembled at Ghanta Ghar [[Lal Chowk]] to observe 'Pheran Day'.<ref>{{Cite news|title=‘Pheran Day’ Observed In Srinagar|url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2021/12/21/pheran-day-observed-in-srinagar/|date=21 December 2021|publisher=Kashmir Observer|access-date=31 December 2022}}</ref> Bollywood actor [[Anupam Kher]] also wished Kashmiri people on "World Pheran Day."<ref>{{Cite news| title=Here's how Anupam Kher wished everyone on World Pheran Day|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/heres-how-anupam-kher-wished-everyone-on-world-pheran-day/articleshow/88433683.cms| date=22 December 2021|publisher=[[Times of India]]|access-date=31 December 2022}}</ref> In 2022, Pheran Day was celebrated at historic Ghanta Ghar.<ref>{{Cite news| url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/state/jammu-and-kashmir/international-pheran-day-celebrated-across-kashmir/na20221221223127560560423 | title=International Pheran Day celebrated across Kashmir|date=21 December 2022|publisher=[[ETV Network]]|access-date=31 December 2022}}</ref> The main aim of this day was to popularise the loose-and-long woollen gown worn to fight the biting cold as the minimum temperature hovers below sub-zero in various parts of Kashmir valley. Various tourists and locals cat-walked near Lal Chowk to promote "wearing Pheran".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ashiq|first=Peerzada| title=Kashmir Valley dons pheran to greet 40-day winter spell of Chillai Kalan|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/kashmiris-celebrate-warm-pheran-to-beat-freezing-40-days-of-chillai-kalan/article66289916.ece| date = 21 December 2022|publisher=[[The Hindu]]| access-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{wiktionary|pheran}}
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian clothing]]
[[Category:Culture of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Kashmir]]

Rajahmundry Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-24T06:36:57Z

MaryellenBuckman: created some entry basic info

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Rajahmundry {{Small|AP-8}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Andhra Pradesh/Rajahmundry.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Rajahmundry Lok Sabha constituency
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| UnionTerritory =
| established = 1952
| assembly_cons = [[Anaparthy Assembly constituency|Anaparthy]] [[Rajanagaram Assembly constituency|Rajanagaram]] [[Rajahmundry City Assembly constituency|Rajahmundry City]] [[Rajahmundry Rural Assembly constituency|Rajahmundry Rural]] [[Kovvur Assembly constituency|Kovvur]] [[Nidadavole Assembly constituency|Nidadavole]] [[Gopalapuram Assembly constituency|Gopalapuram]]
| Electorate =
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = D. Purandeswari addressing at the inauguration of ‘eINDIA 2008-Asia’s Largest ICT Conference with focus on e-Governance & Digital Learning’, in New Delhi on July 29, 2008.jpg
| mp = [[Daggubati Purandeswari]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| preceded_by = [[Margani Bharat]]
}}

'''Rajahmundry Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the twenty-five [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha#Andhra Pradesh (25)|lok sabha constituencies]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]]. It comprises seven assembly segments, which belong to the [[East Godavari district]], [[Eluru district]], and [[Kakinada district]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |website=The Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2018 |url-status=dead |page=30 |format=PDF |date=17 December 2018}}</ref>

==Assembly Segments==
Rajahmundry Lok Sabha constituency presently comprises the following [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] segments:<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=30}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable" width="500px"
!width="50px" style="font-size:75%"|#
!width="200px"|Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan=2 |Leading {{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|40
|[[Anaparthy Assembly constituency|Anaparthy]]
| rowspan="7" |[[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]
|[[Nallamilli Ramakrishna Reddy]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|rowspan="7"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|49
|[[Rajanagaram Assembly constituency|Rajanagaram]]
|[[Bathula Balaramakrishna]]
|{{Party color cell|Janasena Party}}
|[[Janasena Party|JSP]]
|-
|50
|[[Rajahmundry City Assembly constituency|Rajahmundry City]]
|[[Adireddy Srinivas]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=3}}
|rowspan="3"|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|-
|51
|[[Rajahmundry Rural Assembly constituency|Rajahmundry Rural]]
|[[Gorantla Butchaiah Chowdary]]
|-
|54
|[[Kovvur Assembly constituency|Kovvur]](SC)
|[[Muppidi Venkateswara Rao]]
|-
|55
|[[Nidadavole Assembly constituency|Nidadavole]]
|[[Kandula Durgesh]]
|{{Party color cell|Janasena Party}}
|[[Janasena Party|JSP]]
|-
|66
|[[Gopalapuram Assembly constituency|Gopalapuram]](SC)
|[[Maddipati Venkata Raju]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Nalla Reddi Naidu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India, 1948)}}
|-
|[[Kaneti Mohan Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|rowspan=3|[[Datla Satyanarayana Raju]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|rowspan=3|[[S. B. P. Pattabhirama Rao]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|Chundru Sri Hari Rao
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|K. V. R. Chowdary
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|Chitturi Ravindra
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|Girajala Venkata Swamy Naidu
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[S. B. P. B. K. Satyanarayana Rao]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Vundavalli Aruna Kumar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Murali Mohan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Margani Bharat]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Daggubati Purandeswari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===General Election 1989===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election|General Election, 1989]]: Rajahmundry}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna Juluri]]|votes=386,314|percentage=53.63|change=+16.64}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Chundru Srihari|votes=327,992|percentage=45.53|change=-15.51}}
{{Election box majority|votes=58,322|percentage=8.10|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=720,327|percentage=74.04|change=-1.30}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1991===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election|General Election, 1991]]: Rajahmundry}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=K. V. R. Chowdary|votes=315,556|percentage=51.54|change=-6.01}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna Juluri]]|votes=253,547|percentage=41.41|change=-12.22}}
{{Election box majority|votes=62,009|percentage=10.13|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=612,264|percentage=62.91|change=-11.13}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1996===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election|General Election, 1996]]: Rajahmundry}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Chitturi Ravindra|votes=353,861|percentage=46.78|change=+5.37}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Chundru Srihari|votes=258,695|percentage=34.20|change=-17.34}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=NTR Telugu Desam Party (Lakshmi Parvathi)|candidate=[[Gorantla Butchaiah Chowdary]]|votes=122,699|percentage=16.22|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=95,166|percentage=12.58|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=756,401|percentage=67.51|change=+4.60}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election|General Election, 1998]]: Rajahmundry}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Girajala Venkata Swamy Naidu|votes=285,741|percentage=36.57|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[M. V. V. S. Murthi]]|votes=275,829|percentage=35.30|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=T. V. Satyanarayana Reddy|votes=210,901|percentage=26.99|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=9,912|percentage=1.27|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=781,346|percentage=69.70|change=+1.49}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election|General Election, 1999]]: Rajahmundry}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[S. B. P. B. K. Satyanarayana Rao]]|votes=411,956|percentage=51.73|change=+15.16}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Chituri Ravindra|votes=351,925|percentage=37.63|change=-8.90}}
{{Election box majority|votes=60,031|percentage=14.10|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=796,286|percentage=70.02|change=-0.32}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: Rajahmundry}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Vundavalli Aruna Kumar]]|votes=413,927|percentage=50.72|change=+6.52}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Kantipudi Sarvarayudu|votes=265,107|percentage=32.48|change=-19.25}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=[[S. B. P. B. K. Satyanarayana Rao]]|votes=99,671|percentage=12.21|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Gurrala Paramjyothi|votes=22,598|percentage=2.77|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=148,817|percentage=18.24|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=816,125|percentage=75.97|change=+5.95}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections|General Election, 2009]]: Rajahmundry}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Vundavalli Aruna Kumar]]|votes=357,449|percentage=35.12|change=-15.60}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Murali Mohan]]|votes=355,302|percentage=34.91|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=[[Krishnam Raju]]|votes=253,437|percentage=24.90|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=2,147|percentage=0.21|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,017,820|percentage=80.72|change=+4.77}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections|General Election, 2014]]: Rajahmundry}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Murali Mohan]]|votes=630,573|percentage=54.62|change=+19.71}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=Boddu Venkataramana Chowdary|votes=463,139|percentage=40.12|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Kandula Durgesh]]|votes=21,243|percentage=1.84|change=-33.28}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Jai Samaikyandhra Party|candidate=Mullapudi Satyanarayana|votes=11,718|percentage=1.02|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Marre Babji|votes=6,079|percentage=0.53|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=7,456|percentage=0.65|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=1,67,434|percentage=14.50|change=+14.29}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,154,381|percentage=81.22|change=+0.50}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Rajahmundry]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Margani Bharat]]|votes=5,82,024|percentage=46.55|change=+6.43}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Maganti Rupa|votes=4,60,390|percentage=36.82|change=-17.80}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janasena Party|candidate=[[Akula Satyanarayana]]|votes=1,55,807|percentage=12.46|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority|votes=1,21,634|percentage=9.73|change=-4.77}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=12,50,488|percentage=81.50|change=+0.28}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = YSR Congress Party
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2024===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Rajahmundry]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Rajahmundry">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Rajahmundry |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S018.htm |accessdate=14 September 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250914153224/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S018.htm |archivedate=14 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="Rajahmundry Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024">{{cite news |title=Rajahmundry Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/andhra-pradesh/rajahmundry |accessdate=14 September 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250914153231/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/andhra-pradesh/rajahmundry |archivedate=14 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Daggubati Purandeswari]]|votes=726,515|percentage=54.82|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=Dr. Guduri Srinivas|votes=487,376|percentage=36.77|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Gidugu Rudra Raju]]|votes=32,508|percentage=2.45|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=24,435|percentage=1.84|change=}}

{{Election box majority|votes=239,129|percentage=18.05|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,329,162|percentage=81.85|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner =Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser =YSR Congress Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/andhra_pradesh/rajahmundry/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Rajahmundry lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

{{coord|17.01|81.80|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajahmundry Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:East Godavari district]]
[[Category:Kakinada district]]
[[Category:Eluru district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies established in 1952]]

Khatipura Railway Station

2026-04-18T15:21:01Z

MaryellenBuckman: stub

{{Short description|Railway station in Jaipur, Rajasthan}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Khatipura Railway Station
| native_name = खातीपुरा रेलवे स्टेशन
| native_name_lang = hi
| type = Indian Railways station
| style = Indian Railways
| address = Sector 5, Ganga Marg, Indira Gandhi Nagar, Keshar Vihar, Jaipur – 303012, Rajasthan, India
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.8364|75.8908|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = 362 m
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platforms = 6
| tracks = Double Electric Line
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = Yes
| electrified = Yes
| owned = Indian Railways
| operator = North Western Railway
| zone = NWR
| status = Functioning
}}

'''Khatipura Railway Station''' (station code: '''KWP''') is a suburban railway station located in the eastern part of [[Jaipur]] city in Rajasthan, India. The station operates under the [[Jaipur railway division]] of the [[North Western Railway zone]]. It primarily serves the residential regions of Keshar Vihar, [[Indira Gandhi]] Nagar, and adjoining eastern suburbs of Jaipur.

== History ==

In 2022, Khatipura was redeveloped to relieve congestion at Jaipur Junction. <ref>{{cite news |title=Khatipura junction redeveloped to share increasing load on Jaipur Junction |url=https://www.news18.com/news/auto/khatipura-junction-redeveloped-to-share-increasing-load-on-jaipur-junction-6616771.html |work=News18 |date=2025-01-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ganga Marg to be widened; better connectivity to Khatipura station planned |url=https://www.patrika.com/en/jaipur-news/railway-news-khatipura-station-gift-to-jaipur-major-train-to-halt-jodhpur-sabarmati-canceled-on-nov-27-28-20126220 |work=Patrika |date=2025-11-27}}</ref>

In 2025, major redevelopment work began at the station under the North Western Railway's suburban development plan.<ref>{{cite news |title=जयपुर खातीपुरा स्टेशन बनेगा हाई-टेक, यात्रियों को मिलेंगी आधुनिक सुविधाएं |url=https://www.patrika.com/jaipur-news/jaipur-khatipura-station-will-be-made-hi-tech-passengers-will-get-state-of-the-art-facilities-just-wait-for-this-much-19815852 |work=Patrika |date=2025-07-28}}</ref>

On 16 October 2025, Railway Minister [[Ashwini Vaishnaw]] inaugurated several new facilities at the station, including upgraded cleanliness systems, enhanced AC coach amenities and new passenger service features introduced under a pilot project.<ref>{{cite web |title=Railways Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw inaugurates various passenger facilities at Khatipura Railway Station, Jaipur |url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/railways-minister-ashwini-vaishnaw-inaugurates-various-passenger-facilities-at-khatipura-railway-station-jaipur/ |publisher=NewsOnAir |date=2025-10-16}}</ref>

== Location ==
The station is located at Sector 5, Ganga Marg, Indira Gandhi Nagar, Keshar Vihar, Jaipur – 303012.
It stands at an elevation of 362 m above sea level.<ref>{{cite web |title=Khatipura (KWP) Railway Station Info |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/khatipura-jaipur-kwp/5402 |publisher=IndiaRailInfo |access-date=2025-12-09}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Jaipur district]]
[[Category:North Western Railway zone]]

Shikhamani

2026-04-08T12:33:57Z

MaryellenBuckman: created basic entry more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shikhamani
| image = File:Shikhamani-film-poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = ശിഖാമണി
| director = Vinod Guruvayoor
| producer = K.K. Rajagopal
| screenplay = Vinod Guruvayoor
| starring = [[Chemban Vinod Jose]] [[Mrudula Murali]] [[J.D. Chakravarthy]] [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Sudeep Palanad]] '''Background Score:''' [[Bijibal]] '''Trailer Score:''' [[Aby Tom Cyriac]]
| cinematography = Manoj Pillai
| editing = Sanal
| studio = Sreeraj Cinema
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2016|03|29}}
| runtime = 132 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Shikhamani''''' is 2016 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] film produced by K.K. Rajagopal under the banner of Sreeraj Cinema and directed by Vinod Guruvayoor. The film stars [[Chemban Vinod Jose]], [[Mrudula Murali]] and [[J.D. Chakravarthy]] in the lead roles. The film was released on 29 March 2016.

== Plot ==
Shikhamani is an efficient railway gang-man who serves at the station which lies close to the Korangini forests. He knows each and every corner of the forest and helps the railways by clearing the obstacles that falls on the railway tracks that runs through the thick forests. Unexpectedly, a girl named Devika Raghavendra, a wanted terrorist gets injured and trapped in the Korangini forest. When Shikhamani finds her on the railtrack during his regular patrolling, she opens up before him. Eventually, he joins her side and tries to save her from the forest.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/18419/malayalam/shikhamani/5447/review/|title=Shikhamani Review - Malayalam Movie Shikhamani nowrunning review|newspaper=nowrunning|access-date=2017-01-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://m.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-reviews/shikamani-movie-malayalam-movie-review.html|title=കാടിന്റെ മർമമറിഞ്ഞവൻ ശിഖാമണി|newspaper=ManoramaOnline|access-date=2017-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503002035/http://manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-reviews/shikamani-movie-malayalam-movie-review.html|archive-date=3 May 2016}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Chemban Vinod Jose]] as Shikhamani
* [[Mrudula Murali]] as Devika Raghavendra
* [[J.D. Chakravarthy]] as Anti-terrorist squad leader
* [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] as [[Sub Inspector of Police#Kerala|SI]] P.K. Ashok
* [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as Acp Raveendranath
* [[Sudheer Karamana]] as Vaidyar Murugesan
* [[Pradeep Kottayam]]
* [[Noby Marcose]]
* Shaju
* [[Sunil Sukhada]]
* [[Balaji Sarma]]
* Anjana Appukkuttan
* Chinnu Kuruvila

== Music ==

Debutant Sudeep Palanad composed the [[soundtrack]] album for the film with lyrics written by [[Shibu Chakravarthy]]. The audio was released on 30 March 2016, on the label of [[Satyam Audios]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.maango.info/malayalam/280-shikhamani-2016-full-mp3-songs-download.html|title=Shikhamani (2016) Full Mp3 Songs Download|newspaper=Free Download Latest Hindi, Tamil, Malayalam Mp3 Songs - Maango.info|access-date=2017-01-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/sikhamani-original-motion/id1098178148|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104235148/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/sikhamani-original-motion/id1098178148|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 January 2017|title=Sikhamani (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by Sudeep Palanad on Apple Music|website=iTunes|access-date=2017-01-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/Sudeep-Palanads-debut-composition-in-Shikhamani/articleshow/52027150.cms | title=Sudeep Palanad's debut composition in Shikhamani | date=28 April 2016 | newspaper=The Times of India | first=Anjana | last=George | access-date=17 March 2019}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Churam Irangana
| length1 = 1:54
| writer1 =
| extra1 = [[Sudeep Palanad]]
| title2 = Kizhakkan Malayude
| length2 = 4:06
| writer2 =
| extra2 = [[P. Jayachandran]]
| title3 = Nilaa Vaanile
| length3 = 4:11
| extra3 = [[Vijay Yesudas]], [[Swetha Mohan]]
| title4 = Nilaa Vaanile (Remix)
| length4 = 4:41
| extra4 = [[Swetha Mohan]]
| total_length = 14:52
}}

== Critical reception ==

Veeyen for ''{{URL|Nowrunning.com}}'' commented, "Granted that the film talks of social issues that make criminals out of innocent young men and women, and the aftermath of an economic imbalance that without doubt prevails. But ''Shikhamani'' is a bummer of a film that leaves a series of disappointments in its wake".<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=5642888}}
* {{Facebook|Shikhamani-1680365315581747}}

[[Category:2016 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2016 drama films]]

Rakesh Thapliyal

2026-04-05T18:32:21Z

MaryellenBuckman: created first data and citations!

{{Short description|Indian judge (born 1969)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rakesh Thapliyal
| honorific_prefix = Justice
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1969|11|15}}
| birth_place = [[Tehri Garhwal]], Uttarakhand, India
| education = B.Sc., LL.B.
| alma_mater = [[Garhwal University]], [[Allahabad University]]
| occupation = Judge
| known_for = Judge of [[Uttarakhand High Court]]
}}

'''Justice Rakesh Thapliyal''' (born 15 November 1969) is an Indian judge serving on the bench of the [[Uttarakhand High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile of Hon'ble Administrative Judge Shri Justice Rakesh Thapliyal |url=https://chamoli.dcourts.gov.in/profile-honble-administrative-judge-shri-justice-rakesh-thapliyal/ |website=District Court Chamoli |accessdate=2024-12-22}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Justice Rakesh Thapliyal was born on 15 November 1969 in [[Tehri Garhwal]], [[Uttarakhand]]. He comes from a very poor family dedicated to education. His father, the late Shri Chandi Prasad Thapliyal, was an Assistant Teacher in Physical Education, while his mother, Smt. Kamla Devi, was the daughter of late Shri Janardhan Prasad Joshi, a practicing advocate in the District Court of Chamoli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon'ble Sitting Judges - Justice Rakesh Thapliyal

|url=https://highcourtofuttarakhand.gov.in/pages/display/223-honble-sitting-judges#:~:text=Justice%20Rakesh%20Thapliyal%20%3A%2D%20His,Joshimath%20in%201980%20and%20Smt. |website=High Court of Uttarakhand |accessdate=2024-12-22}}</ref>

He completed his early education at Saraswati Shishu Mandir in [[Srinagar, Uttarakhand|Srinagar Garhwal]] and continued his high school and intermediate studies at Government Inter College. He earned his Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) degree from [[Garhwal University]] and later pursued his Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) from [[Allahabad University]].{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
*[https://highcourtofuttarakhand.gov.in/ Official website of Uttarakhand High Court]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thapliyal, Rakesh}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Karnataka Kalamandira, Mysore

2026-03-31T20:17:10Z

MaryellenBuckman: data...

{{Infobox theatre group
| name = Karnataka Kalamandira
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_caption =
| image = Karnataka Kalamandira, Mysuru, Karnataka (2025) 25.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Karnataka Kalamandira in 2025
| formed = {{Start date|1919|08|12}}
| type = Theatre organization
| genre = Theatre and arts
| coordinates = {{Location|12.311722|76.637614}}
| location = Vinoba Road, Kukkarahalli, Kajjihundi, Mysore, Karnataka 570005
| address =
| members =
| artistic_director =
| notable =
| homepage = 
}}
'''Karnataka Kalamandira''' is the oldest [[art]] [[institution]] in [[Karnataka]], located in [[Mysuru]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 25, 2018 |title=Kalamandira: An Abode of Art |url=https://starofmysore.com/kalamandira-an-abode-of-art/ |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 3, 2016 |title=Now, book Kalamandira online |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/now-book-kalamandira-online/article8431768.ece |access-date=2025-12-02 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=February 21, 2025 |title=Rs 14.7cr proposal for renovation of Kalamandir in Mysuru |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/rs-14-7cr-proposal-for-renovation-of-kalamandir-in-mysuru/articleshow/118458629.cms |access-date=2025-12-02 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Children's Dasara: A fun-filled day of learning |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/childrens-dasara-a-fun-filled-day-of-learning-3225566 |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref> It was founded by Akkihebbal Narasimhaiah Subbarao (who was popularly called ''Aa. Na. Su.''), on 12 August 1919<ref name="one">{{Cite news |last=Khajane |first=Muralidhara |date=August 16, 2019 |title=Kala Mandira, Karnataka’s oldest art institution, turns 100 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/jubiliation-at-centenary/article29109743.ece |access-date=2025-12-02 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Karnataka Kalamandira celebrated its centenary anniversary in 2019.<ref name="one" />

==Media gallery==
{{Gallery
|title=Karnataka Kalamandira in 2025
|width=150 | height=150 |mode=nolines
|File:Karnataka Kalamandira, Mysuru, Karnataka (2025) 01.jpg
|File:Karnataka Kalamandira, Mysuru, Karnataka (2025) 26.jpg
|File:Karnataka Kalamandira, Mysuru, Karnataka (2025) 30.jpg
|File:Karnataka Kalamandira, Mysuru, Karnataka (2025) 11.jpg
}}

==See also==
*[[Rangayana]], a theatre institute inside Karnataka Kalamandira campus

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External sources==
{{commons category|Karnataka Kalamandira, Mysuru}}

[[Category:Arts organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Theatrical organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Arts schools in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Mysore]]

Project Dantak

2026-03-30T10:19:35Z

MaryellenBuckman: created the entry initial version!

{{Short description|Military roads engineering project}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Dantak
| image =
| caption =
| country = {{IND}}{{BHU}}
| type = [[Army]], [[Engineering]]
| role = Construction and maintenance of infrastructure in Bhutan and adjoining Indian Districts
| size = 1200+ personnel (Indian Officials)
| command_structure = [[Indian Armed Forces]], [[Border Roads Organisation]], [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Other Organisation {{!}} Department Of Defence|url=https://www.mod.gov.in/dod/servicesheadquarters/other_organisation|access-date=2021-10-17|website=www.mod.gov.in}}</ref>
| garrison = [[Simtokha Dzong|Simtokha]], [[Thimphu]], [[Bhutan]]
| garrison_label = Headquarters
| motto = ''Shramena Sarvam Sadhyam''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Border Roads Organisation|url=http://www.bro.nic.in/index2.asp?sublinkid=289|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921085952/http://www.bro.nic.in/index2.asp?sublinkid=289|archive-date=2010-09-21|website=www.bro.nic.in}}</ref>
| anniversaries = BRO Day: 7 May Raising Day: 24 April
| website = {{url|http://bro.gov.in/|bro.gov.in}}
| commander1 = Lt. Gen.
Harpal Singh<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lt General Raghu Srinivasan assumes charge as Border Roads Organisation chief |url=https://www.uniindia.com/lt-gen-harpal-singh-takes-charge-as-director-general-border-roads/india/news/3692347.html}}</ref>
| commander1_label = [[Director general|Director General]]
| commander2 = [[Brigadier]] Rohit Gupta <ref>{{Cite web|title=pm of bhutan welcomes the new Chief engineer of dantak |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C86mnfOPtLp/?igsh=bnRvN2k0bTZyOGZ6 }}</ref>
| commander2_label = Chief Engineer
| start_date = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1961|04|24}}
}}

'''Dantak''', also known as '''Project DANTAK''', is an overseas project of the [[Border Roads Organisation]] under the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] of [[India]]. Project DANTAK was established on 24 April 1961 as a result of an agreement between [[Jigme Dorji Wangchuck]], the third king of [[Bhutan]] and then [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Jawahar Lal Nehru]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Treaty or Perpetual Peace and Friendship|url=https://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/5242/treaty+or+perpetual+p|access-date=2021-10-16|website=mea.gov.in}}</ref> [[Colonel]] T.V. Jaganathan was appointed as the first Chief Engineer of DANTAK.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-27|title=Project Dantak|url=https://www.insightsonindia.com/2021/04/27/project-dantak/|access-date=2021-10-17|website=INSIGHTSIAS|language=en-US}}</ref> The project is involved in identifying the most important aspects of connectivity and in spurring the socio-economic development and growth of Bhutan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BRO's project DANTAK completes 60 years in Bhutan|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/bros-project-dantak-completes-60-years-in-bhutan20210426223747/|access-date=2021-10-16|website=ANI News|language=en}}</ref> It is tasked to construct and maintain roads suitable for motorised transportation in Bhutan<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Assembly of Bhutan|url=https://www.nab.gov.bt/en/media/view_news_detail/779|access-date=2021-10-17|website=nab.gov.bt}}</ref> and was established under the provision of the Indo-Bhutan Treaty of Peace and Friendship, 1949.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Project DANTAK completes 60 years in Bhutan|url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1714170|access-date=2021-10-16|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Project DANTAK reports one percent progress a month on projects|url=https://kuenselonline.com/project-dantak-reports-one-percent-progress-a-month-on-projects/ |author=Yangchen C Rinzin |access-date=2021-10-17|website=Kuensel Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Project Dantak|url=https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/project-dantak|access-date=2021-10-16|website=Drishti IAS|language=en}}</ref>

==Works and involvement ==

The project also constructs infrastructure in adjoining Indian districts, some of the important ones include Sherbathang–Nathu La road, Gangtok–Sherbathang road and Sevoke–Gangtok road.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India's Border Roads Organisation Completes Strategic Road In Bhutan|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indias-border-roads-organisation-completes-strategic-road-in-bhutan-1887777|access-date=2021-10-16|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chhukha-Damchhu highway would be operational by the end of 2015|url=https://thebhutanese.bt/chhukha-damchhu-highway-would-be-operational-by-the-end-of-2015/|access-date=2021-10-16|website=The Bhutanese|language=en-US}}</ref>

The medical and education facilities established by DANTAK in outlying areas were the first in those regions. The Takthi Canteen, commonly known as the DANTAK canteen midway between Phuentsholing and Thimphu is a major stop for travelers.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-07|title=Dosa is the new entry|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/us/articles/features/this-is-how-bhutans-dantak-canteen-is-building-bonds-between-two-countries-with-flavours/photostory/66987169.cms?picid=66987212|access-date=2021-10-16|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-05|title=Jalebi, Dosa & Samosa: How 'Dantak' Is Strengthening India's Friendship with Bhutan|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/166014/india-bhutan-bro-dantak-canteen-diplomacy-news/|access-date=2021-10-17|website=The Better India|language=en}}</ref>

The project recruits local workers from Bhutan as well as Indian workers from adjoining districts like [[Jaigaon]], [[Alipurduar]] and other parts of [[East India|Eastern]] and [[Northeast India|North-Eastern India]] under a basic monthly wage. It posts officials from India for the supervision of work.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Project Dantak finds almost no local workers to fill in vacancies|url=https://thebhutanese.bt/project-dantak-finds-almost-no-local-workers-to-fill-in-vacancies/|access-date=2021-10-16|website=The Bhutanese|language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2022, Dantak resurfaced {{convert|4.5|km|mi}} of the Phuentsholing-Thimphu Road with shredded plastic as part of a special campaign to conduct trials of using recycled plastic in road construction.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-27 |title=Shredded plastic paves the way on India's borders, BRO carries out trials on roads |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/india-bhutan-use-plastic-to-build-border-roads-9399911.html |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>

==Controversies and incidents==

===Tricolour themed reflectors===

The [[Politics of Bhutan|Bhutanese Government]] said that DANTAK has installed Indian tricolour themed [[raised pavement marker]] or reflectors on the highway railings. After DANTAK confirmed their presence, those reflectors were immediately replaced. Later, the Chief Engineer of DANTAK stated that no [[Flag of India|tricolour]] themed reflectors were sanctioned to be installed and ground labourers had installed those reflectors enthusiastically.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dantak replaces ‘tri-color’ reflectors from road safety barriers|url=https://thebhutanese.bt/dantak-replaces-tri-color-reflectors-from-road-safety-barriers/|access-date=2021-10-16|website=The Bhutanese|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Wangchhu bridge collapse===

A 204 metres long bridge in [[Ha, Bhutan|Haa]] along the Damchu-Haa road<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wangchu bridge collapses: three dead, six missing|url=https://kuenselonline.com/wangchu-bridge-collapses-three-dead-six-missing/|access-date=2021-10-17|website=Kuensel Online}}</ref> collapsed in February 2021, leaving 3 workers dead and 6 missing. The bridge was pending load testing when the incident happened.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Load Testing of Bridges: Current Practice and Diagnostic Load Testing|url=https://www.routledge.com/Load-Testing-of-Bridges-Current-Practice-and-Diagnostic-Load-Testing/Lantsoght/p/book/9780367210823|access-date=2021-10-17|website=Routledge & CRC Press|language=en}}</ref> The bridge was handed over to Project DANTAK by the contractor. Rescue operations were initiated but were soon ceased due to low visibility and risk from the fragile structures.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wangchhu bridge tragedy: An account of an eyewitness|url=https://kuenselonline.com/wangchhu-bridge-tragedy-an-account-of-an-eyewitness/|access-date=2021-10-17|website=Kuensel Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New Damchu-Haa highway bridge collapses|url=https://kuenselonline.com/new-damchu-haa-highway-bridge-collapses/|access-date=2021-10-17|website=Kuensel Online}}</ref>

==Major works==

{| class="wikitable"
|+
! Works
! Location
! Notes
|-
| [[Paro Airport]]
| [[Paro, Bhutan|Paro]]
| Built in 1968 as an airstrip for on-call [[helicopter]] services for the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. Now used as an international airport.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paro Airport: the major air hub linking Bhutan to the outside world|url=https://www.tibettravel.org/flights-to-bhutan/paro-airport.html|access-date=2021-10-19|website=Tibet Travel and Tours - Tibet Vista|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Yongphulla Airport|Yonphula Airfield]]
| Near [[Trashigang]]
| Domestic Airport in Bhutan<ref>{{Cite web|title=Project DANTAK completes 60 years in Bhutan|url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1714170|access-date=2021-10-16|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

|-
| Thimphu – Trashigang Highway
| Thimphu – Trashigang
| Major Highway in Bhutan<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-06-01|title=Road Classification System in Bhutan|url=https://www.mowhs.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Road-Classification-System-in-Bhutan-Final.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215060301/http://www.mowhs.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Road-Classification-System-in-Bhutan-Final.pdf|archive-date=2019-02-15|access-date=2021-10-17|website=Ministry of Works and Human Settlement}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=DANTAK looks at completing Trashigang–Samdrupjongkhar roadwork by 2022|url=https://kuenselonline.com/dantak-looks-at-completing-trashigang-samdrupjongkhar-roadwork-by-2022/|access-date=2021-10-17|website=Kuensel Online}}</ref>

|-
| Damchu-Chukha Road
| Damchu-Chukha
| Major Road in Bhutan<ref>{{Cite web|title=India's Border Roads Organisation Completes Strategic Road In Bhutan|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indias-border-roads-organisation-completes-strategic-road-in-bhutan-1887777|access-date=2021-10-17|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

|-
| India House Estate
| [[Thimphu]]
| The [[List of diplomatic missions of India|Indian Embassy]] in Bhutan<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian embassy in Bhutan reflects shades of Tricolour on eve of Independence Day|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/indian-embassy-in-bhutan-reflects-shades-of-tricolour-on-eve-of-independence-day20210814232953/|access-date=2021-10-17|website=ANI News|language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Bhutan–India relations]]
[[Category:Bhutan–India border]]
[[Category:Border Roads Organisation]]

Emergency brake (train)

2026-03-30T02:01:02Z

MaryellenBuckman: New A Entry - done

{{Short description|Device to stop a train quickly}}
{{About|emergency brakes on trains|emergency brakes in cars|hand brake}}
[[File:Davis Metcalfe Brake Handle.jpg|thumb|right|Driver's brake handle in a [[British Rail Class 317|class 317]] [[electric multiple unit]]|alt=British electric train driver's brake]]

On trains, the expression '''emergency brake''' has several meanings:
* The ''maximum'' brake force available to the engine driver from the conventional braking system, usually operated by taking the brake handle to its furthest position, through a gate mechanism, or by pushing a separate plunger in the cab.
* A completely separate mechanism from the conventional braking system, designed to stop the train as quickly as possible.
* A handle or plunger which may be applied by a passenger in an emergency, either stopping the train directly or sending an alarm to the driver so that they can stop the train.

Industry vernacular for when the emergency brake is applied is '''go into emergency''', as in phrases like "the train may fail to go into emergency" or "the ability of the train to go into
emergency is paramount".<ref>Railroad Accident Report. USA: National Transportation Safety Board, 1977.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chase |first=Jim |date=November 18, 2019 |title=Emergency Brake Failures Warning |url=https://www.smart-union.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Jim-Chase-memo-DB-10-11-18-19.pdf |access-date=16 Nov 2025 |website=smart-union.org}}</ref>

The emergency brake applies considerably more braking force than the standard full-service brake. The engine driver or motorman will only use the emergency brake as a last resort, since it may cause damage; even with modern [[wheel slide protection]], a train may develop [[Flat spot|wheel-flats]], and the rails themselves can suffer profile damage.

==Possible consequences of operation==
Putting the engine driver's brake handle into the emergency position may also:
* Shut off traction power
* On an electric train, drop the [[Pantograph (transport)|pantograph]] if the power supply is overhead-wire traction current, or raise the pickup shoes where the supply is [[third rail]] traction current
* Disable [[dynamic braking]]
* Prevent the brakes from being released until the train has stopped
* Connect the brake wires to ground, to prevent a "false-feed" voltage from releasing the brakes
* Send an emergency radio signal, if the brake handle has been in the emergency position for over 30 seconds
*Activate the [[Sandbox (locomotive)|sander]]
*Activate the [[train horn]] until the selector is placed out of the emergency position

=={{anchor|Braking that can be applied by passengers}}Passenger-applied brakes==
Trains often have a facility in each car to enable passengers to apply the brakes in case of emergency. In many modern trains, the driver is able to prevent brake activation when a passenger operates the emergency alarm<ref>Southeastern Traction Manual - Class 465/6: Passenger Communication Equipment</ref> - an audible warning is sounded, and the driver is then able to talk to the person who activated the alarm on the intercom and see them on an internal CCTV. The driver can press an override button and hold the brakes off whilst they choose a safe place to stop the train. Because of possible serious problems, severe [[fine (penalty)|fines]] and/or imprisonment penalties are in place to deter people from activating the brake without good reason.

===Mechanism on locomotive-hauled stock with brake pipe===
The alarm [[chain]] in a passenger coach is designed to create a break in the continuity of the brake pipes (whether [[Vacuum brake|vacuum]] or [[Air brake (rail)|air brakes]]), immediately resulting in a loss of brake pressure (or vacuum) and thereby causing the train brakes to be applied. With vacuum brakes, a clappet valve is provided, which is released by the pulling of the alarm chain; with air brakes, there is a similar passenger emergency valve which can vent the brake pipe to the air.

In most [[locomotive]]s (in addition to a warning lamp or buzzer being sounded) the master controller undergoes auto-regression, with the notches falling to zero rapidly as the locomotive's motive power is switched off. The [[Conductor (transportation)|guard]] may also notice the loss of brake pressure (although they may not know it is due to the pulling of the alarm chain) and is expected to apply their brakes immediately as well. It is possible for a driver to override the alarm-chain pull; this is sometimes done where it is known that miscreants resort to pulling the emergency chain solely to get the train to stop at a point convenient for themselves. However, such an act by the driver (or guard) of deliberately ignoring an indication of alarm-chain pulling is a serious matter.

In recent years locomotives have been fitted with emergency flashers on the roof of the cab, and these flashers are also activated when the brake pipe pressure is lost for any reason other than the driver's application of the brake valve. This alerts drivers of oncoming trains of the possibility of a derailed or parted rake which may foul other tracks (since brake pressure may have been lost for those reasons as well); at the locomotive, it is not possible to tell whether the loss of brake pressure is due to the pulling of the alarm chain.

ACP (alarm chain pulling) also causes a small lever to be released near the emergency brake valve (usually mounted near one end of the coach), which does not retract to its normal position even when the chain is released. This allows the driver (or guard) to find out in which coach the ACP actually occurred. When the coach is isolated, the lever needs to be manually reset. Until this is done, the lamp and buzzer in the locomotive cab are continuously activated. A circuit breaker controls the lamp and alarm bell in the locomotive cab; in cases where defective equipment causes the lamp and bell to go off, the driver can disable them by placing the MCB (miniature circuit breaker) in the "Off" position. Despite the obvious safety hazards, sometimes this is resorted to by drivers when driving trains through sections where spurious ACP incidents are very common.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-ops2.html |title=Railway Operation |access-date=2007-01-14 |work=Indian Railways Fan Club}}</ref>

==Around the world==

==={{anchor|In Germany}}Germany===

The [https://web.archive.org/web/20160501164539/http://www.eba.bund.de/SharedDocs/Publikationen/DE/Fahrzeuge/Fahrzeugtechnik/Bremsen/31_03_09_Reg_B009_NBUe.html Regelung B009 NBÜ Rev 3.1] defines a set of nested [[state machine]]s in the chapter ''“Anlage 1: Phasen einer Zugfahrt“'', reflecting a very wide range of use cases, including platforms, tunnels, etc. and is applicable for subways, trams, metros(S-Bahn), as it implements appropriate actions for all use cases occurring in rail transportation. These state machines represents the [[State of the art#Tort liability|state of the art]] in Germany, it is highly recommended to be implemented or retrofitted to avoid the problems<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url = http://www.rnz.de/nachrichten/metropolregion_artikel,-Bei-S-Bahn-Fahrt-durch-das-Elsenztal-wurde-der-Fahrer-bewusstlos-_arid,127542.html | title = Bei S-Bahn-Fahrt durch das Elsenztal wurde der Fahrer bewusstlos| publisher = Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung | author = Günther Keller | date = 2015-09-18 | access-date = 2015-09-18 }}</ref> experienced at the [[Rhine-Neckar S-Bahn|S-Bahn Rhine-Neckar]].

In Germany, passenger vehicles “must have easily visible and reachable emergency brake handles”.<ref>[http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/ebo/__23.html § 23] paragraph 3 sentence 1 EBO</ref> It is allowed that the emergency brake can be reset,<ref>[http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/ebo/__23.html § 23] paragraph 3 sentence 2 EBO</ref> on [[S-Bahn]] vehicles (i.e. Classes 420, 423, 425, 480 or 481) it's allowed to only result in a display when used outside of platforms. The implementation of the [[S-Bahn | S-Bahn's]] emergency brake however does currently not reflect the [[State of the art#Tort liability|state of the art]] in Germany,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.eba.bund.de/SharedDocs/Publikationen/DE/Fahrzeuge/Fahrzeugtechnik/Bremsen/31_03_09_Reg_B009_NBUe.html | title = Ergänzungsregelung Nr. B 009 zu "Fahrgastnotbremse /Notbremsüberbrückung - Grundfunktionen"Stand: Rev. 3.1, 22.05.2012 | publisher = Eisenbahn Bundesamt | author = Lenkungskreis(AK) Bremse | date = 2012-05-22 | access-date = 2012-05-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160501164539/http://www.eba.bund.de/SharedDocs/Publikationen/DE/Fahrzeuge/Fahrzeugtechnik/Bremsen/31_03_09_Reg_B009_NBUe.html | archive-date = 2016-05-01 | url-status = dead }}</ref> it has failed in practical use at least in one instance 2015,<ref name="auto"/> as a driver lost consciousness completely, but still accidentally triggered the [[Dead-man's vigilance device|vigilance device]]. Unlike the System NBÜ2004, which is used in conventional trains, the brake was not activated, because it is only an indicator light and a sound, while the train is running on the track. Without ATP enabled or over-speed, the described incident may have been leading to fatalities and substantial damage, as the passengers noticed the unconscious driver, but could not stop the train by pulling the emergency-brake-handle. Using the NBÜ2004, as used in regional- and long-distance-trains, this would have been prevented, a "overwrite" response is needed, typically the "FÜ"(Filling) position of the automatic brake-lever, otherwise the trains brake-computer will perform an emergency-brake after 10 seconds.

Equipment for this override (NBÜ) is necessary in tunnels above 1000 m. For regional trains, UIC 541-5 is not sufficient since 2011, long distance trains must at least be equipped with UIC 541-5.<ref>[https://www.eba.bund.de/SharedDocs/Publikationen/DE/Infrastruktur/Tunnelbau/21_rl_tunnelbau.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=2 EBA-Tunnelrichtlinie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204195820/http://www.eba.bund.de/SharedDocs/Publikationen/DE/Infrastruktur/Tunnelbau/21_rl_tunnelbau.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=2 |date=2013-12-04 }} chapter 3.2 (long and very long tunnels being defined in chapter 1.2)</ref> The sections where not to stop are marked with yellow bars on the kilometer signs. Regional trains, except MUs, are usually equipped with NBÜ 2004, which results in a display and a break a few seconds later if the train driver doesn't respond. For [[DB Regio]], the rules for the staff are given in Ril 494. Long distance trains are mostly equipped with system DB, which uses the UIC 558 control wire, which results in conflicts with some door control systems and is therefore not used in regional trains. In MUs, usually a special implementation is used.

For trams, emergency brakes are also necessary.<ref>[http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/strabbo_1987/__36.html § 36] paragraph 9 sentence 1 BOStrab</ref> In tunnels and track sections without safety area, using them outside a station may stop the tram at the next platform instead of immediately.<ref>[http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/strabbo_1987/__36.html § 36] paragraph 9 sentence 2 BOStrab</ref>

==={{anchor|In India}}India===

[[File:Chain-Indian-Railways.jpg|thumb|Emergency brake on a train in [[India]]|alt=Emergency brake with red handle]]
''Chain-pulling'' is the act of pulling a cord that activates the train's emergency brakes to stop a train, whether for a genuine emergency or (often) illegally for someone to get on or off the train on the [[Indian Railways]] network.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-jargon.html |title=Jargon and Technical Terms, etc. |access-date=2007-01-14 |work=Indian Railways Fan Club}}</ref> Illegal chain-pulling is a serious problem on Indian Railways; where miscreants do so to make unscheduled stops near their destination, which delays trains. Penalties for misuse of this facility include a fine of [[Indian rupee|Rs.]] 1,000 and/or imprisonment up to one year. In an effort to improve the service, former [[President of India]] [[Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] proposed an alternate method wherein a passenger in an emergency communicates with the guard and driver of the train.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.oneindia.in/2006/05/22/kalam-has-a-solution-for-chain-pulling-in-trains-1148301456.html |title=Kalam has a solution for chain-pulling in trains |access-date=2007-01-14 |date=2006-05-22 |work=One India |archive-date=2012-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008101731/http://news.oneindia.in/2006/05/22/kalam-has-a-solution-for-chain-pulling-in-trains-1148301456.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==={{anchor|In the US}}United States===
{{more citations needed section|date=July 2012}}

[[File:Emergency Brake on Bombardier Commuter Railcars.jpg|thumb|right|Emergency Brake Handle on [[Bombardier Transportation|Bombardier]] [[Commuter rail|commuter rail equipment]], [[Sounder commuter rail|Sounder]], [[Seattle]], WA]]
In the United States, an emergency stop cord is not used. Any visible cord running within the body of a railway car would have been what was known as the "communicating cord". This was a method of signalling the engine operator (known in the US as the "engineer"). Unlike other countries, it was never intended for use by passengers. It had its own code of signals, similar to engine whistle signals. Drivers receiving an unusual, or unidentifiable, communicating signal might stop the train, perhaps as a "normal stop" or an "emergency application", at their discretion. A long, continuous signal would usually prompt a driver to make an emergency stop. Emergency brake valves are always located on the bulkheads, inside the body of the car next to its end doors. The emergency brake valve is covered by a metal or clear plastic shield labelled "Emergency Only". Sometimes there was also a communicating signal handle on the inside bulkhead, labelled "signal".

Mistakenly identifying the communication cord as the emergency brake can lead to confusion about how emergency braking works on US trains. Once an emergency brake valve is opened, all of the air in the braking system, except those of the locomotive(s), which are equipped with brakes controlled separately (independent brake) from those of the cars, is evacuated, immediately placing the train cars' brakes into emergency, just as if there had been an uncoupling of cars (a "separation"). All available pressure from the Equalizing Reservoir will go into the brake pipe, thus running the length of the train, actuating the train brakes on each car. No action is required (or even possible) on the part of the engineer. The train will stop no matter what they do, and there is no override. Once the train has stopped, the braking system will not recharge (pressurize) until the emergency valve has been closed. This means a member of the train crew must locate the open valve, and ascertain that there is no problem which would make it unsafe to release the brakes and proceed.

Identification of the valve is possible by the sound of air escaping from it. In many cars (and practically all cars built post-WWII), the communicating cord was only located in the vestibule, unless the car was of such a type that it did not have a vestibule, such as a dining or lounge car. In newer Amtrak equipment, the air-operated communicating system was electrified, and operated by pressing a button located in the vestibule. The old communication systems have been gradually supplanted by radios, although they were still required on US passenger equipment until relatively recently. The emergency brake valve continues to be located on the inside bulkhead, or in a consistent (standard) location specified by safety regulations. A member of the train crew must walk the length of the train and inspect it for any damage. The consist will need to be inspected before it can return to normal revenue service.

In the cabs of light-rail cars, the emergency brake is often a large red button, which the train crew refers to as the "mushroom"; this also activates the magnetic track brakes. The mechanism of an emergency brake may differ, depending on railcar design. Emergency-braking a train (without [[track brake]]s) will give about {{cvt|1.5|m/s2|ft/s2}} deceleration. The braking distance will be approximately {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on}} at {{convert|100|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} and {{convert|600|m|ft|abbr=on}} at {{convert|160|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. High-speed trains are usually equipped with a magnetic track brake, which can give about 0.3 m/s2 extra, and give braking distances of about {{convert|850|m|ft|abbr=on}} at {{convert|200|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} and {{convert|1900|m|ft|abbr=on}} at {{convert|300|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://129.96.12.107/confpapers/CRPITV3Barney.pdf |title=Calculating Train Braking Distance |access-date=2014-04-28 |date=2001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429080051/http://129.96.12.107/confpapers/CRPITV3Barney.pdf |archive-date=2014-04-29 }}</ref>

=== {{anchor|In the UK}}United Kingdom ===

Emergency brakes were introduced in the [[United Kingdom]] by the [[Regulation of Railways Act 1868]]. Section 22 stated, "All trains traveling a distance of more than 20 miles without stopping are to be provided with a means of communication between the passengers and the servants of the company in charge of the train". At first, this means of communication was a cord running down the length of the train at roof level outside the carriages, connected to a bell on the locomotive. When the use of automatic brakes was made compulsory in the [[Regulation of Railways Act 1889]], the equipment was modified so that it operated the brakes; however, the term "communication cord" has survived. Until the 1970s a "cord" (by that time a chain) was still used, which ran the length of the carriage and connected to a valve at one end which opened the brake pipe. The exposed section of chain was painted red, with the coiled section behind the wall painted black. The system was designed so that as the black length of chain was exposed, it would not retract so as to identify which particular chain in that carriage was pulled. A [[butterfly valve]] on the side of the carriage was used to reset the brake, and also made it easy for the train crew to see in which coach the cord had been pulled. Later designs used handles which were activated by pulling down; more recent types use buttons connected to a PassComm system. On modern trains with sliding doors the body-indicator light (BIL), usually used to show that doors on a carriage are open, will flash when the brake has been used.

Pulling the alarm chain on a British train will pull a lever connected to the brake pipe flaps. Pulling the alarm activates a piston, causing the flaps to be opened and all the air pushed out the air tube, forcing the brakes on. In the driver's cab, a buzzer and a light will tell that the alarm has been activated. In the guard's van, this is seen from a valve which shows loss of pressure in the brake pipe. In the UK, there is a fine (of level 3 on the standard scale: up to £1000 as of 2018) for pulling the alarm chain without reasonable cause.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/railway-byelaws|title=Railway byelaws|website=GOV.UK}}</ref>

==== Override ====
In most [[rolling stock]] built since the 1980s, passenger communication handles (or PassComms) have been installed, which activate an alarm in the driver's cab when used. If the train is not in a safe place (in a [[tunnel]] or on a bridge, for example) the driver has approximately three seconds to override the alarm by pressing a button before the brakes automatically apply. The driver may also speak to the person who pulled the handle via an [[intercom]] mounted alongside the handle. On modern trains this is particularly useful, since the PassComm must be much easier to use and more accessible due to accessibility regulations. However this also makes accidental activation easier. On some modern trains, the PassComm in a disabled-friendly toilet is mounted such that it is often confused with the door or flush control; this sometimes leads to accidental activation. As a result, on some models of train such as the [[British Rail Class 180|Class 180]], the alarm panels fitted in the toilets do not operate the train brake, and simply alert the train crew to the emergency.

==== London Underground ====
When London Underground began converting trains for one-person-operation during the 1970s and 1980s, the original emergency brake systems were replaced by an alarm and a passenger-communication system. On earlier systems the brakes were not applied automatically (being under the control of the driver), whereas later systems have an override as above. On older systems, marker boards showing an exclamation mark were provided on departure from each station at the point where the rear of the train would no longer be at the platform. Normally, if the alarm was activated before the board the driver would stop the train, and otherwise continue to the next station. These boards were replaced by a number of boards counting up the number of cars that are beyond the end of the platform; for example, on a line with six-car trains the boards show 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. When a train has stopped, they help the driver to see how much of the train is at the platform. With the help of passenger communication and available station staff, the driver can then decide whether to deal with the situation as it is, continue to the next station or possibly reverse back into the station (after consulting with line controllers and proper safety measures). During hot summer weather passengers are warned against using the emergency alarms if feeling unwell, since it can delay trains and increase the problem; they are instead instructed to leave the train at the next station and get some fresh air or a cold drink.

=== {{anchor|Russian trains}}Russia ===
In Russian trains there is usually an emergency brake known as a "stop valve" ({{langx|ru|стоп-кран}}). In [[elektrichka]]s and other trains it is usually located near the doors, and sometimes in the middle of the coach as well. A stop valve usually has a distinctive red handle. Turning the handle down (anti-clockwise) by about 90 degrees causes [[Pneumatics|pneumatic]] brakes to engage, due to pressure loss in the standard air-braking system. While primitive and not allowing any override such a system is effective, resembling usual train brake activation; it does not fail in emergency conditions. More complicated systems may not provide quick braking when needed, or during a communications failure. Emergency braking is somewhat risky; it is hard on passengers, and there is a risk of passenger injury if braking occurs at high speed. As a result, use of a stop valve without good reason is prohibited and may lead to fines. Depending on circumstances and consequences, authorities may even arrest a person for the incorrect use of a stop valve.

==== {{anchor|Russian Underground (subway)}}Subways ====
In subways, derailment is usually less dangerous (speeds are lower, trains cannot [[Jackknifing|jackknife]] in tunnels and so on). It is dangerous to stop in a tunnel if a fire develops; an emergency exit could lead to electrocution by the [[third rail]] (typically energized with 825 volts DC). Instead drivers try to reach the next station, even in an emergency. As a result, there are no emergency brakes directly visible to passengers. However, there are hidden stop valves and simplified train controls, allowing each coach to act on its own in need. In an emergency, there are door-control handles (visible to passengers) which are intended to make the pneumatic train doors able to be opened by removing air pressure. Subway trains have mechanisms and alarms which prevent trains from moving if the doors are open, and alert the driver or engage the brakes if doors open while a train is moving. Penalties for misuse of emergency door-opening handles are similar to those for stop-valve misuse.

==={{anchor|Japanese trains}}Japan===
[[File:EB reset switch 002.JPG|thumb|An EB reset switch in a [[JR West]] [[221 series]] [[Electric multiple unit|EMU]]]]
In many Japanese passenger and freight trains, an EB reset switch is provided which is activated by sounding a buzzer and lighting up the EB reset switch when the driver does not operate the controls within 60 seconds of last operation (30 seconds on [[Aonami Line]], 40 seconds on [[JR Kyushu]] lines). If the EB switch is not pressed (reset) within 5 seconds of being activated, it will trigger an emergency brake application so as to prevent accidents due to driver error or when the driver is incapacitated. Also, a red button and/or an emergency brake setting on the levers are provided in the driver's cab so the driver can manually activate the emergency brake; these can also be activated (like a [[dead man's switch|dead man's handle]]) when the driver feels unwell or is incapacitated in trains without the EB reset switch. Near train doors, emergency brake cords are available so that passengers can bring the train to a halt in an emergency.

== {{anchor|Outside the train}}External signalling ==
In the US, the universally recognized signal to stop is a sweeping, horizontal hand motion, back-and-forth, at arm's length and perpendicular to the track (preferably in a downward direction, so as to distinguish it from a mere greeting). This can be done with an object (such as a light or flag) or an empty hand. In US railroad slang it is referred to as a "washout", or "washing out" signal, or a "signing down", and requires an immediate stop. If the driver's vision is limited, or they feel it necessary, they will make an emergency stop. Drivers are trained to interpret any urgent waving or signalling by a person near the track as a possible warning of danger, perhaps requiring an immediate stop, depending upon the particular circumstances present.

== Images ==
<gallery class="center" heights="250px" widths="250px">
File:MRT emergency plunger and warning sign.jpg|A [[Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)|Mass Rapid Transit]] emergency plunger in Singapore activated from the station platform. The penalty for misuse is [[Singapore dollar|S$]]5,000.
File:Swtemergencyalarm.JPG|alt=British train alarm, near car ceiling|Old style UK communication cord - not used on newer trains
File:Notbremsgriff um 1920.jpg|alt=Old German pull-handle emergency brake|Emergency brake handle on German train (around 1920)
</gallery>

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | first=Stanley | last=Hall | year=1989 | title=Danger on the Line | publisher= Ian Allan }}

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=23em}}
* [[Air brake (rail)]]
* [[Air brake (road vehicle)]]
* [[Counterweight brake]]
* [[Dead-man's brake]]
* [[Dead-man's vigilance device]]
* [[Parking brake#Railroad hand brakes|Hand brake]]
* [[Hydraulic brake]]
* [[Pulled tail]]
* [[Murder of Deborah Linsley]] – unsolved murder case on a UK train in which a key witness was criticised for not pulling the emergency cord (brake)

{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|20em}}
{{Commons category|Train emergency brakes}}

{{Railway brakes}}

[[Category:Railway brakes]]
[[Category:Train protection systems]]
[[Category:Railway safety]]

2021–22 I-League 2nd Division

2026-03-28T14:15:00Z

MaryellenBuckman: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[I-League 2]]{{Short description|2021–22 season of 2nd division football league in India}}

Prisoners of war in the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971

2026-03-19T06:48:46Z

MaryellenBuckman: created initial post from scratch!

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
The '''Pakistani prisoners of war in the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971''' were the servicemen deployed in the [[Pakistan Eastern Command|Eastern Command]] of the [[Pakistan Armed Forces|Pakistan armed forces]] who were held in by the [[Indian Army]].<ref name="Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. Cloughley">{{cite book |last1=Cloughley |first1=Brian |title=A History of the Pakistan Army: Wars and Insurrections |date=2016 |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. |isbn=9781631440397 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JE1kCwAAQBAJ&q=Pakistani+Prisoners+of+War++Indian+army&pg=PT280 |access-date=8 August 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

Pakistan's [[Yahya Khan|Yahya administration]] conveyed their intentions to retreat from their [[East Pakistan|eastern wing]] to the United Nations on 10 December 1971,<ref name="Nazaria-e-Pakistan Trust, 1971">{{cite web |title=The Separation of East Pakistan {{!}} Great setback to Pakistan in year 1970 |url=http://storyofpakistan.com/the-separation-of-east-pakistan |website=Story of Pakistan |publisher=[[Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust]] |access-date=8 August 2017 |location=Islamabad |language=en |date=1 June 2003}}</ref> and a [[Instrument of Surrender (1971)|formal surrender]] was submitted and accepted when the [[Commander-in-chief|Commander]] of Eastern Command and Governor of East Pakistan, Lieutenant-General [[A. A. K. Niazi]], signed an [[Instrument of Surrender (1971)|instrument of surrender]] with his counterpart, Lieutenant General [[Jagjit Singh Aurora]], [[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief|GOC-in-C]] of [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]], on [[Independence Day (Bangladesh)|16 December 1971]].{{rp|136}}<ref name="Penguin Books India, Sabharwal">{{cite book |last1=Sabharwal |first1=Gopa |title=India Since 1947: The Independent Years |date=2007 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=9780143102748 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LKySGJAGVEQC&q=Pakistani+Prisoners+of+War++Indian+army+JS+Aurora&pg=PA136 |access-date=8 August 2017 |language=en |chapter=Indian forces liberate Bangladesh}}</ref>

The surrender ultimately culminated in the conclusion of [[Bangladesh Liberation War|liberation efforts]] in East Pakistan as India accepts the unilateral ceasefire to end its [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|war efforts in the western theatre]] on 17 December 1971.{{rp|136}}<ref name="Penguin Books India, Sabharwal" /> The surrender was the largest surrender since the [[End of World War II in Asia|end of World War II]],{{rp|17}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Aoyagi |first1=Akiko |last2=Shurtleff |first2=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VnO6DgAAQBAJ&dq=largest+pow+after+ww2+1971&pg=PA2595 |title=History of U.S. Federal and State Governments' Work with Soybeans (1862-2017): Extensively Annotated Bibliography and Sourcebook |date=2017-04-24 |publisher=Soyinfo Center |isbn=978-1-928914-91-4 |pages=2595 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Koul |first=Bill K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CW78DwAAQBAJ&dq=largest+pow+after+ww2+1971&pg=PA254 |title=The Exiled Pandits of Kashmir: Will They Ever Return Home? |date=2020 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-15-6537-3 |pages=254 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="India Pakistan | Timeline">{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/south_asia/2002/india_pakistan/timeline/1971.stm |title=India Pakistan | Timeline |work=BBC News |date=1971-12-06 |access-date=2015-11-27}}</ref> with the Indian Army taking approximately 93,000 Pakistani service personnel and allied militiamen as [[Prisoners of war|war prisoners]] in East Pakistan.{{rp|513}}<ref name="Soyinfo Center, Aoyagi">{{cite book |last1=Shurtleff |first1=William |last2=Aoyagi |first2=Akiko |title=History of Soybeans and Soyfoods in South Asia / Indian Subcontinent (1656-2010): Extensively Annotated Bibliography and Sourcebook |date=2010 |publisher=Soyinfo Center |isbn=9781928914310 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4IyQSjlObs8C&q=Prisoners+of+War+Pakistan+97%2C000&pg=PA513 |access-date=8 August 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="KW Publishers Pvt Ltd">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Air Commodore Jasjit |title=Role of Indian Air Force in 1971 War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8U26DQAAQBAJ&q=95%2C000+Pakistani+POWs+1971&pg=PT137 |access-date=8 August 2017 |publisher=KW Publishers Pvt Ltd |year=2013 |isbn=9789385714825 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="India Pakistan | Timeline" />[[File:March71b2.PNG|thumb|right|250px|Military map of East Pakistan.]]Due to the concern of their safety and wellbeing, the war prisoners were transported via [[Rail transport|train]] and [[Air transport|air]], where they were held in the [[Prisoner-of-war camp|war camps]] by the [[Indian Army]] in [[Geography of India|different parts]] of India.<ref name="Penguin UK, Rasgotra">{{cite book |last1=Rasgotra |first1=Maharajakrishna |title=A Life in Diplomacy |date=2016 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=9789385890956 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8YeDAAAQBAJ&q=Pakistani+Prisoners+of+War++Indian+army&pg=PT270 |access-date=8 August 2017 |language=en}}</ref> The issue of transfer and transportation of war prisoners to India was very controversial between [[Indo-Bangla relations|India and Bangladesh]] since the [[Provisional Government of Bangladesh]] had shown strong resistance and opposition to such an act to India as they wanted to bring charges on the war prisoners on the [[crimes against humanity]] in their [[International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)|special courts]] established in [[Dhaka]].<ref name="Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. Cloughley"/>

The overwhelming majority of war prisoners were officers; most of them were in the [[Pakistan Army|Army]] and [[Pakistan Navy|Navy]], while a relatively small number of [[Pakistan Air Force|Air Force]] and [[Pakistan Marines|Marines]]; others in larger number had served in paramilitary forces.<ref name="Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. Cloughley"/> India treated the war prisoners in accordance to the [[Geneva Convention]], ruled 1925, but used this issue as a tool to coerce Pakistan into [[International recognition of Bangladesh|recognizing the sovereignty]] of [[Bangladesh]] after three countries [[Delhi Agreement|reached compromised]] in 1974.{{rp|78}}<ref name="Sarup & Sons, Dash">{{cite book |last1=Dash |first1=Satya Prakash |title=Constitutional and Political Dynamics of India |date=2004 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=9788176255325 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abGon3aXO2cC&q=Prisoners+of+War+Pakistan+India+Bangladesh+sovereignty&pg=PA86 |access-date=8 August 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Nazaria-e-Pakistan Trust, 1971" /> The issue of war prisoners contributed to quick recognition of Bangladesh, but it also had effects on India securing its [[Eastern India|eastern front]] from Pakistan-controlled hostile state, [[East Pakistan|East-Pakistan]], to India supported [[Bangladesh]].{{rp|314}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jayapalan |first1=N. |title=Foreign Policy of India |date=2001 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=9788171568987 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=co2_ZqRfWikC&q=Friendly+bangladesh+to+india&pg=PA314 |access-date=8 August 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

According to Pakistani observers and commentators, India, by taking and managing the ~93,000 war prisoners in [[Indian Army]]-run camps, had gained itself a [[bargaining chip]] to remove its security threat faced by its eastern front by recognizing the sovereignty of the country, Bangladesh, they had intervened to help.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Herrick |first1=Christopher |last2=Gai |first2=Zheya |last3=Subramaniam |first3=Surain |title=China's Peaceful Rise: Perceptions, Policy and Misperceptions |date=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9781526104809 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RIsLDgAAQBAJ&q=India+gained+bargaining+chip+Bangladesh%E2%80%99s+sovereignty.&pg=PT452 |access-date=8 August 2017 |language=en}}</ref> However, according to Indian author, M. Ragostra, the war prisoners were actually more of a liability than leverage since it became India's [[responsibility to protect]] and feed the prisoners that were in great numbers.<ref name="Penguin UK, Rasgotra" />

==Custody and detainment==
{{Main|Instrument of Surrender (1971)}}
After conceding defeat and accession of the [[Instrument of Surrender (1971)|instrument of surrender]] in 1971, the [[Indian Army]] took the [[Responsibility to protect|responsibility]] to protect Pakistan's joint servicemen in [[East Pakistan|East-Pakistan]].{{rp|211}}<ref name="Urdu Publishing co., Salik"/> During the early phases of the surrender, [[Lieutenant-General]] [[Jagjit Singh Aurora]] allowed the Pakistani servicemen [[Right to bear arms|their right]] to bear small arms for their protection against the insurgents of ''[[Mukti Bahini]]'' who were seeking their revenge on Pakistani servicemen.{{rp|211}}<ref name="Urdu Publishing co., Salik">{{cite book |last1=Salik |first1=Saddique |author-link1=Siddique Salik |editor1-last=Fazl |editor1-first=Azim |title=Witness of Surrender: Urdu Version |date=1986 |publisher=Urdu Publishing co. |location=Karachi, Sindh, Pk |pages=276 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dZ98AQAAQBAJ&q=witness+to+surrender |access-date=9 August 2017 |language=ur |chapter=Fall of Dhaka}}</ref>

In December 1971, the [[Provisional Government of Bangladesh]] had shown their intention to India regarding the war prisoners, creating controversy between [[Indo-Bangla relations|India and Bangladesh]], as Bangladeshis wanted to hold the cases on the Pakistani servicemen who would be charged with the [[crimes against humanity]] in their [[International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)|special courts]], and strongly opposed the Indian Army's plan for transferring war prisoners.<ref name="Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. Cloughley"/> Members of the Bangladesh government and public spoke specifically of prosecuting 194 [[Pakistan Army]], [[Pakistan Air Force|Air Force]] and [[Pakistan Navy|Navy]] officers for [[war crime]]s. From 1971 till 1972, the [[Indian Army]] quickly transferred the war prisoners to their special [[Prisoner-of-war camp|war camps]] in different parts of India through [[Rail transport|train]] and [[Air transport|air]] transportation, mainly due to prisoners safety and wellbeing.{{rp|211}}<ref name="Urdu Publishing co., Salik"/><ref name="Penguin UK, Rasgotra"/>

The military commanders of the Eastern Command of the Pakistani military were held in [[Fort William, Calcutta|Fort William]] in [[Calcutta]], and were transferred by [[Air India]]'s commercial plane.{{rp|212}}<ref name="Urdu Publishing co., Salik"/> Later, the commanders were held in [[Jabalpur Cantonment]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Far Eastern Economic Review |date=1974 |publisher=Far Eastern Economic Review Limited |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-4nAAAAMAAJ&q=jabalpur+Inam+Ul+haq |language=en}}</ref> In 1973, the majority of the war prisoners were then shifted to [[Red Fort]] and [[Gwalior Fort]] in New Delhi.{{rp|213–214}}<ref name="Urdu Publishing co., Salik"/>

The [[Government of India|Indian government]] treated all the war prisoners in strict accordance with the [[Geneva Convention]], ruled in 1925.<ref name="Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. Cloughley" /> These 93,000 war prisoners were slowly released by India who were repatriated at the [[Zero Point railway station|Zero Point]], [[Wagah]], and the [[Line of Control]] (LoC).{{rp|214}}<ref name="Urdu Publishing co., Salik"/> India took approximately 93,000 prisoners of war that included Pakistani soldiers as well as some of their East Pakistani collaborators. 79,676 of these prisoners were uniformed personnel, of which 55,692 were Army, 16,354 Paramilitary, 5,296 Police, 1000 Navy and 800 PAF. The remaining 13,324 prisoners were civilians - either family members of the military personnel or Bihari Razarkars.

Before the war prisoners were repatriated, Pakistan and India had to sign the [[Simla Agreement]] in 1972, but it was not until 1974 when the [[Delhi Agreement]] was signed that marked the repatriation.<ref name="Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. Cloughley" /> The Simla Agreement treaty ensured that Pakistan recognized the [[independence of Bangladesh]] in exchange for the return of the Pakistani POWs.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indopak-shimla-agreement-40-years-later/268913-3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705061918/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indopak-shimla-agreement-40-years-later/268913-3.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-07-05 |title=Indo-Pak Shimla Agreement: 40 years later |work=IBNLive |access-date=2015-11-27}}</ref>

Since 1978, some Indian government officials have claimed that about 54 Indian soldiers of the [[Indian Armed Forces]] went [[missing in action]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] and that they are secretly held by Pakistan. Pakistan denies the existence of such prisoners of war.<ref>{{cite news |title=1971 Prisoners of War: Why 54 Indian soldiers are still languishing in Pak jails |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/1971-prisoners-of-war-why-54-indian-soldiers-are-still-languishing-in-pak-jails-1471928-2019-03-06 |website=Indiatoday.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Biswas |first=Soutik |date=2020-01-26 |title=The mystery of India's 'missing 54' soldiers |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-51191199 |access-date=2020-06-19}}</ref>

==Notable Pakistani POWs==
* [[Lieutenant-General|Lt-Gen.]] [[AAK Niazi|Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi]], [[Pakistan Army|PA]], Commander of Eastern Command.
* [[Rear Admiral|R.-Adm]] [[Mohammad Shariff]], PN, later four-star admiral and [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman joint chiefs]] in 1980.
* [[Major-General|Maj-Gen.]] [[Rao Farman Ali]], military adviser and chairman of [[Fauji Foundation]] in the 1970s.
* [[Air Commodore|Air-Cdre]] [[Inamul Haque Khan|Inamul Haque]], PAF pilot, later three-star rank air force general and politician
* Maj-Gen. Mohammad Jamshed, PA
* [[Captain (naval)|Capt.]] [[Ahmad Zamir]], [[Commanding officer|CO]] [[Pakistan Marines|PM]] in East, later appointed as [[Vice-Admiral]] in the Navy.
* [[Group Captain|Gp-Capt.]] [[Zulfiqar Ali Khan]], PAF pilot and later four-star rank air force general.
* [[Lieutenant-Commander|Lt-Cdr.]] [[Mansurul Haq]], PN, four-star admiral in the Navy.
* [[Flight lieutenant|Flt-Lt.]] [[PQ Mehdi]]– the PAF pilot who [[List of aircraft shootdowns|shot down]], first POW, ascended as [[Four star General|four-star]] rank air force general, [[Air Chief Marshal]], and [[Chief of Air Staff (Pakistan)|chief of air staff]] in 2000.
* [[Lieutenant (naval)|Lt.]] [[Shahid Karimullah]], PN, four-star admiral in the Pakistan Navy in 2005.
* [[Major (rank)|Maj.]] [[Km arif|K.M. Arif]], PA, four-star rank army general and [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|vice-chief of army staff]] 1987.
* [[Commander (rank)|Cdr.]] [[Tariq Kamal Khan|T.K. Khan]], PN, four-star admiral in 1983.
* [[Major (rank)|Maj.]] [[Siddique Salik]], PA, later one-star rank army general and DG of [[Inter-Services Public Relations]] in 1988
* [[Captain (land)|Capt.]] [[Ikram Sehgal]], first to escape the prison camp.
* [[Lieutenant-Colonel|Lt-Col.]] [[Raja Nadir Pervez]], [[Pakistan Marines|PM]], politician.
* Cdr. [[Iqbal F. Qadir|Iqbal F. Quadir]], PN, analyst and later ascended as vice-admiral and vice naval chief in 1983.
* Lt. [[Abdul Aziz Mirza]], PN, later ascended as four-star admiral in 2002.
* [[Captain (Land)|Capt.]] [[Jamshed Gulzar Kiani]], PA later ascended as three-star rank army general.
* [[Lieutenant (naval)|Lt.]] [[Taj Muhammad Khattak|T.M. Khattak]], PN, three-star rank admiral in the Navy
* [[Lieutenant-Commander|Lt-Cdr]] [[Shamoon Alam Khan]], PN and [[ISI (Pakistan)|ISI officer]], diplomat and later three-star rank admiral in the Navy.

==Foreign relations impact==
The foreign reaction to India's taking of these 90,000 POWs varied from nation to nation. The United Nations supported India's move as they condemned the human rights violations the Pakistani Armed Forces inflicted upon Bangladeshis. As a result, the U.N. was quick to accept Bangladesh's independence. Bhutan became the second country after India to recognize Bangladesh's independence, and did so with no issues.

The United States, however, was an ally of Pakistan both materially and politically, and as a result, they did not support India's taking of 90,000 Pakistani POWs. The U.S. saw India's actions as threatening, especially since India had just become a nuclear power and maintained close military ties with the U.S.S.R. The Soviet Union supported both the armies of Bangladesh and India and thus supported Bangladesh's unwaveringly. As a result of Soviet support, all nations that were part of the Warsaw Pact also recognized Bangladesh's independence.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/bangladesh |title=Bangladesh - Countries - Office of the Historian |publisher=History.state.gov |access-date=2015-11-27}}</ref> Soviet backing ensured that the states in the U.S.S.R.'s sphere of influence, including Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania, all recognized Bangladesh's independence. China, despite being a communist nation, was also an ally of Pakistan and did not support the measures India took to have Bangladeshi sovereignty recognized. China even went as far as vetoing Bangladesh's application to become a member of the United Nations and was one of the last nations in the world to recognize Bangladeshi independence, not doing so until 31 August 1975.<ref>{{cite journal |title=China's Policy Toward Bangladesh |journal=China Report |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=11–17 |publisher=Chr.sagepub.com |date=1973-05-01 |doi=10.1177/000944557300900303 |last1=Copper |first1=Jolin F. |s2cid=154070892}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[1971 (2007 film)|''1971'' (2007 film)]], Indian film about POWs in the war
* [[Prisoner-of-war camp]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971]]
* [[Timeline of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
* [[Military plans of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
* [[Mitro Bahini order of battle]]
* [[Pakistan Army order of battle, December 1971]]
* [[Evolution of Pakistan Eastern Command plan]]
* [[1971 Bangladesh genocide]]
* [[Operation Searchlight]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts]]
* [[List of military disasters]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indo-Pakistani War of 1971}}
{{Bangladesh Liberation War}}
{{Bangladesh–Pakistan relations}}

[[Category:Bangladesh Liberation War prisoners of war| ]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations]]
[[Category:War crimes in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Aftermath of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Bangladesh–Pakistan relations]]
[[Category:Pakistani prisoners of war| ]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners of war| ]]
[[Category:Bangladesh–India relations]]
[[Category:History of the Indian Army]]

Hare

2026-03-13T03:16:03Z

MaryellenBuckman: page updated

{{Short description|Genus of mammals in the family Leporidae}}
{{About|the animal|other uses|Hare (disambiguation)|and|Jackrabbit (disambiguation)|and|Lepus (disambiguation)|and|Leveret (disambiguation)}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Hares
| image = Scrub Hare (Lepus saxatilis) close-up (30544290256) (2).jpg
| image_caption = [[Scrub hare]] (''Lepus saxatilis'')
| taxon = Lepus
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| type_species = [[Mountain Hare|''Lepus timidus'']]
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = See text
}}
'''Hares''' are [[mammals]] belonging to the [[genus]] '''''Lepus'''''. They are [[herbivore]]s and live [[Solitary animal|solitarily]] or in pairs. They nest in depressions in the ground called ''forms'', and their young are [[precociality|able to fend for themselves shortly after birth]]. The genus includes the largest [[Lagomorpha|lagomorphs]]. Most are fast runners with long, powerful hind legs, and large ears that dissipate body heat.<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Andrew |title=Hare |url=https://www.britannica.com/animal/hare-mammal |website=Britannica |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref> Hare species are native to Africa, Eurasia and North America. A hare less than one year old is called a ''leveret''.<ref>{{Cite Dictionary.com |leveret |access-date=2025-03-23}}</ref> A group of hares may be called either a ''husk'' or a ''down''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lipton |first=James |title=An Exaltation of Larks: The Ultimate Edition |date=1991 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=978-0-670-30044-0 |page=44}}</ref>

Members of the ''Lepus'' genus are considered true hares, distinguishing them from [[rabbits]] which make up the rest of the [[Leporidae]] family. There are five species with common names that include the word "hare" which are not considered true hares: the [[hispid hare]], and four species known as [[red rock hare]]s (belonging to the genus ''Pronolagus''). Conversely, several ''Lepus'' species are called "jackrabbits", but classed as hares rather than rabbits. The pet known as the [[Belgian hare]] is a [[Domestic rabbit|domesticated European rabbit]] which has been selectively bred to resemble a hare.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.petplanet.co.uk/small_breed_profile.asp?sbid=12/|title=Rabbit - Belgian Hare Small Breed Profile | PetPlanet.co.uk|website=PetPlanet}}</ref>

==Biology==

Hares are swift animals and can run up to {{convert|80|km/h|abbr=on}} over short distances.<ref>{{cite book| publisher = IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC), Lagomorph Specialist Group| isbn = 2831700191| last1 = Chapman| first1 = Joseph| last2 = Flux | first2 = John | title = Rabbits, Hares and Pikas : Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan | date = 1990|page=2}}</ref> Over longer distances, the [[European hare]] (''Lepus europaeus'') can run up to {{convert|35|mph|order=flip|abbr=on|round=5}}.<ref>{{cite book| publisher = National Geographic Books| isbn = 9780792259367| last1 = McKay| first1 = George| first2 = Karen|last2= McGhee| title = National Geographic Encyclopedia of Animals| url = https://archive.org/details/nationalgeograph00kare| url-access = registration| date = 10 October 2006|page=[https://archive.org/details/nationalgeograph00kare/page/68 68]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Vu |first=Alan |title=''Lepus europaeus'': European hare |url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lepus_europaeus.html |access-date=9 January 2013 |work=Animal Diversity Web |publisher=University of Michigan Museum of Zoology}}</ref> The five species of jackrabbits found in central and western North America are able to run at {{convert|40|mph|km/h|order=flip|abbr=on|round=5}} over longer distances, and can leap up to {{convert|3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} at a time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/jackrabbit/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100207174802/http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/jackrabbit/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 7, 2010 |title=Jackrabbits, Jackrabbit Pictures, Jackrabbit Facts - National Geographic |date=11 April 2010 |publisher=Animals.nationalgeographic.com |access-date=2013-01-12}}</ref>

Normally a shy animal, the European brown hare changes its behavior in spring, when it can be seen in daytime chasing other hares. This appears to be competition between males (called ''bucks'') to attain [[dominance (ethology)|dominance]] for breeding. During this spring frenzy, animals of both sexes can be seen "boxing", one hare striking another with its paws. This behavior gives rise to the idiom "[[mad as a March hare]]".<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Collins|title=Definition of 'March hare'|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/march-hare}}</ref> This is present not only in intermale competition, but also among females (called ''does'') toward males to prevent copulation.<ref>{{cite journal|year=1984|title=The myth of the mad March hare|journal=Nature|volume=309|issue=5968|pages=549–550|author=Holly, A.J.F.|author2=Greenwood, P.J.|name-list-style=amp|doi=10.1038/309549a0|pmid=6539424|bibcode=1984Natur.309..549H |s2cid=4275486 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Flux, J.E.C.|title=Myths and mad March hares|journal=Nature|volume=325|issue=6106|year=1987|pages=737–738 |doi=10.1038/325737a0|pmid=3821863|bibcode=1987Natur.325..737F |s2cid=4280664 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Hares, like all [[leporid]]s, have jointed, or [[Cranial kinesis#Hares|kinetic]], skulls, unique among mammals.

===Differences from rabbits===
{{Main|Rabbit}}

Hares are generally larger than rabbits, with longer ears, and have black markings on their fur. They have 48 chromosomes,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hsu |first=T. C. |title=An Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes : Volume 1 |date=1967 |publisher=Springer New York |others=Kurt Benirschke |isbn=978-1-4615-6422-5 |location=New York, NY |oclc=851820869}}</ref> while rabbits have 44.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Painter |first=Theophilus S. |date=1926 |title=Studies in mammalian spermatogenesis VI. The chromosomes of the rabbit |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmor.1050430102 |journal=Journal of Morphology |language=en |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=1–43 |doi=10.1002/jmor.1050430102 |bibcode=1926JMorp..43....1P |s2cid=85002717 |issn=0362-2525|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Hares have not been domesticated, while some rabbits are raised for food and kept as [[pet]]s.

Some rabbits live and give birth underground in burrows, with many burrows in an area forming a warren. Other rabbits and hares live and give birth in simple forms (shallow depression or flattened nest of grass) above the ground. Hares usually do not live in groups. Young hares are adapted to the lack of physical protection, relative to that afforded by a burrow, by being born fully furred and with eyes open. They are hence [[precocial]], able to fend for themselves soon after birth. By contrast, rabbits are [[altricial]], being born blind and hairless.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Langley|first1=Liz|title=What's the Difference Between Rabbits and Hares?|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/12/141219-rabbits-hares-animals-science-mating-courtship/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220122938/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/12/141219-rabbits-hares-animals-science-mating-courtship/|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 20, 2014|website=National Geographic|date=19 December 2014}}</ref>

===Diet===
{{Further|Cecotrope}}

Easily digestible food is processed in the gastrointestinal tract, expelling the waste as regular feces. For nutrients that are harder to extract, hares, like all [[lagomorpha|lagomorphs]], ferment fiber in the [[cecum]] and expel the mass as [[cecotrope]]s, which they ingest again, a practice called [[cecotrope|cecotrophy]] or refection. The cecotropes are absorbed in the small intestine to use the nutrients.<ref name="britannica"/>

=== Habitat ===
Hares can be found in a wide variety of habitats, ranging from desert environments and arctic tundra to temperate grasslands, forests, swamps, mountains, and tropical regions. Some hares such as the [[snowshoe hare]] may change their fur color to better hide as the seasons change. The adaptability of the [[European hare]] to different environments has led to it becoming an [[invasive species]] in regions where it is newly [[Introduced species|introduced]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Feldhamer |first1=George A. |url=https://archive.org/details/mammalogy-adaptation-diversity-ecology-fifth-edition-george-a.-feldhamer-joseph- |title=Mammalogy: adaptation, diversity, ecology |last2=Merritt |first2=Joseph F. |last3=Krajewski |first3=Carey |last4=Rachlow |first4=Janet L. |last5=Stewart |first5=Kelley M. |date=2020 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-1-4214-3652-4 |edition=5th |location=Baltimore |pages=359–360, 363 |lccn=2019017733}}</ref>

===Classification===
{{see also|List of leporids}}
[[File:Jack Rabbit Ears.jpg|thumb|right|[[Black-tailed jackrabbit]] in El Paso, Texas]]
[[File:Brooklyn Museum - California Hare - John J. Audubon.jpg|thumb|Brooklyn Museum - California Hare - John J. Audubon]]
[[File:Lepus capensis arabicus-cropped.jpg|thumb|Cape hare (''Lepus capensis'')]]
[[File:Common and irish hare.jpg|thumb|[[European hare]] (above) and [[mountain hare]]]]
[[File:Alaskan Hare Skeleton.jpg|thumb|Alaskan hare's skeletal system ([[Museum of Osteology]])]]
* '''Genus ''Lepus'''''<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Lagomorpha | id = 13500099 | pages = 195–205}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Database |first=Mammal Diversity |title=Mammal Diversity Database |date=2022-02-01 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.5945626 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/5945626 |access-date=2022-03-24}}</ref>
** Subgenus ''Macrotolagus''
*** [[Antelope jackrabbit]], ''Lepus alleni''
** Subgenus ''Poecilolagus''
*** [[Snowshoe hare]], ''Lepus americanus''
** Subgenus ''Lepus''
*** [[Arctic hare]], ''Lepus arcticus''
*** [[Alaskan hare]], ''Lepus othus''
*** [[Mountain hare]], ''Lepus timidus''
** Subgenus ''Proeulagus''
*** [[Black jackrabbit]], ''Lepus insularis''
*** [[Desert hare]], ''Lepus tibetanus''
*** [[Tolai hare]], ''Lepus tolai''
** Subgenus ''Eulagos''
*** [[Broom hare]], ''Lepus castroviejoi''
*** [[Yunnan hare]], ''Lepus comus''
*** [[Korean hare]], ''Lepus coreanus''
*** [[European hare]], ''Lepus europaeus''
*** [[Manchurian hare]], ''Lepus mandshuricus''
*** [[Ethiopian highland hare]], ''Lepus starcki''
** Subgenus ''Sabanalagus''
*** [[Ethiopian hare]], ''Lepus fagani''
*** [[African savanna hare]], ''Lepus victoriae''
** Subgenus ''Indolagus''
*** [[Hainan hare]], ''Lepus hainanus''
*** [[Indian hare]], ''Lepus nigricollis''
*** [[Burmese hare]], ''Lepus peguensis''
** Subgenus ''Sinolagus''
***[[Chinese hare]], ''Lepus sinensis''
** Subgenus ''Tarimolagus''
*** [[Yarkand hare]], ''Lepus yarkandensis''
** ''[[Incertae sedis]]''
*** [[Tamaulipas jackrabbit]], ''Lepus altamirae''
*** [[Japanese hare]], ''Lepus brachyurus''
***[[Black-tailed jackrabbit]], ''Lepus californicus''
*** [[White-sided jackrabbit]], ''Lepus callotis''
*** [[Cape hare]], ''Lepus capensis''
*** [[Corsican hare]], ''Lepus corsicanus''
*** [[Tehuantepec jackrabbit]], ''Lepus flavigularis''
*** [[Granada hare]], ''Lepus granatensis''
*** [[Abyssinian hare]], ''Lepus habessinicus''
*** [[Mediterranean hare]], ''Lepus mediterraneus''
*** [[Woolly hare]], ''Lepus oiostolus''
*** [[West Sahara hare]], ''Lepus saharae''
*** [[Scrub hare]], ''Lepus saxatilis''
*** [[Moroccan hare]], ''Lepus schlumbergeri''
*** [[White-tailed jackrabbit]], ''Lepus townsendii''

==In human culture==
===Food===
====Meat====
[[File:Albrecht Dürer - Hare, 1502 - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Young Hare]]'', a watercolour, 1502, by [[Albrecht Dürer]]]]

Hares and rabbits are plentiful in many areas, adapt to a wide variety of conditions, and reproduce quickly, so hunting is often less regulated than for other varieties of game. They are a common source of protein worldwide.<ref>{{cite journal | title = What is the role and contribution of meat from wildlife in providing high quality protein for consumption? | last1 = Hoffman | first1 = L.C. | last2 = Cawthorn | first2 = D.M. | journal = Animal Frontiers | volume = 2 | issue = 4 | date = October 2012 | pages = 40–53 | doi = 10.2527/af.2012-0061 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Because of their extremely low fat content, they are [[protein poisoning|a poor choice as a survival food]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Gary L. Benton |url=http://www.brushfiresmt.com/index_files/Page1094.htm |title=Vitamins, Minerals, and Survival |publisher=Preparedness and Self-Reliance |access-date=2017-10-30 |archive-date=2015-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315061418/http://www.brushfiresmt.com/index_files/Page1094.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Hares can be prepared in the same manner as rabbits—commonly roasted or parted for breading and frying.

{{lang|de|[[Hasenpfeffer]]}} (also spelled {{lang|de|Hasenfeffer}}) is a traditional [[German cuisine|German]] [[stew]] made from marinated rabbit or hare, seasoned with [[black pepper]] (German {{lang|de|Pfeffer}}) and other spices. Wine or vinegar is also a prominent ingredient, to lend a sourness to the recipe.

{{lang|el-Latn|Lagos stifado}} ({{lang|el|Λαγός στιφάδο}})—hare stew with pearl onions, vinegar, red wine, and cinnamon—is a much-prized dish enjoyed in Greece and Cyprus and communities in the diaspora.

The hare (and in recent times, the rabbit) is a staple of [[Maltese cuisine]]. The dish was presented to the island's Grandmasters of the [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]], as well as Renaissance [[Inquisition|Inquisitors]] resident on the island, several of whom went on to become [[pope]].

According to [[Halakha|Jewish tradition]], the hare is among mammals deemed not [[kosher foods|kosher]], and therefore not eaten by observant Jews. Muslims deem coney meat (rabbit, [[pika]], [[hyrax]]) to be [[halal]], and in [[Egypt]], hare and rabbit are popular meats for ''[[mulukhiyah]]'' ([[jute]] leaf soup), especially in [[Cairo]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Rabbit Molokhia|date=10 December 2008 |publisher=SBS Food|url=http://www.sbs.com.au/food/recipes/molokhia}}</ref>

====Blood====
The blood of a freshly killed hare can be collected for consumption in a stew or casserole in a cooking process known as [[jugging]]. First the [[gut (anatomy)|entrails]] are removed from the hare carcass before it is hung in a [[larder]] by its hind legs, which causes blood to accumulate in the chest cavity. One method of preserving the blood after draining it from the hare (since the hare is usually hung for a week or more) is to mix it with red wine vinegar to prevent [[coagulation]], and then to store it in a freezer.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hares, Brown, Blue or White.|author=Bill Deans |url=http://website.lineone.net/~bill.deans/hare.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930031415/http://website.lineone.net/~bill.deans/hare.htm |archive-date=2007-09-30 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Mother Earth News |issue=41 |date=September–October 1976 |title=Farming for Self-Sufficiency Independence on a 5-acre Farm |author=John Seymour |author2=Sally Seymour |name-list-style=amp |url=http://www.motherearthnews.com/Livestock_and_Farming/1976_September_October/Farming_For_Self_Sufficiency_Independence_on_a_5_acre_farm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901225058/http://www.motherearthnews.com/Livestock_and_Farming/1976_September_October/Farming_For_Self_Sufficiency_Independence_on_a_5_acre_farm |archive-date=2006-09-01 }}</ref>

Jugged hare, known as {{lang|fr|civet de lièvre}} in France, is a whole hare, cut into pieces, marinated, and cooked with red wine and juniper berries in a tall jug that stands in a pan of water. It traditionally is served with the hare's blood (or the blood is added right at the end of the cooking process) and [[port wine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://prospectbooks.co.uk/j/|author=Tom Jaine|work=The History of English Cookery|title=A Glossary of Cookery and other Terms|publisher=Prospect Books}}</ref><ref name=Guardian1>{{cite news|title=Chips are down for Britain's old culinary classics|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2006-07-25|page=6|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/07/25/2003320323}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greatbritishkitchen.co.uk/gl_j.htm|title=Jugged|work=The Great British Kitchen|publisher=The British Food Trust|access-date=2009-01-24|archive-date=2008-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509064847/http://www.greatbritishkitchen.co.uk/gl_j.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greatbritishkitchen.co.uk/recipes_result.asp?name=juggedhare|title=Recipes: Game: Jugged Hare|work=The Great British Kitchen|publisher=The British Food Trust|access-date=2009-01-24|archive-date=2007-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026113931/http://www.greatbritishkitchen.co.uk/recipes_result.asp?name=juggedhare|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Jugged hare is described in an influential 18th-century English cookbook, ''The Art of Cookery'' by [[Hannah Glasse]], with a recipe titled, "A Jugged Hare", that begins, "Cut it into little pieces, lard them here and there ..." The recipe goes on to describe cooking the pieces of hare in water in a jug set within a bath of boiling water to cook for three hours.<ref>{{cite book| last=Glasse|first= Hannah|title= The Art of Cookery, Made Plain and Easy|publisher= London|year= 1747|page= 50}}</ref> In the 19th century, a myth arose that Glasse's recipe began with the words "First, catch your hare."<ref name=Guardian1 />

Many other British cookbooks from before the middle of the 20th century have recipes for jugged hare. Merle and Reitch<ref>{{cite book |title=The domestic dictionary and housekeeper's manual |url=https://archive.org/details/b21531675 |author=Gibbons Merle |author2=John Reitch |name-list-style=amp |location=London |publisher=William Strange |year=1842 |page=[https://archive.org/details/b21531675/page/n122 113] }}</ref> have this to say about jugged hare, for example:
:The best part of the hare, when roasted, is the loin and the thick part of the hind leg; the other parts are only fit for stewing, hashing, or jugging. It is usual to roast a hare first, and to stew or jug the portion which is not eaten the first day. ...
:''To Jug A Hare.'' This mode of cooking a hare is very desirable when there is any doubt as to its age, as an old hare, which would be otherwise uneatable, may be made into an agreeable dish.

In 2006, a survey of 2021 people for the [[Good Food|UKTV Food]] television channel found only 1.6% of the people under 25 recognized jugged hare by name. Seven of ten stated they would refuse to eat jugged hare if it were served at the house of a friend or a relative.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hannah Glasse's Jugged Hare |access-date=2017-10-30 |url=https://www.janeausten.co.uk/first-catch-your-hare-hannah-glasses-jugged-hare }}</ref>

In England, a rarely served dish is potted hare. The hare meat is cooked, then covered in at least one inch (preferably more) of butter. The butter is a preservative (excludes air); the dish can be stored for up to several months. It is served cold, often on bread or as an appetizer.

===Taming===
No extant domesticated hares exist. However, hare remains have been found in a wide range of human settlement sites, some showing signs of use beyond simple hunting and eating:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sheng |first1=Pengfei |last2=Hu |first2=Yaowu |last3=Sun |first3=Zhouyong |last4=Yang |first4=Liping |last5=Hu |first5=Songmei |last6=Fuller |first6=Benjamin T. |last7=Shang |first7=Xue |title=Early commensal interaction between humans and hares in Neolithic northern China |journal=Antiquity |date=June 2020 |volume=94 |issue=375 |pages=622–636 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2020.36|s2cid=219423073 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A [[European brown hare]] was buried alongside an older woman in Hungary mid fifth millennium BC.
* 12 [[Mountain hare]] metapodials were found in a Swedish grave from third millennium BC.
* The Tolai hare (originally described as a [[Cape hare]], amended according to range) was tamed by northern Chinese people in the neolithic period (~third millennium BC) and fed millets.

===In mythology and folklore===
The hare in African folk tales is a [[trickster]]; some of the stories about the hare were retold among enslaved Africans in America and are the basis of the [[Br'er Rabbit]] stories. The hare appears in [[English folklore]] in the saying "[[Mad as a March hare|as mad as a March hare]]" and in the legend of the White Hare that alternatively tells of a witch who takes the form of a white hare and goes out looking for prey at night or of the spirit of a broken-hearted maiden who cannot rest and who haunts her unfaithful lover.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://folk-this.tripod.com/thewhitehare.html |title=The White Hare |publisher=Folk-this.tripod.com |date=1969-05-13 |access-date=2013-01-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannia.com/history/legend/collection/legcol06.html |title=Legends of Britain: The White Hare |publisher=Britannia.com |access-date=2013-01-12 |archive-date=2012-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607154351/http://www.britannia.com/history/legend/collection/legcol06.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The constellation [[Lepus (constellation)|Lepus]] is taken to represent a hare.

The hare was once regarded as an animal sacred to Aphrodite and Eros because of its high libido.<ref name=Layard/> Live hares were often presented as a gift of love.<ref name=Layard>John Layard, ''The Lady of the Hare'', "The Hare in Classical Antiquity", [https://books.google.com/books?id=RuIhnnVzk-0C&q=Hare+in+classical+&pg=PA208 pp.208 - 21]</ref> In [[European witchcraft]], hares were either witches' familiars or a witch who had transformed themself into a hare. Pop mythology associates the hare with the [[Anglo-Saxon polytheism|Anglo-Saxon]] goddess [[Ēostre]] as an explanation for the [[Easter Bunny]]. However, this belief is modern in origin.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

In European tradition, the hare symbolises the two qualities of swiftness<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.englishdaily626.com/similes.php?006|title=Similes|website=www.englishdaily626.com}}</ref> and timidity.<ref>Ebenezer Cobham Brewer, ''Dictionary of Phrase and Fable'', Cambridge University 2014, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0DPeAgAAQBAJ&dq=hare+timidity&pg=PA32 p.32]</ref> The latter once gave the European hare the [[Linnaean taxonomy|Linnaean name]] ''Lepus timidus''<ref>''The Popular Encyclopaedia'' 3.2., Glasgow 1836, [https://books.google.com/books?id=96amePyJ_7wC&dq=hare+timidity&pg=PA634 p.634]</ref> that is limited to the mountain hare. Several ancient fables depict [[the Hare in flight]]: In one, [[The Frightened Hares|The Hares and the Frogs]], they decide to commit mass suicide to relieve the angst of constantly fleeing threats, but reconsider when they startle frogs on the way to throwing themselves into the river. Conversely, in [[The Tortoise and the Hare]], perhaps the best-known among [[Aesop's Fables]], the hare loses a race through being too confident in its swiftness. In [[Irish mythology|Irish]] folklore, the hare is often associated with the [[Aos sí]] or other pagan elements. In these stories, characters who harm hares often suffer dreadful consequences.

In the ''[[Otia Imperialia]]'', the author [[Gervase of Tilbury]] describes a creature called a “[[Grant (folklore)|Grant]]” as a fire omen. The creature allegedly looks like a bipedal foal that runs through the streets to warn of fire. One interpretation is that the Grant is an exaggerated hare. Hares as fire omens have persisted in parts of England into modernity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pentangelo |first=Joseph |date=2019-01-02 |title=The Grant, the Hare, and the Survival of a Medieval Folk Belief |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0015587X.2018.1515292 |journal=Folklore |language=en |volume=130 |issue=1 |pages=48–59 |doi=10.1080/0015587X.2018.1515292 |issn=0015-587X}}</ref>

===In literature and art===
====In fiction====
{{Main|List of fictional rabbits and hares}}


====In art====
{{Main|Rabbits and hares in art}}

====Three hares====
[[File:Paderborn Dom asv2024-05 img05.jpg|thumb|upright|''Dreihasenfenster'' (Window of Three Hares) in [[Paderborn Cathedral]]]]
{{Main|Three hares}}

A study in 2004 followed the history and migration of a symbolic image of three hares with conjoined ears. In this image, three hares are seen chasing each other in a circle with their heads near its centre. While each of the animals appears to have two ears, only three ears are depicted. The ears form a triangle at the centre of the circle and each is shared by two of the hares. The image has been traced from [[Christianity|Christian]] churches in the English county of [[Devon]] right back along the [[Silk Road]] to China, via western and eastern Europe and the Middle East. Before its appearance in China, it was possibly first depicted in the Middle East before being reimported centuries later. Its use is associated with Christian, [[Judaism|Jewish]], [[Islam]]ic and [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] sites stretching back to about 600 AD.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.chrischapmanphotography.co.uk/hares/index.html| title=The three hares project | author=Chris Chapman | year=2004 | access-date=2008-11-11}}</ref>

===Place names===
The hare has given rise to local place names, as they can often be observed in favoured localities. An example in Scotland is "Murchland", {{Lang|sco|murchen}} being a [[Scots language|Scots]] word for a hare.<ref name="Warrack">{{cite book|editor1-last=Warrack|editor1-first=Alexander|title=Chambers Scots dictionary|date=1984|publisher=W. & R. Chambers|location=Edinburgh|isbn=9780550118011}}</ref>

==References==
{{Clear}}
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171107031918/http://www.endicott-studio.com/articleslist/the-symbolism-of-rabbits-and-hares-by-terri-windling.html Windling, Terri. ''The Symbolism of Rabbits and Hares''.]
* [[William George Black]], F.S.A.Scot. "[[s:The Folk-Lore Journal. Volume 1/The Hare in Folk-lore|The Hare in Folk-lore]]" ''The Folk-Lore Journal''. Volume 1, 1883
* Gibbons, J. S., Herbert, K., Lascelles, G., Longman, J. H., Macpherson, H. A., & Richardson, C. 1896. ''The Hare: Natural history''. [https://archive.org/details/haremacp00macp]
* Palmer, TS. ''Jack Rabbits of the United States'' 1896. Washington,: Govt. Print. Off.[https://archive.org/details/jackrabbits00tspa/page/n1/mode/2up]
* Edwards, P. J., M. R. Fletcher, and P. Berny. ''Review of the factors affecting the decline of the European brown hare, Lepus europaeus (Pallas, 1778) and the use of wildlife incident data to evaluate the significance of paraquat''. ''Agriculture, ecosystems & environment'' 79.2-3 (2000): 95-103.[https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=043d74e8a4caed2b13a610fce8d357deabcbe184]
* Vaughan, Nancy, et al. ''Habitat associations of European hares Lepus europaeus in England and Wales: implications for farmland management'' ''Journal of Applied Ecology'' 40.1 (2003): 163-175.[https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00784.x]
* Smith, Rebecca K., et al. ''Conservation of European hares Lepus europaeus in Britain: is increasing habitat heterogeneity in farmland the answer?'' ''Journal of Applied Ecology'' 41.6 (2004): 1092-1102.[https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00976.x]
* Reid, Neil. ''Conservation ecology of the Irish hare (Lepus timidus hibernicus)''. Diss. Queen's University of Belfast, 2006 [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Neil-Reid-3/publication/233813390%20Conservation%20ecology%20of%20the%20Irish%20hare%20Lepus%20timidus%20hibernicus/links/09e4150bccb8278ad8000000/Conservation-ecology-of-the-Irish-hare-Lepus-timidus-hibernicus.pdf]
* Natasha E. McGowan, Neal McDermott, Richard Stone, Liam Lysaght, S. Karina Dingerkus, Anthony Caravaggi, Ian Kerr, Neil Reid, ''National Hare Survey & Population Assessment 2017-2019'', [report], National Parks and Wildlife Service. Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht, 2019-11, ''Irish wildlife manuals'', No.113, 2019 [http://edepositireland.ie/handle/2262/90383]
* Kane, Eloise C. ''Beyond the Pale: the historical archaeology of hare hunting, 1603-1831''. Diss. University of Bristol, 2021.[https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.845189] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210205714/https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.845189 |date=2022-12-10 }}
* Reid, Neil. ''Survival, movements, home range size and dispersal of hares after coursing and/or translocation.'' ''PloS one'' 18.6 (2023): e0286771.[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0286771]

==External links==
{{Wiktionary}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101203134833/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Hare BBC Nature section about hares]

{{Lagomorpha|L.}}
{{Lagomorpha Genera|Le.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q46076}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Mammal|Animal}}

[[Category:Lepus| ]]
[[Category:Meat by animal]]
[[Category:Leporidae| ]]
[[Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Kalai Kovil

2026-03-04T05:13:38Z

MaryellenBuckman: stub

{{short description|1964 film directed by C. V. Sridhar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kalai Kovil
| image = Kalai Kovil.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[C. V. Sridhar]]
| producer = [[M. S. Viswanathan|Visu]] Ganga
| writer = C. V. Sridhar
| starring = [[S. V. Subbaiah]] Chandrakantha [[R. Muthuraman]] [[Rajasree]]
| music = [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
| cinematography = Balu
| editing = N. M. Shankar
| studio = Bhagyalakshmi Productions
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|1964|09|25|df=y}}
| runtime = 133 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalai Kovil |url=http://citwf.com/film179853.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181206161357/http://citwf.com/film179853.htm |archive-date=6 December 2018 |access-date=6 December 2018 |website=[[Complete Index to World Film]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Kalai Kovil''''' ({{translation|Temple of art}}) is a 1964 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[musical film]] written and directed by [[C. V. Sridhar]]. The film stars [[S. V. Subbaiah]], [[R. Muthuraman]], Chandrakantha and [[Rajasree]], with [[Nagesh]], [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]], [[V. S. Raghavan]], [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] and [[S. N. Lakshmi]] in supporting roles. It focuses on the [[rags to riches]] story of a [[veena]] [[vidwan]], whose success is almost derailed when he takes to liquor abuse.

''Kalai Kovil'' was produced under the banner Bhagyalakshmi Productions by [[M. S. Viswanathan]] (using the name Visu) and Ganga. Viswanathan also composed the film's soundtrack with [[T. K. Ramamoorthy]] under the name [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]], and Ganga also served as the art director. Sridhar's frequent collaborator [[Chithralaya Gopu]] served as the film's assistant dialogue writer.

''Kalai Kovil'' was released on 25 September 1964 and received positive reviews from critics for its music, cast performances, writing and direction by Sridhar. It was not commercially successful, but the song "Thangaratham Vanthathu", performed by [[P. Susheela]] and [[M. Balamuralikrishna]], attained popularity.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=April 2021}}
An impoverished man rises from [[rags to riches]] by becoming a [[veena]] [[vidwan]], but almost loses it in the lap of a danseuse and the lavishness of liquor.


== Cast ==
{{Col-begin|width=30%}}
{{col-break|width=30%}}
;Male cast<ref name="movie" />
*[[S. V. Subbaiah]]
*[[R. Muthuraman]]
*[[Nagesh]]
*[[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]]
*[[V. S. Raghavan]]
{{col-break|width=30%}}
;Female cast<ref name="movie" />
*Chandrakantha
*[[Rajasree]]
*[[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]]
*[[S. N. Lakshmi]]
{{Col-end}}

== Production ==
After the success of ''[[Kadhalikka Neramillai]]'' (1964), its producer and director [[C. V. Sridhar]] decided to make his next directorial venture based on the life of a musician. His frequent collaborator, writer [[Chithralaya Gopu]] met up with him at [[Marina Beach]] to discuss their next project which he wanted to be a comedy, but Sridhar told him to listen to the story he already finished writing, the story that became the film ''Kalai Kovil''. Gopu was assigned as the film's assistant dialogue writer. After listening to the story, composer [[M. S. Viswanathan]] decided to produce the film along with Ganga under the banner Bhagyalakshmi Productions.<ref name="Sirithralaya" /> Ganga also worked as the art director, while Viswanathan was credited as "Visu" for his role as producer in the posters and opening credits. Cinematography was handled by Balu, and editing by N. M. Shankar.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 September 1964 |title=Kalai Kovil |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19640919&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=5 December 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=12 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 August 1964 |title=Kalai Kovil |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19640815&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=5 December 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=13 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Chitti Babu (musician)|Chitti Babu]] played the [[veena]] offscreen for Muthuraman.<ref name="Sirithralaya" /><ref name="kalki">{{Cite magazine |last=ஸ்ரீதர் |first=டைரக்டர் |author-link=C. V. Sridhar |date=12 April 1992 |title=கலை கோவில்: ஒரு 'கிளாசிக்'! |trans-title=Kalai Kovil: A Classic |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1992-04-12/kalki1992-04-12.pdf |access-date=29 March 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=53–54 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] was Sridhar's initial choice for the lead role; since he did not turn up on the sets on the first day of the shoot, he was replaced with [[S. V. Subbaiah]] who initially refused to play the role as he was asked to sport a fake beard which he was not comfortable with but later relented.<ref name="kalki" /><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஸ்ரீதர் |first=டைரக்டர் |author-link=C. V. Sridhar |date=5 April 1992 |title=ரங்காராவ் அளித்த ஏமாற்றம்! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1992-04-05/page/n61/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240329103811/https://archive.org/details/kalki1992-04-05/page/n61/mode/2up |archive-date=29 March 2024 |access-date=13 December 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=60–61 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==

The soundtrack was composed by [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] (a duo consisting of M. S. Viswanathan and [[T. K. Ramamoorthy]]) and the lyrics were penned by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy |author-link=Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy |year=1964 |title=Kalaikkoil (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/kalaikkoil-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1282576865 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181205163353/https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/kalaikkoil-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1282576865 |archive-date=5 December 2018 |access-date=5 December 2018 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> The song "Deviyar Iruvar" is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] known as [[Shree (Carnatic raga)|Shree]],{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=127}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=19 July 2013 |title=Auspicious Sri |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/auspicious-sri/article4931610.ece |url-status=live |access-date=5 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206135808/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/auspicious-sri/article4931610.ece |archive-date=6 December 2017}}</ref> while "Thangaratham Vanthathu" is set in [[Abhogi]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=2 March 2012 |title=A Raga's Journey – Arresting Abhogi |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-arresting-abhogi/article2954010.ece |url-status=live |access-date=5 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006235026/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-arresting-abhogi/article2954010.ece |archive-date=6 October 2018}}</ref>{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=160}} [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] was the violinist of the latter song,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pradeep |first=K. |date=17 March 2017 |title=The Shyam effect |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-shyam-effect/article17494751.ece |url-status=live |access-date=5 December 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181205170019/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-shyam-effect/article17494751.ece |archive-date=5 December 2018}}</ref> which attained popularity.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 November 2016 |title=எளிமைக்கு உதாரணமான இசைமேதை |language=ta |work=[[Thinakaran]] |url=http://www.thinakaran.lk/node/14822 |url-status=live |access-date=5 December 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181205162904/http://www.thinakaran.lk/node/14822 |archive-date=5 December 2018}}</ref> He felt diffident in playing the classical-themed song as he was then more comfortable with westernised songs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Unni |first=Prakasam K. |date=3 November 2003 |title=Play it again, Shyam |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/11/03/stories/2003110300710200.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181206173201/https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/11/03/stories/2003110300710200.htm |archive-date=6 December 2018}}</ref> 
R. Muthuraman was featured as a [[Veena]] artiste. Hence, some of the songs had Veena for background music. The Veena was played by [[Chitti Babu (musician)]].

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Naan Unnai Serndha
| extra1 = [[P. Susheela]], [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
| length1 = 3:41
| title2 = Thangaratham Vanthathu
| extra2 = P. Susheela, [[M. Balamuralikrishna]]
| length2 = 3:31
| title3 = Mullil Roja
| extra3 = [[L. R. Eswari]], P. B. Sreenivas
| length3 = 5:47
| title4 = Varavendum
| extra4 = L. R. Eswari
| length4 = 3:45
| title5 = Deviyar Iruvar
| extra5 = P. Susheela
| length5 = 3:47
| total_length = 20:31
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Kalai Kovil'' was released on 25 September 1964.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1964 – கலைக்கோவில் – பாக்யலஷ்மி புரொடக். |trans-title=1964 – Kalai Kovil – Bhagyalakshmi Produc. |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1964-cinedetails9.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171002161435/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1964-cinedetails9.asp |archive-date=2 October 2017 |access-date=2 October 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 September 1964 |title=Many choices for Tamil film fans |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cH9lAAAAIBAJ&sjid=v50NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1184%2C2909957 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709133832/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cH9lAAAAIBAJ&sjid=v50NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1184%2C2909957 |archive-date=9 July 2024 |access-date=18 March 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> The film received positive reviews from critics who praised the music, performances of the cast, the screenplay, dialogues and direction by Sridhar.<ref name="dinamalarnellai" /> On 2 October 1964, ''[[The Indian Express]]'' praised the first half, but criticised the second half, saying the film maintained a "richly musical and at times absorbing" tone till the second half, when "scripter-director Sridhar's hands, like that of the hero in the movie, begin to slip". The reviewer called the songs composed by Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy "a delight to the ears", but felt they did not exploit the veena, "the very soul of the film", fully. They also lauded Balu's cinematography, Ganga's art direction and the performances of Subbaiah and Nagesh, saying they "try to salvage the film, but in vain".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 October 1964 |title=Kalai Kovil |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19641002&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=5 December 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The film was commercially unsuccessful.<ref name=kalki /><ref name="dinamalarnellai" />

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="movie">{{Cite AV media |title=Kalai Kovil |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Bhagyalakshmi Productions |year=1964 |time=0:00 to 2:03 |time-caption=Opening credits, from}}</ref>
<ref name="Sirithralaya">{{Cite news |last=நரசிம்மன் |first=டி.ஏ. |date=29 June 2018 |title=சி(ரி)த்ராலயா 24: ஸ்ரீதருக்கு அடி சறுக்கியதா? |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/130957-24.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211035755/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/130957-24.html |archive-date=11 February 2021 |access-date=11 February 2021 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="dinamalarnellai">{{Cite news |date=30 September 2018 |title=பத்திரிகையாளர் சுதாங்கனின் 'நெஞ்சம் மறப்பதில்லை!' – 54 |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/57480 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181206090307/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/57480 |archive-date=6 December 2018 |access-date=6 December 2018 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |location=Nellai |language=ta}}</ref>

</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{C. V. Sridhar}}
[[Category:1964 Indian films]]
[[Category:1964 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1964 films]]
[[Category:1964 musical films]]
[[Category:Films about alcoholism]]
[[Category:Films about music and musicians]]
[[Category:Films directed by C. V. Sridhar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by C. V. Sridhar]]
[[Category:Indian musical films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Gharana (1989 film)

2026-03-03T23:48:46Z

MaryellenBuckman: improved content after review and fixed typos to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gharana
| image = Gharana 1989.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| producer = K. Ravi Shankar A. Krishnamoorthi (presenter)
| writer = [[Abrar Alvi]] Gyandev Agnihotri
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = [[Rishi Kapoor]] [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] [[Jaya Prada]] [[Meenakshi Seshadri]] [[Neelam Kothari]]
| music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| cinematography = K. V. Ramanna
| editing = Waman Bhonsle Gurudutt Shirali
| studio = Tina Films International
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1989|01|01}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| director = [[K. Ravi Shankar]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Gharana''''' is a 1989 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Hindi]]-language film produced and directed by [[K. Ravi Shankar]]. It stars [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Jaya Prada]], [[Meenakshi Seshadri]] and [[Neelam Kothari]] in pivotal roles.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539513 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515023801/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539513 | url-status=dead | archive-date=15 May 2012 | title=Movie Review | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | accessdate=26 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.gomolo.com/gharana-movie/6335 | title=Movie Review | publisher=Gomolo | accessdate=26 November 2012}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Rishi Kapoor]] as Vijay Mehra
* [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] as Ravi Mehra
* [[Jaya Prada]] as Naina
* [[Meenakshi Seshadri]] as Radha
* [[Neelam Kothari|Neelam]] as Lalita
* [[Tanuja]] as Laxmi Mehra
* [[Shreeram Lagoo]] as Prem Mehra
* [[Satyendra Kapoor]] as Rahim
* [[Shakti Kapoor]] as Durlabh
* [[Prem Chopra]] as Dharamdas
* [[Asrani]] as Natwar
* [[Aruna Irani]] as Natwar's Assistant
* [[Sushma Seth]] as Shraddha
* [[Dara Singh]] as Vijay Singh Pahelwan
* [[Yunus Parvez]] as Sinha (potential in-laws of Mehras)
* [[Shekhar Suman]] as Ajit Sinha
* [[Bharat Bhushan]] as Radha's father
* [[Ramesh Deo]] as Munshi of Prem Mehra
* [[Bob Christo]] as Sheikh Diamond Merchant
* [[Mac Mohan]] as Durlabh Henchman
{{div col end}}

==Plot==
Prem Mehra is a wealthy, kind-hearted, and generous man who lives in a palatial home with his wife, Laxmi, a daughter, and two sons, Vijay and Ravi. Dharamdas is a foe of Prem, and he involves gangster and an employee of Prem's (accountant) to steal some priceless diamonds from his safe, thereby implicating Prem in the theft, and making him lose all his wealth and estate. Prem and his family re-locate to live with their devoted and loyal employee, Rahim. Vijay gets a job as a news-reporter, while Ravi continues with his studies. Prem's daughter's marriage is on the rocks as he now cannot afford to pay the dowry sum of seven lakhs rupees. Prem has a stroke that leaves him paralysed. Radha is Vijay's co-worker, both fall in love and seek their respective families' blessings so that they can marry. But before they can get married, Vijay suddenly breaks all ties with Radha and instead marries Naina, the only daughter of Shraddha, his boss, thus making it clear to his family and Radha that he has married a girl for wealth. But actually Vijay marries Naina in exchange for 7 lakhs rupees which he uses to marry off his sister. Ravi too wants to marry Lalita - who is none other than Dharamdas' daughter. Ravi leaves his family and acts as a confidante of Dharamdas but eventually reveals that he was acting all along to help prove his father innocent.
In the climax, the goon (Shakti Kapoor) kills Naina who, before her death, asks Radha and Vijay to get married. Ravi marries Lalita, Prem Mehra is proven innocent and the family is united again.

==Music==
Lyrics by [[Anand Bakshi]].
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1.
| "Dhak Dhak Dhak Dhak Aise Jiyara Kare"
| [[Anuradha Paudwal]], [[Mohammad Aziz]]
|-
| 2.
| "Khushi Ka Hai Mauka"
| Anuradha Paudwal
|-
| 3.
| "Kiss And Tell Lala Lalala"
| Amit Kumar, [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| 4.
| "Tere Daddy Ne Diya Mujhe Parmit Tujhe Patane Ka"
| Amit Kumar, Alka Yagnik
|-
| 5.
| "Salamat Rahega Ye Ghar Ye Gharana"
| Suresh Wadkar, Mohammad Aziz
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0359324}}

[[Category:1989 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1989 Indian films]]
[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Ravi Shankar]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Phool (1945 film)

2026-03-03T23:14:15Z

MaryellenBuckman: reworked intro after review per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Phool
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[K. Asif]]
| producer = K. Abdulla [[Mian Ehsan-ul-Haq]]
| writer = [[Kamal Amrohi]]
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Prithviraj Kapoor]]|[[Veena (actress)|Veena Kumari]]|[[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]]|[[Suraiya]]|[[Durga Khote]]|[[Sitara Devi]]}}
| music = [[Master Ghulam Haider|Ghulam Haider]]
| cinematography = Kumar Jaywant
| editing = Viththal Banker
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1945}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Phool''''' is a [[Bollywood films of 1945|1945]] Indian [[Bollywood]] film. It was the fourth highest grossing Indian film of 1945.The film was directed by [[K. Asif]] who went on to make the blockbuster film [[Mughal-E-Azam]] .<ref>{{cite web|title=Top Earners 1945|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=150&catName=MTk0NQ==|publisher=Box Office India|accessdate=26 September 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016215819/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=150&catName=MTk0NQ==|archivedate=16 October 2013}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Prithviraj Kapoor|Prithviraj]]
* [[Veena (actress)|Veena Kumari]]
* [[Mazhar Khan (actor, born 1905)|Mazharkan]]
* [[Suraiya]]
* [[Durga Khote]]
* [[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]]
* Dixit
* [[Agha (actor)|Agha]]
* [[Sitara Devi|Sitara]]
* Wasti
* [[Jilloo|Zilloobai]]
* Majid
* Ashraf Khan

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1945 films]]
[[Category:1945 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1945 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Asif]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

{{1940s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Sneham (1977 film)

2026-03-03T21:10:09Z

MaryellenBuckman: page updated

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sneham
| image = Sneham poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[A. Bhimsingh]]
| producer = K. N. S. Jaffarsha
| writer = [[Sreekumaran Thampi]]
| screenplay = Sreekumaran Thampi
| starring = [[Sukumari]] [[Adoor Bhasi]] [[Mallika Sukumaran]] Master Rajkrishna
| music = Jaya Vijaya
| cinematography =
| editing = G. Murali
| studio = JS Films
| distributor = JS Films
| released = {{Film date|1977|9|14|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Sneham''''' is a 1977 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] bilingual film, directed by [[A. Bhimsingh]] and produced by K. N. S. Jaffarsha. The film stars [[Sukumari]], [[Adoor Bhasi]], [[Mallika Sukumaran]] and Master Rajkrishna in the lead roles. The film has musical score by Jaya Vijaya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=768|title=Sneham|accessdate=2014-10-05|publisher=MalayalaChalachithram}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2980|title=Sneham|accessdate=2014-10-05|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref> The film is a remake of Hindi film ''[[Dosti (1964 film)|Dosti]]'' (1964).

==Cast==
{{colbegin|colwidth=}}
*[[P. Sai Kumar|Master Sai Kumar]]
*Master Raja Krishna as Krishna
*[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Chandram
*[[Rao Gopal Rao]]
*[[Allu Ramalingaiah]]
*[[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]]
*[[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]]
*Halam
*Jhansi
*Baby Varalakshmi
*[[Sukumari]]
*[[Adoor Bhasi]]
*[[Mallika Sukumaran]]
*[[Master Sridhar]]
*[[Nellikode Bhaskaran]]
*[[Vidhubala]]
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by Jaya Vijaya and the lyrics were written by [[Sreekumaran Thampi]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Eenam Paadithalarnnallo" || [[Jolly Abraham]] || [[Sreekumaran Thampi]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Kaliyum Chiriyum" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|-
| 3 || "Pakalkkili" || K. J. Yesudas || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|-
| 4 || "Sandhyayinnum Pulariye Thedi" || K. J. Yesudas || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|-
| 5 || "Swarnam Paakiya" || K. J. Yesudas || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0156089|Sneham}}

{{A. Bhimsingh}}

[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:1977 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1977 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. Bhimsingh]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jaya Vijaya]]
[[Category:Malayalam remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]

{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Hinduism in West Bengal

2026-03-03T16:21:52Z

MaryellenBuckman: general fixed references per sources and updated info

{{Short description|Largest religion in West Bengal}}

{{for-multi|Hinduism in East Bengal|Hinduism in Bangladesh|ethnic and main group|Bengali Hindus}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2023}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Hindus in West Bengal
| flag = [[File:Bengali Swastika Symbol half.svg|60px]]
| image = Dakshineswar.jpg
| image_caption = [[Dakshineswar Kali Temple]] in [[Kolkata]]
| pop = {{Circa}} '''64.4 million''' (2011 Census) {{Increase}} (70.5% of West Bengal's population) {{Decrease}} {{Circa}} '''55 million''' [[Bengali Hindus]]<ref name="langcensus2011">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 – Population by Mother Tongue |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=18 September 2021 |archive-date=15 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815035759/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
| regions = Majority in all [[List of districts of West Bengal|districts]] except [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]], [[Uttar Dinajpur district|Uttar Dinajpur]] and [[Maldah district|Malda]].
| langs = '''Majority''': [[Bengali language|Bengali]] '''Minority''': [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and [[Hindi]]
| religions = [[Hinduism]] and others
| related_groups =
}}
{{Hinduism}}
'''[[Hinduism]]''' is the largest [[religious tradition]] in the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]] with approximately 70.54% of the population identifying themselves as [[Hindus]] (as of 2011).<ref>{{Cite web|first=India|last=Census |date= August 24, 2022|url=https://www.indiacensus.net/states/west-bengal&lang=en|title= West Bengal Population|website=IndiaCensus.net}}</ref> The Hindus in West Bengal mostly belong to the [[Shaktism|Shakta]] (the [[Shaktism#Kalikula: family of Kali|Kalikula tradition]]), minority to [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] and a small community belong to [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] and other [[Hindu denominations|denominations]].<ref name="McDermott2005p826">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2005 |surname=McDermott |given=Rachel Fell |title=Bengali religions |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion: 15 Volume Set |editor-first=Lindsay |editor-last=Jones |edition=2nd |place=Detroit, Mi |publisher=MacMillan Reference USA |volume=2 |pages=824–832 |isbn=0-02-865735-7}} p. 826.</ref> The vast majority of Hindus in West Bengal are [[Bengali Hindus]] numbering around 55 million and comprising 60.2% of the state population of 91.35 million (2011)<ref>{{Cite web|first=Trevor|last=Zbonkak |date=December 14, 2021|url=https://theflatbkny.com/india/how-many-bengalis-are-there-in-west-bengal/|access-date=2022-07-20|title=How many Bengalis are there in West Bengal?
|website=The Flat - Travel Q&A and Tips 2022}}</ref><ref name="Datta"/> but a notable section of non-[[Bengali Hindus]] also exist, particularly among [[Marwaris]], [[Biharis]], [[Odias]], [[Gurkha]]s, [[Sindhis]], [[Gujaratis]] and various tribal communities such as [[Koch Rajbongshi|Koch]], [[Santals]], [[Munda people|Munda]], [[Mech people]] and particularly [[Adivasi|Adivadis]] numbering around 9.4 million comprising rest 10.3% of the state population.<ref name=Datta>{{Cite web|first=Romita|last=Datta |date=November 13, 2020|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20201123-the-great-hindu-vote-trick-1740691-2020-11-13|access-date=2021-05-11|title=The great Hindu vote trick |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiaonlinepages.com/population/west-bengal-population.html|title=Population of West Bengal-West Bengal Population 2021|access-date=2021-07-10|website=India Guide- Festivals, Culture, City Guide, Weddings, Population, Indianonlinepages.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/opinion-divided-on-most-non-bengali-voters-favouring-bjp-in-west-bengal|title=Opinion divided on most non-Bengali voters favouring BJP in West Bengal|access-date=2021-07-12}}</ref>

Hinduism had existed in the region of [[Bengal]] before the 16th century BC and by the 3rd century, [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]] were popular too.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=Sukumar |title= Banga-Bhumika|trans-title=An Introduction to the History of Bengal |edition=1st |year=1999 |publisher= [[Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi]]|location=Kolkata |language=Bengali |isbn= 81-86908-97-8 |trans-chapter=The Religion |chapter=Dharme |pages= 104–05}}</ref> [[Gaur, West Bengal|Gaur]], the first sovereign Hindu kingdom in Bengal with its capital in [[Karnasubarna]] in modern-day [[Murshidabad district]], was set up by [[Shashanka]], a [[Shaivaite]] king who ruled approximately between 600 AD and 625 AD. The modern structure of Bengali Hindu society was developed during the rule of the [[Sena dynasty]] in the 12th century AD. West Bengal has been home to several famous religious teachers, including [[Sri Chaitanya]], [[Sri Ramakrishna]], [[Rammohan Roy]] and [[Swami Vivekananda]].

==Culture==
The language of the Hindus in West Bengal is [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. A large number of Hindu religious texts like biographies of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]], Mangal-kavyas, Bratakathas and [[Panchala|Panchalis]] as well as dharmik writings of modern Bengali philosophers and saints have been produced in Bengali for many centuries.

===Religion===
Majority of Bengali Hindus follow [[Shaktism]] (the [[Shaktism#Kalikula: family of Kali|Kalikula tradition]]), minority—[[Vaishnavism]] ([[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]], [[Vaishnava-Sahajiya]], [[Baul]]s). Shaktas belong to the upper [[caste]]s as well as lowest castes and tribes, while the lower middle castes are Vaishnavas.<ref name="McDermott2005p826" />

The main [[devi]]s of the Kalikula tradition are ''[[Kali]]'', ''[[Chandi]] which is another form of Durga'', ''[[Durga]]'', as well as regional goddesses such as ''[[Manasa]](also known as Bishhori)'', the snake goddesses, ''[[Shashthi]]'', the protectress of children, ''[[Shitala]]'', the smallpox goddess, and ''[[Umā]]'' (the Bengali name for [[Parvati]]).<ref name="McDermott2005p826" />

[[Jagadhatri]], [[Lakshmi]] and [[Saraswati]], [[Shiva]], [[Ganesha]], [[Vishwakarma]], [[Krishna]], [[Rama]], [[Jagannath]] and [[Vishnu]] are the other popular and widely worshipped [[Hindu deities]] in West Bengal.

[[Durga Puja]] is the biggest and most important festival of the Hindus in West Bengal, as well as the most significant festival of the state in general. [[Kali Puja]] is the second major festival of the community and it corresponds to the pan-Indian festival of Diwali. Other major festivals include [[Kojagari Lakshmi Puja]], [[Dolyatra]], [[Jagaddhatri|Jagaddhatri Puja]], [[Rathayatra]], [[Saraswati Puja]], [[Poila Baishakh]], [[Vishwakarma Puja]], [[Gajan (festival)|Gajan]], [[Makar Sankranti|Poush Parban]] etc.

===Festivals===
[[File:Bakul Bagan Sarbojanin Arnab Dutta 2011.jpg|thumb|[[Durga Puja]], the biggest festival]]
[[Bengali Hindus]] in [[West Bengal]] observe a number of festivals, hence the Bengali proverb ''Baro Mase Tero Parbon'' ({{langx|bn|বারো মাসে তেরো পার্বণ|lit=twelve months thirteen festivities}}). Birth Anniversary of [[Rabindranath Tagore]] which is celebrated as one of the major festivals of the state, [[Rathyatra]] and [[Janmashtami]] before the commencement of the autumnal festival season which starts with [[Vishwakarma Puja]] on the last day of Bengali month of [[Bhadra (Hindu calendar)|Bhadra]] which is around the middle of September in the English calendar. The annual five-day [[Durga Puja]] is the biggest and most widely celebrated Hindu festival in West Bengal. Durga Puja is followed by [[Kojagari Lakshmi Puja]], [[Kali Puja]], [[Bhai phonta|Bhai Phonta]], [[Jagaddhatri|Jagaddhatri Puja]] and [[Kartikeya|Kartik Puja]]. On 1 January [[Kalpataru Day]] is observed as an auspicious day associated with Ramakrishna Paramhansa. The winter solstice is celebrated a [[Makar Sankranti|Paush Sankranti]] in mid January, followed by ''Netaji Jayanti'' or the birth anniversary of [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose]] and [[Saraswati Puja]]. The spring festival of Holi is celebrated in the form of [[Holi|Dolyatra]]. The year ends with [[Charak Puja]] and [[Gajan (festival)|Gajan]].

===Temples===
{{Main|List of Hindu temples in West Bengal}}

<gallery widths="200">
File:Kalighat temple.jpg|Kalighat Temple.
File:Yogapith, Mayapur.jpg|The temple at [[Caitanya Mahaprabhu]]'s birthplace in Mayapur, Nadia established by [[Bhaktivinoda Thakur]] in the 1880s.
File:Hangseshwari temple.jpg|Hangseshwari and Vasudev temple at Hooghly district.
File:Ramakrishna Belur Math, Howrah.jpg|Sri Ramakrishna Temple, Belur Math.
File:Rasmancha Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG|Rashmancha Temple, Bishnupur
</gallery>Temple architecture in West Bengal architecture has assumed a unique identity and evolved into the [[Bengali architecture#West Bengal terra cotta temple architecture|Bengali terra cotta temple architecture]] which is also a very common style of Hindu temples in Bangladesh. Due to lack of suitable stone in the alluvial [[Gangetic]] delta, the temple makers had to resort to other materials instead of stone. This gave rise to using [[terra cotta]] as a medium for temple construction. Terra-cotta exteriors with rich carvings are a unique feature of Bengali temples. The town of [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Vishnupur]] in West Bengal is renowned for this type of architecture. Usually a part of the intended total motif was carved by hand on one side of a brick and then baked. While under construction, these carved bricks were arranged to make up the entire motif.

The Bengali style of temple is not luxurious. Rather, most are modeled on simple thatched-roof earthen huts used as dwellings by commoners. This can be attributed to the popularity of [[bhakti]] sects which taught people to view gods as close to themselves. Thus, various styles like ''[[do-chala]]'', ''[[Jor-bangla Style]]'', ''[[char-chala]]'', and ''[[aat-chala]]'' sprang up. However, there is also a popular style of building known as [[Navaratna]] (nine-towered) or Pancharatna (five-towered) in Bengal which is more luxurious than the Chala buildings. A typical example of Navaratna style is the [[Dakshineswar Kali Temple]]. The Shiva temples of rural Bengal has significantly impacted on the architectural style of [[Kalighat Temple]], one of the oldest Hindu temples of India. The famous [[Birla Mandir, Kolkata|Birla Temple]] of Kolkata, built in 1996, has a unique blend of temple architecture of Odisha with Rajasthani temple arts. The [[Mahakal Temple (Darjeeling)|Mahakal Temple]] in Darjeeling is a unique and important Hindu temple since 1782.

==Demography==
Hindus constituted 78.45% of West Bengal's population way back in 1951. As per the 2011 census, 70.54% of the state's population is Hindu. There is sharp decline of 7.91% Hindu population in 6 decades.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/decline-of-hindu-population-in-west-bengal-worries-rss/articleshow/57831904.cms | title=Decline of Hindu population in West Bengal worries RSS | newspaper=The Times of India | date=26 March 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://scroll.in/article/990780/bengal-election-how-bjp-and-tmc-are-using-old-census-data-to-fuel-identity-based-politics | title=Bengal election: How BJP and TMC are using old census data to fuel identity-based politics | date=29 March 2021 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Hindus in West Bengal by district (2011)<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS Population by religious community: West Bengal]. 2011 Census of India.</ref>
! # || District || Total population || Hindu population || %
|-
| 1 || [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]] || 10,009,781 || 7,352,769 || {{percentage bar|73.46|c=darkorange}}
|-
| 2 || [[Barddhaman district|Barddhaman]] || 7,717,563 || 6,008,472 || {{percentage bar|77.85|c=darkorange}}
|-
| 3 || [[South 24 Parganas district|South 24 Parganas]] || 8,161,961 || 5,155,545 || {{percentage bar|63.17|c=darkorange}}
|-
| 4 || [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]] || 5,913,457 || 5,056,953 || {{percentage bar|85.52|c=darkorange}}
|-
| 5 || [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] || 5,519,145 || 4,574,569 || {{percentage bar|82.89|c=darkorange}}
|-
| 6 || [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]] || 5,095,875 || 4,343,972 || {{percentage bar|85.24|c=darkorange}}
|-
| 7 || [[Nadia district|Nadia]] || 5,167,600 || 3,728,482 || {{percentage bar|72.15|c=darkorange}}
|-
| 8 || [[Howrah district|Howrah]] || 4,850,029 || 3,535,844 || {{percentage bar|72.90|c=darkorange}}
|-
| 9 || [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]] || 4,496,694 || 3,440,290 || {{percentage bar|76.51|c=darkorange}}
|-
| 10 || [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]] || 3,872,846 || 3,156,781 || {{percentage bar|81.51|c=darkorange}}
|-
| 11 || [[Bankura district|Bankura]] || 3,596,674 || 3,033,581 || {{percentage bar|84.34|c=darkorange}}
|-
| 12 || [[Purulia district|Purulia]] || 2,930,115 || 2,373,120 || {{percentage bar|80.99|c=darkorange}}
|-
| 13 || [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]] || 7,103,807 || 2,359,061 || {{percentage bar|33.21|c=darkorange}}
|-
| 14 || [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]] || 3,502,404 || 2,181,515 || {{percentage bar|62.29|c=darkorange}}
|-
| 15 || [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]] || 2,819,086 || 2,087,766 || {{percentage bar|74.06|c=darkorange}}
|-
| 16 || [[Maldah district|Maldah]] || 3,988,845 || 1,914,352 || {{percentage bar|47.99|c=darkorange}}
|-
| 17 || [[Uttar Dinajpur district|Uttar Dinajpur]] || 3,007,134 || 1,482,943 || {{percentage bar|49.31|c=darkorange}}
|-
| 18 || [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]] || 1,846,823 || 1,366,681 || {{percentage bar|74.00|c=darkorange}}
|-
| 19 || [[Dakshin Dinajpur district|Dakshin Dinajpur]] || 1,676,276 || 1,232,850 || {{percentage bar|73.55|c=darkorange}}
|-
! || West Bengal (Total) || 91,276,115 || 64,385,546 || {{percentage bar|70.54|c=darkorange}}
|}

===Population growth===
{{Historical populations
|title = Decadal Hindu Population in West Bengal
|type =
|footnote =
|align = right
|width =
|state =
|shading =
|pop_name =
|percentages =
|source = <ref name="BPSR_2019">{{cite news |url=http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2342/1/U615290.pdf |title=The Population Trajectories of Bangladesh and West Bengal During the Twentieth Century: A Comparative Study |author=Nahid Kamal}}</ref>
|1901 | 10,786,582
|1911 | 11,231,845
|1921 | 10,783,197
|1931 | 11,855,510
|1941 | 14,102,633
|1951 | 20,698,627
|1961 | 27,521,688
|1971 | 34,607,685
|1981 | 42,007,159
|1991 | 50,850,000
|2001 | 58,104,835
|2011 | 64,385,546
}}
'''Percentage of Hindus in West Bengal by decades'''<ref name="BPSR_2019">{{cite news |url=http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2342/1/U615290.pdf |title=The Population Trajectories of Bangladesh and West Bengal During the Twentieth Century: A Comparative Study |author=Nahid Kamal}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! '''Year'''
! '''Percent'''
! '''Decrease'''
|-
| '''1901'''
| '''70.8%'''
|'''-'''
|-
| '''1911'''
| '''69.6%'''
| style="background: Red" |
'''-1.2%'''
|-
| '''1921'''
| '''68.5%'''
| style="background: Red" |
'''-1.1%'''
|-
| '''1931'''
| '''69.9%'''
| style="background: lightgreen" |
'''+1.4%'''
|-
| '''1941'''
| '''67%'''
| style="background: Red" |
'''-2.9%'''
|-
| '''1947'''
| '''79.2%'''
| style="background: lightgreen" |
'''+12.2%'''
|-
| '''1951'''
| '''78.7%'''
| style="background: red" |
'''-0.5%'''
|-
| '''1961'''
| '''78.8%'''
| style="background: lightgreen" | '''+0.1%'''
|-
| '''1971'''
| '''78.1%'''
| style="background: Red" | '''-0.7%'''
|-
| '''1981'''
| '''76.9%'''
| style="background: Red" | '''-1.2%'''
|-
| '''1991'''
| '''74.7%'''
| style="background: Red" | '''-2.2%'''
|-
| '''2001'''
| '''72.5%'''
| style="background: Red" | '''-2.2%'''
|-
| '''2011'''
| '''70.5%'''
| style="background: Red" | '''-2%'''
|-
|}
After the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition of Bengal]], a large section of upper and middle class [[Bengali Hindus]], numbering 2,519,557, from [[East Pakistan]] (present-day Bangladesh) migrated across the border. They settled primarily in [[Kolkata]] and other district headquarter towns. These were especially in across the state but particularly in [[Nadia district|Nadia]], [[South 24 Parganas district|South 24 Parganas]], [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]], [[Howrah district|Howrah]], [[West Dinajpur district|West Dinajpur]] and [[Jalpaiguri District|Jalpaiguri]] etc.

In 1971, during [[Bangladesh liberation war]] against [[Pakistan]], a large group of refugees numbering an estimated 7,235,916 have arrived from Bangladesh to India's West Bengal, Out of which nearly 80% of them are Bengali Hindus and after [[Independence of Bangladesh]], nearly 1,521,912 people belonging to Bengali Hindu refugees have decided to stay back in India particularly in West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=When Indira Gandhi said: Refugees of all religions must go back – Watch video|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/indira-gandhi-rahul-gandhi-rajiv-gandhi-east-pakistan-pakistan-assam-accord-national-register-of-citizens-congress-bharatiya-janata-party-tripura/264462|access-date=2021-02-09|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en|archive-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123092721/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/indira-gandhi-rahul-gandhi-rajiv-gandhi-east-pakistan-pakistan-assam-accord-national-register-of-citizens-congress-bharatiya-janata-party-tripura/264462|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The Hindu population in Western part of Bengal i.e West Bengal during first census of 1951 was around 19,462,706 and in 2011 census it had increased to 64,385,546. But the percentage of Hindu population in the state decreased from 78.45% in 1951 to 70.5% in 2011 Census. However, at 1947 just after the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition of Bengal]], Hindus have formed nearly 79.2% of West Bengal population.

==Economy and business==

Economic participation, work roles and distribution across professions for Bengali Hindus is similar to the wider population in the rural areas, where agriculture and related activities remain the primary occupation. In the urban areas, the largest segment of the Hindu population is engaged mostly as services professionals across sectors.

Historically, since the advent of [[Company rule in India]], the upper-caste, landed Bengali Hindu gentry increasingly partnered with the [[East India Company]] to trade and supply goods such as silk, tea and jute to [[Europe]]. Subsequently, these families amassed massive wealth, increased their land holdings ([[Zamindars of Bengal|Zamindaris]]) further. As the ruling elite of [[Kolkata]], they established huge [[palaces]] and made the city a magnet for wealth. Businessmen like [[Dwarkanath Tagore]] and [[Raja Nabakrishna Deb]] are now recognized as some of India's earliest business tycoons in the modern era.

This continued to the 20th century when luminaries like [[Prafulla Chandra Ray]] established [[Bengal Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals]], [[Rajendra Nath Mookerjee]] formed engineering firm [[Martin Burn]] and Surendra Mohan Bose created the Duckback brand during the [[Swadeshi movement]], among many others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/duckback-surendra-mohan-bose-who-dared-to-challenge-british-monopoly-of-100-years|title= Duckback-Surendra Mohan Bose who dared to challenge British monopoly of 100 years|publisher=getbengal.com|accessdate=August 25, 2020}}</ref>

In India, after [[Independence of India|independence]], large number of Bengali Hindus, both from West Bengal have also settled in the rest of India and abroad. The middle and upper middle class populations (who historically had levels of educational attainment) are now well entrenched in numerous professional fields like law, medicine, academics, engineering, journalism, liberal arts, corporates, banking, tax, etc. On the other hand, most of the rural and semi-rural population are now engaged in contractual agriculture, notably in [[Punjab]] and [[Haryana]], construction in [[Kerala]] and [[Karnataka]], logistics, manufacturing and small-scale businesses across the country.

Average literacy levels of Bengali Hindus remain higher than other communities in West Bengal. However, the opposite is true for the minority Hindu population in [[Bangladesh]].

Noted West Bengali Hindu industrialists include:
*[[Gouri Sen]]
*[[Gourmohan Dutta]] of GD Pharmaceuticals-manufacturers
*Hari Ghosh
*Banamali Sarkar
*[[Gobindram Mitter]]
*[[Prasanna Coomar Tagore]]
*[[Ramanath Tagore]]
*[[Rajen Mookerjee]]
*[[Rajat Kumar Gupta]]
*[[Alamohan Das]]
*[[Dwarkanath Tagore]]
*[[Purnendu Chatterjee]] of The Chatterjee Group & [[Haldia Petrochemicals]]
*Prashant Mukherjee
*[[Sadhan Dutt]]
*[[Subrata Roy]] of [[Sahara India Pariwar]]
*[[Sanjit Biswas]]
*[[Amar Gopal Bose]] of [[Bose Corporation]]
*[[Aveek Sarkar]]

== See also ==
* [[Hinduism in India]]
* [[Religion in West Bengal]]
* [[Hinduism in Bangladesh|Hinduism in East Bengal]]
* [[East Bengali refugees]]
* [[Bengali Hindus]].

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further links ==

* {{Cite book|last=Chatterjee|first=Chandra|title=Syama Prasad Mookerjee, the Hindu Dissent and the Partition of Bengal, 1932-1947|publisher=Manohar Publishers|year=2020f|isbn=9-781-000-16378-0|oclc=1158770381|ref={{SfnRef|Chaterjee|2020}}}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Hinduism in West Bengal}}

* {{Citation|title=Religion share in West Bengal|url=https://www.census2011.in/data/religion/state/19-west-bengal.html|work=[[2011 Census of India]]|publisher=[[Government of India]]}}
{{Hinduism in India by region}}{{Portal bar|India|Hinduism|Society|Religion}}

[[Category:Hinduism in West Bengal| ]]
[[Category:Social groups of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Religion in West Bengal]]

Ayalvaashi

2026-03-03T09:45:07Z

MaryellenBuckman: starting some data initial version

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Ayalvaashi poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Irshad Parari
| writer = Irshad Parari
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = [[Ashiq Usman]] [[Muhsin Parari]]
| starring = {{Ubl
| [[Soubin Shahir]]
| [[Binu Pappu]]
| [[Nikhila Vimal]]
| [[Lijomol Jose]]
| [[Naslen]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = [[Sajith Purushan]]
| editing = [[Siddique Hyder]]
| music = [[Jakes Bejoy]]
| studio = Ashiq Usman Productions Local Agenda Motion Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|04|21}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}'''''Ayalvaashi''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[comedy drama film|comedy drama]] film directed by Irshad Parari. The film was written by Irshad Parari, and it was produced by [[Ashiq Usman]] and [[Muhsin Parari]] under the banner of Ashiq Usman Productions and Local Agenda Motion Pictures It stars [[Soubin Shahir]], [[Binu Pappu]], [[Naslen]], [[Nikhila Vimal]] and [[Lijomol Jose]] in lead roles. The film was released worldwide on 21 April 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Soubin Shahir starrer 'Ayalvaashi' gets a release date |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/soubin-shahir-starrer-ayalvaashi-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/98143439.cms |access-date=2023-04-26 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426094241/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/soubin-shahir-starrer-ayalvaashi-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/98143439.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Soubin Shahir]] as Thaju <ref>{{Cite news |title='Chewing Gum': Here's the quirky song from the Soubin Shahir starrer 'Ayalvaashi' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/chewing-gum-heres-the-quirky-song-from-the-soubin-shahir-starrer-ayalvaashi/articleshow/99193587.cms |access-date=2023-04-26 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504190949/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/chewing-gum-heres-the-quirky-song-from-the-soubin-shahir-starrer-ayalvaashi/articleshow/99193587.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Binu Pappu]] as Benny
* [[Naslen]] as Pachu
* [[Nikhila Vimal]] as Celine, Benny's wife
* [[Lijomol Jose]] as Kuttimalu, Thaju's wife
* [[Akhila Bhargavan]] as Smrithi
* Parvathy Babu as Kunji
* [[Gokulan (actor)|Gokulan]] as Ajippan
* Ajmal Khan as Salman
* [[Kottayam Nazeer]] as Baby
* [[Jagadish]] as Bernard, Benny's father-in-law and Celine's father
* [[Vijayaraghavan]] as Barkath
* Swathi Das Prabhu as Labeeb, Barkath's son
}}

== Production ==
The title look of the poster was released 5 November 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayalvaashi to star Soubin Shahir, Binu Pappu and more; Title poster out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/nov/05/ayalvaashi-to-star-soubin-shahir-binu-pappu-and-more-title-poster-out-36278.html |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=5 November 2022 |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426094104/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/nov/05/ayalvaashi-to-star-soubin-shahir-binu-pappu-and-more-title-poster-out-36278.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Soubin Shahir's Ayalvaashi begins |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/nov/13/soubin-shahirs-ayalvaashi-begins-36574.html |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=13 November 2022 |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426094358/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/nov/13/soubin-shahirs-ayalvaashi-begins-36574.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and the first look of the film was released on 23 January 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First look of Soubin Shahir's Ayalvaashi out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/jan/23/first-look-of-soubin-shahirs-ayalvaashi-out-39128.html |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=23 January 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426094519/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/jan/23/first-look-of-soubin-shahirs-ayalvaashi-out-39128.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Later the trailer was released.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Soubin' Shahir's Ayalvaashi trailer out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/apr/15/soubin-shahirs-ayalvaashi-trailer-out-42352.html |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=15 April 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426094607/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/apr/15/soubin-shahirs-ayalvaashi-trailer-out-42352.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Back in 2019, Prithviraj and Indrajith were originally cast as Thaju and Benny.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prithviraj-and-indrajiths-malabar-based-drama-titled-ayalvaashi/articleshow/72747971.cms|title=Prithviraj and Indrajith's Malabar-based drama titled|newspaper=Times of India|date=16 December 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/prithviraj-sukumaran-heard-ayalvaashis-story-on-lucifer-sets-and-was-excited-to-be-part-of-it-irshad-parari/82516bc7a8590 |title=Prithviraj Sukumaran heard Ayalvaashi's story on Lucifer sets and was excited to be part of it: Irshad Parari|publisher=OTTplay}}</ref>

== Reception ==

[[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] of ''[[Firstpost]]'' stated that "Barring the Chewing Gum song and Soubin, there's nothing here."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-25 |title=Ayalvaashi movie review: Barring the Chewing Gum song and Soubin, there's nothing here |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ayalvaashi-movie-review-barring-the-chewing-gum-song-and-soubin-theres-nothing-here-12503712.html |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425210557/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ayalvaashi-movie-review-barring-the-chewing-gum-song-and-soubin-theres-nothing-here-12503712.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A critic from ''[[Onmanorama]]'' stated that "However, the movie still manages to be enjoyable, with a homely vibe throughout its runtime."<ref>{{Cite web |title='Ayalvaashi' Review: Soubin's comedy-drama offers a lighthearted plot with a strong emotional undercurrent |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/04/21/ayalvaashi-malayalam-movie-soubin-shahir-review.html |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=OnManorama |archive-date=2023-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426093218/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/04/21/ayalvaashi-malayalam-movie-soubin-shahir-review.html |url-status=live }}</ref> S. R. Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Soubin Shahir and Nikhila Vimal's comedy-drama is marred by a thin plot and listless execution."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2023-04-21 |title='Ayalvaashi' movie review: Soubin Shahir and Nikhila Vimal's comedy-drama is marred by a thin plot and listless execution |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ayalvaashi-movie-review-soubin-shahir-and-nikhila-vimals-comedy-drama-is-marred-by-a-thin-plot-and-listless-execution/article66763434.ece |access-date=2023-04-26 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2023-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426093217/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ayalvaashi-movie-review-soubin-shahir-and-nikhila-vimals-comedy-drama-is-marred-by-a-thin-plot-and-listless-execution/article66763434.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Cris of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave 2 out 5 stars and gave mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-21 |title=Ayalvaashi review: Soubin Shahir is wonderful in a film that loses track |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ayalvaashi-review-soubin-shahir-wonderful-film-loses-track-176201 |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426021309/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ayalvaashi-review-soubin-shahir-wonderful-film-loses-track-176201 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|23327344}}

[[Category:2023 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jakes Bejoy]]

Lokesh Ohri

2026-03-03T05:24:18Z

MaryellenBuckman: fix intro for clarity and corrected details

{{short description|Indian anthropologist and heritage conservationist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Lokesh Ohri
| image = [[File:Lokesh Ohri.jpg|150px]]
| education = [[St Joseph's Academy, Dehradun]] [[University of Heidelberg]], Germany
| birth_place = [[Dehradun]], India
| workplaces = [[University of Heidelberg]]
| fields = [[Cultural anthropology]], [[Heritage conservation]]
| awards = Marsilus Van Inghen Fellow (Radboud University, Netherlands), Govind Vallabh Pant Award (MHA, GoI), Mahatma Gandhi Award, Outlook Traveller Responsible Tourism Award'23 and '25
| known_for = Heritage conservation in the [[Doon Valley]], Uttarakhand
}}

'''Lokesh Ohri''' is an Indian [[anthropologist]], historian, writer and a cultural activist based in [[Dehradun]], Uttarakhand, who has campaigned for the preservation of the natural and cultural heritage of the [[Doon Valley]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/doon-valley-dehradun-lokesh-ohri-5727839/|title='A walkable city keeps us close to our real selves': Heritage revivalist Lokesh Ohri|newspaper=The Indian Express |date=May 15, 2019}}</ref> He is the founder of Been There Doon That, an educational initiative that spreads awareness about the natural, social and cultural history of the Doon Valley through walks, lectures and workshops.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/learning-about-dehradun-s-food-history-one-bite-at-a-time/story-nQk8LkR6ESnVZIMTwoSa6I.html|title=Learning about Dehradun's food history, one bite at a time|date=1 May 2016|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

His work in Anthropology has dealt with the ideas of non-human agency, rituals of traveling deities and reflexivity. His recent works, however, have focused on the several voices, including that of Himalayan deities, that critique the recent spate of infrastructure development and consequent exploitation, be it roads, tourism or dams. He has vigorously promoted slow and walking travel, documenting the sacred landscapes of the Himalayas.

==Biography==
Ohri was born in Dehradun and attended [[St Joseph's Academy, Dehradun|St Joseph's Academy]] and has a master's degree in sociology. He received his PhD in cultural anthropology from the [[University of Heidelberg]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lokesh Ohri, M.A. |url=https://www.sai.uni-heidelberg.de/ethno/index.php?language=en&page=staff/ohri}}</ref> Ohri has long campaigned against insensitive and rapid development in [[Uttarakhand]], particularly in the state capital Dehradun, which has led to a reduction in green cover of the state, partial or complete loss of heritage canals and water bodies through pollution or road construction, and poor restoration work on historic monuments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/state-editions/---planting-trees-better-than-setting-up-fountain-at-clock-tower---.html|title=Planting trees better than setting up fountain at Clock Tower|website=The Pioneer}}</ref> In 2013, he founded Been There Doon That, an initiative that highlights the cultural, natural and social heritage of the [[Doon Valley]] through public lectures, talks and heritage walks.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Doon-heritage-walks-a-grand-success/articleshow/53800130.cms|title=Doon heritage walks a grand success | Dehradun News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2013/state-editions/been-there-doon-that-features-10-walks-to-explore-doon-heritage.html|title='Been There, Doon That?' features 10 walks to explore Doon heritage|website=The Pioneer}}</ref>

Lokesh established the Dehradun based community called Been There Doon That.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Been There, Doon That? |url=https://www.beentheredoonthat.org/}}</ref> which is a citizens' engagement initiative with local history and heritage. Today, BTDT, as it is popularly called, is home to a huge community of citizens sensitised to the cause of heritage. BTDT has also commenced work with over 14 village communities in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh to undertake village based slow tourism thorough self-help. This work is significant since landscapes in Uttarakhand are not protected by land laws. The work promotes slow and experiential travel. He has also established Humanities Himalaya, an organisation focused on ground level research and policy interventions in the Himalayas.

Lokesh Ohri has established a public policy, research and action group to work on the Himalayan region by the name of Humanities Himalaya. The group is registered as a public society in Uttarakhand. The work of Humanities Himalaya currently extends to Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh and Ladakh.

==Books==
*{{cite book |last=Ohri |first=Lokesh |author-link= |date=2019 |title=Till Kingdom Come: Medieval Hinduism in the Modern Himalaya |url= |location= |publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]] |page= |isbn=978-8178245423}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2020/apr/19/till-kingdom-come-book-review-the-mysterious-valley-2131081.html|title='Till Kingdom Come' book review: The Mysterious Valley|website=The New Indian Express|date=18 April 2020 }}</ref>
*{{cite book |last=Ohri |first=Lokesh |author-link= |date=2019 |title=Walking with Laata: 50 Trails through Doon Valley's Living History & Nature |url= |location= |publisher=Book World |page= |isbn=978-9381089408}}<ref name="auto"/>
*{{cite book |last=Ohri |first=Lokesh |author-link= |date=2022 |title=Ganga Katha-Samagrata: Completeness of the Holy River Ganga |url= |location= |publisher=National Mission for Clean Ganga |page= |isbn=978-8195703982}}<ref name="auto"/>
*{{cite book |last=Ohri |first=Lokesh |author-link= |date=2022 |title=Ganga Katha-Samakshata: Along the Holy River Ganga |url= |location= |publisher=National Mission for Clean Ganga |page= |isbn=978-8195901906}}<ref name="auto"/>
*Ohri, Lokesh (2025). ''Bridges of Uttarakhand''. Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH). {{ISBN|978-9334314090}}.
*Ohri, Lokesh (2025). ''On the Pilgrimage Trail to Kedarnath''. Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH). {{ISBN|978-9334319798}}
*{{cite book |last=Ohri |first=Lokesh |author-link= |date=2026 |title=Ambles Across Godland: Experiencing the Sacred in the Uttarakhand Himalaya |url= |location= Dehradun, India|publisher=Bookworld |page=430 |isbn=9788196614959}}<ref name="auto"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.beentheredoonthat.org/ Official website - Been There Doon That]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ohri, Lokesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Heidelberg University alumni]]
[[Category:Scholars from Dehradun]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian anthropologists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian conservationists]]
[[Category:Conservator-restorers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Himalayan studies]]
[[Category:Scholars from Uttarakhand]]

Names and titles of Muhammad

2026-02-28T13:13:49Z

MaryellenBuckman: fix structure and cleaned formatting

{{short description|none}}
{{Muhammad|names}}
The '''names and titles of Muhammad''',<ref name="seekerofthesacredknowledge">{{cite news |url=http://www.seekerofthesacredknowledge.wordpress.com/2012/01/20/names-of-prophet-muhammad-peace-upon-him/ |author=Faqir |title=Names and Titles of Prophet Muhammad|publisher=Journey of a Seeker Of Sacred Knowledge|date=January 20, 2012|access-date=January 18, 2013}}</ref> '''names and attributes of Muhammad'''<ref name="lastprophet">{{cite news |last=Yeniterzi|first=Emine|url=http://www.lastprophet.info/the-names-and-attributes-of-prophet-muhammad-in-divan-literature |date=June 13, 2013 |title=The Names and Attributes of Prophet Muhammad in Divine Literature|publisher=Last Prophet|access-date=January 18, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117230816/http://www.lastprophet.info/the-names-and-attributes-of-prophet-muhammad-in-divan-literature |archive-date= Jan 17, 2014 }}</ref>''', Names of Muhammad''' ({{langx|ar|أسماء النبي|Asmā’u n-Nabiyy}}) are the titles of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]] and used by [[Muslims]], where 88 of them are commonly known, but also countless names which are found mainly in the [[Quran]] and [[hadith]] literature. The Quran addresses Muhammad in the second person by various appellations; [[Prophets in Islam|prophet]], [[Apostle (Islam)|messenger]], servant (''abd'') of [[God in Islam|God]].

==Names==

=== Muhammad ===
The [[Muhammad (name)|name ''Muhammad'']] ({{IPAc-en|m|ʊ|ˈ|h|æ|m|ə|d|,_|-|ˈ|h|ɑː|m|ə|d}})<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/muhammad |title=Muhammad |website=Dictionary.com |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151230095637/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/muhammad |archive-date= Dec 30, 2015 }}</ref> means "praiseworthy" and appears four times in the Quran.<ref>Jean-Louis Déclais, ''Names of the Prophet'', [[Encyclopedia of the Quran]]</ref><ref>{{qref|3|144|b=y}}''Muhammad'' is only a messenger: many Were the messenger that passed away before him.</ref><ref>{{qref|33|40|b=y}}''Muhammad'' is not the father of any of your men, but (he is) the Messenger of God, and the Seal of the Prophets: and God has full knowledge of all things.</ref><ref>{{qref|47|2|b=y}}But those who believe and work deeds of righteousness, and believe in the (Revelation) sent down to ''Muhammad'' – for it is the Truth from their Lord, – He will remove from them their ills and improve their condition.</ref><ref>{{qref|48|29|b=y}}''Muhammad'' is the messenger of God; and those who are with him are strong against disbelievers, (but) compassionate amongst each other.</ref> Chapter [[Surah]] 47 of the Quran is "[[Muhammad (surah)|Muhammad]]".<ref>{{cite web|title=Quran (Chapter 47)|url=http://quran.com/47}}</ref> The name Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib ibn Hāshim,<ref name="auto">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad Muhammad] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209125352/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad|date=9 February 2017}} [[Encyclopedia Britannica]] Retrieved 15 February 2017</ref> begins with the ''[[Kunya (Arabic)|kunya]]''<ref>[[S. D. Goitein|Goitein, S.D.]] (1967) – [https://books.google.com/books?id=g13-owKVXY4C&pg A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza, Volume 1] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122105439/https://books.google.com/books?id=g13-owKVXY4C&pg|date=22 January 2018}} p. 357. [[University of California Press]] {{ISBN|0-520-22158-3}} Retrieved 17 February 2017</ref> Abū, or, ''father of''.<ref>Ward, K. (2008) – [https://books.google.com/books?id=_HYiqv333C8C&pgExpressing Islam: Religious Life and Politics in Indonesia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122105439/https://books.google.com/books?id=_HYiqv333C8C&pgExpressing|date=22 January 2018}} p. 221, [[Institute of Southeast Asian Studies]] {{ISBN|981-230-851-2}} Retrieved 17 February 2017</ref>

The Quran also refers to Muhammad as ''[[Ahmad]]'', "more praiseworthy" ({{langx|ar|أحمد}}).<ref name="IEQ1">{{cite book |editor1-last=Iqbal|editor1-first=Muzaffar |title=Integrated Encyclopedia of the Qur'an |date=2013 |publisher=Center for Islamic Sciences |isbn=978-1-926620-00-8 |page=33 |volume=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Critical Thinking – A World View|url=http://voicesofthefaceless.com/2012/04/15/muhammad-only-mentioned-4-times-in-the-quran-whats-up-with-that/}}</ref> The penultimate prophet in Islam, [[Jesus in Islam|Isa ibn Maryam]] also refers to Muhammad as Ahmad in the Sura [[As-Saff]].<ref>{{qref|61|6|b=y}} And remember, Jesus, the son of Mary, said: "O Children of Israel! I am the messenger of God (sent) to you, confirming the Law (which came) before me, and giving Glad Tidings of a Messenger to come after me, whose name shall be ''Ahmad''.".</ref>
Muhammad is also referred to as ''Hamid'', or "Praiser (of God)" ({{langx|ar|حامد}}), and as Mahmud, or "Most Highly Praised" ({{langx|ar|محمود}}).<ref name="seekerofthesacredknowledge" />

==Titles==
Muhammad is often referenced with these titles or epithets:

*[[Seal of the prophets]] ({{langx|ar|خاتم النبيين|translit=Khātam al-Nabiyyīn}}) <ref>{{qref|33|40|b=y}}</ref><ref name="Ernst">Ernst (2004), p. 80</ref>
*[[Prophets and messengers in Islam|The Prophet]], ({{langx|ar|أَلْنَّبِيّ|an-Nabī}}), also, the Prophet of Prophets.
*[[Rasūl|Messenger of God]], ({{langx|ar|رسول الله|Rasūl’Allāh}})
*The Beloved ({{langx|ar|الحَبِيبُ|al-Ḥabīb}}) or ''The Beloved of God'' ({{langx|ar|حَبِيبُ اللهِ|Ḥabīb Allāh}})
*The Chosen or The Appointed ({{langx|ar|المُصْطَفَى|al-Muṣṭafā}})<ref>{{qref|22|75|b=y}}</ref>
*The Genuine, The Trustworthy, or The Faithful ({{langx|ar|الأَمِينُ|al-Amīn}})<ref>{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|4|52|237}}</ref>
*The Honest, The Righteous, or The Truthful ({{langx|ar|الصِّدِّيقُ|as-Ṣiddīq}})<ref>{{qref|33|22|b=y}}</ref>
*Kind, Compassionate, or Affectionate ({{langx|ar|رَءُوف|Raʾūf}})<ref>{{qref|9|128|b=y}}</ref>
*Model (of Conduct, Merit, or Virtue) ({{langx|ar|أُسْوَةٌ حَسَنَة|Uswatun Ḥasanah}})<ref>{{qref|68|4|b=y}}</ref>
*The Perfect ({{langx|ar|أَلْكَامِل|al-Kāmil}})<ref name="muslimphilosophy">{{cite web |url=http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/H022.htm#H022SECT4|title=Ibn al-'Arabi, Muhyi al-Din (1164–1240)|publisher=Muslim Philosophy|access-date=January 18, 2013}} 4. The 'perfect man' and the Muhammadan reality</ref>
*The Best of Mankind ({{langx|ar|خَيْرُ البَشَرِ|Khayr al-Bashar}})
*Mercy to the Worlds ({{langx|ar|الرَّحْمَةُ لِلْعَالَمِينَ|ar-Raḥmah lil-ʿĀlamīn}})<ref>{{qref|21|107|b=y}}</ref>
*''al-Mubashir'', "The Bearer of Good Tidings"<ref name="Quran">{{qref|11|2|b=y}}</ref>
*''an-Nadhir'', "The Warner"<ref name="Quran" />
*''al-Mudhakkir'', "The Reminder"<ref>{{qref|88|21|b=y}}</ref>
*''[[Dawah|ad-Dā‘ī]]'', "The One Who Calls (unto God)"<ref>{{qref|12|108|b=y}}</ref>
*''[[Bashir (name)|al-Bashir]]'', "The Announcer"<ref>{{qref|2|119|b=y}}</ref>
*''[[Nūr (Islam)|an-Nūr]]'', "The Light Personified"<ref>{{qref|5|15|b=y}}</ref>
*''al-Misbah'', "''The Lamp/ Lantern" (lit. "Bringer of Light – Dawn") – i.e.: ''[[Munir|as-Siraaj al-Muneer]]'', "The Lamp of Illuminated, Ever-glowing, Ever-Enlightening, Incandescent"<ref name=":0">{{qref|33|46|b=y}}</ref>''
*''as-Siraaj'', "The Lamp/ Lantern" – i.e.: ''[[Munir|as-Siraaj al-Muneer]]'', "The Lamp of Illuminated, Ever-glowing, Ever-Enlightening, Incandescent"<ref name=":0" />
*''[[Nimatullah (disambiguation)|Ni‘mat-Ullah]]'', "The Divine Favour"<ref>{{qref|16|83|b=y}}</ref>
*''al-Ummiyy'', "The Untaught", i.e.: ''An-Nabiyyu l-Ummiyy'', "The Prophet who was untaught by human race"<ref>{{qref|7|157-158|b=y}}</ref>
*''al-'Aqib'', "The Last (Prophet)"<ref>{{Hadith-usc|muslim|usc=yes|4|1859}}</ref><ref name="Hadith">{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|4|56|732}}</ref>
*''al-Mutawakkil'', "The One who Puts his Trust (in God)"<ref>{{qref|9|129|b=y}}</ref>
*''al-Mahi'', "The Remover (of Disbelief)"<ref>{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|4|56|732|}}</ref>
*''al-Hanif'', "The One of Primordial Religion"
*''[[Repentance in Islam|Nâbîyyu at-Tawbah]]'', "The Prophet of Penitence"
*''al-Mu`azzaz'', "The Strengthened One, the One Made Invulnerable"
*''al-Muwaqqar'', "Held in Awe"
*''al-Fatih'', "The Opener"
*''al-Hashir'', "The Gatherer (First to be Resurrected) on the Day of Judgement"<ref name="Hadith" /><ref>{{qref|2|119|q=}}</ref>
*''[[Shafa'ah|al-Shafî`]]'', "The Intercessor"<ref>{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|9|93|601|}}</ref><ref>{{qref|3|159|b=y}}{{qref|4|64|b=y}}{{qref|60|12|b=y}}</ref>
*''[[Karim|Kareem]]'', Noble and Generous ({{langx|ar|كريمٍ}}),<ref>{{qref|69|40|b=y}}</ref>
*''[[Shahid|Shahid/Shahed]]'' ({{langx|ar| شَاهِدًا}}), A Witness<ref>{{qref|33|45|b=y}}</ref>
*''al-Mushaffa`'', The One Whose Intercession Shall be Granted<ref>{{qref|19|87|b=y}}{{qref|20|109|b=y}}</ref>
*''al-[[Mujtaba]]'', The Chosen ({{langx|ar|اَلْـمُـجْـتَـبَى}})<ref name="QN, Al-Mujtaba">{{cite web |publisher=quranicnames.com |title=Mujtaba, A Quranic Name for Boys |url=http://quranicnames.com/mujtaba/ |access-date=2017-02-21}}</ref>
*''[[Abdullah (name)|‘Abd’Allah]]'', Servant of God<ref>{{qref|25|1|b=y}}</ref>
*''[[Akhir]]'', 'The Final, that is, the final prophet,<ref>Muhammad and Christ, Maulana Muhammad Ali – 2011</ref> "''Last Messenger"''<ref>Muhammad The Messenger of God: M. Fethullah Gülen – 2014</ref>
*''al-Amin'', "The Reliable One"<ref>{{cite book |last= Armstrong|first=Karen |author-link= Karen Armstrong|date=2013 |title=[[Muhammad: A Prophet for Our Time]] |url= |location= |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |page=18 |chapter=Chapter One: Mecca |isbn= 9780062316837}}</ref>

Muhammad is sometimes addressed by designations deriving from his state at the time of the address: thus he is referred to as the enwrapped (''[[Al-Muzzammil]]'') in Quran {{qref|73|1}} and the shrouded (''[[Al-Muddathir|al-muddaththir]]'') in Quran {{qref|74|1}}.<ref name="EoQ-Muhammad">Uri Rubin, ''Muhammad'', [[Encyclopedia of the Qur'an]]</ref>

He is also known by these epithets:
*''Ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib'', descendant of [[Abd al-Muttalib]]
*''Abu ’l-Qasim'' ({{langx|ar|أَبـو الـقَـاسـم}}, father of [[Qasim ibn Muhammad]]), a son by his first wife [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid]].
*''Abu ‘Abd’Ullah'', father of [[Abdullah ibn Muhammad]], also a son by Khadija.
*''Abu Ibrahim'', father of [[Ibrahim ibn Muhammad]], a son by [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]].
*''Abu ’t-Tahir'', father of the Pure
*''Abu ’t-Tayyib'', father of the Pleasant
*''Huzur Akram'' ({{langx|ur|حضور اکرم}} {{langx|hi|हुज़ूर अकरम}}), the Most Generous Presence, the Noble Beloved, the Glorious Beloved
*''Huzur'' ({{langx|ur|حضور}} {{langx|hi|हुज़ूर}}), the Presence

In Iran, Central Asia and South Asia, Turkey and the [[Balkans]], he is often called [[Hadrat]] (His Presence or His Holiness) {{langx|ar|حضرت|ḥadhrat}}) or Messenger ({{langx|fa|پيغمبر|peygamber}}).<ref>{{cite book |title=Islamic Names: An Introduction (Islamic Surveys) |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |year=1990 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-85224-563-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamicnames00schi/page/30 30] |url=https://archive.org/details/islamicnames00schi/page/30 |url-access=registration }}</ref>

Islamic scholars strongly emphasize the need for Muslims to follow the name of Muhammad, whether spoken or written, with the honorific phrase [[peace be upon him (Islam)|"peace be upon him"]], often abbreviated to PBUH or SAW, from {{langx|ar|صلى الله عليه وسلم|sallallahu alayhe wasallam}} or written ﷺ.

==See also==

* [[Names and titles of Jesus in the Quran]]
*[[Islamic honorifics]]
*[[Salawat]]
*[[Mawlid]]
*[[Na`at]]
*[[Madih nabawi]]
*[[Haḍra]]
*[[Dala'il al-Khayrat]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
Chiabotti, Francesco, ''Names, in Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God'' (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014. {{ISBN|1610691776}}

[[Category:Titles of Muhammad| ]]

Ather Rizta

2026-02-16T10:04:33Z

MaryellenBuckman: starting basic post w/ sources...

{{Short description| Indian electric scooter}}
{{Infobox Motorcycle|name=Ather Rizta|brakes='''Front:''' [[Disc brake|Disc]] '''Rear:''' [[Drum brake|Drum]]<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=https://www.bikewale.com/news/ather-rizta-boot-space-and-other-details-revealed/ | title=Ather Rizta boot space and other details revealed | date=31 March 2024 }}</ref>|range=Rizta S : 123 km 
Rizta Z : 160 km|related=[[Ather 450]]|seating capacity=|seat_height=780mm <ref name="indiatoday.in">https://www.indiatoday.in/auto/reviews/story/ather-rizta-first-ride-review-ather-energy-ather-rizta-price-ather-rizta-variants-ather-rizta-review-2543093-2024-05-24</ref>|width=0.750 meters<ref name="msn.com">https://www.msn.com/en-in/autos/news/ather-rizta-long-term-review-intro/ar-AA1ymCYZ?ocid=BingNewsVerp</ref>|length=1.850 meters <ref name="msn.com">https://www.msn.com/en-in/autos/news/ather-rizta-long-term-review-intro/ar-AA1ymCYZ?ocid=BingNewsVerp</ref>|wheelbase=1.285 meters <ref name="msn.com">https://www.msn.com/en-in/autos/news/ather-rizta-long-term-review-intro/ar-AA1ymCYZ?ocid=BingNewsVerp</ref>|rake_trail=|tires=[[MRF (company)|MRF Zapper]] [[Tubeless tire|Tubeless]] 12 inch alloy wheels <ref name="auto"/>|suspension=|caption=|transmission=|torque=|power=|top_speed=80 kmph|engine=|class=[[Electric motorcycles and scooters|Electric scooter]]|successor=|production=2024―Present|manufacturer=[[Ather Energy]]|aka=|image=|footnotes=|height=1.140 meters <ref name="msn.com">https://www.msn.com/en-in/autos/news/ather-rizta-long-term-review-intro/ar-AA1ymCYZ?ocid=BingNewsVerp</ref>|fuel_capacity=|assembly=[[Whitefield, Bangalore]], India|dry_weight=119kg <ref name="indiatoday.in">https://www.indiatoday.in/auto/reviews/story/ather-rizta-first-ride-review-ather-energy-ather-rizta-price-ather-rizta-variants-ather-rizta-review-2543093-2024-05-24</ref>}}

The '''Ather Rizta''' is a family [[Electric motorcycles and scooters|electric scooter]] manufactured by Indian Scooter company [[Ather Energy]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-20 |title=What is Ather Energy's 'family' electric scooter Rizta: Design teased |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/electric-bikes/what-is-ather-energys-family-electric-scooter-rizta-design-teased/articleshow/107014215.cms |access-date=2024-03-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Sayan |title=দুর্দান্ত মাইলেজ থেকে পান আকর্ষণীয় ফিচার্স, দামেও সেরা এই ৫ ইলেকট্রিক স্কুটার |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/technology/top-5-family-electric-scooter-ola-to-tvs-best-electric-scooters-in-india-8723975 |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=bengali.indianexpress.com |language=bn}}</ref>

The Ather Rizta was launched during the Ather Community Day in Bengaluru on April 6, 2024. Developed under codename ''project Diesel'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ather Rizta electric scooter teased ahead of launch {{!}} Team-BHP |url=https://www.team-bhp.com/news/ather-rizta-electric-scooter-teased-ahead-launch |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=Team-BHP.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-20 |title=Ather Rizta E-scooter Teased Ahead of Official Launch, Here's What to Expect |url=https://www.news18.com/auto/ather-rizta-e-scooter-teased-ahead-of-official-launch-heres-what-to-expect-8747686.html |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> It is slated to be the brands most mass-market model yet.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-20 |title=What is Ather Energy's 'family' electric scooter Rizta: Design teased |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/electric-bikes/what-is-ather-energys-family-electric-scooter-rizta-design-teased/articleshow/107014215.cms |access-date=2024-03-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ather Rizta electric scooter teased ahead of launch {{!}} Team-BHP |url=https://www.team-bhp.com/news/ather-rizta-electric-scooter-teased-ahead-launch |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=Team-BHP.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ather's Rizta family scooter coming this April 6: Here's what we know so far |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/renewables/athers-rizta-family-scooter-coming-this-april-6-heres-what-we-know-so-far/articleshow/108134337.cms |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-01 |title=Ather Rizta electric scooter – What do we know so far? |url=https://www.bikewale.com/news/ather-rizta-electric-scooter-what-do-we-know-so-far/ |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=BikeWale |language=en}}</ref> Ather has based the Scooter on the Ather 450 Platform developed by the company.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-19 |title=Ather Rizta to be based on 450 platform, will get largest storage space in scooter industry: CBO, Ather Energy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/electric-bikes/ather-rizta-to-be-based-on-450-platform-will-get-largest-boot-in-scooter-industry-cbo-ather-energy/articleshow/108559800.cms |access-date=2025-02-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Ather has launched the Scooter in two variants, Rizta S and Rizta Z with a 2.9 and a 3.5[[Kilowatt-hour|kwh]] [[Lithium-ion battery|lithium-ion battery packs]] respectively. The Scooter has 34L under-seat storage capacity, Bluetooth connectivity, turn-by-turn navigation, [[USB]] connectivity and a multilingual<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-23 |title=Ather Rizta's digital console now supports 8 regional languages via OTA update |url=https://auto.hindustantimes.com/auto/electric-vehicles/ather-rizta-s-digital-console-now-supports-8-regional-languages-via-ota-update-41737633809485.html |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=HT Auto |language=en}}</ref> 7-inch [[TFT LCD|TFT]] instrument cluster running ''Atherstack'' 6, a version of [[Android Open Source Project|Android]] with 16[[Gigabyte|GB]] of storage and 8GB of [[Random-access memory|RAM]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2024 |title=Ather Rizta launched at Rs 1.09 lakh. Here's what's special about this family scooter |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/renewables/ather-rizta-launched-at-rs-1-09-lakh-heres-whats-special-about-this-family-scooter/articleshow/109099679.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Economic Times}}</ref>

==See also==
*Similar Electric Vehicles
**[[TVS iQube Electric|TVS iQube]]
**[[Ola Electric|Ola S1]]
**[[Kinetic E-Luna]]
**[[Ather 450]]
*Other Scooters in India
**[[Honda Activa]]
**[[Honda Dio#Indian model|Honda Dio]]
**[[TVS Jupiter]]
**[[Suzuki Access 125]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian motor scooters]]
[[Category:Electric scooters]]

{{Motorcycle-stub}}

Srabana Misra Bhagabaty

2026-02-09T08:12:22Z

MaryellenBuckman: created new page w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian medical doctor}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Srabana Misra Bhagabaty
| image =
| birth_place = Guwahati, Assam, India
| citizenship = Indian
| education = MBBS, MD
| awards = World Health Organization’s South East Asia Director’s Special Recognition Award Healthcare Excellence Award 
}}

'''Srabana Misra Bhagabaty''', is an Indian medical doctor and preventive [[oncologist]]. She was honoured by the [[World Health Organization]], in 2022, by bestowing on her the [[South East Asia]] Director’s Special Recognition Award.<ref name="Regional Director’s Special Recognition award">{{cite web |last1=WHO's |first1=World Health Organisation |title=World No Tobacco Day 2022 |url=https://www.who.int/southeastasia/news/events/detail/2022/05/31/south-east-asia-events/world-no-tobacco-day-2022 |website= WHO |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=13 September 2024 |ref=Regional Director’s Special Recognition award}}</ref>
for her contributions in [[tobacco control]] in the Southeast Asia region. She was also honoured with Healthcare Excellence Award
<ref name="Healthcare Excellence Award 2019">{{cite web |last1=SDD |first1=Sentinel Digital Desk |title=Healthcare Excellence Award For B Borooah Cancer Institute |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/cities/guwahati-city/healthcare-excellence-award-for-b-borooah-cancer-institute |website=Healthcare Excellence Award For B Borooah Cancer Institute |date=12 February 2019 |publisher=The Sentinel |access-date=13 September 2024 |ref=Healthcare Excellence Award 2019}}</ref>
in 2019 for her contribution in improving [[rural healthcare]] in [[Assam]]. She is currently leading the Preventive Oncology
<ref name="Faculty Details">{{cite web |last1=BBCI |first1=Dr. Bhubaneswar Borooah Cancer Institute |title=Faculty Details |url=https://bbcionline.org/faculty/facultydetails/23 |website=bbcionline |publisher=BBCI |access-date=17 September 2024}}</ref>
Department at Dr. B. Borooah Cancer Institute, which is affiliated with the [[Tata Memorial Centre]] and receives support from the [[Government of India]]’s Department of [[Atomic Energy]].

== Biography ==

Srabana Misra Bhagabaty was born in Guwahati, in the North Eastern Indian state of Assam. She completed her [[MBBS]] at [[Gauhati Medical College and Hospital]]
<ref>{{cite web |last1=GMCH |first1=Gauhati Medical College and Hospital |title=Educational Background |url=https://gmchassam.gov.in/ |website=GMCH |access-date=13 September 2024}}</ref>
in 1996 and later pursued a specialization in [[Social and Preventive Medicine]], earning her MD in 2005. After her medical training, she choose to work in underserved areas of India. She has work experiences as public health care with [[Government of India]], [[UNICEF]], Centre for Disease Control Atlanta (CDC), [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) and Indian Public Health Association (IPHA), [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] (ICMR), Medical research council UK , Global Alliance for Chronic Diseases (GACD) etc.

== Legacy ==

Bhagabaty has initiated numerous community health projects aimed at [[cancer prevention]] and [[tobacco cessation]]. Under her leadership a Tobacco Cessation Centre at the Dr. B. Borooah Cancer Institute, has provided counseling and support to many individuals since its inception in 2007. This center was the first of its kind in [[Northeast India]] and is supported by the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] and the [[WHO]].
<ref>{{cite web |last1=BBCI |first1=Dr. Bhubaneswar Borooah Cancer Institute |title=Tobacco Cessation Centre Overview |url=https://bbcionline.org/page/page-content/DEPARTMENTS/preventive-oncology |website=bcionline |publisher=BBCI |access-date=17 September 2024}}</ref>
Her community-oriented initiatives include free [[cancer screening]] clinics and outreach programs in remote areas, aimed at raising awareness and facilitating early detection of cancer. She has also been involved in various research projects focusing on [[oncology]] and [[tobacco control]], including the DESH (Detect Early Save Her and Him).
<ref>{{cite journal |last1=S M |first1=Bagabaty |last2=S K B |first2=Hegde |last3=S |first3=Sadanand |last4=A. C. |first4=Kataki |last5=S |first5=Chanda |last6=D. |first6=Varma |last7=A. |first7=Deshmukh |last8=V. |first8=Phanse |title=Community-Based Cancer Screening Program: The DESH (Detect Early Save Her, Him) Initiative of Piramal Swasthya |journal=Journal of Global Oncology |date=2018 |volume=4 |pages=146s |doi=10.1200/jgo.18.52900 |doi-access=free }}</ref> project and several studies funded by national and international organizations.
Dr. Bhagabaty has contributed to over 3,500 educational programs on cancer and tobacco awareness, and has trained numerous health workers and community members in these areas.

== Positions ==

Srabana Misra Bhagabaty is the lead of Preventive oncology of the Dr. B Borooah Cancer Institute, Guwahati
<ref name="Faculty Details">{{cite web |last1=BBCI |first1=Dr. Bhubaneswar Borooah Cancer Institute |title=Faculty Details |url=https://bbcionline.org/faculty/facultydetails/23 |website=bbcionline |publisher=BBCI |access-date=17 September 2024}}</ref>
and a member of several professional organizations, including the Indian Public Health Association
<ref>{{cite web |last1=Indian Public Health Association |first1=IPHA |title=About IPHA |url=https://www.iphaonline.org/ |website=Indian Public Health Association |access-date=16 September 2024}}</ref> and the Association of Oncologists of [[Northeast India]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Association of oncologists of Northeast India |first1=AONEI |title=Members List |url=https://www.aonei.org/members |website=AONEI |access-date=16 September 2024}}</ref> She also participated in national committees focused on [[tobacco control]] and [[public health]] initiatives. She is also contributing as the Principal Investigator of the National Tobacco Quit Line Services (NTQLS)<ref>{{cite web |last1=National Tobacco Quit Line Services |first1=NTQLS |title=Homepage |url=https://ntqls.in/ |website=ntqls |publisher=National Tobacco Quit Line Service (VPCI) |access-date=28 March 2025}}</ref> for [[Northeast India]], Odisha, and West Bengal under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India (GOI).

== Awards and Recognitions ==

Bhagabaty received two awards of repute, in 2022 she received the World Health Organization’s South East Asia Director’s Special Recognition Award
<ref name="Regional Director’s Special Recognition award">{{cite web |last1=WHO's |first1=World Health Organisation |title=World No Tobacco Day 2022 |url=https://www.who.int/southeastasia/news/events/detail/2022/05/31/south-east-asia-events/world-no-tobacco-day-2022 |website= WHO |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=13 September 2024 |ref=Regional Director’s Special Recognition award}}</ref>
and in 2019 she also received the Healthcare Excellence Award.<ref name="Healthcare Excellence Award 2019">{{cite web |last1=SDD |first1=Sentinel Digital Desk |title=Healthcare Excellence Award For B Borooah Cancer Institute |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/cities/guwahati-city/healthcare-excellence-award-for-b-borooah-cancer-institute |website=Healthcare Excellence Award For B Borooah Cancer Institute |date=12 February 2019 |publisher=The Sentinel |access-date=13 September 2024 |ref=Healthcare Excellence Award 2019}}</ref>
Additionally, she has received various accolades for her research presentations and advocacy work in public health.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{cite web |last1=WHO |first1=Southeastasia |title= World Health Organization Southeastasia |url=https://www.who.int/southeastasia/ |website=WHO, Southeastasia |publisher=WHO |access-date=14 September 2024}}
*{{cite web |last1=BBCI |first1=Guwahati |title=Dr. Bhubaneswar Borooah Cancer Institute |url=https://bbcionline.org |website=BBCI |access-date=14 September 2024}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhagabaty, Srabana Misra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women medical doctors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
{{Improve categories|date=January 2025}}

Eknath Ranade

2026-02-07T19:00:05Z

MaryellenBuckman: added citations also and corrected details per standard format

{{Short description|Indian social activist and leader of the RSS (1914–1982)}}
{{Distinguish|Mahadev Govind Ranade}}
{{independent sources|date=February 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Eknath Ramakrishna Ranade
| image = Eknath_Ranade_image.jpg
| birth_date = 19 November 1914
| birth_place = [[Amravati district|Timtala]], [[Central Provinces and Berar]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1982|8|22|1914|11|19|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Chennai|Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| other_names =
| known_for = [[Social reformers of India|Indian Social and Spiritual Reformer]]
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Dr. Hari Singh Gour University]]
}}
'''Eknath Ramakrishna Ranade''' ({{IPA|mr|ekᵊn̪at̪ʰ ɾɑmɐkɾuʂɳə ɾäɳäɖe|lang}}; 19 November 1914 – 22 August 1982) was an Indian [[social activist]]. He joined the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) while still in school and served as a general secretary from 1956 to 1962.{{Not verified in body|date=June 2025}}

Ranade was deeply influenced by the teachings of [[Swami Vivekananda]] and compiled a book of his writings. He played a significant role in the construction of the [[Vivekananda Rock Memorial]] and the [[Vivekananda Kendra]] in [[Kanyakumari|Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu]].

==Early life and education==
Ranade was born on 19 November 1914 in Timtala, located in the [[Amravati district]], in the once-[[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British Indian]] state of [[Bombay State|Maharashtra]]. In 1920, his family relocated to [[Nagpur]], and he completed his early education at Pradanavispura School.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Special Visit of Timtala Village - Birth Place of Ma. Eknathji Ranade {{!}} Vivekananda Kendra |url=https://www.vrmvk.org/report/2015/march/16/Special-Visit-of-Timtala-Village-Birth-Place-of-Ma-Eknathji-Ranade |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=www.vrmvk.org}}</ref>

In 1932, he completed his education at the New English High School in Nagpur.

Subsequently, he earned a [[Master of Arts]] degree with [[honours degree|honours]] in [[Philosophy]], followed by a [[Bachelor of Laws]] from [[Dr. Hari Singh Gour University|Sagar University]] in [[Jabalpur]] in 1945.<ref name="Rock Memorial biography" />{{sfn|Vivekananda|2009|p=169}}

==Role in Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh==
Ranade held key roles within the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a Hindu nationalist volunteer organization, where he served as an activist, ideologue, and leader.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Eknath Ranade: Architect of unity behind the Vivekananda Rock Memorial |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/opinion/eknath-ranade-architect-of-unity-behind-the-vivekananda-rock-memorial-12801588.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916232138/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/opinion/eknath-ranade-architect-of-unity-behind-the-vivekananda-rock-memorial-12801588.html |archive-date=16 September 2024 |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>

During his school years, Ranade was deeply influenced by [[K. B. Hedgewar]], the founding figure of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]], a [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] paramilitary organisation established in 1925. Ranade joined the organization as a ''Swayamsevak'' (volunteer) in 1926.<ref name="Rock Memorial biography">{{cite web|title=Eknath Ranade biography|url=http://rockmemorial.org/people/eknathranade.html|publisher=Vivekananda Rock Memorial|access-date=24 September 2013|archive-date=24 September 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130924103829/http://rockmemorial.org/people/eknathranade.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{sfn|Vivekananda|2009|p=169}} After working for the RSS in Nagpur, Ranade was appointed as a ''[[RSS pracharak|Pranth Pracharak]]'' (provincial organizer) in [[Mahakoshal|Mahakoshal, Madhya Pradesh]] in 1938.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|1999|p=146}}

Following the assassination of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and the subsequent ban of the RSS, Ranade went underground to lead organizational efforts, earning the moniker of the ''Underground [[Sarsanghchalak]]''.{{sfn|Chitkara|2004|pp=326–327}} At the same time, the RSS launched a [[satyagraha]] under the leadership of [[M. S. Golwalkar]] to lift the ban. After Golwalkar's arrest, Ranade led the satyagraha and participated in secret negotiations with [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel|Sardar Patel]], the nation's [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=How MS Golwalkar and Vallabhbhai Patel ensured the RSS's survival after Gandhi's assassination |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/extract/gandhi-assassination-rss-vallabhbhai-golwalkar |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=caravanmagazine.in |language=en}}</ref>

As a condition for rescinding the RSS ban, Patel insisted that the RSS should be organized with a written [[constitution]].

Ranade formed a constitution in association with fellow RSS members [[Prabhakar Balwant Dani]] and [[Madhukar Dattatraya Deoras]], but it did not meet government expectations. As a result, it was redrafted to include clauses such as allegiance to the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] and [[Flag of India|Flag]], shunning violence, only enrolling minors in the movement with the permission of their parents, and setting procedures for the election of ''Sarsanghchalak'', among other things. The government accepted the re-drafted constitution in June 1949. The ban imposed on the RSS was revoked on 11 July 1949.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|1999|p=41}}{{sfn|Andersen|1972|p=677}}

In 1950, he worked as a ''[[Pracharak|Kshetra Pracharak]]'' for [[Poorvanchal]] Kshetra, comprising [[Bengal]], [[Odisha]], and [[Assam]]. In [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], he established a ''Vastuhara Sahayata Samiti'' ({{Literal translation|}} 'Committee to Help the Dispossessed') to aid refugees from [[Pakistan]] following the [[Partition of India]]. In 1953, Ranade became the ''Akhil Bharatiya Prachar Pramukh'' ({{Literal translation|}} 'All-India [[Pracharak|Propagation]] Chief').<ref name="Rock Memorial biography" /> From 1956 to 1962, Ranade served as RSS's [[general secretary]]. During this period, he tried to refocus the RSS on character-building rather than pursuing a more activist stance in coordination with affiliated organizations.{{sfn|Basu|1993|p=51}} In 1962, he was selected as All-India Baudhik Pramukh of the RSS.<ref name="Rock Memorial biography" />

During the 1963–72 period, Ranade served as the organizing secretary for the construction of the [[Vivekananda Rock Memorial]].

In 1972, Ranade founded the [[Vivekananda Kendra]], centered at [[Kanyakumari]], as a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] spiritual organisation based on the principles of "[[Tyāga#Hinduism|Renunciation]] and [[Sevā#Seva in Hinduism|Service]]".{{sfn|Advani|2008|pp=142–144}}{{sfn|Vivekananda|2009|p=169}}

The Kendra is a "lay service organization" without a [[guru]] or propagation of a "[[Guru–shishya tradition|guru culture]]", though it was influenced by the teachings of [[Swami Vivekananda|Vivekananda]]. It has 206 branches in various parts of India. He did not endorse the status of an "[[Reincarnation|avatar-hood]]" (god incarnate) to Kendra. He neither promoted himself nor Vivekananda to the status of worship at the center but promoted the use of [[Om]]kara as its guiding principle. He believed that by adopting Omkara as guru, all gurus in India would be honoured.{{sfn|Copeman|Ikegame2012|p=9}} Ranade became the President of the Vivekananda Kendra in 1978 after serving as its general secretary.{{sfn|Vivekananda|2009|p=169}}

==Vivekananda Memorial and Kendra==
{{See also|Vivekananda Rock Memorial#Role of Eknath Ranade}}
[[File:Vivekananda Memorial by the night, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu.jpg|thumb|Ranade was the organising secretary of [[Vivekananda Rock Memorial]] committee.]]
The teachings of [[Swami Vivekananda|Vivekananda]] deeply influenced Ranade. In 1963, during the centenary year of his birth, he published a selection of Vivekananda's writing under the title ''[[Rousing Call to Hindu Nation]]'' as a personal tribute.{{sfn|Vivekananda|2009|p=169}} The same year, Ranade conceived the idea of building a monument in honour of Vivekananda at the mid-sea rock location near [[Kanyakumari]], where Vivekananda had meditated for three days in December 1892.

After receiving positive responses to the idea from RSS chief [[M. S. Golwalkar]] and others, Ranade established the Vivekananda Rock Memorial Organising Committee and became its organizing secretary. Various committee branches were established across the country (with [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] leader [[L. K. Advani]] serving as the organizing secretary of the [[Delhi]] branch) to build support and later raise funds for the memorial.<ref name=":0" />

After the proposal was initially declined by [[Humayun Kabir (Bengal politician)|Humayun Kabir]], then serving as [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Minister of Education and Culture]], Ranade gained support from over 300 members of the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]]. His efforts ultimately led to the project's approval from then [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Indira Gandhi]]. Ranade also succeeded in securing the endorsements for the project from various parts of the political and spiritual community, including sections traditionally in opposition to the RSS.{{sfn|Advani|2008|pp=142–144}}

After the project was approved, Ranade led volunteers to raise funds for the construction of the [[Vivekananda Rock Memorial]] from donors across the country and encouraged every citizen to donate at least one [[Indian rupee|rupee]], as part of the Jan-Bhagidaari (People's Participation) scheme.

==Death and legacy==
Ranade died due to a [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]] on 22 August 1982 in [[Madras]].{{sfn|Vivekananda|2009|p=169}} He was cremated the following day at Vivekanandapuram in [[Kanyakumari]].<ref name="Rock Memorial biography" /> Following his death, ''[[Organiser (magazine)|Organiser]]'' magazine honoured him with the title of ''Karmayogi''—a master and devoted follower of [[Karma yoga|Karma Yoga]]''.''{{sfn|Jaffrelot|1999|p=41}}

That same year, Vivekananda Kendra produced a documentary titled ''Eknathji: One Life – One Mission'', chronicling the life and legacy of Ranade.<ref>{{Citation |last=Vivekananda Kendra |title=Eknath ji : One Life - One Mission |date=2014-11-08 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=igKT_5i2v_4 |access-date=2016-11-20}}</ref>

==Publications==
Ranade's notable publications include:{{sfn|Vivekananda|2009|p=169}}

* [[Swami Vivekananda]]'s ''[[Rousing Call to Hindu Nation]]''
* ''The Sadhana of Service'' (1985)
* ''The Story of Vivekananda Rock Memorial''
* ''The Kendra Unfolds''.

==See also==
* [[Vivekananda Rock Memorial|Vivekanand Rock Memorial]]
* [[Alasinga Perumal]]

==Citations==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin|33em}}
*{{cite book|last=Advani|first=L. K.|author-link=L. K. Advani|title=My Country My Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z6xQgPV5tXEC&pg=PT142|year=2008|publisher=Rupa & Company|isbn=978-81-291-1363-4}}
*{{cite journal|last=Andersen|first=Walter|author-link=Walter K. Andersen| title=The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh: III: Participation in Politics|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|year=1972|volume=17|issue=3|pages=673–682}}
*{{cite book|last=Basu|first=Tapan |title=Khaki Shorts and Saffron Flags: A Critique of the Hindu Right|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CimVTTVHtwQC&pg=PA51|date=1 January 1993|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-0-86311-383-3}}
*{{cite book|last=Chitkara|first=M. G. |title=Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh: National Upsurge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ifuxzl9NM5sC&pg=PA326|date=1 January 2004|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-465-7}}
*{{cite book|last1= Copeman|first1=Jacob|last2= Ikegame |first2=Aya |title=The Guru in South Asia: New Interdisciplinary Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2O3W7mkAwAC&pg=PA9|date=21 August 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-51019-6}}
*{{cite book|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics: 1925 to the 1990s|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVsfVOTUnYEC&pg=PA41|year=1999|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-024602-5}}
*{{cite book|last= Vivekananda |first=Swami |title=Swami Vivekananda's Rousing Call to Hindu Nation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XRcK1293WMUC&pg=PT169|year=2009|publisher=Vivekananda Kendra|isbn=978-81-89248-10-9}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot|title=Religion, Caste, and Politics in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XAO3i_gS61wC&pg=PA257|year=2010|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=978-93-80607-04-7}}

{{Sangh Parivar |state=autocollapse}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranade, Eknath Ramkrishna}}
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:Activists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Amravati district]]
[[Category:Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University alumni]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh pracharaks]]

Jhumri Telaiya

2026-02-06T07:45:14Z

MaryellenBuckman: done

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jhumri Telaiya
| other_name = Jhumri Tilaiya / Talaiya
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline ={{Photomontage
| photo1a =Jhanda Chowk Jhumri Telaiya.jpg
| photo2a =
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.42894|N|85.53547|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_type4 = Wards
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Koderma district|Koderma]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Koderma (community development block)|Koderma]]
| subdivision_name4 = 28
| seat_type =
| seat =
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =[[Municipal governance in India]]
([[Municipal council (India)|Municipal council]])
| governing_body =Jhumri Telaiya Municipal Council
(Nagar Parishad)
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]], [[Urdu]]
| elevation_m = 383
| population_total = 87867
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census_2011">[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2003_PART_B_DCHB_KODARMA.pdf Kodarma District Census Handbook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113235127/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2003_PART_B_DCHB_KODARMA.pdf |date=13 November 2015 }}, 2011</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number]]
| postal_code = 825409
| area_code = 6534
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD Code]]
| iso_code =[[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-JH]]
| registration_plate = JH-12
| website ={{URL|https://koderma.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Jhumri Telaiya''' (also spelled as Jhumri Tilaiya or Jhumri Talaiya) is a city in the [[Koderma subdivision]] of the [[Koderma District]] of [[Jharkhand]], [[India]]. Jhumri Telaiya is also the most populus city in the [[Koderma District]].

== Etymology ==

Jhumri is the name of the original village in the area, which has now become a neighbourhood of the city. The word "Telaiya" is the [[Hindi language]] word for a small lake (the [[Tilaiya Dam]] reservoir). Taal in Sanskrit means lake. Jhumari is also said to be a local folk dance. Jhumri may also stem from Jhoomar, similar to Jhumka, an ornamental earring.

== History ==
[[File:JHANDA DHOWK.jpg|thumb|upright|Jhanda Chowk]]
Jhumri Telaiya was once a major [[mica]] [[mining]] center. While laying a railroad through Kodarma in the 1890s, the [[British Raj|British]] first discovered vast mica deposits in the region.<ref name="ref_deccan_herald_rags">{{cite news | title = A rags to riches to rags story | date = 2005-05-12 | newspaper = Deccan Herald | url = http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/may122006/sesame192202006511.asp | access-date = 2012-04-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120406015352/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/may122006/sesame192202006511.asp | archive-date = 6 April 2012 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Mining started soon after and many mining houses were established:
* C. H. Private Limited of Chattu Ram Bhadani and Horil Ram Bhadani and
* Birdhichand Bansidhar of Late Shree Lal Khatuwala
were some of the top firms which operated in the area.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://khatuwalagroup.com/about-us/|title=About us {{!}} Khatuwala Group|work=Khatuwala Group|access-date=2018-10-08|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009052721/http://khatuwalagroup.com/about-us/|archive-date=9 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The city once boasted of the highest number of phone connections and phone calls made in India.<ref name="ref_deccan_herald_rags"/> Most of the mica business was moved to government-owned corporations during 1973 - 1974, through a government venture called Bihar Mica Syndicate, which had mica mines in Sapahi, 40 km from Jhumri Telaiya. This government venture was renamed to [[Bihar State Mineral Development Corporation]] (BSMDC) and is now known as [[Jharkhand State Mineral Development Corporation]]. Most of the mica used to be exported to the [[USSR]], for space and military equipment. The first firm to export mica was Birdhichand Bansidhar and later they set up their offices in [[Hong Kong]], [[Taiwan]], [[Singapore]], [[Sri Lanka]], etc.<ref name="khatuwalagroup.com">{{Cite web |url=http://khatuwalagroup.com/ |title=Home | Khatuwala Group |access-date=8 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031104452/http://khatuwalagroup.com/ |archive-date=31 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> With the dissolution of the USSR and the discovery of a synthetic substitute for mica, the mining activity declined in the 1990s.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}

The city was earlier a part of [[Hazaribagh district]] and was transferred to the newly created Koderma district on 10 April 1994. Originally a part of the state of [[Bihar]], Jhumri Telaiya became part of the newly formed [[Jharkhand]] state in 2000. On 8 December 2008, the Jhumri Telaiya Municipality was declared as a minor urban area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.gov.in/innerwin20.php?id=13515&title=Declaration%20of%20Jhumari%20Tilaiya%20as%20Nagar%20Parashad%20$docu_type=2&cat1= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130211740/http://india.gov.in/innerwin20.php?id=13515&title=Declaration%20of%20Jhumari%20Tilaiya%20as%20Nagar%20Parashad%20$docu_type=2&cat1= |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-01-30 |title=Declaration of Jhumari Tilaiya as Nagar Parashad |publisher=National Portal of India |access-date=2012-04-02 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.gov.in/allimpfrms/alldocs/13515.pdf |title=अधिसूचना 17 अगस्त 2009 |work=झारखण्ड गजट, संख्या 364, 26 श्रावण् 1931 शकाब्द |language=hi |date=2009-08-17 |location=Ranchi |publisher=National Portal of India |access-date=2012-04-02 }}{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

=== Association with Vividh Bharati ===

Originally a little-known town, Jhumri Telaiya became famous in India in the 1950s owing to its connection with the radio channels [[Radio Ceylon]]/ [[Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation]] ([[Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation|SLBC]]) and [[Vividh Bharati]] (a nationally broadcast radio service of the [[All India Radio]]). At a time when television and FM radio had not yet come to India, these afore-mentioned radio channels and their film-song-request programs were a national phenomenon. The largest number of requests from all over India for playing film songs addressed to these radio channels came from Jhumri Telaiya.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book | author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha | author2=Paul Willemen | title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema | url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja | url-access=registration | year=1999 | publisher=British Film Institute | page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja/page/485 485] | isbn=978-0-85170-669-6 | access-date=7 November 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612172801/https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja | archive-date=12 June 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref>

The trend started in the early 1950s, when a mica businessman named Rameshwar Prasad started mailing 20 - 25 film-song-requests to Radio Ceylon per day. Regularly hearing Barnwal's name on the radio inspired the [[paan]]-shop owner Ganga Prasad Magadhiya and electronics shop owner Nandlal Sinha to similarly mail a large number of song requests. The growing fame of these three Jhumri Telaiya residents led to the emergence of a song-request fad among the people of the town. Young listeners from the town would compete among themselves to send out the most song requests in a day or month. The radio listeners thus became familiar with the town of Jhumri Telaiya. In the 1980s, a radio listeners' club was formed in the town. Subsequently, other towns also started competing with Jhumari Telaiya by sending out large numbers of song requests. The fad declined as [[television]] gained popularity, and postal costs increased.<ref name="IndiaToday1992">{{cite journal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/offtrack/story/19920430-mad-passion-for-music-turned-bihar-town-jhumritelaiya-into-a-legend-766211-2013-06-19 |title=Riding the radio waves |author=Farzand Ahmed |journal=India Today |volume=17 |year=1992 |publisher=Living Media India |page=134 |access-date=27 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818114827/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/mad-passion-for-music-turned-bihar-town-jhumritelaiya-into-a-legend/1/306732.html |archive-date=18 August 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Because of a large number of song requests and the town's unusual name, many listeners of Radio Ceylon/ Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation and Vividh Bharti doubted its existence.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/where-are-you-going-this-winter--jhumri-telaiya-/325656/0 | title = Where are you going this winter? Jhumri Telaiya? | author = Sanghamitra Mazumdar | date=2008-06-21 | access-date = 2012-01-09 | newspaper = Indian Express | quote = Jhumri Telaiya is too quaint a name to be real—at least that’s what people who tuned into Vividh Bharati thought.}} </ref> Thus, "Jhumri Talaiya" came to be associated with any lesser-known or insignificant place. This reference is found in several Hindi movies and songs. For example, the movie ''Mounto'' (1975) features a song titled ''Mein To Jhumri Talaiya Se Aeyee Hoon'' ("I've come from Jhumri Talaiya").<ref>{{cite journal |
author = Sanchari Pal | title = Of Music, Mica and Mithai: The Fascinating Story of How Jhumri Telaiya Became a Legend | date = 2007-03-17 | url = https://www.thebetterindia.com/91535/jhumri-telaiya-koderma-jharkhand-mica-radio-kalakand/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200102001119/https://www.thebetterindia.com/91535/jhumri-telaiya-koderma-jharkhand-mica-radio-kalakand/ | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2020-01-02 }}</ref> In the film [[Sooryavansham]], starring [[Amitabh Bachchan]] as a bus conductor, he issues a ticket to Jhumri Telayia.

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=380| height=450| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|24|33|0|N|85|38|0|E}}| float=right|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Koderma district in North Chotanagpur Division''' M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, D: dam, P: power plant, T: tourist centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|24|23|28|N|85|28|34|E}} | label-pos1=bottom|label1= Chandwara | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Chandwara]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|34|48|N|85|46|18|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2= Dhab| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Dhab]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|22|33|N|85|38|37|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Jainagar| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Jainagar, Koderma]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|19|38|N|85|50|4|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Markacho| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Markacho]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|24|26|N|85|48|41|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Nawadih| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Nawadih, Markacho]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|25|51|N|85|46|21|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Nawalsahi| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Nawalsahi]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|44|47|N|85|46|10|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Satgawan| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Satgawan]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|19|55|N|85|31|0|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Tilaiya| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Tilaiya]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|21|20|N|85|27|55|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Urwan| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Urwan]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|28|12|N|85|36|0|E}} | label-pos10=bottom|label10=Kodarma| numbered10=M| mark-title10= [[Kodarma]] (M) |label-size10=13 |label-color10=#800000
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|25|44|N|85|32|7|E}} | label-pos11=bottom|label11=Jhumri Telaiya| numbered11=M| mark-title11= Jhumri Telaiya (M)|shape-color11=black| label-size11=13|label-color11=black 
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|28|23|N|85|41|23|E}}| label-pos12=top|label12=Domchanch| numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Domchanch]] (CT) |shape-color12= #A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|25|50|N|85|35|22|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13=Bekobar| numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Bekobar]] (CT) |shape-color13= #A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|26|40|N|85|33|9|E}}| label-pos14=left|label14=Karma| numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Karma, Koderma]] (CT) |shape-color14= #A40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|24|19|26|N|85|31|40|E}}| label15= Tilaiya|labela15= Dam| label-color15 = #C42222 | label-angle15=0| label-pos15=right| label-size15=10| mark-size15=12| numbered15=D|mark-title15 =[[Tilaiya Dam]]| shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|24|23|28|N|85|33|40|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Koderma Thermal Power Station | numbered16=P| mark-title16= [[Koderma Thermal Power Station]] |shape-color16=#967117
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|34|0|N|85|36|0|E}} | label-pos17=bottom|label17=Koderma|labela17=Wildlife|labelb17= Sanctuary| numbered17=T|shape-color17= #74C365| mark-title17= [[Koderma Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T)
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|20|0|N|85|37|0|E}} |label18= Barakar River |label-color18 = #77A1CB| label-angle18= 10| label-pos18=top| label-size18=10| mark-size18=0| mark-title18 =none
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|40|0|N|85|50|0|E}} |label19= Sakri River|label-color19 = #77A1CB| label-angle19= 50| label-pos19=top| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|40|0|N|85|25|0|E}}|arc-textA= BIHAR| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA= -75| arc-gapA=15.0| arc-radiusA=0.35}}

===Location===
Jhumri Telaiya is located in the Damodar River valley, North Chotanagpur Division. It has an average elevation of {{convert|383|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/38/Jumri_Tilaiya.html |title=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Jhumri Taliya |access-date=2 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024121124/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/38/Jumri_Tilaiya.html |archive-date=24 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is situated about eight kilometres from [[Koderma]]. Both the towns are closely linked.some day going to be one big urban zone in Jharkhand. The entire town is divided by the grand cord line of [[Eastern Railway (India)|Eastern Railway]], which passes through the middle of the town.

It is situated in the [[Damodar River#Damodar Valley|Damodar Valley]]. Alternative English transliterations of the town's name include Jhumri Tilaiya,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://koderma.nic.in/koderma/images/kodgazette.pdf | title = District Gazette of Koderma | publisher = District Administration, Koderma | access-date = 2012-04-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110112183418/http://koderma.nic.in/koderma/images/kodgazette.pdf | archive-date = 12 January 2011 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Jhumari Talaiya,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/lsdeb/ls10/ses6/1830039315.htm | title = Lok Sabha 10 Debate (Session 6) | publisher = Government of India | access-date = 2012-04-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055022/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/lsdeb/ls10/ses6/1830039315.htm | archive-date = 4 March 2016 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref> and Jhumari Tilaiya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://urbanservices.gov.in/citiesjharkhand |title=Jharkhand- List of Cities |publisher=Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India |access-date=2012-04-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422123053/http://urbanservices.gov.in/citiesjharkhand |archive-date=2012-04-22 }}</ref>

The [[Tilaiya Dam]] reservoir is located near the town. The dam was the first dam and [[hydropower|hydro-electric power]] station constructed by the [[Damodar Valley Corporation]] across the Barakar River.

Places of interest near Jhumri Telaiya include [[Rajgir]], [[Nalanda]], Bodhgaya, [[Hazaribag Wildlife Sanctuary]], Padma Palace, Sonbhandar Caves (rumored to have hidden Mauryan treasures), Dhwajadhari Hill, Satagawan Petro falls, the tomb of [[Sant Mat|Sant]] Paramhans Baba at Domchanch, Makamaro Hills, Itkhori and Shaktipeeth Maa Chanchala Devi. There is a famous temple on a hillock named Chanchal Pahad (Pahad means hill in Hindi). It was known for hot springs in the past. Though the springs have dried now, the temple is still popular for Hindu rituals.

{{see also|Tilaiya Dam}}

== Administration ==

* Jhumri Telaiya is situated in the [[Koderma (community development block)|Koderma Block]] in Koderma [[tehsil]] of the [[Koderma district]].
* The Police Station is Telaiya P.S.
* The [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] code of Jhumri Telaiya is 825409.

==Transport==

===Roadways===
* Buses, jeeps and three-wheelers connect Jhumri Telaiya with nearby towns and villages. The town is accessible via the [[National Highway 20 (India)|National Highway 20 (NH 20)]], which is also known as Ranchi - Patna Road.
* Jhumri Telaiya is located 23 km away from [[Grand Trunk Road]] ([[NH 19]]).

===Railways===
* [[Koderma Junction railway station]] in Jhumri Telaiya is on the [[Grand Chord]] railway line of East Central Railway, connecting [[Howrah]] to [[Delhi]] via [[Dhanbad]]. Through it, the town is well connected to several of the major Indian cities including: [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Mumbai]], [[Ranchi]], [[Patna]], [[Jamshedpur]], [[Ujjain]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Indore]], [[Harda]], [[Bhopal]], [[Lucknow]], [[Varanasi]], [[Ajmer]], [[Amritsar]] and [[Bhubaneswar]]. Three other lines which make it a junction are:
**[[Koderma–Hazaribagh–Barkakana–Ranchi line]]
**[[Madhupur–Giridih–Koderma line]]
**[[Koderma Tilaiya line]] (under construction) by which Koderma junction is directly connected with:[[Rajgir]], [[Nawada]], [[Biharsharif]] and also a new route of [[Patna]].

===Airways===
* [[Gaya Airport]] is the nearest airport (is situated 106 km away from the town).
* [[Birsa Munda Airport]], [[Ranchi]] (is situated 159 Km away from the town).
* [[Jay Prakash Narayan Airport]], [[Patna]], is the capital of [[Bihar]] state (is situated 187 km away from the town).

==Industries==

Although the mica mining activity has declined, Jhumri Telaiya still remains an important mica center in the Koderma-[[Hazaribagh]] Industrial Area, according to a 2008 [[India Brand Equity Foundation|IBEF]] report.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ibef.org/download/JHARKHAND_060608.pdf | title = Investment Climate in Jharkhand | publisher = [[India Brand Equity Foundation]] | date = May 2008 | access-date = 2012-04-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141021082202/http://www.ibef.org/download/JHARKHAND_060608.pdf | archive-date = 21 October 2014 | url-status = live }}</ref> Telaiya has become incubator for small scale industries because of its proximity to easy access to minerals, good road-rail connectivity and good power infrastructure (due to the Damodar Valley Corporation sub station).

The region is a Ranchi Industrial Area Development Authority (RIADA) industrial area, which has [[hand pump]] and mica powder manufacturing units. Telaiya has numerous [[sponge iron]] plants and mica units. The Telaiya Ultra Mega Power Project (UMPP) is an upcoming coal-based power in the Hazaribagh district, not far away from Jhumri Telaiya.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.reliancepower.co.in/business_areas/power_projects/coal_based_projects/tilaiya/factsheet.htm | title = Tilaiya UMPP | publisher = Reliance Power | access-date = 2012-04-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130330100747/http://www.reliancepower.co.in/business_areas/power_projects/coal_based_projects/tilaiya/factsheet.htm | archive-date = 30 March 2013 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/29/stories/2009012956311600.htm | title = Reliance Power bags Tilaiya mega project in Jharkhand | newspaper = [[The Hindu]] | date = 2009-06-29 | access-date = 2012-04-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090202153919/http://hindu.com/2009/01/29/stories/2009012956311600.htm | archive-date = 2 February 2009 | url-status = dead }}</ref> The Koderma Thermal Power station at Banjhedih is another power plant in the area.

On the banking sector, many national and private banks are available including [[State Bank of India]], [[Union Bank of India]], [[Bank of Baroda]], [[Bank of India]], [[United Bank of India]], [[Allahabad Bank]], [[ICICI Bank]], [[HDFC Bank]] etc. along with their ATMs.

==Demographics==
As per [[2011 Census of India]] Jhumri Telaiya [[Nagar Parishad]] had a total population of 87,867, of which 45,903 were males and 41,963 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 4,601 and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 197.<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-JK.html | title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work = Jharkhand – District-wise | publisher = Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 16 December 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160319032558/http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-JK.html | archive-date = 19 March 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref>

As of 2001 India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Jhumri Telaiya had a population of 69,444. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Jhumri Teliya has an average literacy rate of 62%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 72%, and female literacy is 52%. In Jhumri Teliya, 16% of the population is under 6 years of age.
[[Khortha dialect|Khortha]] is the major language spoken in the town. Apart from this Hindi, Urdu, Bhojpuri, Punjabi, Bengali, Marwari, and English are also spoken by people in this town.

==Literacy==
As per 2011 census the total number of literates in Jhumri Telaiya Nagar Parishad was 60,076, out of which 34,398 were males and 25,678 were females.<ref name=census3-2011/>

==Education==

The town had no school until 1940. Chattu Ram & Horil Ram Pvt limited (CH Pvt limited) family is credited to establish the first school in the town. The great business house employed thousands of employees, whose children were facining immense difficulties as there was no educational institution in the town and nearby districts. On seeing the difficulty of the workers the visioniery directors of the CH family Chattu Ram Bhadani and Darshan Bhadani laid the foundation of schools. Large chunk of land were donated and Chattu Ram Horil Ram High school (CH high school), Chattu Ram Darshan Ram Girls School(CD girls school) were established. For many years these schools were run under the trusteeship of CH family.

Currently there are over 25 schools in and around Jhumri Telaiya, including
* [[D.A.V. College Managing Committee|PVSS D.A V. Public School]]
* [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]]
* [[Sainik School, Tilaiya]]
{{Cleanup list|section|date=September 2024}}
* [[C D Girls High School, Jhumri Telaiya]]
* [[Grizzly Vidyalaya]]
* [[Iqra Public School]]
* [[Modern public school, Telaiya]]
* [[Sacred Heart School, Telaiya]]
* [[Saraswati Shishu Mandir, Telaiya]]
* [[UPGRADED HIGH SCHOOL JHUMRI]]

The colleges in the town include:
* [[Capital University, Jharkhand]]
* [[Jharkhand Vidhi Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Ram Lakhan Singh Yadav College]]
{{Cleanup list|section|date=September 2024}}
* [[Cambridge Teacher Training College, Telaiya]]
* [[Chatthuram Horilram Intermediate College]] (CH+2 College)
* [[Grizzly College of Education]]
* [[Jagannath Jain College]] (JJ College)
* [[Jharkhand Teachers Training College]] (B.Ed. College)
* [[Jhumri Telaiya Commerce College]], Karma
* [[Ramgovind Group of Colleges]]
** [[Ramgovind Institute of Technology]], (B.Tech. engineering College)
** [[Ramgovind Polytechnic Institute]], (diploma engineering college)

There are also [[industrial training institute]]s and other vocational training centres in the town.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928060644/http://koderma.nic.in/koderma/map.jsp Thumbnail pictures of the Jhumri Telaiya town and Telaiya dam][https://web.archive.org/web/20140923014734/http://blog.jhumritelaiyacity.com/2014/04/images-of-telaiya-dam.html Images of Telaiya Dam]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140323081759/http://www.jhumritelaiyacity.com/ Website of Jhumri Telaiya]
{{North Chotanagpur Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Koderma district]]

Chandan Biswas

2026-02-06T06:15:18Z

MaryellenBuckman: Adding Basic Data Needs Work

{{short description|Indian cyclist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| title =
| website = chandanbiswas.com
| name = Chandan Biswas চন্দন বিশ্বাস
| image = Cyclist Chandan Biswas.jpg
| image_size =
| birth_name = Chandan Biswas
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|5 November 1985|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Explorer Cyclist
}}

'''Chandan Biswas''' (born 5 November 1985) is a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] [[Adventure sports]] personnel and Travel Writer. He became the first to complete the Solo Trans-Himalaya Cycling Expedition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/chandan-biswas-completed-his-trans-himalayan-expedition-on-bicycle-144345.html|title=দু'চাকায় ট্রান্স হিমালয় জয়, নজির গড়ল বাঙালি ছেলে|website=bengali.news18.com|date=21 July 2017|access-date=7 July 2018|archive-date=7 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707123254/https://bengali.news18.com/news/chandan-biswas-completed-his-trans-himalayan-expedition-on-bicycle-144345.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He directed a documentary film ''Charaiveti'' based on his own adventurous journey.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Schedule (Venue Wise) - Kolkata International Film Festival |url=https://kiff.in/movie-schedule/venue |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=kiff.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Biswas |first=Chandan |title=Charaiveti |type=Documentary |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt15701024/ |access-date=2025-07-02 |others=Chandan Biswas |publisher=Little Lamb Films |last2=Mukherji |first2=Bauddhayan}}</ref>

==Expeditions==
Biswas started adventure sports since 2010. He involves with [[mountaineering]], [[rock climbing]] and [[mountain cycling]] also.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2021 |first=Rohit|last=Khanna|title=Climbers have expeditions lined up after Covid hiatus|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/climbers-have-expeditions-lined-up-after-covid-hiatus/articleshow/88306687.cms |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

Biswas was the first to successfully complete the Solo Trans-Himalaya Cycling Expedition. It took him 153 days extend over February 2017 to July 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dreamwanderlust.com/news/trans-himalayan-cycle-expedition-by-chandan-biswas|title=Trans-Himalayan Cycling Expedition by Chandan Biswas|website=dreamwanderlust.com|date=20 July 2017|access-date=7 July 2018}}</ref> In this journey Biswas cycled 6,249 km spanning the countries of [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Nepal]] and [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://epaper.thestatesman.com/1188297/Siliguri-The-Statesman/29th-April-2017#page/14/2|title=HNAF fetes cyclist for completing half of Himalayan trek|website=thestatesman.com|access-date=7 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/district/north-bengal/chandan-biswas-a-bicycle-rider-capturing-life-through-the-lens-1.604848?ref=chandan-biswas-topics-topic-stry|title=ছবির নেশায় সঙ্গী সাইকেল|website=anandabazar.com|access-date=7 July 2018}}</ref>

He walked along [[Narmada River]] trail and valley in 2018 covering 1,047 km in 47 days spanning 4 states of India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/calcutta/man-has-trekked-down-from-the-source-of-narmada-river-to-its-end-by-walking-1.857259/|title=পায়ে হেঁটে নর্মদার উৎস থেকে মোহনা|website=anandabazar.com|access-date=2 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sangbadpratidin.in/hridaypur-youth-going-to-explore-1300-km-long-narmada-river-by-walk/|title=পায়ে হেঁটে নর্মদার মোহনা থেকে উৎস পরিক্রমা|website=sangbadpratidin.in|access-date=7 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thewall.in/travel-2018-chandan-biswas-covered-1007-kilometer-in-46-days-along-the-river-narmada/|title=নর্মদা অতিক্রম হৃদয়পুরের চন্দনের|website=The Wall|access-date=28 August 2018|archive-date=29 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029131052/https://www.thewall.in/travel-2018-chandan-biswas-covered-1007-kilometer-in-46-days-along-the-river-narmada/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/travel/chandan-biswas-from-west-bengal-completes-narmada-expedition/|title=পায়ে পায়ে নর্মদা সারা|website=Indian Express Bangla|access-date=28 August 2018}}</ref> Also in 2016 he led a Intra-Country Cycling and Running team from [[Kolkata]] to [[Dhaka]] to pay tribute to the martyrs of the [[Bengali Language Movement|Language Movement]] ahead of the [[International Mother Language Day]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.clickittefaq.com/indian-cyclists-travel-to-bangladesh-to-pay-respect-to-martyrs/|title=Indian cyclists travel to Bangladesh to pay respect to language martyrs|access-date=7 July 2018|archive-date=7 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707122901/https://www.clickittefaq.com/indian-cyclists-travel-to-bangladesh-to-pay-respect-to-martyrs/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/article/773035/%E0%A6%A2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF|title=ঢাকার পথে ভারতীয় অক্ষরযাত্রা দলের ছয় সদস্য|publisher=prothomalo.com|access-date=8 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Akkhsarjatra|volume=3|issue=11|publisher=Long Jounrey|year=2016|isbn=|location=Kolkata|pages=98–100|issn=2455-1767}}</ref>

==Adventure timeline==

*2018 - Narmada River Trail on foot | 1,047 km | 47 Days | Solo
*2017 - Trans-Himalaya & SAARC Countries Cycling Expedition | 6,249 km | 153 Days | Solo
*2016 - Kolkata to Dhaka Inter-Country Cycling Program | Akshar Yatra

==Life==

He is a cinematographer by profession. He regularly writes for newspaper publications and magazines.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ebela.in/travel/travel-tips/bengal-boy-travels-6249-km-on-cycle-across-4-countries-1.649418/|title=সাইকেলেই হিমালয় জয় বাংলার ছেলের|website=ebela.in|access-date=29 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/sports/explorer-friend-share-interesting-facts-on-satyarup//|title=সত্যরূপ জানতেনই না উনি বিশ্বরেকর্ডের পথে!|website=bengali.indianexpress.com|access-date=16 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/travel/cyclist-chandan-biswas-treks-narmada-part-two-bengali-22745/|title=পায়ে হেঁটে, ইচ্ছে মত নর্মদা|website=bengali.indianexpress.com|access-date=22 April 2019}}</ref>

== See more ==
* [[Ramnath Biswas]]
* [[Bimal Mukherjee]]
* [[Maxwell Trevor]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Chandan Biswas}}
* {{IMDb name|13037068}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Biswas, Chandan}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Indian male cyclists]]
[[Category:Indian travel writers]]
[[Category:Indian explorers]]
[[Category:People from North 24 Parganas district]]

Lado Bai

2026-02-05T04:32:15Z

MaryellenBuckman: new...

{{Short description|Indian artist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{notability|Biographies|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lado Bai
| image =
| caption = Untitled Painting by Lado Bai
| birth_place = Jhabua, Madhya Pradesh
}}'''Lado Bai''' is a tribal artist from the [[Bhil people|Bhil]] tribe of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Her work has been showcased in various exhibitions in [[India]], France and the UK.<ref name=":1"/>

She lives and works in the [[Adivasi Lok Kala Academy]], [[Bhopal]].<ref name=":6" />

== Early life and career ==
Lado Bai was born in the Badi Bawadi village of [[Jhabua]], Madhya Pradesh in the Bhil [[Adivasi|tribal]] community.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Lado Bai |url=http://bhilart.com/lado-bai/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405004242/http://bhilart.com/lado-bai/ |archive-date=5 April 2023 |access-date=26 March 2019 |website=Bhil Art}}</ref> At a very early age, she moved to [[Bhopal]] with her family to be engaged as manual labourers in the building of the iconic [[Bharat Bhavan]]. She got married and continued to work in the building complex and also painted to de-stress after a day's work.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2018 |title=Folk And Tribal Painter Lado Bai's Lively Art Travel in India |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z8QBEG4ZhMA |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014191734/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z8QBEG4ZhMA |archive-date=14 October 2022 |access-date=18 March 2019 |website=[[YouTube]] |publisher=Ravindra Koshish Art}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2018 |title=थकान मिटाने के लिए बनाती थीं चित्र, मिला राष्ट्रीय सम्मान |trans-title=Used to make pictures to remove fatigue, got national honor |url=https://www.naidunia.com/special-story-women-make-picture-relief-from-fatigue-and-got-national-honor-1673636 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019103207/https://www.naidunia.com/special-story-women-make-picture-relief-from-fatigue-and-got-national-honor-1673636 |archive-date=19 October 2022 |access-date=26 March 2019 |website=Nai Dunia |language=hi}}</ref>

Lado Bai started her work alongside [[Bhuri Bai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lado Bai - Bhil Artist of Madhya Pradesh |url=http://ignca.gov.in/divisionss/janapada-sampada/tribal-art-culture/bhil-artists-of-madhya-pradesh-and-rajasthan/lado-bai/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022135500/http://ignca.gov.in/divisionss/janapada-sampada/tribal-art-culture/bhil-artists-of-madhya-pradesh-and-rajasthan/lado-bai/ |archive-date=22 October 2021 |access-date=26 March 2019 |website=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts |publisher=Ministry of Culture, Government of India}}</ref> Her art reflects the spirituality and animism of her community.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=14 December 2012 |title=Bhil Art: Tribal Paintings from India |url=https://blog.saffronart.com/2012/12/14/bhil-art-tribal-paintings-from-india/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128025752/https://blog.saffronart.com/2012/12/14/bhil-art-tribal-paintings-from-india/ |archive-date=28 January 2023 |access-date=25 July 2023 |website=The Saffron Art Blog}}</ref> For years, she could not pursue her art because of financial constraints.<ref name=":4" /> Her luck turned when she was discovered by the famous Indian artist [[Jagdish Swaminathan]].<ref name=":4" /> Swaminathan encouraged her to work for the [[Adivasi Lok Kala Academy]] where she had the opportunity to transfer images of festivals, rituals and animals from wall to paper.<ref name=":4" />

== Bhil art ==
The Bhil Tribe are indigenous, being the Second largest Tribal Community in India. Art is Integral to the Bhil Community.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://bhilart.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921130939/http://bhilart.com/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 September 2016|title=The Bhils|website=Bhil Art|access-date=6 April 2019}}</ref> The rich texture of their paintings generally depict nature and Adivasi Style that is their legacy.<ref name=":0" /> Bhil artists are just starting to be internationally recognized.<ref name=":4" /> They paint the simple human joys of birth and other ceremonial occasions like harvests that are often forgotten in our modern society.<ref name=":4" /> The art of the Bhils along with that of other tribal groups reminds us what the simple pleasures in life are.<ref name=":4" />

== Inspiration and style ==
Lado Bai's works are characteristic for their formal simplicity, heightened by her use of dots. [[Nature]], [[spirituality]] and [[animism]] find dominance in her [[canvas]]es. She is inspired by the stories told by elders in her community, [[myth]]s and [[ritual]]s of the tribe and the [[flora]] and [[fauna]] she encounters in her everyday life.<ref name=":6"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lado Bai |url=http://sutragallery.com/Lado-Bai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826211627/http://www.sutragallery.com/Lado-Bai.html |archive-date=26 August 2017 |access-date=26 March 2019 |website=Sutra Gallery}}</ref> Bai creates art reflects the flora and fauna of her environment along with the customs and festivals of her tribe.<ref name=":1" /> Her work is informed by the timeless tradition of Bhil painting, portraying ritualized depictions of Pithora, the Bhil folklore god.<ref name=":1" />

Lado Bai's inspirations came from the stories told her elders, and her personal faith that the gods will be pleased by her Art.<ref name=":1" />

She belongs to a community famous for their ritualistic murals of god [[Pithora (painting)|Pithora]], a centuries old tradition that was primarily a man's domain.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Lado Bai carries forward this timeless tradition while at the same time, developing in a strong individual visual language.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Lado Bai |url=https://www.saffronart.com/artists/lado-bai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014191728/https://www.saffronart.com/artists/lado-bai |archive-date=14 October 2022 |access-date=18 March 2019 |website=Saffronart}}</ref>

Lado Bai is among such tribal artists who are keeping their traditional identity alive in their works and lives.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Gulraiz |first=Saba |date=September 2010 |title=A Tryst with Art in Madhya Pradesh |url=http://www.artnewsnviews.com/view-article.php?article=a-tryst-with-art-in-madhya-pradesh&iid=6&articleid=58 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101141115/http://www.artnewsnviews.com/view-article.php?article=a-tryst-with-art-in-madhya-pradesh&iid=6&articleid=58 |archive-date=1 November 2011 |website=Art Etc (magazine)}}</ref> Her paintings reflect all the aspects of a Bhil life. She seems completely at ease while working with fine quality brush and canvas in place of a piece of jute which she would use before.<ref name=":2" /> Today she is working at Adivasi Lok Kala Academy in Bhopal and is contented with her job as an artist.<ref name=":2" />

In Lado Bai's work, nature, spirituality and animism of her community are dominant themes.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=25 August 2017 |title=An Exhibition that Explores Folklore and Mythology Through Tribal Art |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/an-exhibition-that-explores-folklore-and-mythology-through-tribal-art/story-LT5Z1HnGROkR0u5a5YftrN.html |url-status=live |access-date=25 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014191726/https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/an-exhibition-that-explores-folklore-and-mythology-through-tribal-art/story-LT5Z1HnGROkR0u5a5YftrN.html |archive-date=14 October 2022}}</ref> With the encouragement and support of late Indian artist Jagdish Swaminathan, she has developed a contemporary language of traditional artforms.<ref name=":3" /> The main motifs in her works are the animal kingdom and Bhil rituals and festivals. Her works demonstrate an episode of a larger story from the folklore.<ref name=":3" /> "We prepare for a whole night before starting to paint. There are a lot of rituals that I have shown in my work, and this is exactly how the Bhil culture is," says Bai.<ref name=":3" />

== Awards and ceremonies ==
Lado Bai is the Master Ojas Art Awardee. The Ojas Art Award 2017, instituted by Ojas Art Gallery, was awarded this year to a couple of Bhil artists from Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh at the Jaipur Literature Festival (JLF) 2017.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=23 January 2017 |title=Bhil painters win Ojas Art Award |url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/jaipur-lit-fest/8146-bheel-painters-win-ojas-art-award |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118194711/https://sundayguardianlive.com/jaipur-lit-fest/8146-bheel-painters-win-ojas-art-award |archive-date=18 January 2021 |access-date=25 July 2023 |website=[[The Sunday Guardian]]}}</ref> Lado Bai was awarded under the Master Artist category, winning a sum of Rs 51,000.<ref name=":7" /> She belongs to the early group of artists of this genre and was among the first bheel artists, besides bhuri bai, to have worked directly with J Swaminathan.<ref name=":2" />

== Family ==
For Lado Bai, whose family joined her in painting the canvas, the elements of the picture are drawn from the deep collective memory of her ancestors, which she has evoked in the Pithora tradition.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Stephen |first=Sophia |last2=Venugopal |first2=Bijoy |last3=Paul |first3=Arjun |date=12 April 2018 |title=At One Flipkart, a tribal art mural sets the office mood, and tells a proud Indian story |url=https://stories.flipkart.com/flipkart-office-tribal-art-mural/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603012643/https://stories.flipkart.com/flipkart-office-tribal-art-mural/ |archive-date=3 June 2023 |access-date=25 July 2023 |website=[[Flipkart]]}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/bhil-art/xwG66KBJgbT95A|title=bhil art|website=}}</ref> She points to the peasants gathering harvested maize and millet, the tents and marquees of the marketplace, and the bullock carts laden with produce making their way to the bazaars.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> Her daughter, Anita, assisted her in painting murals.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" />

== Select exhibition ==
* 2016 – "Creative Customs: International Folk Art," Peninsula School of Art, Fish Creek, WI<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 October 2016 |title=International folk art show opens Oct. 21 at PSA |pages=N.1. |work=[[Green Bay Press Gazette]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2016 |title=A World of Folk Art Comes to PenArt |url=https://doorcountypulse.com/world-folk-art-comes-penart/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019033551/https://doorcountypulse.com/world-folk-art-comes-penart/ |archive-date=19 October 2021 |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=Door County Pulse |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 2017 – "Satrang", Ojas Art Gallery, New Delhi, India<ref name=":3" />
* 2017 – "water+wisdom Australia India," Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Melbourne, Australia<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 November 2017 |title=RMIT Gallery Explores Water Wisdom Across Two Continents |work=Targeted New Service|id={{ProQuest|}} }}</ref>
* 2020 – "Merging Narratives," Ojas Art Gallery, New Delhi, India<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2020 |title=Blending indigenous narratives together |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2020/mar/14/blending-indigenous-narratives-together-2116582.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315123458/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2020/mar/14/blending-indigenous-narratives-together-2116582.html |archive-date=15 March 2020 |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2020 |title=Ojas Art Gallery presents Merging Narratives |url=https://www.architectandinteriorsindia.com/events/7776-ojas-art-gallery-presents-merging-narratives |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727012236/https://www.architectandinteriorsindia.com/events/7776-ojas-art-gallery-presents-merging-narratives |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=Architect and Interiors India}}</ref>
* 2022 – "Lado Bai: The Early Years," Ojas Art Gallery, New Delhi, India<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Lado Bai: The Early Years |url=https://indiaartfair.in/programme/lado-bai-the-early-years |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206194339/https://indiaartfair.in/programme/lado-bai-the-early-years |archive-date=6 February 2023 |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=India Art Fair |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Select collections ==
* The Indira Gandhi National Center for the [[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts|Arts]], New Delhi<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ignca.gov.in/|title=IGNCA {{!}} Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts|access-date=26 March 2019}}</ref>
* Saffronart, [[Mumbai]]<ref name=":4" />
* [[National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum]], New Delhi
* Sutra Gallery, [[Wisconsin]], United [[United States|States]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tribal |url=http://sutragallery.com/Tribal.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106042149/http://sutragallery.com/Tribal.html |archive-date=6 January 2019 |access-date=26 March 2019 |website=Sutra Gallery}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bai, Lado}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bhil people]]
[[Category:Women artists from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Religious artists]]

Shirur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-02-02T09:11:46Z

MaryellenBuckman: created some info initial version

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Shirur
| type = LS
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Maharashtra/Shirur.map}}
| map_caption = Shirur Lok Sabha Constituency map
| established = 2008
| party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party - Sharadchandra Pawar}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| mp = [[Amol Kolhe|Dr. Amol Kolhe]]
| preceded_by = [[Shivajirao Adhalarao Patil]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| electors = 1,824,112<ref name=turnout/>
| assembly_cons = [[Junnar Assembly constituency|Junnar]] [[Ambegaon Assembly constituency|Ambegaon]] [[Khed Alandi Assembly constituency|Khed Alandi]] [[Shirur Assembly constituency|Shirur]] [[Bhosari Assembly constituency|Bhosari]] [[Hadapsar Assembly constituency|Hadapsar]]
}}
'''Shirur''' is one of the 48 [[Lok Sabha]] (lower house of Indian parliament) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]]. This constituency was created on 19 February 2008 as a part of the implementation of the [[President of India|Presidential]] notification based on the recommendations of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]] constituted on 12 July 2002.<ref name=delimit/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/20/stories/2008022058631200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228022947/http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/20/stories/2008022058631200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 February 2008|title=Delimitation notification comes into effect|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 February 2008}}</ref> This constituency is one of the two newly formed Lok Sabha constituencies in [[Pune district]] after delimitation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Delimitation-to-set-new-equations/articleshow/4214806.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023170046/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-03/pune/28001345_1_assembly-constituencies-assembly-seats-maval|url-status=live|archive-date=23 October 2012|title=Delimitation to set new equations|author=Yadav, Radheshyam|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 March 2009}}</ref> It first held elections in 2009 and its first member of parliament (MP) was [[Shivajirao Adhalarao Patil]] of [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]. As of the 2019 elections, its MP is Dr. [[Amol Kolhe]] who is serving in his second term from this constituency.

==Vidhan Sabha segments==
Presently, Shirur Lok Sabha constituency comprises six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These segments are:<ref name=delimit>{{cite web|url=https://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/Downloads/Notification%20_English.pdf|page=25|title=Delimitation Commission of India Notification|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra|access-date=8 November 2014}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" | Party
!colspan=2 |Leading {{small|(in 2024)}}

|-
|195
|[[Junnar Assembly constituency|Junnar]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Pune district|Pune]]
| [[Sharaddada Bhimaji Sonavane|Sharad Sonavane]]
|{{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|rowspan=4}}
|-
|196
|[[Ambegaon Assembly constituency|Ambegaon]]
|[[Dilip Walse-Patil]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
|197
|[[Khed Alandi Assembly constituency|Khed Alandi]]
|[[Babaji Kale]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}"|
|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)|SS(UBT)]]
|-
|198
|[[Shirur Assembly constituency|Shirur]]
|[[Dnyaneshwar Katke]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
|207
|[[Bhosari Assembly constituency|Bhosari]]
|[[Mahesh Landge]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
|213
|[[Hadapsar Assembly constituency|Hadapsar]]
|[[Chetan Tupe]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Name
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|colspan="4"|{{center|''Before 2008 : Seat did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Shivajirao Adhalarao Patil]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Amol Kolhe]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
| [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)]]
|-
|}

==Election results==

===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Shirur, Maharashtra|Shirur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|candidate=[[Amol Ramsing Kolhe]]|votes=6,98,692|percentage=50.83|change={{increase}}9.88}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Nationalist Congress Party|candidate=[[Shivajirao Adhalarao Patil]]|votes=5,57,741|percentage=40.58|change={{decrease}}8.59}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Independent
|candidate = Manohar Mahadu Wadekar
|votes =28,330
|percentage = 2.06
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi
|candidate =Dr. Anwar Shaikh
|votes =17,462
|percentage = 1.27
|change ={{down}}1.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rahul Raghunath Owhal
|votes =10,295
|percentage = 0.75
|change ={{up}}0.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes =9,661
|percentage = 0.70
|change ={{up}}0.23
}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,40,951|percentage=10.25|change={{up}}5.73}}
{{Election box turnout||votes= 13,77,691|percentage=54.20|change={{down}}5.24}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)
|loser = Nationalist Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Shirur, Maharashtra|Shirur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = [[Amol Ramsing Kolhe]]
|votes = 6,35,830
|percentage = 49.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiv Sena|candidate=[[Shivajirao Adhalarao Patil]]|votes=5,77,347|percentage=44.65|change=-14.86}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi|candidate=Rahul Ovhal|votes=38,070|percentage=2.94|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Kagadi Jamirkhan Afjal|votes=7,247|percentage=0.56|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=6,051|percentage=0.47|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=58,483|percentage=4.52|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=12,93,155|percentage=59.44|change=+0.41}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Nationalist Congress Party
|loser = Shiv Sena
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Shirur, Maharashtra|Shirur]]<ref name=turnout>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702210941/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm|archive-date=2 July 2014|title=Parliamentary Constituency wise Turnout for General Election - 2014|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm|access-date=2 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628133413/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1336.htm?ac=36|archive-date=28 June 2014|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1336.htm?ac=36|access-date=7 June 2014|publisher=Election Commission of India|title=Maharashtra- Shirur}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = [[Shivajirao Adhalarao Patil]]
|votes = 6,43,415
|percentage = 59.51
|change = +1.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Devdatta Jayvantrao Nikam
|votes = 3,41,601
|percentage = 31.35
|change = -4.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena
|candidate = Ashok Shirpati Khandebharad
|votes = 36,448
|percentage = 3.35
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Waghmare Sarjerao Bhika
|votes = 19,783
|percentage = 1.82
|change = -0.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Nikam Sopanrao Pandharinath
|votes = 16,663
|percentage = 1.53
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 11,995
|percentage = 1.10
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes =3,01,814
|percentage = 28.16
|change = +6.86
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,89,573
|percentage = 59.73
|change = +8.29
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Shiv Sena
|loser= Nationalist Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Shirur, Maharashtra|Shirur]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|title=Constituency Wise Detailed Results |page=98|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=30 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|archive-date=11 August 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = [[Shivajirao Adhalarao Patil]]
|votes = 4,82,563
|percentage = 57.54
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Vilas Vithoba Lande
|votes = 3,03,952
|percentage = 36.24
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Yashwant Zagade
|votes = 17,439
|percentage = 2.08
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Lande Vilas Mhatarba
|votes = 14,196
|percentage = 1.69
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ram Dharma Dambale
|votes = 4,541
|percentage = 0.54
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes =1,78,611
|percentage = 21.30
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,38,728
|percentage = 51.44
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Shiv Sena
|loser=Nationalist Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Khed Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Pune district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/maharashtra/shirur/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Shirur lok sabha constituency election 2019 results details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|18.8|74.4|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shirur Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Maharashtra created in 2008]]
[[Category:Politics of Pune district]]

Raj Kumar Kothari

2026-01-22T06:25:27Z

MaryellenBuckman:

{{short description|Indian academic and Vice-Chancellor of the Sanskrit College and University}}{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Raj Kumar Kothari
| office = Vice-Chancellor of the [[Sanskrit College and University]]
| term_start = 2 June 2023
| term_end = 21 January 2026
| predecessor = Soma Bandhopadhyay
| successor = Ayan Bhattacharjee
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|5|8}}
| alma_mater = [[University of Kalyani]] (M.A.) [[Pondicherry University]] (M.Phil.) [[University of Mumbai]] (Ph.D.)
}}
'''Raj Kumar Kothari''' (born 8 May 1965)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Raj Kumar KOTHARI Resume/CV {{!}} Diamond Harbour Women's University, Political Science, Faculty Member|url=https://dhwu.academia.edu/RajKumarKOTHARI/CurriculumVitae|website=dhwu.academia.edu|access-date=2025-11-29}}</ref> is an Indian political scientist and academic. He served as the Vice-Chancellor of the [[Sanskrit College and University]] in Kolkata, from 2023 to 2026. Previously, he served as a professor at [[Diamond Harbour Women's University]] and [[Vidyasagar University]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=The Sanskrit College & University|url=https://sanskritcollegeanduniversity.ac.in/vcdesk.php|website=sanskritcollegeanduniversity.ac.in|access-date=2025-11-29}}</ref>

==Education==
He obtained his M.A. degree in political science from the [[University of Kalyani]] in 1988, securing First Class First position. He then earned his M.Phil. degree in International Studies from [[Pondicherry University]] in 1990. In 1994, he completed his Ph.D. in political science from the [[University of Mumbai]]. In addition, he obtained a Diploma in Russian Language from the University of Mumbai in 1992.<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
Dr. Kothari has held various teaching and administrative positions at different higher education institutions throughout his career. He served as a Professor and Head of the Department of Political Science at [[Diamond Harbour Women's University|Diamond Harbour Women's University]] in West Bengal. From 2005 to 2021, he worked as a professor of Political Science at [[Vidyasagar University]]. On 2 June 2023, he assumed office as the Vice-Chancellor of the [[Sanskrit College and University]], until January 2026.<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* {{ResearchGate}}
* {{LinkedIn user}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kothari, Raj Kumar}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:University of Kalyani alumni]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Indian political scientists]]
[[Category:Academics from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Diamond Harbour Women's University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Vidyasagar University]]
[[Category:Vice-Chancellor of the Sanskrit College and University]]

Chandrika Gururaj

2026-01-07T23:55:08Z

MaryellenBuckman: Adding First Details More To Come

{{short description|Indian playback singer}}
{{distinguish|Manjula Gururaj}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chandrika Gururaj
| image = Chandrika Gururaj.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|10|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Tumkur]], [[Mysore state]] ({{small|now [[Karnataka]]}}), India
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|performer|}}
| spouse = Gururaja
| children = 1
| years_active = 1989 - present
| alma_mater = [[University of Mysore]]
| awards = [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer]]
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Filmi]]
* [[Folk music|Folk]]
* [[Indian classical music|Classical]]
* [[Bhajan]]
* [[Ghazal]]
}}
| instrument = Vocals
}}
}}

'''Chandrika Gururaj''' (born 4 October 1959), is an Indian playback singer, known for her works in [[Kannada]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://starofmysore.com/v-n-prasad-to-bid-adieu-to-big-stage-singing/|title=VN Prasad to bid adieu to big stage singing|date=20 December 2018|access-date=23 May 2021|work=Star of Mysore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/seeking-symphony/article2065477.ece|title=Seeking symphony|work=The Hindu|date=31 May 2011|access-date=23 May 2021|author=Bhumika K.}}</ref> Apart from film songs, she has also recorded numerous devotional, bhaavageethe and folk songs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/lifestyle/devotional/kannada/watch-popular-kannada-devotional-video-song-sharanu-sharanembe-sung-by-chandrika-gururaj/videoshow/82372213.cms|title=Sharu Sharanembe devotional song sung by Chandrika Gururaj|work=Times of India|date=3 May 2021|access-date=23 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/lifestyle/devotional/kannada/banashankari-devi-bhakti-song-watch-popular-kannada-devotional-video-song-banashankari-devi-baaramma-sung-by-chandrika-gururaj/videoshow/82605362.cms|title=Devotional Video Song 'Banashankari Devi Baaramma' Sung By Chandrika Gururaj|work=Times of India|date= 14 May 2021|access-date=23 May 2021}}</ref> For her song "O Priyatama" in the movie ''Urvashi'', Chandrika won the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] in 1994. [[Karnataka Government]] honoured her with the [[Rajyotsava Awards (2010)|Karnataka Rajyotsava Award]] for her contribution to music, in 2010.<ref name="RAJYOTSAVA">{{cite web|url=https://www.karnataka.gov.in/page/Awards/State+Awards/Rajyotsava+Awards/en|title=Rajyotsava Awards Official website of Karnataka Government|access-date=23 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/rajyotsava-award-to-ravi-nagthi-bhat-velu-kannada-news-61222|title=Rajyotsava awards to Ravi, Nagthi, Bhat, Velu|work=Indiaglitz|date=1 November 2010|access-date=23 May 2021}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Chandrika was born on 4 October 1959 in [[Tumkur]] to Rangarao and Lalithamma.<ref name="CHANDRIKA">{{cite web|url=https://kanaja.karnataka.gov.in/event/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE-%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D/|title=ಕಣಜ: ಅಂತರ್ಜಾಲ ಕನ್ನಡ ಮಾಹಿತಿ ಕೋಶ|website=Kanaja: Karnataka Information Government official website|access-date=23 May 2021}}</ref> She graduated in sociology from the [[University of Mysore]]. She worked as a lecturer at Tumkur College for a brief period.

Chandrika married Gururaja. The couple have a daughter.

== Career ==
Chandrika was first noticed by actor [[Shankar Nag]] in a program, who later introduced her to composer [[Hamsalekha]].<ref name="CHANDRIKA"/> Hamsalekha gave her, her first song "Kadalige Ondu Kone Ide", in the movie ''Indrajith'', a duet with singer [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]. Then she went on to record many film songs with S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[P. Jayachandran]], [[L. N. Shastry]], [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[Ramesh Chandra (singer)|Ramesh Chandra]], and other singers.

She has worked with many composers, including Hamsalekha, [[V. Manohar]], [[Ilayaraja]], [[Rajan–Nagendra]], [[Upendra Kumar]], [[Raj–Koti]], [[Sadhu Kokila]], [[Rajesh Ramnath]], Jayashree Aravind, and others.

She has recorded more than 100 film songs and more than 1000 non-film songs.

Some of her notable songs include "Prema Baraha Koti Taraha", "Ee Jogada Jalapatha", "Thattona Thattona", "Mamarake E Kogileya", "Ba Baro O Geleya", "Chaitrada Premanjaliya", "Avannalli Ivalilli", "Sangama Sangama", "O Bandhuve", "Eniddarenu Hennada Balika", "Nenapugala Angaladi", and "Hogabeda Hudugi".

She was one of the jury members in the 2016 Karnataka state film award committee.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/605936/amaravati-adjudged-film.html|title=Amaravati adjudged film|work=Deccan Herald|date=12 April 2012|access-date=23 May 2021}}</ref> She is active in performing on stages across the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2012/sep/27/tribute-to-the-nightingale-of-india-409946.html|title=Tribute to the nightingale|work=The New Indian Express|date=27 September 2012|access-date=23 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/53026/confluence-mesmerising-voices.html|title=Confluence of mesmerizing voices|work=Deccan Herald|date=16 February 2010|access-date=23 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/70077/all-ears-melodious-nostalgic-numbers.html|title=All ears to melodious nostalgic numbers|work=Deccan Herald|date=17 May 2010|access-date=23 May 2021}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* 2015 - Kempegowda Award by [[BBMP]]
* 2010 - [[Rajyotsava Prashasti|Karnataka Rajyotsava Award]]<ref name="RAJYOTSAVA"/><ref>{{cite web|title=ರಾಜ್ಯೋತ್ಸವ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣ ಪಟ್ಟಿ 1966 ರಿಂದ - 2015 ರವರೆಗೆ|url=http://siri.kannadasiri.co.in/kannadasiri/downloads/Rajothsava_List.pdf|website=Kannada Siri|accessdate=23 May 2021|archive-date=22 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322084457/http://siri.kannadasiri.co.in/kannadasiri/downloads/Rajothsava_List.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 1995 - [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer]]

== Discography ==
{{Main|List of songs recorded by Chandrika Gururaj}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{IMDb name|69292}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gururaj, Chandrika}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]

Nikhil Ranjan Dey

2025-12-26T08:26:53Z

MaryellenBuckman: improve layout further and added references

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Undisclosed paid|date=May 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nikhil Ranjan Dey
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2 May 2021
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Cooch Behar Dakshin]]
| predecessor = [[Mihir Goswami]]
| successor =
| birth_place = [[Kotwali]], [[West Bengal]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1958|3|12}}
| spouse =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| residence = [[Kotwali]] [[Cooch Behar district]], [[West Bengal]]
| alma_mater = Ram Bhola Higher Secondary school
| profession = Politician
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Nikhil Ranjan Dey''' is an Indian politician from [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]. In May 2021, he was elected as the member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Cooch Behar Dakshin]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nikhil Ranjan Dey Election Results 2021: News, Votes, Results of West-bengal Assembly|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election-candidates-list-2021/nikhil-ranjan-dey-25004-5|access-date=2021-05-06|website=NDTV.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nikhil Ranjan Dey {{!}} West Bengal Assembly Election Results Live, Candidates News, Videos, Photos|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/west-bengal/nikhil-ranjan-dey-cooch-behar-dakshin-candidate-s25a004c004/|access-date=2021-05-06|website=News18}}</ref>

==Career==
Dey is from [[Kotwali]], [[Cooch Behar district]]. His father's name is Nirmal Kumar Dey.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/MTM1NzI=/MTY=/MTA=/Mw==/QUM=|access-date=2021-05-06|website=affidavit.eci.gov.in}}</ref> He passed Higher Secondary from Ram Bhola Higher Secondary school in 1974.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nikhil Ranjan Dey Profile|work=Myneta Info|url=https://myneta.info/westbengal2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=2073|access-date=6 May 2021}}</ref> He contested in [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Cooch Behar Dakshin]] Vidhan Sabha and won the seat on 2 May 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bureau|first=ABP News|date=2021-05-02|title=Cooch Behar Dakshin West Bengal Election 2021 Final Results LIVE:BJP Candidate Dey Nikhil Ranjan wins from Cooch Behar Dakshin, Details Inside|url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/cooch-behar-dakshin-wb-election-2021-results-live-updates-constituency-number-4-cooch-behar-dakshin-west-bengal-election-2021-vote-counting-results-leading-trailing-2-may-2021-1455606|access-date=2021-05-06|website=news.abplive.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=TimesNow|title=Coochbehar Dakshin Assembly Election Results 2021 LIVE - Coochbehar Dakshin Vidhan Sabha Election Results|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/coochbehar-dakshin-west-bengal-election-result-2021|access-date=2021-05-06|website=TimesNow|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dey, Nikhil Ranjan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Cooch Behar district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:1958 births]]

{{WestBengal-BJP-politician-stub}}

Jubo League

2025-12-22T17:02:42Z

MaryellenBuckman: add lead after review and corrected details

{{Short description|Youth wing of the Bangladesh Awami League party}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox political youth organization
| name =Bangladesh Awami Jubo League
| native_name = বাংলাদেশ আওয়ামী যুবলীগ
| colorcode=green
| logo =
| caption =
| logo2= [[File:Bangladesh Awami Jubo League Flag.svg|220px]]
| president =
| chairman = Sheikh Fazle Shams Parash
| national chairman =
| national co-chairman =
| secretary2 =
|secretary general=[[Md Mainul Hossain Khan Nikhil]]| treasurer =
| honorary president =
| founded = {{start date and age|1972|11|11|df=yes}}
| slogan = ''[[Joy Bangla (slogan)|Joy Bangla]], Joy Bangabandhu'' ('Victory to [[Bengal]], victory to [[Bangabandhu]]')
| ideology = [[Mujibism]], [[Bengali nationalism]]
| dissolved = {{start date and age|2025|05|12|df=yes}} (Banned)
| mother party =[[Bangladesh Awami League]]
| website ={{URL|www.jlbd.org/en/home}}
}}

The '''Bangladesh Awami Jubo League''' ({{langx|bn|বাংলাদেশ আওয়ামী যুবলীগ}}) commonly known as the '''Jubo League''', is the first youth organization of Bangladesh founded by [[Sheikh Fazlul Haque Mani]]. It is the youth wing of [[Bangladesh Awami League]]. The Jubo League's last chairman was Sheikh Fazle Shams Parash and the last General Secretary was [[Md Mainul Hossain Khan Nikhil]].<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:যুবলীগের চেয়ারম্যান ওমর ফারুক, সম্পাদক হারুন |trans-title=Jubo League chairman Omar Faruque, secretary Harun |url=http://www.prothom-alo.com/detail/date/2012-07-14/news/273583 |work=[[Prothom Alo]] |date=14 July 2012 |language=bn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904140727/http://www.prothom-alo.com/detail/date/2012-07-14/news/273583 |archive-date=4 September 2012}}</ref>

==History==
The Jubo league was founded on 11 November 1972 by [[Sheikh Fazlul Haque Mani]].<ref name="independent2002">{{cite news |title=Jubo League founding day observed |newspaper=The Independent |location=Dhaka |date=12 November 2002}}</ref> On 12 May 2025, the government of Bangladesh banned all activities of the Awami League and its affiliated organisations under the Anti-Terrorism Act.<ref>{{cite news |title=Govt bans activities of AL until ICT trial completion |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/govt-bans-activities-al-until-ict-trial-completion-3892976|access-date=12 May 2025 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |date=12 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250512174606/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/govt-bans-activities-al-until-ict-trial-completion-3892976 |archive-date=12 May 2025 }}</ref>

==Controversies==
* [[Rapid Action Battalion]] (RAB) on 23 May 2015, arrested a Jubo League activist from Basanterbagh village, Begumganj Upazila, [[Noakhali District]] with an illegal gun.<ref name="Jubo League man hacked to death">{{cite news |title=Jubo League man hacked to death|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/country/jubo-league-man-hacked-death-86257 |newspaper=The Daily Star |accessdate=1 June 2015}}</ref>
* [[Detective Branch]] (DB) of the local police arrested Gias, a Jubo League leader in Kotwali area, Chittagong for involvement in the murder of security guard of Al Arafah Islami Bank's Muradpur Branch during an attempted robbery.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mahmud|first1=Tarek|title=Jubo League leader, 3 others arrested for bank guard murder|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/crime/2015/may/16/jubo-league-leader-3-others-arrested-bank-guard-murder |newspaper=Dhaka Tribune |accessdate=1 June 2015}}</ref>
* Jubo League engaged in street fighting with [[Bangladesh Chhatra League]] over dropping of tender for government contract worth 100 million taka in [[Barisal City]]. About a dozen people were injured, including a journalist.<ref>{{cite news |title=BCL, Jubo League clash in Barisal|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/bcl-jubo-league-clash-in-barisal-63325 |newspaper=The Daily Star |accessdate=1 June 2015}}</ref>
* The Jubo League expelled its Office Secretary Kazi Anisur Rahman, who went into hiding in the wake of the crackdown on illegal casinos, on charges of corruption in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/2019/10/11/jubo-league-expels-office-secretary-kazi-anisur-for-alleged-corruption|title=Jubo League expels Office Secretary Kazi Anisur for alleged corruption|website=bdnews24.com|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref>
* The RAB arrested "Casino Emperor", Dhaka South Awami Jubo League President Ismail Hossain Chowdhury Shamrat, for his links to the illegal casino businesses in "his territory". Cases filed against him included casino-gambling, tender business and extortion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/dhaka/2019/10/07/3-cases-filed-against-samrat-arman|title=2 cases filed against Samrat, Arman|date=2019-10-07|website=Dhaka Tribune|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref> Despite being a staunch supporter of the Awami League, he was arrested at the home of an affluent [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami]] leader.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/2019/10/06/samrat-hid-himself-in-a-jamaat-leader-s-house|title=Samrat hid himself in a Jamaat leader's house|date=2019-10-06|website=Dhaka Tribune|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref>
*[[July massacre]]

==List of activists killed==
* Jahir Uddin, 30, was murdered in Kabirhat area in Begumganj upazila, Noakhali District, on 22 May 2015.<ref name="Jubo League man hacked to death"/>
* Akbar Ali, an activist of Jubo League was murdered in Begumganj upazila in Noakhali, on 20 May 2015.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jubo League activist slaughtered in Noakhali|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/crime/2015/may/20/jubo-league-activist-slaughtered-noakhali |newspaper=Dhaka Tribune |accessdate=1 June 2015}}</ref>
* Kamal Uddin, 22, an activist of Jubo league of Lohagara upazila of Chittagong, was killed on 21 May 2015.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ctg Jubo League activist hacked to death|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/city/ctg-jubo-league-activist-hacked-death-85969 |newspaper=The Daily Star |accessdate=1 June 2015}}</ref>
* Mohammad Yusuf, 35, president of Anderchar union unit Jubo League, was beaten to death in Laxmipur's Kamalanagar upazila on 5 March 2015 allegedly by political opponents.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jubo League man killed, 50 injured|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/jubo-league-man-killed-50-injured-59169 |newspaper=The Daily Star |accessdate=1 June 2015}}</ref>
* Md Mollah Arif, joint secretary of Jubo League's ward number 2 unit, was gunned down in [[Khilgaon]] on 8 April 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hasan|first1=Kamrul|title=Police: Jubo League leader Arif was killed for refusing to carry out illegal activity|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/crime/98530/police-jubo-league-leader-arif-was-killed-for |newspaper=Dhaka Tribune |accessdate=1 June 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bangladesh Awami League}}

[[Category:Awami League wings]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Bangladesh]]

{{Bangladesh-party-stub}}

Hemidactylus raya

2025-12-16T04:00:49Z

MaryellenBuckman: made...

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Deccan Half-toed Gecko.jpg
| taxon = Hemidactylus raya
| authority = Kumar, Srinivasulu, & Srinivasulu, 2022
}}

'''''Hemidactylus raya''''' is a species of [[gecko]]. It is [[endemic]] to India.<ref name=RDB>{{NRDB species|genus=Hemidactylus|species=raya}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q113561052}}

[[Category:Hemidactylus]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2022]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
{{Hemidactylus-stub}}

Vaishnava Padavali

2025-10-31T09:07:29Z

MaryellenBuckman: created initial biography more to come

{{Short description|Movement in medieval Bengali literature from the 15th to 17th centuries}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Culture of Bengal}}
The '''Vaishnava Padaaboli''' ({{langx|bn|বৈষ্ণব পদাবলী}}) movement refers to a period in
[[medieval Bengali literature]] from the 15th to 17th centuries, marked by an efflorescence of [[Vaishnava]] poetry often focusing on the [[Radha]]-[[Krishna]] legend. The term ''padavali'' (also written '''padaabali''') has the literal meaning "gathering of songs" (''[[pada (foot)|pada]]''=short verse, lyric; ''+vali'' = plural; collection).

The padavali poetry reflects an earthy view of divine love which had its roots in the ''Agam''
poetry of [[Tamil people|Tamil]] [[Sangam literature]] (600 BC–300 AD) and spread into early medieval [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ([[Nannaya]], [[Annamayya]]) and [[Kannada]] literatures ([[Dasa sahitya]]). These poetic themes spread rapidly as part of the [[Bhakti]] movement, which emphasized an intensely personal form of devotion inspired by the philosophy of [[Ramanuja]] and rejected [[caste]] distinctions and other Brahminical conventions associated with the theism of [[Adi Shankaracharya]]. The movement spread out and attained a pan-India status during the 13th–17th centuries.

The accompanying literary movements were marked by a shift from the classical language of [[Sanskrit]], to the local languages ([[apabhramsha]]) or derivatives, e.g. the literary language of [[brajabuli]] adopted by [[Vidyapati]] (14th century) and [[Govindadasa|Govindadas Kaviraj]]

==History==
Vidyapati in Mithila (14th century) and [[Chandidas]] (late 14th century) in [[Birbhum]]. Chandidas was among the earliest poets in the nascent [[Bengali language|Bengali]] language, and many of his poems deal with the Radha-Krishna theme.

In 1474, [[Maladhar Basu]] translated the 10th and 11th cantos of the [[Sanskrit]] [[Srimad Bhagavatam]] (composed c. 9th century), into the Bengali poem ''SriKrsnaVijay''. Maladhar focused on Krishna's divine life, with the 10th canto relating the legends of Krishna as a child, and his Leela with the Gopis in [[Vrindavana]]. He was honoured by [[Rukunuddin Barbak Shah]] with the title ''Gunaraj Khan''.

Although neither Chandidas nor Maladhar Basu were Vaishnavas,<ref name=bp/> they were to lay the foundation for much of the following Vaishnava poetry in Bengal.

===Vaishnavism in Bengal===

Vaishnavism in Bengal was given a tremendous boost by [[Sri Chaitanya]] (1486–1533), whose intense spiritualism infected many and started a movement across many regions of India. Chaitanya emphasized the role of merely uttering God's name in obtaining emancipation, and songs, sung passionately and leading to a trance-like state, were central to the path of bhakti. Chaitanya himself wrote many (source - ? gaudiya-vaishnavas say, that Chaitanya left only one song: Shikshashtaka) songs on the Radha-Krishna theme, and certainly encouraged the composition of new songs.

Major poets in the ensuing padavali tradition included [[Murari Gupta]] (''srikriShNachaitanyacharitrAmr^ta''), Narahari Sarkar, Basudev Ghosh, Lochandas, Jnanadas, [[Govindadas]], Balaram Das, [[Syed Sultan]] and [[Dwija Chandidas]] (16th century). The 17th century saw the work of [[Kaviranjan]] (''chhoto Vidyapati''), Kavishekhar, Radhaballabh Das, Ghanashyam Das and Ramgopal Das; and were followed in the 18th century by Vaisnavadas, Chandrashekhar, Radhamohan Thakur (''padAmr^tasamudra''), Narahari Chakravarty (''gItachandroday''), Yadunandan and others.<ref name=bp>{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Wakil |year=2012 |chapter=Vaisnava Literature |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Vaisnava_Literature |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Many of the original texts are lost (some may never have been composed, as the songs came down in the [[kirtan]] tradition). The later anthology ''pAdakalpataru'' collects about 3000 Vaishnava lyrics by 150 poets.

==Poetry and theme==

The subject matter of the poetry is the love of [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]], on the banks of the [[Yamuna]] in Vrindavana; their secret trysts in the forests, Krishna's charms including his magic flute, the love of the [[gopi]]s for Krishna, Radha's [[viraha]] on being separated from Krishna and her anguish on seeing him sporting with the other gopis. Much of the poetry, though written by men, focuses on the feelings of a woman in love. Here is a poem from [[Chandidas]], where Radha is talking to a friend:

<poem style="margin-left:2em;">
How can I describe his relentless flute,
which pulls virtuous women from their homes
and drags them by their hair to Shyam
as thirst and hunger pull the doe to the snare?
Chaste ladies forget their wisdom,
and clinging vines shakes loose from their trees,
hearing that music.
Then how shall a simple dairymaid withstands its call?

Chandidasa says, Kala the puppet master leads the dance.
– trans. [[Edward C. Dimock]] and [[Denise Levertov]], ''In praise of Krishna'', p. 18 <ref>Dimock, Edward C. (trans.); Denise Levertov; In Praise of Krishna: Songs from the Bengali, 1967. Read the whole poem (and other excerpts): [http://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/~amit/books/dimock-1967-in-praise-of.html book excerptise]</ref>
</poem>
Many of the poets were influenced by the [[Maithili language|Maithili]] poet Vidyapati, and some, such as Govindadas, also composed in the [[brajabuli]] language.

===Music===
Vaishnava music was extremely influential in the evolution of Indian musical tradition. In the 14th century, [[Amir Khusro]], who spent some time in the court at [[Bengal]], was exposed to the Vaishnavite tradition.<ref>[[ITC Sangeet Research Academy]], [http://www.itcsra.org/sra_hcm/sra_hcm_chrono/sra_hcm_chrono_1200ad.html Hindustani Classical music: Chronology]</ref> With the rise of [[Vrindavana]] 14th century onwards, there was an admixture of the strains of devotional music from different regions of India. Followers of [[Vallabhacharya]] of [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]] and [[Nimbarkacharya]] of [[Maharashtra]] rubbed shoulders with Vaishnava composers from Bengal and Bihar. Eminent musicians such as [[Swami Haridas]] (16th century), reputedly the teacher of [[Tansen]], lived here.

The songs are often set to a romantic [[raga]] such as [[Pilu (raga)|Pilu]] or [[Desh (raga)|Desh]], and borrow freely from folk tunes and other traditions.

This musical tradition continues to be popular in [[Bengal]] with the [[Baul]]s and other [[kirtan]]iya groups, who include [[Sufi]] Muslims among their practitioners.

===Literary influence===

Vaishnava padavali left a lasting mark on [[Bengali literature]]. Among others, [[Rabindranath Tagore]] was deeply impressed by the works of Govindadas, and wrote many Vaishnava and Baul pieces. His opera ''Bhanusingher Padavali'' was composed in the Brajabuli language and included the song ''Sundari Radhe Awe Bani'' written by [[Govindadasa|Govindadas]]. <ref>Tagore, Rabindranath; Tony K. Stewart, Chase Twichell (tr.);
''The Lover of God'' (orig: ''Bhanusimher Padavali'')
Copper Canyon Press (Lannan Literary Selections), 2003, 121 pages
{{ISBN|1-55659-196-9}}, 978-1-55659-196-9</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bengali-language literature]]
[[Category:Bhakti movement]]
[[Category:Bengali music]]
[[Category:Vaishnavism]]
[[Category:Hindu music]]
[[Category:Kirtan]]
[[Category:Indian styles of music]]

Kasinatha Baskaran

2025-10-30T12:30:33Z

MaryellenBuckman:

{{Short description|Indian kabbadi player and coach}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=December 2016}}
{{More footnotes|date=December 2016}}
}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Baskaran
| image = Baskaran Wins World Cup 2016.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Baskaran Wins World Cup 2016
| headercolor =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| fullname = Baskaran Kasinathan
| nickname =
| ethnicity =
| citizenship =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1968|06|28|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sooliyakkottai]], [[Thanjavur district]], [[Madras State]] (now [[Tamil Nadu]]), [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence =
| education = [[U.A.A.T Hr Sec School]], [[Ammapet]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Coach (sport)|Coach]], [[India national kabaddi team]]
| years_active = 1989–2002
| employer =
| agent =
| height = {{height|precision=0|m=1.85}}<ref>{{cite news|title=FROM OBSCURITY, KABADDI PLAYERS NOW REVEL IN STARDOM|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/sports/others/From-obscurity-kabaddi-players-now-revel-in-stardom/articleshow/47695221.cms|accessdate=11 February 2016|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=17 June 2015}}</ref>
| weight = {{convert|95|kg|lb|0}}
| spouse =
| life_partner =
| other_interests =
| website = [https://www.facebook.com/baskaran.kasinathan.9]
| country = [[India]]
| sport = [[Kabaddi]]
| position = [[All Rounder]]
| event =
| league = [[Pro Kabaddi League]]
| league_type =
| club = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
| team = [[India national kabaddi team]]
| turnedpro = 1988
| coach =
| retired =
| worlds =
| regionals =
| nationals =
| highestranking = World No. 1
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Sports]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1994 Asian Games|1994 Hiroshima]]|[[Kabaddi at the 1994 Asian Games|Team]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1995 SAF Games|1995 Chennai]]|[[Kabaddi at the 1995 SAF Games|Team]]}}
}}
'''K. Baskaran''' or '''Baskaran Kasinathan''' (born 28 June 1968) is a professional [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Kabaddi]] sportsman who has represented Indian National Men's Kabaddi team in International games and is mentoring as a Kabaddi Coach. He has won national as well as international medals. He has been a professional coach for International teams and Kabaddi League franchises. He serves as a coach for the Indian National Men's Kabaddi team and the coach for the Pro Kabaddi franchise [[Bengal Warriors]].

He is an active sports enthusiast and apart from being a coach he also concentrates on identifying and training young athletes.

==Personal life==
K. Baskaran is the fourth child of Kasinathan Sittachiyar-Krishnammal couple born at Sooliyakottai, Tanjore in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He studied at Government School of Sooliyakottai, Ammapettai Saliyamangalam. He graduated from Madurai Kamarajar University. He earned a degree as Specialist Coach from National Institute of Sports, Bangalore.

He started playing Kabaddi at age 12. He rose to fame when he represented the National Team and gained media attention since his association with the Indian Pro Kabaddi League as a coach and as a coach in the 2016 Kabaddi World Cup.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/interview-kasinathan-baskaran-teams-pro-145638117.html|title=Interview with Kasinathan Baskaran: "All the teams in the Pro Kabaddi League are the same this season"|access-date=2016-12-23}}</ref>

K. Baskran is married to B. Prabha and he has three children: son B. Soorya, a [[discus]] athlete and two daughters B. Neetaa and B. Neerajaa both of whom play [[basketball]].

==Achievements==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Top Achievements in National and International Levels
|-
! Competition !! Venue
!Year!! Position
|-
| Asian Games || Hiroshima, Japan
|1994|| Gold
|-
| Saf Games (captain) || Chennai, India
|1995|| Gold
|-
| Test Series (India vs Sri Lanka (captain) || Thanjavur, India
|1997|| First
|-
| Senior Nationals ||
|1993–1996|| 3 consecutive Gold
|-
| National Games || Pune
|1993|| Gold
|-
| All India Kabaddi Federation Cup ||
|1995|| Gold
|-
| Senior Nationals ||
|1996–1997|| Silver
|-
| National Games ||
|1997|| Bronze
|-
| Senior Nationals ||
|1996–1997|| Bronze
|}

==Player==
Baskaran was coached by Mr. Swaminathan and Mr. Shanmugasundaram during his school days. He was inspired to play Kabaddi by Raja Rajendran, a Tamil Nadu Kabaddi player and an employee of [[TNEB]]. He had participated in the Republic Day Sports Meet and placed 2nd in 1984–85 and 1st in 1985–86. In 1987 he was given an appointment in Sports Quota in Pandian Roadways Corporation, Madurai. From 1989 to 1992, he played for ICF Chennai and during 1992–98 he was an Inspector Central Excise Madurai. From 2003 to 2005 he played for Air India on a contract basis.

==Coach==
In 2004, Baskaran obtained a degree from the National Institute of Sports as a Specialist Coach. He was appointed as the Indian Coach for Junior Probables in Kabaddi in 2009. He rose to International attention during this period and was appointed as the Coach for Thailand National Kabaddi Team. In 2010 he coached the Malaysian National Kabaddi Team and was mainly associated with the preparation and selection process for the [[2010 Asian Games]]. In 2014 he mentored the Indian Men's Kabaddi team for the Beach Asian Games 2014 held in Thailand. The team secured the bronze medal in the event.

==Pro Kabaddi League==
In 2014 the Pro Kabaddi League began, a sports event for Kabaddi played among various Kabaddi franchises of India. K. Baskaran led the Pink Panthers franchise to its maiden victory at the inaugural event. He remained as the Pink Panthers coach from 2014 to 2016. He started coaching the Puneri Paltans franchise from 2016 and secured third place in season four.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/kabaddi/interview-kasinathan-baskaran-all-teams-pro-kabaddi-league-same-season |title=Interview with Kasinathan Baskaran: "All the teams in the Pro Kabaddi League are the same this season" |website=Sportskeeda.com |date= |accessdate=2016-12-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportstarlive.com/kabaddi/will-government-announce-rewards-for-kabaddi-team/article9258449.ece |title=Will government announce rewards for Kabaddi team ? |website=Sportstarlive.com |date=2016-10-23 |accessdate=2016-12-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Nurtured-in-rural-Tamil-Nadu-kabaddi-players-make-a-mark-at-World-Cup/articleshow/54666386.cms |title=Tamil Nadu: Nurtured in rural Tamil Nadu, kabaddi players make a mark at World Cup |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2016-10-04 |accessdate=2016-12-14}}</ref> He was the head coach of Tamil Thalaivas in Pro Kabbadi 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/teams/29-tamil-thalaivas-teamprofile|title=Tamil Thalaivas Team 2021 | Player List, Name, Bio, Stats, Records, Squads – Pro Kabaddi|access-date=21 August 2017|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626223314/http://www.prokabaddi.com/teams/29-tamil-thalaivas-teamprofile|url-status=dead}}</ref>

He was head coach for [[Vizag Whirlwinds]] in the [[Pro Kabaddi League]].

==World Cup==
India has an undisputed run as a champion in international Kabaddi matches. The 2016 Kabaddi World Cup was conducted among twelve nations. Baskaran acted as Coach for the Indian Men's team. The team went on to beat Iran in the finals and become champions for the third consecutive time.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baskaran, Kasinathan}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male kabaddi players]]
[[Category:Kabaddi players from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in kabaddi]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1994 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Kabaddi players at the 1994 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games kabaddi players for India]]

Toranagallu

2025-09-25T18:27:14Z

MaryellenBuckman: created new stub basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Toranagallu
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|15.07|N|76.55|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ballary]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of taluks of Karnataka|Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Sandur, India|Sandur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type =
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 6324
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_metro = 25,000
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = KA 34
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Toranagallu''', or '''Torangal''', is a village in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref name="censusindia">Village code= 928100 {{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx|title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=2008-12-18}}</ref><ref name="yahoomaps">{{cite web|url=http://in.maps.yahoo.com|title=Yahoomaps India :|accessdate=2008-12-18}} Toranagal, Ballari, Karnataka</ref> It is located in the [[Sandur, India|Sandur]] [[taluk]] of [[Ballari district]] in Karnataka.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]], Toranagallu had a population of 6324 with 3390 males and 2934 females.<ref name="censusindia" />

== Transport ==
By road: NH 63 is via Toranagallu. It is presently under a massive transformation, upgrading to a four-lane road. The nearest cities to Toranagallu are [[Bellary]] and [[Hospet]], which are each approximately 30 km from Toranagallu. Buses operating between Bellary and Hospet go via Toranagallu; the journey takes about 40–45 mins from Bellary to Hospet and vice versa.

By train: Trains operating between major centres stop at Toranagallu (TNGL).

By air: [[Jindal Vijaynagar Airport]] is located southwest of the village. Although it belongs to [[JSW Steel]], the airport receives [[TruJet]] flights from [[Hyderabad]] and [[Bangalore]] daily.

==See also==
* [[Districts of Karnataka]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* http://Bellary.nic.in/

{{Settlements in Bellary district}}

[[Category:Villages in Ballari district]]

Sevvanthi (TV series)

2025-09-24T16:12:59Z

MaryellenBuckman:

{{short description|2022 Indian Tamil language drama}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Sevanthi-Serial-.jpg
| image_alt =
| genre = [[Tamil television drama|Drama]]
| writer = S.Marudhu sankar S.Kumaresan Jo.George [[Dialogues]] S.Marudhu sankar A.K.Pandiya
| screenplay = S.Kumaresan Jo.George
| director = * O.N.Rathnam
* Jahir Hussain
* Ve.Ma.Senthil Kumar
| based_on =
| starring = Divya Sridhar
| theme_music_composer = Suganth Jo (Background score)
|opentheme =
"Nenjil Nenjil Neengadha Sevvanthi Nee" (Madhu Balakrishnan and Vandhana Srinivasan) ([[Pa.Vijay]] Lyrics)
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 900<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tamil-daily-soap-sevvanthi-completes-800-episodes/articleshow/119007631.cms|title=Tamil daily soap Sevvanthi completes 800 episodes|date=14 March 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=|language=en}}</ref>
| list_episodes =
| network = [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| camera = [[Multi-Camera]]
| company = [[Sun Network|Sun Entertainment]] 18 Reels Private Limited
| producer =
| runtime = 22 minutes
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|07|11}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2025|07|12}}
| related = Parashakthi (12:00 PM) 
}}

'''''Sevanthi''''' (transl. Beautiful Flower) is an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil-language]] family [[Tamil television drama|drama]] television series, starring Divya Sridhar and Nakshatra.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/divya-sridhar-and-raaghav-starrer-sevvanthi-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/122277062.cms|title=Divya Sridhar and Raaghav starrer 'Sevvanthi' to go off-air |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date= 6 July 2025|language=en}}</ref> It premiered on 11 July 2022 and ended on 12 July 2025 aired on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] from Monday to Saturday replaced by Parashakthi serial @ 12:00 PM.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/divya-sridhar-and-raaghav-starrer-sevvanthi-goes-off-air-after-a-successful-2-year-run/articleshow/122417067.cms|title=Divya Sridhar and Raaghav starrer 'Sevvanthi' goes off-air after a successful 2-year run|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date= 13 July 2025|language=en}}</ref> It is also available on the digital platform [[Sun NXT]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-tamil-tv-serial-sevvanthi-set-to-entertain-soon/articleshow/92552224.cms|title=New Tamil TV serial 'Sevvanthi' set to entertain soon|newspaper=The Times of India|date=29 June 2022 }}</ref>

==Plot==
Sevvanthi faces many struggles in life. Her husband Manohar Annamalai alias Mano takes care of her, guided by his best friend Karthik.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil-new-serial-sevvanthi-promo-in-suntv-serial-update-477204/|title=குடும்ப உறவுகளை கொண்டாட வரும் 'செவ்வந்தி': சன் டி.வி புதிய சீரியல்|website=tamil.indianexpress.com|date=9 July 2022 }}</ref>.After Manohar's death Sevvanthi comes with burden & whole responsibility to take care of the entire home as a single mother.

==Cast==
===Main===
* Divya Sridhar as Sevanthi: Manohar's widow
* [[Raaghav]] as Manohar "Mano" Annamalai (Died)
* Nakshatra as Sindhu

===Recurring===
* Sivanya Priyanka as Poornima: Raghu's wife
* Vinoth KG as Raghunandhan Annamalai alias (Raghu)
* Azhagu as Annamalai
* Jayanthi Narayanan as Rajeshwari Annamalai
* Premi as Annamalai's mother
* [[Ashwanth Thilak]] as Gowtham: Chatrapathi and Revathi's son
* Rishi Keshav as Chatrapathi: Gowtham's father; Revathi's husband
* [[Sonia (actress)| Sonia]] as Pavithra: Babu's wife
* Divyadharshini as Madhumitha alias "Madhu": Sevanthi's adopted daughter
* Aalam as Aravind: Sevanthi's son
* Prithiksha Sankar as Nandhini: Sevanthi's daughter
* Unknown as Vidhya: Madhu's friend, Arjun sister
* Ashik Shahulhameed as Arjun: Vidhya's brother
* Jayaraman Mohan as Krishna: Radha's husband; Sevanthi's brother
* Neepa (old) / Priyanka (new) as Radha Krishna
* [[Vijay Krishnaraj]] as Sevanthi's father
* Ramya Gowda (old) / Gracy Thangavel (new) as Archana Shiva
* Arun Chandra Kumar as Suresh
* SK Sivanya as Aishwarya Suresh
* Sri Vidhya Shankar as Rajam
* Andrew Jesudoss as Sundharam
* Arunkumar Rajan as Inspector Surya
* Madhan as Vicky, a women kidnapper
* Maanas as Shiva
* Premalatha as Devi
* Nithin Krish Iyer as Karthik
* 'Ahalya' Malli as Umapathy

===Special Appearance===
* Sambhavi Gurumoorthy as Shruti
* [[Pandavar Illam]] Family Members
* Sandhya Jagarlamudi as Sandhya IPS
* Birla Bose as Sandhya's husband
* Preethi Sanjeev as Durga

==Production==
===Casting===
Divya Sridhar was selected to play the titular role Sevvanthi along with film actor [[Raaghav]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-actor-raaghav-ranganathan-new-serial-ragahav-preetha-reentry-sevanthi-serial-enthiran-villan-raaghav-sre-761537.html|title=நீண்ட வருடம் கழித்து சன் டிவி சீரியலில் நடிக்க வரும் ரஜினி பட நடிகர்!|website=News18 Tamil|date=22 June 2022 }}</ref> making his return to television after an hiatus of 9 years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.behindtalkies.com/sun-tv-sevvanthi-new-serial/|title=நீண்ட இடைவெளிக்கு பின் சீரியலில் ஹீரோவாக களமிறங்கிய ராகவ் – ஜோடி இந்த நடிகையாம்.|website=behindtalkies.com|date=20 June 2022 }}</ref> In March 2023, Nithin Krish Iyer quit the show saying, "I, never got a chance to showcase my performance and skills as an actor. I never got to work for more than 2-3 days a month".<ref>{{cite news |title=Actor Nithin Krish Iyer announces his exit from TV show 'Sevvanthi ..|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actor-nithin-krish-iyer-announces-his-exit-from-tv-show-sevvanthi-vishnu-to-play-karthick/articleshow/99081475.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=29 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==Adaptations==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:black"
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Language
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Title
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Original release
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Network(s)
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Last aired
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Notes
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Ref.
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''[[Geethanjali (Telugu TV series)|Geethanjali]]'' గీతాంజలి
| 27 February 2023
| [[Gemini TV]]
|25 May 2024
| rowspan="2" | Remake
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/actress-sujitha-dhanush-announces-her-upcoming-tv-show-geethanjali-with-a-teaser-features-actors-ravikiran-lahari-and-others/articleshow/97599817.cms|title=Actress Sujitha Dhanush announces her upcoming TV show 'Geethanjali' remake of Tamil serial ''Sevvanthi''|newspaper=The Times of India|date=4 February 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''[[Sita Ramam (TV series)|Sita Ramam]]'' സീതാ രാമം
| 13 March 2023
| [[Surya TV]]
|25 June 2023
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatv.in/seetha-ramam-serial-surya-tv/|title=Seetha Ramam Serial Surya TV Starring Snisha Chandran in Lead Role – Sevanthi Remake|website=www.keralatv.in|date=10 March 2023 }}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://www.sunnxt.com/suntv-tamil-serial-sevanthi-tamil-episodeno185-Feb20-2023/detail/143389/159114 ''Sevvanthi''] at [[Sun NXT]]
* [https://www.sunnetwork.in/program-details.aspx?IProgramID=iN|6Dhf0f4g=&ShowType=Prime%20Time ''Sevvanthi''] at [[Sun Network]]

{{Sun TV shows}}

[[Category:Sun TV original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television series by Sun Entertainment]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Teratali

2025-09-11T18:13:26Z

MaryellenBuckman: created new biography first draft

{{short description|Folk dance of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox dance
| name = Tertali
| image =
| caption =
| origin = Kamar tribes, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, [[India]]
| genre = Folk dance
| instruments = [[Taal (instrument)|Manjiras]] (small metal [[cymbals]])
}}

'''Tertali''' or teratali also known as Terah Taali folk dance is performed by Kamar tribes in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Terah Taali Dance Rajasthan - Terah Taali Rajasthani Folk Dance Terah Taali Rajasthan |url=https://www.rajasthandirect.com/culture/dance/terah-taali |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=Rajasthan Direct}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.auchitya.com/teratali-dance-of-madhya-pradesh/|title = Teratali Dance of Madhya Pradesh|date = 10 December 2020}}</ref> It is an elaborate ritual with many different types of dance. It is generally performed by two or three women who sit on the ground. Thirteen [[Taal (instrument)|Manjiras]] (small metal cymbals) are tied to different parts of the body. The head is covered with a hat or petha. At times a small sword is clenched between the teeth and an ornamental pot is balanced on the head.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Tertali-Dance-29350.htm|title = Tertali Dance in India}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{YouTube|vhp4y-fhZbc |Teratali dance}}

[[Category:Dances of India]]
[[Category:Culture of Rajasthan]]

{{india-dance-stub}}
{{Dance in India}}

Bhakta Pothana

2025-09-11T02:13:36Z

MaryellenBuckman: starting the entry w/ refs...

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bhakta Pothana
| image = Bhakta Potana 1943 Ad.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[K. V. Reddy]]
| producer = [[B. N. Reddy]] (Production Supervision) [[Moola Narayana Swamy]] (Presenter)
| story = Ramnoth
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogue by
| data1 = {{ubl|[[Samudrala Sr.]]}}
}}
| starring = [[V. Nagayya]]
| music = [[V. Nagayya]]
| cinematography = [[K. Ramnoth]]
| editing =
| studio = [[Vauhini Studios]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1943|01|07|df=y}}
| runtime = 186 minutes
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}
'''''Bhakta Pothana''''' is a 1943 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[biographical film]] directed by [[K. V. Reddy]] in his directorial debut. Based on the life of poet-saint [[Potana|Pothana]] who translated [[Bhagavatham]] into [[Telugu language]], the film was scripted by [[Samudrala Sr.|Samudrala Sr]]. The film had celebrated Jubilee runs all over the [[South India]] including [[Mysore state]] and [[Kerala]].<ref>Bhaktha Potana (1943), M. L. Narasimham, Blast from the past, The Hindu, 11 December 2011.</ref> It was remade in 1966, starring [[V. Nagayya]] as Vedavyasa in a minor role, while he was lead character Pothana in this movie.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0317152/ Bhakta Potana, 1966 film at IMDb.]</ref>

== Plot ==
Bammera Pothana is a staunch devotee of Lord Rama. He lived a pious life with his wife Narasamamba, son Mallanna and daughter Lakshmi in Ekasilapuram. Lord Rama appears before him and orders him to translate Bhagavatam into Telugu language. Sarada daughter of his brother-in-law Srinatha lived with his family after death of her mother. King Sarvagna Singabhoopala sends Srinatha to convince Pothana to dedicate the Bhagavatam to him. Pothana refused the request and dedicated his work to Lord Rama. The King attempts to forcibly take it and exile him from his kingdom. His intentions were nullified by divine intervention. The King realizes his mistake and welcomes back Pothana and his family to the Kingdom and provides for them to lead a respectable life.

== Cast ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Actor/Actress !! Character
|-
| [[V. Nagayya]] || Pothana
|-
| [[Mudigonda Lingamurthy]] || Ajamila, the rowdy
|-
| Hemalatha Devi || Narasamamba, Pothana's wife
|-
| Vanaja Naalam || Lakshmi, Pothana's daughter
|-
| [[C. H. Narayana Rao]] || Lord Rama
|-
| [[Tanguturi Suryakumari]] || Goddess Saraswathi (cameo role)
|-
| Bezawada Rajarathnam ||
|-
| Sivaram Vallabhajosyula || Mallanna, Pothana's son
|-
| Jandhyala Gowrinatha Sastry || Sreenatha
|-
| Malathi K. || Sreenatha's daughter
|-
| Dr. V. R. Sarma || King Sarvagna Singabhoopala
|-
| Samrajyam || Court Dancer
|}

== Crew ==
*Director : [[K. V. Reddy]]
*Dialogues and Songs: [[Samudrala Sr.]]
*Producers : [[Moola Narayana Swamy]] and B.N. Reddi
*Original Music : [[V. Nagayya]]
*Cinematography : [[K. Ramnoth]]
*Art Direction : A.K. Sekhar
*Production Management : Mudigonda Lingamurthy
*Assistant Director : [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]]
*Playback Singers : Malathi, [[V. Nagayya]], Vanaja N., Bezawada Rajarathnam and Sivaram V.

== Soundtrack ==
There are about 20 songs and poems in ''Bhakta Pothana''.<ref>[https://ghantasalagalamrutamu.blogspot.com/2011/03/1942_30.html Lyrical details of Bhakta Potana at Ghantasala Galamrutamu.]</ref> Lyrics were written by [[Samudrala Sr.|Samudrala Sr]].
# Aataladadu Vadina Maataladadu (Singer: Nalam Vanaja)
# Baala Rasaala Saala Nava Pallava (Singer: V. Sivaram)
# Idi Manchi Samayamu Raara (Singer: Bezawada Rajaratnam)
# Evvani Chejaninchu (Pothana poem)
# Immanujeswaraadhamulaki Kujambulu (Pothana poem)
# Kamaneeya Bhoomi Bhaagamulu Lekunnave (Pothana poem)
# Katuka Kantineeru (Pothana poem) (Singer: Nagayya)
# Maa Vadina Maa Vadina Sukumari (Singers: Malathi and Nalam Vanaja)
# Mandara Makaranda Maadhuryamunadelu (Pothana poem) (Singer: Nalam Vanaja)
# Mata Pita Gurudevahita (Singers: Bezawada Rajaratnam and Nagayya)
# Nammitinamma Seetamma (Singer: Hemalatha Devi)
# Nannu Vidichi Kadalakura Ramayya (Singer: Nagayya)
# Nanu Paalimpaga Chanudenchitiva (Singers: Nagayya and Nalam Vanaja)
# Paavana Guna Ramahare (Singer: Nagayya)
# Raa Poorna Chandrika (Singer: Nalam Vanaja)
# Rama Rama Seetarama (Singers: Nagayya and Nalam Vanaja)
# Sarva Dharman Parityajya (Singers: Nagaigh group)
# Sarva Mangala Naama Seetarama Rama (Singers: Nagaigh group)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0264418}}


{{K. V. Reddy}}

[[Category:1942 films]]
[[Category:1940s Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Nagayya]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. V. Reddy]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:1940s biographical films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language biographical films]]

Sher River

2025-08-25T17:56:14Z

MaryellenBuckman:

{{Short description|River in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Sher River
| name_other = Sher
| name_etymology =
| image =
| image_caption =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India
| pushpin_map_caption = Indian River Map
| source1 = [[Satpura Range]]
| source1_location = [[Patan, Madhya Pradesh|Patan]], [[Seoni district]]
| source1_coordinates =
| source1_elevation =
| mouth = [[Narmada River]]
| mouth_location = Sangon Ghat [[Narsinghpur District]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|23.09|79.01|format=dms|type:river_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation =
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type3 = City
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 = Tributary
| subdivision_name4 = Umar river, Kanera River
| length = 129 km
| basin_size = 2,901 sq. km.
}}
The '''Sher River''' is a left tributary of the [[Narmada River]] in [[India]]. It flows in [[Seoni district]] and [[Narsinghpur district]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-29 |title=Master Narmada River with Map – UPSC Colorfull notes |url=https://upsccolorfullnotes.com/narmada-river-with-map/ |access-date=2024-02-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Deshmukh |first=Dhananjay Suresh |last2=Chaube |first2=Umesh Chandra |last3=Tignath |first3=Sanjay |last4=Tripathi |first4=Sangharsh Kumar |date=2010-01-01 |title=Morphological analysis of Sher River basin using GIS for identification of erosion-prone areas |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1642359310701671 |journal=Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology |series=Invited contributions from the International Symposium Ecohydrology for water ecosystems and society in Ethiopia Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 18–20 November 2009 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=307–313 |doi=10.2478/v10104-011-0025-4 |issn=1642-3593|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Narmada River]]
* [[List of rivers of Madhya Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Hydrography of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Narmada basin}}
[[Category:Rivers of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Narmada River]]

{{India-river-stub}}

Mudgal

2025-08-21T10:36:48Z

MaryellenBuckman: Article updated with improved flow

{{For|the rishi|Mudgala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mudgal
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Mudgal fort 3.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Mudgal fort
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.02|N|76.43|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raichur district|Raichur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 549
| population_total = 19117
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 584125
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08537
| registration_plate = KA 36
| website = {{URL|raichur.nic.in/places.htm}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mudgal''' is a Municipal town in [[Lingsugur]] taluk, [[Raichur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Karnataka]]. Mudgal is about 10 miles south-west of Lingsugur.

Mudgal has several inscriptions belonging to the [[Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri]]. It is known for its historical heritage and communal harmony. The main attractions here are the remnants of the Mudgal [[fort]] and an ancient [[Roman Catholic]] church built by the [[Jesuit]]s before 1557.

There are ancient temples of Aswathhanarayana, Venkatesha, Narasimha and Didderayah.

==History==

Mudgal's existence dates back to [[Neolithic]] era.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://trutiyamantralaya.org/history|title=History|website=Trutiya Mantralaya|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728131259/http://trutiyamantralaya.org/history/|archive-date=28 July 2011|url-status=|accessdate=20 April 2018}}
</ref>
Rishi Mudgal is also known as [[Lord Ganesha]]'s teacher.{{clarify|date=May 2021}} Mudgal is one of the most important places of historical interest. Mudgal or Mudugal has a history dating back to the [[Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri]], several inscriptions of which have been discovered in and around the town.
In 11th century Mudgal was an educational centre for the students of various parts of the country.
In the beginning of the 14th century, it was an important outpost of the ''[[Kakatiya]] kingdom''. [[Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah|Ala-ud-din Bahman Shah]], after seizing [[Devagiri]], captured Mudgal along with Raichur. Some recent controversy regarding the original name of Mudgal had arisen by many Historians claiming that it was actually called "Al-Madaggal" during the Bahmani Sultanate era meaning "Place which has been agriculturally cultivated" in Arabic since the Bahmani Turks were predominantly Turko-Arab. After the establishment of the ''[[Bahmani]] Dynasty'', the ''[[Adil Shahi|Bijapur]] kings'' took possession of the western and southern parts of the territory of the Bahmani kingdom including the forts of Raichur and Mudgal.
During 16th century Mudgal was ruled by [[Vijayanagar Empire]].
Many battles were fought between [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar]] [[suratrana]] and [[Bahmani]] [[Sultan|sultans]].

==Places of interest==

[[File:Mudgal fort 2.jpg|thumb|Mudgal fort.]]
[[File:Mudgal fort 5.jpg|thumb|Mudgal fort.]]

The most important place of interest at Mudgal is the fort.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.raichur.nic.in/RaichurFort.htm|title=Mudgal fort|website=Official website of Raichur District|publisher=District Administration, Raichur District|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308111444/http://www.raichur.nic.in/RaichurFort.htm|archive-date=8 March 2010|url-status=|accessdate=20 April 2018}}
</ref> In the construction of the fort at Mudgal, advantage was taken of a hillock on the top of which were built houses of the royalty and a wall with bastions. The outer fortifications of Mudgal cover an area of half a square mile. The outer fort has a wide moat, which is filled with water. The width of the moat varies, being as much as 50 yards at several places. Behind the moat, there is a scarp with a row of bastions and after that, a narrow covered passage and adjoining it the counter scarp with very massive bastions. From the arrangement of the existing fort, it is apparent that the fort was rebuilt after the invention of guns. The courses of masonry at several places are of Hindu style, but the arch-shaped parapet is of Muslim design. The moat and the row of bastions together offer a pleasing view.

In front of the ''Fateh Darwaza'', which faces north, there is a very massive bastion, with a curtain on each side, thus making a barbican for the defence of the fort. Near this barbican is a guard's room with three arched openings towards the north. The barbican has a narrow court with entrances towards the west and north-east, the gates of which are built in the pillar-and-lintel style. In the covered passage of this gateway, there are guards’ rooms on both sides. The massive bastion above referred to has a gun with a [[Kannada]] inscription near the muzzle. The gun has long iron pieces in its interior, which have been bound outwardly by [[hoop gun|hoops]].

There is another gateway on the western side, behind the narrow passage of which there is a second gateway with an arch. The walls at this point are cyclopean in construction. There are guards’ rooms on either side of the passage of this gateway also. There is a third gateway to the left of the second, also arched, but the apex, as in the case of the previous one, is filled up with masonry. This gateway is more massive in construction than the other two, the guard's room attached to its passage also being more commodious. There is a mosque near this gateway, which consists of a double-pillared hall, the pillars being of Hindu design. On the opposite side of the road are the remains of the Naubat Khana. On the way to the Bala Hisar is the gunpowder magazine, where, at one end, two compartments have been built for the storage of gunpowder.

==Local Food and Cuisine==
Food preferences of the local people are similar to the [[North Karnataka]] region, but with influences from [[Hyderabadi cuisine|Hyderabadi]], [[Marathi people|Marathi]], [[South Karnataka]] and [[Konkani people|Konkani]] cuisines due to the vicinity of those cities to Mudgal. [[Arabian cuisine]] is important due to ancestry of the [[Sayyid]] tribes as well as diaspora who are settled in the [[Middle East]] and bring back Arabian culture.

Milk and dairy products are produced, consumed and transported in large quantities due to the common practice of rearing sheep, cattle and buffaloes. Elderly Mudgal people show pride in making dairy products at home as it used to be a symbol of prestige for the host family to show their dairy product manufacturing skills to guests. although this practice is dwindling with the younger generation who are migrating outside of Mudgal.

Meat products such as chicken, fish, mutton and beef are also produced. The mutton of Mudgal is highly reverered due to its succulent taste owing to fresh feed available to livestock. Many local dishes are dairy or meat based.

[[Jowar]], [[Pearl millet|bajra]], Indian barley and [[Flint corn|makai]] are grown locally and are the staple diet but nowadays [[wheat]] and [[rice]] are also grown and consumed due to neighboring influences.

Peanuts and sunflowers are also cultivated in large quantities to produce cooking oil, [[Chutneys|chutney]] and [[achaar]]s.

[[Jaggery]] is produced in large quantities and exported due to [[sugarcane]] and [[sugarbeet]] cultivation.

[[Chilli pepper]] cultivation is also on a large scale with local varieties of [[cayenne pepper|cayenne]] and [[paprika]]. They are used to flavor many local dishes - locals are accustomed to a high chili heat quotient. Many other Indian spices are also cultivated.

==Demographics==
According to the 2001 [[census]] of India,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 Indian census of 2001]</ref> Mudgal had a population of 19,117. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Mudgal has an average literacy rate of 52%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 62%, and female literacy is 41%.

==Transport==
Mudgal is well connected by road to [[Bangalore]], [[Hubli]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Pune]], [[Panaji]], [[Bagalkot]] and other major cities. The nearest major airport is in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]].

===Long-distance bus routes===
[[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation]] (KSRTC) runs a bus service to other cities and villages. There are also various private bus services.

===Railways===
[[Raichur]] is the nearest railway stations to Mudgal. Raichur is served by a major rail line and is well connected by trains to all major parts of India such as [[Bangalore]], [[Mumbai]], [[Delhi]], [[Chennai]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Trivandrum]], [[Kanyakumari]], [[Pune]], [[Bhopal]] and [[Agra]].

Recently a railway project was inaugurated to connect [[Wadi Junction railway station]] in [[Kalaburagi district]] to [[Gadag]] Junction;<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,5,1036,1195|title=South Western Railway|date=February 2018|website=Ministry of Railways, Government of India|access-date=19 April 2018}}</ref> as a result Mudgal and [[Lingsugur]] will be connected via rail.

===Airways===
Rajiv Gandhi International Airport, [[Hyderabad]] is nearest International Airport from Mudgal and Gulbarga Airport in [[Gulbarga]] is the nearest Domestic Airport from Mudgal

==See also==
{{col div|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Tourism in North Karnataka]]
* [[North Karnataka]]
* [[Kudalasangama]]
* [[Badami]]
* [[Pattadakal]]
* [[Aihole]]
* [[Mahakuta]]
* [[Kuknur]]
* [[Mahadeva Temple (Itagi)]]
* [[Gajendragad]]
* [[Sudi, India|Sudi]]
* [[Deva Raya II]]
{{colend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Mudgal}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140129125032/http://www.mysticaltrails.com/fortmudgal/ Mudgal Fort]
* [https://www.deccanherald.com/content/96167/mudgals-crumbling-fortress.html Mudgal Fort]
* [http://maps.google.co.in/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=Mudagal&aq=&sll=15.256985,75.245104&sspn=0.001817,0.003117&ie=UTF8&hq=Mudagal&hnear=&ll=16.010877,76.437078&spn=0.014479,0.024934&t=h&z=15 Mudgal Fort on Google Maps]

==References==
<references/>

{{Forts in Karnataka}}

{{Forts in India}}

{{Raichur district}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Raichur district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Forts in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Raichur district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Raichur district]]

Redevelopment of Mumbai mills

2025-08-18T09:28:17Z

MaryellenBuckman: quick add structure after review additionally and corrected details

{{Short description|Development scheme in Mumbai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
[[File:India United Mill 1.jpg|thumb|India United Mill, [[Parel]] district – one of Mumbai's largest cotton mills and also one of the few to be owned by the government.]]
The '''redevelopment of Mumbai's cotton mills''' began in 1992, when efforts began to demolish the numerous [[cotton mills]] that once dotted the landscape of [[Mumbai]], India, to make way for new residential and commercial buildings, as part of the wider redevelopment and modernization of Mumbai.

== The cotton mill era and its decline ==
The mills of [[Girangaon]] were once integral to Mumbai's economy, particularly during the [[British Raj|British colonial period]], when Mumbai (then known as Bombay) was often referred to as the "[[Manchester]] of the East".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,469031-2,00.html |title=The Paradox of Mumbai: Slums, Stocks, Stars and the New India - SPIEGEL ONLINE - News - International |newspaper=Der Spiegel |publisher=Spiegel.de |date= 28 February 2007|accessdate=2011-10-26 |last1=Follath |first1=Erich }}</ref> However, with the development of newer industries in and around Mumbai, these mills ceased to be profitable, and fell into a state of disrepair.

In the first half of the nineteenth century, India exported cotton to [[United Kingdom|Britain]], and then reimported the textile. In 1820, the total textile import was valued at Rs. 350,000. However, the cost had escalated significantly by 1860, when textile imports stood at Rs. 19.3 million. The impetus towards the founding of a cotton industry came from Indian entrepreneurs. The first Indian cotton mill, "The Bombay Spinning Mill", was opened in 1854 in Bombay by [[Cowasji Nanabhai Davar]]. Opposition from the [[Lancashire]] mill owners was eventually offset by the support of the British manufacturers of textile machinery.

The cotton mills of Bombay, and the rest of India, were owned and managed mainly by Indians. The initial investments came from families of the mill-owners, mainly obtained from trading. Later, when shares became available to the public, much of the ownership still remained Indian – of the 53 mills in the city in 1925, only 14 were British-owned. The management and directorships of these mills were also mainly Indian; of the 386 directorships recorded in 1925, only 44 were English.

By 1870, there were 13 mills in Bombay. Cotton exports grew during the [[American Civil War]], when supplies from the United States's cotton plantations were interrupted. At the end of 1895, there were 102 mills; growing to 136 by 1900.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dwivedi |first=Sharada |url=http://archive.org/details/bombaycitieswith0000dwiv |title=Bombay : the cities within |date=2001 |publisher=Bombay : Eminence Designs Pvt. Ltd. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-81-900602-6-4}}</ref> A period of stagnation set in during the recession of the 1920s. After World War II, under strong competition from Japan, the mills declined. In 1973, there remained only 79 active mills in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/history/cotton.html |title=The Cotton Mills: Mumbai/Bombay pages |publisher=Theory.tifr.res.in |date= 21 July 1997|accessdate=2011-10-26}}</ref>
[[File:Madhusudan mills parel.jpg|thumb|Abandoned machinery at Madhusudan Mills, Lower Parel.]]

Gradually, the government relaxed its norms that once restricted the redevelopment of mill lands, and as a result, numerous high-profile builders quickly took possession of these land parcels. Between 1990 and 2010, the majority of these mill lands were acquired and redeveloped.
[[File:Phoenix Mills 2.jpg|thumb|Phoenix Mills, Parel, which is now a shopping mall.]]

[[File:Shakti Mills.jpg|thumb|Ruins at Shakti Mills]]

== List of mills in Mumbai ==
The table below lists the names and district locations of Mumbai's former mills, and the structures (if any) that stand on their land today. This list is not exhaustive.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name of former mill !! Location !! New development
|-
| Ambika Mills || [[Worli]] || [[Namaste Tower]]
|-
| Apollo Mills (South) || Mahalaxmi || Lodha Bellissimo/Primero
|-
| Bharat Mills || Lal Baug || Hilla Towers
|-
| Bombay Dyeing & Manufacturing Company || Worli || Hard Rock Café<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hardrock.com/locations/cafes3/cafe.aspx?LocationID=455&MIBEnumID=3 |title=Hard Rock Cafe MUMBAI |publisher=Hardrock.com |date=2006-09-12 |accessdate=2011-10-26}}</ref> / ICC Bombay Realty
|-
| Bombay Dyeing (Spring Mills) || [[Dadar]] || Spring Mills tower
|-
| Bradbury Mills || Mahalaxmi || No development
|-
| Century Spinning & Weaving Mills || Worli || Century Bazaar
|-
| China Mill compound || Sewri || Dosti Flamingos<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dostigroup.com/dostiflamingos/photos.htm |title=Dosti Group |publisher=Dosti Group |accessdate=2011-10-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120724094650/http://www.dostigroup.com/dostiflamingos/photos.htm |archivedate=2012-07-24 }}</ref>
|-
| Dawn Mills || Lower Parel || Peninsula/Piramal Project
|-
| Digvijay Mills || Kalachowkie || No development
|-
| Elphinstone Mills (South) || Elphinstone || Indiabulls Finance Centre and Indiabulls Sky Suites
|-
| Empire Mills || Lower Parel || Empire Business Park
|-
| Gokuldas Morarjee Mills no.1 || Parel || Ashok Towers<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.peninsula.co.in/projects/residential/ashoktowers/ashoktowers.php |title=Projects |publisher=Peninsula |accessdate=2011-10-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107093206/http://www.peninsula.co.in/projects/residential/ashoktowers/ashoktowers.php |archivedate=2011-11-07 }}</ref>
|-
| Gokuldas Morarjee Mills no.2 || Lower Parel || Peninsula Corporate park
|-
| Gold Mohur Mills || Dadar || No development
|-
| Hindoostan Spinning & Weaving Mills No.1 || Jacob Circle || Raheja Vivarea
|-
| Hindoostan Spinning & Weaving Mills no.2 || Jacob Circle || Kalpataru Heights
|-
| Hindoostan Spinning & Weaving Mills no.3 (Crown Mills) || Prabhadevi || Orchid Crown
|-
| Hindoostan Spinning & Weaving Mills no.4 || Prabhadevi || Hubtown - 25 South
|-
| India United Dye Works no.6 (North) || Prabhadevi || Indu Mill Compound
|-
| India United Mills no.1 (North) || Parel/Currey Road || No development
|-
| India United Mills no.2 || Kalachowkie || [[MCGM]]
|-
| India United Mills no.3 || Kalachowkie || [[MCGM]]
|-
| India United Mills no.4 || Kalachowkie || [[MHADA]]
|-
| India United Mills no.5 || Byculla || No development
|-
| India United Mills no.6 || Mahim || No development
|-
| Jam Mills || Lalbaug || [[MHADA]]
|-
| Jupiter Mills (South) || Lower Parel || Indiabulls Sky<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiabulls.com/realestate/sky/index.html |title=Indiabulls Sky |publisher=Indiabulls.com |date= |accessdate=2011-10-26}}</ref>
|-
| Kamala Mills || Lower Parel || Kamala City
|-
| Khatau Makanji Spinning & Weaving Mills || Byculla || Monte-South
|-
| Kohinoor Mills No.1 (North) || Dadar (E) || No development
|-
| Kohinoor Mills No.2 (North) || Dadar (E) || No development
|-
| Kohinoor Mills No.3 (North) || Dadar(W) || Kohinoor Mill Mall<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/09/07/stories/2005090715891100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201070738/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/09/07/stories/2005090715891100.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=1 February 2008 |title=The Hindu : National : Kohinoor Mills land sale: Shiv Sena changing stance? |publisher=Hinduonnet.com |date=2005-09-07 |accessdate=2011-10-26}}</ref>
|-
| Madhusudhan Mills || Worli || Enpar Lotus Towers
|-
| Mafatlal Mills no.1 || Byculla || Piramal Aranya
|-
| Mafatlal Mills no.2 || Byculla ||
|-
| Mafatlal Mills no.3 || Lower Parel || [[Marathon Futurex]]
|-
| Matrudas Mills || Lower Parel || Matrudas Mills Compound's
|-
| Matulya Mills || Lower Parel || Sun Palazzo, Ashford Casa Grande
|-
| Mukesh Textile Mills || Colaba || Venue for Bollywood filming
|-
| Modern Mills || Jacob Circle || Mahindra Belvedere Court
|-
| Morarjee Textile Mills || Parel || Ashok Towers
|-
| Mumbai Textile Mills (Sakseria Mills) || Lower Parel || Lodha Park
|-
| New City of Bombay Mfg Mills || Kalachowkie || No development
|-
| New Great Eastern Spinning & Weaving Mills || Byculla || Peninsula Land (under construction)
|-
| New Hind Textile Mills || Byculla || [[MHADA]]
|-
| New Islam Mills || Parel || [[One Avighna Park]]
|-
| Paragon Mills || Worli || Paragon Centre
|-
| [[Phoenix Mills]] || Lower Parel || High Street Phoenix
|-
| Piramal Spinning & Weaving Mills || Lower Parel || Marathon Nextgen by Marathon Group
|-
| Poddar Mills || Lower Parel || No development
|-
| Poddar Processors (Edward Mills) || Worli || [[Indiabulls]] Blu
|-
| Prakash Cotton Mills || Worli || No development
|-
| Raghuvanshi Mills || Lower Parel || K-lifestyle
|-
| Ruby Mills || Dadar || Ruby Corporate Park
|-
| Shakti Mills || Worli || No development
|-
| Shree Madhusudan Mills (South) || ||
|-
| Shree Ram Mills || Worli || [[Palais Royale, Mumbai]]
|-
| Shriniwas Mills || Lower Parel || [[World One]]
|-
| Simplex Mills || Jacob Circle || [[Planet Godrej]]
|-
| Sitaram Mills || Mahalaxmi || [[MCGM]]
|-
| Standard Mills || Prabhadevi || Sheth Beaumonde and Chaitanya Towers
|-
| Sun Mills Compound || Worli || Zenzi Mills Club / Lokhandwala Victoria
|-
| Swadeshi Mills || Kurla || No development
|-
| Swan Mills || Sewri || Ashok Gardens<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.peninsula.co.in/projects/residential/ashokgardens/ashokgardens.php |title=Projects |publisher=Peninsula |accessdate=2011-10-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113200220/http://peninsula.co.in/projects/residential/ashokgardens/ashokgardens.php |archivedate=2011-11-13 }}</ref>
|-
| Todi Mills || Lower Parel || Todi mills Compound
|-
| Tata Mills (North) || Dadar (E) || No development
|-
| Umri Mills || Lower Parel || Urmi Estate
|-
| Trinity Mills || Prabhadevi || Summer Trinity
|-
| Victoria Mills || Lower Parel || Victoria House (Commercial) & Car park
|-
| Western India Spinning & Weaving Mill || Kalachowkie || No development
|}

==See also==
*[[Brownfield land]]
*[[List of tallest buildings in Mumbai]]
*[[Urban regeneration]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Mills in Mumbai}}
* [http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/history/cotton.html "The Cotton Mills"] – article by Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai

[[Category:Economy of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Economic history of India (1947–present)]]
[[Category:Redevelopment]]
[[Category:Real estate in India]]
[[Category:Textile industry in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:History of Mumbai (1947–present)]]
[[Category:Land management in India]]

Vinda and Anuvinda of Avanti

2025-07-27T19:16:32Z

MaryellenBuckman: created basic details v1

{{short description|Kings in Hindu mythology}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox character
| name = Vinda and Anuvinda of Avanti
| series =
| affiliation = [[Kauravas]]
| family = * Rājādhidevī (mother)
* Jayasena (father)
* [[Mitravinda]] (sister)
| relatives = [[Krishna]] (maternal cousin), [[Vasudeva]] (maternal uncle)
| origin = [[Avanti Kingdom (Mahabharata)|Avanti]]
}}

'''Vinda''' and '''Anuvinda''' are two characters in the ancient Indian epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''. They were brothers, who co-ruled the kingdom of [[Avanti kingdom (Mahabharata)|Avanti]]. They were close allies of the [[Kaurava]]s and during the [[Kurukshetra War]], they fought from their side and were ultimately killed by the [[Pandava]] hero [[Arjuna]]. According to ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', they also had a resentment toward their cousin [[Krishna]], stemming from his marriage to their sister [[Mitravinda]] and his alliance with the Pandavas.

==Family==
Vinda and Anuvinda were members of the royal family of Avantī. Their mother, Rājādhidevī, was the sister of [[Vasudeva]], father of [[Krishna]], which made them Krishna’s cousins.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mani |first=Vettam |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Puranic_Encyclopedia/mvXsDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=puranic+encyclopedia&printsec=frontcover |title=Puranic Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Work with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature |date=2015-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0597-2 |language=en}}</ref> According to the ''[[Bhagavata Purana|Bhāgavata Purāṇa]]'', they also had a sister, [[Mitravinda]], who wanted to marry Krishna. Vinda and Anuvinda were comrades of [[Duryodhana]], the leader of the [[Kaurava]]s. They were therefore opposed to the idea of Mitravinda marrying Krishna, since he had allied with the [[Pandava]]s, Kunti's sons, and rivals of the Kauravas.<ref name="Dikshitar1995">{{cite book |author=V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7bFwZhfSOsC&pg=PA705 |title=The Purana Index |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1995 |isbn=978-81-208-1273-4 |pages=705– |accessdate=7 February 2013}}</ref><ref name="WagenaarParikh19932">{{cite book |author1=Henk W. Wagenaar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_kWROaer5UsC&pg=PA995 |title=Allied Chambers Transliterated HindiHindiEnglish Dictionary |author2=S. S. Parikh |author3=D. F. Plukker |author4=R. Veldhuijzen van Zanten |publisher=Allied Publishers |year=1993 |isbn=978-81-86062-10-4 |pages=995– |accessdate=7 February 2013}}</ref><ref name="Vallabhācārya2003">{{cite book |author=Vallabhācārya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1n7XAAAAMAAJ |title=Śrīsubodhinī |publisher=Sri Satguru Publications |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-7030-824-9 |accessdate=7 February 2013}}</ref> Krishna eloped with Mitravinda during a ''svayaṃvara'' (self-choice ceremony), which the brothers opposed.<ref name="WagenaarParikh19932" /><ref name="chap10">{{cite web |author=Prabhupada |author-link=Prabhupada |title=Bhagavata Purana 10.58 |url=http://vedabase.net/sb/10/58/en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826143938/http://vedabase.net/sb/10/58/en |archive-date=26 August 2013 |access-date=22 February 2013 |publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]]}}</ref> [[Vallabhacharya]]'s commentary on the ''Bhagavata Purana'' adds that the brothers wanted Duryodhana as her husband.

==In the ''Mahabharata''==
According to ''[[Sabha Parva|Sabhā Parva]]'', before the Pāṇḍava king [[Yudhishthira]] performed the ''[[Rajasuya|Rājasūya yajña]]'', [[Sahadeva]], the youngest Pāṇḍava, embarked on a military campaign to subjugate the southern kingdoms. During this expedition, Sahadeva defeated both Vinda and Anuvinda.<ref name=":0" />

Vinda and Anuvinda later aligned themselves with Duryodhana, the eldest Kaurava prince, attested in the ''[[Udyoga Parva]]''. They contributed an ''[[Akshauhini|akṣauhiṇī]]'' (a large military division) to the Kaurava army during the [[Kurukshetra War]]. Their valor was praised by [[Bhishma]], the commander-in-chief of the Kaurava army, who described Vinda as a ''rathi'' (noble warrior). Vinda was later appointed one out of ten generals of Kaurava army.<ref name=":0" />

Vinda and Anuvinda fought on various days of the Kurukshetra War and engaged in battles with key warriors from the Pāṇḍava army. On the first day of the war, the brothers fought against King [[Kuntibhoja]], an maternal grandfather of the Pāṇḍavas. Vinda and Anuvinda later attacked [[Iravan]], the son of [[Arjuna]] and [[Ulupi|Ulupī]], but were defeated. The brothers helped [[Shalya]], the King of [[Madra]], when he was surrounded by Shveta, the prince of [[Matsya]]. Vinda and Anuvinda also fought against [[Bhima]], Arjuna, and [[Virata]] during the later stages of the war. Both brothers were ultimately slain by Arjuna. Anuvinda was killed during a fierce battle, and Vinda was also struck down by Arjuna in the same confrontation.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Garg |first=Gaṅgā Rām |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Encyclopaedia_of_the_Hindu_World/0U2QRpDv2KMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=vinda+anuvinda&pg=PA617&printsec=frontcover |title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World |date=1992 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-373-3 |language=en}}</ref>

==Other pairs of brothers named Vinda and Anuvinda==
The ''Mahabharata'' mentions other pairs of brothers with the same names. These include two of [[Dhritarashtra]]’s 100 Kaurava sons were named Vinda and Anuvinda. Vinda and Anuvinda were also the name of [[Kekaya]] princes, who also supported the Kauravas.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mahabharata}}
[[Category:People related to Krishna]]
[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Characters in the Bhagavata Purana]]

Goruk Pordung

2025-05-19T18:38:03Z

MaryellenBuckman:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
'''Goruk Pordung''' is an Indian politician who is serving as Member of [[10th Arunachal Pradesh Assembly]] from [[Bameng Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11675-arunachal-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Constituencies |url=https://eastkameng.nic.in/constituencies/ |website=Government of Arunachal Pradesh}}</ref> In [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], he defeated [[Kumar Waii]] with the margin of 393 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=BJP wins 7 Assembly seats in Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/bjp-wins-7-assembly-seats-in-arunachal-pradesh/articleshow/69463714.cms |access-date=2024-07-27 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en | agency=PTI | date=23 May 2019}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %|| Ref
|-
|[[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]||[[Bameng Assembly constituency|Bameng]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||{{Won}}||51.60%||[[Kumar Waii]]||{{party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}||47.58%||<ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly results live updates {{!}} BJP wins 7 Assembly seats, leads in both LS seats2">{{cite news|last1=|first1=|title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly results live updates {{!}} BJP wins 7 Assembly seats, leads in both LS seats|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/arunachal-pradesh-assembly/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-results-live-updates/article27195252.ece|accessdate=19 May 2025|publisher=The Hindu|date=22 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519173743/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/arunachal-pradesh-assembly/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-results-live-updates/article27195252.ece|archivedate=19 May 2025|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Assembly will have 20 first time MLAs">{{cite news|title=Arunachal Assembly will have 20 first time MLAs|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/arunachal-assembly-will-have-20-first-time-mlas-736043.html|accessdate=19 May 2025|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=25 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519173615/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/arunachal-assembly-will-have-20-first-time-mlas-736043.html|archivedate=19 May 2025|language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Controversy ==
In 2019, a case registered against him for [[raping]] a doctor.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |last2= |last3= |first3= |title=Case registered against BJP MLA Goruk Pordung for 'raping' doctor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/arunachal-pradesh-case-registered-against-bjp-mla-goruk-pordung-for-allegedly-raping-a-woman/articleshow/71599364.cms |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=The Times of India |date= 15 October 2019|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=BJP MLA from Arunachal Pradesh accused of rape |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/bjp-mla-from-arunachal-pradesh-accused-of-rape/articleshow/71610182.cms |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=The Times of India |date=16 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref> In December 2019, [[Gauhati High Court]] rejected his bail.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=HC rejects bail of BJP MLA in rape case |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2020/12/20/hc-rejects-bail-of-bjp-mla-in-rape-case/ |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=The Arunachal Times |date=20 December 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> In January 2020, [[Supreme Court of India]] ordered [[Special Investigation Team (India)|Special Investigation Team]] probe against him.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |last3= |last4= |first4= |title=SC orders SIT probe against BJP MLA {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sc-orders-sit-probe-against-bjp-mla/articleshow/73180465.cms |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=The Times of India |date= 10 January 2020|language=en}}</ref> In February 2021, court granted him interim bail.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Court grants interim bail to BJP MLA |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2021/02/14/court-grants-interim-bail-to-bjp-mla/ |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=The Arunachal Times |date=14 February 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pordung, Goruk}}
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{ArunachalPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}