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Tiruchuli Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T13:32:44Z

MarvinGrenier8: Started pg...

{{Short description|State Assembly Constituency in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tiruchuli
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 208
| map_image = Constitution-Tiruchuli.svg
| mla = [[Thangam Thennarasu]]
| established = 1962 (first establishment) 2008 (second establishment)
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| alliance = {{legend2|#dd1100|'''[[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]]'''|border=solid 1px #000}}
| latest_election_year = 2021
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| electors = 205,301
}}
'''Tiruchuli''' is a state assembly constituency in [[Virudhunagar district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It comes under [[Ramanathapuram Lok Sabha constituency]] for parliament elections. It was created for the second time after the delimitation of constituencies in 2008.<ref name="Tiruchuli">{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 March 2011 |archive-date=5 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu in India.

Some of the major demands of Tiruchuzhi Assembly constituency include the construction of a new bus stand at [[Tiruchuli|Tiruchuzhi]] and [[Narikudi block|Narikkudi]]; to upgrade the bus stands present in [[Kariapatti|Kariyapatti]] and [[Veeracholan|Veerachozhan]]; to make a stoppage of the [[Silambu Express]] at Tiruchuzhi and Narikkudi Railway Stations; to create New SIDCO and SIPCOT Industrial Complexes at Tiruchuzhi; and to upgrade the Major District Road (NH 195), (MDR 718) and (MDR 638) to a National Highway which would be present in-between Nedungulam to Abhiramam via Narikudi and Veerachozhan.

==Extent==
It comprises Kariapatti Union, Narikkudi Union, Tiruchuli Union, Aruppukkottai Taluk (part): Kulasekaranallur, Mangulam, Melakandamangalam, Kurunaikulam, Konganakurichi, Aladipatti, Bommakottai, Kallorani, Savaspuram, Kullampatti, Muthuramalingapuram, Narthampatti, Kalayarkarisalkulam, Kalyanasundarapuram, Kallumadam, Erasinnampatti, Parattanatham, Thammanaickenpatti, Vedanatham, Silukkapatti, Mandapasalai, Maravarperungudi, Thummuchinnampatti, Thirumalaipuram, Salukkuvarpatti, Suthamadam, Thoppalakarai, Rajagopalapuram, Pullanaickenpatti, Chettikulam, Kanakai, Paralachi, Melaiyur, Vadakkunatham, Therkunatham, Sengulam, Poolangal Kallakkari, Keelkudi and Purasalur, Keppilingampatti, and Azhagiyanallur villages.<ref name="Tiruchuli"/>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan="4"| [[Thangam Thennarasu]]<ref name="cnnibn">{{cite web|title=Tamil Nadu Election Results|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tamilnadu-assembly-elections-result-2011/tamilnadu.cms|access-date=2011-05-13}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.41}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.61}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.36}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}|55.94}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruchuli}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= [[Thangam Thennarasu]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. S. R. Rajavarman]]|party=AIADMK|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Karthik Raja|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= S. Samayan|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 204293|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruchuli<ref>{{cite web|title=Tiruchuli Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a208|access-date= 2 Jul 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Thangam Thennarasu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=102,225 |percentage=59.41% |change=+5.8 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Rajasekar |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,233 |percentage=23.96% |change=-13.8 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Anandhajothi |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=13,787 |percentage=8.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. K. Sivasamy]] |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,441 |percentage=3.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Arunkumar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,492 |percentage=1.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Murugan |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=1,356 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Adaikalam |party=Independent politician |votes=898 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=60,992 |percentage=35.45% |change= 19.60% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=172,071 |percentage=77.84% |change= -3.14% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=142|percentage=0.08% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 221,055 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 5.80% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruchuli<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Thangam Thennarasu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=89,927 |percentage=53.61% |change=-0.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Dinesh Babu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=63,350 |percentage=37.77% |change=-3.3 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Raju |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=5,799 |percentage=3.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Ravirajan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,779 |percentage=1.06% |change=-0.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,328 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Vairaseeman |party=Independent politician |votes=1,074 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,577 |percentage=15.84% |change= 2.56% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=167,742 |percentage=80.98% |change= -3.52% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 207,142 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.75% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruchuli<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Thangam Thennarasu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=81,613 |percentage=54.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=U. Esakki |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=61,661 |percentage=41.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Vijaya Ragunathan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,998 |percentage=1.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Ramamoorthy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,103 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Arumugam |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,082 |percentage=0.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,952 |percentage=13.29% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=150,146 |percentage=84.50% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 177,683 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruchuli<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date= 19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. Perumal |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=28,524 |percentage=55.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Vellathurai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,428 |percentage=36.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Muthu |party=Independent politician |votes=4,038 |percentage=7.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,096 |percentage=19.80% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=50,990 |percentage=59.23% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,401 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=All India Forward Bloc |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|9.53|78.20|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Virudhunagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Madras State]]

Nakashipara Assembly constituency

2026-05-04T12:11:01Z

MarvinGrenier8: Done!

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nakashipara
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Nakashipara.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Nakashipara Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Kallol Khan]]
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Krishnanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnanagar]]
| constituency_no = 81
| established = 1951
| electors = 247,691
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Nakashipara Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Nadia district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 81 Nakashipara Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Bethuadahari I and Bethuadahari II, Billwa Gram, Birpur I, Birpur II, Dharmada, Dogachhia, Majher Gram, Muragachha, Nakasipara and Patikabari [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Nakashipara (Community development block)|Nakashipara]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]], and Palit Begia and Rajarampur Ghoraikhetra gram panchayats of [[Kaliganj (Community development block)|Kaliganj]] community development block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 |access-date=2010-08-21 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=2010-09-18 }}</ref>

Nakashipara Assembly constituency is part of No. 12 [[Krishnanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|[[Jagannath Majumdar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Mahananda Haldar
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|rowspan="2"|S. M. Fazlur Rahman
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|M. C. Mondal
|{{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Nil Kamal Sarkar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|Govindo Chandra Mondal
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Nil Kamal Sarkar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="2"|Mir Fakir Mohammad
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|Santosh Kumar Sinha
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|rowspan="2"|Shaikh Khabiruddin Ahmed
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|rowspan="5"|[[Kallol Khan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|Santhanu Dey
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Nakashipara}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kallol khan|party=Trinamool Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Santanu Dey|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sukla Saha|party= Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2021]]: Nakashipara constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2021>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2021.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2021, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=81| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327190826/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=81| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 27 March 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2021 |work =Nakashipara| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 20 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="eci_2021">{{cite web|date=21 June 2021|title=West Bengal General Legislative Election 2021|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13605-west-bengal-general-legislative-election-2021/|work=Election Commission of India|access-date=7 January 2022}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Kallol Khan
|votes = 104,812
|percentage = 50.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Santanu Dey
|votes = 83,541
|percentage = 39.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Tanmay Ganguli
|votes = 11,277
|percentage = 5.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Sukla Saha Chakraborty
|votes = 5,365
|percentage = 2.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Amal Chandra Sarkar
|votes = 1,080
|percentage = 0.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Krishnapada Pramanik
|votes = 1,023
|percentage = 0.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = 1,146
|percentage = 0.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 21,271
|percentage = 10.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 209,570
|percentage = 84.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
In the 2016 election, KALLOL KHAN of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival TANMOY GANGULY of CPI(M)and elected as M.L.A for the fourth time.
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Nakashipara constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=81| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327190826/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=81| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 27 March 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Nakashipara| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 20 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Kallol Khan
|votes = 79,644
|percentage = 48.91
|change = +0.63#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Gayetri Sardar
|votes = 63,170
|percentage = 38.79
|change = −7.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sushil Barman
|votes = 12,227
|percentage = 6.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Anil Barai
|votes = 2,993
|percentage = 1.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pankaj Sarkar
|votes = 2,795
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Pradip Dutta Gupta
|votes = 1,606
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bablu Das
|votes = 1,330
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 162,846
|percentage = 87.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = +7.90#
}}
{{Election box end}}

Anil Barai, contesting as an independent candidate, was a rebel Congress candidate.<ref>''The Rebel Candidates in the Fray'', The Telegraph (print edition) 23 April 2011</ref>

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.
===1977-2016===

In the year [[2016 West Bengal state assembly election|2016]] Kallol Khan of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] won the Nakashipara seat defeating his nearest rivals Tanmoy Ganguly of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] .
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]] and 2001 state assembly elections, Kallol Khan of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] won the Nakashipara seat defeating his nearest rivals S.M. Sadi of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] in 2006<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> and Shaikh Khabiruddin Ahmed of CPI(M) in 2001.<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Shaikh Khabiruddin Ahmed of CPI(M) defeated Dhrubajyoti Ghosh of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996,<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> and Kallol Khan representing Congress in 1991.<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> Santosh Kumar Sinha of CPI(M) defeated Kallol Khan of Congress in 1987.<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> Mir Fakir Mohammad of CPI(M) defeated Nil Kamal Sarkar of Congress in 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> and S.M.Badaruddin of Congress in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp71.htm |title =71 - Nakashipara Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 5 October 2010}}</ref>

===1951–1972===
Between 1967 and 1972 the Nakashipara seat was reserved for scheduled castes. Nil Kamal Sarkar of Congress won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> Govindo Chandra Mondal, Independent, won in 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> Nil Kamal Sarkar of Congress won in 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> M.C.Mondal of [[Bangla Congress]] won in 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> In [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]]<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> S.M.Fazlur Rahman of Congress won the Nakasipara open seat. In [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]]<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> Nakashipara was a joint seat with one seat reserved for SC. Mahananda Haldar and S.M.Fazlur Rahman, both of Congress, won from Nakashipara. In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]], Jagannath Majumdar of Congress won the Nakshipara open seat.<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nadia topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Nadia district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Love Express (2016 film)

2026-04-25T19:25:26Z

MarvinGrenier8:

{{short description|2016 film by Rajiv Kumar Biswas}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Love Express
| image = Love Express (2016 film).jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = [[Rajiv Kumar Biswas]]
| producer = [[Shrikant Mohta]] [[Nispal Singh]]
| writer = [[Merlapaka Gandhi]]
| screenplay = [[N. K. Salil]]
| story = [[Merlapaka Gandhi]]
| starring = [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] [[Nusrat Jahan]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Jeet Gannguli]]
| cinematography =
| editing = [[Md. Kalam]]
| studio = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| distributor = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] [[Surinder Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2016|09|09|df=y}}
| runtime = 147:21 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Love Express''''' is a 2016 [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[adventure comedy film]] directed by [[Raja Chanda|Rajiv Kumar Biswas]]. The soundtrack of the film was composed by [[Jeet Gannguli]]. The film stars [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] and [[Nusrat Jahan]] in lead roles.<ref name="TOIReview">{{Cite news |last1=Saha |first1=Anupam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/love-express/movie-review/54584543.cms |title=Love Express Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Love Express by Times of India |date=29 September 2016 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film focusses on a family living in [[Kolkata]] whose head is Ram Shibo Prasad, a retired head master. He is a disciplined person and always tries to make his relatives behave in the same way. To avoid bad remarks from the society about his family, he sets up a family constitution of discipline. His mania for discipline is so big that if any one of his family members commits 100 mistakes, that person would be banished from the family and that mistake can be anything which Shibo Prasad hates which includes laughing out loudly. Thus all of the family members maintain a disciplined life to avoid being banished from the house. In detail, the family consists of Shibo Prasad's wife Aparna, an Asthma patient; his daughter Kavita, his son in law Vikas and their kids. Apart from them are Shibo Prasad's two sons Ananada and Raktim Prasad. Since Shibo Prasad's brother Ram Prasad was alleged to be committed 100 Mistakes though he didn't, he is sent away from home. While all of the family members commit mistakes less than 20, Raktim commits 99 mistakes and one more, he is out of the family. So to avoid that Raktim starts leading a careful life. Ananda's marriage is scheduled at New Jalpaiguri and the whole family boards Paharia Express at [[Howrah]]. Raktim's mother forgot the Sindor at the house and Raktim goes away to bring it back. Moreover, to his convenience, Raktim is in S4 while others are in S3. So Raktim goes outside the station and waits for an Taxi, But none accepts to go to his area. Meanwhile, a miser techie Neelasha reaches Howrah railway station to board the Paharia Express and the taxi driver goes to bring the change in order to pay her off the balance amount after receiving the fare. Raktim gets into the vehicle and goes to his home. He breaks the house's lock with a stone as he has no keys to open it. He takes the Sindoor and goes back to Howrah Railway Station. Neelasha catches yet another Taxi and reaches to the station. There she pays off the fares of both the vehicles and goes to board the train.

Meanwhile, a passenger named Dulal asks Raktim to take care of his bag till he gets into the train after buying a water bottle and Raktim accepts it. They both save each other's Mobile numbers so that Raktim can give a missed call to Dulal if the train leaves the station and due to that, Dulal would board the train. However a tiffin vendor and a customer quarrel. Raktim in order to avoid committing the 100th mistake keeps quiet. The story shifts to next day morning around 9:30 in the Morning at New Jalpaiguri Railway Station. Shibo Prasad and his entire family travel in two cars which are led by two baaraat bands. Shibo Prasad, Aparna, Kavita and her younger daughter travel in one car and Raktim, Vikas, Ananda, Vikas's son Bhokai and their servant travel in another car. Raktim's shirt has Blood stains and when Anando, Vikas ask the reasons for the stains, Raktim narrates the story which happened in the past 12 hours. To compromise and stop a quarrel, Raktim gets down from the train and starts speaking with the aggrieved persons. Neelasha misguides the customer that Raktim is a Robber and goes along with the customer to complain on Raktim. Meanwhile, Raktim is thanked by the tiffin vendor. But to Raktim's misfortune, Paharia Express leaves the platform. So with the help of the tiffin vendor's friend and good transporter named Keshto, Raktim goes to Burdwan. While Raktim reaches Gura, Keshto goes to the nearby Bar and quarrels with the local police officer Prasanta Sen and one of his constables calling their brandy as cheap liquor. Raktim saves Keshto in time only to realize that the vehicle's keys are in the Bar. Yet again Keshto insults the police. In the meanwhile time Raktim is informed by Dulal that Train left Burdwan and is heading towards Bolpur.

Raktim and Keshto unknowingly get into a car and drive away to Bolpur in order to catch the train. However once again to Raktim's misfortune, They robbed the Police's vehicle and the police are following them. They leave the car and reach the station of [[Bolpur]]. A Drunken Keshto gets into Paharia Express making Raktim miss the train again. In the process Raktim gets hurt and faints. On gaining consciousness, Raktim is shocked to see that he is being taken to [[Burdwan]] police station by those police. Yet again Raktim escapes and hangs on a Private Bus. The Bus stops and Raktim gets into it for travelling to [[Rampurhat Junction]], yet another important stop of Paharia Express. To his shock Neelasha is his co-passenger. Both unnecessarily quarrel and hence are forcibly dropped out from the Bus. They board a car whose Tyre gets punctured. Raktim goes away with the Tyre telling that he would get it repaired but in turn reaches Rampurhat Junction Railway Station. Yet again luck misfires and he boards the Paharia Express which goes from New jalpaiguri to Howrah. He gets down from the train in time and goes to the next platform to board the Paharia Express which goes to New Jalpaiguri. But he couldn't go as he forgot the Bag of Dulal and more to it Neelasha reaches to Rampur Hat Junction with the bag only to stop Raktim from boarding the Train. Raktim in agony slaps Neelasha and yells at her that he needs to reach [[New Jalpaiguri]] in time. Neelasha too responds rashly that Raktim too left her on a highway without any mercy at midnight not even thinking about her safety. Both come to an Understanding later and travel. In the mean way while Raktim is away for a nature call, Neelasha is kidnapped by some men. Luckily Raktim reaches in time and rescues her. Raktim and Neelasha flee away using one of the goon's bikes and reach [[Kishanganj]] next morning.

Paharia Express was said to be late for 1 Hours. In the balance time, Raktim narrates his whole story to Neelasha who now understands his situation. At the railway station Raktim and Neelasha save two eloped lovers from the henchmen of the girl's father. They escape from the railway station and with the help of a Thrill seeking Cab owner Pupu, Raktim conducts the lovers' marriage and gives away the Sindoor which he has to give to his brother. Anando is furious after listening this but after that Sundeep shows yet another Sindoor and continues the story. After the happy ending of the lovers' marriage, Raktim and Neelasha are worried about the future consequences and are just 15 km away from New jalpaiguri. But Dulal informs them that Paharia Express is scheduled to arrive in nearly 10 minutes. Now they find that Ram Prasad is a lorry driver who gave them lift to reach the station. Ram prasad is a bachelor who dreamed to get married and he gives away the Sindoor he takes while leaving the house. Raktim reaches on time and boards the train just before it stops in New Jalpaiguri Railway Station. He acts as if though he was sleeping and the rest happened. Now the marriage of Ananda is being conducted and Neelasha, Ram prasad attend the marriage. The bride's father Dhananjay Babu is in worry as the bride eloped with her lover and his men are searching for her. To the shock of Raktim, the bride is none other than the girl whose marriage was conducted by him and Neelasha at Kishangunj. Now Shibo Prasad learns that the girl eloped with her lover and the marriage is halted.

Aparna learns that the girl's marriage was conducted by Raktim and gets a severe Asthma attack. She is joined at the Private Hospital. When Aparna was taken to the Hospital, the bride's father learns about Raktim's act by his henchmen and is furious. In the chase, Ananda learns of this and Keshto who reached New Jalpaiguri in Paharia Express is following the chase. During the chase, Shibo Prasad lets Raktim escape red traffic signals and a traffic constable is hurt by them. After she admitted into the Hospital, Raktim fights with the bride's father's henchmen and Shibo Prasad doesn't stop him from doing so. Later Shibo Prasad discovers the truth and Raktim's mistakes turn 100. Raktim then reminds that Shibo Prasad broke his discipline and ideals during the chase and the fight and he can't leave the family because what he did was just helping the ones in need. The bride's father accept the Lover's marriage. Shibo Prasad increases the Mistakes level from 100 to 1000 letting Raktim and Ram Prasad re enter the house. Aparna is discharged immediately.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] as Raktim Prasad Ganguly/Laal
* [[Nusrat Jahan]] as Nilasha/Neel
* [[Shankar Chakraborty]] as Ram Prasad Ganguly, Shibo Prasad's brother
* [[Victor Banerjee]] as Shibo Prasad Ganguly
* [[Saheb Chatterjee]] as Anando Prasad Ganguly, Laal's big brother
* [[Kharaj Mukherjee]] as Pupu
* [[Rudranil Ghosh]] as Drunk Driver Kesto
* [[Kanchan Mullick]] as Dulal
* [[Supriyo Dutta]] as Dhananjay Babu, Bride's father
* [[Kaushik Banerjee]] as Prasanta Sen, Police Officer
* [[Tulika Basu]] as Aparna, Raktim's mother
* [[Rohit Mukherjee]] as Bikash Da
* Saptarshi Basu as Vokai
* Namita Chakraborty as Kavita
* Madhumita Chakraborty as Bride's mother
* Ashim Roy Chowdhury as Train Ticket Checker
* [[N. K. Salil]] as Bus passenger
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Love Express
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Jeet Gannguli]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2016
| recorded = 2015–2016
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| label = [[Surinder Films]]
| producer = {{flatlist|
* [[Nispal Singh]]
* [[Shrikant Mohta]]
}}
| prev_title = [[Power (2016 film)|Power]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Champ (Bengali film)|Chaamp]]
| next_year = 2017
}}
<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-12 |title=Dev, Nusrat, the new hit jodi of T'wood! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/dev-nusrat-the-new-hit-jodi-of-twood/articleshow/48649019.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250828154958/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/dev-nusrat-the-new-hit-jodi-of-twood/articleshow/48649019.cms |archive-date=2025-08-28 |access-date=2025-08-28 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ganguly |first=Ruman |date=2017-01-12 |title=Armaan Malik debuts in Tolly with Dev's Love Express |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/armaan-malik-debuts-in-tollywood/articleshow/52763188.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250831145915/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/armaan-malik-debuts-in-tollywood/articleshow/52763188.cms |archive-date=2025-08-31 |access-date=2025-08-31 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |quote=We hear, Armaan has already recorded "Dhitang Dhitang", penned by Priyo Chattopadhyay, on Monday night.}}</ref>{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_lyrics = Prasen (Prasenjit Mukherjee), Priyo Chattopadhyay
| all_music = [[Jeet Gannguli]]
| title1 = Mon Boleche Amar
| lyrics1 = Prasen (Prasenjit Mukherjee)
| extra1 = [[Jeet Gannguli]], [[Bob Omulo]]
| length1 = 04:16
| title2 = Majhe Majhe
| lyrics2 = Prasen (Prasenjit Mukherjee)
| extra2 = [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length2 = 04:46
| title3 = Dhitang Dhitang
| lyrics3 = Priyo Chattopadhyay
| extra3 = [[Armaan Malik]]
| length3 = 03:34
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film three-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote that "Overall, ''Love Express'' is a film you can surely watch with your family or friends. It’s a clean, well-made entertainer through and through".<ref name="TOIReview"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|6246362}}
{{Shree Venkatesh Films}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Love Express}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy road movies]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2016 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rajiv Kumar Biswas]]
[[Category:2016 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jeet Gannguli]]
[[Category:2010s comedy road movies]]
[[Category:SVF Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Surinder Films films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by N. K. Salil]]

Rajampet Assembly constituency

2026-04-25T17:26:19Z

MarvinGrenier8: new

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rajampet
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (125-Rajampet highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Rajampet Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Akepati Amarnath Reddy]]
| party = {{party index link|YSR Congress Party
}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Kadapa district|Kadapa]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Rajampet Lok Sabha constituency|Rajampet]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 222,274
| established = 1951
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 125
}}

'''Rajampet Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Kadapa district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. It is one of the seven assembly segments in [[Rajampet Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Akepati Amarnath Reddy]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Elections]] from [[YSR Congress Party]]. As of 25 March 2019, there are a total of 222,274 electors in the constituency. The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.

== Mandals ==
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Siddavatam]]
|-
| [[Vontimitta]]
|-
| [[Nandalur]]
|-
| [[Rajampet]]
|-
| [[Veeraballe]]
|-
| T Sundupalli
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[Panjam Narasimha Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| [[Pothuraju Parthasarathi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[Kondur Marareddi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Bandaru Ratnasabhapathi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Konduru Prabhavatamma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Bandaru Ratnasabhapathi
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[Kasireddi Madhan Mohan Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Brahmaiah Pasupuleti]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| [[Konduru Prabhavatamma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Akepati Amarnath Reddy]]
|-
| [[2012 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election|2012]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Meda Venkata Mallikarjuna Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| rowspan=2 |Akepati Amarnath Reddy
|}

==Election results==
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajampet}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Akepati Amarnath Reddy]]
|votes = 92,609
|percentage = 50.17
|change = {{decrease}}7.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Sugavasi Subrahmanyam]]
|votes = 85,593
|percentage = 46.38
|change = {{increase}}9.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Bhukya Viswanatha Naik
|votes = 1,009
|percentage = 0.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None Of The Above
|votes = 1,617
|percentage = 0.87
|change = {{increase}}0.00
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,016
|percentage = 3.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 184,557
|percentage = 76.05
|change = {{increase}}1.94
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSRCP
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajampet}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSRCP
|candidate = [[Meda Venkata Mallikarjuna Reddy]]
|votes = 95,266
|percentage = 57.79
|change = {{increase}}14.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Bathyala Changal Rayudu]]
|votes = 59,994
|percentage = 36.39
|change = {{decrease}}14.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Poola Bhaskar]]
|votes = 3,081
|percentage = 1.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janasena Party
|candidate = Pathipati Kusuma Kumari
|votes = 2,376
|percentage = 1.44
|change = new
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None Of The Above
|votes = 1,448
|percentage = 0.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 35,272
|percentage = 15.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 164,846
|percentage = 74.11
|change = {{decrease}}4.75
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajampet}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Meda Venkata Mallikarjuna Reddy]]
|votes = 83,884
|percentage = 50.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Akepati Amarnath Reddy]]|votes=72,267|percentage=43.71|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=11,617|percentage=7.03|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=209,909|percentage=78.76|change=+4.19}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSRCP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Rajampet}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Akepati Amarnath Reddy]]
|votes = 76,951
|percentage = 52.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Meda Venkata Mallikarjuna Reddy]]
|votes = 38,732
|percentage = 26.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Pasupuleti Brahmaiah]]
|votes = 21,417
|percentage = 14.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 38,219
|percentage = 26.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes=146,615
|percentage=
|change=
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSRCP
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajampet}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Akepati Amarnath Reddy]]
|votes = 60,397
|percentage = 43.67
|change = {{decrease}}17.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Kasireddy Madan Mohan Reddy]]|votes=48,055|percentage=34.74|change={{decrease}}0.09}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=[[Gunipati Ramaiah]]|votes=21,499|percentage=15.54|change=new}}
{{Election box majority||votes=12,342|percentage=8.93|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=138,314|percentage=74.57|change={{increase}}4.31}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajampet}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Konduru Prabhavatamma]]
|votes = 54,246
|percentage = 61.82
|change = {{increase}}26.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Brahmaiah Pasupuleti]]|votes=30,579|percentage=34.85|change={{decrease}}1.16}}
{{Election box majority||votes=23,667|percentage=26.97|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=87,747|percentage=70.26|change={{increase}}3.16}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajampet}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Brahmaiah Pasupuleti]]
|votes = 28,184
|percentage = 36.00
|change = {{decrease}}25.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Konduru Prabhavatamma]]|votes=27,495|percentage=35.12|change={{increase}}0.11}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=[[Kasireddy Madan Mohan Reddy]]|votes=21,461|percentage=27.41|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=689|percentage=0.88|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=78,277|percentage=67.1|change={{decrease}}2.2}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1994 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajampet}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Brahmaiah Pasupuleti]]
|votes = 54,438
|percentage = 61.31
|change = {{increase}}17.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kasireddy Madan Mohan Reddy]]
|votes = 31,085
|percentage = 35.01
|change = {{decrease}}20.19
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 23,353
|percentage = 26.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 88,791
|percentage = 69.3
|change = {{increase}}0.8
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1989 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajampet}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kasireddy Madan Mohan Reddy]]
|votes = 50,969
|percentage = 55.20
|change = {{increase}}8.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Konduru Prabhavatamma]]|votes=40,459|percentage=43.82|change={{decrease}}8.37}}
{{Election box majority||votes=10,510|percentage=11.4|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=92,322|percentage=68.5|change={{decrease}}5.1}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1985 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajampet}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Bandaru Ratnasabhapathi]]
|votes = 46,568
|percentage = 52.19
|change = {{increase}}3.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kasireddy Madan Mohan Reddy]]
|votes = 41,234
|percentage = 46.21
|change = {{decrease}}2.78
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,331
|percentage = 6.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 89,226
|percentage = 73.6
|change = {{decrease}}2.5
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajampet}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Konduru Prabhavatamma]]
|votes = 41,466
|percentage = 48.99
|change = {{increase}}4.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Bandaru Ratnasabhapathi]]|votes=40,963|percentage=48.42|change=new}}
{{Election box majority||votes=503|percentage=0.62|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=84,590|percentage=76.1|change={{decrease}}2.9}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1978 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajampet}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Konduru Prabhavatamma]]
|votes = 36,854
|percentage = 44.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=[[Bandaru Ratnasabhapathi]]|votes=27,032|percentage=32.48|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress (Indira)|candidate=Sriram Venkata Subramanyan|votes=11,192|percentage=13.45|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Party|candidate=Syed Moosa|votes=7,573|percentage=9.1|change=new}}
{{Election box majority||votes=9,822|percentage=11.8|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=83,211|percentage=79.0|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Swatantra Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1952 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajampet<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Panjam Narasimha Reddy |party=Communist Party of India |votes=21,125 |percentage=18.98% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bandam Ratnasabapathi Setti |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=17,572 |percentage=15.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Parthasarathi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,519 |percentage=14.84% |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Hanumantha Naidu |party=Krishikar Lok Party |votes=16,148 |percentage=14.51% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pala Venkatasubbayya |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,618 |percentage=14.03% |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Meda Ramachandra Reddy |party=Independent politician |votes=8,489 |percentage=7.63% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Beri Pitchaiah |party=Independent politician |votes=7,256 |percentage=6.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Venkatachala Gangi Reddy |party=Independent politician |votes=4,515 |percentage=4.06% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Y. Penchaliah |party=Republican Party of India |votes=4,060 |percentage=3.65% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,553 |percentage=3.19% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,11,302 |percentage=85.08% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,30,828 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Annamayya district}}
{{coord|14.19|79.16|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Annamayya district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Chathrigalu Saar Chathrigalu

2026-04-25T06:28:34Z

MarvinGrenier8: Adding entry.

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Short description|2013 Indian Kannada-language comedy film directed by S. Narayan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chathrigalu Saar Chathrigalu
| image = Chathrigalu Saar Chathrigalu.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[S. Narayan]]
| writer =
| screenplay = [[Ramesh Aravind]] S. Narayan [[Mohan Shankar|Mohan]]
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Pawan Karthik
| starring = Ramesh Aravind S. Narayan Mohan [[Umashree]] Sanathahi
| narrator =
| cinematography = Jagadish Vali
| editing = K. R. Lingaraj
| music = [[Arjun Janya]]
| studio = Padma Sundari Creations
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|4|20}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Chathrigalu Saar Chathrigalu''''' ({{Translation|Umbrellas, sir, umbrellas}}) is a 2013 Indian Kannada-language comedy film directed by [[S. Narayan]]. The final instalment in the ''[[Kurigalu Saar Kurigalu (film series)|Kurigalu Saar Kurigalu]]'' series, the film stars [[Ramesh Aravind]], [[S. Narayan]], [[Mohan Shankar|Mohan]], [[Umashree]] and Sanathahi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/chatrigalu-saar-chatrigalu-team-in-mysore/articleshow/19720893.cms|title=Chatrigalu Saar Chatrigalu team in Mysore|last=Lokesh|first=Vinay|date=25 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=27 August 2022|archive-date=27 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827185348/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/chatrigalu-saar-chatrigalu-team-in-mysore/articleshow/19720893.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Ramesh Aravind]] as Ramesh aka Rammi
*[[S. Narayan]] as Narayan aka Nani
*[[Mohan Shankar|Mohan]] as Mohan Sundar aka Moni
*[[Umashree]] as Rajahmundry Rajalakshmi, Moni's Aunt
*Sanathani as Lakshmi, Nani's Love Interest
*[[Sushma Raj]] as Anjali, Rammi's Love Interest
*Pavitra Gowda
*Manasi as Kavya, Bhagavan's Daughter
*[[Shivaram]] as Bhagavan, Rajalakshmi's Husband and Moni's Uncle
*[[Rangayana Raghu]] as Police Inspector and Bhagvan's Brother
*[[Mukhyamantri Chandru]] as Nani's Uncle
*[[Sadhu Kokila]] as Apparao, Rajalakshmi's Brother
*[[Bullet Prakash]] as Bullet Bassu
*[[Sundar Raj]] as Neelakanta, Lakshmi's Father and Rajalakshmi's Brother
}}

== Production ==
The film reached the dubbing stage in February 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/chatrigalu-saar-chatrigalu-is-ready/articleshow/18630878.cms|title=Chatrigalu Saar Chatrigalu is ready|last=CR|first=Sharanya|date=22 February 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=27 August 2022|archive-date=27 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827185348/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/chatrigalu-saar-chatrigalu-is-ready/articleshow/18630878.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Music==

{{Infobox album
| name = Chathrigalu Saar Chathrigalu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Arjun Janya]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2013
| recorded = 2013
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 21:07
| language = Kannada
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2012
| year = 2014
| next_title =
| next_year = 2013
| misc =
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/7DkAyxpDMIFwG8c6NMnm8n|title=Chathrigalu Saar Chathrigalu|date=2013|work=[[Spotify]]|access-date=2022-08-27|archive-date=2022-08-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827184111/https://open.spotify.com/album/7DkAyxpDMIFwG8c6NMnm8n|url-status=live}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 21:07
| title1 = Chathrigalu Saar Chathrigalu
| extra1 = [[Ravi Basrur]], Sachin
| length1 = 2:37
| title2 = Dovve Dovve
| extra2 = [[Anuradha Bhat]], Ravi Basrur
| length2 = 3:40
| title3 = Yaramma Yaramma
| extra3 = Chandan Shetty, Priya Yadav, Sumithra
| length3 = 3:47
| title4 = Udaisu Udaisu
| extra4 = [[Ravi Basrur]]
| length4 = 3:21
| title5 = Mithay Mithay
| extra5 = [[Vijay Prakash]], Prashanth Basrur
| length5 = 4:01
| title6 = Dovve Dovve (version 2)
| extra6 = Ravi Basrur, Priya Yadav
| length6 = 3:39
}}

== Release and reception ==
Because Umashree was contesting at the [[Terdal Assembly constituency]], the film was not released in that area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/chatrigalu-saar-chatrigalu-seeks-special-permission-for-release/articleshow/19579721.cms|title=Chatrigalu Saar Chatrigalu seeks special permission for release|last=Sampath|first=Parinatha|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 April 2013|access-date=27 August 2022|archive-date=27 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827185347/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/chatrigalu-saar-chatrigalu-seeks-special-permission-for-release/articleshow/19579721.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film a rating of three out of five stars and opined that "A well-scripted comedy film. Don’t look for a serious story. Just watch and enjoy the comedy".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/chatrigalu-saar-chatrigalu/movie-review/19661195.cms|title=Chatrigalu Saar Chatrigalu Movie Review|date=19 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=27 August 2022|archive-date=16 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816054430/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/chatrigalu-saar-chatrigalu/movie-review/19661195.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> B. S. Srivani of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave the film the same rating and wrote that "“Chatrigalu...” still works, mainly because underneath all the sex-laced dialogues, there are still some gems to be found. It’s a laughing matter, after all".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/327408/gagmasters-back-how.html|title=The gagmasters are back and how!|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=21 April 2013|last=Srivani|first=B. S.|access-date=27 August 2022|archive-date=16 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816054433/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/327408/gagmasters-back-how.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|3046052}}

{{Saar series}}
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:2013 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]

ANSR

2026-04-22T07:16:41Z

MarvinGrenier8: Added New Stub From Scratch...

{{short description|Consulting firm based in Dallas, Texas, US and operating in India}}
{{Promotional|date=June 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = ANSR Inc.
| logo =
| type =
| industry =
| fate =
| predecessor = 
| successor = 
| founded = 2004
| founder = 
| defunct = 
| hq_location_city = Dallas
| hq_location_country = [[United States of America]]
| area_served = 
| key_people = Lalit Ahuja (Founder & CEO), Vikram Ahuja (Co-Founder & Managing Director)
| products = [[Global Capability Centers]]
| owner = 
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year = 
| parent =
| website = {{URL| https://ansr.com |Official website}}
}}
'''ANSR''' is a global firm specializing in the establishment of Global Capability Centers (GCCs), also known as Global In-house Centers (GICs). The company provides advisory, talent acquisition, workspace design and management, as well as business operations. According to a media report, ANSR has helped establish 200+ GCCs with around $2 billion in investments.<ref name="c642">{{cite web | last=Parmar | first=Beena | title=GCC consultant ANSR buys majority stake in Summit Consulting Services | website=The Economic Times | date=October 15, 2024 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/gcc-consultant-ansr-buys-majority-stake-in-summit-consulting-services/articleshow/114235300.cms | access-date=January 26, 2025}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/centre-of-gravity-of-mncs-shifting-to-india-as-tech-becomes-core-to-business/articleshow/64507977.cms|title=Centre of gravity of MNCs shifting to India as tech becomes core to business - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=October 20, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jobs/tech-captives-may-keep-hiring-in-india-despite-trumps-tax-breaks/articleshow/62700844.cms|title=Tech captives may keep hiring in India despite Trump's tax breaks|date=2018|work=The Economic Times|access-date=October 20, 2018}}</ref>

== History ==
===2004–2019===
ANSR was founded in 2004 by Lalit Ahuja with a joint venture with [[Target Corporation]] in India.

In June 2015, Accel invested $9 million in ANSR. The funding was intended to support the establishment of new GICs in the country and to initiate an engagement program for startups to collaborate with multinational corporations.<ref name="m204">{{cite web | last=Soni | first=Yatti | title=Accel Partners Leads $9 Mn In Kyron Accelerator's Parent Company ANSR Consulting | website=Inc42 Media | date=June 10, 2015 | url=https://inc42.com/buzz/accel-partners-leads-9-mn-in-ansr/ | access-date=January 26, 2025}}</ref>

In 2015, ANSR introduced the GCC service model to manage and scale global teams without requiring capital investment.<ref name="v997">{{cite web | last=Phadnis | first=Shilpa | title=Accenture invests $170mn in ANSR for significant minority stake | website=The Times of India | date=July 26, 2024 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/accenture-invests-170mn-in-ansr-for-significant-minority-stake/articleshow/112026792.cms | access-date=February 2, 2025}}</ref>

In September 2019, PepsiCo partnered with ANSR, to assist in establishing their GCC in Hyderabad.<ref name="g294">{{cite web | last=Phadnis | first=Shilpa | title=PepsiCo's thumbs up to Hyderabad, to set up business services hub | website=The Times of India | date=September 13, 2019 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/pepsicos-thumbs-up-to-hyderabad-to-set-up-hub/articleshow/71105774.cms | access-date=January 26, 2025}}</ref>

In 2019, ANSR formed a partnership with Automation Anywhere, to provide the intelligent RPA platform to its GCC customers to support their RPA initiatives.<ref name="m510">{{cite web | title=ANSR ties up with Automation Anywhere to develop digital solutions to enhance efficiency | website=The News Minute | date=September 11, 2019 | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/atom/ansr-ties-automation-anywhere-develop-digital-solutions-enhance-efficiency-108753 | access-date=January 26, 2025}}</ref>

During this period, ANSR has brought over 60 GCCs to India, including Wells Fargo, Target, [[Delta Air Lines]], PepsiCo, Lowe’s and [[Saks Fifth Avenue]].<ref name="k753">{{cite web | last=Phadnis | first=Shilpa | title=Ikea, H&M set up tech units in Bengaluru, to hire 2,000 | website=The Times of India | date=August 28, 2020 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/ikea-hm-set-up-tech-units-in-bengaluru-to-hire-2000/articleshow/77796446.cms | access-date=January 26, 2025}}</ref>

=== 2020–2022 ===
In November 2020, ANSR acquired FastNext, an AI-driven recruitment firm, in an all-stock deal. This acquisition aimed at automating recruitment processes and enhancing efficiency. It supports ANSR's talent platform, Talent500, in driving AI-led recruitment innovation.<ref name="a847">{{cite web | last=Sangani | first=Priyanka | title=ANSR acquires AI-driven recruitment firm FastNext | website=The Economic Times | date=November 4, 2020 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/ansr-acquires-ai-driven-recruitment-firm-fastnext/articleshow/79035158.cms?from=mdr | access-date=February 2, 2025}}</ref>

In November 2020, ANSR partnered with Google Cloud to accelerate digital transformation for GCCs. The collaboration aims to help enterprises transition to a cloud-first strategy, enabling them to build digital transformation capabilities at scale. <ref name="j858">{{cite web | last=Roy | first=Supriya | title=ANSR, Google to help enterprises transition to cloud-first strategy | website=Techcircle | date=November 12, 2020 | url=https://www.techcircle.in/2020/11/12/ansr-google-to-help-enterprises-transition-to-cloud-first-strategy | access-date=February 2, 2025}}</ref>

In December 2020, IBM and ANSR announced a strategic collaboration to establish and manage Centers of Excellence focused on advanced enterprise technologies, including cloud, analytics, artificial intelligence, and automation for GCCs.<ref name="y502">{{cite web | title=ANSR collaborates with IBM to establish and operate Centers of Excellence in advanced enterprise technologies for Global Capability Centers | website=United News of India| date=February 2, 2025 | url=https://www.uniindia.com/ansr-collaborates-with-ibm-to-establish-and-operate-centers-of-excellence-in-advanced-enterprise-technologies-for-global-capability-centers/east/news/2250700.html | access-date=February 2, 2025}}</ref><ref name="a866">{{cite web | title=ANSR collaborates with IBM to establish and operate Centers of Excellence in advanced enterprise technologies for Global Capability Centers | website=YourChennai.com | date=December 5, 2020 | url=https://yourchennai.com/index.php/2020/12/05/ansr-collaborates-with-ibm-to-establish-and-operate-centers-of-excellence-in-advanced-enterprise-technologies-for-global-capability-centers/ | access-date=February 2, 2025}}</ref>

In May 2021, ANSR raised $15 million in Series B funding from the Sistema Asia Fund and Evolvence India Fund. The funding was to support ANSR’s plans to expand GCC locations in eastern Europe, the UAE, and Canada, as well as develop AI-based products including Leap, Loop and Rise.<ref name="k400">{{cite web | last=Sangani | first=Priyanka | title=ANSR gets $15 million from Sistema and Evolvence | website=The Economic Times | date=May 20, 2021 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/funding/ansr-gets-15-million-from-sistema-and-evolvence/articleshow/82780993.cms?from=mdr | access-date=February 2, 2025}}</ref>

In 2022, ANSR unveiled its refreshed brand identity and the new company logo.<ref name="f308">{{cite web | title=ANSR refreshes brand identity with a new logo | website=ETBrandEquity.com | date=1 April 2022 | url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/marketing/ansr-refreshes-brand-identity-with-a-new-logo/90586360 | access-date=7 February 2025}}</ref>

ANSR, along with group firm Talent500, partnered with Abu Dhabi Investment Office invest $100 million towards this initiative. Through this, ANSR will work with Indian companies to set up teams in the region, with a bid to make global setup scalable and cost-competitive to India.<ref name="y246">{{cite web | last=Sangani | first=Priyanka | title=ANSR to invest $100 million in Abu Dhabi | website=The Economic Times | date=June 13, 2022 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/ansr-to-invest-100-million-in-abu-dhabi/articleshow/92180939.cms?from=mdr | access-date=February 2, 2025}}</ref>

Between 2020 and July 2022, ANSR partnered with Northern Tool + Equipment, 7-Eleven, 3M, Inspire Brands, and Neiman Marcus Group to assist in establishing their GCCs.<ref name="i840">{{cite web | last=Phadnis | first=Shilpa | title=US tools company sets up tech centre in Hyd | website=The Times of India | date=November 13, 2021 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/us-tools-company-sets-up-tech-centre-in-hyd/articleshow/87676003.cms | access-date=February 2, 2025}}</ref><ref name="b278">{{cite web | last=Phadnis | first=Shilpa | title=7-Eleven sets up global tech centre in Bengaluru | website=The Times of India | date=November 26, 2021 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/7-eleven-sets-up-global-tech-centre-in-bengaluru/articleshow/87919953.cms | access-date=February 2, 2025}}</ref><ref name="j311">{{cite web | last=Bharadwaj | first=Swati | title=US-based multi-brand restaurant player Inspire Brands opens global innovation centre in Hyderabad | website=The Times of India | date=September 13, 2023 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/us-based-multi-brand-restaurant-player-inspire-brands-opens-global-innovation-centre-in-hyderabad/articleshow/103642154.cms | access-date=February 2, 2025}}</ref><ref name="w047">{{cite web | last=Sangani | first=Priyanka | title=Neiman Marcus Group to hire 600 people for India centre | website=The Economic Times | date=July 26, 2022 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/neiman-marcus-group-to-hire-600-people-for-india-gcc/articleshow/93142624.cms?from=mdr | access-date=February 2, 2025}}</ref>

=== 2023–2024 ===
In October 2023, [[ServiceNow]] invested in ANSR through ServiceNow Ecosystem Ventures, which has committed $150 million to invest in partners, and is also focusing on regions to expand ServiceNow offerings across industries, domains, and go-to-market.<ref name="r914">{{cite web | last=Phadnis | first=Shilpa | title=Servicenow Arm Invests In Ansr To Set Up Coes In India | website=The Times of India | date=October 26, 2023 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/servicenow-arm-invests-in-ansr-to-set-up-coes-in-india/articleshow/104712675.cms | access-date=February 2, 2025}}</ref>

In January 2024, ANSR’s subsidiary Talent500 launched TalentInsights, an AI-powered system to source, screen and hire professionals.<ref name="c912">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=24 January 2024 |title=Talent500 launches AI tool to source, screen and hire professionals |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/talent500-launches-ai-tool-to-source-screen-and-hire-professionals/articleshow/107122256.cms |access-date=7 February 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

In July 2024, [[Accenture]] invested $170 million (Rs 1,400 [[crore]]) for a minority stake in ANSR. The investment supports ANSR’s services in building and managing GCCs, which contribute to global enterprises’ talent and technology needs. <ref name="v997">{{cite web | last=Phadnis | first=Shilpa | title=Accenture invests $170mn in ANSR for significant minority stake | website=The Times of India | date=July 26, 2024 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/accenture-invests-170mn-in-ansr-for-significant-minority-stake/articleshow/112026792.cms | access-date=February 2, 2025}}</ref>

In August 2024, ANSR acquired hrEntries, a human capital management platform, in an all-stock transaction. The acquisition integrated hrEntries into ANSR’s "GCC SuperApp" stack, which offers systems for talent, workspace, HR operations, and payroll. Following the acquisition, hrEntries was rebranded as Rise, and over 100 employees joined ANSR.<ref name="m542">{{cite web | title=GCC consultant ANSR acquires hrEntries to boost talent solutions | website=The Economic Times | date=August 28, 2024 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/gcc-consultant-ansr-acquires-hrentries-to-boost-talent-solutions/articleshow/112860141.cms?from=mdr | access-date=February 2, 2025}}</ref>

In October 2024, ANSR acquired a majority stake in Summit Consulting Services for Rs 45-65 crore ($5-8 million). This acquisition aims to expand its offerings for mid-sized global capability centres in India. <ref name="x569">{{cite web | last=Parmar | first=Beena | title=GCC consultant ANSR buys majority stake in Summit Consulting Services | website=The Economic Times | date=October 15, 2024 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/gcc-consultant-ansr-buys-majority-stake-in-summit-consulting-services/articleshow/114235300.cms?from=mdr | access-date=February 2, 2025}}</ref>

During this period, ANSR established GCCs for organizations across various sectors, including retail, BFSI, healthcare, travel & logistics, F&B, and product industries. These GCCs include Marriott, BestBuy, Kenvue, Neighborly etc. <ref name="g104">{{cite web | last=Phadnis | first=Shilpa | title=Best Buy to set up tech centre in Bengaluru | website=The Times of India | date=May 31, 2024 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/best-buy-to-set-up-tech-centre-in-bengaluru/articleshow/110576803.cms | access-date=February 2, 2025}}</ref><ref name="s263">{{cite web | title=Kenvue to open technology hub in Bangalore, India | website=CRN - India | date=August 29, 2023 | url=https://www.crn.in/news/kenvue-to-open-technology-hub-in-bangalore-india/ | access-date=February 2, 2025}}</ref><ref name="u334">{{cite web | title=Us Company Neighborly Sets Up Gcc In Bengaluru | website=The Times of India | date=August 1, 2023 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/us-company-neighborly-sets-up-gcc-in-bengaluru/articleshow/102294272.cms | access-date=February 2, 2025}}</ref>

In October 2024, ANSR was recognized as a leader in Everest Group’s Global In-house Center (GIC) Setup Capabilities in India under the Provider PEAK Matrix® Assessment for 2024. The recognition reflects ANSR’s expertise in providing setup, design, and administrative support services for global enterprises establishing Global In-house Centers (GICs) or Global Capability Centers (GCCs) in India.<ref name="l117">{{cite web | title=ANSR Recognized as Leader in India GIC Setup by Everest Group | website=Devdiscourse | date=29 October 2024 | url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/business/3139408-ansr-recognized-as-leader-in-india-gic-setup-by-everest-group | access-date=7 February 2025}}</ref>

==ANSR Foundation==
ANSR Foundation, launched in October 2024, is the charitable arm of ANSR, established to address economic disparity and promote gender equality through educational and skill-building initiatives. The foundation's focus includes programs targeted at children and young adults, aiming to nurture future technology leaders. Key initiatives encompass the development of STEM-focused classrooms, scholarship opportunities, and volunteer programs.<ref name="i064">{{cite web | title=ANSR Foundation To Empower Underrepresented Communities | website=BW People | date=7 February 2025 | url=https://www.bwpeople.in/article/ansr-foundation-to-empower-underrepresented-communities-536943 | access-date=7 February 2025}}</ref>

On December 2, ANSR made a contribution to Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani. The donation, made by Lalit Ahuja, supports BITS Pilani's $100 Million Endowment Fund, which focuses on enhancing educational access, research, innovation, and infrastructure development.<ref name="q558">{{cite web | title=BITS-Pilani's alumnus Lalit Ahuja donates towards $100 million Endowment Fund | website=The Indian Express | date=December 3, 2024 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/bits-pilanis-alumnus-lalit-ahuja-donates-towards-100-million-endowment-fund-9701835/ | access-date=February 2, 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Companies based in Dallas]]
[[Category:Business process outsourcing companies of India]]

Gadarpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:39:54Z

MarvinGrenier8: Adding a pg.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttarakhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gadarpur
| mla = [[Arvind Pandey]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = Uttarakhand
| district = [[Udham Singh Nagar district]]
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| loksabha_cons = [[Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar]]
| constituency_no = 65
| electors = 143,746
| map_image = Gadarpur Assembly constituency map.svg
}}

'''Gadarpur Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the seventy electoral [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Uttarakhand]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.uk.gov.in/files/Election2012/RESULTS_2012_Uttarakhand_State.pdf |title=Results 2012 Uttarakhand|website=Ceo.uk.gov.in |accessdate=2017-06-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_detl.aspx |title=Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=2008-12-03 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203060144/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_detl.aspx |archivedate=3 December 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It includes Gadarpur area of [[Udham Singh Nagar District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |website=Eci.nic.in |accessdate=2017-06-25}}</ref>

Gadarpur Legislative Assembly constituency is a part of [[Nainital-Udhamsingh Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx |title=Ac_pc |accessdate=2008-12-03 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203060201/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx |archivedate=3 December 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || rowspan=3 | [[Arvind Pandey]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
| [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Gadarpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Arvind Pandey]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=52,841 |percentage=48.49% |change={{increase}}6.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Premanand Mahajan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=51,721 |percentage=47.46% |change={{increase}}19.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jarnail Singh Kali |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=1,769 |percentage=1.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jasvant Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,294 |percentage=1.19% |change={{decrease}}25.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=701 |percentage=0.64% |change={{decrease}}0.13 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,120 |percentage=1.03% |change= {{decrease}}13.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,08,968 |percentage=75.59% |change= {{decrease}}5.30 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,44,150 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.81 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}6.18 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Gadarpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Arvind Pandey]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=41,530 |percentage=42.31% |change={{increase}}9.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajendra Pal Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,424 |percentage=27.94% |change={{increase}}16.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jarnail Singh Kali |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=26,115 |percentage=26.61% |change={{increase}}9.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shankar Singh Nagarkoti |party=Independent politician |votes=835 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shaheroom |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=807 |percentage=0.82% |change={{decrease}}8.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=758 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,106 |percentage=14.37% |change= {{increase}}8.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=98,147 |percentage=80.89% |change= {{decrease}}1.38 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,21,329 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.72 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}9.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Gadarpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Arvind Pandey]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=27,976 |percentage=32.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jarnail Singh Kali |party=Independent politician |votes=22,843 |percentage=26.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tarak Bachhar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=14,396 |percentage=16.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manishi Chandra Tiwari |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,042 |percentage=11.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shaheroom |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=7,519 |percentage=8.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,213 |percentage=1.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dulal Mandal |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=534 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,133 |percentage=6.05% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=84,797 |percentage=82.28% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,03,062 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Pantnagar–Gadarpur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Uttarakhand Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/93-uttarakhand/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=17 January 2024}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}
{{coord|29.04|79.25|display=title}}

[[Category:Udham Singh Nagar district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Gadarpur]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2012]]

Durga (TV series)

2026-04-18T22:09:57Z

MarvinGrenier8: Adding data.

{{short description|Indian soap opera}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Durga(2008 Series).jpeg
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Indian soap opera]] [[Drama]] [[Mythology]] [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| creator = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| based_on =
| developer =
| writer =
| director = Anupam Hari
| creative_director = Sahana
| presenter = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| starring = [[Sandipta Sen]] [[Gourab Chatterjee]] Swagata Mukherjee [[Payel De]]
| judges =
| voices =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer = [[Jeet Ganguly]]
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer = [[Jeet Ganguly]]
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes =
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Shrikant Mohta]] [[Mahendra Soni]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera =
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/6-actresses-who-played-ma-durga-on-screen/6-actresses-who-played-ma-durga-on-screen/photostory/46209875.cms|title=Sandipta Sen played titular role|website=The Times of India|date=29 August 2018 |language=en|access-date=29 November 2020}}</ref>
| network = [[Star Jalsha]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2008|09|08}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2010|06|26}}
| related = {{Plainlist|
* [[Gaaner Oparey]]
}}
}}
'''''Durga''''' is an Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]] language television [[soap opera]] that aired from 8 September 2008 to 26 June 2010 on Bengali [[Generalist channel|GEC]] [[Star Jalsha]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MODRdN7IffA|title=Durga|last=StarJalsha|date=5 September 2008|publisher=|accessdate=29 November 2020|via=YouTube}}</ref> The show starred [[Sandipta Sen]], [[Gourab Chatterjee]] and Swagata Mukherjee and [[Payel De]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/sandipta-likes-challenging-roles/articleshow/62428165.cms|title=Sandipta likes challenging roles|website=The Times of India|language=en|date=9 January 2018|access-date=29 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actor-gourab-chatterjee-is-nostalgic-these-days-and-we-know-why-see-pic/articleshow/64171003.cms|title=Actor Gourab Chatterjee is nostalgic these days and we know why, see pic|website=The Times of India|date=15 May 2018 |language=en|access-date=29 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/all-time-favourite-vamps-of-bengali-television-take-a-look/swagata-mukherjee/photostory/65099968.cms?|title=All-time favourite vamps of Bengali television who ruled the hearts; take a look|website=The Times of India|language=en|date=27 January 2020|access-date=29 November 2020}}</ref>

A spiritual sequel or a reboot of this series, ''[[Durga Durgeshwari]]'', premiered in 2019 and ended in 2020. It starred Sampurna Mondal and Bishwarup Banerjee in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/durga-durgeshwari-damini-roy-chowdhury-is-back/articleshow/71735066.cms|title=Durga Durgeshwari: Damini Roy Chowdhury is back|website=The Times of India|language=en|date=29 October 2019|access-date=29 November 2020}}</ref>

==Plot==
It is the tale of the journey of a village belle and an ardent devotee of Goddess [[Durga]], Durga ([[Sandipta Sen]]) who marries a mentally unwell heir, Rupam ([[Gourab Chatterjee]]), of an urban rich family. Rupam is held captive for several years by an evil woman Damini (Swagata Mukherjee). Damini held Rupam around the waist and captured him. However, Durga's faith in the Goddess, which is her strength helps her to cure Rupam. The Goddess ([[Payel De]]) comes to her rescue during all of Durga's challenges. Thus, Durga helps Rupam lead a normal life by defeating the foul plans of his relatives with the help of Goddess Durga.

==Cast==
* [[Sandipta Sen]] as Durga Roy Chowdhury née Sensharma, Shibnath and Sarbojaya's daughter, Rupam's wife and an ardent devotee of Goddess [[Durga]]
* [[Gourab Chatterjee]] as Rupam Roy Chowdhury, Arindam and Jayanti's son, Durga's husband, a mentally unwell heir
* Swagata Mukherjee as Damini Roy Chowdhury née Sanyal, Arijit's second wife, Titli's mother, an evil lady who killed Rupam's mother and tries to harm Rupam and Durga.
* [[Payel De]] as Goddess [[Durga]] aka Sati, she comes to protect Rupam in Durga's absence and helps Durga to fight the evil
* [[Ditipriya Roy]] as Gauri, Durga and Rupam's adoptive daughter, Child version of Goddess [[Durga]]
* Debesh Roy Chowdhury as Aniruddha Roy Chowdhury, Gayatri's husband and Damini's Sidekick
* Moyna Mukherjee as Gayatri Roy Chowdhury, Aniruddha's wife and Damini's Sidekick, Gauri's killer
* Dr. Basudev Mukhopadhyay as Arijit Roy Chowdhury, Damini's husband and Sreerup, Arup and Titli's father
* Saptarshi Roy as Sreerup Roy Chowdhury, Ketaki's husband
* Saibal Bhattacharya as Arup Roy Chowdhury, Neela's husband
* Rajat Ganguly as Arindam Roy Chowdhury, Jayanti's husband, Rupam's father
* Pritha Chatterjee as Jayanti Roy Chowdhury née Sanyal, Damini's cosin sister, Arindam's wife, Rupam's mother, who was killed by Damini
* [[June Maliah|June Malia]] as Ketaki Roy Chowdhury, Sreerup's wife
* [[Rupanjana Mitra]] as Neela Roy Chowdhury, Arup's wife
* [[Debleena Dutta|Debolina Dutta]] as Titli Roy Chowdhury, Damini and Arijit's daughter, Rupam and Durga's well wisher
* [[Subhrajit Dutta]] as Kalyan, Titli's friend and love interest
* [[Tina Dutta]] as Kumkum Roy Chowdhury, Neela and Arup's first daughter
* Sritapa Deb as Kajol Roy Chowdhury, Neela and Arup's second daughter
* Bodhisattva Majumder as Shibnath Sensharma, Durga's father
* Swagata Bose as Sarbojaya Sensharma aka Jaya, Durga's mother
* Sumanta Mukherjee as Sudarshan Choudhary, zamindar of Sonajhuri village
*Anindya Pulak Banerjee as Supriyo, son of Sudarshan Choudhary
* [[Rita Dutta Chakraborty]] as Jogmaya aka Maya Maa, a [[Yogini]]
* [[Debika Mitra]] as Kalyani Maa, a [[Nun]], Jayanti's Guru Maa and Durga's rescuer
* Nitya Ganguly as Kanai, servant of the Roy Chowdhury family
* Pradip Bhattacharya as Harilal, the guide in Haridwar
* Samir Biswas as Sashadhar, priest of the Durga temple in Sonajhuri village who gave the idol of Goddess to Durga
* [[Surangana Bandyopadhyay]] as the mysterious girl who handed the idol of Goddess Durga to Sashadhar asking him to present the idol to Durga
* [[Sudipa Basu]] as Monoroma Dutta, Jhumur's mother
* Nabonita Dey as Jhumur Dutta, Monoroma's daughter, the girl Damini slated to marry Rupam,
* Bimal Chakraborty as Ambika Sen, Arindam's friend, a lawyer, Durga and Rupam's well wisher
* Surojit Banerjee as Dr. Dibyendu Biswas, Rupam's doctor
* Sanjib Sarkar as Dr. Dhar, an evil doctor hired by Damini to torture Rupam
* Nandini Chatterjee as Mrs. Sarkar, Damini's friend

==Adaptations==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Release date
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Notes
|-
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|''Durga''
|8 September 2008
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|26 June 2010
|Original
|-
|[[Kannada language|Kannada]]
|''Durga''
|7 December 2015
|[[Star Suvarna]]
|5 August 2017
|Remake
|-
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|''Durga''
|6 February 2017
|[[Star Maa]]
|10 March 2017
|Dubbed from Kannada Version
|-
|[[Hindi]]
|''[[Durga – Mata Ki Chhaya]]''
|14 December 2020
|[[Star Bharat]]
|12 March 2021
|Remake
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.facebook.com/PayelSandydurga/ Durga] on [[Facebook]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Durga 2008 Tv Series}}
[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:2008 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2010 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Star Jalsha original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian television series about Hindu deities]]

Baloda Bazar Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T22:36:09Z

MarvinGrenier8: Added A Stub W/ Sources...

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Baloda Bazar
| mla = [[Tank Ram Verma]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Pramod Kumar Sharma]]
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| district = [[Baloda Bazar district|Baloda Bazar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Raipur Lok Sabha constituency|Raipur]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:280782}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/chhattisgarh-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=State Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate=25 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 45
| map_image = Baloda Bazar Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Baloda Bazar''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in| access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chhattisgarh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/chhattisgarh2013/|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|accessdate=25 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency|website=CEO CG|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=25 July 2018}}</ref> It is in [[Baloda Bazar district|Baloda Bazar]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Brijlal
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|Naindas
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Manohar Das
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|B. Verma
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Dolatram Ramdayal
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Vansraj Mahabir Prasad
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Ganeshshankar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Narendra Mishra
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Satyanarayan Kesharwani
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|[[Karuna Shukla]]
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|Ganesh Shankar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan=4|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|[[Ganesh Shankar Bajpai]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
||[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|Laxmi Baghel
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|Janak Ram Verma
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[Pramod Kumar Sharma]]<ref name=election2018/><ref>{{cite web |title=Constituency: Baloda Bazar (45) |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=955&cid=33|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106172958/https://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=955&cid=33|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 November 2023|website=Empowering India Org |accessdate=25 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Baloda Bazar (Chhattisgarh) Assembly Constituency Elections |url=http://www.elections.in/chhattisgarh/assembly-constituencies/Baloda-Bazar.html |website=Elections IN |accessdate=25 July 2018}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Janta Congress Chhattisgarh}}
|-
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name="Chhattisgarh Assembly Election Result 2023: Full list of winners">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/chhattisgarh-assembly-election-result-2023-full-list-of-winners-2471258-2023-12-03|title=Chhattisgarh Assembly Election Result 2023: Full list of winners|last1=India Today|date=3 December 2023|accessdate=10 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210105315/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/chhattisgarh-assembly-election-result-2023-full-list-of-winners-2471258-2023-12-03|archivedate=10 December 2023|language=en}}</ref>
|[[Tank Ram Verma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2023]]: Baloda Bazar<ref name=election2023/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Tank Ram Verma]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 108,381
|percentage = 49.34
|change = +24.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shailesh Nitin Trivedi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 93,635
|percentage = 42.63
|change = +10.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rajkumar Patre
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 9,719
|percentage = 4.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 2,610
|percentage = 1.19
|change = -0.43
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 14,746
|percentage = 6.71
|change = +5.63
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 219,644
|percentage = 78.23
|change = +2.11
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Janta Congress Chhattisgarh
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Baloda Bazar<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=State Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 1 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Pramod Kumar Sharma
|party = Janta Congress Chhattisgarh
|votes = 65,251
|percentage = 33.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Janak Ram Verma
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 63,122
|percentage = 32.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Tesu Lal Dhurandhar
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 48,808
|percentage = 24.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ganesh Kumar Agrawal
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 3,093
|percentage = 1.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ganga Ram Sher
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 3,079
|percentage = 1.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 3,167
|percentage = 1.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,129
|percentage = 1.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 195,692
|percentage = 76.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janta Congress Chhattisgarh
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==

*[[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Baloda Bazar district]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

[[Category:Baloda Bazar district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
{{Coord|21.66|82.15|display=title}}

Airport City metro station

2026-04-14T14:33:39Z

MarvinGrenier8:

{{Short description|Upcoming Namma Metro station under Blue Line}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Airport City
| type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Blue}}
| other_name = KIA West Station
| style = Namma Metro
| image = Airport City metro station (May '25).jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Under construction of this metro station as on May 2025 under Phase 2B of [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] of [[Namma Metro]]
| address = Kempegowda Int'l Airport Rd, Vidya Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka 562157
| coordinates = {{coord|13.19833|77.68717|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}}
| other =
| structure = At-Grade, [[Double track]]
| platform = [[Side platform]] ''(TBC)'' 
Platform-1 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Hebbala}} * Platform-2 → {{stl|Namma Metro|KIAL Terminals}} ''Platform Numbers (TBC)'' * ''(Further extension to '''{{stl|Namma Metro|Krishnarajapura}} / {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} ''' in the future)''
| operator = [[Namma Metro]]
| depth =
| levels = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''
| tracks = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''
| connections = {{rint|rail|1}} [[Kempegowda International Airport halt railway station|KIAL Halt Railway Station]]
| parking = '''''(TBC)'''''
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened =
| opening = {{start date and age|June 2027|df=yes}} '''''(TBC)'''''
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = '''''(TBC)'''''
| accessible = '''''(TBC)'''''
| status = Under Construction
| code = '''''(TBC)'''''
| owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)
| architect =
| architectural_style =
| wifi =
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line1=Blue|left1=Doddajala|to-left1=Hebbala|note-mid1=''(Operational around June 2027)''|right1=KIAL Terminals|to-right1=KIAL Terminals|line2=Blue|left2=Doddajala|to-left2=Krishnarajapura or Central Silk Board|note-mid2=''(Operational around December 2027)''|right2=KIAL Terminals|to-right2=KIAL Terminals|system3=Indian Railways |line3=South Western Railway zone|left3=Yelahanka Junction|to-left3=Yelahanka Junction, Yesvantpur Junction or Bengaluru City |right3=Kolar|to-right3=Kolar or Bangarapet Junction|note-mid3=''(Transfer via Inter-Shuttle Bus towards [[Kempegowda International Airport halt railway station|KIAL Halt Railway Stn.]])''}}
| route_map = {{BMR Blue Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Airport City''' (otherwise known as '''KIA West Station''') is an upcoming [[Intersection (road)#At grade railways|at-grade]] metro station on the north-south corridor of the [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru Metro Blue Line: Explore the City Like Never Before! - TimesProperty |url=https://timesproperty.com/news/post/all-about-bengaluru-metro-Blue-line-blid5532 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=timesproperty.com}}</ref> of [[Namma Metro]] in [[Bangalore]], India. This will be an important metro station that will comprise many commercial infrastructures that will be developed by BIAL, including the KIA Air Traffic Control Tower, [[Kempe Gowda I|Nadaprabhu Kempegowda Statue]], a few catering manufacturing companies including [[SATS (company)|SATS]], [[Air India]]'s SATS, [[Blue Dart Express]], and [[IndiGo|IndiGo Hangar]] for maintenance and training purposes. This metro station is to become operational around June 2027.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2026-03-06 |title=₹500 crore for suburban rail, 41 km of metro line to be operational in 2026-27, says Chief Minister |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/500-crore-for-suburban-rail-41-km-of-metro-line-to-be-operational-in-2026-27-says-chief-minister/article70711959.ece |access-date=2026-04-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=L&T bags track contracts worth ₹501 crore for Bangalore Metro Phase 2A & 2B {{!}} Metro Rail Today |url=https://metrorailtoday.com/news/lt-bags-track-contracts-worth-501-crore-for-bangalore-metro-phase-2a-2b |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=Metro Rail Today: Gateway to Rail & Metro Industry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-06 |title=Metro line to Bengaluru Airport to be ready by June 2026: D K Shivakumar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/metro-bengaluru-airport-june-2026-d-k-shivakumar8649143/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Bengaluru Airport Metro Line from KIA to Devanahalli Set for Completion by June 2026 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-airport-metro-line-from-kia-to-devanahalli-set-for-completion-by-june-2026-article-100827006 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro's ORR, Airport line to be ready by Sept 2026, will benefit IT industry hugely: BMRCL |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/sep/16/metros-orr-airport-line-to-be-ready-by-sept-2026-will-benefit-it-industry-hugely-bmrcl-2615489.html |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The New Indian Express|date=16 September 2023 }}</ref>

== Construction ==
In December 2023, BIAL invited pre-qualification bids from civil engineering firms for the construction of this metro station which will be built at-grade as part of the [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line’s]] approximately 3.6 km section within Bengaluru Airport City leading up to Terminal 2 of [[Kempegowda International Airport|Kempegowda International Airport (KIA)]]. This metro station will have a built-up area of approximate 14,000 sqm.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-24 |title=Bids Invited for Bangalore Metro Airport City Station's Construction |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2023/12/24/bids-invited-for-bangalore-metro-airport-city-stations-construction/ |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref> It is strategically positioned to enhance connectivity and is expected to significantly ease the commute for air travellers and contribute to the overall accessibility and efficiency of Bengaluru's metro system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namma Metro Blue Line set to extend till Airport City |url=https://www.constructionworld.in/transport-infrastructure/metro-rail-and-railways-infrastructure/namma-metro-blue-line-set-to-extend-till-airport-city/48671 |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=www.constructionworld.in |language=en}}</ref>

==Station Layout==
'''''Station Layout - To Be Confirmed'''''
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Airport City track layout '''''(TBC)'''''
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTfgaq!~MASKa\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\vCONTfgeq!~MASKa~~ ~~ ~~'''P#''' to {{stl|Namma Metro|KIAL Terminals}}
vCONTgfaq!~MASKa\-STRq\-STRq\-STRq\vCONTgfeq!~MASKa
\PLT-\PLT-\PLT-\~~ ~~ ~~'''P#''' to {{stl|Namma Metro|Doddajala}}
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=30 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''Platform #''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → {{stl|Namma Metro|KIAL Terminals}}
|-
|'''Platform #''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Hebbala}} ** '''Next Station:''' [[Doddajala metro station|Doddajala]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''''Note:'''''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|** '''''To be further extended to {{stl|Namma Metro|Krishnarajapura}} / {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} in the future'''''
|-
|}

==Connections==
This metro station will have connections with the "Inter-Shuttle Bus" provided by [[Kempegowda International Airport|KIA Airport]] and also with [[Kempegowda International Airport halt railway station|KIA Halt Railway Station]] for passengers and the general public who wish to travel towards the city, [[Yelahanka]], [[Yesvantpur Junction railway station|Yesvantpur Jn]] or [[Chikkaballapur]], [[Kolar railway station|Kolar]] and [[Bangarapet Junction railway station|Bangarapet Jn]].

==See also==
*[[Bangalore]]
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Karnataka]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
*[[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation]]
{{Portal bar|Bangalore|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://english.bmrc.co.in ''BMRCL English''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630181732/http://english.bmrc.co.in/ |date=30 June 2019 }} - BMRCL Official Website
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
{{Namma Metro|blue line=yes}}
__FORCETOC__

[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]
[[Category:Proposed railway stations in India]]

Sandhya Srikant Visweswariah

2026-04-14T05:52:49Z

MarvinGrenier8: Started new entry...

{{Short description|Indian scientist and academic}}
{{Infobox academic
| honorific_prefix = Prof.
| name = Sandhya Srikant Visweswariah
| honorific_suffix =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =Sandhya Srikant Visweswariah, Indian Institute of Science
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1957|03|06}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| region =
| period =
| occupation = Scientist/Academic
| title =
| boards = 
| known_for =
| spouse =
| children =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| era =
| language =
| discipline =  [[Biology]]
| sub_discipline =  [[Biochemistry]], [[Cell Biology]]
| movement = 
| religion = 
| denomination = 
| education = Ph.D.
| alma_mater =  [[Indian Institute of Science]]
| thesis_title =
| thesis_url =
| thesis_year = 1987
| school_tradition =
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students = 
| main_interests = Research on signal transduction mediated by cyclic nucleotides
| workplaces =  [[Indian Institute of Science]]
| notable_works =
| notable_ideas =
| influences = 
| influenced = 
| awards = 
| website = http://mrdg.iisc.ernet.in/sandhyav/index.htm
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sandhya Srikant Visweswariah''' is a scientist and academic at the [[Indian Institute of Science]], [[Bangalore]], India. She was the Chairperson of the Department of Developmental Biology and Genetics<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.dbg.iisc.ernet.in/ | title=Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics at IISc | access-date=2016-07-16 | archive-date=2020-01-10 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110120534/http://www.dbg.iisc.ernet.in/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> and the Co-chair of the Department of Bioengineering,<ref name="ernet.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.be.iisc.ernet.in/|title=bsse · iisc|website=www.be.iisc.ernet.in|access-date=2016-07-16|archive-date=2018-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223174040/http://be.iisc.ernet.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Indian Institute of Science]]. She additionally holds the position of Adjunct Professor, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uib.no/en/med|title=Faculty of Medicine}}</ref> [[University of Bergen]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uib.no/en/node/36362|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002101946/http://www.uib.no/en/node/36362|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 2, 2013|title=University of Bergen|website=University of Bergen}}</ref> Norway. Her research involves the investigation of the mechanism of [[signal transduction]] via [[cyclic nucleotides]], [[phosphodiesterases]] and novel [[cyclase]]s in bacteria.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mrdg.iisc.ernet.in/sandhyav/Research.htm |title=Research Activities |accessdate=2016-07-16 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322145700/http://www.mrdg.iisc.ernet.in/sandhyav/Research.htm |archivedate=2016-03-22 }}</ref> Most recently, she was awarded a [[Bill and Melinda Gates Grand Challenges]] Explorations Grant<ref name="grandchallenges.org">{{cite web|url=http://gcgh.grandchallenges.org/about|title=About Grand Challenges - Grand Challenges|website=gcgh.grandchallenges.org}}</ref> for her proposal entitled "A Small Animal Model of ETEC-Mediated Diarrhea".<ref name="award">{{cite web|url=http://gcgh.grandchallenges.org/grant/small-animal-model-etec-mediated-diarrhea|title=A Small Animal Model of ETEC-Mediated Diarrhea - Grand Challenges|website=gcgh.grandchallenges.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thelifeofscience.com/2018/09/28/sandhyas-gusto-guts-affirmative-action/|title=Sandhya's gusto for guts and affirmative action|date=2018-09-28|website=The Life of Science|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-02-16}}</ref>

==Education==
Visweswariah completed her [[Bachelor of Science]] in 1977 at [[Osmania University]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.osmania.ac.in|title=Osmania University|website=www.osmania.ac.in|access-date=2018-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516013433/http://www.osmania.ac.in/|archive-date=2014-05-16|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Hyderabad]], majoring in [[Botany]], [[Chemistry]] and [[Zoology]]. She then obtained a [[Master of Science]] degree in chemistry from the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]] in 1980. She proceeded to enrol at the [[PhD]] programme at the Department of Biochemistry,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://biochem.iisc.ernet.in|title=Department of Biochemistry|website=biochem.iisc.ernet.in}}</ref> [[Indian Institute of Science]] and was awarded her doctorate in 1987.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dbg.iisc.ernet.in/sandhyav/index.htm |title=Prof. Sandhya S. Visweswariah |accessdate=2017-11-08 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026170830/http://dbg.iisc.ernet.in/sandhyav/index.htm |archivedate=2017-10-26 }}</ref>

==Career==
Visweswariah started her career as a Post-Doctoral Fellow at Astra Research Centre, [[Bangalore]] in 1987-1988. After a year at the Astra Research Centre, she was promoted to a scientist position at the same organization, where she stayed on until 1993. In 1993, she was appointed as Assistant Professor at the Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics,<ref name="ernet.in1">{{cite web|url=http://www.mrdg.iisc.ernet.in/|title=Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics at IISc|website=www.mrdg.iisc.ernet.in|access-date=2016-07-16|archive-date=2020-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110120534/http://www.mrdg.iisc.ernet.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Indian Institute of Science]], where she has held a position since, being promoted to Associate Professor in 1995 and then to Professor in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/20556/overview|title=Loop {{!}} Sandhya Srikant Visweswariah|website=loop.frontiersin.org|access-date=2019-02-16}}</ref> She is currently the Chairperson of the Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics,<ref name="ernet.in1"/> [[Indian Institute of Science]], [[Bangalore]] and Co-chair of the Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering,<ref name="ernet.in"/> [[Indian Institute of Science]]. Over the course of 29 years as faculty at the [[Indian Institute of Science]], Visweswariah has mentored more than 30 PhD students.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dbg.iisc.ernet.in/sandhyav/Lab%20Members.htm |title=Lab Members |accessdate=2016-07-16 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817153850/http://mrdg.iisc.ernet.in/sandhyav/Lab%20Members.htm |archivedate=2016-08-17 }}</ref>

==Membership in professional bodies and editorial boards==
Visweswariah is a fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]]<ref>[http://insaindia.org.in/detail.php?id=P13-1631 Article title] {{dead link|date=March 2018}}</ref> and the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]]: Third World Organisation for women in science.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Visweswariah,_Prof._Sandhya_Srikant|title=Fellowship - Indian Academy of Sciences|website=www.ias.ac.in}}</ref> She is a life member of the Society of Biological Chemists (India),<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/sbci/ | title=SBC India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/sbci/images/LIST%20-OF%20-LIFE-MEMBERS.pdf |title=List of Life Members |website= iisc.ernet.in}}</ref> Indian Society of Cell Biology<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iscb.org.in/life_members_as_on_13072016.html |title=Indian Society of Cell Biology - Life Members |accessdate=2016-07-16 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816031954/http://www.iscb.org.in/life_members_as_on_13072016.html |archivedate=2016-08-16 }}</ref> (1995–present) and the Society of Research in Reproduction, India (1994–present). Additionally, she is a member of Guha Research Council, India (1997–present), the Alliance for Cell Signalling<ref>{{cite web|url=http://afcs.lbl.gov/|title=Test Page for the Nginx HTTP Server on Fedora|website=afcs.lbl.gov|access-date=2016-07-16|archive-date=2021-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126050438/http://afcs.lbl.gov/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (1997–present), the [[Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Structural Genomics Consortium|TB Structural Genomics Consortium]], the [[American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asbmb.org/|title=ASBMB|website=www.asbmb.org}}</ref> (ASBMB), and the [[American Society for Microbiology]] (ASM).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asm.org/ |title=Home |website=asm.org}}</ref>

She serves an Associate Editor of Frontiers in Cellular Endocrinology.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journal/all/section/cellular-endocrinology|title=Cellular Endocrinology}}</ref>

==Awards and fellowships==
* Gold Medal in Botany, B.Sc. 1978.
* Indian National Science Academy Medal for Young Scientists, 1988.<ref>[http://www.insaindia.org.in/youngmedal.php Article title] {{dead link|date=March 2018|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
* Awarded a Short-Term Associateship by the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dbt.nic.in/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-07-16 |archive-date=2016-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008173032/https://dbt.nic.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=February 2019|reason=This was the login page for a webmail server.}} for a three-month visit to [[University of Missouri]] at Columbia, United States, 1998.
* Recipient of [[Human Frontier Science Program]] (HFSP) Short Term Fellowship (2002) to visit [[University of California, Berkeley]] in the laboratory of Prof. John Kuriyan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jkweb.berkeley.edu/|title=Kuriyan Lab|website=jkweb.berkeley.edu|access-date=2016-07-16|archive-date=2022-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011161339/https://jkweb.berkeley.edu/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hfsp.org/sites/www.hfsp.org/files/webfm/Executive/Annual%20Report%2020022003.pdf |title=Annual report|date=2002 |page=63 |website=hfsp.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617093110/http://www.hfsp.org/sites/www.hfsp.org/files/webfm/Executive/Annual%20Report%2020022003.pdf |archive-date=17 June 2018}}</ref>
* Awarded the [[Central Drug Research Institute]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cdriindia.org/home.asp |title=Welcome to CDRI :::: Central Drug Research Institute |access-date=2016-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722155859/http://www.cdriindia.org/home.asp |archive-date=2016-07-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Award for Excellence in Drug Research, 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdriindia.org/Web%20Notification.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-07-16 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216194753/http://www.cdriindia.org/Web%20Notification.pdf |archivedate=2016-02-16 }}</ref>
* Recipient of YT Thathachari Award 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/IISc.-TIFR-scientists-receive-Thathachari-Award/article16014173.ece|title=IISc., TIFR scientists receive Thathachari Award|newspaper=The Hindu|date=4 April 2010|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
* Recipient of a Royal Society International Joint Project with Dr. Roger Buxton, National Institute for Medical Research, UK,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nimr.mrc.ac.uk/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709012857/http://www.nimr.mrc.ac.uk/|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 July 2011|title=MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London|date=9 July 2011}}</ref> London, 2008-2011.
* Fulbright-Nehru Senior Research Fellowship,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usief.org.in/US-Fellows-2013-2014-Fulbright-Nehru-Senior-Research-Program.aspx|title=Fulbright-Nehru Senior Research Program|website=www.usief.org.in|access-date=2016-07-16|archive-date=2020-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806203708/http://www.usief.org.in/US-Fellows-2013-2014-Fulbright-Nehru-Senior-Research-Program.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> 2011-2012,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usief.org.in/2011-2012%20Fellows/Fulbright-Nehru%20Senior%20Research%20Fellowships/Dr.Sandhya-S.-Visweswariah.html |title=USIEF |accessdate=2016-07-16 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216235252/http://www.usief.org.in/2011-2012%20Fellows/Fulbright-Nehru%20Senior%20Research%20Fellowships/Dr.Sandhya-S.-Visweswariah.html |archivedate=2011-12-16 }}</ref> spent at the lab of Dr. Sabine Ehrt,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vivo.med.cornell.edu/display/cwid-sae2004|title=Ehrt, Sabine|website=vivo.med.cornell.edu}}</ref> Weill Cornell Medical College,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://weill.cornell.edu|title=Weill Cornell Medicine|website=weill.cornell.edu}}</ref> [[New York City]], United States.
* AstraZeneca Research Chair Professor, [[Indian Institute of Science]], August 2012 – 2015.
* JC Bose Fellow,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.serb.gov.in/jcbn.php|title=Intensification of Research in High Priority Area (IRHPA): Science and Engineering Research Board, Established through an Act of Parliament: SERB Act 2008, Department of Science & Technology, Government of India|website=www.serb.gov.in}}</ref> 2013–present.
* Recipient of a [[Grand Challenges In Global Health|Bill and Melinda Gates Grand Challenges]] Explorations Grant,<ref name="grandchallenges.org"/> 2014.<ref name="award"/>
*In 2018, she became the fellow of TWAS [https://twas.org/directory/visweswariah-sandhya .]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twas.org/directory/visweswariah-sandhya|title=Visweswariah, Sandhya|website=TWAS|language=en|access-date=2019-02-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|user=iitkanpur |number=965922473182023680 |author=IIT Kanpur |title=#IITK Alumni in News #IISC #TWAS #Fellowship Prof. Sandhya S. Visweswariah (MSc2/CHM/1980), Professor and Chair of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, IISc, Bangalore, has been elected as a fellow of 'The World Academy of Sciences' (TWAS) 2018. |date=20 February 2018 |access-date=24 February 2019}}</ref>
* National Science Chair, SERB 2023–present
* Provost's Visiting Professor, Imperial College London (Sept 2023-Sept 2024)

==Publications==
Visweswariah more than 100 publications in peer-reviewed journals and 5 book chapters to her credit, with a total [[citation]] count of over 2000. The full list of publications from the Visweswariah lab can be found on [[PubMed]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=sandhya+s+visweswariah|title=sandhya s visweswariah - PubMed - NCBI|last=pubmeddev|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaalliance.org/fellowsprofile/main/publication/id/335|title=India Alliance|website=www.indiaalliance.org|language=en|access-date=2019-02-16}}</ref> and [[ResearchGate]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sandhya_Visweswariah|title=Sandhya Visweswariah - PhD - Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru - IISC - Department of Developmental Biology and Genetics|website=www.researchgate.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mrdg.iisc.ernet.in/sandhya/Publications.htm|title=Publications|website=www.dbg.iisc.ernet.in|access-date=2019-02-16|archive-date=2019-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216153220/http://www.mrdg.iisc.ernet.in/sandhya/Publications.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Visweswariah, Sandhya Srikant}}
[[Category:Indian biochemists]]
[[Category:Indian microbiologists]]
[[Category:Indian women biochemists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:Indian magazine editors]]
[[Category:Indian women microbiologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century women writers]]
[[Category:Indian women magazine editors]]

India–Kiribati relations

2026-03-31T15:17:14Z

MarvinGrenier8: created some details from scratch

{{Infobox bilateral relations|India–Kiribati|India|Kiribati|map=India_Kiribati_Locator.png}}

[[India]] and [[Kiribati]] established [[diplomatic relations]] in 1985. The High Commission of India in [[Suva|Suva, Fiji]] is concurrently accredited to Kiribati. Kiribati maintains an Honorary Consulate in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hony. Consulates in India|url=http://meaprotocol.nic.in/?a4Kiribati?New/Delhi|website=Protocol Division, Ministry of External Affairs|access-date=18 April 2017|language=en}}</ref>

India and Kiribati are both [[republics in the Commonwealth of Nations]].

== History ==

[[Diplomatic Relations|Diplomatic relations]] between India and Kiribati were established on 6 August 1985.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kiribati says Cooperation with India needs to be Consolidated|url=http://www.pina.com.fj/?p=pacnews&m=read&o=10839573055de672cd439f0f733a57|website=Pacific Islands News Association|access-date=17 April 2017}}</ref> The High Commission of India in [[Wellington]], [[New Zealand]] was concurrently accredited to Kiribati from September 1992 to October 2011, when it was transferred to the High Commission of India in Suva, Fiji.<ref name="MEA2016">{{cite web |date=15 January 2016 |title=India-Kiribati Relations |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Kiribati_15_01_2016.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713082617/http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Kiribati_15_01_2016.pdf |archive-date=13 July 2017 |access-date=18 April 2017 |website=Ministry of External Affairs}}</ref>

Kiribati has supported India's candidatures in various international organizations, and was one of 34 countries to co-sponsor the G-4 resolution on the reform of the [[United Nations]] in 2005.<ref name="MEA2016" /> Minister of Finance and Economic Development Natan Teewe and Deputy Secretary of Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Immigration Terieata Mwemwenikeaki visited [[New Delhi]] in February 2011 to attend the Ministerial Meeting on “Harnessing the positive contribution of South-South Cooperation for Development of Least Developed Countries”.<ref name="MEA2016" />

The then President of Kiribati [[Anote Tong]] attended the 12th [[Delhi Sustainable Development Summit]] (DSDS) held in New Delhi on 1–3 February 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Seychelles President on working visit to India this week|url=http://www.breakingtravelnews.com/news/article/seychelles-president-on-working-visit-to-india-this-week/|website=Breaking Travel News|access-date=17 April 2017|date=1 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Final Agenda 2012|url=http://wsds.teriin.org/2012/files/agenda.pdf|website=TERI|access-date=17 April 2017|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121021649/https://wsds.teriin.org/2012/files/agenda.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Speakers|url=http://wsds.teriin.org/2012/index.php?option=com_fabrik&view=table&tableid=2|website=TERI|access-date=17 April 2017|language=en-gb}}</ref> He visited India again on 31 January - 2 February 2013 to attend the 13th DSDS.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Upton|first1=John|title=India's Prime Minister Asks Developed Nations to Use Less Energy and Water|url=https://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/01/31/indias-prime-minister-asks-developed-nations-to-use-less-energy-and-water/|website=India Ink|access-date=17 April 2017|language=en|date=31 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tong talks sustainability in India|url=http://www.climate.gov.ki/2013/01/29/tong-talks-sustainability-in-india/|website=Kiribati Climate Change|access-date=17 April 2017|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213846/http://www.climate.gov.ki/2013/01/29/tong-talks-sustainability-in-india/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Final Agenda 2013|url=http://wsds.teriin.org/2013/pdf/DSDS2013_Tentative_Flow_of_Events_Jan10.pdf|website=TERI|access-date=17 April 2017}}</ref> Vice President [[Teima Onorio]] visited New Delhi on 23–25 October 2013 to attend the Second High Level Meeting (HLM) on South-South Cooperation for Child Rights in Asia and the Pacific.<ref>{{cite web|title=AGENDA FOR HLM2|url=http://hlmdelhi2013.org/agenda-for-hlm2/|website=2nd High Level Meeting on South-South Cooperation for Child Rights in Asia and the Pacific|access-date=17 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="MEA2016" /> The Kiribati Government's Advisor on Asia Teekoa Luta led an [[I-Kiribati]] delegation to attend the 2nd Summit of [[Forum for India–Pacific Islands Cooperation|Forum for India-Pacific Islands Cooperation]] (FIPIC) held at [[Jaipur]] on 21 August 2015.<ref name="MEA2016" />

The country is a member of the [[Pacific Islands Forum]], of which India is an official dialogue partner. Bilateral relations received a boost following the initiation of the Forum of India-Pacific Islands Cooperation by the [[Narendra Modi]] government in 2014.<ref name="JagranJosh" /> A Marshallese delegation led by Kiribati President Anote Tong attended the first India-Forum for Pacific Island Countries (FIPIC) Summit hosted in Suva, Fiji on 19 November 2014 by Prime Minister Modi.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pratibha|first1=Jyoti|title=Samoa PM Coming Here|url=http://fijisun.com.fj/2014/11/17/samoa-pm-coming-here/|website=Fiji Sun|access-date=17 April 2017|location=Suva|date=17 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="JagranJosh">{{cite web|title=Second Forum for India-Pacific Islands Cooperation (FIPIC) Summit held in Jaipur|url=http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/second-forum-for-indiapacific-islands-cooperation-fipic-summit-held-in-jaipur-1440570425-1|website=Jagran Josh|access-date=16 April 2017|date=26 January 2015}}</ref> Tong also held bilateral discussions with Prime Minister Modi.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sengupta|first1=Subhajit|title=Whatever happens in Paris we are already doomed|url=http://indiaclimatedialogue.net/2015/10/20/whatever-happens-in-paris-we-are-already-doomed/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610112901/https://indiaclimatedialogue.net/2015/10/20/whatever-happens-in-paris-we-are-already-doomed/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=June 10, 2020|website=India Climate Dialogue|access-date=17 April 2017|date=20 October 2015}}</ref>

==Trade==

[[Bilateral trade]] between India and Kiribati grew from US$260,000 in 1996–97 to $1.01 million in 2014–15. Trade declined slightly to $940,000 in 2015–16, with India making no imports from Kiribati in that financial year. In 2014–15, India exported $1 million worth of goods to Kiribati, and the sole imports from Kiribati were plastics worth $10,000. The main commodities exported by India to Kiribati are sugar and confectionery, plastics, pharmaceuticals and non-railway vehicle parts.<ref>{{cite web|title=Total Trade|url=http://commerce.gov.in/EIDB.aspx|website=Department of Commerce|access-date=17 April 2017|language=en}}</ref>

At the 2nd FIPIC Summit, Prime Minister Modi announced that a FIPIC Trade Office would be opened at the [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry|FICCI]] premises in New Delhi. The trade office, named the FIPIC Business Accelerator, was officially opened on 7 September 2015. The [[Confederation of Indian Industries]] (CII) has also established a dedicated department at its headquarters in New Delhi focusing on boosting trade with Pacific Island Countries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Page 1 of 3 INDIA - SAMOA BILATERAL RELATIONS|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Samoa_Dec_2016.pdf|website=Ministry of External Affairs|access-date=15 April 2017|date=December 2016}}</ref>

== Foreign aid ==

India donated prosthetic and orthodontic components and materials worth nearly AU$16,000 to the Tungaru Central Hospital Rehabilitation Centre in March 2006 and provided [[grant-in-aid]] of AU$137,000 to upgrade the Kiribati Government Printing Press in February 2008. Grants-in-aid of AU$316,000 was provided to procure a 500 KW generator and overhead cables in the Kirimati Island in June 2009, US$26,000 to procure a cherry picker truck and US$135,000 to renovate 3 clinics in December 2012.<ref name="MEA2016" />

India announced that it would provide a grant-in-aid of US$100,000 annually to each of the 14 Pacific Island countries, including Kiribati, at the Post Forum Dialogue partner meeting in 2006.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDg9oAkwsXAC|title=Asia in the Pacific Islands: Replacing the West|date=2007|publisher=The University of the South Pacific|isbn=9789820203884|page=275|language=en|last1=Crocombe|first1=R. G.|access-date=17 April 2017}}</ref> The amount was increased to US$125,000 annually from 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Tuvalu_2015_07_07.pdf|title=India-Tuvalu Relations|date=7 July 2015|website=Ministry of External Affairs|access-date=18 April 2017}}</ref> At the first FIPIC Summit on 19 November 2014, Prime Minister Modi announced numerous steps that India would take to improve relations with Pacific Island countries, including the [[Marshall Islands]], such as easing visa policies, increase in grant-in-aid to Pacific Island Countries to US$200,000 each annually, and several measures to boost bilateral trade and aid in the development of the Pacific Island countries.<ref name="MEA2016" />

Kiribati was one of the countries selected by the [[Government of India]] to implement its "Hole-in-Wall" computer education project under which computers will be installed for use by I-Kiribati children.<ref name="MEA2016" />

Citizens of Kiribati are eligible for scholarships under the [[Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme]] and the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]].<ref name="MEA2016" /> I-Kiribati diplomats attended a special training course for diplomats from Pacific Island Countries organized by the [[Foreign Service Institute, India|Foreign Service Institute]] and held in Fiji and [[Palau]] in May 2015.<ref name="MEA2016" /><ref name="AnnualReport2015-16">{{cite web|title=Annual Report 2015-16|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Uploads/PublicationDocs/26525_26525_External_Affairs_English_AR_2015-16_Final_compressed.pdf|website=Ministry of External Affairs|access-date=16 April 2017|location=New Delhi|date=2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{Foreign relations of Kiribati}}
{{Portal bar|Politics|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India-Kiribati relations}}
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India|Kiribati]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Kiribati]]
[[Category:India and the Commonwealth of Nations]]
[[Category:Kiribati and the Commonwealth of Nations]]

Cheraman Perumal Nayanar

2026-03-27T04:46:32Z

MarvinGrenier8:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{short description|Hindu poet and religious teacher}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Cheraman Perumal Nayanar
| image = Cheraman Perumal Nayanar (cropped).jpg
| caption = Depiction of Cherman Perumal Nayanar in the [[Brihadisvara Temple]], [[Thanjavur]]
| residence =
| religion = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Shaivism]] ([[Bhakti]])
| works = *''Ponvannattandadi''
*''Thiruvarur Mummanikkovai''
*''Adiyula'' or ''Thirukkailayajnana Ula''
| temple = [[Thiruvanchikulam Siva Temple|Thiruvanchikulam Shiva Temple]]
| background = orange
}}

'''Cheraman Perumal Nayanar''' ([[Tamil script|Tamil]]: {{lang|ta|சேரமான் பெருமாள் நாயனார்}};[[Malayalam script|Malayalam]]: {{lang|ml|ചേരമാൻ പെരുമാൾ നായനാർ}}; literally meaning "Chera king the [[Nayanars|Nayanar]]") was a [[bhakti]] poet-musician and religious teacher of the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] tradition in medieval south India, and is counted among the sixty-three revered [[nayanars]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/a-concise-history-of-south-india-9780198099772?cc=us&lang=en&|title=A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|editor-last=Karashima|editor-first=Noboru|pages=146–47|chapter=States in Deccan and Kerala|isbn=978-0-19-809977-2 }}</ref>

The Cheraman Perumal's companionship with [[Sundarar]], also known as Sundarar Moorthy Nayanar, one of the "Three Nayanars", is celebrated in the bhakti tradition.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Veluthat |first=Kesavan |url=https://publications.efeo.fr/en/livres/628_south-indian-horizons-felicitation-volume-for-francois-gros-on-the-occasion-of-his-70th-birthday |title=South Indian Horizon: Felicitation Volume for François Gros |publisher=École Française D'Extrême-Orient |year=2004 |pages=471–85 |chapter=Mahodayapuram-Kotunnallur: a Capital City as a Sacred Centre}}</ref> The legend of the Cheraman Perumal is recounted in the hagiographic work "[[Periya Puranam|Periyapuranam]]", composed in the mid-12th century AD by [[Sekkizhar|Chekkizhar]], a courtier of Chola ruler [[Kulothunga Chola II|Kulottunga II]]. This collection draws upon an earlier compilation by [[Nambiyandar Nambi]] (10th-11th centuries AD).<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Periyapuraṇam|publisher=Kovai Tamil Cankam|year=1954|editor-last=Muthaliyar|editor-first=C. K. Chuppiramaniya|location=Coimbatore}}</ref><ref name=":33">{{Cite book|last=Narayanan|first=M. G. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=perumals+of+kerala|title=Perumāḷs of Kerala|publisher=CosmoBooks|year=2013|isbn=9788188765072|location=Thrissur (Kerala)|pages=46–47|orig-date=1972}}</ref> The [[Thiruvanchikulam Siva Temple|Thiruvanchikulam Shiva Temple]] in [[Kodungallur]], on the Malabar Coast, is closely associated with both the Perumal and Sundarar Moorthy Nayanar.<ref name=":34">{{Cite book|last=Narayanan|first=M. G. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=perumals+of+kerala|title=Perumāḷs of Kerala|publisher=CosmoBooks|year=2013|isbn=9788188765072|location=Thrissur (Kerala)|pages=152–153|orig-date=1972}}</ref>

The Cheraman Perumal is credited with composing several devotional works, including the "Ponvannattandadi", a collection of hymns in praise of the Lord of [[Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram|Chidambaram]]; the "Thiruvarur Mummanikkovai", dedicated to the deity of [[Thiruvarur]]; and the "Adiyula"—also known as the "Thirukkailayajnana Ula"—the first of the ulas, in honor of [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]].<ref name=":36">{{Cite book|last=Narayanan|first=M. G. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=perumals+of+kerala|title=Perumāḷs of Kerala|publisher=CosmoBooks|year=2013|isbn=9788188765072|location=Thrissur (Kerala)|pages=382–383|orig-date=1972}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite book|last=Narayanan|first=M. G. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=perumals+of+kerala|title=Perumāḷs of Kerala|publisher=CosmoBooks|year=2013|isbn=9788188765072|location=Thrissur (Kerala)|pages=48–50|orig-date=1972}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Veluthat |first=Kesavan |url=https://publications.efeo.fr/en/livres/628_south-indian-horizons-felicitation-volume-for-francois-gros-on-the-occasion-of-his-70th-birthday |title=South Indian Horizon: Felicitation Volume for François Gros |publisher=École Française D'Extrême-Orient |year=2004 |pages=471–85 |chapter=Mahodayapuram-Kotunnallur: a Capital City as a Sacred Centre}}</ref> Historians tentatively identify the saint with [[Rajashekhara (Chera king)|Rama Rajasekhara]], the 9th century ruler of the [[Chera Perumals of Makotai|medieval Chera state]] of [[Kerala]].'''<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Veluthat|first=Kesavan|date=2017|title=The Temple and the State in Medieval South India|journal=Studies in People's History|language=|volume=4|issue=1|pages=15–23|doi=10.1177/2348448917693729|s2cid=158422635 |issn=|doi-access=free}}</ref>'''

== The legend of Cheraman Perumal ==
The legend of Cheraman Perumal Nayanar and Sundarar appears to have originated in pre-Chola times.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Ali |first=Daud |date=2017 |title=Companionship, Loyalty and Affiliation in Chola South India |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0257643016677455?journalCode=siha |journal=Studies in History |language= |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=36–60 |doi=10.1177/0257643016677455 |issn=0257-6430|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Their extant forms took shape only later, at the courts of the Chola kings, around the late 10th to 12th century AD.<ref name=":5" /> [[File:Cheraman_Perumal_Nayanar.jpg|thumb|379x379px|Depiction of "Cherman Perumal Nayanar" in [[Brihadisvara Temple]], [[Thanjavur]] (11th century fresco)]]The Cheraman Perumal (a title, meaning "the Chera ruler"), according to tradition, was born into the royal family of "Malai-nadu", whose capital was "[[Kodungallur|Kodunkolur or Makotai]] by the Ocean". When the reigning king, "Chenkor Poraiyan", abdicated the throne, his ministers persuaded the young Cheraman — also known as "Perumakkotaiyar" or "Kalarirrarivar" ("the One who knows [all] Languages"<ref name=":5" />) — to assume the responsibilities of the kingdom. At the time, the prince was meditating at [[Thiruvanchikulam Temple|Tiruvanchaikkalam]] and had to be convinced with great difficulty to accept the crown.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Ayyar |first=A. S. Ramanatha |title=Travancore Archaeological Series |publisher=Government of Travancore |year=1925 |volume=V |location=Trivandrum |pages=96–98 |chapter=Cheraman-Perumal}}</ref>

In due course, Cheraman Perumal learned of the lyricist [[Sundarar]] through a vision of the [[Nataraja]] of [[Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram|Chidambaram]]. Sundarar, a devoted follower of Lord Shiva, was singing at the Chidambaram Temple, and the king wished to meet him and pay homage.<ref name=":3" /> Accordingly, he left his capital and, after travelling through the Kongu country, eventually arrived at [[Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram|Chidambaram]]. He then continued to Tiruvarur, where he met Sundarar in person.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" />

Over time, the two became close companions and embarked on a long pilgrimage across south India. Their journey included visits to Kirvelur, Nagaikkaronam, Tirumaraikkadu, Palanam, Agastyanpalli, Kulagar-Kodikkoyil, Tirupattur, Madurai, Tiruppuvanam, Tiruvappanur, Tiruvedagam, Tirupparangunram, Kurralam, Kurumbala, Tirunelveli, Ramesvaram, Tiruchchuliyal, Kanapper, Tiruppunavayil, Patalesvaram, Tirukkandiyur, and Tiruvaiyyaru.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" />

Years later, Sundarar visited his fellow devotee, Cheraman Perumal, in Kodunkolur and remained in the city as a royal guest for some time.<ref name=":4" /> One day, messengers from Lord Shiva arrived at [[Thiruvanchikulam Temple|Tiruvanchaikkalam]] to inform Sundarar that it was time for him to return to [[Mount Kailasa]]. Sundarar ascended to Kailasa on a white elephant, with Cheraman Perumal following him on horseback.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Nayanars|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Nayanars]]
[[Category:Indian Shaivite religious leaders]]
[[Category:People from the Kodungallur Chera kingdom]]
[[Category:Kodungallur Chera kings]]
[[Category:Chera poets]]

Jijaji Chhat Per Hain

2026-03-26T12:20:01Z

MarvinGrenier8: small reworked section based on references and added references

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Jijaji Chhat Per Hain Main Title card.jpg
| caption =
| native_name =
| genre = [[Sitcom]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer = {{ubl|Manoj Santoshi|Raghuvir Shekhawat}}
| director = {{ubl|[[Shashank Bali]]|Rajan Waghdhare}}
| cinematography = Raja Stankar
| starring = [[#Cast and characters|See below]]
| creative_director = Harshada Pranav Pathak (Potnis)
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 552
| executive_producer =
| producer = {{ubl|Sanjay Kohli|Binaifer Kohli|SHIVANSH Partha Laha}}
| editor = {{ubl|Rahul H Solanki|Pravesh J Shetty}}
| camera = [[Multi-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 23 minutes
| company = Edit II Productions Laha Entertainment<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ultra.news/t-t/34929/bhabhiji-ghar-par-hain-jijaji-chhat-par-hain-edit-ii/|title=After 'Bhabhiji Ghar Par Hain', Is It 'Jijaji Chhat Par Hain' For Edit II?|date=21 November 2017|access-date=10 January 2018|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126205245/https://www.ultra.news/t-t/34929/bhabhiji-ghar-par-hain-jijaji-chhat-par-hain-edit-ii|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| network = [[SAB TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2018|1|9}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2020|2|21}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jijaji-chhat-per-hain-to-end-in-two-weeks/articleshow/74012287.cms|title='Jijaji Chhat Per Hain' to end in two weeks - Times of India|website=The Times of India|last1=Maheshwri |first1=Neha }}</ref>
| image_alt =
| related = ''[[Jijaji Chhat Parr Koii Hai]]''
| list_episodes =
}}
'''''Jijaji Chhat Per Hain''''' ({{Translation|Brother-in-law is on the terrace}}) is an Indian [[sitcom]] television series that aired from 9 January 2018 to 21 February 2020 on [[Sony SAB]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/sony-sab-tv-launch-jijaji-chhat-per-hain-week/|title=Sony SAB TV to launch 'Jijaji Chhat Per Hain' this week|website=Biz Asia|date=6 January 2018 |access-date=12 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/sony-sab-tv-axes-jijaji-chhat-per-hain/|title=Sony SAB TV axes 'Jijaji Chhat Per Hain|website=Biz Asia|date=24 January 2020 |access-date=12 January 2021}}</ref> Produced by Edit II Production, it starred [[Hiba Nawab]], [[Nikhil Khurana]] and [[Anup Upadhyay]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://newsd.in/pancham-turns-feminine-on-sony-sabs-jijaji-chhat-per-hain/|title=Pancham turns feminine on Sony SAB's Jijaji Chhat Per Hain|work=Newsd www.newsd.in|access-date=6 February 2019|language=en}}</ref> Its [[spiritual sequel]] came on [[Sony Sab]] on 8 March 2021 named ''[[Jijaji Chhat Parr Koii Hai]]'' continued with another comedy story with some horror elements, but it contain only few members from previous season and rest were new cast.

The show involves Murari, who continually tries to control his daughter, Elaichi, a street smart and free spirited girl; and Pancham, an aspiring music director, who works as a salesman in Murari's [[Lehenga]] shop, and is in love with Elaichi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tv-show-jijaji-chhat-per-hain-promises-to-be-a-laugh-riot/articleshow/62381718.cms|title=TV show Jijaji Chhat Per Hain promises to be a laugh riot|date=5 January 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
===Season 1===
Murari Lal Bansal is a lehenga shop owner in [[Chandni Chowk]], [[Delhi]] who lives with his nagging wife Karuna and a free-spirited and outspoken daughter, Elaichi. Half of the Chandni Chowk is infatuated by Elaichi but she considers them unsuitable for her. Rebellious Elaichi has several tricks up her sleeve. She continues to go to school by intentionally flunking each year in eleventh standard but passes in her fifth attempt, to twelfth standard, at the age of 21, to avoid living the grown-up life and dodging marriage. The twist in the tale comes when Murari rents out his rooftop room (barsati) to Pancham, a 24-year-old boy from [[Agra]] who aspires to be a music director. Pancham moves to Delhi with his best friend, Pintu, both of whom have limited resources to bank on. To make his ends meet, he ends up working in Murari's shop as an assistant. Since Murari is principally determined to not rent his 'barsati' to bachelors, Pancham fakes about being married and disguises Pintu, as a woman posing as his wife. However, Elaichi figures out what is going on and takes an instant liking of Pancham's mild and innocent behaviour. The story goes on from here as Pancham tries to balance his dream of becoming a music director, his work and concealing his wife's 'secret', whereas Elaichi constantly flirts with Pancham and teases him with jokes and pranks, while Murari tries to control his daughter's behaviour in the most unsuccessful ways. Elaichi tells Pancham and Pintu that she knows the truth about Pintu and that she loves Pancham. She and Pancham marry with the consent of Elaichi's grandmother, unknown to her father Murari. Elaichi, Pancham, Pintu and Sunita solve day to day problems faced by them due to Elaichi's marriage to Pancham but due to one of Elaichi's pranks, Pancham and Pintu are thrown out of the house and shop by Murari.

===Season 2===

Pancham and Pintu return, disguised as siblings Sanjana Kohli and [[Sanjeev Kohli]] respectively, to rent the house and shop on the advice of Elaichi.
Chatanki and Sanjana aka Pancham get married in a fake marriage but due to increasing problems for Elaichi and Pancham after this, Elaichi plans to run away so that Pancham and Pintu can return in their original getup. Pancham and Pintu return to the house after being forgiven by Murari but due to an electric shock Pancham loses his memory and does not recognise Elaichi as his wife. He behaves with her the same way he behaved when he came the first time in Season 1.
Elaichi tries to make Pancham fall for her again. Among the regular mischiefs of Elaichi, arrives Murari's friend Bansi's daughter Sargam who falls in love with Pancham. She offers him to make him settle in Canada and become a musician there, to which he accepts quickly. When Elaichi realises the affair between Pancham and Sargam, she makes plans to stop him from going to Canada but isn't successful.
Dejected, she goes to a neighbourhood temple to commit suicide by hitting her head on the temple bell. When Elaichi's friend Sunita informs this to Pancham, he quickly goes to the temple, trips and gets hurt by the temple bell due to which his memory comes back. Sargam makes Pancham promise her never to leave Elaichi and to be careful while fixing the electric cables.
After some days, Murari sees Pancham filling [[sindoor]] in the forehead of Elaichi. He goes to his room and gets a gun to shoot Pancham. Elaichi and her mother try to explain everything to her father. But Murari being known for his temper shoots Pancham anyway. The first shot misses. The show ends while the viewers keep guessing whether Murari shoots the second bullet or not.

==Series overview==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Season
! style="padding: 0 8px" rowspan="2" | No. of episodes
! colspan="2" | Originally broadcast (India)
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" | First aired
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Last aired
|-
|style="background:#FF0000"|
|align="center"| 1
|align="center"| 467
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2018|01|09}}
|align="center"| {{end date|df=yes|2019|10|18}}
|-
|style="background:#FF0FF0"|
|align="center"| 2
|align="center"| 85
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2019|10|28}}
|align="center"| {{end date|df=yes|2020|02|21}}
|-
|}

==Cast and characters==
===Main===

* [[Hiba Nawab]] as Elaichi Bansal Khurana aka Ellu, Murari's daughter and Pancham's wife. She is a free-spirited, stubborn yet fun-loving girl. She is a street-smart girl who loves to keep things her way. She failed in 11th standard four times and passed in her fifth attempt. Her catchphrase is "Life me tante ho rakhe hai". (2018–2020)
* [[Nikhil Khurana]] as Pancham Khurana, Elaichi's husband, a small towner from Agra, whose sole dream was to become a music director. As he continues to struggle in his music career, to make his ends meet, he starts working at Murari's shop and lives on rent in his Barsati which makes him fall directly in the purview of Elaichi's whims and pranks. (2018–2020)
* [[Anup Upadhyay]] as Murari Bansal, a Chandni Chowk lehenga shop owner and father of Elaichi. He is not only an insecure and grumpy father but is also known to be a miser. He has an old Delhi accent, is very sarcastic in nature and is mostly seen engaged in gossips with Khasote at his saloon shop. He is sometimes mean in a good way and has a characteristic snickering laughter. He constantly bullies Pancham to keep him in check and makes salary cuts every time he makes a mistake. He is shown to deeply care for Pancham like his own son. He is unaware of Elaichi's marriage to Pancham. He has a catchphrase "Baat kar ria hai bekaar ki". (2018–2020)
* Soma Rathod as Karuna Bansal, wife of Murari and mother of Elaichi. She is a typical housewife, although she might be nagging at times, she's a very dedicated and loving mother as well. She has a brother named Chatanki, whom she always helps financially even if it means stealing cash from Murari's safe. She has a hysterical laughing style which usually make others afraid. Her catchphrase is" Mere to bhaagya hi phoot gaye", and after saying that, she almost tries to weep before getting normal again. (2018–2020)
* Harveer Singh as Pintu, Pancham's best friend and Sunita's love interest, who came along with Pancham to get a job in Delhi. But, due to Murari's stipulation, most of the times he is seen dressed as Pancham's wife. He is very soft talking in nature, but abuses Pancham when no one is around. He often replies to Sunita's request of taking selfie as "Ha ha, lelo lelo". (2018–2020)
* Raashi Bawa as Sunita Bawa aka Sunnu/Selfie, Elaichi's sister like best friend and Pintu's love interest. She, along with Elaichi has failed 11th standard four times in a row but passed it in her fifth attempt along with Elaichi. She keeps taking selfies with Elaichi at every moment and calls her Ellu. Her catchphrase is "Ellu selfie!!". (2018–2020)

===Recurring===

* Firoz Khan as Chatanki, Karuna's criminal brother. He is often arrested because of his illegal activities. Murari hates Chatanki because of his antics and never spares a chance to roast him. (2018–2020)
* [[Yogesh Tripathi]] as Chhote, a local Barber who in a way is the gossip king of the Mohalla. His saloon is named "Mandakini Hair Remover Saloon" as he is a big fan of the actress. However, in between the series, Mandakini's photos on his shop are replaced with hair-styles. Murari constantly visits his saloon for Chhote's massages which are done in really extreme ways, to the point that Chhote sometimes beats Murari in rage. He is the one who indirectly triggers fights and passes on irrelevant information in the mohalla. Whenever Murari is happy, he asks him, "Sethji, bagal ke (baal) bana du?". After some time, he went to Dubai to extend his business and his brother Lotey came to his place. (2018–2019)
* Naveen Bawa as Daroga Pinky Tripathi, who loves domestic work and has a keen interest in cooking, embroidery, knitting etc. He is a lazy Police Inspector and is known to have not been able to solve a single case till date and always says his catchphrases such as "Pinkyji Pooch Rahe Hain" and "Bachpan Se Delhi Mein Reh Ria Hoon".<ref>{{cite web |date=27 December 2017 |title=Anup Upadhyay, Soma Rathod and Yogesh Tripathi joins the cast of 'Jijaji Chhath Par Hain' |url=http://cityairnews.com/content/anup-upadhyay-soma-rathod-and-yogesh-tripathi-joins-cast-‘jijaji-chhath-par-hain’ |website=Cityairnews}}</ref>
* Saheb Das Manikpuri as Mangi Lal, an honest constable who works under Daroga Pinky. He gets irritated by Pinky's activities and often hurls insults at him in fits of rage. He replies to Pinky's dialogue as "Abey Haaattt!!!". (2018–2020)
* Pallavi Koli as Pushpa, a woman constable who often don't listen to Pinky and has a crush on Mangi Lal.
* Jeetu Gupta as the Commissioner of [[Delhi Police]] Department who often scolds Daroga Pinky and praises Mangi Lal.
* Rajeev Pandey as Lotey, a local barber and brother of Chhote. He came to Chhote's saloon when Chhote went abroad. After sometime, he also went to Dubai. His and Chhote's elder brother Khasote now came from Dubai to Delhi.(2019)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/actor-rajeev-pandey-is-set-to-play-the-character-of-lotey-in-jijaji-chhat-per-hain/articleshow/68232692.cms|title=Actor Rajeev Pandey is set to play the character of Lotey in Jijaji Chhat Per Hain|date=2 March 2019|work=Times of India}}</ref>
* [[Sumit Arora]] as Khasote, a local barber and brother of Chhote and Lotey. He came to Chhote's saloon from Dubai after Lotey also went to Dubai to Chhote. He always says to Murari "Tum Gooler Khalo".(2019–2020)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sumit-arora-excited-for-jijaji-chhat-per-hain/articleshow/70770317.cms|title=Sumit Arora excited for 'Jijaji Chhat Per Hain'|date=21 August 2019|work=Times of India}}</ref>
* Saurabh Kaushik as Bijendar, a boy who worked at Murari's shop before Pancham but was later fired by Murari when he learned that he had a crush on Elaichi. Now, he works in a marriage band shop which is adjacent to Chhote's saloon. He always asks Murari "Aur...Elaichi Kaisi Hai?" at the saloon.
* Neelesh Malviya as Lalit Uncle, a boy in the mohalla who also has a crush on Elaichi. He always asks to Elaichi not to call him uncle and says "Tu uncle na bola kar, it hurts yaar". He often gets slapped by Pancham due to his silly talks in front of the latter.
* Deepak Pareek as Sohanpal Bawa, Sunita's father who has a crush on Pintu unknowing that he is a boy. He often asks Pintu to do activities that Sunita's mother used to do to him. He always says to Pintu "Dosti mein No Sorry, No Thank You".
* Ishwar Thakur as Sanju Dixit, whom had a crush on Elaichi, often comes up to Elaichi and yells "ELAICHI" in front of her to which, Elaichi replies "Saanju" in a Phirangi accent. This repeats twice before Elaichi gets irritated and scolds him and he leaves in tears.
* Vijay Kumar Singh as Dixit Ji, Sanju's father and a sweets shop owner in neighbourhood of Murari's shop.
* Rajiv Mehra as various characters including Netaji Govind Sabbarwal's assistant and Murari's friend, Bansi who lives in Canada.
* Preeti Chaudhary as Sargam, Murari's friend Bansi's daughter who got betrayed in love in Canada and comes to Murari's house in Delhi to see good relationships. She then falls in love with Pancham.
* Khushboo Kamal as Gulabia<ref>{{cite news |title=Actors are insecure |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/khushboo-kamal-actors-are-very-insecure/articleshow/76669948.cms |website=[[Times Of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Baby Farida|Farida Dadi]] as Murari's mother and Elaichi's grandmother who gets Elaichi and Pancham to get married.
* [[Upasana Singh]] as Panchami Khurana (Bebe), Pancham's mother.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/television/upasana-singh-roped-in-to-play-pancham-s-mother-in-jijaji-chhat-per-hain-1894295|title=Upasana Singh roped in to play Pancham's mother in Jijaji Chhat Per Hain|publisher=NDTV}}</ref>
* [[Mithilesh Chaturvedi]] as various characters including Lalit uncle's grandfather and Elaichi's Science teacher.
* Unknown as Vicky Uncle, a man which is very fond of sleeping in Murari's shop occasionally. Also when Murari sees him, He shoos him away saying to manage his own shop.
* Subhashis Chakraborty (Actor) as Netaji Govind Sabbarwal, an adaptation of [[Arvind Kejriwal]], a local politician of Chandni Chowk who often doesn't speak and talks by coughing at his assistant.
* Sohit Vijay Soni as various characters.

===Guests===

* [[Krushna Abhishek]]– for promotion of ''[[Marne Bhi Do Yaaron]]''.

==Production==

Speaking about the show, [[Sony SAB]] Sr EVP & Head Neeraj Vyas said, “Keeping up with our vision to provide entertaining comedies and to make India laugh, we begin 2018 with a hilarious new show, Jijaji Chhat Per Hain. This show highlights the various idiosyncrasies of our characters. The dynamic plots of the story and the playful camaraderie between the characters is sure to excite the viewers.”<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.televisionpost.com/sony-sab-to-launch-jijaji-chhat-per-hain-on-9-jan/|title=Sony SAB to launch 'Jijaji Chhat Per Hain' on 9 Jan|website=Television Post|access-date=7 January 2020|date=5 January 2018|archive-date=25 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225062402/https://www.televisionpost.com/sony-sab-to-launch-jijaji-chhat-per-hain-on-9-jan/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Casting===

[[Nikhil Khurana]] was chosen to play the titular role of Jijaji. Talking about the show he said, “It’s an amazing experience wherein I am exploring a lot of shades that might not have chartered in my earlier projects. The team and the vibe is brilliant. Everyone is playful and the captain of the ship has a vision which is very comforting to know.”<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/television/hiba-nawab-nikhil-khurana-play-leads-jijaji-chhath-per-hain-1502544697.html/amp|title=Hiba Nawab and Nikhil Khurana to play the leads in 'Jijaji Chhath Per Hain'|website=The Statesman|access-date=7 January 2020|date=14 December 2017}}</ref>

[[Hiba Nawab]] was selected to play the role of Elaichi. Talking about the show she said, “This is my second comedy show. Definitely I am excited to be a part of it because I think laughter is the best medicine. This is not something real Hiba is. This time I am trying something I have never done before, this is an overall different character.”<ref name="auto"/>

==Sequel==
A [[Horror film|horror]] [[spiritual sequel]] titled ''[[Jijaji Chhat Parr Koii Hai]]'' starring [[Hiba Nawab]] and [[Shubhashish Jha]] premiered on [[Sony SAB]] on 8 March 2021. It had completely new story without continuing the previous story, only [[Hiba Nawab]], Soma Rathod and [[Anup Upadhyay]], Rashi Bawa, Firoz were not replaced.

==Awards and nominations==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Ceremony
! Category
! Cast
! Role
! Result
! Sources
|-
|-
| 2018||[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]||Best Actor in a Supporting Role||[[Anup Upadhyay]]||Murari Bansal||{{won}}||
<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/ita-awards-2018-winners-list-surbhi-chandna-divyanka-tripathi-harshad-chopda-win-big-1407672-2018-12-12|title=ITA Awards 2018 winners list: Surbhi Chandna, Divyanka Tripathi, Harshad Chopda win big|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=26 September 2019|agency=Ist}}</ref>
|-
|2019||[[Indian Telly Awards]]||Best Actor in comic role ||[[Hiba Nawab]]||Elaichi||{{won}}
||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/indian-telly-awards-2019-winners-list-divyanka-tripathi-hina-khan-nakuul-mehta-5636869/|title=Indian Telly Awards 2019:Complete List Of Winners|website=Indian Express|date=21 March 2019}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Hindi comedy shows]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb title|7880766}}
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/details/show/5704885084001/Jijaji-Chhat-Per-Hain Jijaji Chhat Per Hain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408210105/https://www.sonyliv.com/details/show/5704885084001/Jijaji-Chhat-Per-Hain |date=8 April 2018 }} on [[SonyLIV]]
{{SAB TV Programmes}}

[[Category:Hindi comedy shows]]
[[Category:Hindi language television sitcoms]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian television sitcoms]]
[[Category:Sony SAB original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Cross-dressing in television]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series endings]]

Shravani Mela

2026-03-22T19:03:18Z

MarvinGrenier8: Started new post

{{Short description|Hindu pilgrimage and festival in India}}
{{Infobox recurring event
| logo =
| logo_size =
| image = File:Baidyanathdham.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption = Devotees at Shravani Mela in [[Deoghar]]
| native_name_lang =
| date =
| venue = [[Baidyanath Temple]]
| location = [[Deoghar]], [[Jharkhand]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|24|29|33|N|86|42|00|E||display=inline,title}}
| genre = [[Pilgrimage]]
| budget =
| patron = *[[Government of Jharkhand]]
*[[Government of Bihar]]
| organisers =
| frequency = Annually
| website =
| participants = 40 Lac+ (2024)<ref>{{Cite news |title=श्रावणी मेले में 40.70 लाख श्रद्धालुओं ने किया बाबा का जलार्पण |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/deogarh/story-deoghar-shravani-mela-2024-over-40-lakh-devotees-participate-generates-revenue-of-5-42-crore-201723664279116.html |date=2024-08-15 |work=Hindustan |access-date=2025-02-01}}</ref>
}}
{{hinduism}}

'''Shravani Mela''' is a month-long [[Hindu festival]] observed in the month of [[Shravana (month)|Shravan]] (July–August) at the [[Baidyanath Temple|Baba Baidyanath Dham]] temple in [[Deoghar]], [[Jharkhand]], India.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Month-long Shravani Mela starts in Jharkhand's Deoghar |url=https://theprint.in/india/month-long-shravani-mela-starts-in-jharkhands-deoghar/2184227/ |date=2024-07-21 |work=The Print |access-date=2025-02-01}}</ref> This festival is one of the largest religious gatherings in India, attracting millions of [[Worship|devotees]], primarily the Kanwariyas, who undertake a pilgrimage to offer holy water from the [[Ganges]] to Lord [[Shiva]].<ref name="TOI2023">{{Cite news |title=Millions of Devotees Participate in Shravani Mela |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/shravani-mela-devotees-throng-deoghar-temple/articleshow/102480389.cms |date=2023-08-05 |work=The Times of India |access-date=2024-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Deoghar Authorities Ensure Smooth Shravani Mela |url=https://www.news18.com/india/shravani-mela-deoghar-arrangements |access-date=2024-02-01|work=News18}}</ref>

== Significance ==
Shravani Mela is dedicated to Lord [[Shiva]] and is considered highly auspicious.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tales from ‘Shravani Mela'|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/travel/tales-from-shravani-mela/article29205659.ece|date=2019-08-21|work=The Hindu|access-date=2024-02-01}}</ref> The [[pilgrimage]], also known as the [[Kanwar Yatra]], involves devotees collecting water from the [[Ganges]] at [[Ajgaibinath Dham]], [[Sultanganj]] and carrying it on foot over a distance of approximately 105 km to the [[Baidyanath Temple|Baba Baidyanath temple]] in [[Deoghar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shravani Mela: Pilgrimage and Rituals |url=https://www.india.com/travel/articles/shravani-mela-pilgrimage-and-rituals/ |access-date=2024-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Month-long Shravani mela begins in Deoghar
|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2024/state-editions/month-long-shravani-mela-begins-in-deoghar.html|date=2024-07-23|access-date=2024-02-01|work=Daily Pioneer}}</ref> The journey symbolizes [[Worship|devotion]], [[penance]], and purification.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tripathi |first=R.K. |title=Sacred Journeys in Hinduism |year=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-9391125356}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Verma |first=Amit |title=Religious Gatherings and Social Harmony |journal=Indian Journal of Cultural Studies |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=87–99 |year=2020}}</ref>

== Rituals ==
* Devotees, known as Kanwariyas, wear saffron-colored clothes<ref>{{Cite news |title=Saffron tide of faithful on 110-km trek|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/saffron-tide-of-faithful-on-110-km-trek/cid/723399 |date=2004-08-30 |work=The Telegraph India |access-date=2025-02-01}}</ref> and carry the holy water in pots balanced on a decorated [[bamboo]] structure called a Kanwar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Kanwariya Tradition in India |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49120788 |work=BBC News |date=2022-07-30 |access-date=2024-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Jharkhand Government Prepares for Shravani Mela |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jharkhand-shravani-mela-preparations/article67278941.ece |work=The Hindu |date=2023-07-25 |access-date=2024-02-01}}</ref>
* The pilgrimage starts from [[Ajgaibinath Dham]], [[Sultanganj]], where the [[Ganges]] flows northward, making it sacred for collecting water.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Anita |title=Sacred Geography of Indian Pilgrimages |journal=Journal of Religious Studies |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=112–127 |year=2021}}</ref>
* The devotees walk barefoot and are not allowed to place the Kanwar on the ground during the journey.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakraborty |first=M. |title=Hindu Festivals and Pilgrimages |year=2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-8183154826}}</ref>
* Upon reaching [[Deoghar]], they perform Abhishek (ritual bathing) of the [[Shiva]] Linga at [[Baidyanath Temple|Baba Baidyanath temple]] with the sacred water.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Thousands Perform Abhishek at Baba Baidyanath Dham |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/baba-baidyanath-dham-abshishek |work=Hindustan Times |date=2023-08-10 |access-date=2024-02-01}}</ref>

== Major Attractions ==
* '''[[Baidyanath Temple|Baba Baidyanath Temple]]''' – One of the twelve [[Jyotirlingas]] of Lord [[Shiva]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=D.P. |title=Jyotirlingas of India |year=2018 |publisher=Penguin Random House |isbn=978-0143470106}}</ref>
* Shivganga Lake – A sacred pond near the temple where devotees take a dip before offering prayers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sacred Ponds in Hinduism |url=https://www.indiaheritage.org/sacred-ponds-in-hinduism/ |access-date=2024-02-01}}</ref>
* [[Ajgaibinath Dham|Baba Ajgaibinath Temple]]- The temple and place where the pilgrims collect water and thus is the start of Shravani Mela. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Brajesh |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Pilgrimage_Centres_of_India/Qqei_Wo1qXwC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=ajgaibinath+dham&pg=PA186&printsec=frontcover |title=Pilgrimage Centres of India |date=2003 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7182-185-3 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Basukinath Temple]] – A significant temple visited by [[pilgrims]] after offering prayers at [[Baidyanath Temple|Baidyanath Dham]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Basukinath Temple: A Pilgrim's Guide |url=https://www.ndtv.com/religion/basukinath-temple-history-and-significance-4283619 |work=NDTV |date=2023-08-15 |access-date=2024-02-01}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Kanwar Yatra]]
* [[Baidyanath Temple|Baba Baidyanath Temple]]
* [[Sultanganj]]

== References ==
<references />

{{HinduFestivals}}

[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Festivals in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Fairs in India]]
[[Category:Tourism in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Tourism in Bihar]]
[[Category:Religion in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Religion in Bihar]]
[[Category:Intangible Cultural Heritage of India]]

National Waterway 4

2026-03-17T10:26:25Z

MarvinGrenier8: Stub

{{Short description|Long waterway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2012}}
{{Infobox waterway
| name = National Waterway 4 (NW-4)
| image= India's_NW-4.png
| caption=
| location= [[Kakinada]], [[Chennai]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| coordinates=
| opened=
| length= 1095 km
| north_end=
| south_end=
| terminals= 15
| owner= Inland Waterways Authority of India [[Inland Waterways Authority of India|(IWAI)]]
| operator= Central Inland Water Transport Corporation [http://ciwtcltd.com/index.htm (CIWTC)]
}}
[[File:Buckingham Canal near KL University.JPG|thumb|300px|Buckingham Canal in [[Andhra Pradesh]].]]
'''National Waterway 4 (NW-4)''' is a {{convert|1095|km|mi}} long [[waterway]] in [[India]]. It has been declared as an [[Inland Waterways Authority of India#National Waterway 4|Indian National Waterway]] and is currently under development. It connects the Indian states of [[Telangana]],<ref name=Telangana>{{cite web|title=Gazette Notification of commencement, Formation of Telangana|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/158365.pdf|publisher=Government of India|access-date=27 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="nw4">{{cite news|last1=Kumar|first1=V Rishi|title=A ₹3,000-crore makeover for Buckingham Canal|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/a-3000crore-makeover-for-buckingham-canal/article8500129.ece|access-date=15 May 2017|work=The Hindu Business Line|date=20 April 2016|language=en}}</ref> [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]], and the [[union territory]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. The NW-4 runs along the [[Coromandal Coast]] through [[Kakinada]], [[Eluru]], Commanur, [[Buckingham Canal|Buckingham]] Canals and also through part of [[Krishna River|Krishna]] and [[Godavari River|Godavari]] rivers in [[South India]]. It was declared a National Waterway on 24 November 2008 under the Provisions of National Waterways Bill, 2006.<ref name="cqqwsI">{{cite web | url= http://shipping.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkfile/File337.htm | title= National waterways Declaration | author= Ministry of Shipping (Government of India) | access-date= 5 August 2010 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090619064032/http://shipping.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkfile/File337.htm | archive-date= 19 June 2009}}</ref> It is being developed by the [[Inland Waterways Authority of India]] (IWAI),<ref name="mmmloa">{{cite web | url= http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=63957 | title= Development Authority for Inland Waterways in India | author=Press Information Bureau, Government of India (2 August 2010) | access-date=5 August 2010}}</ref> and was scheduled for completion by 2013. The National Waterways Act, 2016 has extended the length of NW-4 from {{convert|1095|km|mi|abbr=on}} to {{convert|2890|km|mi|abbr=on}} by connecting the Krishna and Godavari Rivers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=171321|title = Vice President to lay foundation stone for the development of Muktyala to Vijaywada stretch of Krishna River}}</ref> The Project would be undertaken in 3 phases with first phase beginning in October, 2017 and to be completed by June, 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/wc7R9iHwZ9Ot7fLgl2k1cK/Venkaiah-Naidu-lays-foundation-stone-for-National-Waterway4.html|title=Venkaiah Naidu lays foundation stone for National Waterway-4 in Andhra Pradesh|date=4 October 2017}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:National Waterways of India.PNG|thumb|left|180px| Map showing all the National Waterways in India]]

=== National waterways in India ===
In India, the national waterways are developed by the [[Government of India|central government]] through the [[Inland Waterways Authority of India]] (IWAI) – the regulatory body for the Inland Waterways Transport (IWT) sector.<ref name="loitent">{{cite web |url=http://business.gov.in/infrastructure/inland_water.php |title=National Level Infrastructure, Maritime Transport |author=Business.Gov.in Government of India |access-date=5 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324125247/http://business.gov.in/infrastructure/inland_water.php |archive-date=24 March 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> IWAI was set up by the Inland Waterways Authority of India Act in 1985 and given responsibility of development, maintenance, and regulation of national waterways in the country. It is a statutory autonomous body for regulating and developing navigation and shipping in the inland waterways. Along with IWAI, Central Inland Water Transport Corporation (CIWTC) also supports the IWT sector through transportation of cargo via inland waterways and the operation and maintenance of the vessels and waterway terminals.<ref name="unasdfloa">{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=25954 |title=Development Authority for Inland Waterways in India |author=Press Information Bureau, Government of India (15 March 2007) |access-date=5 August 2010}}</ref> The first national waterways established in India were the NW-1,2 & 3 (est. in mid 1980s & 1993). They have a combined length of {{convert|2716|km|mi|abbr=on}}.

===Development of NW-4, 5, and 6===
As early as 1993–95, IWAI commenced studies for developing an integrated canal linking Kakinada and Chennai. The Indian government initiated the process for developing three more national waterways in 2005.<ref name="cvbwtI">{{cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/three-new-national-waterways-on-anvil/141383/ |title=Three new national waterways on anvil |date=14 July 2005 |publisher=Financial Express (14 July 2005) |access-date=5 August 2010}}</ref> In July 2006, [[T. R. Baalu]], the Minister of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways announced the proposal for development of NW-4 in the [[Lok Sabha]].<ref name="vnipI">{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=19092 |title= Development of National Waterways |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Govt of India (26 July 2006) |access-date=5 August 2010}}</ref> In addition to the three existing national waterways, the government also declared the following inland waterways as national waterways:

{|cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="float:right; border-collapse:collapse; border:2px white solid; font-size:x-small; font-family:verdana;"
|-
|style="background:#659ec7; color:black;"|<div class="center">'''Lengths of Individual Stretches (NW-4)'''</div>

{| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="background:white; border-collapse:collapse; border:1px #666633 solid; font-size:x-small; font-family:verdana;"
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Stretch !! style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Length (in km)
|-
| align=left|Kakinada canal || align="right"|50
|-
| align=left|Eluru canal || align="right"|139
|-
| align=left|Krishna River section || align="right"|157
|-
| align=left|Godavari River section || align="right"|171
|-
| align=left|Commamur canal || align="right"|113
|-
| align=left|North Buckingham canal || align="right"|316
|-
| align=left|South Buckingham canal || align="right"|110
|-
| align=left|Marakkanam-[[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]] section || align="right"|22
|-
| align=left|Total || align="right"|1,095
|}
|}

* '''NW-4''': [[Kakinada]]-[[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]] canals along with [[Godavari River|Godavari]] and [[Krishna River|Krishna]] rivers ({{convert|1095|km|mi|abbr=on}})
* '''NW-5''': East Coast Canal along with [[Brahmani River|Brahmani river]] and [[Mahanadi River Delta|Mahanadi delta]] ({{convert|623|km|mi|abbr=on}})
* '''NW-6''': [[Barak River#Barak|River Barak]] ({{convert|152|km|mi|abbr=on}})

The proposals were made into law with the passage of [[The Inland Vessels (Amendment) Bill, 2005]] in 2007.<ref name="lkasgzqqtI">{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/House-clears-Inland-Vessels-Bill/213563/| title= House clears Inland Vessels Bill |work=The Indian Express|date=31 August 2007 | access-date=5 August 2010}}</ref> In October 2008, another bill – the National waterways Bill, 2006 – was passed in Parliament. It declared the [[Kakinada]]-[[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]] stretch of canals comprising the Kakinada canal, [[Eluru]] canal, Commamur canal, [[Buckingham Canal|Buckingham canal]], the [[Kaliveli Lake|Kaluvelly tank]], [[Bhadrachalam]]- [[Rajahmundry]] stretch of rivers [[Godavari]], Wazirabad-[[Vijayawada]] stretch of [[river Krishna]] in [[Telangana]],<ref name=Telangana /> [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]], and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] as national waterways.<ref name="lbbnqtI">{{cite web |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?624175 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130131122207/http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?624175 |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 January 2013 |title=Lok Sabha passes National Waterways bills |publisher=Outlook India |date=23 October 2008 |access-date=5 August 2010 }}</ref><ref name="liqqqpodftI">{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=25953&kwd=national+waterway |title=National Waterways bills |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |date=15 March 2007 |access-date=5 August 2010}}</ref> It will take seven years and {{INRConvert|1515|c|year=2009}} for the completion of the proposed new national waterways.<ref name="IndiaWRIS-NW4">{{cite web |url=http://www.india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=National_Waterways-4 |title=National Waterways-4 |date=28 November 200 |access-date=10 August 2016 |publisher=Water Resource Information System of India }}</ref> The national waterway will be owned by [[Inland Waterways Authority of India|Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI)]] and will be operated by Central Inland Water Transport Corporation (CIWTC)

==Course==
{{National Waterway 4 (India) map}}
The National Waterway NW-4 comprises nearly {{convert|690|km|mi|abbr=on}} of [[canal]] and {{convert|328|km|mi|abbr=on}} of river sections. In turn, the river section of the NW-4 comprises two major sections:
* [[Godavari River|Godavari River section]]
* [[Krishna River|Krishna River section]].

The Godavari River section stretches from [[Bhadrachalam]], [[Telangana]] to [[Dowleiswaram]], [[Rajahmundry]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The Krishna River section stretches from Wazirabad [[Nalgonda district]], Telangana to [[Prakasam Barrage]], [[Vijayawada]], Andhra Pradesh.

The canal section of NW-4 is formed by a combination of the Kakinada canal, the [[Eluru]] canal, Commamur canal, and the [[Buckingham Canal|Buckingham canal]]. The Kakinada canal runs between [[Kakinada]] and [[Rajahmundry]] for a length of {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}}. Starting from [[Dowleiswaram]] on the left bank of the river Godavari through a head sluice and lock to Kakinada (approx. {{convert|5|km|mi|abbr=on}} downstream from Kakinada Port). The canal gets its water from the Godavari river through the [[Dowleswaram Barrage|Dowleiswaram barrage]] and thereafter connects Kakinada anchorage port. It connects the Godavari river section from [[Bhadrachalam]] to [[Rajahmundry]]. The Eluru canal comprises two distinct irrigation-cum – navigation canals, namely the Krishna Eluru canal of the eastern Krishna delta and the Godavari Eluru canal of western Godavari delta. It runs between [[Vijayawada]] to Vijjeswaram lock at [[Dowleswaram Barrage|Sir Arthur Thomas Cotton Barrage]] for a total distance of {{convert|139|km|mi|abbr=on}}. The Krishna Eluru canal takes off from the river section on the left bank of Krishna river on the upstream of Prakasam barrage through a head sluice at Vijayawada and meets Godavari Eluru canal at east [[Tammileru]] lock at [[Eluru]]. The Godavari Eluru canal takes off from the River section of river Godavari at Vijjeswaram ({{Coord|16|56|2|N|81|43|27|E}}) in Rajahmundry on the upstream of Dowleiswaram anicut through a head sluice and joins Krishna Eluru canal at East [[Tammileru]] lock. The Commamur canal runs between Vijayawada Seethanagaram lock and Peddaganjam lock for a total length of {{convert|113|km|mi|abbr=on}} It takes off from the Krishna River section in river Krishna in Vijayawada on the right side upstream off [[Prakasam Barrage|Prakasam barrage]] through a head sluice at [[Seethanagaram]] and joins the Buckingham canal at Peddaganjam Lock near [[Ongole]]. The [[Buckingham canal]] is a tidal canal stretching from Peddaganjam lock to [[Chennai]] and further down south up to [[Marakkanam]]. The stretch of the canal from Peddaganjam lock to Chennai for a length of {{convert|316|km|mi|abbr=on}} is called "North Buckingham canal" and the canal path from [[Chennai]] to [[Marakkanam]] for a total length of {{convert|110|km|mi}} is called "South Buckingham canal". It was constructed during the 19th century along the [[Coromandal Coast]]. [[Marakkanam]] is connected to the Sea ([[Bay of Bengal]]) at [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]] by the [[Kaliveli Lake|Kalluvelly tank]].

The lengths of the NW-4 in Andhra Pradesh, [[Tamil Nadu]], and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] are as follows:<ref name="ghsdapqmadtI">{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=63559 |title= National Waterways |publisher=Public Information Bureau, Government of India |date=27 July 2010 | access-date=5 August 2010}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! State !! Name of Canals and rivers !! Stretch !! Total Length
|-
| [[Andhra Pradesh]] || Kakinada Canal, Eluru Canal, Commamur Canal, Godavari River, Krishna River and North Buckingham Canal || (Peddaganjam ({{Coord|15.652681|N|80.238898|E|}}) to Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu border at [[Tada, Nellore district|Tada]]) || align="right"|{{convert|895|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu]] || North Buckingham Canal and South Buckingham Canal || (Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu border at Tada to [[Kaliveli Lake|Kalluvelly tank]] || align="right"|{{convert|210|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] || || Southern portion of [[Kaliveli Lake|Kalluvelly tank]] to [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]] link || align="right"|{{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|}

===Geographical boundaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Boundary !! Description
|-
| Northern || A perpendicular line drawn across the Kakinada Canal to Jaganadhapuram road bridge located at Kakinada at a distance of {{convert|500|m|ft|abbr=on}} downstream at {{Coord|16.941098|N|82.242576|E|}}.
|-
| Southern || Junction of East coast highway and Chinnakalwari-Kanagachettikulam road at Kanagachettikulam which is the end point of artificial canal link to Kaluvelly tank located at {{Coord|12.080047|N|79.83696|E}}.
|-
| Western (River Godavari) || Road bridge at Bhadrachalam across Godavari River at {{Coord|17.678354|N|80.880423|E}}.
|-
| Western (River Krishna) || Road bridge at Wazirabad across Krishna River at {{Coord|16.682252|N|79.657309|E}}.
|-
| Eastern (River Godavari) ||Dowleswaram Barrage (Sir Arthur Cotton barrage) across river Godavari at Dowleswaram, Rajahmundry at {{Coord|16.936301|N|81.760383|E}}
|-
| Eastern (River Krishna) ||Prakasam barrage across river Krishna at Vijayawada at {{Coord|16.50665|N|80.605291 |E}}
|}

==Development==
[[File:National waterways NW-4.JPG|thumb|right|Map of NW-4]]
The concept of National Waterways was introduced in 1982 to promote the development of inland water transport in the country. At present, out of six declared National Waterways, developmental works are being carried out on NW-1, 2, and 3 only by Inland Waterways Authority of India [[Inland Waterways Authority of India|(IWAI)]]. The first three National Waterways (NW-1, 2 & 3) are being developed for shipping and navigation by providing basic inland transport infrastructural facilities, including navigational channel with required depth and width, aids for day and night navigation, and terminals at selected locations for berthing and loading/unloading of vessels.

In NW-1 & 2, IWAI undertakes river conservatory works to provide navigational channel of {{convert|3|m|ft|abbr=on}}, {{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=on}}, and {{convert|1.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} depth in different stretches during the low water period. In NW–3, IWAI is carrying out [[dredging]] to provide a navigational depth and width of {{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=on}} and {{convert|32|m|ft|abbr=on}}, respectively. Development works are being carried out with the objective of making all three National waterways fully operational with cargo and other inland vessels by March 2012.

For National Waterways 4 and 5, IWAI initiated the proposals for development in July 2010.<ref name="mmllppoowadtI">{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=63559 |title=Development of National Waterways |publisher=Public Information Bureau, Government of India |date=27 July 2010 | access-date=5 August 2010}}</ref> Techno-economic studies for establishment of National Waterways NW-4 was done by Water And Power Consultancy Services (WAPCOS), a subsidiary of [[Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation|Ministry of Water Resources]]

The completion period for NW-4 was estimated at seven years by [[Detailed Project Report]] prepared by WAPCOS, which is contrary to that of 2002 estimates which indicated five years as completion period. {{convert|1707|ha|acres|adj=on}} of land are required for NW-4 construction;<ref name="liqqqpodftI" /><ref name="IndiaWRIS-NW4" /> {{convert|300|ha|acres|abbr=on}}, {{convert|1380|ha|acres|abbr=on}}, and {{convert|27|ha|acres|abbr=on}} land has to be acquired in the states of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Puducherry respectively.

==Traffic==
[[A. F. Ferguson & Co.|A. F. Ferguson]] was appointed by WAPCOS for conducting traffic studies for proposed waterway in 2005–06.

===Current traffic===
There is no significant traffic in the waterway except for movement of country boats which carry local produce. The main reason for lack of [[Inland water navigation in India|IWT]] movement is the absence of other infrastructure facilities and coordinated effort for improvements.

===Potential traffic===


NW-4 has been divided into four major cargo belts, namely [[Kakinada]] belt, [[krishna River|Krishna]] belt, South [[Andhra Pradesh]] belt, and [[Chennai]] belt. Based on the survey conducted by WAPCOS, the 11 million tonnes of cargo is expected to be transported through NW-4 every year. Types of cargo include [[coal]], [[rice]], [[Food grain|foodgrains]], [[cement]], [[fertilisers]], forest products, [[salt]], and other [[bulk cargo]].<ref name="kfdhgsfsdfk">{{cite web|url=http://iwai.nic.in/Executivesummary_-April_2010nw4.pdf|title=Detailed Project Report by WAPCOS|author=WAPCOS, Ministry of Water Resources|access-date=5 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206171519/http://iwai.nic.in/Executivesummary_-April_2010nw4.pdf|archive-date=6 December 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Godavari River system flows through the [[Bhadrachalam]] forests and [[coal]] deposits. The [[Krishna River]] flows through [[limestone]] deposits and [[cement]] industries at [[Jaggayyapeta]].

=== Krishna River (Wazirabad – Vijayawada) ===
[[Guntur]] has abundant resources of limestone which are of use in cement and steel industries. Main consumers of limestone are nearby situated [[cement]] and [[steel]] industries like [[Associated Cement Companies|ACC]], Andhra Cement, Parthasarathy Cements & Industries Ltd and Gauthami Cements as well as Visakhapatnam Steel Plant.

=== Godavari River (Bhadrachalam – Rajahmundry) ===
The [[coal]] is a substantially available commodity in this stretch due to its nearness to Singareni Collieries [[Singareni Collieries Company Ltd|(SCCL)]] mines. Coal fields are located in [[Kothagudem]], [[Manuguru]] and [[Yellandu]]. [[Rice]] has a huge traffic potential in this downstream route up to [[Rajahmundry]]. In the upstream direction, traffic potential will be gained by transportation of forest products, [[wood pulp]] to [[Bhadrachalam]] where major [[paper mills]] like [https://web.archive.org/web/20080512082204/http://www.itcpspd.com/ ITC Bhadrachalam] and Andhra Pradesh paper mills [http://www.andhrapaper.com/ (APPML)] are located. Apart from this, many small paper mills are located in the [[East Godavari district|East]] and [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]] districts.

===Kakinada Canal===
Main cargo to be transported in downstream direction from [[kakinada]] to [[rajahmundry]] are [[coal]], [[fertilizer]], [[salt]] and [[Rock phosphate|rock Phosphate]]. In the upstream direction, rice bran extractions, [[Clinker (cement)|cement clinker]] and [[fertilizers]] will be the main cargos for transportation.

=== Eluru Canal ===
Rice and other food grains, rice bran extractions, [[coal]], [[fertilizer]] and other general cargo are the substantive commodities which can boost the IWT in this stretch.

=== Commanur Canal ===
The stretch from [[Vijayawada]] to Peddaganjam ([[Ongole]]) is a vital trade link connecting Kakinada belt with south [[Andhra Pradesh|A.P]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. The major towns in the vicinity capable of promoting IWT are [[Vijayawada]], [[Guntur]] [[Tenali]] and [[Ongole]]. Main traffic in the downward direction are rice and food grains. Forest products will form traffic in the upstream direction.

=== North Buckingham Canal ===
The canal can form significant traffic because of salt pans located all along the canal stretch. Rice, food grains, [[fertilizers]], [[chili pepper]]s, [[tobacco]], [[fish]], [[granite]] and [[vegetables]] in the downstream direction from Peddaganjam to [[Chennai]]. In the upstream direction from [[Chennai]] to Peddaganjam, the main traffic consists of fertilizers from Madras Fertilisers [http://madrasfert.nic.in/ (MFL)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007045753/http://madrasfert.nic.in/ |date=7 October 2011 }} plant located at [[Ennore]] and [[salt]] from [[Chennai]].

=== South Buckingham Canal and Kaluvelly Tank ===
The canal stretch from [[Basin Bridge|Basin bridge]] up to [[Marakkanam]] can constitute significant traffic of salt and marine products because of [[Dry lake|salt pans]] and [[aquaculture]] [[shrimp farms]] all along the route. In the upstream direction from [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]] via [[Marakkanam]] to [[Chennai]], the main traffic consists of salt, fertilizers and timber from [[Marakkanam]], [[Thiruvallur]], [[Kanchipuram]], [[Villupuram]] and Pondicherry.

==NW-4 as Natural Barrier==

The stretch of [[Buckingham Canal]] saved thousands of lives in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu along the [[Coromandal Coast|coromandal coast]] from [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|tsunami]] waves, that occurred on 26 December 2004. Dr. B. Ramalingeswara Rao of National Geophysical Research Institute [[National Geophysical Research Institute|(NGRI)]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] reports that the Buckingham Canal acted as a [[buffer zone]] and regulated the tsunami waves on the coastal region over {{convert|310|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Pedda Ganjam to [[Chennai]]. The tsunami waves drifted away towards the existing low-lying [[Creek (tidal)|creeks]] at several places.<ref name="wwepoer">{{cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/jul102005/12.pdf |title=CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 89, NO. 1 |publisher=Indian Academy of Science |date=10 July 2005 |access-date=5 August 2010}}</ref><ref name="bnrtasjk">{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/seta/2005/08/11/stories/2005081100171500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714133808/http://www.hinduonnet.com/seta/2005/08/11/stories/2005081100171500.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=14 July 2007 |title=Buckingham canal buffered tsunami fury |work=The Hindu|date=11 August 2005 | access-date=5 August 2010}}</ref>

The canal from [[Chennai]] ([[Marakkanam]]) to Durga Raya Patnam near [[Nellore]] and then to Pedda Ganjam, all along the east coast was filled with tsunami water, which overflowed at a few places and receded back to sea within 10–15 minutes. This saved the lives of several fishermen, especially in coastal Andhra Pradesh and parts of Chennai city.

==Cost==
The cost for developing a waterway in India is approximately {{INRConvert|0.5|c}} per [[Kilometre|km]], whereas developing a railway or roadway costs around {{INRConvert|4|c}} – {{INRConvert|6|c}} per km.<ref name="uifjksapqwasjk">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/04/04/stories/2005040400270600.htm |title=Buckingham canal buffered tsunami fury |author=Mr K. Shankar Narayanan, chairman, Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) |publisher=Business Line |date=4 April 2004 | access-date=5 August 2010}}</ref> As per estimates drawn by consultants [[RITES|M/s RITES]] in 2002, the project will cost {{INRConvert|542|c|year=2002}} and facilitate movement of 100 [[tonne]] vessels in the irrigation canal portion and 350 [[tonne]] in the rivers and Buckingham canal portion.

The cost was re-estimated by WAPCOS in 2009 to {{INRConvert|1515|c|year=2009}}, which involves two phase development of the project.<ref name="IndiaWRIS-NW4" /> Phase one of the project envisages development of a stretch comprising Godavari and Krishna rivers, and Kakinada and Eluru canals, which has maximum cargo potential, at an estimated cost of {{INRConvert|390|c|year=2009}} and land acquisition for remaining stretch at an estimated cost of {{INRConvert|219|c|year=2009}}. Phase two of the project involves development of North and South Buckingham Canal, Commamur canal, and Kaluvelly Tank at an estimated cost of {{INRConvert|906|c|year=2009}}.

In the [[Tenth Five-Year Plan (India)|Tenth Five-Year Plan]], [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]] has increased the budgetary provision for the development of inland water transport infrastructure to {{INRConvert|636.73|c|}}, against {{INRConvert|150|c|}} in the [[Ninth Five-Year Plan (India)|Ninth Five-Year Plan]].<ref name="bnrwertiu">{{cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe_archive_full_story.php?content_id=158269 |title= Budgetary provision for National waterways |publisher=Financial Express |date=19 March 2007 |access-date=5 August 2010}}</ref>

For the year 2009–2010, the government has released the following funds through [[Ministry of Shipping (India)|Ministry of Shipping]] for development of IWT.<ref name="cvbntiu">{{cite web |url=http://shipping.gov.in/writereaddata/linkimages/outcome%20bgt71947725.pdf |title=Ministry of Shipping Budget for the year 2009–2010 |publisher=Ministry of Shipping, Government of India |access-date=5 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227101821/http://shipping.gov.in/writereaddata/linkimages/outcome%20bgt71947725.pdf |archive-date=27 December 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

* {{INRConvert|62.68|c|}} as a grant to IWAI for development and maintenance of National Waterways (NW 1,2,3,4 & 5).And also for undertaking projects related to IWT promotion, training, IT activities etc.
* {{INRConvert|1|c|}} has been released for Technical Studies and [[R&D]] activities.
* {{INRConvert|1|c|}} has been released for Inland Vessel Building Subsidy Scheme.
* {{INRConvert|1|c|}} has been released for Central Sector Schemes for IWT Development in [[Northeast India|North Eastern Region]].

==Delay in the project==

Common factors attributable for delay in development of IWT are lack of infrastructure, absence of fixed scheduled services, poor navigational aids, lack of connectivity, longer river distances, multiple handling, and limited flow of private investments. The [[Eleventh Five-Year Plan (India)|Eleventh Five-Year Plan]] envisaged development of six national inland waterways. Although the government demarcated five such National Waterways, the [[Ministry of Shipping (India)|shipping ministry]] is unable to start the work on developing two of them (NW-4 & NW-5), as [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]] has not approved the development plans until now. Ministry of Shipping awaits the sum of {{INRConvert|500|c}} that it needs to carry out the development works. As a result of the delay in getting the Planning Commission approval and the funds, the ministry has suspended the plans for developing the sixth national inland waterway.<ref name="ewrtytuu">{{cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/inland-waterway-projects-hang-fire-as-plan-panel-delays-nod/613148/ |title=Inland waterway projects hang fire as Plan panel delays nod |publisher=Financial Express |date=30 April 2010 |access-date=5 August 2010}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[National Waterway 2 (India)]]
* [[National Waterway 3 (India)]]
* [[Inland Waterways Authority of India]]
* [[Inland waterways of India]]
* [[The Inland Vessels (Amendment) Act, 2007]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Waterways Network}}

[[Category:Waterways in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Transport in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Transport in Kakinada]]

Punjab Urban Planning and Development Authority

2026-03-06T14:35:00Z

MarvinGrenier8: brief reworked formatting per sources and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}

The '''Punjab Urban Planning and Development Authority''' is a [[government agency]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-13 |title=Punjab Urban Planning and Development Authority official Davinder Kumar nabbed accepting Rs 1 lakh bribe |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/punjab-urban-planning-and-development-authority-official-davinder-kumar-nabbed-accepting-1-lakh-bribe/articleshow/90814151.cms |access-date=2026-03-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

It is a statutory body set up on 1 July 1995 under the Punjab Regional and Town Planning and Development Act, 1995, an enactment of the State Legislature of Punjab. PUDA is an apex body, responsible for the planning and development of urban and sub-urban areas in the whole State.

Then, Sh. Som Parkash IAS was posted as Chief Administrator PUDA, the post he previously held from April 2006 to April 2007 during Congress Regime. In March 2009 he decided to resign from IAS to contest the Parliamentary Elections From Hoshiarpur on the ticket of BJP, which he lost by narrow margin.

In 2015, the housing department proposed to merge the Punjab Urban Planning and Development Authority (PUDA) but it was not implemented.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chief Secretary replaces CM as their head, but Punjab development bodies enjoy poor fiscal health |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/simply-punjab/chief-secretary-replaces-cm-as-their-head-but-punjab-development-bodies-enjoy-poor-fiscal-health/ |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

== Headquarters ==
The iconic PUDA Bhawan-official headquarters of the Punjab Urban Planning and Development Authority, initiated by KBS Sidhu, an IAS officer, signifies the towering role of PUDA vis-a-vis Mohali.

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
* [https://puda.gov.in/ PUDA] – official website

{{DEFAULTSORT:Punjab Urban Planning And Development Authority}}
[[Category:State agencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Urban development authorities in India]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

Bommalattam

2026-03-05T15:10:27Z

MarvinGrenier8: Adding a stub.

{{Short description|Puppet art form of Tamil Nadu}}
{{About|the art form}}
{{Infobox dance
| name = Bommalattam
| image = Tamil nadu, burattini del bommalattam.jpg
| alt =
| caption = [[Marionette|Doll marionette]]s used in Bommalattam
| native_name =
| etymology = Portmanteau of the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] words ''bommai'' (doll marionette), and ''attam'' (dance)
| genre = [[Puppetry]]
| signature =
| instruments =
| inventor =
| year =
| origin = [[Tamil Nadu]], India
}}
'''Bommalattam''' is a type of [[puppetry]] using inanimate objects from [[Tamil Nadu]]. While the origin of the art is uncertain, it has existed as an art form for years. It uses various [[Marionette|doll marionette]]s, manipulated by rods and strings by puppeteers behind a screen, lighted by traditional lamps. It is usually accompanied by music and story telling.

== Background and history ==
Bommalattam is a type of [[puppetry]], that originated in the region.<ref name="Lal">{{cite book|title=Theatres of India: A Concise Companion|year=2009|page=388|isbn=978-0-195-69917-3|publisher=Oxford University Press|first=Ananda|last=Lal}}</ref> While the origin of the art is uncertain, it has existed as an art form for years.<ref name="Bom">{{cite book|title=The Cambridge Guide to Asian Theatre|year=1997|isbn=978-0-521-58822-5|page=84|publisher=Cambridge University Press|first1=James|last1=Brandon|first2=Martin|last2=Banham}}</ref>

== Setup ==
It uses various [[Marionette|doll marionette]]s which are {{cvt|1-3|ft|abbr=on}} tall and may weigh up to {{cvt|10|kg|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Rout">{{cite book|title=Routledge Handbook of Asian Theatre|year=2016|isbn=978-1-317-27886-3|publisher=Taylor & Francis|first=Siyuan|last=Liu|page=182}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Sangeet Natak|volume=38|year=2004|publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi|page=98}}</ref> The puppets are manipulated by rods and strings attached to the heads, back, arms and legs.<ref name="Bom"/> The puppets are made of lightweight [[wood]] and are dressed in crafted [[costume]]s bulked up by [[paper]] stuffings to give a more rounded appearance.<ref name="Bom"/> The puppets are carefully crafted with prominent jewellery so that the edges are visible in the shadows.<ref name="Bom"/> Puppeteers stand overhead in an area {{cvt|4|ft|abbr=on}} high and {{cvt|11|ft|abbr=on}} wide.<ref name="Bom"/>

The puppet staging area is created by stretching a black cloth over a bench and the puppets are operated behind a white screen illuminated by a [[lantern]] or [[oil lamp]]s.<ref name="Bom"/> The audience are seated in front of the screen with the screen literally separating the performers and audience, who are able to view the shadows of the puppets which are operated by the puppeteers.<ref name="Lal"/> The puppeteers wear [[bell]]s which are sounded along with the movements with background music played by traditional instruments such as [[cymbal]]s, [[harmonium]] and [[mridangam]].<ref name="Bom"/>

== Operation ==
The puppeteer operate the puppets by holding a ring or rod with strings attached and using movements from hands and arms to control the devices such as the rods and strings.<ref name="Bom"/><ref name="Rout"/> The puppeteer might engage in narration of the stories while dancing the puppets.<ref name="Bom"/> The puppeteers may engage in actions corresponding to the music and might sometimes follow the dance patterns of classical [[Bharatanatyam]].<ref name="Rout"/>

== Usage ==
The themes are drawn from various Hindu scriptures such as the [[Puranas]] and [[Indian epic poetry|epics]] and/with local [[Folklore of India|folklore]].<ref name="Bom"/> The puppet shows are held during festivals and fairs, commonly in villages. The puppet shows are also part of rituals conducted to ward of evil forces, prevent [[epidemic]]s and end [[drought]]s by invoking rain.<ref name="Bom"/> Bommalattam is usually followed as a family tradition with all members of the family engaged in making the puppets, maintaining them and performing.<ref name="Lal"/> ''Pava Koothu'' is a variation of puppetry which uses handheld glove puppets.<ref name="Rout"/>

== In popular culture ==
There have been multiple films of the name:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0290478/|title=Bommalattam (1968)|publisher=IMDB|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8929664/|title=Bommalattam (2008)|publisher=IMDB|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
* [[Bommalattam (1968 film)|''Bommalattam'' (1968)]]
* [[Final Cut of Director|''Bommalattam'' (2008)]]
* [[Bommalattam (TV series)|''Bommalattam'' (TV series)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Dance in India}}

[[Category:Tamil dance styles]]
[[Category:Tamil culture]]
[[Category:Hindu traditions]]
[[Category:Hindu art]]

Raraju (1984 film)

2026-03-03T20:16:02Z

MarvinGrenier8: done

{{for|the 2006 film|Raraju (2006 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raraju
| image =
| writer =
| starring = [[Krishnam Raju]] [[Vijayashanti]] [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
| director = G. Rammohan Rao
| producer = Vadde Sobhanadri
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music = [[J. V. Raghavulu]]
| country = India
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1984}}
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}
'''''Raraju''''' is a 1984 [[Telugu film|Telugu]] action film directed by G. Rammohan Rao and produced by Vadde Sobhanadri. The film stars [[Krishnam Raju]], [[Vijayashanti]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]], [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], [[Jaggayya]] and [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] in the lead roles.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raraju |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/raraju/cast/2000314162/ |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en}}</ref> The film has music composed by [[J. V. Raghavulu]].

== Plot ==
This is the story of Raraju, an orphan, grows up in a forest. He grows up with local tribes and becomes their leader. A mafia Mastan Rao smuggles the woods and blames to the tribal. Raraju fights for the life and safety of the tribal against Mastan Rao.<ref name=":0" />

==Cast==
*[[Krishnam Raju]] as Raraju<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Tollywood |date=2022-09-13 |title=The Real Rebel Star Krishnam Raju Journey |url=https://www.tollywood.net/the-real-rebel-star-krishnam-raju-journey/ |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=Tollywood |language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Vijayashanti]]
*[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] as Parvati
*[[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as Venu
*Siva Krishna as Krishna Moorti
*[[Jaggayya]] as Ravindra
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] as Mastan Rao
*[[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] as Kalyani
*[[Prabhakar Reddy]] as Parvati's father
*[[Mucherla Aruna]] as Jyoti
*[[Giri Babu]] as Mastan Rao's henchman
*[[Nutan Prasad]] as Patrudu
*[[Sri Lakshmi (actress)|Sri Lakshmi]] as Fakiramma
*[[Raavi Kondala Rao]]
*[[Silk Smitha]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:1984 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Films scored by J. V. Raghavulu]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:Films set in forests]]
[[Category:1984 action films]]

{{1980s-Telugu-film-stub}}

That Girl in Yellow Boots

2026-03-02T09:57:15Z

MarvinGrenier8: brief fixed article as per guidelines additionally and added references

{{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = That Girl in Yellow Boots
| image = That Girl in Yellow Boots.jpg
| director = [[Anurag Kashyap]]
| producer = Anurag Kashyap [[Guneet Monga]] [[Shibani Keshkamat Tait]]
| writer = Anurag Kashyap [[Kalki Koechlin]]
| starring = Kalki Koechlin [[Naseeruddin Shah]]
| music = Naren Chandavarkar [[Benedict Taylor (musician)|Benedict Taylor]]
| cinematography = [[Rajeev Ravi]]
| editing = Shweta Venkat Matthew
| studio = [[Viacom18 Motion Pictures]]<ref name=via18>{{cite web|title='That Girl in Yellow Boots' my first worldwide release: Anurag Kashyap|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 August 2011|access-date=21 July 2022|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/that-girl-in-yellow-boots-my-first-worldwide-release-anurag-kashyap/articleshow/9540717.cms}}</ref> [[Sikhya Entertainment]] [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]]<ref>{{cite web|title=That Girl in the Yellow Boots (2011) - Financial Information|work=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]]|access-date=26 March 2021|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/That-Girl-in-the-Yellow-Boots#tab=summary}}</ref>
| distributor = Viacom18 Motion Pictures<ref name=via18 />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|9||[[Toronto International Film Festival|Toronto]]|2011|9|2|India}}
| runtime = 99 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''That Girl in Yellow Boots''''' is a 2010 Indian [[thriller film]] directed by [[Anurag Kashyap]] and co-written by [[Kalki Koechlin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmicafe.com/movie_page.php?movie_id=1408&value=synopsis|title=That Girl in Yellow Boots: Complete cast and crew details|publisher=Filmicafe Media Inc|accessdate=6 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921071729/http://www.filmicafe.com/movie_page.php?movie_id=1408&value=synopsis|archive-date=21 September 2010|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It stars Kalki Koechlin, [[Naseeruddin Shah]] and [[Gulshan Devaiah|Gulshan Devaiya]]. The film tells the story of Ruth, a British [[Expatriate|expat]], who has come to India to find her [[Family estrangement|estranged]] dad.

The film was first screened at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/marissa-bronfman/that-girl-in-yellow-boots_b_732222.html |title=That Girl In Yellow Boots Breaks Ground For Indian Cinema at TIFF |date=20 September 2010 |publisher=[[Huffington Post]]}}</ref> in September 2010, and later at the [[Venice Film Festival]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kalki-starrer-that-girl-in-yellow-boots-to-be-screened-at-venice-film-festival/ |title=Kalki starrer That Girl In Yellow Boots to be screened at Venice Film Festival |date=31 July 2010 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2010/film/markets-festivals/that-girl-in-yellow-boots-1117943541/ |title=That Girl in Yellow Boots - Jay Weissberg |date=13 September 2010 |publisher=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> and the South Asian International Film Festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/that-girl-to-open-south-asian-film-fest/story-6odf8LFsCws6mdFxd4UHUN.html |title=That Girl in Yellow Boots to open South Asian film fest |date=11 October 2010 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> It was commercially released the next year on September, 2011, in India and the U.S.<ref name="variety" />

==Plot==
Ruth Edscer ([[Kalki Koechlin]]), a British-Indian woman, arrives in [[Mumbai]] searching for her father, Arjun Patel, who had abandoned her family when she was a kid. Except for a letter that he had once sent, she has no official documents of his existence. She visits government offices in an attempt to track him down but encounters bureaucratic hurdle and dead ends. With limited money, she takes a job at a massage parlour where she secretly offers illicit services to male clients willing to pay extra.

Ruth is in a volatile relationship with Prashant, a drug addict who frequently manipulates her for money. He owes a large sum to a local gangster named Chittiappa, who soon takes an interest in Ruth. Chittiappa pressures her to help cover Prashant’s debt and begins to assert control over her, pretending to be a protector while making unwanted advances. Meanwhile, Ruth continues her search for Arjun, visiting hospitals, churches, and neighbourhoods where he might have lived, but she finds no clear answers.

One day, she receives a promising lead that directs her to an address where a man named Arjun Patel resides. She arrives and meets an older man who reacts strangely upon seeing her. She explains who she is and why she has been looking for him. At first, he refuses to acknowledge her, but as the conversation continues, he confirms that he is indeed her father. However, he remains distant and does not offer her any explanation for his disappearance.

As their discussion unfolds, Ruth learns that Arjun had sexually abused her elder sister years ago (having only married her mother to get close to her). Her sister later died by suicide after becoming pregnant. Confronted with this information, Ruth listens as he offers no denial or justification. He does not express regret, nor does he attempt to reconcile with her.

Ruth leaves his house and returns to her life in Mumbai. She continues working at the massage parlour, but something inside her has shifted. Prashant tries to reestablish control over her, but she rejects him. When Chittiappa contacts her again, she refuses to engage. The film ends with Ruth despondently returning to Britain and alone in the city, moving forward without any clear resolution but with the knowledge of the truth she went searching for.

==Cast==
* [[Kalki Koechlin]] as Ruth
* [[Naseeruddin Shah]] as Diwakar
* [[Gulshan Devaiya]] as Chittiappa
* [[Shiv Kumar Subramaniam]] as Peter
* [[Mushtaq Khan]]
* [[Ronit Roy]] (Cameo)
* [[Makrand Deshpande]] (Cameo)
* [[Piyush Mishra]] (Cameo)
* [[Rajat Kapoor]] (Cameo)
* Divya Jagdal as Divya
* [[Kumud Mishra]] as Lynn
* Prashant Prakash as Prashant
* Pooja Swaroop as Maya
* Kartik Krishnan

==Production==

===Development===
Lead actress [[Kalki Koechlin]] who also co-wrote the film with Anurag Kashyap mentioned, "A lot of these characters were based loosely on figures that I had seen growing up in India ...Growing up as a white-skinned woman in India, I was always the odd one out – there was a certain alienation that came with that, and you end up alienating yourself because everyone comes to you like the white girl, the easy, "[[Baywatch]]," loose-moraled white girl."<ref name=huff/>

Kashyap asked Koechlin to write the first scene, to get a female perspective on the treatment of white women at Indian government offices as she personally experienced the objectification.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kalki steps into Anurag's 'boots' |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-26/news-interviews/29927420_1_yellow-boots-kalki-devd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923132555/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-26/news-interviews/29927420_1_yellow-boots-kalki-devd |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 September 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 August 2011 }}</ref> He also wanted to explore the theme of child abuse; he had previously played the role of child abuser in ''[[I Am (2010 Indian film)|I Am]]'' (2010) by [[Onir]], and he himself had been a victim of child abuse for 11 years.<ref name=huff/><ref>{{cite news |title=Anurag feels child abuse pain|author=Subhash K Jha|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-11/news-interviews/28091345_1_child-abuser-anurag-kashyap-kalki-koechlin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923132543/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-11/news-interviews/28091345_1_child-abuser-anurag-kashyap-kalki-koechlin |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 September 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date= 11 November 2009 }}</ref> At the writing stage Koechlin and Kashyap disagreed on the ending initially, as Koechlin wanted an optimistic ending, unlike Kashyap who wanted to portray that "...you don't always get solutions to your problems".<ref>{{cite news|title=When Kalki disagreed with Anurag|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=ENTEN20110182891&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=129472|publisher=[[NDTV]] Movies|date=27 August 2011|access-date=28 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924153123/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=ENTEN20110182891&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=129472|archive-date=24 September 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The film had difficulty finding funding because it dealt with controversial themes like child abuse and drug addiction and "differed so vastly from his previous work". As Kashyap put it, "I wanted to break the formula that many directors and actors find themselves in."<ref name=huff/>

===Filming===
The film was shot in just 13 days. It was primarily framed in tight spaces, like apartments, massage parlours, and rickshaws leading to a "claustrophobic sense of unease that permeates the entire film".<ref name=huff/> Many of the cast members had previously worked together in theatre productions; this familiarity allowed the director to shoot the film in a shorter period of time. He admitted that he never "directed" any of the actors during the filming, saying "I've never told any actor what to do, only what not to do. You have to trust your actors, and I know mine inside and out."<ref name=huff/> He found the entire filming emotionally draining and tough, especially because it was made mostly on borrowed money.<ref name=toinewy/>

==Release==
After travelling to [[2010 Toronto International Film Festival]], [[67th Venice International Film Festival]] in September 2010 and International Film Festival of Los Angeles (IFFLA),<ref>{{cite news |title='That Girl in Yellow Boots' first look revealed| url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/aug/120811-That-Girl-In-Yellow-Boots-first-look-revealed.htm |publisher=[[MiD DAY]] |date=12 August 2011}}</ref> at its New York premiere on 24 August 2011, at the [[Asia Society]], director Anurag Kashyap said, "I hope you feel the film, because you will not enjoy it."<ref name=huff>{{cite web |title=Anurag Kashyap's 'That Girl in Yellow Boots': A Must-See Film You'll Wish You Could Forget|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/26/anurag-kashyap-that-girl-in-yellow-boots_n_937445.html |date= 26 August 2011 |work=[[The Huffington Post]] }}</ref><ref name=toinewy>{{cite news |title='That Girl in Yellow Boots' to premiere in New York|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-23/news-interviews/29918165_1_girl-in-yellow-boots-kalki-koechlin-premiere |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 August 2011 }}{{dead link|date=October 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The film's commercial release, however, took over a year as it was delayed to coincide with its US release to avoid internet piracy.<ref>{{cite news |title=That Girl in Yellow Boots to release, finally|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/That-Girl-In-Yellow-Boots-to-release-finally/Article1-729722.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806030119/http://www.hindustantimes.com/That-Girl-In-Yellow-Boots-to-release-finally/Article1-729722.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 August 2011 |work=Hindustan Times |date=5 August 2011}}</ref> Indian distributors were not keen on the film, as without big Bollywood stars they did not find it viable for an international release; they mainly cater to an NRI ([[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Non-resident Indian]]) audience. Finally US based-distributor [[IndiePix Films]] came on board for paving the way for a US release with 30 prints, all in non-NRI theatres, a rare feat for a Bollywood film. Meanwhile, the film was also sold in Scandinavian countries, Turkey, Southern Europe, and New Zealand. Its satellite rights were sold in many countries.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Girl in Yellow Boots goes to US |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/The-Girl-In-Yellow-Boots-goes-to-US/articleshow/9525676.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106055926/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-08/news-interviews/29863895_1_satellite-rights-distributors-film |url-status=live |archive-date=6 November 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 August 2011 }}</ref> The film thus became Kashyap's first worldwide release, as it was released in 40 US theatres on 2 September by [[IndiePix Films]], on the same day of its India release. Previously, after its showing at the [[London Indian Film Festival]], Britain-based Mara Pictures picked up the film there for UK release in last quarter of 2011.<ref name=variety>{{cite web |title= U.K.'s Mara buys 'Yellow Boots': Indian pic toplines Kalki Koechlin|url=https://www.variety.com/article/VR1118041861?refCatId=19 |date=26 August 2011 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kashyap's '...Yellow Boots' to release in Britain|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=113644 |publisher=[[Daiji World]]|date=27 August 2011 }}</ref> Kashyap later told [[BBC News]] that he received a negative backlash from financial backers because of the film's sexual content: "A lot of people involved with the film were embarrassed about the film. A lot of people we thanked in the film who actually lent us money, they said, 'Please take our names from the film,' because they don't want somebody to see and say 'You gave the money to make this film!'"<ref>{{cite news|last=Brook|first=Tom|title=Indian film's love affair with fantasy|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-radio-and-tv-15820462|accessdate=10 February 2012|publisher=BBC News|date=2 December 2011}}</ref> ''That Girl in Yellow Boots'' is one of the few Indian films released without an [[Intermission|interval]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Intermission-without-permission/articleshow/9896882.cms|title=Intermission without permission? - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |last1=Dt |first1=Team }}</ref>

===Marketing===
Prior to its India release, the first look of the film was unveiled to the press on 11 August 2011.<ref>{{cite news |title= First Look: 'That Girl in Yellow Boots'|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/first-look-that-girl-in-yellow-boots/174978-8-66.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812101615/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/first-look-that-girl-in-yellow-boots/174978-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 August 2011 |publisher=[[IBN Live]] |date=12 August 2011 }}</ref>
[[MTV India]] started a "That Girl with Yellow Boots contest" asking for audition tapes from aspiring actors, the winner of which would act in future Anurag Kashyap's films.<ref>{{cite news |title=That Girl with Yellow Boots contest |url=http://mtvindia.com/yellowboots/contest.php |publisher=[[MTV]] India |access-date=28 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126142825/http://mtvindia.com/yellowboots/contest.php |archive-date=26 November 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In the run up to the film, its lead Kalki Koechlin appeared at an event, colour-coordinated, complete with yellow boots.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kalki Koechlin goes yellow|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-23/news-interviews/29914887_1_boots-bangles-film |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924124429/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-23/news-interviews/29914887_1_boots-bangles-film |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 August 2011 }}</ref>

==Critical reception==
The film opened to mostly positive reviews. [[Roger Ebert]] of the [[Chicago Sun-times]] gave it 3.5 out of the 4 stars, and he also noted that ' ''The film's value is in its portrait of Ruth, and her independence as a solo outsider in a vast, uncaring city.'' '<ref>{{cite web | url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20111214/REVIEWS/111219990/0/COMMENTARY | title=That Girl in Yellow Boots | work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] | date=14 December 2011 | accessdate=3 March 2012 | archive-date=9 March 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309100449/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20111214%2FREVIEWS%2F111219990%2F0%2FCOMMENTARY | url-status=dead }}</ref>
In his ''[[Huffington Post]]'' review, Kia Makarechi wrote, "an unnervingly realistic portrait of unimaginable pain – is one with an ending you'll wish you could forget."<ref name=huff/> Nupur Barua of fullhyd.com rated it 7 out of 10, and said that besides the Kashyap-esque tone of despair and melancholy, ''That Girl in Yellow Boots'' is Anurag Kashyap's best until date, adding that you can watch it "only if you can handle the unspeakable".<ref>{{cite web|title=That Girl in Yellow Boots Review |url=http://www.fullhyderabad.com/profile/movies/4464/2/that-girl-in-yellow-boots-movie-review |publisher=fullhyd.com |author=Nupur Barua |date=3 September 2011}}</ref> Parmita Borah, on [[Eastern Fare Music Foundation|EF News International]], wrote, "Kalki Koechlin carries ''That Girl in Yellow Boots'' on her shoulders and does so with great panache and élan."<ref>{{cite web|title=That Girl in Yellow Boots – a Review |url=http://www.efi-news.com/2011/09/that-girl-in-yellow-boots-review.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502152653/http://www.efi-news.com/2011/09/that-girl-in-yellow-boots-review.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=2 May 2012 |publisher=EF News International |author=Parmita Borah |date=13 September 2011}}</ref> Shivesh Kumar of [[IndiaWeekly]] awarded the movie 3.5 out of 5 stars.<ref name=iw>{{cite web|url=http://www.IndiaWeekly.com/MovieRatings|title=IndiaWeekly's Movie Ratings|publisher=[[IndiaWeekly]]|accessdate=14 September 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830082836/http://www.indiaweekly.com/MovieRatings/|archivedate=30 August 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.thatgirlinyellowboots.com/}}
* {{IMDb title|1580704}}

{{Anurag Kashyap}}

[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2010 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in India]]
[[Category:2010 thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Anurag Kashyap]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films about incest]]
[[Category:Films about missing people]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Anurag Kashyap]]
[[Category:Hindi-language thriller films]]

Sunita Sarawagi

2026-02-27T21:13:56Z

MarvinGrenier8: Started a entry...

{{Short description|Indian computer scientist}}
{{Use dmy dates|cs1-dates=ly|date=February 2026}}
{{Use list-defined references|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Sunita Sarawagi
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| citizenship = Indian
| fields = [[Data mining]], [[Machine learning]], [[Artificial intelligence]]
| workplaces = [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]]
| alma_mater = [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur]] (B.Tech.), [[University of California, Berkeley]] (Ph.D.)
| doctoral_advisor =
| known_for =
| awards = [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] (2008)
| website = https://www.cse.iitb.ac.in/~sunita/
}}

'''Sunita Sarawagi''' is an Indian computer scientist known for her research in [[database]]s, [[data mining]], and [[machine learning]], including the use of [[natural language processing]] to extract structured data from text. She is Institute Chair Professor of Computer Science and Engineering at [[IIT Bombay]].{{r|infosys}}

==Education and career==
Sarawagi earned a bachelor's degree in computer science from [[IIT Kharagpur]] in 1991. She went to the [[University of California, Berkeley]] for graduate study in computer science with database expert [[Michael Stonebraker]], earning a master's degree in 1993 and completing her Ph.D. in 1996, with the master's thesis ''Efficient Organization of Large Multidimensional Arrays'' and doctoral dissertation ''Query Processing in Tertiary Memory Databases''.{{r|cv|mg}}

After working as a researcher for [[IBM Research]] at the Almaden Research Center in [[San Jose, California]], she became an assistant professor at IIT Bombay in 1999. She was promoted to associate professor in 2003 and full professor in 2014. Since 2020 she has headed the Center for Machine Intelligence and Data Science.{{r|cv}}

==Recognition==
Sarawagi was the winner of the 2019 [[Infosys Prize]] in Engineering and Computer Science "for her research in databases, data mining, machine learning and natural language processing, and for important applications of these research techniques".{{r|infosys}} In the same year, IIT Kharagpur gave her their Distinguished Alumni Award,{{r|infosys|cv}} and IIT Bombay gave her their Prof. H. H. Mathur Excellence Award in Applied Sciences.{{r|cv}}

She was named to the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]] in 2013,{{r|cv}} and was elected as a 2021 [[ACM Fellow]] "for contributions to statistical machine learning for information analysis, extraction, and integration".{{r|facm}} In 2020, Sarawagi became a laureate of the [[Asian Scientist 100]] by the ''[[Asian Scientist]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asianscientist.com/as100/ |title=The Asian Scientist 100 |author=  |date= |website= |publisher= [[Asian Scientist]] |access-date= 13 March 2025 |quote= |language= }}</ref>

==References==
<references>

<ref name=cv>{{citation|url=https://www.cse.iitb.ac.in/~sunita/resume.pdf|title=Curriculum vitae|access-date=2022-01-21}}</ref>

<ref name=facm>{{citation|title=ACM Names 71 Fellows for Computing Advances that are Driving Innovation|publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery]]|date=January 19, 2022|access-date=2022-01-19|url=https://www.acm.org/media-center/2022/january/fellows-2021}}</ref>

<ref name=infosys>{{citation|url=https://www.infosys-science-foundation.com/prize/laureates/2019/sunita-sarawagi.asp|title=Engineering and Computer Science, 2019: Sunita Sarawagi|work=Infosys Prize Laureates|publisher=Infosys Limited|access-date=2022-01-21}}</ref>

<ref name=mg>{{mathgenealogy|id=80247}}</ref>

</references>

==External links==
*[https://www.cse.iitb.ac.in/~sunita/ Home page]
*{{Google Scholar id|Hg4HmTAAAAAJ}}

{{Authority control|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarawagi, Sunita}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian computer scientists]]
[[Category:Indian women computer scientists]]
[[Category:IIT Kharagpur alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Bombay]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery]]

Punjabi Saudagaran-e-Delhi

2026-02-27T16:33:51Z

MarvinGrenier8:

{{more citations needed|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{infobox ethnic group|
|group= Qaume-e-Punjaban / Shamsi
|population =
|popplace = {{hlist|[[Pakistan]]|[[India]]|[[Saudi Arabia]]}}
|langs = {{hlist|[[Urdu language|Urdu]]|[[English language|English]]|[[Arabic language|Arabic]]|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]}}
|rels = [[Islam]]
|related={{hlist|[[Punjabi Shaikh]]|[[Shaikhs in South Asia|Shaikh]]}}
}}

The '''Punjabi Saudagaran-e-Delhi''' ({{langx|ur| پنجابی سوداگران دہلی }}), sometimes referred to as the '''Qaum-e-Punjabian''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and Urdu: قوم پنجابیان), '''Dehlawi''', or simply '''Shamsi Biradari''' are a merchant community that historically came from [[Sargodha District|Sargodha]] and [[Chiniot district|Chiniot]] districts in [[Punjab (Pakistan)|West Punjab]] and settled mainly in [[Old Delhi]], India. The community got established in Delhi during the tenure of [[Saadullah Khan (Mughal Empire)|Sa'adullah Khan Chinioti]], the [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] [[List of Mughal grand viziers|Grand Vizier]] of [[Shah Jahan]], in the 17th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shaikh |first=Asad Salim |title=Tarikh ka Pahla Panjabi Vazir-i Aʻzam: Navab Saʻdullah Khan |date=2003 |publisher=Izhar Sanz |isbn=9789695625743 |location=Lahore |pages=40-41 |language=Ur |oclc=70052456}}</ref>

They also settled in a number of other cities, chiefly [[Kolkata]], and towns in western [[Uttar Pradesh]], such as [[Agra]], [[Aligarh]], [[Meerut]], [[Moradabad]], [[Bareilly]], [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]], [[Kanpur]]; including areas within western Uttar Pradesh that now fall in the state of [[Uttarakhand]]; namely [[Roorkee]], [[Nainital]] and [[Haldwani]]. After the [[partition of India]], and subsequent [[Independence of Pakistan|independence]] of Pakistan in 1947, many members of the community migrated to Pakistan, particularly [[Karachi]] and [[Lahore]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Journal_of_South_Asian_and_Middle_Easter/38MMAQAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies |date=2007 |publisher=Published under the auspices of the Pakistan American Foundation |pages=19-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gayer |first=Laurent |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Gunpoint_Capitalism/tb1GEQAAQBAJ?hl=en |title=Gunpoint Capitalism: Enforcing Industrial Order in Karachi |date=2025 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-782724-6 |pages=73, 85 |language=en}}</ref>

They are divided into various lineages and some also use Multani, Goronwalay, Beri, Kathuria, Bathla, Allahwalay, Namoonay Walay, Taar-Gitti Walay, Lahore Walay, Chawla, Chandna, Sarwana, etc., as a title.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Communities_Segments_Synonyms_Surnames_a/bfAMAQAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles |date=1996 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-0-19-563357-3 |pages=1698 |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The community belongs to the Muslim Khatris community, some of whom were converted to Islam by [[Shamsuddin Sabzwari]]. Some subgroups use the surname [[Shamsi (name)|Shamsi]] (a disciple of Shams), in his honour. The families moved from [[Sargodha]], [[Bhera]], [[Khushab]], or [[Pind Dadan Khan]] in what is now Pakistan in the 17th century, on the invitation by Sa'adullah Khan, the prime minister of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal Emperor]] [[Shah Jahan]], in search of business opportunities to [[Uttar Pradesh]] and especially in [[Delhi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1387522|title=Jasmine and Journeys launched|first=Peerzada|last=Salman|date=6 February 2018|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref>

== Quam-e-Punjabian Aonla ==
The ''Quam-e-Punjabian Aonla'', is a separate subgroup of the Punjabi Saudagars. They are said to have settled in the town of [[Aonla, Uttar Pradesh|Aonla]] in [[Rohilkhand]] in the early 17th Century. The Aonla Punjabi Saudagar are now found scattered all over Rohilkhand, in particular, the city of [[Bareilly]], where the settlement of Saudagar Tola is particularly ancient. In spite of their common ethnic origin with Qaum-e-Punjabian Delhi, they form a distinct community, with their own communal organisations. A significant number have immigrated to [[Kolkata]] and [[Mumbai]]. Their main Biradaris are the Soleja, Mahindarata, Chhabra, and [[Khera]]. A much smaller number have also settled in [[Karachi]].<ref>Muslims of Calcutta: A Study in Aspects of their Social Organization by M.K.A Siddiqui</ref>{{full|date=October 2023}}

== Current position ==

The independence in 1947 was a traumatic event, and a significant portion of this community had to leave India. After the independence of Pakistan, a large number of these traders migrated to [[Lahore]] and Karachi. A few numbers of these traders migrated to [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]] and are usually referred to by the surname, “Aldehlawi”. Some still continue to live in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20040324015425/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/06/stories/2003030600560300.htm Article Title]}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== Notable people ==

* [[Imran Ismail]], former [[Governor of Sindh]]
* [[Sadia Dehlvi]], Indian columnist and writer
* [[Tahir Shamsi]], Pakistani professor of medicine
* [[Shamoon Sultan]], founder of [[Khaadi]]
* [[Rehmat Elahi Mutakif, Kushtiwala]], founder of [[Bombay Glass Company]]

== See also ==
* [[Punjabi Muslims]]
* [[Punjabi Shaikh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Muslim}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Punjabi Saudagaran-E-Delhi}}
[[Category:Punjabi Muslims]]
[[Category:Punjabi tribes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Delhi]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Uttar Pradesh]]

Dalit theology

2026-02-26T21:04:00Z

MarvinGrenier8: clean up

{{Short description|Christian theology concerned with the Dalit caste}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Christianity in India sidebar}}
'''Dalit theology''' is a branch of [[Christianity|Christian]] [[theology]] that emerged among the [[Dalit (outcaste)|Dalit]] [[caste]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]] in the 1980s. It shares a number of themes with [[Latin American liberation theology]], which arose two decades earlier, including a self-identity as a people undergoing [[Exile|Exodus]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Rao|first=Anand|title=Soteriologies of India and their role in the perception of disability : a comparative transdisciplinary overview with reference to Hinduism and Christianity in India|publisher=LIT Verlag|year=2004|isbn=3-8258-7205-X|location=Berlin-Hamburg-Münster|pages=232|oclc=54973643}}</ref> Dalit theology sees hope in the "Nazareth Manifesto" of {{Bibleverse|Luke|4|NIV}}, where [[Jesus]] speaks of preaching "good news to the poor ... freedom for the prisoners and recovery of sight for the blind" and of releasing "the oppressed."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schouten|first=Jan Peter|title=Jesus as guru : the image of Christ among Hindus and Christians in India|publisher=Rodopi|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4356-9523-8|location=Amsterdam|pages=247|oclc=302001445}}</ref>

==Development==
A major proponent of Dalit theology was [[Arvind P. Nirmal]] (1936–1995), a [[Dalit Christian]] in the [[Church of North India]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Schwarz|first=Hans|title=Theology in a global context : the last two hundred years|publisher=William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company|year=2005|isbn=978-0-8028-2986-3|location=Grand Rapids, Michigan|pages=529|oclc=61309426}}</ref> Nirmal criticised [[Brahmin]]ic dominance of Christian theology in India, and believed that the application of liberation theology to India should reflect the struggle of Dalits,<ref name=":1" /> who make up about 70% of the Christians in India, as claimed by Poor Christian Liberation Movement (PCLM), and 90% of the Christians in Pakistan.<ref>Carol Henderson Garcia and Carol E. Henderson, ''Culture and Customs of India'', Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, {{ISBN|0-313-30513-7}}, p. 40.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040226173223/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/496862.cms Dalit Christians demand equality], ''Times of India'', 14 February 2004.</ref><ref name="Phan2011">{{cite book |last1=Phan |first1=Peter C. |title=Christianities in Asia |date=2011 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4443-9260-9 |page=25 |language=English|quote=For example, 90 to 95% of Pakistani Christians are Punjabi of the chura (dalit) group converted from Hinduism rather than from Islam or local religious systems.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sara |first1=Singha |last2=Ariel |first2=Glucklich |title=Dalit Christians and Caste Consciousness in Pakistan |url=https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/761014 |accessdate=22 September 2020 |language=English |date=23 April 2015 |quote=This study explores caste discrimination in Pakistan against untouchable (Dalit) converts to Christianity. During the nineteenth century in India, many Dalits converted to Christianity to escape caste persecution. In the 1870s in Punjab, a mass movement to Protestant Christianity flourished among the Dalit Chuhra caste. The Chuhras were the largest menial caste in Punjab and engaged in degrading occupations including sweeping and sanitation work. By the 1930s, almost the entire Chuhra caste converted to Protestant Christianity. In 1947, during the partition of India, the majority of Chuhra converts in Punjab became part of the Protestant community in Pakistan. After Partition, many uneducated Chuhras were confined to menial jobs in the sanitation industry. Today, the stigma of Dalit ancestry is a distinct feature of social discrimination against Chuhra Christians in Pakistan. |archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423172947/https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/761014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Nirmal also criticised the [[Marxist]] element within [[South America]]n liberation theology.<ref name=":0" /> Nirmal drew on the concept of the [[Suffering Servant]] in {{Bibleverse|Isaiah|53|NIV}} to identify Jesus himself as a Dalit – "a waiter, a ''[[dhobi]]'', and ''[[bhangi]]''."<ref name="AR233">Anand Rao, p. 233.</ref>

Evelyn Ruth Bhajan, a deacon in the [[Church of Pakistan]], stated that Dalit theology is vital in that it aligns the Church's mission with "strategies based on the social, political and economic implications of liberation in Christ."<ref name="Bhajan2018">{{cite web |last1=Bhajan |first1=Evelyn Ruth |title=Mission in the Pakistani Context |url=https://rethinkingmission.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Mission-Pakistani-Context.pdf |publisher=[[USPG]] |access-date=5 December 2020 |language=English |date=2018 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bhajan stated that this liberation includes that from [[persecution of Christians|persecution]], segregation, and economic depression.<ref name="Bhajan2018"/>

Dalit theologians have seen passages in the gospels, such as Jesus' sharing a common drinking vessel with the [[Samaritan woman]] in {{Bibleverse|John|4|NIV}} as indicating his embracing of Dalitness.<ref>[http://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/1842/2594/2/Bird%20A%20thesis%2008.pdf Adrian Bird, ''M.M. Thomas: Theological Signposts for the Emergence of Dalit Theology'', PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh, February, 2008, p. 53–54.]</ref> The [[parable of the Good Samaritan]] is also seen as significant, providing a "life-giving message to the marginalized Dalits and a challenging message to the non-Dalits."<ref>M. Gnanavaram, "'Dalit Theology' and the Parable of the Good Samaritan," ''Journal for the Study of the New Testament'', Vol. 15, No. 50, 59–83 (1993).</ref>

[[M. E. Prabhakar]] expanded on the Dalitness of Jesus, stating that "the God of the Dalits ... does not create others to do servile work, but does servile work Himself."<ref name="JP63">John Parratt, ''An Introduction to Third World Theologies'', Cambridge University Press, 2004, {{ISBN|0-521-79739-X}}, p. 63.</ref> He also suggested that Jesus experienced human, and especially Dalit, brokenness in his [[Crucifixion of Jesus|crucifixion]].<ref name="JP63"/> Prabhakar has developed a Dalit [[creed]], which reads in part:
<blockquote>
"Our cries for liberation from harsh caste-bondage 
Were heard by God, who came to us in Jesus Christ 
To live with us and save all people from their sins."<ref>Rowena Robinson, ''Christians of India'', SAGE, 2003, {{ISBN|0-7619-9822-5}}, pp. 199–200.</ref>
</blockquote>

[[Vedanayagam Devasahayam]] (b. 1949) of the [[Church of South India]] followed Nirmal as head of Dalit theology at the [[Gurukul Lutheran Theological College]], and further developed Nirmal's ideas, writing a number of books.<ref name="HS530">Hans Schwarz, p. 530.</ref> Devasahayam later became bishop of the Church of South India's Madras Diocese.<ref name="HS530"/>

Dalit theology opposes [[indigenization]] movements within Indian Christian liturgy, since these are seen as reinforcing traditional caste hierarchies.<ref name="CSRS101">Charles Stewart and Rosalind Shaw, ''Syncretism/Anti-Syncretism: The Politics of Religious Synthesis'', Routledge, 1994, {{ISBN|0-415-11117-X}}, pp. 101–102.</ref> However, the incorporation of some Indian religious traditions is supported.<ref name="CSRS101"/>

==Literature==
* Arvind P. Nirmal and V. Devasahayam, ''A Reader in Dalit Theology'', Gurukul Lutheran Theological College & Research Institute, 1990, 180 pages.
* V. Devasahayam, ''Outside the Camp: Bible Studies in Dalit Perspective'', Gurukul Lutheran Theological College & Research Institute, 1992, 54 pages.
* V. Devasahayam, ''Doing Dalit Theology in Biblical Key'', Dept. of Research and Publications, Gurukul Lutheran Theological College and Research Institute, 1997, 75 pages.
* V. Devasahayam, ''Frontiers of Dalit Theology'', Gurukul Lutheran Theological College & Research Institute / Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1997, 501 pages.
* Masilamani Azariah, ''A Pastor's Search for Dalit Theology'', Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 2002, 211 pages.
* Peniel Rajkumar, Dalit Theology and Dalit Liberation: Problems, Paradigms and Possibilities, Ashgate, 2010, 218 pages.
* Keith Hebden, Dalit Theology and Christian Anarchism, Ashgate, 2011, 186 pages.
* Y.T. Vinayaraj, Re-imagining Dalit Theology: Postmodern Readings, CSS, 2010
* Anderson H M Jeremiah, ''Community and worldview among Paraiyars of South India: 'Lived' religion'', Bloomsbury, 2012, 285 pages
* Y.T. Vinayaraj,"Dalit Theology after Continental Philosophy," Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
* Jobymon Skaria, Dalit Theology, Boundary Crossings, and Liberation in India: A Biblical and Postcolonial Study, London: Bloomsbury, 2022, 223 pages

==See also==
* [[Caste system among Indian Christians]]
* [[Dalit Christian]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |author1-last=Ashok |author1-first=Kumar M. |author2-last=Boopalan |author2-first=Sunder J. |year=2015 |chapter=Indian Christians in Conflict: Dalit Christian Movement in Contemporary India |editor-last=Hunt |editor-first=Stephen J. |editor-link=Stephen J. Hunt |title=Handbook of Global Contemporary Christianity: Themes and Developments in Culture, Politics, and Society |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |series=Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion |volume=10 |doi=10.1163/9789004291027_017 |pages=308–324 |isbn=978-90-04-26538-7 |issn=1874-6691}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060709201901/http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=1121 George Oommen, "The Emerging Dalit Theology: A Historical Appraisal," ''Indian Church History Review'', Vol. XXXIV, no. 1, June 2000, pp. 19–37.]
*[http://jmathyal.tripod.com/id1.html Jesudas M Athyal, "New Challenges for Dalit Theology," International Consultation on 'Dalit Theology and A Theology of the Oppressed' at Gurukul Lutheran Theological College, Nov 2004]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20010226191903/http://csichurch.com/article/dalit.htm K. P. Kuruvila, DALIT THEOLOGY: AN INDIAN CHRISTIAN ATTEMPT TO GIVE VOICE TO THE VOICELESS]
*[http://www.dalitchristians.com/Html/history.htm Site offering a summary of Dalit history]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Liberation theology}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dalit Theology}}
[[Category:Christianity in India]]
[[Category:Christianity in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Liberation theology]]
[[Category:Christianity and Hinduism]]
[[Category:World Christianity]]
[[Category:Dalit religion]]

List of scandals in India

2026-02-22T09:48:32Z

MarvinGrenier8:

{{Short description|Scams that happened in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{dynamic list}}
{{Political corruption sidebar}}
The following is a ''list of proven scandals in India'' since [[Indian independence movement|independence]], including political, financial and corporate scandals. The year, or decade, is when the scandal was first reported.

==1940s==

* 1948 [[Jeep scandal case]]

==1950s==

* 1958 [[Haridas Mundhra#The Mundhra Scandal|Mundhra scandal]]<ref name="Scandal Sheet">{{cite news |date=3 July 2006 |title=Scandal sheet |newspaper=India Today |location=India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20060703-india-rated-among-most-corrupt-in-the-world-785043-2006-07-03 |access-date=14 June 2018 |archive-date=14 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614121416/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20060703-india-rated-among-most-corrupt-in-the-world-785043-2006-07-03 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="indiatimes2">{{cite news |title=Long Playing Record |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-20/india/28371611_1_animal-husbandry-dept-fodder-scam-satyam-scam |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712100736/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-20/india/28371611_1_animal-husbandry-dept-fodder-scam-satyam-scam |archive-date=12 July 2012}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=Scam story|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?204016|newspaper=Outlook|date=13 August 1997|location=India|access-date=3 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201071224/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?204016|archive-date=1 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==1970s==
* 1971 [[Nagarwala case]]

==1980s==
* 1985 [[Fodder Scam|Fodder scam]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Lalu appears before CBI court in fodder scam, denies charges|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2893206.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|location=Chennai, India|date=14 February 2012|access-date=31 March 2012|archive-date=21 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621120325/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2893206.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lalu-sharma-disqualified/article5260738.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=J. | last=Balaji | title=Lalu, Sharma disqualified | date=22 October 2013 | access-date=19 April 2014 | archive-date=18 March 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318010808/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lalu-sharma-disqualified/article5260738.ece? | url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1987 [[Bofors scandal]]

==1990s==

=== 1991 ===
* [[Hawala scandal]]
* [[Palmolein Oil Import Scam]]

=== 1992 ===
* [[1992 Indian stock market scam|Indian stock market scam]]<ref name=":1">{{cite news |title=CBI court calls Lalu in fodder scam case |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/cbi-court-calls-lalu-in-fodder-scam-case/907746/ |newspaper=The Indian Express}}</ref>

=== 1995 ===
* [[Purulia arms drop case]]
* [[SNC-Lavalin Kerala hydroelectric scandal]]<ref name="rediff1" /><ref>{{cite news |title=SNC Lavalin case: CBI to challenge clear chit to Vijayan |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/SNC-Lavalin-case-CBI-to-challenge-clear-chit-to-Vijayan/articleshow/28307036.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202001354/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/SNC-Lavalin-case-CBI-to-challenge-clear-chit-to-Vijayan/articleshow/28307036.cms |archive-date=2 February 2016 |access-date=3 January 2014 |work=The Times Of India}}</ref>

=== 1996 ===
* [[Disproportionate assets case against Jayalalithaa]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/jayalalithaa-must-face-trial-sc/article5634073.ece|title=Jayalalithaa must face trial: SC|first=J.|last=Venkatesan|date=30 January 2014|access-date=16 November 2016|newspaper=The Hindu|archive-date=7 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707024454/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/jayalalithaa-must-face-trial-sc/article5634073.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jayalalithaas-trial-in-da-case-to-go-on-supreme-court/articleshow/35072102.cms|title=Jayalalithaa's trial in DA case to go on: Supreme Court |newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=16 November 2016|archive-date=30 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830150500/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jayalalithaas-trial-in-da-case-to-go-on-supreme-court/articleshow/35072102.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 1997 ===
* [[Tatra Truck scam]]
* [[Jalgaon housing scam]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-12-31/news/45739863_1_maharashtra-jalgaon-housing-scam-gulabrao-deokar|title=Jalgaon housing scam: Former Maharashtra minister Gulabrao Deokar arrested |access-date=2 January 2014|archive-date=2 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102191613/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-12-31/news/45739863_1_maharashtra-jalgaon-housing-scam-gulabrao-deokar|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== 1998 ===
* [[Anubhav Plantations#Scam of 1998|Anubhav Plantations]]

==2000s==
===2000===
* [[Betting controversies in cricket#1999-2000 India-South Africa match fixing scandal|India-South Africa match fixing scandal]]<ref name="Scandal Sheet" />

===2001===
* [[Operation West End]]
* [[Ketan Parekh#Role in 2001 stock market crash|Ketan Parekh]]<ref name="rediff1"/>
* [[Roshni Act|Roshni Act corruption scandal]]<ref name="Yahoo News">{{cite news|last=M|first=Rahul|date=14 October 2020|title=Explainer: What's the controversial Roshni Act all about and why has J&K HC ordered a CBI probe into it?|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/the-controversial-roshni-act-whats-it-all-about-and-why-has-jk-hc-ordered-a-cbi-probe-into-it-102338928.html|newspaper=Yahoo News|access-date=3 November 2020|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101155009/https://uk.news.yahoo.com/the-controversial-roshni-act-whats-it-all-about-and-why-has-jk-hc-ordered-a-cbi-probe-into-it-102338928.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2002===
* [[Abdul Karim Telgi#Counterfeiting career|Stamp paper scam]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Telgi Scam|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/telgi-scam/83736/0|newspaper=The Financial Express|access-date=31 March 2012|archive-date=15 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515034250/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/telgi-scam/83736/0|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bribe plea does not save Telgi case accused, court sends him to jail|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Bribe-plea-does-not-save-Telgi-case-accused%E2%80%94court-sends-him-to-jail/922547/|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=29 January 2014|archive-date=1 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501083005/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/bribe-plea-does-not-save-telgi-case-accused-court-sends-him-to-jail/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Stamp papers for property to go in UP|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-10/lucknow/28129800_1_stamp-papers-registration-act-sale-agreement|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708180156/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-10/lucknow/28129800_1_stamp-papers-registration-act-sale-agreement|archive-date=8 July 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]| date=10 April 2010}}</ref>
* [[Best Bakery case]]
* [[Public Provident Fund (India)|Provident Fund]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Home Truths |url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1911/19110500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020610203137/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1911/19110500.htm |archive-date=10 June 2002 |newspaper=Frontline |date=7 June 2002 |location=Mumbai, India }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sanjay Agarwal remanded in bank scam|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Sanjay-Agarwal-remanded-in-bank-scam/articleshow/18006391.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707074451/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-08-04/mumbai/27300831_1_sunil-kedar-sanjay-agarwal-bank-scam|archive-date=7 July 2012|date=4 August 2002|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live|location=Mumbai, India}}</ref>
* [[Taj corridor case]]

===2003===
*[[Uttar Pradesh food grain scam]]<ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in">{{cite news|title=UP Akhilesh govt faces Rs35,000-crore foodgrain scam heat|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/nrhm-scam-akhilesh-govt-faces-foodgrain-scam-heat-97200-2012-03-26|newspaper=India Today|access-date=21 April 2012|archive-date=30 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430195032/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/nrhm-scam-akhilesh-govt-faces-foodgrain-scam-heat/1/179520.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="zeenews.india.com">{{cite news|title=Massive food grain scam in Maya's UP|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/massive-food-grain-scam-in-maya-s-up_672906.html|newspaper=Zee News|access-date=21 April 2012|archive-date=23 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523140059/http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/massive-food-grain-scam-in-maya-s-up_672906.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ibnlive.in.com">{{cite news|title=UP foodgrain scandal to come under ED scanner|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/up-foodgrain-scam-to-come-under-ed-scanner/136710-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217023343/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/up-foodgrain-scam-to-come-under-ed-scanner/136710-3.html|archive-date=2010-12-17|newspaper=IBN Live}}</ref>
* [[Om Prakash Chautala#Recruitment scam|JBT teacher recruitment scam]]<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Convicted-Congress-MP-Rasheed-Masood-disqualified-from-Rajya-Sabha/articleshow/24484085.cms|title=Convicted Congress MP Rasheed Masood disqualified from Rajya Sabha|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 October 2013 |access-date=16 November 2016|archive-date=21 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021182454/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Convicted-Congress-MP-Rasheed-Masood-disqualified-from-Rajya-Sabha/articleshow/24484085.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Teachers' recruitment scam: Chautala, son chargesheeted|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Teachers-recruitment-scam-Chautala-son-chargesheeted/articleshow/3107919.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509161143/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-06-07/india/27765980_1_recruitment-scam-ias-officers-ajay-chautala|archive-date=9 May 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live| date=7 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Teachers' recruitment scam: Pleas to make 4 IAS officers, teachers accused rejected|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Teachers-recruitment-scam-Pleas-to-make-4-IAS-officers-teachers-accused-rejected/articleshow/12435842.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509163933/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-28/india/31249262_1_ias-officers-recruitment-scam-ajay-chautala|archive-date=9 May 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live| date=28 March 2012}}</ref>

===2004===
* [[Manesar land scam]]

===2005===
* [[Scorpene deal scam]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/mar/16def.htm |title=No headway in Rs 16,000 cr submarine scam probe |access-date=25 September 2013 |archive-date=28 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928065650/http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/mar/16def.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Scorpene deal hit by scam|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/scorpene-deal-hit-by-scam/149511/|newspaper=The Financial Express|date=4 October 2005|location=New Delhi, India|access-date=11 October 2011|archive-date=15 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615095240/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/scorpene-deal-hit-by-scam/149511|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A Sea of Subterfuge|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?236543|newspaper=Outlook India|date=21 January 2008|location=India|access-date=11 October 2011|archive-date=27 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127101740/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?236543|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2006===
* [[Ludhiana City Centre#City centre scam|Ludhiana City Centre scam]]<ref name="rediff1">{{cite web|title=Rediff – India's Biggest Scams|url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-biggest-scams-in-india/20101230.htm|publisher=Rediff|access-date=20 January 2012|archive-date=25 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125015944/http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-biggest-scams-in-india/20101230.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Ravi Shankaran#Naval War Room Leak|Navy war room leak case]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2006-05-13/news/27450507_1_navy-war-room-leak-red-corner-notice-ravi-shankaran|title=Red Corner Notice issued against Ravi Shankaran|work=Economic Times|access-date=18 May 2016|archive-date=25 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625035855/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2006-05-13/news/27450507_1_navy-war-room-leak-red-corner-notice-ravi-shankaran|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-gives-up-pursuit-of-Navy-war-room-leak-kingpin-Ravi-Shankaran/articleshow/47548352.cms|title=Times of India - Indian Govt failed to extradite Ravi Shankaran from UK|access-date=18 May 2016|archive-date=18 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418174941/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-gives-up-pursuit-of-Navy-war-room-leak-kingpin-Ravi-Shankaran/articleshow/47548352.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Navy-leak-case-HC-grants-bail-to-Abhishek-Verma/articleshow/3086692.cms|title=Abhishek Verma granted bail in Navy Leak case|date=30 May 2008|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=18 May 2016|archive-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119200705/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Navy-leak-case-HC-grants-bail-to-Abhishek-Verma/articleshow/3086692.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Fatwas for cash scandal]]<ref name="Time">{{cite news|last= Adiga|first= Aravind|date= 21 September 2006|title= India's Cash-for-Fatwa Scandal|url= http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1537516,00.html|newspaper= Time|access-date= 17 November 2020|archive-date= 22 May 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210522021718/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1537516,00.html|url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="Arab News">{{cite news|last= Ali|first= S.A.|date= 18 September 2006|title= Muftis Caught On Camera Taking Money To Issue Fatwas|url= https://www.arabnews.com/node/289110|newspaper= Arab News|access-date= 17 November 2020|archive-date= 29 December 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221229060049/https://www.arabnews.com/node/289110|url-status= live}}</ref>

===2008===
* [[Hasan Ali Khan]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-sc-cancels-hassan-ali-khans-bail/20110317.htm |title=SC cancels Hassan Ali Khan's bail – Rediff.com Business |work=Rediff.com |date=17 March 2011 |access-date=20 January 2014 |archive-date=3 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203033154/http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-sc-cancels-hassan-ali-khans-bail/20110317.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Hasan Ali Khan leads the list of top ten tax defaulters for 2008–09|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-08-13/news/29880986_1_tax-defaulters-hasan-ali-khan-harshad-mehta|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=13 August 2011|location=New Delhi, India|access-date=23 December 2011|archive-date=9 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509162650/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-08-13/news/29880986_1_tax-defaulters-hasan-ali-khan-harshad-mehta|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bluff Master Ali|url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main49.asp?filename=Ne160411Coverstory.asp|access-date=23 December 2011|newspaper=Tehelka|date=16 April 2011|location=India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017152328/http://tehelka.com/story_main49.asp?filename=Ne160411Coverstory.asp|archive-date=17 October 2011}}</ref>
* [[S. K. Sahni|Indian Army ration scam]]<ref name="rediff2">{{cite web|title=India's Biggest Scams|url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-biggest-scams-in-india/20101230.htm|publisher=Rediff|access-date=20 January 2012|archive-date=25 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125015944/http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-biggest-scams-in-india/20101230.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/army-ration-scam-three-year-jail-for-lieutenant-general-86371|title=Army ration scam: Three-year jail for Lieutenant General|access-date=16 November 2016|archive-date=2 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502214424/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/army-ration-scam-three-year-jail-for-lieutenant-general-86371|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[2G spectrum case]]<ref>{{cite news|title=CAG's Report |url=http://cag.gov.in/html/reports/civil/2010-11_19PA/Telecommunication%20Report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155418/http://cag.gov.in/html/reports/civil/2010-11_19PA/Telecommunication%20Report.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011 |newspaper=CAG Report |access-date=25 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=2G case: Loss of Rs 30984 cr due to govt policy |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-07-06/news/29743485_1_spectrum-allocation-fcfs-2g |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=25 September 2013 |date=6 July 2011 |archive-date=28 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928090348/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-07-06/news/29743485_1_spectrum-allocation-fcfs-2g |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Cash-for-votes scandal]]
* [[Operation Kamala]]

===2009===
* [[Deendayal Upadhyaya Trust|Deendayal Upadhyaya Trust land scam]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Land scam case against Vasundhara|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article374215.ece|access-date=25 August 2011|newspaper=The Hindu|date=13 January 2009|location=Chennai, India|archive-date=2 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102160228/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article374215.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Satyam scandal]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/the-inside-story-of-how-satyam-scam-unfolded/83158-7.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090120091831/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/the-inside-story-of-how-satyam-scam-unfolded/83158-7.html |archive-date=20 January 2009 |title=The inside story of how Satyam scam unfolded – Business News – IBNLive |work=IBNLive |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=20 January 2009 |access-date=20 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/all-10-accused-found-guilty-in-satyam-case/article7084538.ece|title=Raju brothers sentenced to 7 years in jail, fined Rs. 5.5 crore|first=N.|last=Rahul|newspaper=The Hindu|date=9 April 2015|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=18 May 2019|archive-date=27 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527052446/https://www.thehindu.com/business/all-10-accused-found-guilty-in-satyam-case/article7084538.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==2010s==
===2010===
* [[2010 housing loan scam in India|Housing-loan scam]]
* [[Concerns and controversies over the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]
* [[Adarsh Housing Society scam]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/parliament-panel-adopts-report-on-adarsh-housing-society-scam-113101700620_1.html|title=Parliament panel adopts report on Adarsh Housing Society scam|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=17 October 2013|via=Business Standard|agency=Press Trust of India|access-date=18 May 2019|archive-date=8 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508175946/https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/parliament-panel-adopts-report-on-adarsh-housing-society-scam-113101700620_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/cbi-completes-adarsh-housing-society-scam-probe-files-final-chargesheet-exmla-late-naval-officer-4-financers-named/1265977|title=CBI completes Adarsh Housing Society scam probe, files final chargesheet; ex-MLA, late Naval officer, 4 financers named|work=The Financial Express |date=2 July 2014|access-date=16 November 2016|archive-date=1 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101154427/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/cbi-completes-adarsh-housing-society-scam-probe-files-final-chargesheet-exmla-late-naval-officer-4-financers-named/1265977|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2011===
* [[Belekeri port scam]]<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.news18.com/news/india/rs-35000-crore-illegal-mining-cases-being-buried-quietly-in-karnataka-1404383.html|title = Rs 35,000 Crore Illegal Mining Cases Being Buried Quietly in Karnataka| work=News18 |date = 17 May 2017|access-date = 29 March 2020|archive-date = 29 March 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200329202705/https://www.news18.com/news/india/rs-35000-crore-illegal-mining-cases-being-buried-quietly-in-karnataka-1404383.html|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131017/news-current-affairs/article/cbi-arrests-bjp-mla-anand-singh-karnataka-iron-ore-export-scam|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018022655/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131017/news-current-affairs/article/cbi-arrests-bjp-mla-anand-singh-karnataka-iron-ore-export-scam|archive-date=18 October 2013|title=CBI arrests BJP MLA Anand Singh in Karnataka iron ore export scam - Deccan Chronicle|date=18 October 2013}}</ref>

===2012===
* [[DIAL Scam]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/CAG-smells-Rs-1-63-lakh-cr-scam-in-Delhi-airport-deal/Article1-859905.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525181859/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/CAG-smells-Rs-1-63-lakh-cr-scam-in-Delhi-airport-deal/Article1-859905.aspx |archive-date=25 May 2012 |title=CAG smells Rs1.63-lakh cr scam in Delhi airport deal |work=Hindustan Times |date=23 May 2012 |access-date=22 September 2012}}</ref>
* [[Granite scam in Tamil Nadu]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/south/a-scam-worth-16-000-crores-that-rests-on-granite-250382 |title=A scam worth 16,000 crores that rests on granite |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=2 August 2012 |access-date=19 October 2012 |archive-date=18 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918131130/http://www.ndtv.com/article/south/a-scam-worth-16-000-crores-that-rests-on-granite-250382 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/madras-hc-asks-state-union-govts-response-in-rs-16000-crore-granite-scam-114062700644_1.html|title=Madras HC seeks response in Rs 16,000 cr TN granite scam|date=27 June 2014|access-date=16 November 2016|via=Business Standard|newspaper=Business Standard India|archive-date=17 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117062938/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/madras-hc-asks-state-union-govts-response-in-rs-16000-crore-granite-scam-114062700644_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Express News Service |date=2015-11-27 |title=84 Private Quarries Violated Licence Norms, Says Report |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2015/nov/27/84-private-quarries-violated-licence-norms-says-report-848668.html |access-date=2025-08-28 |newspaper=Indian Express}}</ref>
* [[Haryana Forestry case]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Multi-crore forest scam rocks Haryana Vidhan Sabha|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/article2965141.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|location=Chennai, India|date=6 March 2012|access-date=17 April 2012|archive-date=21 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621121903/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/article2965141.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Haryana CM Bhupinder Singh Hooda may face CBI heat over forest scams|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/haryana-forest-scams-cbi-lens-on-bhupinder-singh-hooda-89214-2012-01-10|newspaper=India Today|access-date=17 April 2012|archive-date=10 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510194609/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/haryana-forest-scams-cbi-lens-on-bhupinder-singh-hooda/1/168221.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=CBI may probe Haryana forest scam|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/economy/article2787972.ece|newspaper=Business Line|access-date=17 April 2012|archive-date=1 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501083055/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Ice cream parlour sex scandal]]
* [[Indian coal allocation scam]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-07-01/news/51002757_1_devendra-darda-congress-mp-vijay-darda-coal-ministry|title=Coal scam: Enforcement Directorate attaches assets of Vijay Darda's firm, Nagpur company |access-date=16 November 2016|archive-date=28 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428222408/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-07-01/news/51002757_1_devendra-darda-congress-mp-vijay-darda-coal-ministry|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Allocation of Coal Block and Augmentation of Coal Production |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Images/Popup/2012/8/Final_Ministry_Coal.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818090631/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Images/Popup/2012/8/Final_Ministry_Coal.pdf|archive-date=18 August 2012|date=18 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/government-to-bring-ordinance-on-cancelled-coal-blocks/article6519977.ece|title=Govt. to bring Ordinance on cancelled coal blocks|first=Puja|last=Mehra|date=20 October 2014|access-date=16 November 2016|newspaper=The Hindu|archive-date=3 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203073340/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/government-to-bring-ordinance-on-cancelled-coal-blocks/article6519977.ece?|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Karnataka Wakf Board Land Scam]]<ref>{{cite web| url=http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2012/03/27/another-39bn-indian-corruption-scandal-this-time-its-land/#axzz1qPnd4K3p| title=Another $39bn Indian corruption scandal: this time it's land| author=Neil Munshi| work=The Financial Times| date=27 March 2012| access-date=18 November 2020| archive-date=13 November 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113085921/http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2012/03/27/another-39bn-indian-corruption-scandal-this-time-its-land/#axzz1qPnd4K3p| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/karnataka-news/karnatakas-waqf-land-scam-worth-rs-2-lakh-crore-five-facts-473536|title=Karnataka's Waqf land scam worth Rs 2 lakh crore: Five facts|website=NDTV.com|access-date=2019-10-05|archive-date=27 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127025821/https://www.ndtv.com/karnataka-news/karnatakas-waqf-land-scam-worth-rs-2-lakh-crore-five-facts-473536|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/wakf-board-scam-report-siddaramaiah-governments-nightmare-40844|title=Wakf board scam report: Siddaramaiah government's nightmare|last=Srinivasan|first=Sarayu|date=28 March 2016|website=The News Minute|access-date=2019-10-05|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101095156/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/wakf-board-scam-report-siddaramaiah-governments-nightmare-40844|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Maharashtra Irrigation Scam]]<ref>{{cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Maharashtra-govt-in-crisis-all-NCP-ministers-quit/articleshow/16543191.cms|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120926155013/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-25/india/34081252_1_ncp-legislators-ncp-mlas-ncp-ministers|archive-date= 26 September 2012|title= Maharashtra deputy chief minister Ajit Pawar resigned on Tuesday amid allegations of Rs720000 crore irrigation scam |access-date=24 September 2012|work= [[The Times of India]]|url-status= live|date=25 September 2012}}</ref>
*[[Uttar Pradesh NRHM scam]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Mayawati misused funds for rural health: PM|url=http://newindianexpress.com/nation/article320874.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203095732/http://newindianexpress.com/nation/article320874.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2013|newspaper=Express Buzz}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=NRHM scam: 6 officials booked in accountant's murder|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_nrhm-scam-fir-against-6-in-official-s-death_1651513|newspaper=DNA|access-date=18 February 2012|archive-date=1 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501083133/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-nrhm-scam-fir-against-6-in-official-s-death-1651513|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=NRHM scam: CBI arrests three in Uttar Pradesh|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2780219.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|location=Chennai, India|date=6 January 2012|access-date=18 February 2012|archive-date=9 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209155502/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2780219.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Uttar Pradesh sand mining scandal]]
* [[National Herald corruption case]]

===2013===
* [[Vyapam scam]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/madhya-pradesh/gang-involved-in-medical-college-seat-scam-busted-in-mp_891947.html|title=Gang involved in medical college seat scam busted in MP|date=23 November 2013|access-date=16 November 2016|archive-date=16 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116231535/http://zeenews.india.com/news/madhya-pradesh/gang-involved-in-medical-college-seat-scam-busted-in-mp_891947.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mp-pre-medical-test-fraud-700-suspicious-candidates-appeared-in-2012/article1-1145986.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420053930/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mp-pre-medical-test-fraud-700-suspicious-candidates-appeared-in-2012/article1-1145986.aspx|archive-date=20 April 2014|title=MP pre-medical test fraud: 700 'suspicious' candidates appeared in 2012|date=1 November 2013|access-date=16 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/MP-pre-medical-test-scam-HC-rejects-petitions-seeking-CBI-probe/articleshow/33841579.cms | work=The Times Of India | title=MP pre-medical test scam: HC rejects petitions seeking CBI probe | access-date=19 April 2014 | archive-date=20 April 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420011613/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/MP-pre-medical-test-scam-HC-rejects-petitions-seeking-CBI-probe/articleshow/33841579.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[NSEL case]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/featured/story/nsel-scam-eow-first-arrest-amit-mukherjee-213817-2013-10-08 |title=First arrest in 5500 crore NSEL scam, Amit Mukherjee nailed by EOW |publisher=India Today |date=9 October 2013 |access-date=9 October 2013 |archive-date=12 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012190155/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/nsel-scam-eow-first-arrest-amit-mukherjee/1/313905.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Railway bribery scam]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/railway-board-bribery-case-cbi-arrests-pawan-bansals-nephew/389471-37-64.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504172147/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/railway-board-bribery-case-cbi-arrests-pawan-bansals-nephew/389471-37-64.html |archive-date=4 May 2013 |title=Railway Board bribery case: CBI arrests Pawan Bansal's nephew |work=IBNLive |publisher=CNN IBN |date=3 May 2013 |access-date=24 May 2013}}</ref>
* [[2013 Indian Premier League spot-fixing and betting case]]
* [[2013 Muzaffarnagar riots]]
* [[2013 Kerala solar panel scam]]
* [[2013 Indian helicopter bribery scandal]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/agustawestland-chopper-scam-sc-directs-chhattisgarh-government-to-produce-documents-of-purchase/articleshow/61671144.cms|title=AgustaWestland chopper scam: SC directs Chhattisgarh government to produce documents of purchase|date=16 November 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=18 December 2017|archive-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719054315/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/agustawestland-chopper-scam-sc-directs-chhattisgarh-government-to-produce-documents-of-purchase/articleshow/61671144.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ed-books-sptyagi-in-vvip-chopper-deal-scam/article6177583.ece|title=ED books S.P.Tyagi in VVIP chopper deal scam|first=Devesh K.|last=Pandey|date=4 July 2014|via=www.thehindu.com|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=18 May 2019|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507190316/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ed-books-sptyagi-in-vvip-chopper-deal-scam/article6177583.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Madhya Pradesh Scholarship scam]]
* [[Saradha Group financial scandal]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130501/jsp/bengal/story_16847319.jsp#.UYES6sV4800|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512221203/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130501/jsp/bengal/story_16847319.jsp#.UYES6sV4800|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 May 2014|title=Chitti chitti bang bang|date=30 April 2013|work=The Telegraph|access-date=1 May 2013|location=Mumbai}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/more-saradha-entities-under-sebi-scanner/article4650522.ece |title=More Saradha entities under SEBI scanner |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=25 April 2013 |date=24 April 2013 |archive-date=25 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425235143/http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/more-saradha-entities-under-sebi-scanner/article4650522.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/State-delays-report-on-chit-fund-scam/articleshow/23019896.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928231929/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-25/bhubaneswar/42391745_1_chit-fund-scam-status-report-cbi-probe | archive-date=28 September 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=State delays report on chit fund scam | url-status=live | date=25 September 2013}}</ref>

===2014===
* [[Pearls Group]]
* [[Aavin scam]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Contractor Remanded in Aavin Scam|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Contractor-Remanded-in-Aavin-Scam/2014/09/22/article2443244.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006104226/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Contractor-Remanded-in-Aavin-Scam/2014/09/22/article2443244.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 October 2014|publisher=The New Indian Express|work=The Express News Service|date=27 September 2014|access-date=1 October 2014|location=Villupuram}}</ref><ref name="deccan1">{{cite news|title=Aavin rip off was well planned|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140927/nation-crime/article/aavin-rip-was-well-planned|last=V.P.|first=Raju|date=27 September 2014|access-date=1 October 2014|location=Chennai|archive-date=28 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140928015504/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140927/nation-crime/article/aavin-rip-was-well-planned|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Siliguri Jalpaiguri Development Authority]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/ED-probe-heat-on-IAS-officer-in-SJDA-project-scam/articleshow/37733159.cms|title=ED probe heat on IAS officer in SJDA project scam|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 July 2014|access-date=16 November 2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513045638/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/ED-probe-heat-on-IAS-officer-in-SJDA-project-scam/articleshow/37733159.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Gurugram Rajiv Gandhi Trust land grab case]]

===2015===
* [[DMAT scam]]
* [[All India Pre Medical Test]]
* [[Murder of Sandeep Kothari]]
* [[Lalit Modi|Lalit Modi case]]
* [[2015 Cash for Vote Scam]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cash-for-vote-scam-tdp-telangana-mla-revanth-reddy-in-jail/articleshow/47497556.cms|title=Cash for vote scam: TDP Telangana MLA Revanth Reddy in jail |newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=16 November 2016|archive-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226053637/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cash-for-vote-scam-tdp-telangana-mla-revanth-reddy-in-jail/articleshow/47497556.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[NSE co-location scam]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/nse-mess-whistleblower-rakes-up-dark-fibre-issue/articleshow/57726792.cms|title=NSE mess: Whistleblower rakes up dark fibre issue|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=2017-03-20|last1=Shah|first1=Palak|access-date=8 October 2018|archive-date=8 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008175305/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/nse-mess-whistleblower-rakes-up-dark-fibre-issue/articleshow/57726792.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2016===
*[[2016 Bihar school examination scandal]].
*[[Narada sting operation]]
*[[Freedom 251]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 26, 2016 |title=Freedom 251 biggest scam of the millennium, BJP involved: Congress MP |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/freedom-251-biggest-scam-of-the-millennium-bjp-involved-congress-310733-2016-02-26 |access-date=2021-02-02 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706064646/https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/freedom-251-biggest-scam-of-the-millennium-bjp-involved-congress-310733-2016-02-26 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=February 23, 2017|title=Freedom 251: Man behind Freedom 251 mobile phone detained for fraud|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/man-behind-freedom-251-mobile-phone-detained-for-fraud/articleshow/57314430.cms|access-date=2021-02-02|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032211/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/man-behind-freedom-251-mobile-phone-detained-for-fraud/articleshow/57314430.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Fugitive Economic Offender]]

===2017===
*[[National Testing Agency]]
*[[Webwork (Indian web site)]]
*[[Sterling Biotech loan fraud]]

===2018===
*[[Rafale deal controversy]]
*[[Punjab National Bank Scam]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/224314/explained-punjab-national-banks-1-8-billion-fraud/|title=Explained: Punjab National Bank's $1.8 Billion Fraud - The Wire|last=Roy|first=Somesh Jha, Namrata Acharya and Anup|website=thewire.in|language=en-GB|access-date=15 February 2018|archive-date=16 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216025217/https://thewire.in/224314/explained-punjab-national-banks-1-8-billion-fraud/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nirav-modi-fraud-case-bjp-comes-under-attack-from-opposition-parties/articleshow/62929543.cms|title=Nirav Modi fraud case: BJP comes under attack from opposition parties|work=The Times of India|access-date=15 February 2018|archive-date=16 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216001104/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nirav-modi-fraud-case-bjp-comes-under-attack-from-opposition-parties/articleshow/62929543.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://qz.com/1208133/punjab-national-bank-fraud-nirav-modi-accused-of-swindling-1-8-billion-was-with-narendra-modi-at-davos-just-weeks-ago/|title=Nirav Modi, accused of swindling $1.8 billion, was with Narendra Modi at Davos|last=Iyer|first=Sriram|work=Quartz|access-date=15 February 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=15 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215125632/https://qz.com/1208133/punjab-national-bank-fraud-nirav-modi-accused-of-swindling-1-8-billion-was-with-narendra-modi-at-davos-just-weeks-ago/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2019===
*[[Karvy Corporate|Karvy Scam]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Karvy scam: ED attaches assets worth Rs 110 crore |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/karvy-scam-ed-attaches-assets-worth-rs-110-crore-417257 |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en |archive-date=2 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802063055/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/karvy-scam-ed-attaches-assets-worth-rs-110-crore-417257 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[INX Media case]]<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/chidambaram-inx-media-scam-case-explained-karti-5921402/|title = Explained: INX Media case against P Chidambaram, and a timeline of events|date = 23 August 2019|access-date = 17 November 2019|archive-date = 14 December 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191214104145/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/chidambaram-inx-media-scam-case-explained-karti-5921402/|url-status = live}}</ref>

==2020s==
===2020===
* [[PM CARES Fund]]
* [[2020 Bengaluru drug raids|Bengaluru drug raids]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-12 |title=Sandalwood drug scandal, explained: A look at the actors under scanner |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/sandalwood-drug-case-all-the-actors-under-the-scanner-6607557/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126233222/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/sandalwood-drug-case-all-the-actors-under-the-scanner-6607557/ |archive-date=26 November 2020 |access-date=2021-02-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* [[2020 Kerala gold smuggling case|Kerala gold smuggling scandal]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-13 |title=Kerala gold smuggling case explained: Diplomatic cargo, an absconding woman and a consulate under scanner |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/kerala-gold-smuggling-swapna-suresh-6496550/ |access-date=2021-02-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205122619/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/kerala-gold-smuggling-swapna-suresh-6496550/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Republic TV TRP manipulation scam]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fake TRP scam: Mumbai Police's crime unit files charge sheet|url=https://scroll.in/latest/979320/fake-trp-scam-mumbai-polices-crime-unit-files-charge-sheet|access-date=2020-12-08|website=Scroll.in|date=24 November 2020|language=en-US|archive-date=6 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206181828/https://scroll.in/latest/979320/fake-trp-scam-mumbai-polices-crime-unit-files-charge-sheet|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=TRP Scam Probe: ED has evidence against India Today, 4 other channels|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/top-stories/trp-scam-probe-ed-finds-key-evidence-against-india-today-vpn-qq7ri6|language=en|access-date=24 March 2021|archive-date=19 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319181507/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/top-stories/trp-scam-probe-ed-finds-key-evidence-against-india-today-vpn-qq7ri6|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2021===
* [[Pegasus Project revelations in India|Pegasus Snooping Scandal]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=PTI|first=BS Web Team &|date=2021-07-19|title=Pegasus: Rahul Gandhi, Prashant Kishor among those allegedly targeted|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/pegasus-rahul-gandhi-prashant-kishore-among-those-allegedly-targeted-121071901045_1.html|access-date=2022-01-27|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127071638/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/pegasus-rahul-gandhi-prashant-kishore-among-those-allegedly-targeted-121071901045_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Snoop List Has 40 Indian Journalists, Forensic Tests Confirm Presence of Pegasus Spyware on Some|url=https://thewire.in/media/pegasus-project-spyware-indian-journalists|access-date=2022-01-27|website=The Wire|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721102652/https://thewire.in/media/pegasus-project-spyware-indian-journalists|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Delhi liquor scam|Delhi liquour scam]]

===2022===
* [[2022 West Bengal School Service Commission recruitment scam|West Bengal School Service Commission recruitment scam]]

===2023===

*[[Adani Group]] scandal: In January 2023, [[Hindenburg Research]] revealed that it had short positions in India's Adani Group, alleged to be a close ally of [[Narendra Modi]]'s administration,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2023/02/09/the-humbling-of-gautam-adani-is-a-test-for-indian-capitalism |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=9 February 2023 |title=The humbling of Gautam Adani is a test for Indian capitalism }}</ref> and flagged debt and accounting concerns. Concurrently, Hindenburg released a report claiming that Indian conglomerate Adani Group "has engaged in a brazen stock manipulation and accounting fraud scheme over the course of decades."<ref name="hindenburg-research-2023">{{Cite web |last=Hindenburg Research |date=24 January 2023 |title=Adani Group: how the world's 3rd richest man is pulling the largest con in corporate history |url=https://hindenburgresearch.com/?p=2376 |access-date=27 January 2023 |website=Hindenburg Research |language=en |location=New York, USA}}</ref> Soon after the report's release, Adani Group companies experienced an acute decline in their share prices.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Thomas |first1=Chris |last2=Kalra |first2=Aditya |date=25 January 2023 |title=Hindenburg shorts India's Adani citing debt, accounting concerns; shares plunge |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/asia/hindenburg-says-holds-short-positions-indias-adani-flags-risks-2023-01-25/ |access-date=25 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Sorkin |first1=Andrew Ross |last2=Mattu |first2=Ravi |last3=Warner |first3=Bernhard |last4=Kessler |first4=Sarah |last5=de la Merced |first5=Michael J. |last6=Hirsch |first6=Lauren |last7=Livni |first7=Ephrat |date=25 January 2023 |title=A Short Seller Takes Aim at an Indian Corporate Giant |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/25/business/dealbook/short-seller-hindenburg-adani.html |access-date=25 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lockett |first=Hudson |date=25 January 2023 |title=Adani shares take $10.8bn hit after Hindenburg bets against group |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/4aedaaf9-9ee8-4334-945c-12ac08429d6a |access-date=25 January 2023}}</ref> In a follow-up piece, ''[[The Guardian]]'' indicated that Hindenburg called on the Adani Group to sue if they believed the report was inaccurate.<ref name="neate-2023">{{Cite news |last=Neate |first=Rupert |date=25 January 2023 |title=Adani Group firms lose $9bn in value amid short-seller claims |language=en |work=The Guardian |location=London, United Kingdom |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/jan/25/adani-group-firms-lose-9bn-in-value-amid-short-seller-claims |access-date=27 January 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name="barrett-2023">{{Cite news |last=Barrett |first=Jonathan |date=27 January 2023 |title=US activist investor who accused Adani of 'biggest con in corporate history' dares Indian group to sue |language=en |work=The Guardian |location=London, United Kingdom |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/jan/27/hindenburg-research-dares-adani-group-to-sue |access-date=27 January 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> By the end of February 2023, the group lost $150 billion in value. Gautam Adani's personal net worth came down as he fell from 3rd richest in the world to 30th richest within a month after the report was published.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Morrow |first1=Allison |title=Why a tiny American firm is taking aim at an Indian conglomerate |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/01/30/business/nightcap-adani-hindenburg-explained/index.html |access-date=31 May 2023 |work=[[CNN]] |date=30 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sorkin |first1=Andrew Ross |last2=Mattu |first2=Ravi |last3=Warner |first3=Bernhard |last4=Kessler |first4=Sarah |last5=de la Merced |first5=Michael J. |last6=Hirsch |first6=Lauren |last7=Livni |first7=Ephrat |title=A Short Seller Takes Aim at an Indian Corporate Giant |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/25/business/dealbook/short-seller-hindenburg-adani.html |access-date=31 May 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=25 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India's Enron Moment? Gautam Adani slips to No. 30, group stocks lose ₹12 lakh crore in 1 month |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/indias-enron-moment-gautam-adani-slips-to-no30-group-stocks-lose-12-lakh-crore-in-1-month/article66556984.ece |access-date=31 May 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |agency=PTI |date=26 February 2023}}</ref> The opposition leaders called it the "biggest scam" and Modi has been criticized for his lack of reaction towards the scandal.<ref name="Purohit">{{cite web | last=Purohit | first=Devadeep | title=Narendra Modi stays silent on Adani | website=Telegraph India | date=19 March 2023 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/narendra-stays-silent-on-adani/cid/1923481 | access-date=30 June 2023}}</ref><ref name="Deccan Herald">{{cite web | title=Adani-Hindenburg row: Biggest scam in corporate history of the country, says Mevani while seeking probe | website=Deccan Herald | date=4 February 2023 | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/west/adani-hindenburg-row-biggest-scam-in-corporate-history-of-the-country-says-mevani-while-seeking-probe-1187894.html | access-date=30 June 2023}}</ref><ref name="The Asian Chronicle">{{cite web | title=Adani scandal is the biggest scam of independent India": Srinivas B.V | website=The Asian Chronicle | date=7 February 2023 | url=http://theasianchronicle.com/adani-scandal-is-the-biggest-scam-of-independent-india-srinivas-b-v/ | access-date=30 June 2023}}</ref>

===2024===
* [[Electoral bonds|Electoral bonds scam]]: Electoral bonds refers to a mode of funding for political parties in [[India]] from their introduction in 2018 until they were struck down as unconstitutional by the [[Supreme Court of India]] on 15 February 2024.
* [[Mahadev Betting App Case]]
* [[2024 NEET controversy]]
* [[Indictment against Gautam Adani et al.]]
* [[Ayodhya dispute]]: On June 10, 2024, major media house [[Indian Express Limited|Indian Express]] published an investigative article which found that after the 2019 Supreme Court verdict in favour of Ram Temple there was 30 per cent rise in the number of land transactions in at least 25 villages in Ayodhya and adjoining Gonda and Basti districts that fall within a radius of 15 km of the temple. Many of these land deals were linked to politicians, senior officials and their relatives.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-10 |title=Ayodhya land deals up 30% in 15-km Ram Temple radius, netas and officials among buyers |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/ayodhya-land-deals-ram-temple-radius-since-2019-supreme-court-c-verdict/3549245/ |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> The investigation also revealed that the administration did not revise the land circle rates for the past 7 years even after the Supreme Court's verdict although rates have been revised in the adjoining districts.

=== 2025 ===

* [[NAAC rating bribery case]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivas |first=Rajulapudi |date=2025-02-02 |title=KLEF management charged with colluding with NAAC team to get good ranking |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/klef-management-charged-with-colluding-with-naac-team-to-get-good-ranking/article69172877.ece |access-date=2025-02-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* [[FIITJEE]]: In January 2025, FIITJEE, a popular coaching institute for [[Joint Entrance Examination]], faced backlash as several centers across India, including Noida, Ghaziabad, Delhi, Ranchi and other cities, abruptly shut down. The closures, attributed to unpaid salaries and disputes with franchise partners, disrupted the studies of thousands of students. Multiple FIRs were filed against FIITJEE officials for fraud and breach of trust, with allegations of mismanagement and unfulfilled commitments.
* [[Yashwant Verma]]: In 2025, a large sum of cash was discovered at his residence during a fire on March 14. An enquiry report was also published by the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] on the matter and due to sensitivity of the matter, the Supreme Court decided to keep the report redacted from the Public and Parliamentary scrutiny .<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-23 |title=Supreme Court confirms cash found at Delhi HC Judge Yashwant Varma's residence during fire, releases video footage |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/supreme-court-confirms-cash-found-at-delhi-hc-judge-yashwant-varmas-residence-during-fire-releases-video-footage-9900540/ |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Supreme Court releases inquiry report against Justice Yashwant Varma |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/supreme-court-releases-inquiry-report-against-justice-yashwant-varma-125032201000_1.html |access-date=Mar 23, 2025}}</ref>
* [[West Bengal School Service Commission recruitment scam]], 2025

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013]]
* [[Corruption in India]]
* [[2011 Indian anti-corruption movement]]
* [[Jan Lokpal Bill]]
* [[Right to Public Services legislation]]
* [[Corruption Perceptions Index]]
* [[Licence Raj]]
* [[Mafia Raj]]
* [[Rent-seeking]]
* [[Lokayukta|Lok Ayukta]]
* [[United Nations Convention Against Corruption]]
* [[Mass media in India]]
*[[Fake news in India]]
* [[Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024]]
{{div col end}}

==Further reading==
*Shourie, A. (2006). ''Indian Controversies''. New Delhi: [[Rupa & Co.]]
*In 2020, Real Estate Scam Fighters<ref>{{Cite web|last=Release|first=ANI Press|title=RealEstateScam.in launched a platform to fight against real estate scams in India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/realestatescam-in-launched-a-platform-to-fight-against-real-estate-scams-in-india-120120401016_1.html|access-date=2020-12-05|website=Business Standard|date=4 December 2020|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205052333/https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/realestatescam-in-launched-a-platform-to-fight-against-real-estate-scams-in-india-120120401016_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=ANI|title=RealEstateScam.in launched a platform to fight against real estate scams in India|url=http://businessworld.in/article/RealEstateScam-in-launched-a-platform-to-fight-against-real-estate-scams-in-India/04-12-2020-349935|access-date=2020-12-05|website=BW Businessworld|language=en|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205052326/http://www.businessworld.in/article/RealEstateScam-in-launched-a-platform-to-fight-against-real-estate-scams-in-India/04-12-2020-349935/|url-status=live}}</ref> is formed with a basic mission to debunk various Frauds in the real estate sector and create awareness for the investors.

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{World topic|prefix=List of political scandals in|title=Lists of political scandals by country|noredlinks=yes}}
{{Scandals in India}}

[[Category:Scandals in India| ]]
[[Category:Corruption in India|Scandals]]
[[Category:Lists of political scandals by country|India]]

Sultana Daku 1920 Revolt

2026-02-22T06:31:49Z

MarvinGrenier8:

{{Short description|Armed rebellion led by dacoit Sultana in British India, 1920}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Sultana Daku's 1920 Revolt
| partof = Resistance against [[British Raj]]
| date = 1920
| place = [[Rohilkhand]] region, [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]], [[British India]] (present-day Uttar Pradesh)
| result = Revolt suppressed by British police Sultana captured and executed
| combatant1 = [[Dacoit]] gangs under Sultana
| combatant2 = [[British colonial]] police
| commander1 = [[Sultana Daku (dacoit)|Sultana Daku]]
| commander2 = [[F.W. Champion]], British [[Forest Officer]]
| strength1 = Dozens of armed followers
| strength2 = British police and forest officials
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = Many police injured or killed
}}

'''Sultana Daku's 1920 Revolt''' was a small but symbolic armed uprising in the [[Rohilkhand]] region of the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]] (now in [[Uttar Pradesh]]) led by the [[dacoit]] Sultana Daku.<ref name="DesperadoesAccomplice">{{cite news |last=Smith |first=R. V. |title=The desperadoes' accomplice |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/the-desperadoes-accomplice/article17417026.ece |work=The Hindu |date=6 March 2017 |access-date=21 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="FortRuins">{{cite news |last=Dabas |first=Harveer |title=Sultana Daku's fort lies in ruins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/sultana-dakus-fort-lies-in-ruins/articleshow/52272806.cms |work=The Times of India |date=14 May 2016 |access-date=21 July 2025}}</ref> The rebellion happened during a period of rising discontent against [[British colonial]] rule in India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Champion |first=F.W. |title=With Camera in Tiger-Land |publisher=Chatto & Windus |year=1927 |pages=10–15}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Rai |first=Amrit |title=Sultana Daku |publisher=Rajkamal Prakashan |year=1994 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Real Sultana Daku |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/amp/news/india/real-sultana-daku-india-robin-hood-501785.html |work=IndiaTimes |date=2021-06-20 |access-date=21 July 2025}}</ref>

== Background ==
{{Expand section|date=July 2025}}
Sultana Daku, a leader of the [[Bhantu]] [[tribe]], operated in the dense forests near [[Pilibhit]] and [[Bareilly]]. His actions were seen as criminal by the colonial government.<ref name="ScrollManhunt">{{cite web |last=Abbas |title=Sultana 'Daku': A dacoit and a British police officer and their unlikely friendship |url=https://scroll.in/article/1047134/the-tale-of-daku-sultana-and-his-unlikely-friendship-with-a-british-police-officer |website=Scroll.in |date=July 2023 |access-date=21 July 2025|first=Roshan}}</ref><ref name="LegendReview">{{cite web |last=Bose |first=Shubham |title=The legend of Sultana |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/The-legend-of-Sultana/article16852414.ece |website=The Hindu |date=9 December 2009 |access-date=21 July 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Sultana Daku (disambiguation)]]
* [[Indian independence movement]]
* [[The Confession of Sultana Daku]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Rebellions in India]]
[[Category:1920 in British India]]

Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad

2026-02-21T19:48:15Z

MarvinGrenier8: page updated

{{short description|RSS-affiliated student organisation}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad (ABVP)
| motto =
| logo = Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad official logo.png
| logo_size = 200px
| logo_caption = Official logo of the ABVP
| image =
| image_border =
| size =
| alt = All Indian Student Council
| caption =
| map =
| msize =
| malt =
| mcaption =
| abbreviation =
| formation = {{start date and age|1949|07|09}}
| type = [[Student organisation]]
| status = Active
| purpose = Student Activism, National Reconstruction
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| location =
| region_served = [[India]]
| language =
| leader_title = National President
| leader_name = Raghuraj Kishore Tiwari <ref>{{cite news |title=Raghuraj Kishore Tiwari elected abvp national president, Virender Singh Solanki re-elected national general secretary |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/india/raghuraj-tiwari-from-rewa-is-new-abvp-president-virendra-solanki-reelected-gen-sec/articleshow/125276817.cms/ |work=The Economic Times |agency=PTI |date=12 November 2025 |access-date=28 November 2025}}</ref>
| leader_title2 = National General Secretary
| leader_name2 = Virendra Singh Solanki
| leader_title3 = National Organising Secretary
| leader_name3 = Ashish Chauhan
| parent_organization = [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS)
| num_staff =
| membership = 76,98,448 <ref>{{cite news |title=ABVP's national meet inaugrated in Doon, membership reaches 76.9L
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/abvps-national-meet-inauguratedin-doon-membership-reaches-76-9l/articleshow/125643461.cms|work=The Times of India|agency=PTI |date=29 November 2025 |access-date=28 November 2025}}</ref>
| membership_year = 2025-26
| budget =
| website = {{URL|www.abvp.org}}
| remarks =
}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party sidebar}}
The '''Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad''' ('''ABVP''') is a student organisation in India, which was established in 1949. It's a significant student body with over 5 million members, making it one of the largest student organisations in the world. ABVP is a student wing of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] [[Hindutva]] and [[nationalist]] organisation.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhowmick |first=Nilanjana |date=21 June 2017 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/global-opinions/wp/2017/06/21/indias-crackdown-at-college-campuses-is-a-threat-to-democracy/?noredirect=on |title=India's crackdown at college campuses is a threat to democracy |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=24 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Protests by BJYM, ABVP mar ICET counselling |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Protests-by-BJYM-ABVP-mar-ICET-counselling/article14795807.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=17 July 2007 |access-date=24 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Dubey |first1=Priyanka |date=October 2017 |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/age-of-abvp |title=The age of ABVP |magazine=[[The Caravan]] |access-date=30 December 2019}}</ref>

==History==
The ABVP, founded in 1948 with the initiative of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS activist]] [[Balraj Madhok]], was formally registered on 9 July 1949.<ref name="Official"/><ref name="Jaffrelot2010">{{cite book|author=Christophe Jaffrelot|title=Religion, Caste, and Politics in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XAO3i_gS61wC&pg=PA193|year=2010|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=978-93-80607-04-7|page=193}}</ref> Its purpose when founded was to counter communist influence on university campuses.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XAO3i_gS61wC|title=Religion, Caste, and Politics in India|author=Christophe Jaffrelot|date=1 January 2010|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=9789380607047|page=47|language=en}}</ref> [[Yashwantrao Kelkar]], a lecturer in [[Mumbai|Bombay]], became its main organiser in 1958. According to the ABVP website, he built the organisation into what it is now and is considered to be 'the real architect of the ABVP'.<ref name="Official">{{cite web|url=http://www.abvp.org/about/|title=About|website=Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad|access-date=4 March 2016|archive-date=16 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616223630/http://abvp.org/about|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Various branches of the ABVP have been involved in Hindu-Muslim communal riots since 1961.<ref name="kaiwar239">{{Cite book |last1=Mazumdar |first1=Sucheta |chapter=Politics of religion and national origin |title=Antinomies of Modernity: Essays on Race, Orient, Nation |editor1=Vasant Kaiwar |editor2=Sucheta Mazumdar |date=21 April 2003 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=0822330466 |page=239 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haJl-fvKqCcC&pg=PA239 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Violette |last1=Graff |first2=Juliette |last2=Galonnier |title=Hindu-Muslim Communal Riots in India I (1947-1986), Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence |publisher=[[Sciences Po]] |year=2013 |url=http://www.massviolence.org/IMG/article_PDF/Hindu-Muslim-Communal-Riots-in,736.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824023819/http://www.massviolence.org/IMG/article_PDF/Hindu-Muslim-Communal-Riots-in,736.pdf |archive-date=24 August 2013}}</ref> However, in the 1970s, the ABVP also increasingly took on issues concerning the lower middle classes like corruption and government inertia.<ref name="kaiwar239"/> The ABVP played a leading role in the agitational politics of the 1970s during the [[Bihar Movement]]. Many leaders like, [[Yashwantrao Kelkar]], [[Dattopant Thengadi]], [[Manmohan G. Vaidya]], Sunil Ambekar, played an instrumental role in expanding ABVP's presence in campuses across India.This led to collaboration among student activists in Gujarat and Bihar. The ABVP gained significantly from such efforts after [[The Emergency (India)|the Emergency]] and experienced a growth in membership.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XAO3i_gS61wC|title=Religion, Caste, and Politics in India|last1=Jaffrelot|first1=Christophe|date=1 January 2010|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=9789380607047|page=193|language=en}}</ref>

By 1974, the ABVP had 160,000 members across 790 campuses and had gained control over several prominent universities, including [[Delhi University]] via student elections. By 1983, the organisation had 250,000 members and 1,100 branches.<ref name="kaiwar239"/> ABVP grew during the 1990s, receiving more support as a result of the [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|Babri Masjid demolition]] and the economic liberalisation pursued by the [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] government. It continued to grow after the [[United Progressive Alliance]] came to power in 2003, trebling in membership to 3.175 million members as of 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/jnu-protests-jnusu-behind-abvp-confidence-govt-and-growth-rohith-vemula/ |title=JNU row: Behind ABVP's confidence, govt and growth |first=Deeptiman |last=Tiwary |publisher=The Indian Express |date=24 February 2016 |access-date=28 June 2016}}</ref>

== Links to the BJP==
The ABVP spokespersons insist that the ABVP is not affiliated to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). It is described as the "student wing" of the RSS.<ref>[http://abvp.org/akhil-bhartiya-vidyarthi-parishad-not-students-wing-bjp-shreehari-borikar Akhil Bhartiya Vidyarthi Parishad is not the students' wing of BJP: Shreehari Borikar], Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad web site, retrieved 22 April 2018.
</ref> However, both the BJP and the ABVP are members of the [[Sangh Parivar]].<ref>{{citation |last1=Spitz |first1=Douglas |title=The Rising Tide of Cultural Pluralism: The Nation-state at Bay? |url=https://archive.org/details/risingtideofcult00youn/page/242 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/risingtideofcult00youn/page/242 242–264] |year=1993 |editor=Crawford Young |chapter=Cultural Pluralism, Revivalism, and Modernity in South Asia: The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rltc46FaQsYC&pg=PA242 |publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press |isbn=978-0-299-13884-4 |ref={{sfnref|Spitz, Cultural Pluralism, Revivalism and Modernity in South Asia|1993}}}}.</ref> The BJP is said to gain handsomely from the ABVP's support base and several politicians of the BJP, including the current Home Minister [[Amit Shah]] and former Finance Minister [[Arun Jaitley]], had their ideological foundation in the ABVP.<ref name=CatchNews>Atul Chandra, [http://www.catchnews.com/politics-news/a-string-of-losses-on-campuses-across-india-is-the-abvp-the-bjp-losing-its-appeal-among-students-90912.html A string of losses on campuses across India: Is the ABVP losing its appeal among students?], Catch News, 29 November 2017.</ref> Several scholars make no distinction between the RSS and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], and regard the ABVP as a student wing of both of them or either of them.<ref>
{{cite journal |last1=Sonntag |first1=Selma K. |title=The political saliency of language in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh |journal=The Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics |volume=34 |issue=2 |year=1996 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1080/14662049608447722}}: "Protests and ''lathi''-charges continued throughout January, the former organised by a transitory student organisation...although the role of the BJP-affiliated ABVP student union seems to have been more conspicuous."</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thapar |first1=Romila |title=Banning Books |journal=India Review |volume=13 |issue=3 |year=2014 |pages=283–286 |doi=10.1080/14736489.2014.937277|s2cid=214654999 }}: "Thus, the Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad (ABVP), the student wing of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), currently in power in India, demanded the removal of an essay by A. K. Ramanujan from the reading-list of the History syllabus for the BA Degree at Delhi University."
</ref><ref>Amaresh Misra, Growing Social Unrest, [[Economic and Political Weekly]], Vol. 32, No. 12 ( 22–28 Mar 1997), pp. 571-573, {{JSTOR|4405193}}: "To pre-empt this, the ABVP (the student wing of the RSS and the BJP) and allied forces let loose the spectre of violence which the administration, instead of controlling, instigated further."</ref><ref>Navneet Sharma and Anamica, "[http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article7310.html Imbecility and Impudence: The Emergency and RSS]", Mainstream Weekly, VOL LV, No 30, 16 July 2017: "The ideological parent of the BJP, the RSS, and its student wing, the ABVP, have their own crucial role in the BJP's anti-democratic-secular India agenda."</ref>

In 2017, the ABVP faced a string of losses in student body elections. They included not only Delhi's [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] and [[Delhi University]], but also the [[University of Allahabad]] and [[Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith]] in Uttar Pradesh, the [[Gujarat University]] and the [[Gauhati University]]. The loss in the Kashi Vidyapeeth was considered significant since it is in [[Varanasi]], prime minister [[Narendra Modi]]'s home constituency. This is said to have caused alarm in the BJP, which set up a committee to study the issues causing the ABVP's decline.<ref name=CatchNews/><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/abvp-loses-student-union-polls-on-pm-modi-turf/articleshow/61514187.cms ABVP loses student union polls on PM Modi turf], The Times of India, 5 November 2017.</ref>
ABVP bounced back in 2018 by winning the key posts of president, vice-president and joint secretary of students polls of [[Delhi University]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/abvp-wins-presidents-two-other-posts-in-dusu-polls-nsui-one/articleshow/65800960.cms?from=mdr|title=ABVP wins president's, two other posts in DUSU polls, NSUI one|date=14 September 2018|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> ABVP won all six seats in the Hyderabad Central University students union polls after eight years in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/abvp-sweeps-hyderabad-university-students-union-polls-after-8-years-1357810-2018-10-07|title=ABVP sweeps Hyderabad University students' union polls after 8 years|agency=Ist|newspaper=India Today |date=7 October 2018 |access-date=14 February 2020}}</ref>

==Activities==
The ABVP's manifesto includes agendas such as educational and university reforms.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article3884573.ece |title=ABVP educational reforms |publisher=Thehindu.com |date=11 September 2012 |access-date=6 May 2013|newspaper=The Hindu }}</ref> It competes in student-body elections in colleges and universities. Students for Development (SFD) is an initiative by the ABVP to promote "right perspective towards the need of holistic and sustainable development" in students.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abvp.org/sfd|title=SFD|website=Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad|access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> The official ABVP magazine is ''Rashtriya Chhatrashakti'', which is published monthly in [[Hindi]] in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abvp.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=65&Itemid=80 |title=Обновление FLV Player |publisher=Abvp.org |access-date=6 May 2013}}</ref>

ABVP conducts self-defense training program for girls titled "Mission Sahasi" all over India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Over 3,000 girls participate in ABVP's 'Mission Sahasi'|url=https://news.statetimes.in/over-3000-girls-participate-in-abvps-mission-sahasi/|access-date=20 May 2021|website=State Times|date=30 October 2018 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/dec/13/vijayawada-girls-showcase-skills-post-martial-arts-workshop-2075377.html|title=Vijayawada girls showcase skills post martial arts workshop|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/abvp-starts-mission-sahasi-for-safety-of-girls-676002|title=ABVP starts 'Mission Sahasi' for safety of girls|work=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en|access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref>

ABVP conducted door-to-door screening in more than 100 slums of Delhi for Covid-19 symptoms and encouraged people to register for vaccination.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 May 2021|title=ABVP plans drive to help slum residents |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/abvp-plans-drive-to-help-slum-residents/articleshow/82667832.cms|access-date=20 May 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ABVP to start COVID-19 screening in 100 Delhi slums from May 16, asks 'neutral' students to join in|url=https://www.edexlive.com/news/2021/may/14/abvp-to-start-covid-19-screening-in-100-delhi-slums-from-may-16-asks-neutral-students-to-join-in-20710.html|access-date=20 May 2021|website=The New Indian Express|date=14 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Delhi: ABVP to conduct mass screening to trace coronavirus cases in slum areas|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2021/may/15/delhi-abvp-to-conduct-mass-screening-to-trace-coronavirus-cases-in-slum-areas-2302775.html|access-date=20 May 2021|website=The New Indian Express|date=15 May 2021 }}</ref>

===Violence===
ABVP has been accused of multiple violent incidents, including stone pelting,<ref>{{Cite news|date=15 May 2007|title=Stone throwing during protest by ABVP in Hubli; 20 arrested|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/Stone-throwing-during-protest-by-ABVP-in-Hubli-20-arrested/article14763604.ece|access-date=10 November 2017|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=11 July 2003|title=ABVP activists turn violent at CET Cell|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2003/07/11/stories/2003071104420600.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=10 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030902054828/http://www.thehindu.com/2003/07/11/stories/2003071104420600.htm|archive-date=2 September 2003}}</ref> arson,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Banerjee|first1=Tamaghna|date=20 September 2019|title=ABVP supporters commit arson at Jadavpur University gate, ransack rooms on campus|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/abvp-supporters-commit-arson-at-ju-gate-ransack-rooms-on-campus/articleshow/71209836.cms|access-date=23 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Protesting ABVP Students Lathicharged Outside Amnesty Office|website=The Wire|url=https://thewire.in/politics/amnesty-abvp-lathicharged}}</ref> vandalism<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=26 February 2008|title=ABVP activists vandalise DU History Department|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/ABVP-activists-vandalise-DU-History-Department/article15173859.ece|access-date=10 November 2017|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and physical assault,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Byatnal|first1=Amruta|date=24 August 2013|title=ABVP thrashes FTII student for not saying 'Jai Narendra Modi'|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/abvp-thrashes-ftii-student-for-not-saying-jai-narendra-modi/article5053110.ece|access-date=4 March 2014}}</ref> on college<ref>{{Cite news|date=3 November 2017|title=ABVP 'activists' ransack Narayana college|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/abvp-activists-ransack-narayana-college/article19973716.ece|access-date=10 November 2017|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=25 May 2007|title=ABVP activists go on the rampage on college premises|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/ABVP-activists-go-on-the-rampage-on-college-premises/article14768437.ece|access-date=10 November 2017|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and school campuses<ref>{{cite news|date=19 August 2011|title=Jharkhand: ABVP cadres ransack missionary school over Anna protest|publisher=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/east/story/ranchi-students-boycott-classes-to-support-anna-abvp-cadres-ransack-missionary-school-139590-2011-08-18|access-date=4 March 2014}}</ref> and elsewhere.<ref name="HinduMasked20">{{cite news |title=As it happened: Masked goons strike terror in JNU, none arrested |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/live-updates-jnu-students-attacked-inside-campus-by-abvp-activists/article30486246.ece |access-date=6 January 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=5 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="ITBarged20">{{cite news |title=ABVP members barged into JNU hostels, attacked students with sticks, claims JNUSU |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jawaharlal-nehru-university-sabarmati-hostel-abvp-jnusu-1634173-2020-01-05 |access-date=6 January 2020 |work=India Today |date=5 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://ibnlive.in.com/news/right-wing-activists-target-kashmiri-film-fest-in-hyderabad/420312-62-127.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130911164137/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/right-wing-activists-target-kashmiri-film-fest-in-hyderabad/420312-62-127.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 11 September 2013 |title= Right wing activists target Kashmiri film fest in Hyderabad |publisher= IBN-Live |date= 7 September 2013 |access-date= 4 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.sunday-guardian.com/artbeat/right-wing-hooligans-and-a-complicit-state |title= Right-wing hooligans and a complicit State |publisher= The Sunday Guardian |date= 24 August 2013 |access-date= 4 March 2014 |archive-date= 4 March 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140304164450/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/artbeat/right-wing-hooligans-and-a-complicit-state |url-status= dead }}</ref> Most notably, on 5 January 2020, according to the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University Students' Union]], masked ABVP members attacked JNU students, smashing cars and pelting stones, while ABVP accused left wing organisations. ABVP later confessed the same on national media<ref>{{cite news |title=Listen in: ABVP Delhi State Jt Secretary 'explains' the video of alleged ABVP violence in JNU. |url=https://twitter.com/TimesNow/status/1214229897717010433 |access-date=8 January 2020 |work=Times Now |publisher=Twitter |date=6 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Asked to Step Out With Rods, Acid': ABVP Delhi Joint Secretary Admits Its Men Were Armed in JNU |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/asked-to-step-out-with-rods-acid-abvp-delhi-joint-secretary-admits-its-men-were-armed-in-jnu-2448373.html |access-date=8 January 2020 |work=News18 |date=7 January 2020 }}</ref> and in a [[sting operation]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Akshat Awasthi not our member, claims ABVP after India Today sting exposes JNU violence |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-today-sting-operation-jawaharlal-nehru-university-violence-jnu-attackers-abvp-delhi-police-aishe-ghosh-1635757-2020-01-10 |access-date=11 January 2020 |work=The India Today |date=10 January 2020}}</ref> and the veracity of ABVP's involvement was also found out through [[investigative journalism]] which was later confirmed by [[Delhi Police]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Pratik |title=Investigating the masked woman photographed during JNU violence |url=https://www.altnews.in/investigating-the-masked-woman-photographed-during-jnu-violence/ |access-date=11 January 2020 |work=[[AltNews.in]] |date=10 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="b785">{{cite web | last=Malik | first=Anukriti | title=JNU violence: Masked girl in viral picture of mob attack is Delhi University student Komal Sharma? | website=Newslaundry | date=7 January 2020 | url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/01/07/jnu-violence-masked-girl-mob-delhi-university-komal-sharma-abvp | access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://thewire.in/government/jnu-masked-woman-komal-sharma-abvp-delhi-police-confirm |title=JNU Attack: Delhi Police Confirm Masked Woman Is ABVP Member Komal Sharma|access-date=2 February 2020 |work=The Wire |date=15 January 2020}}</ref> A total of 28 people were injured, including students and teachers.<ref name="HinduMasked20" /><ref name="ITBarged20" />

== See also ==
* [[Indian Youth Congress]]
* [[Students' Federation of India]]
*[[Muslim Students Federation (I. U. M. L.)]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last1=Kaiwar |first1=Vasant |last2=Mazumdar |first2=Sucheta |title=Antinomies of Modernity: Essays on Race, Orient, Nation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haJl-fvKqCcC&pg=PA239 |date=21 April 2003 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=0-8223-3046-6 |pages=239–}}
* {{cite book|last1=Basu |first1=Amrita |title=Violent Conjunctures in Democratic India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TTrjCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA71 |date=30 June 2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-08963-1 |pages=258–}}
* {{cite book |last1=Jaffrelot |first1=Christophe |title=Religion, Caste, and Politics in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XAO3i_gS61wC&pg=PA787 |year=2010 |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=978-93-80607-04-7 |pages=47–}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.abvp.org/}}
{{Sangh Parivar}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

[[Category:Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad| ]]
[[Category:Anti-communist organisations in India]]
[[Category:Sangh Parivar]]
[[Category:Student organisations in India]]
[[Category:1948 establishments in Bombay State]]
[[Category:Student organizations established in 1948]]

List of community development blocks of Uttarakhand

2026-02-18T02:33:50Z

MarvinGrenier8:

{{short description|None}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}

The article lists all the 95 [[Community Development Block|community development blocks]] in the [[List of districts of Uttarakhand|13 districts]] of [[Uttarakhand]].

{| class="wikitable sortable" width=100%
|-
! Divisions !! Districts !! Community Development Blocks
|-
| rowspan=7 |[[Garhwal division|Garhwal]] || [[Chamoli district|Chamoli]] || {{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Dasholi]]
* [[Deval, Uttarakhand|Deval]]
* [[Gairsain]]
* [[Ghat, Uttarakhand|Ghat]]
* [[Joshimath]]
* [[Karnaprayag]]
* [[Narayanbagar]]
* [[Pokhari, Uttarakhand|Pokhari]]
* [[Tharali]]
}}
|-
|| [[Dehradun district|Dehradun]] || {{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Chakrata]]
* [[Doiwala]]
* [[Kalsi, Uttarakhand|Kalsi]]
* [[Raipur, Uttarakhand|Raipur]]
* [[Sahaspur, Uttarakhand|Sahaspur]]
* [[Vikasnagar]]
}}
|-
|| [[Haridwar district|Haridwar]] || {{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Bahadrabad]]
* [[Bhagwanpur, Uttarakhand|Bhagwanpur]]
* [[Khanpur, Uttarakhand|Khanpur]]
* [[Laksar]]
* [[Narsan]]
* [[Roorkee]]
}}
|-
|| [[Pauri Garhwal district|Pauri Garhwal]] || {{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Bironkhal]]
* [[Dugadda]]
* [[Dwarikhal]]
* [[Ekeshwar]]
* [[Jaiharikhal]]
* [[Kaljikhal]]
* [[Khirsu]]
* [[Kot, Uttarakhand|Kot]]
* [[Nainidanda]]
* [[Pabo, Uttarakhand|Pabo]]
* [[Pauri]]
* [[Pokhara, Uttarakhand|Pokhara]]
* [[Rikhanikhal]]
* [[Thalisain]]
* [[Yamkeshwar]]
}}
|-
|| [[Rudraprayag district|Rudraprayag]] || {{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Agastmuni]]
* [[Jakholi]]
* [[Ukhimath]]
}}
|-
|| [[Tehri Garhwal district|Tehri Garhwal]] || {{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Bhilangna, Uttarakhand|Bhilangna]]
* [[Chamba, Uttarakhand|Chamba]]
* [[Devprayag]]
* [[Jakhanidhar]]
* [[Jaunpur, Uttarakhand|Jaunpur]]
* [[Kirtinagar]]
* [[Narendranagar]]
* [[Pratapnagar, Uttarakhand|Pratapnagar]]
* [[Thauldhar]]
}}
|-
|| [[Uttarkashi district|Uttarkashi]] || {{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Bhatwari]]
* [[Chinyalisaur]]
* [[Dunda]]
* [[Mori, Uttarakhand|Mori]]
* [[Naugaon]]
* [[Purola]]
}}
|-
| rowspan=6 | [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] || [[Almora district|Almora]] || {{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Bhainsiyachhana]]
* [[Bhikiyasain]]
* [[Chaukhutia]]
* [[Dhaula Devi]]
* [[Dwarahat]]
* [[Hawalbagh]]
* [[Lamgara]]
* [[Salt, Uttarakhand|Salt]]
* [[Syalde]]
* [[Takula]]
* [[Tarikhet]]
}}
|-
|| [[Bageshwar district|Bageshwar]] || {{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Bageshwar]]
* [[Garur]]
* [[Kapkot]]
}}
|-
|| [[Champawat district|Champawat]] || {{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Barakot, Uttarakhand|Barakot]]
* [[Champawat]]
* [[Lohaghat]]
* [[Pati, Uttarakhand|Pati]]
}}
|-
|| [[Nainital district|Nainital]] || {{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Betalghat]]
* [[Bhimtal]]
* [[Dhari, Uttarakhand|Dhari]]
* [[Haldwani]]
* [[Kotabagh]]
* [[Okhalkanda]]
* [[Ramgarh, Uttarakhand|Ramgarh]]
* [[Ramnagar, Nainital|Ramnagar]]
}}
|-
|| [[Pithoragarh district|Pithoragarh]] || {{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Berinag]]
* [[Dharchula]]
* [[Didihat]]
* [[Gangolihat]]
* [[Kanalichhina]]
* [[Munakot]]
* [[Munsiari]]
* [[Pithoragarh]]
}}
|-
|| [[Udham Singh Nagar district|Udham Singh Nagar]] || {{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Bajpur]]
* [[Gadarpur]]
* [[Jaspur]]
* [[Kashipur, Uttarakhand|Kashipur]]
* [[Khatima]]
* [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand|Rudrapur]]
* [[Sitarganj]]
}}
|}

==District-wise details==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-style="background:#ffffdd; color:#000;"
! №
! align=Centre width=150px|Districts
! Community Development Blocks
|- valign=top
| 1
| [[Almora district|Almora]]
| 11
|- valign=top
| 2
| [[Bageshwar district|Bageshwar]]
| 3
|- valign=top
| 3
| [[Chamoli district|Chamoli]]
| 9
|- valign=top
| 4
| [[Champawat district|Champawat]]
| 4
|- valign=top
| 5
| [[Dehradun district|Dehradun]]
| 6
|- valign=top
| 6
| [[Haridwar district|Haridwar]]
| 6
|- valign=top
| 7
| [[Nainital district|Nainital]]
| 8
|- valign=top
| 8
| [[Pauri Garhwal district|Pauri Garhwal]]
| 15
|- valign=top
| 9
| [[Pithoragarh district|Pithoragarh]]
| 8
|- valign=top
| 10
| [[Rudraprayag district|Rudraprayag]]
| 3
|- valign=top
| 11
| [[Tehri Garhwal district|Tehri Garhwal]]
| 9
|- valign=top
| 12
| [[Udham Singh Nagar district|Udham Singh Nagar]]
| 7
|- valign=top
| 13
| [[Uttarkashi district|Uttarkashi]]
| 6
|-
| colspan="2"| '''Total'''
| '''95'''
|}

==See also==
* [[Administrative divisions of Uttarakhand]]
* [[List of districts of Uttarakhand]]
* [[List of parganas of Uttarakhand]]
* [[List of tehsils of Uttarakhand]]
* [[Block (district subdivision)]]

==References==
* {{cite web|title=District/Tehsil/Block wise Census Details|url=http://des.uk.gov.in/files/pdf/up.pdf|accessdate=6 October 2019}}
* {{cite web|title=Districtwise Information of Blocks|url=http://sec.uk.gov.in/upload/contents/File-124.pdf|accessdate=6 October 2019}}

{{Community Development Blocks of Uttarakhand}}
{{Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Uttarakhand-related lists|Blocks]]
[[Category:Community development blocks in India]]

Nizamabad, Telangana

2026-02-16T10:30:54Z

MarvinGrenier8:

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Other uses|Nizamabad (disambiguation){{!}}Nizamabad|}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nizamabad
| native_name = Induru
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Nizamabad Montage.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Clockwise from top : [[Government General Hospital, Nizamabad|District Government Hospital]], [[Nizamabad Junction railway station|Nizamabad Junction Railway Station]], District Court and [[Nizamabad Fort]]
| nickname = City of Nizams, City of [[Indra]]
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.672|N|78.094|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 =[[Telangana]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]]
| established_title1 = Founded
| established_date1 = 5th Century
| founder = '''Nizams'''
| established_title2 = Incorporated (Municipality)
| established_date2 = {{start date and age|1931||}}
| established_title3 = Incorporated (Corporation)
| established_date3 = {{start date and age|2005||}}

| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Nizamabad Municipal Corporation]], [[Nizamabad Urban Development Authority]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = Umararani
| leader_title1 = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| total_type = [[City]]
| area_footnotes = <ref name="civicbody">{{cite web|title=Urban Local Body Information|url=http://www.dtcp.telangana.gov.in/ULBs-List-68.pdf|website=Directorate of Town and Country Planning|publisher=Government of Telangana|access-date=28 June 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615135503/http://dtcp.telangana.gov.in/ULBs-List-68.pdf|archive-date=15 June 2016}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 42.9
| area_blank2_title = [[Nizamabad Urban Development Authority]]
| area_blank2_km2 = 169.37
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 395
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban =
| population_rural =
| population_total = 311,152
| population_footnotes = <ref name="about">{{cite web|title=About Nizamabad|url=http://nizamabadcorporation.telangana.gov.in/|website=[[Nizamabad Municipal Corporation|Nizamabad MC]]|access-date=14 May 2020|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623021729/http://nizamabadcorporation.telangana.gov.in/|archive-date=23 June 2019}}</ref>
| population_demonym = Nizamabadi
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = 5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 503 001,002,003,186,230
| area_code = 91-846-
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#TS—Telangana|TG 16]] / AP25 (erstwhile)
| website = {{URL|https://nizamabad.telangana.gov.in}}
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Urdu]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1001/1000 [[female|♀]]/[[male|♂]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 80.31%
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Nizamabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nizamabad]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]]
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Nizamabad (Urban) (Assembly constituency)|Nizamabad Urban]] [[Nizamabad (Rural) (Assembly constituency)|Nizamabad Rural]]
| blank_name_sec2 = Planning agency
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Nizamabad Urban Development Authority]]
| official_name =
|population_metro = 633933}}

'''Nizamabad''', also informally known as '''Induru'''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.telanganauniversity.ac.in/OLD/abouttu_originhistory_nizamabadcity.html| title=Origin & History of Nizamabad City}}</ref> or Indur, is a city in the Indian state of [[Telangana]]. It is governed by the municipal corporation and is the headquarters of the [[Nizamabad district]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Nizamabad district|url=http://www.telangana.gov.in/About/Districts/Nizamabad |website=Telangana State Portal|access-date=26 August 2015}}</ref> Previously part of [[Hyderabad State]] and then [[Andhra Pradesh]] state, Nizamabad became a part of the newly formed state of [[Telangana]] under the [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014]]. It is located about {{convert|186|km|mi|0}} north of the state capital, [[Hyderabad]].

== Etymology ==
Nizamabad was known by the name {{transliteration|te|ISO|Indūru}} in olden times.<ref>{{cite news |editor=Zahed Farooqui |date=10 August 2023|title=BRS advertisement refers Nizamabad as 'Induru', sparks debate|url=https://www.siasat.com/brs-advertisement-refers-nizamabad-as-induru-sparks-debate-2663799/#google_vignette|work= The Siasat Daily|access-date=29 November 2024}}</ref> During the 8th century, the town was under the reign of Indra Vallabha Panthya Vasrha Indra Som who belonged to the [[Rashtrakuta Dynasty]].

Later, the place was named Nizamabad - after the title {{translit|fa|Niẓām ul-Mulk}} ({{langx|fa|نظام‌ الملک}}; {{lit|Administrator of the Realm}}), bestowed upon [[Asaf Jah I]] when he was appointed [[Viceroy of the Deccan]] by the Mughal emperor [[Farrukhsiyar]]. The name is a portmanteau of ''Nizam'', meaning "[[Nizam of Hyderabad]]", and ''abad'', meaning "City" in [[Urdu]]. Sometimes, the place is also referred to as "The City of Nizams" (of the erstwhile [[Hyderabad State]]).<ref name="nativeplanet.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.nativeplanet.com/nizamabad/|title=Nizamabad Tourism, Travel Guide & Tourist Places in Nizamabad – Native Planet|work=nativeplanet.com}}</ref>

== History ==

Originally Nizamabad was called '''Induru'''. It was ruled by the king Indra Vallabha Panthya Varsha Indra Som, of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty, in the 8th century, and took its name from him. Nizamabad was ruled by the king Nizam in the 18th century, and was renamed in his honour.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.telanganauniversity.ac.in/OLD/abouttu_originhistory_nizamabadcity.html| title=Origin & History of Nizamabad City}}</ref>

During the prime minister-ship of Sir Salar Jung-I in the 1876, the districts in the Nizam’s dominion were reorganized whereupon Indur became a district.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nizamabad.telangana.gov.in/about-district/ | title=Nizamabad district profile | Nizamabad District | India }}</ref>

Nizamabad was a part of princely [[Hyderabad State|State of Hyderabad]] in 1724 and continued to be part of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam's]] dominions until 1948.<ref name="(India)Dept1971">{{cite book|title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Nanded|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Y5hAAAAIAAJ|year=1971|publisher=Director of Government Printing, Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State|pages=4, 576}}</ref> After India [[Independence Day (India)|gained independence]] in 1947, the [[Indian Armed Forces]] integrated Hyderabad and ended the rule of the Nizam in [[Operation Polo]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hyderabad.co.uk/policeaction.htm |title=Police Action |first=Mohan |last=Guruswamy |publisher=Hyderabad on the Net |access-date=31 July 2012}}</ref> It was during 1876 Nizamabad became a separate district when the districts in Hyderabad State were reorganized by Salar Jung-I, the then prime minister. In 1905 the railway line between [[Secunderabad]] and [[Manmad]] was laid.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dig-AwAAQBAJ&q=Secunderabad+to+Manmad+1905&pg=PA125|title=Tourism in India|isbn=9788192681979|last1=Babu|first1=Prof K. Vijaya|last2=Gade|first2=Jayaprakashnarayana|date=12 March 2014|publisher=Zenon Academic }}</ref> The city was named after [[Nizam Ali Khan]], Asaf Jah II|Nizam Ali Khan the second [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] state. And during the reign of last Nizam, [[Nizam Sagar]] dam was constructed in 1923 across the [[Manjira River]] at the village of [[Achampet, Telangana|Achampet]] which irrigates {{convert|250000|acre|km2 sqmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} of land in Nizamabad District.<ref name="telanganafocus.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.telanganafocus.com/nizamabad.html|title=Welcome to Telangana Focus.com|access-date=20 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053003/http://www.telanganafocus.com/nizamabad.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Nizamabad is located at {{Coord|18|41|N|78|6|E|type:city_region:IN}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Nizamabad.html |title=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Nizamabād |publisher=Fallingrain.com |access-date=20 November 2012}}</ref> The city is bounded on the North by [[Nirmal]], on the East by [[Jagtial]] and [[Karimnagar]], on the South lies [[Kamareddy]], and on the West it shares its boundaries with [[Nanded]] of [[Maharashtra]] state.

The city is administrated into 3 zones, ''[[Nizamabad North Mandal|Nizamabad North]]'', ''[[Nizamabad South Mandal|Nizamabad South]]'' of [[Nizamabad Urban Assembly constituency|Nizamabad Urban constituency]] and ''Nizamabad Rural'' of [[Nizamabad Rural Assembly constituency|Nizamabad Rural constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/template1-assets/maps/NIZAMABAD.jpg |title=Archived copy |access-date=14 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018230806/http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/template1-assets/maps/NIZAMABAD.jpg |archive-date=18 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://nizamabad.telangana.gov.in/mandals-villages/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411134906/http://nizamabad.telangana.gov.in/mandals-villages/ |archive-date=11 April 2017 |title=Mandals & Villages – THE OFFICIAL WEBSITE OF NIZAMABAD DISTRICT}}</ref> The [[Nizamabad Municipal Corporation]] governs an area of {{convert|42.9|km2}} under Nizamabad Urban which mainly comprises the suburbs of Nizamabad North and South mandals.

== Demographics ==
{{Historical population
| source = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.gov.in/node/551401/download|title=Page Redirection|website=data.gov.in| date=21 January 2022}}</ref>
| 1901 | 12871
| 1911 | 17353
| 1921 | 15672
| 1931 | 18809
| 1941 | 32741
| 1951 | 55195
| 1961 | 79093
| 1971 | 115640
| 1981 | 183061
| 1991 | 241034
| 2001 | 288722
| 2011 | 311152
| align = center
}}
As of the 2011 India census, Nizamabad had a population of 311,152.<ref name="about" /> Males constituted 49 percent of the population, and females constituted 51 percent.

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Nizamabad M Corp (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|59.77}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|38.01}}
{{bar percent|[[Telugu Christians|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|1.13}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|1.09}}
}}

Hindus are 59.77%, Muslims are 38.01% and Christians 1.13%.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Population by Religion - Andhra Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11363/download/14476/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

Nizamabad has an average [[literacy]] rate of 78.52 percent, higher than the national average of 74.04 percent; male literacy is 85.11 percent and female literacy is 72.02. In Nizamabad, 13 percent of the population is under six years of age.

{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages of Nizamabad M Corp (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value1 = 53.90 |color1 = steelblue
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 37.62 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value3 = 4.25 |color3 = red
|label4 = [[Hindi]] |value4 = 1.71 |color4 = orange
|label5 = Others |value5 = 2.52 |color5 = grey
}}

The major languages spoken in the city are [[Telugu language|Telugu]] (53.90%) and [[Urdu language|Urdu]] (37.62%) and are also the official languages. [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Hindi]] are spoken by 4.25% and 1.71% of the population.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Andhra Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10193/download/13305/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

== Climate ==
As the city is situated at a considerable distance from the coast, the climate is [[tropical savanna climate|tropical savanna]] with most rainfall from June to October. In winter, there is less rainfall than in summer. In the month of May 2015, Nizamabad recorded {{convert|46.1|°C|°F}} which was highest recorded temperature in Telangana during this summer.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/nizamabad-sizzles-at-461-degree-celsius/article7225566.ece|title=Nizamabad sizzles at 46.1 degree Celsius|author=Special Correspondent|newspaper=The Hindu|date=19 May 2015}}</ref>
The temperature goes as low as {{convert|5|C}} while the average is {{convert|18|°C|°F}} during winter, while in summer the temperature rises as high as {{convert|47|C}} and the average is {{convert|46|°C|°F}}. Average annual temperature is {{convert|27|°C|°F}}. The average annual rainfall is 1108 mm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/714766/|title=Climate: Nizamabad|work=climate-data.org}}</ref>

{{Weather box
| location = Nizamabad (1991–2020, extremes 1907–2020)
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| Jan record high C = 37.0
| Feb record high C = 40.6
| Mar record high C = 43.3
| Apr record high C = 46.8
| May record high C = 47.3
| Jun record high C = 46.3
| Jul record high C = 40.0
| Aug record high C = 39.0
| Sep record high C = 39.0
| Oct record high C = 38.9
| Nov record high C = 37.0
| Dec record high C = 36.4
| year record high C = 47.3
| Jan high C = 31.0
| Feb high C = 33.9
| Mar high C = 37.6
| Apr high C = 40.2
| May high C = 42.1
| Jun high C = 36.6
| Jul high C = 31.7
| Aug high C = 30.5
| Sep high C = 31.7
| Oct high C = 32.5
| Nov high C = 31.5
| Dec high C = 30.7
| year high C = 34.1
| Jan low C = 13.6
| Feb low C = 17.3
| Mar low C = 22.0
| Apr low C = 25.6
| May low C = 28.3
| Jun low C = 26.2
| Jul low C = 24.3
| Aug low C = 23.7
| Sep low C = 23.6
| Oct low C = 21.6
| Nov low C = 16.9
| Dec low C = 13.0
| year low C = 21.8
| Jan record low C = 4.6
| Feb record low C = 6.1
| Mar record low C = 11.0
| Apr record low C = 12.8
| May record low C = 16.0
| Jun record low C = 14.0
| Jul record low C = 13.6
| Aug record low C = 14.0
| Sep record low C = 14.8
| Oct record low C = 8.4
| Nov record low C = 7.0
| Dec record low C = 4.2
| year record low C =
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 8.6
| Feb rain mm = 3.4
| Mar rain mm = 12.8
| Apr rain mm = 15.1
| May rain mm = 21.1
| Jun rain mm = 140.6
| Jul rain mm = 261.7
| Aug rain mm = 258.0
| Sep rain mm = 149.2
| Oct rain mm = 71.3
| Nov rain mm = 14.0
| Dec rain mm = 2.4
| year rain mm = 958.3
| Jan rain days = 0.7
| Feb rain days = 0.4
| Mar rain days = 1.0
| Apr rain days = 1.3
| May rain days = 1.8
| Jun rain days = 8.4
| Jul rain days = 13.6
| Aug rain days = 13.0
| Sep rain days = 7.9
| Oct rain days = 3.9
| Nov rain days = 0.8
| Dec rain days = 0.2
| year rain days = 53.1
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 40
| Feb humidity = 32
| Mar humidity = 27
| Apr humidity = 24
| May humidity = 24
| Jun humidity = 48
| Jul humidity = 67
| Aug humidity = 71
| Sep humidity = 68
| Oct humidity = 60
| Nov humidity = 52
| Dec humidity = 44
|year humidity = 46
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = 8 April 2024
}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Nizamabad Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 563–564
| access-date = 19 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M17
| access-date = 19 February 2020}}</ref>
}}

== Administration ==
=== Nizamabad Urban Development Authority ===
The [[Government of Telangana]] released a GO in 2017 setting up [[Nizamabad Urban Development Authority|Nizamabad Urban Development Authority (NUDA)]] to develop [[Nizamabad Municipal Corporation]] and surrounding 60 villages situated in six mandals.<ref name="auto2" /> NUDA with a geographical area of {{convert|169.37|km2}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/240118/merger-of-13-nizamabad-villages-on-the-cards.html | title=Merger of 13 Nizamabad villages on the cards| date=24 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite web | url=https://telanganatoday.com/go-released-set-nizamabad-urban-development-authority | title=GO released to set up Nizamabad Urban Development Authority}}</ref> spreading across North, South and Rural mandals of the city sees over the infrastructure development and planning for the 633,933<ref>{{cite web | url=https://telanganatoday.com/nizamabad-urban-assembly-constituency-profile | title=Nizamabad Urban Assembly constituency profile}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://telanganatoday.com/nizamabad-rural-assembly-constituency-profile | title=Nizamabad Rural Assembly constituency profile}}</ref> residents under its jurisdiction. Currently Headed by Kesha Venu From [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] as a Chairman.

=== Municipal corporation ===
The [[Nizamabad Municipal Corporation]] is the municipal governing body of the city which consists of democratically elected members, headed by a mayor which administers the city's infrastructure, civic administration and water supply. Nizamabad Municipality was constituted in the year 1931 and upgraded as special grade Municipality in the year 1987 and as a Corporation on 5 March 2005 vide GO. No:109. The jurisdiction of the civic body is spread over an urbanized but dense area of {{convert|42.9|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} and has 60 municipal wards.<ref name="mcn">{{cite web|title=Basic Information of Corporation {{!}} Nizamabad Corporation|url=http://mcnizamabad.in/basic-information-of-municipality-2/|website=mcnizamabad.in|access-date=8 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327175224/http://mcnizamabad.in/basic-information-of-municipality-2/|archive-date=27 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== E-Governance services ===
For providing facilities to the people the [[Government of Telangana]] started [[Mee Seva (Telangana)|MeeSeva]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telangana.gov.in/services/meeseva|title=Telangana State Portal MeeSeva Services|work=telangana.gov.in}}</ref> (At your service) centres all around the city and the state. The main purpose of this facility was to bring public services closer to home. MeeSeva provides online signed digital certificates like Income Certificates, Residence Certificates, Land Records and other Registration Records. These records are further stored online for database.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/ap-to-offer-331-mee-seva-services-by-oct/article4598834.ece|title=AP to offer 331 Mee Seva services by Oct|author=Our Bureau|work=The Hindu Business Line|date=9 April 2013 }}</ref> Nizamabad along with Hyderabad are the only districts<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/vizag-passport-office-to-cater-to-guntur-krishna-yanam/article7233224.ece|title=Vizag passport office to cater to Guntur, Krishna, Yanam|author=Special Correspondent|newspaper=The Hindu|date=21 May 2015}}</ref> in the Telangana state which have their own [[List of Passport Offices in India|Passport Seva Kendras]], these offices carter the need of other districts of Telangana state.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/Districts-realigned-under-Visakhapatnam-Hyderabad-passport-offices/articleshow/47127883.cms|title=Districts realigned under Visakhapatnam, Hyderabad passport offices|work=The Times of India|date=2 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugupeople.com/news/article_00097237_Regional_Passport_Office_to_re-align_districts.asp|title=Regional Passport Office to re-align districts}}</ref>

=== Law and order ===
{{Main|Nizamabad Police}}
[[File:Nizamabad Police Vehicle.jpg|thumb|right|Nizamabad City Police SUV]]

The [[Nizamabad Police]] Commissionerate is the local law enforcement agency for the city and is headed by the [[Commissioner of Police]]. The city police traces its origins to 1847 under [[Hyderabad State]]. The city is under strict vigilance by the commissionerate as there are 72 CCTV cameras installed at various traffic junctions<ref>{{cite news|title=CCTVs lie unused in Nizamabad|url=http://m.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/cctvs-lie-unused-in-nizamabad/article6662198.ece/|access-date=18 April 2015|work=The Hindu|date=4 December 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150507185335/http://m.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/cctvs-lie-unused-in-nizamabad/article6662198.ece/|archive-date=7 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the infrastructure includes Interceptor Vehicles, Online Presence and a large fleet of [[Mahindra Bolero]] SUVs. Apart from Crime branch, the police also has Traffic branch, SHE teams, Blue Colts and Mobile patrolling fleet.

=== Healthcare ===

Being the third largest city in the state, Nizamabad is known for its medical care in northern Telangana region. [[Government General Hospital, Nizamabad|Government General Hospital]] is one of the largest government hospital in the state, also serving patients from the cities and neighbouring districts of [[Nanded district|Nanded]] and [[Adilabad district|Adilabad]].<ref>{{cite news|title=State Government Seeks Rs 750 Cr from Centre for Pushkarams|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/State-Government-Seeks-Rs-750-Cr-from-Centre-for-Pushkarams/2015/03/19/article2720350.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321001303/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/State-Government-Seeks-Rs-750-Cr-from-Centre-for-Pushkarams/2015/03/19/article2720350.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 March 2015|access-date=18 April 2015|work=The New Indian Express|date=19 March 2015}}</ref> ''Khaleelwadi'', also known as ''Doctor's Lane'', is a densely hospital clustered area comprising more than 200 major private hospitals<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rainrays.com/topic/hospitals_and_clinics_in_nizamabad_list_one-2678-141.htm|title=Hospitals and Clinics in Nizamabad List One|work=rainrays.com}}</ref> and many laboratories. Considering the better infrastructure and resources available, [[Government Medical College, Nizamabad|Government Medical College]] was established in 2012. There are speciality hospitals for maternity care, chest hospitals, Meghna Hospital for Dental care, Indur Cancer Hospital. Apart from these multi-speciality hospitals in the city, Pragati Hospital is one of the only hospitals among the neighbouring districts which has recently established a heart transplantation wing.

== Transport ==
=== Roadways ===

The city is well connected to the major destinations through various [[National Highway (India)|national]] and [[state highways]]. [[National Highway 44 (India)|National Highway 44]] bypasses the city, which is a major national highway connecting north and south India.<ref name="renumber">{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=3 April 2012|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The {{Convert|460|km|abbr=on}} long [[National Highway 63 (India) (new numbering)|National Highway 63]], originates at Nizamabad and connects [[Jagadalpur]] of [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhai.org/doc/23june12/nh_nh%20wise.pdf |title={title} |access-date=31 October 2016 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6DonKzsUk?url=http://www.nhai.org/Doc/23june12/NH_NH%20wise.pdf |archive-date=20 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=National Highways in Telangana State|url=http://tsroads.cgg.gov.in/getInfo.do|website=Roads and Buildings Department|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref> The city corporation maintains roads of a total length of {{convert|772|km|abbr=on}}, including of {{Convert|387|km|abbr=on}} of surfaced and {{Convert|385|km|abbr=on}} of unsurfaced roads.<ref>{{cite web|title=Roads {{!}} Nizamabad Corporation|url=http://mcnizamabad.in/roads/|website=mcnizamabad.in|access-date=29 October 2016|archive-date=30 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330234011/http://mcnizamabad.in/roads/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Telangana State Road Transport Corporation]] operates buses to various destinations from [[Nizamabad bus station]] of the city.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bus Stations in Districts|url=http://www.tsrtc.telangana.gov.in/BusStations.php|website=Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref> The city has 2 [[Bus garage|bus depots]] for storage and maintenance of buses.<ref>{{cite news|title=RTC bus stand becomes smokers' haven|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2016-08-24/RTC-bus-stand-becomes-smokers-haven-/250172|access-date=29 October 2016|work=The Hans India|date=24 August 2016}}</ref>

=== Railways ===

{{stnlnk|Nizamabad Junction}} is administered under [[Hyderabad railway division]] of [[South Central Railway zone]] and is the convergence station for [[Nizamabad–Peddapalli section]] and [[Jankampet]]–[[Bodhan]] line with [[Kacheguda–Manmad section]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hyderabad Division System Map|url=http://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,291,355|website=South Central Railway|access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nizamabad rail station to get junction status|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/290316/nizamabad-rail-station-to-get-junction-status.html|access-date=29 October 2016|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=29 March 2016}}</ref>

This Nizamabad–Peddapalli section connects Nizamabad with the [[Grand Trunk Express|Grand Trunk Route]] of [[New Delhi–Chennai main line]] and the distance from Nizamabad to [[Karimnagar]] and [[Warangal]] reduced to a large extent.<ref>{{cite web|title=Press Release|url=http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=5834&id=0,5,268|website=South Central Railway Zone|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Rail budget boost to 2 last-mile projects|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Rail-budget-boost-to-2-last-mile-projects/articleshow/51174096.cms|access-date=29 October 2016|work=The Times of India|date=28 February 2016}}</ref>

In 2023, the station was selected as part of the [[Amrit Bharat Station Scheme]]

=== Airway ===
{{Main|Nizamabad Airport}}
Nizamabad currently doesn't have its own aerodrome however the state government of Telangana has proposed an airport at [[Jakranpally]] Mandal borders covering the lands of Manoharabad, Thorlikonda, Kolipak in Nizamabad.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/t-govt-to-develop-6-airports/articleshow/70284276.cms | title=Telangana government to develop six airports | Hyderabad News - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=19 July 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/jubilation-in-nizamabad-over-airport-proposal/article29121799.ece| title = Jubilation in Nizamabad over airport proposal - The Hindu| website = [[The Hindu]]| date = 17 August 2019| last1 = Mohan| first1 = P. Ram}}</ref> The nearest international facility is [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport]] in Hyderabad located at a distance of 200 km, and a partly functional domestic airport is [[Shri Guru Gobind Singh Ji Airport]] located at 110 km in [[Nanded]] of Maharashtra State. The city houses 4 [[Helipad]]s located each at Nagaram Stadium, Parade Grounds and two at Girraj Government College and 1 at [[Dichpally]] which is 15 km from Nizamabad district Headquarters.

== Economy ==
[[File:Reliance Mall Nizamabad.jpg|thumb|left|[[Reliance Retail]] Mall]]
[[File:Shopping Mall Nizamabad.jpg|thumb|right|Shopping Malls on RP Road]]
[[File:Walmart Nizamabad.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Walmart]] store in Nizamabad]]
The economy of the city is largely based on industries and private businesses<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/amended%20%20nizamabad.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=27 November 2020 |archive-date=18 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118095024/http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/amended%20%20nizamabad.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> which are both under government and public sector. For most families the main source of income is either government jobs or family citizens working in [[Gulf countries]]. After the bifurcation of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and Telangana, with an initiative to develop the backward districts the state government has set up industrial parks in rural areas such as Sarangpur and Nehru Nagar.

Some of major industries include [[Nizam Sugar Factory]] which was the biggest sugar factory in Asia during the reign of Nizams,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://apind.gov.in/Library/District/nizamabad.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=27 November 2020 |archive-date=13 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513195611/http://www.apind.gov.in/Library/District/nizamabad.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and major Spice Park.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/telangana-to-set-up-spices-park-in-nizamabad/article8541681.ece|title=Telangana to set up Spices Park in Nizamabad| date=30 April 2016 }}</ref> As Nizamabad is the largest producer of rice in the state there are many of Rice mills situated across the district and mostly in Khanapur region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2016-05-30/Source-wise-Irrigation-in-Bangaru-Telangana/231451|title=Source-wise Irrigation in Bangaru Telangana|website=The Hans India| date=30 May 2016 }}</ref>

In 2018, with the aim of promoting establishment of IT industries in Tier-II cities, the state government of Telangana started the construction work of the proposed IT Tower and Incubation hub in the north part of the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://telanganatoday.com/telangana-rs-25-cr-it-tower-nizamabad |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121172751/https://telanganatoday.com/telangana-rs-25-cr-it-tower-nizamabad |archive-date=21 January 2019 |title=Telangana: Rs 25 cr IT tower for Nizamabad}}</ref> The IT Hub was inaugurated in August 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/telangana/2023/Aug/10/focus-on-honing-skills-to-boost-employability-ktr-2603834.html | title=Focus on honing skills to boost employability: KTR - the New Indian Express | date=10 August 2023 }}</ref>

=== Real estate ===
Real estate in Nizamabad is booming since a decade<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.masterplansindia.com/telangana/nizamabad|title=Nizamabad Master Plans|work=Master Plans India|access-date=28 April 2015|archive-date=15 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115124121/http://www.masterplansindia.com/telangana/nizamabad|url-status=dead}}</ref> with large number of high rise apartments and commercial complexes. There has also been a large overgrowth around the city for some years.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://nizamabad.nic.in/code/atg.htm|title=D I S T R I C T – P R O F I L E|work=nizamabad.nic.in|access-date=28 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106160323/http://nizamabad.nic.in/code/atg.htm|archive-date=6 November 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{Wide image|Nizamabad City Panorama.jpg|1100px|Skyline of Nizamabad overlooking East}}

== Culture ==
[[File:Chicken Hyderabadi Biryani.JPG|thumb|[[Biryani]] is the most served dish across the restaurants]]
Nizamabad's culture enriched under the patronage of Nizams. The city has a diverse culture with major proportion of city population being Hindus and Muslims and this mixing of religions has also resulted in many festivals being celebrated in Nizamabad such as [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] and [[Diwali]] of Hindu tradition and [[Eid ul-Fitr]], [[Mawlid]] and [[Eid al-Adha]] by Muslims. Telugu and Urdu are major languages spoken by the city people, and English is also widely used for communication purpose. Even though the city has different religious communities, the people of Nizamabad are known for their harmony, cultural amalgamation and religious unity.<ref name="nativeplanet.com" />

=== Cuisine ===
Nizamabadi cuisine mainly comprises rice, wheat and [[Lamb and mutton|meat]] dishes. [[South Indian cuisine]] which include [[Dosa (food)|Dosa]], [[Vada (food)|Vada]], [[Puri (food)|Puri]] and [[Idly]] are common breakfast items. [[Hyderabadi biriyani]] with its blend of [[Mughlai cuisine|Mughlai]] and [[Arab cuisine|Arab]] influences and ''[[Tahri (dish)|Tahari]]'' are other dishes. Traditional food items like [[Harees]], [[Haleem]] and [[Nihari]] are common foods during [[Ramadan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://twocircles.net/2015jun19/1434701835.html#.VYvddUY5HIU|title=Hyderabad's old city comes alive as Ramadan begins|work=twocircles.net| date=19 June 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/shopping-mania-grips-nizamabad/article6221607.ece|title=Shopping mania grips Nizamabad|author=P. Ram Mohan|work=The Hindu| date=17 July 2014 }}</ref>

=== Tourism ===
[[File:Gurudwar Nizamabad.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Gurudwara]] in Nizamabad]]
[[File:Sri Ram Sagar Project (Pochampahad).jpg|thumb|right|[[Sriram Sagar Project]] at Pochampahad]]
[[Nizamabad Fort]] is situated on the southwest of the city which was built by Rashtrakuta Kings in around the 10th century, the fort was captured by Asaf Jahis who were the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizams of Hyderabad]], who then rebuilt the fort.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/-Andhra-Pradesh/Quilla-Ramalayam-24147.htm|title=Quilla Ramalayam|work=india9.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gonizamabad.com/nizamabad-quilla-ramalayam-raghunath-temple-photos/|title=Nizamabad Quilla Ramalayam – Raghunath Temple Photos|work=Go Nizamabad|access-date=3 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711021940/http://gonizamabad.com/nizamabad-quilla-ramalayam-raghunath-temple-photos/|archive-date=11 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Archaeological and Heritage Museum was opened in October 2001 and is situated in the ''Tilak Garden'' premises which is opened seasonally. The Museum houses various artifacts and antiquities representing the evolution of human civilization from [[Paleolithic]] to [[Vijayanagara Empire]] (i.e. 16th. A.D). The Museum is divided into three sections, namely Archaeological Section, Sculptural gallery and Bronze and Decorative gallery. Bidri articles and arms and weapons of extensive variety are also exhibited.<ref name="telanganafocus.com"/>

[[Alisagar lift irrigation scheme|Alisagar]] is a park and tourist attraction which is 13 km from Nizamabad and 2 km (1.2 mi) off the Nizamabad-Bodhan road.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indur Tourism|url=http://nizamabad.nic.in/code/tourism.htm|website=Official website of Nizamabad district|access-date=6 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020110351/http://nizamabad.nic.in/code/tourism.htm|archive-date=20 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The garden is spread across 33 acres, with a deer park, trekking and water sports facility. It also has a hilltop guest house built by Nizam and is under renovation as of 2015.{{update inline|date=October 2019}} Ashok Sagar is a lake, park and tourist attraction situated in [[Jankampet]] area, 07 km from centre of the city. It has a rock garden with illuminated rocks and also has boating facilities.<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/ecotourism-to-be-developed-in-nizamabad/article7145243.ece|title=Ecotourism to be developed in Nizamabad|author=Special Correspondent|work=The Hindu| date=26 April 2015 }}</ref> Neela Kanteshwar Temple is a temple dedicated to the Powerful [[Shiva|Shiva (Mahadev)]] .The temple attracts a large number of devotees coming from different corners the state and the district. This famous temple was constructed for the Jains by the Satavahana king, Satakarni-II. The structure has a lot of resemblance with the North Indian Architectural style. The festival of Ratha sapthami is an annual event celebrated on a grand scale with a lot of pomp in this temple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Divine Destinations in Telangana :: Telangana Tourism |url=https://telanganatourism.gov.in/partials/destinations/divine-destinations/nizamabad/partials/destinations/divine-destinations.html |access-date=28 April 2022 |website=telanganatourism.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

[[Dichpally]] killa Ramalayam temple was one of the oldest and kakatiya built architecture master piece on the hill top beside the Dichpally village lake, located at a distance of 15 km from Nizamabad district Headquarters and 5 km from NH44.

[[Badapahad]] dargah is one of the oldest Muslim pilgrim centres, built in the memory of Hazrat Syed Hussaini, on top of a hillock located at a distance of 38 km from the city.

== Education ==
{{Main|List of educational institutions in Nizamabad (India)}}
[[File:VREC,A Block.jpg|thumb|left|VREC, A Block, Nizamabad]]

Nizamabad is a major education centre in Telangana. The city is the home to 10 Engineering colleges, [[Vijay Rural Engineering College]] (VREC), affiliated to [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad]] (JNTUH) is the reputed institution located in city. [[Kakatiya Institutions]] of Nizamabad is a group of well known schools & colleges in state of Telangana and the erstwhile [[Andhra Pradesh]], as they have been constantly fetching state top ranks. Some other major educational institutions for higher education are [[Arkay College of Engineering and Technology]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arkaycollege.com/|title=Arkay College of Engineering & Technology|work=arkaycollege.com|access-date=23 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307215549/http://arkaycollege.com/|archive-date=7 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kshatriya College of Engineering,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kcea.ac.in/|title=Welcome to Kshatriya College of Engineering|work=kcea.ac.in}}</ref> Kakatiya Engineering College for Women, Ganga Pharmacy college, [[Government Medical College, Nizamabad|Government Medical College]],Girraj Government Degree College<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gmcnzbd.org/|title=Nizamabad Medical College|work=gmcnzbd.org|access-date=23 February 2014|archive-date=7 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607011312/http://www.gmcnzbd.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nishitha Degree College, etc. Many students from neighbouring districts of Nanded, Adilabad and Karimnagar take up admissions here for their higher education.
Also 15 Model schools were established in the year 2013 by central government in EBBs, to uplift the education system & provide free education in English medium.

[[Telangana University]] is a public university under the Government of Telangana, located at [[Dichpally]], 15 km from the city. Telangana University alone has 149 college affiliations of which 86 colleges are in Nizamabad and 63 colleges in Adilabad district.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Telangana University|url=http://www.telanganauniversity.ac.in/html/aboutUniversity.html|website=Telangana University|access-date=25 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150625022249/http://www.telanganauniversity.ac.in/html/aboutUniversity.html|archive-date=25 June 2015}}</ref> The university has also signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with [[Chicago State University]] of United States for exchange of students and teachers. The MoU was signed by the officials of the two universities in the presence of Chief Minister [[Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao|K.Chandrasekhar Rao]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/exchange-of-students/article7623905.ece|title=Exchange of students|work=The Hindu| date=6 September 2015 }}</ref>

== Notable people ==

''For people from Nizamabad district, not the city itself, please see [[Nizamabad district]]''
* [[Nithiin]] is an Indian film actor known for his works predominantly in Telugu cinema.
* [[Nikhat Zareen]] is an Indian boxer who won gold medals at international boxing tournaments.
* [[Sreemukhi]] is an Indian television anchor, host and actress
* [[Mohammad Hussamuddin]] is an Indian boxer who won bronze medal at the 2018 Commonwealth Games.
* [[Dil Raju]] is a film producer known for his works predominantly in Telugu cinema.


== See also ==
* [[Nizamabad mandal]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Nizamabad, Telangana}}
* [https://nizamabad.city/ Nizamabad Official Website]

{{Telangana}}
{{Cities and towns in Nizamabad district}}

[[Category:Nizamabad, Telangana| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Telangana]]
[[Category:District headquarters of Telangana]]

Gadar: Ek Prem Katha (soundtrack)

2026-02-15T00:47:16Z

MarvinGrenier8:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Gadar: Ek Prem Katha {{small|(Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)}}
| type = [[Soundtrack album]]
| artist = [[Uttam Singh]]
| cover = Gadar Ek Prem Katha (soundtrack).webp
| caption = Soundtrack album cover
| alt =
| released = 9 April 2001
| recorded = 2000{{ndash}}2001
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Motion Picture soundtrack]], [[Filmi]]
| length = 38:19
| label = [[Zee Telefilms|Zee Records]]{{efn|The rights to the film's music were later acquired by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] in 2009 after Zee Records being defunct, and later reverted back to [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]] through its newly formed record label [[Zee Music Company]] which currently has its rights}}
| producer = [[Uttam Singh]]
| prev_title = [[Farz (2001 film)|Farz]]
| prev_year = 2001
| next_title = [[Pyaar Diwana Hota Hai]]
| next_year = 2002
}}

'''''Gadar: Ek Prem Katha''''' is the [[soundtrack]] to the [[Gadar: Ek Prem Katha|2001 film of the same name]] directed and produced by [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]] and stars [[Sunny Deol]] and [[Ameesha Patel]]. Released through Zee Records on 9 April 2001, the nine-song soundtrack features compositions from [[Uttam Singh]] with lyrics written by [[Anand Bakshi]] and features vocals by [[Udit Narayan]], [[Alka Yagnik]], Preeti Uttam Singh, [[Pandit Ajoy Chakrabarty]], [[Parveen Sultana]]. The soundtrack was the fifth-highest selling soundtrack of India during the time of its release.

== Development ==
''Gadar: Ek Prem Katha'' features five songs: "Udja Kale Kawan", "Musafir Jaane Wale", "Main Nikla Gaddi Leke", "Aan Milo Sajna" and "Hum Juda Ho Gaye", In addition, a traditional marriage song played in the background was also conceived for the soundtrack.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Uttam |author-link=Uttam Singh |date=15 June 2001 |title=''Gadar: Ek Prem Katha'' (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/gadar-ek-prem-katha-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1529553319 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319215351/https://music.apple.com/in/album/gadar-ek-prem-katha-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1529553319 |archive-date=19 March 2023 |access-date=4 January 2024 |website=[[iTunes]] |publisher=[[Apple Music]] |via=[[Zee Music Company]]}}</ref>

As the film was set before 1947, composing music for the film was "challenging" for Singh, as it has to cater the modern audience while being authentic to the storyline. "Udja Kale Kawan", according to Singh was the "hardest" song he had composed. He could not fix a particular tune in mind, and after a month he thought of a tune that lasts around 16–17 seconds. He then met Bakshi for developing a song within this tune and gave him a week's time, but eventually wrote the entire lyrics for the song in 3 days. The song has four different versions that appears in each situation. When the full song was composed, [[Yash Chopra]]'s wife Pammi Chopra contacted Singh to check that if the song was adapted from a folklore or not, to which Singh replied that it was originally curated.

[[Udit Narayan]] and [[Alka Yagnik]] perform the vocals for [[Sunny Deol]] and [[Ameesha Patel]], respectively. [[Lata Mangeshkar]] was the initial choice for the female vocals of "Udja Kale Kawan", according to Singh as she previously worked on ''[[Dil To Pagal Hai]]'' (1997), but due to Mangeshkar's unavailability as she was on a [[concert tour]], Singh later brought Yagnik for the song. The [[thumri]] song "Aan Milo Sajna" was composed within fifteen minutes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=डेढ़ महीने लगे थे गदर के सुपरहिट गीत उड़ जा काले कांवा को बनने में...संगीतकार उत्तम सिंह ने खास यादें की साझा|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/entertainment/bollywood/gadar-uttam-singh-reveals-special-memories-related-to-superhit-song-udja-kale-kawan-and-music-of-the-film-sunny-deol-slt|access-date=14 June 2023|website=Prabhat Khabar|date=8 June 2023|archive-date=14 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614110514/http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/entertainment/bollywood/gadar-uttam-singh-reveals-special-memories-related-to-superhit-song-udja-kale-kawan-and-music-of-the-film-sunny-deol-slt|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Udja Kale Kawan
| note1 = Folk
| length1 = 03:11
| extra1 = [[Udit Narayan]]
| title2 = Musafir Jaane Wale
| length2 = 05:47
| extra2 = Udit Narayan, Preeti Uttam Singh
| title3 = Main Nikla Gaddi Leke
| length3 = 05:26
| extra3 = Udit Narayan
| title4 = Udja Kale Kawan
| note4 = Marriage
| length4 = 05:01
| extra4 = Udit Narayan, [[Alka Yagnik]]
| title5 = Hum Juda Ho Gaye
| length5 = 06:04
| extra5 = Udit Narayan, Preeti Uttam Singh
| title6 = Udja Kale Kawan
| note6 = Search
| length6 = 04:34
| extra6 = Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik
| title7 = Aan Milo Sajna
| length7 = 05:22
| extra7 = [[Pandit Ajoy Chakrabarty]], [[Parveen Sultana]]
| title8 = Udja Kale Kawan
| note8 = Victory
| length8 = 01:20
| extra8 = Chorus
| title9 = Traditional Shaadi Geet
| length9 = 01:30
| extra9 = Preeti Uttam Singh
| total_length = 38:19
}}

== Reception ==
[[Sukanya Verma]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' described the music as "unconventional" and not the "regular commercial fare" concluding "if you're of the hip crowd, you might not hop for ''Gadar''".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |date=19 May 2001 |title=The music review of Gadar-Ek Prem Katha |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2001/may/19gada.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615050306/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2001/may/19gada.htm |archive-date=15 June 2021 |access-date=4 January 2024 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> Writing for ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'', [[Taran Adarsh]] was more critical of the music describing as the "sore point" of the film, and "there is not one song that you recollect after the show has ended" excluding "Udja Kale Kawan" and "Hum Juda Ho Gaye" was "totally out of sync with the mood of the film".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |date=15 June 2001 |title=Gadar – Ek Prem Katha Music Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/gadar-ek-prem-katha/critic-review/gadar-ek-prem-katha-movie-review/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616021943/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/gadar-ek-prem-katha/critic-review/gadar-ek-prem-katha-movie-review/ |archive-date=16 June 2021 |access-date=4 January 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref> In the re-review for ''[[The Quint]]'', Pankhuri Shukla stated "even after two decades, the ''Gadar'' soundtrack still slaps."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shukla |first=Pankhuri |date=10 May 2019 |title=Millennial Review: Sunny Deol's Hyper-Nationalism in 'Gadar' |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/millennial-review/millennials-review-classics-gadar-ek-prem-katha |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924042829/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/millennial-review/millennials-review-classics-gadar-ek-prem-katha |archive-date=24 September 2023 |access-date=4 January 2024 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>

The soundtrack was the fifth-highest selling music album of India for the year with approximately 2.5 million copies being sold.<ref>{{cite web|title=Music Hits 2000–2009 (Figures in Units)|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215081557/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5&PHPSESSID=108b9056cd4ca14236f9c6119d34dcce|archive-date=15 February 2008|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=12 July 2017}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ {{sronly|List of accolades received by ''Dil Chahta Hai''}}
|-
! scope="col"| Award
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="3" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |[[47th Filmfare Awards|16 February 2002]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| [[Uttam Singh]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" |<ref>Filmfare Awards:
*{{Cite news |date=April 2002 |title=Hold back the night |work=[[Filmfare]] |url=http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/april2002/cs.html |url-status=dead |access-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220191624/http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/april2002/cs.html |archive-date=20 December 2014}}
*{{Cite web |last=Dhirad |first=Sandeep |date=2006 |title=Filmfare Nominees and Winners |url=https://sites.google.com/site/deep750/FilmfareAwards.pdf?attredirects=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019034032/https://sites.google.com/site/deep750/FilmfareAwards.pdf?attredirects=0 |archive-date=19 October 2015 |access-date=18 May 2021 |website=[[Filmfare Awards]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Anand Bakshi]] {{small|(for "Udja Kale Kawan")}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Playback Singer – Male]]
| [[Udit Narayan]] {{small|(for "Koi Kahe Kehta Rahe")}}
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="3" |[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |[[3rd IIFA Awards|6 April 2002]]
| [[IIFA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| [[Uttam Singh]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" |<ref>International Indian Film Academy Awards:
*{{Cite news |last=Waheed |first=Sajahan |date=6 April 2002 |title=Battle of the megahits |page=27 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-T4hAAAAIBAJ |url-status=live |access-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518130016/https://books.google.co.id/books?id=-T4hAAAAIBAJ |archive-date=18 May 2021}}
*{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=5 April 2002 |title=IIFA awards presentation on Saturday |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/iifa-awards-presentation-on-saturday/article27840094.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518130057/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/iifa-awards-presentation-on-saturday/article27840094.ece |archive-date=18 May 2021}}
*{{Cite web |title=IIFA Through the Years – IIFA 2002: Malaysia |url=http://www.iifa.com/iifa-years/iifa-years-2002/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703120347/http://iifa.com/iifa-years/iifa-years-2002/ |archive-date=3 July 2014 |access-date=18 May 2021 |website=[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| [[Anand Bakshi]] {{small|(for "Udja Kale Kawan")}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Playback Singer – Male]]
| [[Udit Narayan]] {{small|(for "Udja Kale Kawan")}}
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="3" |[[Screen Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |18 January 2002
| [[Screen Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| [[Uttam Singh]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" |<ref>Screen Awards:
*{{Cite news |last=Bhattacharya |first=Roshmila |author-link=Roshmila Bhattacharya |date=25 January 2002 |title=Dil Chahta Hai, Lagaan make a clean sweep |work=Screen |url=http://screenindia.com:80/20020125/fcover.html |url-status=dead |access-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020221211720/http://screenindia.com/20020125/fcover.html |archive-date=21 February 2002}}
*{{Cite news |last=Bhattacharya |first=Roshmila |date=25 January 2002 |title=Magic — Part 1 |work=Screen |url=http://screenindia.com:80/20020125/fcover1.html |url-status=dead |access-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020224152414/http://screenindia.com/20020125/fcover1.html |archive-date=24 February 2002}}
*{{Cite news |last=Bhattacharya |first=Roshmila |date=25 January 2002 |title=Magic — Part 2 |work=Screen |url=http://screenindia.com:80/20020125/fcover2.html |url-status=dead |access-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030306063557/http://www.screenindia.com/20020125/fcover2.html |archive-date=6 March 2003}}
*{{Cite news |last=Bhattacharya |first=Roshmila |date=25 January 2002 |title=Magic — Part 3 |work=Screen |url=http://screenindia.com:80/20020125/fcover3.html |url-status=dead |access-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030306164716/http://www.screenindia.com/20020125/fcover3.html |archive-date=6 March 2003}}
*{{Cite web |title=8th Annual Screen Awards – Nominees & Winners for the year 2001 |url=http://www.indiafm.com:80/awards/screen/nominees2001.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040118035719/http://www.indiafm.com/awards/screen/nominees2001.shtml |archive-date=18 January 2004 |access-date=18 May 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| [[Anand Bakshi]] {{small|(for "Udja Kale Kawan")}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Male Playback|Best Playback Singer – Male]]
| [[Udit Narayan]] {{small|(for "Udja Kale Kawan")}}
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="rowgroup" |[[Zee Cine Awards]]
| 11 January 2002
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| [[Udit Narayan]] {{small|(for "Udja Kale Kawan")}}
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>Zee Cine Awards:
*{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/jan/11zee.htm |title=Lagaan sweeps the FairGlow Zee awards |last=Dubey |first=Bharati |date=11 January 2002 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=5 November 2021 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040755/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/jan/11zee.htm |url-status=live }}
*{{Cite web |url=http://www.zeecineawards.com:80/year2002.html |title=5th Zee Cine Awards – Year 2002 |website=[[Zee Cine Awards]] |access-date=5 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050426235617/http://www.zeecineawards.com/year2002.html |archive-date=26 April 2005 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|}

== Use in sequel ==
The sequel to the film, titled ''[[Gadar 2]]'' (2023) featured music composed by [[Mithoon]] who recreated two songs from the original—"Udja Kale Kawan" and "Main Nikla Gaddi Leke"; the former as "Udd Jaa Kaale Kaava".<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=16 August 2023 |title=Mithoon on Gadar 2 success: I have seen the success of Aashiqui 2 and Kabir Singh, but I have never seen this kind of mass connection {{!}} Exclusive |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/mithoon-on-gadar-2-success-i-have-seen-the-success-of-aashiqui-2-and-kabir-singh-but-i-have-never-seen-this-kind-of-mass-connection-exclusive/articleshow/102778589.cms?from=mdr |access-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826232403/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/mithoon-on-gadar-2-success-i-have-seen-the-success-of-aashiqui-2-and-kabir-singh-but-i-have-never-seen-this-kind-of-mass-connection-exclusive/articleshow/102778589.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=26 August 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Singh criticised Sharma for reusing those songs without consent,<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2023 |title=Gadar Ek Prem Katha composer Uttam Singh on not being approached for Gadar 2: 'They have used two of my songs… should at least have the etiquette to ask me once' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/gadar-ek-prem-katha-composer-uttam-singh-on-not-being-approached-for-gadar-2-they-have-used-two-of-my-songs-should-at-least-have-the-etiquette-to-ask-me-once-8907251/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828120710/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/gadar-ek-prem-katha-composer-uttam-singh-on-not-being-approached-for-gadar-2-they-have-used-two-of-my-songs-should-at-least-have-the-etiquette-to-ask-me-once-8907251/ |archive-date=28 August 2023 |access-date=4 January 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> though Sharma replied that the label [[Zee Music Company]] had owned the record rights to the franchise and therefore obtaining permission from the original artists were not necessary.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Entertainment |first=Quint |date=27 August 2023 |title=Gadar 2: Anil Sharma And Mithoon Respond to Uttam Singh's Allegations |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/gadar-2-anil-sharma-and-mithoon-respond-to-uttam-singhs-allegations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103170051/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/gadar-2-anil-sharma-and-mithoon-respond-to-uttam-singhs-allegations |archive-date=3 January 2024 |access-date=4 January 2024 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> But Sharma wanted Singh to be credited for the recreations as well. After formally contacting Singh, Sharma ended the controversy, saying the former was misquoted.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2023 |title=Anil Sharma says he didn't need Uttam Singh's permission to use his music in Gadar 2: 'Does anyone get permission from the original composers?' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anil-sharma-didnt-need-uttam-singh-permission-to-use-his-music-in-gadar-2-8962668/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001063132/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anil-sharma-didnt-need-uttam-singh-permission-to-use-his-music-in-gadar-2-8962668/ |archive-date=1 October 2023 |access-date=4 January 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:2001 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Hindi film soundtracks]]

India's three-stage nuclear power programme

2026-02-09T23:29:52Z

MarvinGrenier8: New A Pg

{{Short description|India's nuclear energy programme envisioned by Homi J. Bhabha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
[[File:MonaziteUSGOV.jpg|thumb|[[Monazite]] powder, a [[Rare earth element|rare earth]] and [[thorium]] [[phosphate mineral]], is the primary source of the world's thorium]]
'''India's three-stage nuclear power programme''' was planned by physicist [[Homi Jehangir Bhabha|Homi Bhabha]] in the 1950s to secure the country's long term [[energy independence]], through the use of [[uranium]] and [[thorium]] reserves found in the [[monazite]] sands of coastal regions of [[South India]]. The ultimate focus of the programme is on enabling the thorium reserves of India to be utilised in meeting the country's energy requirements.{{Sfn|Majumdar|1999}}{{Sfn|Press Information Bureau|2011}}
Thorium is particularly attractive for India, as India has only around 1–2% of the global [[List of countries by uranium reserves|uranium reserves]], but one of the largest shares of global [[thorium#American Assessment|thorium reserves]] at about 25% of the world's known thorium reserves.{{Sfn|Bucher|2009|p=1}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2008|p=3}}{{Sfn|Jayaram|pp=1, 16–17}}{{Sfn|Ferguson|2007|p=135}} However, thorium is more difficult to use than uranium as a fuel because it requires [[Breeder reactor|breeding]], and global uranium prices remain low enough that breeding is not cost effective.{{Sfn|Tellis|2006|pp=41–42}}

India published about twice the number of papers on thorium as its nearest competitors, during each of the years from 2002 to 2006.{{Sfn|Banerjee|2010|p=9}}
The Indian nuclear establishment estimates that the country could produce 500 GWe for at least four centuries using just the country's economically extractable thorium reserves.{{Sfn|Subramanian|1998}}

The first Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor has been repeatedly delayed<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-24|title=Problems with the Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor|url=https://www.theindiaforum.in/article/problems-prototype-fast-breeder-reactor|access-date=2022-01-12|website=The India Forum|language=en|archive-date=20 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320014438/https://www.theindiaforum.in/article/problems-prototype-fast-breeder-reactor|url-status=live}}</ref> – and is currently expected to be commissioned by October 2022 <ref name=":0" /> – and India continues to import thousands of tonnes of uranium from Russia, Kazakhstan, France, and Uzbekistan.{{sfn|Sasi|2014}} The 2005 [[U.S.-India Civil Nuclear Agreement|Indo–US Nuclear Deal]] and the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group|NSG]] waiver, which ended more than three decades of international isolation of the Indian civil nuclear programme, have created many hitherto unexplored alternatives for the success of the three-stage nuclear power programme.{{Sfn|Tellis|2006|pp=50–51}}

==Origin and rationale==
{{see also|Thorium fuel cycle}}
[[File:Homi Jehangir Bhabha.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Homi J. Bhabha|Homi Jehangir Bhabha]], the founding Chairman of India's [[Atomic Energy Commission of India|Atomic Energy Commission]] and the architect of Indian three-stage (thorium) programme]]

[[Homi J. Bhabha|Homi Bhabha]] conceived of the three-stage nuclear programme as a way to develop [[Nuclear power|nuclear energy]] by working around India's limited uranium resources.{{Sfn|Rahman|2011a}}{{Sfn|Physorg|2010}}{{Sfn|Financial Express|2008}}
Thorium itself is not a [[fissile]] material, and thus cannot undergo [[Nuclear fission|fission]] to produce energy. Instead, it must be [[Nuclear transmutation|transmuted]] to [[uranium-233]] in a reactor fueled by other fissile materials. The first two stages, natural uranium-fueled heavy water reactors and plutonium-fueled fast breeder reactors, are intended to generate sufficient fissile material from India's limited uranium resources, so that all its vast thorium reserves can be fully utilised in the third stage of thermal breeder reactors.{{Sfn|S.K. Jain|2009|p=3}}

Bhabha summarised the rationale for the three-stage approach as follows:{{Sfn|Venkataraman|1994|p=157}}

{{quote|The total reserves of thorium in India amount to over 500,000 tons in the readily extractable form, while the known reserves of uranium are less than a tenth of this. The aim of long range atomic power programme in India must therefore be to base the nuclear power generation as soon as possible on thorium rather than uranium… The first generation of atomic power stations based on natural uranium can only be used to start off an atomic power programme… The plutonium produced by the first generation power stations can be used in a second generation of power stations designed to produce electric power and convert thorium into U-233, or depleted uranium into more plutonium with breeding gain… The second generation of power stations may be regarded as an intermediate step for the breeder power stations of the third generation all of which would produce more U-233 than they burn in the course of producing power.}}

In November 1954, Bhabha presented the three-stage plan for national development,{{Sfn|Ramana|2007|p=77}}
at the conference on "Development of Atomic Energy for Peaceful Purposes" which was also attended by [[India|India's]] first [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].
Four years later in 1958, the Indian government formally adopted the three-stage plan.{{Sfn|Woddi| Charlton|Nelson|2009|pp=7–8}}
Indian energy resource base was estimated to be capable of yielding a total electric power output of the order shown in the table below.{{Sfn|Tongia|Arunachalam|1997}}{{Sfn|Rethinaraj|2006|p=7}}{{Sfn|S.K. Jain|2009|p=2}}
Indian government recognised that thorium was a source that could provide power to the Indian people for the long term.{{Sfn|Maitra|2009|p=59}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Energy resource type!! Amount (tonnes) !! Power potential (TWe-year)
|-
| Coal || 54 billion || 11
|-
| Hydrocarbons || 12 billion || 6
|-
| Uranium (in PHWR) || 61,000 || 0.3–0.42
|-
| Uranium (in FBR) || 61,000 || 16–54
|-
| Thorium || ~300,000 || 155–168 or 358{{Sfn|Woddi|Charlton|Nelson|2009|p=8}}{{Sfn|Maitra|2009|p=60}}
|}

==Fuel reserves and research capability==
According to a report issued by the [[IAEA]], India has limited uranium reserves, consisting of approximately 54,636 tonnes of "reasonably assured resources", 25,245 tonnes of "estimated additional resources", 15,488 tonnes of "undiscovered conventional resources, and 17,000 tonnes of "speculative resources". According to [[NPCIL]], these reserves are only sufficient to generate about 10 GWe for about 40 years.{{Sfn|Iyengar|Prasad|Gopalakrishnan|Karnad|2009|p=513}} In July 2011, it was reported that a four-year-long mining survey done at [[Tummalapalle uranium mine|Tummalapalle]] mine in [[Kadapa]] district near [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] had yielded confirmed reserve figure of 49,000 tonnes with a potential that it could rise to 150,000 tonnes.{{Sfn|Bedi|2011}} This was a rise from an earlier estimate of 15,000 tonnes for that area.{{Sfn|Dharur|2012}}

Although India has only around 1–2% of the global [[List of countries by uranium reserves|uranium reserves]], [[thorium#IAEA Assessment|thorium reserves]] are bigger; around 12–33% of global reserves, according to IAEA and US Geological Survey.{{Sfn|McHugh}}{{Sfn|Fin|2011}}{{Sfn|Patel|2009}}{{Sfn|Bromby|2011}} Several in-depth independent studies put Indian thorium reserves at 30% of the total world thorium reserves.{{Sfn|Bucher|2009|p=1}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2008|p=3}}{{Sfn|Jayaram|pp=1, 16–17}}{{Sfn|Ferguson|2007|p=135}} Indian uranium production is constrained by government investment decisions rather than by any shortage of ore.{{Sfn|Tellis|2006|pp=8}}

As per official estimates shared in the country's Parliament in August 2011, the country can obtain 846,477 tonnes of thorium from 963,000 tonnes of ThO2, which in turn can be obtained from 10.7 million tonnes of [[monazite]] occurring in beaches and river sands in association with other heavy metals. Indian monazite contains about 9–10% ThO2.{{Sfn|Press Information Bureau|2011}} The 846,477 tonne figure compares with the earlier estimates for India, made by IAEA and US Geological Survey of 319,000 tonnes and 290,000 to 650,000 tonnes respectively. The 800,000 tonne figure is given by other sources as well.{{Sfn|Krivit|Lehr|Kingery|2011|p=91}}

It was further clarified in the country's [[Parliament of India|parliament]] on 21 March 2012 that, "Out of nearly 100 deposits of the heavy minerals, at present only 17 deposits containing about 4 million tonnes of monazite have been identified as exploitable. Mine-able reserves are ~70% of identified exploitable resources. Therefore, about 225,000 tonnes of thorium metal is available for nuclear power program."{{Sfn|Lok Sabha Q&A – Qn. No. 1181|2012}}

India is a leader of thorium based research.{{Sfn|Economic Times|2010}}{{Sfn|Rahman|2011a}} It is also by far the most committed nation as far as the use of thorium fuel is concerned, and no other country has done as much neutron physics work on thorium.{{Sfn|Maitra|2009|p=61}} The country published about twice the number of papers on thorium as its nearest competitors during each of the years from 2002 to 2006.{{Sfn|Banerjee|2010|p=9}}
[[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC) had the highest number of publications in the thorium area, across all research institutions in the world during the period 1982–2004. During this same period, India ranks an overall second behind the United States in the research output on Thorium.{{Sfn|Kademani|2006}} According to [[Siegfried Hecker]], a former director (1986–1997) of the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] in the United States, "India has the most technically ambitious and innovative nuclear energy programme in the world. The extent and functionality of its nuclear experimental facilities are matched only by those in Russia and are far ahead of what is left in the US."{{Sfn|Rahman|2011a}}

However, conventional uranium-fueled reactors are much cheaper to operate;{{Sfn|Tellis|2006|pp=50–51}} so India imports large quantities of uranium from abroad. Also, in March 2011, large deposits of uranium were discovered in the Tummalapalle belt in the southern part of the Kadapa basin in Andhra Pradesh.

==Stage I – Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor==
[[File:Narora Atomic Power Plant.jpg|thumb|The [[Narora Atomic Power Station]] has two [[IPHWR]] reactors, the first stage of the three stage program]]
In the first stage of the programme, [[natural uranium]] fueled [[pressurised heavy water reactor]]s (PHWR) produce electricity while generating [[plutonium-239]] as by-product. PHWRs was a natural choice for implementing the first stage because it had the most efficient reactor design in terms of uranium utilisation, and the existing Indian infrastructure in the 1960s allowed for quick adoption of the PHWR technology.{{Sfn|Bucher|2009|p=4}}
India correctly calculated that it would be easier to create heavy water production facilities (required for PHWRs) than uranium enrichment facilities (required for [[Light-water reactor|LWRs]]).{{Sfn|Gadekar|2008}}
Natural uranium contains only 0.7% of the fissile isotope [[uranium-235]]. Most of the remaining 99.3% is [[uranium-238]] which is not fissile but can be converted in a reactor to the fissile isotope plutonium-239. Heavy water ([[deuterium oxide]], D2O) is used as [[neutron moderator|moderator]] and [[coolant]].{{Sfn|Ministry of External Affairs, GOI}} Since the program began, India has developed a series of sequentially larger PHWR's under the [[IPHWR]] series derived from the original Canadian supplied CANDU reactors. The IPHWR series consists of three designs of 220 MWe, 540 MWe and 700 MWe capacity under the designations [[IPHWR-220]], [[IPHWR#IPHWR-540|IPHWR-540]] and [[IPHWR-700]] respectively.

Indian uranium reserves are capable of generating a total power capacity of 420 GWe-years, but the Indian government limited the number of PHWRs fueled exclusively by indigenous uranium reserves, in an attempt to ensure that existing plants get a lifetime supply of uranium. US analysts calculate this limit as being slightly over 13 GW in capacity.{{Sfn|Tellis|2006|pp=40–41}}
Several other sources estimate that the known reserves of natural uranium in the country permit only about 10 GW of capacity to be built through indigenously fueled PHWRs.{{Sfn|IDFC-Sethi}}{{Sfn|Stephenson|Tynan|2007|p=31}}{{Sfn|Diwan|Sarkar|2009|p=88}}{{Sfn|Rai|2009|p=93}}
The three-stage programme explicitly incorporates this limit as the upper cut off of the first stage, beyond which PHWRs are not planned to be built.{{Sfn|BARC|2007}}

Almost the entire existing base of Indian nuclear power (4780 MW) is composed of [[Nuclear power in India|first stage PHWRs]] of the [[IPHWR]] series, with the exception of the two [[Boiling Water Reactor]] (BWR) units at Tarapur.{{Sfn|Banerjee|2010|p=6}}{{Sfn|Times of India|2011}}
The installed capacity of [[Kaiga Atomic Power Station|Kaiga station]] is now 880 MW consisting of four 220 MWe [[IPHWR-220]] reactors, making it the third largest after [[Tarapur Atomic Power Station|Tarapur]] (1400 MW) (2 x BWR Mark-1, 2 x [[IPHWR#IPHWR-540|IPHWR-540]]) and [[Rajasthan Atomic Power Station|Rawatbhata]] (1180 MW) (2 x [[CANDU reactor|CANDU]], 2 x [[IPHWR-220]]).{{Sfn|Times of India|2011}}
The remaining three power stations at [[Kakrapar Atomic Power Station|Kakrapar]],{{Sfn|Business Standard|2009}} [[Madras Atomic Power Station|Kalpakkam]]{{Sfn|Subramaniam – Indian Express|2008}} and [[Narora Atomic Power Station|Narora]]{{Sfn|Jayan – The Telegraph|2011}} all have 2 units of [[IPHWR-220|220 MWe]], thus contributing 440 MW each to the grid.
The 2 units of 700 MWe each ([[IPHWR-700]]) that are under construction at both [[Kakrapar Atomic Power Station|Kakrapar]]{{Sfn|Business Standard|2009}}{{Sfn|World Nuclear News|2010}}
and [[Rajasthan Atomic Power Station|Rawatbhata]],{{Sfn|World Nuclear News|2011}} and the one planned for Banswara{{Sfn|The Hindu|2011}}
would also come under the first stage of the programme, totalling a further addition of [[Nuclear power in India|4200 MW]]. These additions will bring the total power capacity from the first stage PHWRs to near the total planned capacity of 10 GW called for by the three-stage power programme.{{Sfn|BARC|2007}}{{Sfn|Banerjee|2010|p=6}}

Capital costs of PHWRs is in the range of Rs. 6 to 7 crore ($1.2 to $1.4 million) per MW,{{Sfn|S.K. Jain|2009|p=9}} coupled with a designed plant life of 40 years. Time required for construction has improved over time and is now at about five years. Tariffs of the operating plants are in the range of Rs. 1.75 to 2.80 per unit, depending on the life of the reactor.{{Sfn|Diwan|Sarkar|2009|p=90}} In the year 2007–08 the average tariff was Rs. 2.28.

India is also working on the design of reactors based on the more efficient [[Pressurized water reactor|Pressurized Water Reactor]] technology derived from the work on the [[Arihant-class submarine]] program to develop a 900 MWe [[IPWR-900]] reactor platform to supplement the currently deployed [[Pressurized heavy-water reactor|PHWR]]'s of the [[IPHWR]] series.{{sfn|Business Standard|2013}}{{sfn|Mukherjee|2018}}{{sfn|Raj|Kannan|2020}}

==Stage II – Fast Breeder Reactor==
In the second stage, [[breeder reactor|fast breeder reactors]] (FBRs) would use a [[Mixed oxide fuel|mixed oxide (MOX) fuel]] made from [[plutonium-239]], recovered by reprocessing spent fuel from the first stage, and natural uranium. In FBRs, plutonium-239 undergoes fission to produce energy, while the uranium-238 present in the mixed oxide fuel transmutes to additional plutonium-239. Thus, the Stage II FBRs are designed to "breed" more fuel than they consume. Once the inventory of plutonium-239 is built up thorium can be introduced as a blanket material in the reactor and transmuted to [[uranium-233]] for use in the third stage.{{Sfn|S.K. Jain|2009|p=3}}

The surplus plutonium bred in each fast reactor can be used to set up more such reactors, and might thus grow the Indian civil nuclear power capacity till the point where the third stage reactors using thorium as fuel can be brought online, which is forecasted as being possible once 50 GW of nuclear power capacity has been achieved.{{Sfn|ZeeNews-IANS|2012}}{{Sfn|Subramanian|2007}}{{Sfn|Kamat|2010}}
The uranium in the first stage PHWRs that yield 29 EJ of energy in the once-through fuel cycle, can be made to yield between 65 and 128 times more energy through multiple cycles in fast breeder reactors.{{Sfn|Bucher|2009|p=7}}

The design of the country's first fast breeder, called [[Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor]] (PFBR), was done by [[IGCAR|Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research]] (IGCAR). [[Bhavini|Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam]] Ltd (Bhavini), a public sector company under the [[Department of Atomic Energy]] (DAE), has been given the responsibility to build the fast breeder reactors in India.{{Sfn|Diwan|Sarkar|2009|p=88}}{{Sfn|ZeeNews-IANS|2012}}
The construction of this [[Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor|PFBR]] at [[Madras Atomic Power Station|Kalpakkam]] was due to be completed in 2012.{{Sfn|Srikanth|2011}}{{Sfn|Jaganathan|2011}} It is not yet complete. The date of commission has been delayed to October 2022 from the previous date in 2019.{{sfn|Jha|2019}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Minister foresees 2022 completion date for Indian FBR : New Nuclear - World Nuclear News|url=https://world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Minister-foresees-2022-completion-date-for-Indian|access-date=2022-01-12|website=world-nuclear-news.org|date=16 December 2021 |archive-date=9 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609042018/https://world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Minister-foresees-2022-completion-date-for-Indian|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Doubling time===
Doubling time refers to the time required to extract as output, double the amount of fissile fuel, which was fed as input into the breeder reactors.{{Efn|For analysis purposes, "doubling time" can be defined in three separate ways: Reactor Doubling Time (RDT) – which is the doubling that takes place within the reactor, System Doubling Time (SDT) – which is the doubling that takes into account all fuel losses that take place outside the reactor and Compounded System Doubling Time (CSDT) – which is the doubling that takes into account the fact that net gain in fissile material is promptly used to start up other reactors.{{Harv|Tongia|Arunachalam|1997}}.}}
This metric is critical for understanding the time durations that are unavoidable while transitioning from the second stage to the third stage of Bhabha's plan, because building up a sufficiently large fissile stock is essential to the large deployment of the third stage. In Bhabha's 1958 papers on role of thorium, he pictured a doubling time of 5–6 years for breeding U-233 in the Th–U233 cycle. This estimate has now been revised to 70 years due to technical difficulties that were unforeseen at the time. Despite such setbacks, according to publications done by DAE scientists, the doubling time of fissile material in the [[Breeder reactor|fast breeder reactors]] can be brought down to about 10 years by choosing appropriate technologies with short doubling time.{{Sfn|Tongia|Arunachalam|1997}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Fuel type !! U238–Pu cycle !! Th–U233 cycle
|-
| oxide || 17.8 || 108
|-
|carbide-Lee{{clarify|date=June 2019}} || 10 || 50
|-
| metal || 8.5 || 75.1
|-
| carbide || 10.2 || 70
|}
Another report prepared for [[United States Department of Energy|U.S. Department of Energy]] suggests a doubling time of 22 years for oxide fuel, 13 years for carbide fuel and 10 years for metal fuel.{{Sfn|Bucher|2009|p=14}}

==Stage III – Thorium Based Reactors==
{{see also|Thorium fuel cycle}}
[[File:Thorium sample 0.1g.jpg|thumb|right|A sample of [[thorium]]]]
A Stage III reactor or an Advanced nuclear power system involves a self-sustaining series of [[Thorium-232#Thorium-232|thorium-232]]–[[uranium-233]] fuelled reactors. This would be a [[Breeder reactor|thermal breeder reactor]], which in principle can be refueled – after its initial fuel charge – using only naturally occurring thorium. According to the three-stage programme, Indian nuclear energy could grow to about 10 GW through PHWRs fueled by domestic uranium, and the growth above that would have to come from FBRs till about 50GW.{{Efn |An earlier version of the three-stage plan called for 15 GWe to be generated through PHWRs and 25GWe to be generated through FBRs fueled by the plutonium reprocessed from PHWRs, before the introduction of thorium was to be done.{{Harv|Subramanian|1998}}.}}
The third stage is to be deployed only after this capacity has been achieved.{{Sfn|Subramanian|2007}}

According to replies given in Q&A in the Indian Parliament on two separate occasions, 19 August 2010 and 21 March 2012, large scale thorium deployment is only to be expected "3–4 decades after the commercial operation of [[Breeder reactor|fast breeder reactors]] with short doubling time".{{Sfn|Lok Sabha Q&A – Qn. No. 2727|2010}}{{Sfn|Lok Sabha Q&A – Qn. No. 1181|2012}}
Full exploitation of India's domestic thorium reserves will likely not occur until after the year 2050.{{Sfn|Stephenson|Tynan|2007|pp=31, 53–55, 57, 60}}

===Parallel approaches===

As there is a long delay before direct thorium utilisation in the three-stage programme, the country is looking at reactor designs that allow more direct use of thorium in parallel with the sequential three-stage programme.{{Sfn|S.K. Jain|2009|p=4}}
Three options under consideration are the Indian [[Subcritical reactor|Accelerator Driven Systems]] (IADS),{{Sfn|Bilbao y León|2012}}
[[Advanced Heavy Water Reactor]] (AHWR) and Compact High Temperature Reactor.{{Sfn|Bucher|2009|pp=14–20}}{{Sfn|Subramanian|2007}}{{Sfn|Diwan|Sarkar|2009|p=89}}
[[Molten Salt Reactor]] may also be under consideration based on some recent reports and is under development.{{Sfn|Banerjee|2010|p=21}}{{Sfn|World Nuclear Association|2012}}{{Sfn|Subramanian|2007}}{{Sfn|Kalam|2011}}<ref name="thoriumenergyworld.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.thoriumenergyworld.com/news/india-aims-to-build-worlds-first-thorium-ads|title=India Aims to Build World's First Thorium ADS|website=Thorium Energy World|date=2016-07-19|access-date=23 May 2017|archive-date=1 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901044817/http://www.thoriumenergyworld.com/news/india-aims-to-build-worlds-first-thorium-ads|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR)====

Of the options, the design for [[Advanced Heavy Water Reactor|AHWR]] is ready for deployment. AHWR is a 300 MWe vertical pressure tube type, boiling light water cooled and heavy water moderated reactor, using uranium233–thorium MOX and plutonium–thorium MOX.{{Sfn|Krivit|Lehr|Kingery|2011|p=98}}
It is expected to generate 65% of its power from thorium and can also be configured to accept other fuel types in full core including enriched uranium and uranium–plutonium MOX.{{Sfn|Banerjee|2010|p=16}}
There was a plan for constructing such an AHWR with a plutonium–thorium core combination in 2007.{{Sfn|The Economic Times|2007}}
This AHWR design was sent for an independent pre-licensing design safety review by the [[Atomic Energy Regulatory Board]] (AERB), the results of which were deemed satisfactory.{{Sfn|Times of India|2008}}
AHWR would offer very little growth for the fuel build up that is essential for wide deployment of the third stage, and perhaps the impact on the accumulated fissile material could even be negative.{{Sfn|Tongia|Arunachalam|1997}}

The [[Advanced Heavy Water Reactor|AHWR]] design that will be taken up for construction is to be fueled with 20% [[Enriched uranium#Low-enriched uranium (LEU)|low enriched uranium]] (LEU) and 80% thorium.{{Sfn|OneIndia News|2011}}{{Sfn|ZeeNews|2009}}
The low enriched uranium (LEU) for this AHWR design is readily available on the world market.{{Sfn|Nuclear Energy Institute|2012}}
As of November 2011, construction will start after the site is identified in 6 months time. It will take another 18 months to get clearances on regulatory and environmental grounds. Construction is estimated to take six years.{{Sfn|Rahman|2011b}} If everything goes according to plan, AHWR could be operational in India by 2020.{{Sfn|Business Line|2012}} In Aug 2017 the AHWR location was still not announced.<ref name=Aug2013>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=98897|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=18 September 2016|archive-date=25 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925074047/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=98897|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Accelerator Driven System====

India's Department of Atomic Energy and US's [[Fermilab]] are designing{{As of?|date=February 2026}} accelerator driven systems, which no other country currently uses for power. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/us-indias-project-x-a-power-plant-safer-than-nuclear-reactors-1431193|title=A New US, India Project: A Power Plant Safer Than Nuclear Reactors|access-date=27 May 2017|archive-date=27 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627195636/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/us-indias-project-x-a-power-plant-safer-than-nuclear-reactors-1431193|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/interview-with-fermilab-director-nigel-lockyer-an-indo-us-facility-that-can-make-designer-humans-2945570/|title=An Indo–US facility that can make designer humans?|date=31 July 2016|access-date=27 May 2017|archive-date=26 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226211814/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/interview-with-fermilab-director-nigel-lockyer-an-indo-us-facility-that-can-make-designer-humans-2945570/|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Indian Molten Salt Breeder Reactor (IMSBR)====

The Indian Molten Salt Breeder Reactor (IMSBR) is under development.<ref name="thoriumenergyworld.com"/> Studies on conceptual design of the Indian Molten Salt Breeder Reactors (IMSBR) have been initiated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thoriumenergyworld.com/india.html|title=India|website=Thorium Energy World|access-date=23 May 2017|archive-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027102146/http://www.thoriumenergyworld.com/india.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Linkages with the Indo–US nuclear deal==
[[File:Bush & Singh in New Delhi.jpg|thumb|U.S. President [[George W. Bush]] and India's [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Manmohan Singh]] exchange greetings in New Delhi on 2 March 2006]]

In spite of the overall adequacy of its uranium reserves, Indian power plants could not get the necessary amount of uranium to function at full capacity in the late 2000s, primarily due to inadequate investments made in the uranium mining and milling capacity resulting from fiscal austerity in the early 1990s.{{Sfn|Tellis|2006|p=45}}
One study done for U.S. Congress in that time period reaches the conclusion, "India's current fuel situation means that New Delhi cannot produce sufficient fuel for both its nuclear weapons programme and its projected civil nuclear programme."{{Sfn|Kerr|2011|p=43}}
An independent study arrives at roughly the same conclusion, "India's current uranium production of less than 300 tons/year can meet at most, two-thirds of its needs for civil and military nuclear fuel."{{Sfn|Mian|Nayyar|Rajaraman|Ramana|2006}}
This uranium shortfall during the deal negotiations was understood by both players to be a temporary aberration that was poised to be resolved with requisite investments in India's uranium milling infrastructure.{{Sfn|BARC|2007}}{{Sfn|Tellis|2006|p=47}}

===Drivers for the deal from the Indian side===
It was estimated that after attaining 21 GW from nuclear power by 2020, further growth might require imported uranium. This is problematic because deployment of third stage requires that 50 GW be already established through the first and second stages.{{Sfn|Noronha|Sudarshan|2009|p=229}}{{Sfn|Kamat|2010}}
If imported uranium was made available, [[Department of Atomic Energy]] (DAE) estimated that India could reach 70 GW by 2032 and 275 GW by 2052. In such a scenario, the third stage could be made operational following the fast breeder implementation, and nuclear power capacity could grow to 530 GW.{{Sfn|Noronha|Sudarshan|2009|p=229}}
The estimated stagnation of the nuclear power at about 21GW by 2020 is likely due to the fact that even the short "doubling time" of the breeder reactors is quite slow, on the order of 10–15 years.{{Sfn|Subramanian|1998}}
Implementing the three-stage programme using the domestic uranium resources alone is feasible, but requires several decades to come to fruition. Imports of fissile material from outside would considerably speed up the programme.{{Sfn|Tongia|Arunachalam|1997}}{{Sfn|Kalidas|2007|pp=25–32}}{{Sfn|Subramanian|2006}}{{Sfn|Maitra|2009|p=62}}

As per research data, the U238–Pu cycle has the shortest doubling time by a large margin, and that technology's compounded yearly fissile material growth rate has been calculated as follows, after making some basic assumptions about the operating features of the fast breeder reactors.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Type !! Fissile Material Growth %
|-
| oxide || 1.73%
|-
|carbide-Lee || 2.31%
|-
| metal || 4.08%
|-
| carbide || 3.15%
|}
Indian power generation capacity has grown at 5.9% per annum in the 25-year period prior to 2006. If Indian economy is to grow at 8–9% for the next 25-year period of 2006 to 2032, total power generation capacity has to increase at 6–7% per annum.{{Sfn|Stephenson|Tynan|2007|p=39}}
As the fissile material growth rate does not meet this objective, it becomes necessary to look at alternative approaches for obtaining the fissile material. This conclusion is mostly independent of future technical breakthroughs, and complementary to the eventual implementation of the three-stage approach. It was realised that the best way to get access to the requisite fissile material would be through uranium imports, which was not possible without ending India's nuclear isolation by U.S. and the NSG.{{Sfn|Tongia|Arunachalam|1997}}

U.S. analyst Ashley J. Tellis argues that the Indo–US nuclear deal is attractive to India because it gives it access to far more options on its civil nuclear programme than would otherwise be the case, primarily by ending its isolation from the international nuclear community. These options include access to latest technologies, access to higher unit output reactors which are more economical, access to global finance for building reactors, ability to export its indigenous small reactor size PHWRs,{{Sfn|IDFC-Sethi}} better information flow for its research community, etc. Finally, the deal also gives India two options that are relatively independent from the three-stage programme, at least in terms of their dependencies on success or failure. The first option is that, India can opt to stay with the first stage reactors as long as the global supply of uranium lasts. The plus side of this is that it covers any risk from short term delays or failures in implementing the three-stage programme. On the negative side, this is an option that is antithetical{{Sfn|Maitra|2009|p=62}} to the underlying objective of energy independence through the exploitation of thorium.{{Sfn|Tellis|2006|pp=50–51}}

The second option, and perhaps the more interesting one, is that India can choose to access the third stage of thorium reactors by skipping the more difficult second stage of the plan through some appropriately selected parallel approach such as the [[Very high temperature reactor|high-temperature gas-cooled reactor]], the [[molten salt reactor]], or the various [[Subcritical reactor|accelerator driven systems]].{{Sfn|Tellis|2006|p=51}}

===Stakeholder views on the linkages===
[[File:Rice-Mukherjee sign US-India Civilian Nuclear Cooperation Agreement.jpg|thumb|right|[[United States Secretary of State]] [[Condoleezza Rice]] and Indian [[External Affairs Minister]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]], after signing the [[123 Agreement]] in Washington, D.C., on 10 October 2008]]
Indian commentators welcomed the opportunity simply because they could see that India would be able end its international isolation on the nuclear front and obtain a de facto acknowledgement of it as a nuclear weapon state to some degree,{{Sfn|Rai|2009|pp=94, 102, 104}}
in addition to it being able to obtain the uranium that would increase the success potential of its three-stage programme{{Sfn|Kalidas|2007|pp=25–32}}{{Sfn|Puri|2007|pp=7–14}}
as well as its efforts to build a "minimum credible nuclear deterrent".{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|2005}}
It was estimated that the power produced by imported reactors could be 50% more expensive than the country's existing nuclear power cost. However, this was perceived as a minor point in the larger context of the deal.{{Sfn|Gadekar|2008}}
In a U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee hearing, Under Secretary for Political Affairs Nicholas Burns' prepared remarks stated that "India had made this the central issue in the new partnership developing between our countries".{{Sfn|Burns|2005}}
Indian government proceeded to negotiate and execute the [[U.S.-India Civil Nuclear Agreement|Indo–US Nuclear Deal]], which then paved the way for the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group|NSG]] waiver on international uranium imports to India in 2008.{{Sfn|Gupta|2011|pp=373–380}}

According to one foreign analyst, the deal could "over time… result in India being weaned away from its… three-phase nuclear program involving FBRs and advanced PHWRs. This would occur should India become confident that it would have assured supplies of relatively cheap natural uranium, including from Australia. Of course, nobody in the Indian nuclear establishment would yet admit to that possibility."{{Sfn|Gordon|2008|p=8}}

[[Anil Kakodkar]], then Chairman of the [[Atomic Energy Commission of India|Atomic Energy Commission]], went to the extent of making public, the milder position of keeping the country's indigenous fast breeder programme out of the ambit of international safeguards, saying "in the long run, the energy that will come out from the nuclear fuel resources available in India (from domestic uranium and thorium mines) should always form the larger share of the nuclear energy programme..." and "our strategy should be such that the integrity and autonomy of our being able to develop the three-stage nuclear power programme, be maintained, we cannot compromise that."{{Sfn|Bagla|2006}}
The full demand of the Indian scientists, to have the ability to reprocess plutonium from spent fuel of the imported reactors (goes beyond the defensive position of Kakodkar), appears to have been met in the final deal.{{Sfn|Lok Sabha Q&A – Qn. No. 2728|2010}}{{Sfn|Harvey|2010}}

According to the Indian government's official position, India's indigenous three-stage nuclear power programme is unaffected by the Indo–US Nuclear Deal;{{Sfn|Rai|2009|pp=97}} "Its full autonomy has been preserved."{{Sfn|Ministry of External Affairs, GOI}}
Both right and left-wing political parties opposed the deal in the Parliament. The left feared the deal would make the country subservient to U.S. interests, while the right felt it would limit further nuclear testing.{{Sfn|Gadekar|2008}}

According to one view within the Indian defence establishment, the deal "has for all practical purposes capped Indian ability to field test and proof high yield nuclear weapons till some time in future (about 20 years) when Indian three-stage [[nuclear fuel cycle]] based on Thorium fuel matures into mainstream power production, thus eliminating Indian dependence on imported nuclear fuel from NSG countries or if there is a breakout in global nuclear test moratorium."{{Sfn|Vishwakarma|2009}}

==Indian nuclear energy forecasts==
{{India nuke plant map}}
On the basis of the three-stage plan and assuming optimistic development times, some extravagant predictions about nuclear power have been made over the years:
<blockquote>
Bhabha announced that there would be 8,000 MW of nuclear power in the country by 1980. As the years progressed, these predictions were to increase. By 1962, the prediction was that nuclear energy would generate 20,000–25,000 MW by 1987, and by 1969, the AEC predicted that by 2000 there would be 43,500 MW of nuclear generating capacity. All of this was before a single unit of nuclear electricity was produced in the country. Reality was quite different. Installed capacity in 1979–80 was about 600 MW, about 950 MW in 1987, and 2720 MW in 2000.{{Sfn|Ramana|2007|p=78}}
</blockquote>
In 2007, after five decades of sustained and generous government financial support, nuclear power's capacity was just 3,310 MW, less than 3% of India's total power generation capacity.{{Sfn|Ramana|2007|p=78}}

The Integrated Energy Policy of India estimates the share of nuclear power in the total [[primary energy]] mix to be between 4% and 6.4% in various scenarios by the year 2031–32. A study by the DAE, estimates that the nuclear energy share will be about 8.6% by the year 2032 and 16.6% by the year 2052. The possible nuclear power capacity beyond the year 2020 has been estimated by DAE is shown in the table.{{Sfn|S.K. Jain|2009|p=10}} The 63 GW expected by 2032 will be achieved by setting up 16 indigenous Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PHWR), of which ten is to be based on [[reprocessed uranium]]. Out of the 63 GW, about 40 GW will be generated through the imported Light Water Reactors (LWR), made possible after the NSG waiver.{{Sfn|Economic Times|2011}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
|-
! Year !! Pessimistic (GWe) !! Optimistic (GWe)
|-
| 2030 || 48 || 63
|-
| 2040 || 104 || 131
|-
| 2050 || 208 || 275
|}

Indian Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] stated in 2009 that the nation could generate up to 470 GW of power by 2050 if it managed the three-stage program well. "This will sharply reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and will be a major contribution to global efforts to [[climate change mitigation|combat climate change]]", he reportedly said.{{Sfn|Patel|2009}}{{Sfn|Ramesh|2009}} According to plan, 30% of the Indian electricity in 2050 will be generated from [[thorium based reactor]]s.{{Sfn|Hargraves|p=26}} Indian nuclear scientists estimate that the country could produce 500 GWe for at least four centuries using just the country's economically extractable thorium reserves.{{Sfn|Subramanian|1998}}

==Thorium energy forecasts==

According to the Chairman of India's [[Atomic Energy Commission of India|Atomic Energy Commission]], [[Srikumar Banerjee]], without the implementation of [[Breeder reactor|fast breeders]]{{Sfn|Raven|Hassenzahl|Berg|2011|p=252}} the presently available uranium reserves of 5.469 million tonnes can support 570 GWe till 2025. If the total identified and undiscovered uranium reserves of 16 million tonnes are brought online, the power availability can be extended till the end of the century. While calling for more research into thorium as an energy source and the country's indigenous three-stage programme, he said, "The world always felt there would be a miracle. Unfortunately, we have not seen any miracle for the last 40 years. Unless we wake up, humans won't be able to exist beyond this century."{{Sfn|Dikshit|2010}}

== See also ==
{{Portal | Energy | India }}

; Nuclear and energy related
* [[Energy security]]
* [[Energy policy of India]]
* [[Nuclear Liability Act]]
* [[Nuclear power in India]]
* [[Thermal reactor]]

; Weapons of mass destruction
* [[India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement]]
* [[Weapons of mass destruction]]
* [[Nuclear Command Authority (India)]]
* [[India and weapons of mass destruction|Indian weapons of mass destruction]]

==Footnotes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=23em}}

==Sources==
===Books===
{{Refbegin|colwidth=33em}}
* {{Citation|last1=Diwan|first1=Parag|last2=Sarkar|first2=A.N.|year= 2009|title =Energy Security |work=Volume 5|publisher= Pentagon Press|isbn=978-81-8274-352-6}}
* {{Citation|last=Ferguson|first=Charles D.|editor=Henry D. Sokolski|year= 2007|title= Gauging U.S.–India Strategic Cooperation|chapter=Assessing the Vulnerability of the Indian Civil Nuclear Programme to Military and Terrorist Attack|publisher= Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute|isbn=978-1-58487-284-9}}
* {{Citation|last=Venkataraman|first=Ganesan|year=1994|title= Bhabha and His Magnificent Obsessions |publisher= Universities Press (India) Ltd.|isbn=978-81-7371-007-0}}
* {{Citation|last1=Iyengar|first1=P.K.|last2=Prasad|first2=A.N.| last3=Gopalakrishnan|first3=A.|last4= Karnad|first4=Bharat|year=2009|title= Strategic Sell-Out: Indian–US Nuclear Deal |publisher= Pentagon Press |isbn=978-81-8274-432-5}}
* {{Citation|last=Ramana|first=M.V.|author-link=M.V. Ramana|editor=Henry D. Sokolski|year=2007|title=Gauging U.S.–India Strategic Cooperation|chapter=Nuclear Power in India: Failed Past, Dubious Future|publisher=Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute|isbn=978-1-58487-284-9|chapter-url=http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB755.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722082044/http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB755.pdf|archive-date=2016-07-22}}
* {{Citation|last1=Krivit|first1=Steven|last2=Lehr|first2=Jay H.|last3=Kingery|first3=Thomas B.|year=2011|title= Nuclear Energy Encyclopedia: Science, Technology and Applications |series=Wiley Series on Energy|publisher= John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-89439-2}}
* {{Citation|last=Noronha|first=Ligia|year= 2009|editor= Ligia Noronha|editor2=Anant Sudarshan|title= India's Energy Politics |publisher= Taylor and Francis|isbn=978-0-203-88436-2|ref={{Sfnref|Noronha|Sudarshan|2009}}}}
* {{Citation|last1=Stephenson|first1=John|last2=Tynan|first2=Peter|editor=Henry D. Sokolski|year= 2007|title= Gauging U.S.–India Strategic Cooperation|chapter=Will the U.S.–India Civil Nuclear Cooperation Initiative Light India?|publisher= Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute|isbn=978-1-58487-284-9}}
* {{Citation|last=Rai|first=Ajai K.|year= 2009|title= India's Nuclear Diplomacy After Pokhran II |publisher= Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-2668-6}}
* {{Citation|last1=Raven|first1=Peter H.|last2=Hassenzahl|first2=David M.|last3=Berg|first3=Linda R.|year=2012|title=Environment|edition=8|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0470-94570-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVpO2R51JBIC|ref={{Sfnref|Raven|Hassenzahl|Berg|2011}}|access-date=18 October 2016|archive-date=14 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814224635/https://books.google.com/books?id=QVpO2R51JBIC|url-status=live}}
* {{Citation|last1=Woddi|first1=Taraknath V.K.|last2=Charlton|first2=William S.|last3=Nelson|first3=Paul|year=2009|title=India's nuclear fuel cycle: Unraveling the impact of the US–India nuclear accord|series=Synthesis Lectures on Nuclear Technology and Society|publisher=Morgan & Claypool Publishers|isbn=978-1-59829-984-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hcxb7gkInhYC|access-date=18 October 2016|archive-date=14 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814224616/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hcxb7gkInhYC|url-status=live}}
{{Refend}}

===Official government disclosures===
{{Refbegin|colwidth=33em}}
* {{Citation |date= 19 August 2010 |title= Right to Reprocess Nuclear Fuel |publisher= Department of Atomic Energy |url= http://www.dae.gov.in/parlqa/2010/monsoon2010/rs190810.pdf |access-date= 14 April 2012 |ref= {{Sfnref|Lok Sabha Q&A – Qn. No. 2728|2010}} }}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Citation |date= 19 August 2010 |title= Second Stage Development of Atomic Energy |publisher= Department of Atomic Energy |url= http://www.dae.gov.in/parlqa/2010/monsoon2010/rs190810.pdf |access-date= 14 April 2012 |ref= {{Sfnref|Lok Sabha Q&A – Qn. No. 2727|2010}} }}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Citation |date= 21 March 2012 |title= Thorium Based NPP |publisher= Department of Atomic Energy |url= http://www.dae.gov.in/parlqa/2012/budget2012/lsus1181.pdf |access-date= 5 April 2012 |ref= {{Sfnref|Lok Sabha Q&A – Qn. No. 1181|2012}} }}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Citation|date= 10 August 2011|title= Availability of Thorium|publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India|url= http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=74293|access-date= 21 March 2012|ref= {{Sfnref|Press Information Bureau|2011}}|archive-date= 10 September 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120910065608/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=74293|url-status= live}}
* {{Citation |title= FAQs on the India–US Agreement for Co-operation concerning Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy |publisher= Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |url= http://www.mea.gov.in/mystart.php?id=500414507 |access-date= 26 March 2012 |ref= {{Sfnref|Ministry of External Affairs, GOI}} |archive-date= 16 November 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111116185008/http://mea.gov.in/mystart.php?id=500414507 |url-status= live }}
* {{Citation |last= Burns |first= Nicholas |date= 2 November 2005 |title= Hearing on U.S.–India Civil Nuclear Cooperation Initiative |work= Remarks as Prepared for the Senate Foreign Relations Committee |publisher= U.S. Department of State |url= http://merln.ndu.edu/archivepdf/india/State/55969.pdf |access-date= 29 March 2012 |archive-date= 5 March 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130305081026/http://merln.ndu.edu/archivepdf/india/State/55969.pdf |url-status= dead }}
{{Refend}}

===Studies, papers and reports===
{{Refbegin|colwidth=33em}}
* {{Citation|last=Majumdar|first=S.|year=1999|title=Experience of thorium fuel development in India|work=BARC|publisher=IAEA|url=http://www.iaea.org/inisnkm/nkm/aws/fnss/abstracts/abst_te_1319_9.html|access-date=4 March 2012|location=Vienna|archive-date=7 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007091736/http://www.iaea.org/inisnkm/nkm/aws/fnss/abstracts/abst_te_1319_9.html|url-status=live}}
* {{Citation|last=Bucher|first=R.G.|date=January 2009|title=India's Baseline Plan for Nuclear Energy self-sufficiency stage|publisher=Argonne National Laboratory|url=http://www.ipd.anl.gov/anlpubs/2010/05/67057.pdf|access-date=26 March 2012|archive-date=27 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227141025/http://www.ipd.anl.gov/anlpubs/2010/05/67057.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{Citation|last= Gordon|first= Sandy|date= September 2008|title= Implications of the Sale of Australian Uranium to India|work= Working Paper No. 410|publisher= Strategic and Defence Studies Centre|url= http://ips.cap.anu.edu.au/sdsc/papers/wp/wp_sdsc_410.pdf|access-date= 27 March 2012|location= Canberra|archive-date= 18 May 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130518143355/http://ips.cap.anu.edu.au/sdsc/papers/wp/wp_sdsc_410.pdf|url-status= dead}}
* {{Citation |last=Hargraves |first=Robert |title=Aim High |publisher=[[Thorium Energy Alliance]] |url=http://www.thoriumenergyalliance.com/downloads/AimHigh.pdf |access-date=29 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422020651/http://www.thoriumenergyalliance.com/downloads/AimHigh.pdf |archive-date=2014-04-22 |url-status=dead }}
* {{Citation |last=Jayaram |first=K.M.V. |title=An Overview of World Thorium Resources, Incentives for Further Exploration and Forecasts for Thorium Requirements in the Near Future |publisher=IAEA |url=http://www.iaea.org/inisnkm/nkm/aws/fnss/fulltext/0412_1.pdf |access-date=26 March 2012 |location=Hyderabad |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628234922/http://www.iaea.org/inisnkm/nkm/aws/fnss/fulltext/0412_1.pdf |archive-date=28 June 2011 }}
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{{Refend}}

===News articles===
{{Refbegin|colwidth=33em}}
* {{Citation|date=20 May 2010|title=India leading research on Thorium: US official|agency=Press Trust of India|work=The Economic Times|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-05-20/news/27610677_1_thorium-uranium-nuclear-energy|access-date=5 April 2012|ref={{Sfnref|Economic Times|2010}}|archive-date=14 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814224608/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/|url-status=dead}}
* {{Citation|date=1 October 2010|title=A future energy giant? India's thorium-based nuclear plans|publisher=Physorg.com|url=http://www.physorg.com/news205141972.html|access-date=4 March 2012|ref={{Sfnref|Physorg|2010}}|archive-date=17 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117154046/http://www.physorg.com/news205141972.html|url-status=live}}
* {{Citation|date=13 May 2008|title=India's thorium success|work=The Financial Express|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/indias-thorium-success/308592/1|access-date=4 March 2012|ref={{Sfnref|Financial Express|2008}}|archive-date=14 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814224608/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/indias-thorium-success/308592/|url-status=live}}
* {{Citation|last=McHugh|first=Liam|title=India Seeks Energy Security from Thorium|publisher=Future Directions International|url=http://www.futuredirections.org.au/publications/energy-security/27-energy-security-swa/297-india-seeks-energy-security-from-thorium.html|location=Australia|access-date=4 March 2012|archive-date=26 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326015714/http://futuredirections.org.au/publications/energy-security/27-energy-security-swa/297-india-seeks-energy-security-from-thorium.html|url-status=usurped}}
* {{Citation|last=Fin|first=Al|date=1 July 2011|title=A Brief Overview of Thorium Energy|publisher=oilprice.com|url=http://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/A-Brief-Overview-of-Thorium-Energy.html|access-date=20 March 2012|archive-date=11 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311162323/http://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/A-Brief-Overview-of-Thorium-Energy.html|url-status=live}}
* {{Citation|last=Patel|first=Sonal|date=1 November 2009|title=India Designs Thorium-Fueled Reactor for Export|publisher=powermag.com|url=http://www.powermag.com/issues/departments/global_monitor/India-Designs-Thorium-Fueled-Reactor-for-Export_2260.html|access-date=20 March 2012|archive-date=3 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203152326/http://www.powermag.com/issues/departments/global_monitor/India-Designs-Thorium-Fueled-Reactor-for-Export_2260.html|url-status=dead}}
* {{Citation|last=Bromby|first=Robin|date=16 November 2011|title=Thorium a safer option|work=The Australian|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/features/thorium-a-safer-option/story-e6frg6z6-1226196049591|access-date=5 April 2012|archive-date=2 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602150533/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/features/thorium-a-safer-option/story-e6frg6z6-1226196049591|url-status=live}}
* {{Citation|last=Bedi|first=Rahul|date=19 July 2011|title=Largest uranium reserves found in India|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/8647745/Largest-uranium-reserves-found-in-India.html|access-date=27 April 2012|archive-date=12 January 2022|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/8647745/Largest-uranium-reserves-found-in-India.html|url-status=live}}
* {{Citation|last=Dharur|first=Suresh|date=22 April 2012|title=AP houses one of world's largest uranium reserves|work=The Tribune|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120423/main6.htm|location=Hyderabad|access-date=27 April 2012|archive-date=26 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426010432/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120423/main6.htm|url-status=live}}
* {{Citation|date=19 January 2011|title=India's 20th nuclear reactor connected to power grid|agency=Press Trust of India|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-19/india/28371458_1_power-grid-nuclear-power-capacity-kgs-4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118110239/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-19/india/28371458_1_power-grid-nuclear-power-capacity-kgs-4|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 November 2011|access-date=25 March 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|ref={{Sfnref|Times of India|2011}}}}
* {{Citation|date=9 December 2009|title=L&T bags Rs 844 crore order for Kakrapar Atomic Power Station|work=Business Standard|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/lt-bags-rs-844-crore-order-for-kakrapar-atomic-power-station/378943/|location=Mumbai/Ahmedabad|access-date=2 May 2012|ref={{Sfnref|Business Standard|2009}}|archive-date=14 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814224622/https://www.business-standard.com/search?q=news|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|date=12 August 2013|title=BARC begins work on 900 MW pressurised water reactor|work=Business Standard|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/barc-begins-work-on-900-mw-pressurised-water-reactor-113081200239_1.html|access-date=11 April 2021|ref={{sfnref|Business Standard|2013}}|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411140751/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/barc-begins-work-on-900-mw-pressurised-water-reactor-113081200239_1.html|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|title=Start-up of India's PFBR delayed|url=http://www.neimagazine.com/news/newsstart-up-of-indias-pfbr-delayed-4340186|access-date=1 September 2014|work=Nuclear Engineering International|date=11 August 2014|ref={{sfnref|Nuclear Engineering International|2014}}|archive-date=14 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814224609/https://www.neimagazine.com/news/start-up-of-indias-pfbr-delayed-4340186/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|last=Sasi|first=Anil|date=27 August 2014|title=India widens N-fuel base, signs up Uzbek firm for uranium supplies|work=The Indian Express|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/business-others/india-widens-n-fuel-base-signs-up-uzbek-firm-for-uranium-supplies/|access-date=1 September 2014|archive-date=31 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831033133/http://indianexpress.com/article/business/business-others/india-widens-n-fuel-base-signs-up-uzbek-firm-for-uranium-supplies/|url-status=live}}
* {{Citation|last=Jayan|first=T.V.|date=21 March 2011|title=Fuelling Fear|work= The Telegraph|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110321/jsp/knowhow/story_13740515.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217040245/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110321/jsp/knowhow/story_13740515.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 February 2015|access-date=2 May 2012|ref={{Sfnref|Jayan – The Telegraph|2011}}}}
* {{Cite news|last=Jha|first=Saurav|date=25 March 2019|title=Waiting for the Fast Breeder Reactor|work=Deccan Herald|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/in-perspective/waiting-for-the-fast-breeder-reactor-725104.html|access-date=19 April 2019}}
* {{Citation|date=22 November 2010|title= Construction started for 2 700MW PHWRs at Kakrapar |publisher= World Nuclear News |url = http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-First_concrete_for_Kakrapar_3_and_4-2211107.html |access-date=3 March 2012|ref={{Sfnref| World Nuclear News|2010}}}}
* {{Citation|date=18 July 2011|title= Construction starts on 2 700 MWe PHWRs in Rajasthan |publisher= World Nuclear News |url = http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-Construction_starts_on_new_Rajasthan_units-1807114.html |access-date=3 March 2012|ref={{Sfnref| World Nuclear News|2011}}}}
* {{Citation|date=10 August 2011|title= Nuclear power plant will be a big boon for Rajasthan |work= The Hindu|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article2341592.ece | location= Jaipur|access-date=3 March 2012|ref={{Sfnref| The Hindu |2011}}}}
* {{Citation|date=21 January 2012|title= India's first PFBR to go critical early 2013 |agency=Indo-Asian News Service|work= ZeeNews |url = http://zeenews.india.com/news/technology/india-s-first-pfbr-to-go-critical-early-2013_754072.html | location=Chennai|access-date=5 April 2012|ref={{Sfnref|ZeeNews-IANS|2012}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Srikanth|date=27 November 2011|title= 80% of work on fast breeder reactor at Kalpakkam over |work= The Hindu|url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article2663329.ece | location=Kalpakkam |access-date=2 March 2012 }}
* {{Citation|last=Jaganathan |first=Venkatachari |date=11 May 2011 |title=India's new fast-breeder on track, nuclear power from September next |work=TNN |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chennai/India-s-new-fast-breeder-on-track-nuclear-power-from-September-next/Article1-542155.aspx |location=Chennai |access-date=25 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513232646/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chennai/India-s-new-fast-breeder-on-track-nuclear-power-from-September-next/Article1-542155.aspx |archive-date=13 May 2013}}
* {{Citation|date=20 December 2008|title= Development work on 300 MW advanced heavy water reactor at advanced stage |url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Development-work-on-300-MW-advanced-heavy-water-reactor-at-advanced-stage/articleshow/3864684.cms |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110811035743/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-20/chennai/27892708_1_ahwr-heavy-water-reactor-breeder-reactor |url-status = live |archive-date = 11 August 2011 | location=Chennai|access-date=26 March 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|ref={{Sfnref|Times of India|2008}}}}
* {{Citation|last= Bilbao y León |first= Sama |date=27 March 2012|title= Mumbai engages ADS for nuclear energy |publisher= Cern Courier |url = http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/49061 | location=Mumbai |access-date=11 April 2012}}
* {{Citation|last=Kalam|first=A.P.J. Abdul|date=6 November 2011|title= Nuclear power is our gateway to a prosperous future |work=The Hindu|url = http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/article2601471.ece |access-date=13 April 2012}}
* {{Citation|date=4 January 2007|title= India to begin construction of AHWR |agency=Press Trust of India |work=The Economic Times|url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-01-04/news/28451301_1_thorium-advanced-heavy-water-reactor-commission-chairman-anil-kakodkar |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150217013032/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-01-04/news/28451301_1_thorium-advanced-heavy-water-reactor-commission-chairman-anil-kakodkar |url-status = dead |archive-date = 17 February 2015 | location= Chidambaram (TN, India)|access-date=13 April 2012|ref={{Sfnref|The Economic Times|2007}}}}
* {{Citation|date=20 April 2011|title= AHWR undergoes design changes to increase safety, security |agency=Press Trust of India |work=OneIndia News |url =https://www.oneindia.com/2011/04/20/ahwrundergoes-design-changes-to-increase-safetysecurity-aid0126.html | location=Mumbai|access-date=13 April 2012|ref={{Sfnref|OneIndia News|2011}}}}
* {{Citation|date=16 September 2009|title= India designs new version of AHWR for thorium use |publisher= ZeeNews |url= http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/india-designs-new-version-of-ahwr-for-thorium-use_564047.html | location=Mumbai|access-date=13 April 2012|ref={{Sfnref|ZeeNews|2009}}}}
* {{Citation|year=2012|title= India Turns to Thorium As Future Reactor Fuel |publisher= Nuclear Energy Institute |url= http://www.nei.org/resourcesandstats/publicationsandmedia/insight/insightwinter2012/india-turns-to-thorium-as-future-reactor-fuel/ |access-date=14 April 2012|ref={{Sfnref|Nuclear Energy Institute|2012}}}}
* {{Citation|date=21 February 2012|title= Work on thorium-based reactor to commence soon |agency= Press Trust of India |work= Business Line|url= http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/economy/article2916878.ece?ref=wl_industry-and-economy | location= Chennai |access-date=21 March 2012|ref={{Sfnref|Business Line|2012}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Kamat|first=Nandkumar|date=31 May 2010|title=Redefining Energy Security for India|work=[[The Navhind Times]]|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/opinion/redefining-energy-security-india|access-date=11 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603003059/http://www.navhindtimes.in/opinion/redefining-energy-security-india|archive-date=3 June 2010|url-status=dead}}
* {{Citation|last=Rahman|first=Maseeh|date=1 November 2011a|title=How Homi Bhabha's vision turned India into a nuclear R&D leader |work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/nov/01/homi-bhabha-india-thorium-nuclear?intcmp=239 |location=Mumbai|access-date=1 March 2012}}
* {{Citation|last=Rahman|first=Maseeh|date=1 November 2011b|title=India plans 'safer' nuclear plant powered by thorium |work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/nov/01/india-thorium-nuclear-plant |location=Mumbai|access-date=1 March 2012}}
* {{Citation|last= Subramanian|first=T.S.|date=December 1998|title= A debate over breeder reactors |work= Vol. 15, No. 25 |publisher= Frontline|url= http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1525/15250840.htm |access-date=8 April 2012}}
* {{Citation|last= Subramanian|first=T.S.|date=25 February 2006|title= Indo-US nuke deal will help launch thorium reactors |agency=Press Trust of India |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indo-US-nuke-deal-will-help-launch-thorium-reactors/articleshow/1428328.cms |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110910003930/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-02-25/india/27786740_1_nuke-deal-thorium-department-of-atomic-energy |url-status= live |archive-date= 10 September 2011 |access-date=11 April 2012|work= [[The Times of India]]}}
* {{Citation|last=Subramanian |first=T.S. |date=April 21 – May 4, 2007|title=Total self-sufficiency in PHWR programme |magazine=Frontline |volume=24 |issue=8 |location=Mumbai |url= http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2408/stories/20070504002709900.htm |access-date=11 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012000932/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2408/stories/20070504002709900.htm |archive-date=2007-10-12 |url-status=dead}}
* {{Citation|last=Subramaniam|first=Kandula|date=11 June 2008|title=Now, fuel crunch takes toll on Kalpakkam unit |work= The Indian Express|url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/now-fuel-crunch-takes-toll-on-kalpakkam-uni/321707/| location= New Delhi|access-date=2 May 2012|ref={{Sfnref|Subramaniam – Indian Express|2008}}}}
* {{Citation|last= Subrahmanyam |first= K.|date=12 December 2005|title= India and the nuclear deal |url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-12/edit-page/27856485_1_nuclear-energy-nuclear-power-nuclear-deal |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130103134933/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-12/edit-page/27856485_1_nuclear-energy-nuclear-power-nuclear-deal |url-status= dead |archive-date= 3 January 2013 |access-date=29 March 2012|work= [[The Times of India]] }}
* {{Citation|last= Bagla |first= Pallava |date=6 February 2006|title= US shifting goalpost on n-deal: Atomic Energy chief |agency= Press Trust of India|work= Indian Express Review |url= http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/87388/| location= New Delhi |access-date=7 April 2012}}
* {{Citation|date=11 October 2011|title= India eyeing 63,000 MW nuclear power capacity by 2032: NPCIL |agency= Press Trust of India|work= The Economic Times|url= http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-10-11/news/27616582_1_pressurised-heavy-water-reactors-fuel-cycle-indian-nuclear-society |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110812054017/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-10-11/news/27616582_1_pressurised-heavy-water-reactors-fuel-cycle-indian-nuclear-society |url-status= dead |archive-date= 12 August 2011 | location= Chennai |access-date=23 March 2012|ref={{Sfnref| Economic Times|2011}}}}
* {{Citation|last= Ramesh |first= Randeep |date=29 September 2009|title= India plans to cut carbon and fuel poverty with untested nuclear power |work= The Guardian|url= https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/sep/29/nuclear-power-thorium-india?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487| location= Delhi |access-date=21 March 2012}}
* {{Citation|last=Dikshit|first=Sandeep|date=9 March 2010|title =Revive R&D in thorium, says India |work= The Hindu|url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article221360.ece | location= Paris|access-date=5 April 2012}}
{{Refend}}

===Primary sources===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Citation|year=2007|title=Founder's Day 2007 Address by Chairman of Atomic Energy Commission – Anil Kakodkar|publisher=BARC|url=http://barc.gov.in/talks/fdch07.html|access-date=11 April 2012|ref={{Sfnref|BARC|2007}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212131017/http://barc.gov.in/talks/fdch07.html|archive-date=12 December 2010|url-status=dead}}
* [https://archive.today/20130415021023/http://spectrum.ieee.org/mar07/4955 IEEE Spectrum] Q&A With: Sudhinder Thakur
* [https://archive.today/20130415020409/http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/aug08/6590 IEEE Spectrum] Q&A: Thorium Reactor Designer Ratan Kumar Sinha
{{Refend}}

===Further reading===
{{Refbegin|colwidth=33em}}

====Studies, papers and reports====
* {{Citation |last= Rhodes |first= Prof. Chris |date= 26 February 2012 |title= The Thorium Age Waits in the Wings |publisher= Energy Balance Blog |url= http://ergobalance.blogspot.in/2012/02/thorium-age-is-not-here-yet.html |access-date= 1 March 2012 |archive-date= 15 April 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120415154645/http://ergobalance.blogspot.in/2012/02/thorium-age-is-not-here-yet.html |url-status= live }}
* {{Citation |last= Sorensen |first= Kirk |date= 25 July 2007 |title= Thorium-based Nuclear Power: The Road to Green, Sustainable Nuclear Power |publisher= NASA |url= https://newbusiness.grc.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/07_25_08-sorensen.pdf |access-date= 1 March 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111018033245/http://newbusiness.grc.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/07_25_08-sorensen.pdf |archive-date= 18 October 2011 |url-status= dead }}
* {{Citation |last= Hore-Lacy |first= Ian |date= 6 December 2009 |title= Thorium |publisher= The Encyclopedia of Earth |url= http://www.eoearth.org/article/Thorium |access-date= 20 March 2012 |archive-date= 14 August 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240814224647/https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Special:Search |url-status= live }}

====News articles====
* {{Citation|last=Jha|first=Alok|date=9 September 2011|title=UK public confidence in nuclear remains steady despite Fukushima|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2011/sep/09/nuclear-power-popular-in-uk|access-date=21 March 2012|archive-date=14 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814224609/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2011/sep/09/nuclear-power-popular-in-uk|url-status=live}}
* {{Citation |last= Clark |first= Duncan |date= 13 July 2009 |title= Thorium nuclear power |work= The Guardian |url= https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/jul/13/manchester-report-nuclear |access-date= 25 March 2012 |archive-date= 14 August 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240814225150/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/jul/13/manchester-report-nuclear |url-status= live }}
* {{Citation|last=Rodricks|first=Dan|date=9 May 2011|title=Thor's nuclear-powered hammer|work=The Baltimore Sun|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/2011/05/09/thors-nuclear-powered-hammer/|access-date=21 March 2012|ref={{Sfnref|Rodrciks|2011}}|archive-date=21 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110621054224/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2011-05-09/news/bs-ed-rodricks-thorium-20110509_1_thorium-nuclear-renaissance-nuclear-expansion|url-status=live}}

====Web books====
* {{Citation|last=MacKay|first=David J.C.|author-link=David J.C. MacKay|year=2009|title=Sustainable Energy – Without the Hot Air|chapter=Thorium|page=166|chapter-url=http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/withouthotair/c24/page_166.shtml|access-date=22 March 2012|archive-date=4 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604134236/http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/withouthotair/c24/page_166.shtml|url-status=live}}
{{Refend}}

{{Nuclear power in India}}

[[Category:Nuclear power in India|Three-stage programme]]
[[Category:Nuclear history of India|Three-stage programme]]

Francisco João da Costa

2026-02-07T19:06:27Z

MarvinGrenier8: Adding data

{{Short description|Portuguese journalist (1859–1900)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Francisco João da Costa
| image =
| caption =
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| death_date = {{death year and age|1900|1859}}
| occupation = Journalist
}}

'''Francisco João da Costa''' (28 December 1859 – 1900),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carvalho |first=Selma |date=28 August 2019 |title=GIP and the Piano: The Life and Times of Francisco Joao da Costa |url=https://www.joaoroqueliteraryjournal.com/nonfiction-1/2019/8/23/gip-and-the-piano-the-life-and-times-of-francisco-joao-da-costa?format=amp-of-francisco-joao-da-costa?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&format=amp&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_ct=1737359220107&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17373592184601&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.joaoroqueliteraryjournal.com%2Fnonfiction-1%2F2019%2F8%2F23%2Fgip-and-the-piano-the-life-and-times-of-francisco-joao-da-costa |access-date=20 January 2025 |website=joaoroqueliteraryjournal.com}}</ref> also known by his [[pen name]] '''Gip''' (stylized in [[all caps]]), was a Portuguese journalist and a major figure in [[Goan]] journalism of the nineteenth century.

==Early life==
Costa was born into a powerful dynasty, with both [[Catholic]] and [[Brahmin]] roots, which had supported [[Regeneration (Portugal)|Portugal's Regeneration]] and also supported the extension of constitutional and democratic rights to [[Portuguese India]]. Costa studied law, and developed a profile as a journalist and short-story writer alongside his legal career. Costa's uncle [[Bernardo Francisco da Costa]] owned the weekly journal ''O Ultramar'', associated with the [[Partido Ultramarino]] and Goa's [[Roman Catholic Brahmin|Brahmin caste]].<ref>Paul Melo e Castro (trans.), ''Lengthening Shadows'', 2 vols (Saligão: Goa, 1556, 2016), I pp. 13-14.</ref>

==Career==
Costa began writing for ''O Ultramar'' in 1882, most famously contributing the novel ''Jacob e Dulce'' ('Jacob and Dulce') in serial form between 10 November 1894 and 1 June 1895, prior to publishing the work as a book in 1896. It is set in a thinly disguised version of Costa's home town, [[Margão]], and focuses its satire on the [[Catholic]] bourgeoisie of the [[Velhas Conquistas]] of [[Portuguese Goa]]. 'Rather than a novel, ''Jacob e Dulce'' is perhaps best read as a series of sketches pushed forward narratively by the machinations surrounding an arranged marriage' between its eponymous protagonists. Influenced by the writing of the Portuguese satiric realist [[Eça de Queiroz]], ''Jacob e Dulce'' is noted for moving [[Goan]] writing beyond [[romanticism]] towards [[social realism]], developing social sature, and capturing a colloquial and local tone in the Portuguese dialogue.<ref>Paul Melo e Castro (trans.), ''Lengthening Shadows'', 2 vols (Saligão: Goa, 1556, 2016), I pp. 14-15, 17-18 (quoting p. 14).</ref> It has run to several editions.<ref>Gip, ''Jacob e Dulce: scenas da vida indiana'' (Margão: Typographia do Ultramar, 1896); Francisco João da Costa, ''Jacob e Dulce: scenas da vida Indiana'', 2nd edn pref. by Visconde de Tauney (Nova Goa: Casa Luso-Francesa, 1907); Francisco João da Costa, ''Jacob e Dulce'', 3rd edn pref. by Jeremias Xavier de Carvalho (Goa: Tipografia Sadananda, 1974).</ref>

It appears that the opprobrium which Costa's satires provoked led him to cease fiction-writing after ''Dulce e Dulce''.<ref>Paul Melo e Castro (trans.), ''Lengthening Shadows'', 2 vols (Saligão: Goa, 1556, 2016), I p. 21.</ref>

==Translations==
*Francisco João da Costa, ''Jacob & Dulce (sketches from Indo-Portuguese life)'', trans. by Álvaro Noronha da Costa (New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi, 2004)
*GIP, 'Jacob and Carapinho', in ''Lengthening Shadows'', trans. by Paul Melo e Castro, 2 vols (Saligão: Goa, 1556, 2016), I pp. 83–86.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Costa, Francisco Joao GIP da}}
[[Category:1859 births]]
[[Category:1900 deaths]]
[[Category:Novelists from Goa]]
[[Category:Portuguese-language writers]]
[[Category:Goan Catholics]]
[[Category:Journalists from Goa]]
[[Category:People from Portuguese India]]

V. Harikrishna

2026-02-04T21:35:43Z

MarvinGrenier8: adjust lead based on references

{{Short description|Indian composer (born 1974)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = V. Harikrishna
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| background = solo_singer
| birth_date= {{birth date and age|1974|11|5|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bengaluru]], Karnataka, India
|module={{Infobox person|child=yes
|spouse = [[Vani Harikrishna]]}}
| instrument = [[Pump organ|Harmonium]], Keyboard, Guitar, vocals ([[playback singing]])
| genre = [[Film score]], [[Film soundtrack|Soundtrack]], Theatre, [[World music]]
| occupation = [[Film composer]], [[Musical instrument|instrumentalist]], music producer, playback singer
| years_active = 1994–present

| label = "D Beats"
| associated_acts =
| current_members =
| past_members =
}}
'''V. Harikrishna''' (born 5 November 1974)<ref name="toi1"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Happy birthday Harikrishna sir|url=https://www.facebook.com/loddekannadamovie/posts/223685637801245|work=Facebook|publisher=Lodde Official Facebook page}}</ref> is an Indian [[film score]] and [[Soundtrack|soundtrack composer]], [[playback singer]] and [[film producer|Producer]].<ref name="Harikrishna turns producer!">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/harikrishna-turns-producer--kannada-news-81544|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141122160422/http://www.indiaglitz.com/harikrishna-turns-producer--kannada-news-81544|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 November 2014|title=Harikrishna turns producer!|website=IndiaGlitz|date=28 April 2012}}</ref> He has mainly scored music for [[Kannada films]]. Harikrishna made his debut as an independent composer in actor [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]]'s first production venture ''[[Jothe Jotheyali]]'' in 2006. Since then, he has been scoring for majority of Darshan's films besides working for many other leading production houses. He owns an audio company called "D-Beats" established in 2013 and produces music under his own company starting from the film ''[[Bulbul (2013 film)|Bulbul]]'' (2013).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/bul-bul-audio-from-d-beats-kannada-news-91905|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141122155755/http://www.indiaglitz.com/bul-bul-audio-from-d-beats-kannada-news-91905|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 November 2014|title='Bul Bul' Audio from D Beats|website=IndiaGlitz|date=18 March 2013}}</ref> He has turned into a director with the 2019 Kannada film ''[[Yajamana (2019 film)|Yajamana]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/oct/14/v-harikrishna-turns-director-with-darshan-starrer-yajamana-8317.html|title=V Harikrishna turns director with Darshan-starrer Yajamana|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=14 October 2018 }}</ref>

Harikrishna has won three consecutive [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director - Kannada|Filmfare Award for Best Music]] for ''[[Gaalipata]]'' in 2008, ''[[Raaj The Showman]]'' in 2009 and ''[[Jackie (2010 film)|Jackie]]'' in 2010.<ref name="autogenerated1">[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director in Kannada]]</ref>

==Early life==
Harikrishna was born in 1974 in [[Bangalore]], in the [[Karnataka]] state of India. At the age of eight, he began playing [[Musical keyboard|keyboard]] in an [[orchestra]] that his father bought and named after him. He took to playing the keyboard professionally in 1987 and discontinued his studies after matriculation. In his first professional assignment, he worked with composer, Manoranjan Prabhakar. Following his father's death in 1990, Harikrishna took over his mechanic shop, where he worked as a mechanic. In 1994, following composer [[Sadhu Kokila]]'s insistence, Harikrishna took to music again.<ref name="toi1">{{cite web|title=Harikrishna's 75th project: Endendigu|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/Harikrishnas-75th-project-Endendigu/articleshow/47079203.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=28 April 2015|access-date=25 June 2015}}</ref>

==Career==

===Music programming and arranging===
Harikrishna started out working as an assistant to many leading music directors in 1990's including [[Hamsalekha]], [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]], [[Sadhu Kokila]], [[Gurukiran]] among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/25784.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061019225648/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/25784.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 October 2006 |title='Snehana Preethina' leaves to 3 countries – Kannada Movie News |website=IndiaGlitz |access-date=20 February 2012}}</ref> He has worked as a programmer, an arranger and as a keyboard player for many music directors. He has worked for feature films, short films, daily soaps, ad jingles and private musical albums.

===Music direction===
In 2006, Harikrishna was first signed up to compose music for actor [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]]'s first home production ''[[Jothe Jotheyali]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whereincity.com/news/6/11951 |title='Jothe...'|publisher=Whereincity.com |date=29 December 2006 |access-date=20 February 2012}}</ref> Until this time, Harikrishna was a struggling musician under the protege of actor - director [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]]. Despite the industry's negative feedback for his move, Darshan went on to sign him as the music director. The film, starring [[Prem Kumar (Kannada actor)|Prem]] and [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]] in the lead and Darshan in a guest role, was directed by [[Dinakar Thoogudeepa]] and had a successful run for about 25 weeks. The film's soundtrack was hugely popular upon release and this immediately silenced the critics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southscope.in/kannada/article/my-music-conveys-everything-v-harikrishna|title='My music conveys everything - V. Harikrishna'|publisher=South Scope|date=6 May 2013}}</ref> This was immediately followed by the actor's second home production ''[[Navagraha (film)|Navagraha]]''. Since then, Harikrishna has been the official composer for most of the Darshan starrer films and productions. Some of the successful collaborations with Darshan include ''[[Bhoopathi (2007 film)|Bhoopathi]]'' (2007), ''[[Gaja (2008 film)|Gaja]]'' (2008), ''[[Porki]]'' (2010), ''[[Prince (2011 film)|Prince]]'' (2011), ''[[Saarathi]]'' (2011) and ''[[Chingari (2012 film)|Chingari]]'' (2012) to name a few.

His first collaboration with director - lyricist [[Yogaraj Bhat]] for the film ''[[Gaalipata]]'' (2008) starring [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]] fetched him his maiden [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare award]] for his successful soundtrack. Another film ''[[Payana (film)|Payana]]'' in the same year saw him belting out soft romantic melodies which was appreciated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/review/9734.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071207183729/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/review/9734.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 December 2007|title=Payana review|website=IndiaGlitz|date=18 October 2008}}</ref> The year 2009 proved to be more successful for him with back to back successful soundtracks for the films such as ''[[Ambari (film)|Ambari]]'', ''[[Junglee (2009 film)|Junglee]]'', ''[[Raam (2009 film)|Raam]]'', ''[[Maleyali Jotheyali]]'' and ''[[Raj, The Showman]]''. While in the former film, he debuted as a playback singer, the latter film fetched him his second Filmfare award for best music direction.

In 2010, Harikrishna composed for 8 feature films and most of them were received very well upon release. Most noteworthy being ''[[Jackie (2010 film)|Jackie]]'' which fetched him his third and hat trick Filmfare award and ''[[Super (2010 Indian film)|Super]]'' directed and enacted by [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]. The year 2011 saw him composing for over 14 films with many of them turning to be blockbusters and musically well appreciated. ''[[Prince (2011 film)|Prince]]'', ''[[Hudugaru]]'', ''[[Vishnuvardhana (film)|Vishnuvardhana]]'', ''[[Saarathi]]'', ''[[Paramathma (film)|Paramathma]]'' and ''[[Jogayya]]'' turned out to be biggest musical blockbusters cementing the top status for him. The success was followed in 2012 with ''[[Chingari (2012 film)|Chingari]]'', ''[[Anna Bond]]'', ''[[Katariveera Surasundarangi]]'', ''[[Addhuri]]'', ''[[Jaanu (2012 film)|Jaanu]]'', ''[[Drama (2012 film)|Drama]]'' ''[[Yaare Koogadali]]'' and ''[[Prem Adda]]'' receiving enormous positive response both musically and at the box-office. He was also awarded for his singing in ''Anna Bond'' by the [[SIIMA Awards|SIIMA]]. His fourth Filmfare award was for his second collaboration with Yogaraj Bhat, ''Drama''. ''Addhuri'' won him [[Udaya Film Awards|Udaya awards]] for his music direction.

The successful journey continued further in 2013 with many chartbuster soundtracks for the films such as ''[[Topiwala]]'', ''[[Bachchan (2013 film)|Bachchan]]'', ''[[Bulbul (Kannada film)|Bulbul]]'', ''[[Kaddipudi]]'', ''[[Sakkare]]'' and ''[[Shravani Subramanya]]''. In 2014, his first musical release ''[[Gajakesari]]'' evoked mixed response while his scores for films such as ''[[Fair & Lovely (film)|Fair & Lovely]]'' and ''[[Ambareesha]]'' was expected to be successful.

===Film production===
In 2012, Harikrishna announced his intention in producing films and he started it with the film ''[[Jai Bajarangabali]]'' starring [[Ajay Rao]] and [[Sindhu Lokanath]].<ref name="Harikrishna turns producer!"/> He was also reported to be directing the [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]] starrer ''Raate''. His audio company D-Beats acquired the audio rights of the film ''[[Adyaksha]]'' in 2014 which had music composed by [[Arjun Janya]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/Music-for-Adyaksha-goes-for-a-high-price/movie-review/32410849.cms|title=Music for Sharan's Adyaksha acquired by V Harikrishna's company|publisher=Times of India|date=21 March 2014}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Harikrishna is married to singer and composer [[Vani Harikrishna]], the granddaughter of veteran composer [[G. K. Venkatesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Turning-music-director-gave-me-a-purpose-Vani-Harikrishna/articleshow/28437379.cms|title=Turning music director gave me a purpose: Vani Harikrishna|publisher=Times of India|date=6 Jan 2014}}</ref> They have a son, Aditya, who started as a playback singer with one of Harikrishna's composed films.

==Discography==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:90%;"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Notes
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Jothe Jotheyali]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2007 || ''[[Bhoopathi (2007 film)|Bhoopathi]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Snehana Preethina]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Krishna (2007 film)|Krishna]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Ee Preethi Yeke Bhoomi Melide]]'' || Background score only
|-
| rowspan="7" |2008 || ''[[Gaja (2008 film)|Gaja]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Gaalipata]]'' || '''Winner''' [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director - Kannada|Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
| ''[[Indra (2008 film)|Indra]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Arjun (2008 film)|Arjun]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Payana (film)|Payana]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Paramesha Panwala]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Navagraha (film)|Navagraha]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="9" |2009 || ''[[Ambari (film)|Ambari]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Meghave Meghave (film)|Meghave Meghave]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Junglee (2009 film)|Junglee]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Rajakumari (2009 film)|Rajakumari]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Raj, The Showman]]'' || '''Winner''' [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director - Kannada|Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]] '''Winner''' [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Music Director]] '''Winner''' [[Suvarna Film Awards|Suwarna Film Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
| ''[[Vayuputra]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Abhay (2009 film)|Abhay]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Maleyali Jotheyali]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Raam (2009 film)|Raam]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="9" |2010 || ''[[Porki]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Hoo (film)|Hoo]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Cheluveye Ninne Nodalu]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Jackie (2010 film)|Jackie]]'' || '''Winner''' [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director - Kannada|Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
| ''[[Kiccha Huccha]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Eno Onthara]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Super (2010 Indian film)|Super]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Modalasala|Modala Sala]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Chalaki (film)|Chalaki]]'' || Telugu film
|-
| rowspan="15" |2011 || ''[[Boss (2011 film)|Boss]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Veera Bahu (film)|Veera Bahu]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Rama Rama Raghurama]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Prince (2011 film)|Prince]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Prema Chandrama]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Dandam Dashagunam]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Dhool (2011 film)|Dhool]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Hudugaru]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Kool...Sakkath Hot Maga]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Johny Mera Naam Preethi Mera Kaam]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Vinayaka Geleyara Balaga]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Jogayya]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Saarathi]]'' || [[Suvarna Film Awards|Suvarna Film Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
| ''[[Paramathma (film)|Paramathma]]''||
|-
| ''[[Veera Vishnuvardhana|Vishnuvardhana]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="14" |2012 || ''[[Chingari (2012 film)|Chingari]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Shikari (2012 film)|Shikari]]'' || Kannada-Malayalam bilingual
|-
| ''[[Anna Bond]]'' || '''Winner''' SIIMA Award for Best Male Playback Singer
|-
| ''[[Katariveera Surasundarangi]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Addhuri]]'' || '''Winner''' [[Udaya Film Awards|Udaya Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
| ''[[Ready For Dhee]]'' || Telugu film
|-
| ''[[Snehitaru]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Jaanu (2012 film)|Jaanu]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Manjina Hani]]'' ||
|-
| ''Mr. 420'' ||
|-
| ''[[Prem Adda]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Drama (2012 film)|Drama]]'' ||'''Winner''' [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director - Kannada|Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/filmfare-awards-south-the-complete-list-of-winners-625274.html|title='FilmFare Awards 2012'|date=21 July 2013}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Yaare Koogadali]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Kalpana (2012 film)|Kalpana]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="8" |2013 || ''[[Topiwala]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Bachchan (2013 film)|Bachchan]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Bulbul (Kannada film)|Bulbul]]'' || '''Winner''' SIIMA Award for Best Music Director
|-
| ''[[Kaddi Pudi]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Brindavana]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Sakkare]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Dyavre]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Shravani Subramanya]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="8" |2014 || ''[[Gajakesari]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Endendu Ninagagi]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Kwatle Satisha]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Bahaddur]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Jai Bajarangabali]]'' || Also producer
|-
| ''[[Fair & Lovely (film)|Fair & Lovely]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Ambareesha]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Ramachari]]'' || Winner, [[4th South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
| rowspan="12" |2015 || ''[[Siddhartha (2015 film)|Siddhartha]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Rudra Tandava]]''||
|-
| ''[[Rhaatee]]'' || Also producer
|-
| ''[[Vaastu Prakaara]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Rana Vikrama]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Endendigu]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Ranna (film)|Ranna]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Kendasampige]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Mr. Airavata]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Boxer (2015 film)|Boxer]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Minchagi Nee Baralu]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Masterpiece (2015 film)|Masterpiece]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="10" |2016 || ''[[Viraat (film)|Viraat]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Maduveya Mamatheya Kareyole]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Dana Kayonu]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Shivalinga (2016 film)|Shivalinga]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Jaggu Dada]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Sadachari]]'' || [[Marathi language|Marathi]] film; Remake of ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Ramachari]]''
|-
| ''[[Doddmane Hudga]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Santhu Straight Forward]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Naanu Mattu Varalakshmi]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Happy Birthday (2016 Indian film)|Happy Birthday]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="7" |2017 || ''[[Chowka]]''|| One song only
|-
| ''[[Raajakumara]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Bangara s/o Bangarada Manushya]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Saheba (film)|Saheba]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Uppina Kagada]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Mugulu Nage]]'' || 100th Film
|-
| ''[[Bharjari]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018 || ''[[Brihaspathi (film)|Brihaspathi]]''||
|-
| ''[[Life Jothe Ondh Selfie]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |2019 || ''[[Kiss (2019 film)|Kiss]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Missing Boy (film)|Missing Boy]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Panchatantra (film)|Panchatantra]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Kurukshetra (2019 film)|Kurukshethra]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Yajamana (2019 film)|Yajamana]]'' || As Director & Music Director '''Winner''' [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
| ''[[Adyaksha in America]]'' ||
|-
|rowspan="2" |2021 || ''[[Pogaru]]'' || rowspan="3"|Background Score Only
|-
| ''[[Roberrt]]''
|-
| 2022 || ''[[James (2022 film)|James]]''
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023 || ''[[Kranti (2023 film)|Kranti]]'' || As director & Music Director
|-
| ''[[Garadi (film)|Garadi]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Kaatera]]'' ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Karataka Damanaka]]'' ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2025 || ''[[Manada Kadalu]]'' ||
|-
| ''Burma'' ||
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Halka Don]]'' ||
|-
|}

==Awards==
* Won 3 consecutive [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director - Kannada|Filmfare Award for Best Music]] (''[[Gaalipata]], [[Raaj The Showman]]'' and ''[[Jackie (2010 film)|Jackie]]'')<ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref>{{cite web |author=Super Admin |url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/top-stories/2009/moggina-manasu-filmfare-030809.html |title=Moggina Manasu | 56th Filmfare Awards | Shashank | Radhika Pandit | Yash Shubha Poonja |publisher=Oneindia |date=3 August 2009 |access-date=20 February 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708133724/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/top-stories/2009/moggina-manasu-filmfare-030809.html |archive-date=8 July 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* RNJ awards in 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/48470.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723132914/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/48470.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 July 2009 |title=RNJ awards presented – Kannada Movie News |website=IndiaGlitz |access-date=20 February 2012}}</ref>
* Suvarna Film Awards for Best Music Director (''[[Raaj the Showman]]'', ''[[Drama (2012 film)|Drama]]'')
* 2012 – Filmfare Award for ''[[Drama (2012 film)|Drama]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/filmfare-awards-south-the-complete-list-of-winners-625274.html|title=Filmfare Awards (South): The complete list of winners|date=21 July 2013|website=News18}}</ref>
* [[Karnataka]] State Award for the film [[Raaj The Showman]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Harikrishna-gets-best-music-director-award/articleshow/10421112.cms|title=Harikrishna gets best music director award |website=The Times of India|date=20 October 2011 }}</ref>
* 2012 – Nominated – Best Music Director for ''[[Anna Bond]]''
* 2018 – Nominated – [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Kannada]] for ''[[Raajakumara]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2018/kannada/nominations|title=FilmFare 2018 Nominations|publisher=FilmFare|date=17 June 2018}}</ref>
* 2017 - Karnataka State Award for Best Music Director - For ''Raajakumara''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/state-film-award-2017-699865.html|title=Karnataka State Film Award 2017|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=25 October 2018}}</ref>
* 2019 - Karnataka State Award for Best Music Director - for ''[[Yajamana (2019 film)|Yajamana]]'' <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/karnataka-state-film-awards-2019-list-out/articleshow/117465925.cms|title=Karnataka State Film Awards 2019 List Out|website=TimesofIndia.com|date=23 January 2025 |accessdate=23 January 2025|archive-date=23 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123035452/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/karnataka-state-film-awards-2019-list-out/articleshow/117465925.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2021- SIIMA Award for Best Music Director for ''[[Yajamana (2019 film)|Yajamana]]''
* 2024 – Nominated – [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Kannada]] for ''[[Kaatera]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-filmfare-awards-kannada-2024-are-out-67265.amp |title=Nominations for the 69th Filmfare Awards (Kannada) 2024 |website=Filmfare |date=16 July 2024 |access-date=17 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/full-list-of-winners-of-69th-sobha-filmfare-awards-south-kannada-2024_-67630.html|title=Full list of Winners of the 69th SOBHA Filmfare Awards South (Kannada) 2024 |work=Filmfare |date=3 August 2024 |access-date=4 August 2024}}</ref>
* 2024 - [[SIIMA]] Award for Best Music Director for [[Kaatera]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|3132095}}

{{FilmfareAwardBestKannadaMusicDirector}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Harikrishna, V}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Singers from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:20th-century classical composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian classical composers]]
[[Category:Kannada film score composers]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Musicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:IIFA Utsavam winners]]

Parween Sultana

2026-02-04T20:44:52Z

MarvinGrenier8: new

{{Short description|Indian Hindustani classical singer (Born: 1950)}}
{{redirect|Parveen Sultana|the Bangladeshi politician|Parveen Sultana (politician)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| honorific_prefix = [[Begum]]
| name = Parween Sultana
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Parveen sultana.JPG
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| landscape = 
| alt =
| caption = Sultana in 2012
| background = solo_singer
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = as
| birth_name = 
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1950|05}}
| birth_place = [[Puranigudam]], [[Nagaon district|Nagaon]], Assam, India
| origin = [[Nagaon]], Assam, India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| genre = {{Hlist|[[Hindustani classical music]]|[[khayal]]|[[ghazal]]|[[bhajan]]|[[thumri]]|pop|[[filmi]]}}
| occupation = Singer
| instrument = Vocals, [[tanpura]]
| years_active = 1962–present
| label = {{Hlist|[[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]|[[Polydor Records]]|Music India|Bharat Records|Auvidis|Magnasound|[[Sonodisc]]|Amigo}}
| website = 
| module = {{Infobox person | embed = yes
| spouse = [[Dilshad Khan|Ustad Dilshad Khan]]
| father = Ikramul Majid
| mother = Marufa Majid
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (2014) [[Padma Shri]] (1976)<ref>{{cite web | title =Padma Awards Announced |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs| url = http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=69364 |date=25 January 2014|access-date = 26 January 2014}}</ref> [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (1998)
}}
| module2 =
| module3 =
}}
'''Begum Parween Sultana''' {{IPA|as|beɡɔm paɹwin sultana|pron}} (born 24 May 1950)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-21 |title=Melodic Journey of Begum Parveen Sultana |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/visualstories/webstories/melodic-journey-of-begum-parveen-sultana-153728-21-07-2024 |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=www.indiatodayne.in |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical]] singer of the [[Patiala Gharana]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Parveen Sultana|url=http://www.hindustaniclassical.com/maestrodetail-192.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125073544/http://www.hindustaniclassical.com/maestrodetail-192.html|archive-date=25 January 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> She was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 1976 and the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2014 by the [[Government of India]] and the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] by the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] in 1998.

==Career==
Begum Parween Sultana received training from Acharya [[Chinmoy Lahiri]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Begum Parveen Sultana |url=http://www.associationsargam.com/parveen_sultana.htm |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=www.associationsargam.com}}</ref>, among others. Begum Parween Sultana started her professional career with [[Abdul Majid]]'s Assamese Film Morom Trishna. She has sung for Bollywood movies such as ''[[Gadar: Ek Prem Katha|Gadar]]'', ''[[Kudrat]]'', ''Do Boond Pani,'' and ''[[Pakeezah]]'', and several other Assamese films. Recently, she sang the theme song of [[Vikram Bhatt]]'s [[1920 (film)|1920]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Express Features Service |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Malhar-Magic/355069/ |title=Malhar Magic |publisher=Express India |date=30 August 2008 |access-date=5 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921223756/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Malhar-Magic/355069/ |archive-date=21 September 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> She also sang ''Humein Tumse Pyaar Kitna'' for the film ''[[Kudrat]]'' in 1981.

She has recorded for [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]], [[Polydor]], Music India, Bharat Records, Auvidis, Magnasound, Sonodisc, and Amigo.

Begum Parween Sultana is often accompanied by [[Shrinivas Acharya|Pandit Shrinivas Acharya]] on the harmonium<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dolare |first=Rahul |date=2023-12-18 |title=Begum Parveen Sultana Reigned over the Audience at the 69th Sawai |url=https://www.punekarnews.in/begum-parveen-sultana-reigned-over-the-audience-at-the-69th-sawai/ |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=Punekar News |language=en-US}}</ref>. Begum Parween Sultana's vocal range is nearly 4 and a half octaves.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TOLive Portal |url=https://tolive.com/Event-Details-Page/reference/Begum-Parveen-Sultana-Live-2024 |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=tolive.com}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
She is married to [[Dilshad Khan|Ustad Dilshad Khan]] from whom she also took lessons of music.<ref>{{Cite web |last=darbarAdmin |date=2025-05-23 |title=Begum Parveen Sultana |url=https://darbar.org/begum-parveen-sultana/ |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=Darbar |language=en-GB}}</ref> They have one daughter named Shadab Sultana Khan.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Swaminathan |first=Chitra |date=2020-04-30 |title=Parveen Sultana on the beauty of a pause in life and music |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/parveen-sultana-on-the-beauty-of-a-pause-in-life-and-music/article31470268.ece |access-date=2025-11-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-04 |title=Begum Parveen Sultana pays tribute to Kishori Amonkar |url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/india-news/article/begum-parveen-sultana-pays-tribute-to-kishori-amonkar-18136179 |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Parveen Sultana performing in Arghya 2011.jpg|thumb|Parveen Sultana performing in Arghya 2011]]

==Awards and recognition==
* Gandharva Kalanidhi, 1980
* Miyan Tansen Prize, 1986
* Sangeet Samraggi conferred by the Assam Government, 1994
* 1982: [[Filmfare Best Female Playback Award]]--film [[Kudrat]] (1981) for the song "Hamein Tumse Pyar Kitna"
* [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]], 1999
* Srimant Sankardev award by the Assam government
* 2014: [[Padma Bhushan]] by [[Government of India]]<ref>{{cite web | title =Padma Awards Announced |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs| url = http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=69364 |date=25 January 2014|access-date = 26 January 2014}}</ref>

==Discography==
* An hour of Ecstasy (Raga Madhuwanti/Raga [[Gorakh Kalyan]]/Raga Mishra Bhairavi thumri/Bhajan)
* Narayani (Raga Narayani)
* Ghazals
* Young Voices of India (Modern Ghazals)- Maikada se utha ke pila Saaqiya
* Begum Parveen Sultana- (Raga Salag Varali todi/Raga Lalita/ Raga Khamaj thumri)
* Enchanting Bhajans (Raga Rageshri/Bhajan/Bhajan/Bhajan)
* Ethereal Duo- with Dilshad Khan (Raga Marwa/Raga Kaushi Nat/Raga Mishra Bhairavi thumri)
* Genius of Parveen Sultana (Raga Kalavati/Raga Rageshri/Hori thumri/Malhar Mala bhajan)
* Homage to Guru (Raga Shyam Kauns/Raga Shuddh Sarang/Raga Mishra Kafi hori thumri)
* Impeccable Soprano Parveen Sultana & Innovative Tenor Dilshad Khan- with Dilshad Khan (Raga Rageshri/Raga Hansdhwani)
* Innovation Greets Tradition (Raga Sarang Kauns/Raga Miya ki Malhar)
* Khayal & Thumri (Raga Kusumi Kalyan/Raga Mangal Bhairav/Raga Bhairavi thumri)
* Marvellous Jugalbandi- with Dilshad Khan (Raga Bhatiyaar/Raga Kaushi Kanada)
* Megh-Manavi (Raga Megh/Raga Manavi/Raag Hemant thumri)
* One Plus One...In Harmony- with Dilshad Khan (Raga Multani/Raga Puriya Dhanashri)
* Le Chant Khayal de Parveen Sultana et Dilshad Khan- with Dilshad Khan (Raga Kalavati/Raga Megh Malhar/Raga Bageshri/Raga Mishra Pahadi thumri)
* Two Voices- with Dilshad Khan (Raga Puriya Dhanashri/Raga Hansdhwani/Raga Bhairavi sadra)
* Phenomenal Performance (Raga Ahir Bhairav/Raga Nand Kauns/Raga Bhairavi sadra)
* Parveen Sultana Sings Rare Melodies (Raga Rajni Kalyan/Raga Deen Todi)
* Khayal Se Bhajan Tak- with Dilshad Khan (Vol 1 to Vol 4)
* Duologue in Raga- with Dilshad Khan (Raga Kedar bhajan/Raga Leelavati/Raga Rageshri/Raga Todi) 1992
* From Dawn Until Night (De l'aube à la nuit) – with Dilshad Khan (Raga Gujri todi/Raga Kuvalaya Bhairav/Raga Ambika Sarang/Raga Bhoopali tarana/Raga Amba Manohari/Raga Jog/Raga Mishra Bhairavi thumri/Meera bhajan/Brahmanand bhajan) 1995
* Parveen (Raga Rageshri/Raga Mishra Mand) 2004
* Simply Divine (Raga Puriya Dhanashri/Raga Mishra Khamaj thumri/Raga Mishra Kedar bhajan) 2004
* Maestro's Choice Parveen Sultana (Raga Maru Bihag/Raga Amba Manohari/Raga Hansdhwani tarana) 2006
* Safar (Raga Maru Bihag/Raga Hansdhwani tarana/Raga Bhairavi sadra/Meera bhajan/Sai bhajan)
* Live from Savai Gandharva Music Festival (Raga Gujri todi/Raga Jaunpuri/Kabir Bhajan); (Raga Jog/Raga Gurjri todi/Marathi song); (Raga Lalit/Raga Komal Bhairav)
* Par Excellence (Raga Madhuwanti/Raga Jog/Raga Maluha Mand) 2011
* Zen Harmony (Raga Gujri todi/Meera Bhajan)

==Filmography==
Parween Sultana also lent her voice to several songs in films throughout the years.

* ''[[Pakeezah]]'' (1972) – Kaun gali gayo Shyam, Ban ban bole Koyaliya
* ''[[Do Boond Paani]]'' – Pital ki meri Gaagri
* [[Parwana (1971 film)|''Parwana'']] (1971) – Piya ki gali
* ''[[Mukti Asm]]'' (1973 [[Assamese language|Assamese]] film)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sarkar |first1=Roushni |title=Tracing classical singer Begum Parveen Sultana's journey in cinema: 68th birthday special |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/jul/10/14296 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904064502/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/jul/10/14296 |url-status=live |archive-date=4 September 2021 |website=Cinestaan |access-date=4 September 2021 |date=10 July 2018 |quote=Sultana made her debut as a playback singer with Abdul Mazid's Assamese film ''Morom Trishna'' (1965) with the song 'Sopon Rongin Polash Bonot' at the age of 15. Later, she sang for two other Assamese films – ''Mukti Asm'' (1973) and ''Sonma'' (1977).}}</ref> – Sakhiyoti Jhilmil Paakhi
* ''[[Sonma]]'' (Assamese) – Notun Tomaar Chorandhani
* [[Khoj (1971 film)|''Khoj'']] (1971) – Ram kare mora Saiyaa ho aise
* [[Razia Sultan (film)|''Razia Sultan'']] – Shubh Ghadi aayi re
* ''[[Ashray (the Shelter)]]'' – Shab-e-Intezaar mein kyu hai Gumsum Tamannaaye, Ae Mohabbat yu hi to tu Badnaam nahi, Dev puji puji Hindu muye
* [[Preet (film)|''Preet'']] (1972; unreleased) – Yaad Sataaye din rain Mitwaa
* ''[[Tohfa Mohabbat ka]]'' – Prem ka Granth Padhaau
* ''[[Shaadi kar lo]]'' – Na tum hato...na tum hate (Qawwali)
* [[Vijeta (1982 film)|''Vijeta'']] (1982)- Bichhurat mose Kanha
* ''[[Kalankini Kankabati]]'' (Bengali) – Bedechhi Beena gaan Shonaabo
* [[Sharda (1981 film)|''Sharda'']] – Yeh Bahut Khushi ki Nishaani hai
* ''[[Kudrat]]'' – Hame tum se Pyaar Kitna
* ''[[Anmol]]'' – Koi ishq ka rog
* ''[[Gadar: Ek Prem Katha]]'' – Aan milo Sajna (Thumri)
* [[1920 (film)|''1920'']] – Vaada tum se hai Vaada

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.musicalnirvana.com/hindustani/parveen_sultana.html Parveen Sultana]
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027150744/http://www.geocities.com/bipuljyoti/music/parveen_sultana.html |date=27 October 2009 |title=A profile on Parveen Sultana }} from The Assam Tribune

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestFemaleSinger}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sultana, Parveen}}
[[Category:Hindustani singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Singers from Assam]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Assamese-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Women Hindustani musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Assam]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:People from Nagaon district]]
[[Category:G-Series (record label) artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Khyal singers]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Patiala gharana]]

A. P. Jayasankaran

2026-02-03T06:49:50Z

MarvinGrenier8:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = A. P. Jayasankaran
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 12 May 2021
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Attur Assembly constituency|Attur]]
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| predecessor = [[R. M. Chinnathambi]]
| successor =
}}

'''A. P. Jayasankaran''' is an Indian politician who is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Attur Assembly constituency|Attur]] as an [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate in 2021.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211223080836/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC082.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC082.pdf|access-date= 2 May 2022 |archive-date=23 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Attur Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a082|access-date= 2 May 2022}}</ref>

== Elections contested ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Constituency
! Party
! Result
! Vote %
! Runner-up
! Runner-up Party
! Runner-up vote %
! Ref.
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Attur Assembly constituency|Attur]]|| [[ADMK]] || Won ||48.16% || K. Chinnadurai|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || 43.99%|| <ref name=":0" />
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jayasankaran, A. P}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{AIADMK-politician-stub}}
{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Choornikkara

2026-01-20T17:22:33Z

MarvinGrenier8: brief refined references per standard format further and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Choornikkara
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.0974100|N|76.380850|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Grama Panchayat
| governing_body = Choornikkara Grama Panchayat
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Nasseer Choornikkara (INC)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 36998
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Choornikkara''' is a [[census town]] located in [[Aluva]] in the [[Ernakulam District|Ernakulam district]] of Kerala, India. It is also the headquarters of the Choornikkara [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayat]].

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Choornikkara had a population of 36,998. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Choornikkara has an average literacy rate of 83%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 85% and female literacy of 80%. 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Borders==
*South – Kalamassery Municipality, Eloor municipality
*North -Aluva Municipality, Keezhmadu, Kadungalloore Panchayath in Aluva taluk
*East – Edathala, Keezhmadu Panchayath
*West – Eloor, Kadungallore Panchayath

==Eminent Personalities ==
* M.V. Devan
* [[N. F. Varghese]]
* Xavier Pulppatt
* [[J. Pallassery]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ernakulam district}}
{{Suburbs of Kochi}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Suburbs of Kochi]]

{{Ernakulam-geo-stub}}

IOF .22 revolver

2026-01-20T13:28:20Z

MarvinGrenier8: slightly refined details after review and corrected details

{{Short description|Firearm made by the Indian Ordnance Factory}}
The '''IOF .22 revolver''' is a [[.22 caliber]] [[revolver]] made by the [[Indian Ordnance Factory]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111810/http://rfi.nic.in/Milestones.html|archivedate=2019-03-06|url=http://rfi.nic.in/Milestones.html |title=Important Milestones |publisher=Rfi.nic.in |date= |accessdate=2018-04-15}}</ref>

== Design ==
The revolver's cylinder can hold eight cartridges and has a [[single-action]] and [[Trigger (firearms)#Double-action|double-action]] trigger.<ref name="ofb">{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729014811/http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wsc/2.htm|archivedate=2019-07-29|url=http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wsc/2.htm|title=Ordnance Factory Board: 0.22" Revolver|accessdate=4 February 2011|publisher=[[Indian Ordnance Factory]]}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Prabal]]
* [[Nidar (revolver)|Nidar]]
* [[Nirbheek]]
* [[Ashani pistol]]
* [[Indian Ordnance Factories .32 Revolver|IOF .32 Revolver]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004172203/http://ofb.gov.in/unit/pages/RFI/22-revolver1|date=October 4, 2021|title=.22 Revolver}}

{{Ordnance Factories Board}}

[[Category:Revolvers of India]]
[[Category:.22 LR revolvers]]

{{revolver-stub}}

Sifar (band)

2026-01-07T18:49:39Z

MarvinGrenier8: Started details...

{{Short description|Indian rock band}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Sifar
| image =
| alt = Sifar Live at IIT Gandhinagar
| caption = Sifar Live at IIT Gandhinagar
| image_size =
| alias =
| origin = Delhi, India
| genre = Rock, Alternative
| years_active = 2008–present
| label = [[Universal Music Group|Universal Music]]
| website = {{URL|sifar.in}}
| current_members = Amit Yadav Anshul Bansal Deepak Singh Sachin Mittra
| past_members = Nikhil Auluck Yapang Lemtür
}}

'''Sifar''' is a rock band from Delhi, India, formed in 2008 by Singer, songwriter, and [[music producer]] Amit Yadav. The band was previously signed to [[Universal Music Group|Universal Music]].

== History ==

Sifar was formed in 2008, when Amit recorded his version of one of his friend Anshul's songs. Until this point, they had tried finding the right band/ artist for their songs without any success. Anshul loved the music done by Amit and they decided to upload the song along with one of Amit's songs on the internet. They soon started gathering an audience online. Encouraged by the response, Amit decided to pursue music production professionally and enrolled in a music production course run by renowned music producer and composer [[Gaurav Dayal]] at Beatfactory Academy.<ref>[http://www.gibsonguitar.in/News-Lifestyle/Features/hi-in/Sifar-Theyre-Deeper-Than-They-Sound.aspx Gibson Guitar India interviews Amit Yadav] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121063401/http://www.gibsonguitar.in/News-Lifestyle/Features/hi-in/Sifar-Theyre-Deeper-Than-They-Sound.aspx |date=21 January 2012 }}</ref>

After completion of the course, Amit started producing songs again in late 2009. By the end of 2010, Amit and Anshul had, together, written 10 new songs, which Amit had [[Music arranger|arranged]], performed and produced at his home studio. They continued [[Music publisher (popular music)|publishing]] the songs online on their website on a regular basis. Eight of these songs were also published in the popular computer technology magazine [[Digit (magazine)|Digit]]'s Annual Issue in December 2010.<ref>[http://www.thinkdigit.com/forum/feedback/134586-preview-feedback-december-2010-a.html Digit Magazine Forums]</ref>

By the end of 2010, Sifar had started performing live as well. The live lineup included Deepak Singh on drums, Yapang Lemtür on bass, and Nikhil Auluck on guitars in addition to Amit on vocals, and guitars. They have performed at some significant venues in India like [[IIT Roorkee]], [[IIT Gandhinagar]], [[IIT Patna]], [[ISB Hyderabad]], [[IIT Guwahati]], and have also performed on Delhi's popular radio stations HIT 95 FM, Radio One 94.3 FM and [[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City 91.1 FM]]<ref>[http://www.gibsonguitar.in/News-Lifestyle/Features/hi-in/Sifar-Theyre-Deeper-Than-They-Sound.aspx Gibson Guitar India interviews Amit Yadav] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121063401/http://www.gibsonguitar.in/News-Lifestyle/Features/hi-in/Sifar-Theyre-Deeper-Than-They-Sound.aspx |date=21 January 2012 }}</ref>

At the start of 2011, Amit started recording the songs at Beatfactory Music studio. As with previously home recorded demos, he continued to perform and record vocals, guitars, and synthesizers himself in addition to handling the [[Music arranger|arrangement]] and production. Drums were now performed by Deepak, and bass guitar was now being performed by Yapang.<ref>[http://sifar.in/album/1 Album Credits] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111044117/http://sifar.in/album/1 |date=11 January 2012 }}</ref> They released a three track EP in June 2011. One of the songs from the EP got featured in the August 2011 edition of the ''Rolling Stone'' (India) Magazine.<ref>[http://www.reverbnation.com/page_object/page_object_press/artist_333879 Sifar Reverbnation Profile] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109020521/http://www.reverbnation.com/page_object/page_object_press/artist_333879 |date=9 November 2011 }}</ref> The band released their first full-length album, titled 1 in October 2011.

In November 2011, the band got nominated for "Best Rock Band" category in the IndieGo Music Awards. Other nominations from the same awards included the song "Main Jaaonga" nominated for "Best Rock Song", Amit got nominated for the "Best Rock Vocalist" category, and the song "Gunah" got nominated for "Genre Bending Song" category.<ref>[https://www.highonscore.com/sifar-for-the-win Sifar For The Win – The Score Magazine]</ref> A review of band's album 1 was published in the January 2012 issue of The Score Magazine. Earlier, Music Aloud also published a rave review of the album.<ref>[https://www.musicaloud.com/2011/10/18/sifar-and-the-rebirth-of-hindi-rock-music/ Sifar and the rebirth of Hindi Rock Music: Music Aloud]</ref>

== Discography ==

Title: 1

Released on 18 October 2011

Track list:

{{tracklist
| title1 = Main Jaaonga
| writer1 = Amit Yadav
| length1 = 3:27
| title2 = Roko Na Mujhe
| writer2 = Anshul Bansal
| length2 = 3:16
| title3 = Chal Diye
| writer3 = Amit Yadav
| length3 = 3:12
| title4 = Mita Do
| writer4 = Amit Yadav
| length4 = 4:16
| title5 = Gunah
| writer5 = Amit Yadav
| length5 = 3:36
| title6 = Raasta
| writer6 = Anshul Bansal
| length6 = 3:17
| title7 = Aakhiri Din
| writer7 = Anshul Bansal
| length7 = 4:36
| title8 = Kala Aasman
| writer8 = Anshul Bansal
| length8 = 3:55
| title9 = Commonwealth Insaan
| writer9 = Amit Yadav
| length9 = 3:53
| title10 = TV
| writer10 = Amit Yadav
| length10 = 2:24

}}

Title: 2

Released on 2 December 2013

Track list:

{{tracklist
| title1 = Daastan
| writer1 = Amit Yadav
| length1 = 3:20
| title2 = Shaitan
| writer2 = Amit Yadav
| length2 = 4:15
| title3 = Aaj Kal
| writer3 = Amit Yadav
| length3 = 3:11
| title4 = Tarse
| writer4 = Amit Yadav and Anshul Bansal
| length4 = 3:45
| title5 = Dhuan
| writer5 = Anshul Bansal
| length5 = 3:00
| title6 = Sapney
| writer6 = Amit Yadav
| length6 = 4:00
| title7 = Chhattis Baar Suna
| writer7 = Amit Yadav
| length7 = 1:59
| title8 = Mita Do (Remix by Sachin Mittra)
| writer8 = Amit Yadav
| length8 = 4:55

}}

Title: 3

Released on 16 September 2016

Track list:

{{tracklist
| title1 = Bhakt
| writer1 = Amit Yadav
| length1 = 3:48
| title2 = Far Away
| writer2 = Amit Yadav
| length2 = 3:19
| title3 = Yehi Zindagi Hai
| writer3 = Amit Yadav
| length3 = 4:32
| title4 = You Got Me Wrong
| writer4 = Amit Yadav
| length4 = 3:24
| title5 = Armaan Fir Kyun
| writer5 = Amit Yadav
| length5 = 3:27
| title6 = Main Khuda Hun
| writer6 = Anshul Bansal
| length6 = 3:41
| title7 = Fanaa
| writer7 = Amit Yadav & Shivangi Bhayana
| length7 = 4:35
| title8 = Dil Ki Sada (Remix by Naren)
| writer8 = Amit Yadav
| length8 = 3:14

}}

Title: 4

Released on 21 March 2019

Track list:

{{tracklist
| title1 = Sawera
| writer1 = Amit Yadav
| length1 = 4:08
| title2 = Wajood
| writer2 = Amit Yadav
| length2 = 3:19
| title3 = Mere Haal Ki
| writer3 = Amit Yadav
| length3 = 3:58
| title4 = Laal Rang
| writer4 = Amit Yadav
| length4 = 4:00
| title5 = Teri Baatein
| writer5 = Akshay Agarwal & Gaurav Tiwari
| length5 = 4:03
| title6 = Intezaar
| writer6 = Amit Yadav
| length6 = 3:31
| title7 = Teri Baatein[Heavy]
| writer7 = Akshay Agarwal & Gaurav Tiwari
| length7 = 4:16
}}

Title: Null Session

Released on 1 April 2019

Track list:

{{tracklist
| title1 = Kabhi Milenge(Live)
| writer1 = Amit Yadav
| length1 = 3:24
| title2 = Sawera(Live)
| writer2 = Amit Yadav
| length2 = 4:12
| title3 = Armaan(Live)
| writer3 = Amit Yadav
| length3 = 3:26
| title4 = Mere Haal Ki(Live)
| writer4 = Amit Yadav
| length4 = 3:58
| title5 = Gunah(Live)
| writer5 = Amit Yadav
| length5 = 3:42
| title6 = Mita Do(Live)
| writer6 = Amit Yadav
| length6 = 4:20
| title7 = Fanaa(Live)
| writer7 = Amit Yadav
| length7 = 5:00
}}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://sifar.in Official Website]
* [http://facebook.com/sifarband Facebook Page]
* [http://musicfellas.com/sifar Band Page at Musicfellas]

[[Category:Indian rock music groups]]
[[Category:Culture of Delhi]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 2008]]

Hasrat Jaipuri

2026-01-03T04:28:16Z

MarvinGrenier8: enhanced citations to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian poet and lyricist (1922–1999)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hasrat Jaipuri
| image = Hasrat Jaipuri.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Iqbal Hussain
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1922|4|15}}
| birth_place = [[Jaipur]], [[Jaipur State]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1999|9|17|1922|4|15}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Film song lyricist
| years_active = 1949 – 1999
| relatives = [[Sardar Malik]] (brother-in-law) [[Anu Malik]] (nephew) [[Daboo Malik]] (nephew)
| awards = [[Filmfare Best Lyricist Award]] in 1967 and 1972
}}

'''Hasrat Jaipuri,''' born '''Iqbal Hussain''' (15 April 1922 – 17 September 1999), was an [[Indian people|Indian]] poet, who wrote in the [[Hindustani language|Hindi and Urdu]] languages. He was also a renowned film lyricist in [[Hindi films]], where he won the [[Filmfare Awards]] for [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] twice – in 1966 and 1972.<ref name=HT>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/on-hasrat-jaipuri-s-birthday-know-the-man-behind-bollywood-s-most-loved-songs/story-5MzrypgJ7GxMCw9epUDGRN.html |title=On Hasrat Jaipuri's birthday, know the man behind Bollywood's most loved songs|newspaper=Hindustan Times (newspaper)|date=15 April 2018|access-date=14 November 2022}}</ref><ref name=MySwar>[http://myswar.co/artist/hasrat-jaipuri?l=e Profile of Hasrat Jaipuri] MySwar.com website, Retrieved 14 November 2022</ref><ref>[https://www.rekhta.org/poets/hasrat-jaipuri/all Profile of Hasrat Jaipuri on Rekhta.org website] Retrieved 14 November 2022</ref>

==Early life==
Jaipuri was born '''Iqbal Husain''' in [[Jaipur]],<ref name=HT/> where he studied English till medium level, and then acquired his ''taalim'' (education) in [[Urdu]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] from his maternal grandfather, the poet Fida Husain 'Fida'.<ref name="urdupoetry">{{cite web
|title=Hasrat Jaipuri profile on urdupoetry.com website
|url=http://www.urdupoetry.com/profile/hjaipuri.html
|date=13 October 2001
|access-date=29 August 2018
}}</ref> He began writing verse, when he was around twenty years old. Around the same time, he fell in love with a neighborhood girl name Radha. Hasrat talked about a love letter he wrote to this girl, in an interview, later in his life, that love knows no religion. Hasrat Jaipuri was quoted as saying, "It is not at all necessary that a Muslim boy must fall in love only with a Muslim girl. My love was silent, but I wrote a poem for her, 'Yeh mera prem patra padh kar, ke tum naaraaz na hona." It is not known for sure whether the love letter was actually delivered to Radha. But veteran film producer [[Raj Kapoor]] liked it enough to include it in his [[Sangam (1964 Hindi film)]] and the song ended up becoming a 'hit' song in India.<ref name="urdupoetry"/>

==Career in Bollywood==
In 1940, Jaipuri came to Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]), and started working as a [[conductor (transportation)|bus conductor]], earning a monthly salary of eleven rupees.<ref name=MySwar/> He used to participate in [[mushaira]]s, or poetry recitation symposiums. At a ''mushaira'', [[Prithviraj Kapoor]] noticed Jaipuri and recommended him to his son, [[Raj Kapoor]]. Raj Kapoor was planning a musical love story, ''[[Barsaat (1949 film)|Barsaat]]'' (1949) with [[Shankar–Jaikishan]]. Jaipuri wrote his first recorded song, ''Jiya Beqaraar Hai'' for the film. His second song (and first duet) was ''Chhor Gaye Baalam''.<ref name=HT/><ref name=MySwar/><ref name="urdupoetry"/>

Along with [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]], Jaipuri wrote lyrics for all Raj Kapoor films till 1971. After the death of Jaikishan and failures of ''[[Mera Naam Joker]]'' (1970) and ''[[Kal Aaj Aur Kal]]'' (1971), however, Raj Kapoor turned to other lyricists and music directors. Raj Kapoor initially wanted to call him back for ''[[Prem Rog]]'' (1982), but later settled for another lyricist, [[Amir Qazalbash]]. Kapoor finally asked him to write lyrics for the film, ''[[Ram Teri Ganga Maili]]'' (1985). Later, he also invited Hasrat to write three songs for the movie ''[[Henna (film)|Henna]]'' (1991). Jaipuri alleges that after Raj Kapoor's death, the music composer [[Ravindra Jain]] "conspired" to "scrap" his lyrics and replace them with his own lyrics.<ref name="urdupoetry"/>

When fellow lyricist [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]] turned producer with ''[[Teesri Kasam]]'', he invited Jaipuri to write lyrics for the movie. He also wrote screenplay for the movie ''Hulchul'' (1951). His last film as a lyricist was ''Hatya: The Murder'' (2004).

===Selected list of songs===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Song title !!Film !!Notes
|-
|''Jiya Beqaraar Hai''<ref name=MySwar/><ref name=HT/>
|[[Barsaat (1949 film)|Barsaat]]
|First recorded song
|-
|''Chhod Gaye Baalam''
|[[Barsaat (1949 film)|Barsaat]]
|First duet song
|-
|''Ichak Dana Bichak Dana''<ref name=HT/>
|[[Shree 420|Shree 420 (1955 film)]]
|-
|''Zindagi ek safar hai suhana''<ref name=MySwar/><ref name=HT/>
|[[Andaz (1971 film)|Andaz]]
|
|-
|''Teri pyari pyari soorat ko''<ref name=MySwar/><ref name=HT/>
|[[Sasural (1961 film)|Sasural]]
|specially written for Chanda Jaipuri
|-
|''Pankh hote to ud aati re''<ref name=MySwar/>
|[[Sehra (film)|Sehra]]
|
|-
|''Tere khayalon mein hum''
|[[Geet Gaya Patharon Ne|Geet Gaya Pattharon Ne]]
|
|-
|''Ehsan tera hoga mujh par''<ref name=MySwar/><ref name=HT/>
|[[Junglee (1961 film)|Junglee]]
|
|-
|''Tum mujhe yoon bhula na paaoge''<ref name=MySwar/>
|[[Pagla Kahin Ka]]
|
|-
|Aji Rooth Kar Ab Kahan Jaiyega
|[[Arzoo (1965 film)|Arzoo]]
|Nomination for Best Lyricist
|-
|''Sayonara sayonara''
|[[Love In Tokyo]]
|
|-
|''Aao twist karen''<ref name=MySwar/>
|[[Bhoot Bungla|Bhoot Bangla]]
|
|-
|''Ajhoon na aaye baalma''
|Sanjh Aur Savera
|
|-
|''Duniya bananewale''
|[[Teesri Kasam]]
|
|-
|''Sun Sahiba Sun''<ref name=HT/>
|[[Ram Teri Ganga Maili]]
|
|-
|''Unke Khayal Aaye To''
|[[Lal Patthar]]
|
|-
|''Badan Pe Sitare Lapete Hue''
|[[Prince (1969 film)|Prince]]
|Inspired to write this song on seeing a woman dressed in a sari studded with glittering stars in Paris
|-
|''Yeh Mera Prem Patra Padh Kar''<ref name=HT/>
|[[Sangam (1964 Hindi film)|Sangam]]
|Written when he fell in love with a Hindu girl named Radha
|-
|''Main Rangeela Pyar Ka Rahi''
|Chhoti Bahen (1959 Hindi film)
|Beautiful heart touched lyrics
|-
|''Jhoome Re Jhoome Re''
|[[Parvarish (1958 film)|Parvarish]]
|
|}

==Poetry==
Jaipuri wrote several books of poetry, in Hindi and Urdu. He once said, "Hindi and Urdu are like two great and inseparable sisters."<ref name="urdupoetry"/>
* ''Abshaar-E-Ghazal'' (compilation of Hasrat Jaipuri's poetry){{cn|date=June 2025}}

==Personal life==
Jaipuri invested his earnings in real estate or rental property, on his wife's advice. Thanks to earnings from these properties, his financial condition was sound, and therefore he could devote his time as a lyricist. He was survived by two sons and a daughter who live in Mumbai.<ref name="urdupoetry"/> His sister Bilqis Malik was married to music director [[Sardar Malik]] and is the mother of composer [[Anu Malik]].

He has two sons and a daughter, Akhtar Hasrat Jaipuri, Asif Hasrat Jaipuri and Kishwar Jaipuri. Aadil, Amaan, Aamir and Faiz Jaipuri are his grandsons.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

==Awards==
* [[Filmfare Best Lyricist Award]] - 1972 for ''[[Zindagi Ek Safar Hai Suhana]]'' (''[[Andaz (1971 film)|Andaz]]'', (1971)<ref name=MySwar/><ref name=Filmfare>[https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners Filmfare Awards list - all years] Filmfare.com website, Retrieved 14 November 2022</ref>
* [[Filmfare Best Lyricist Award]] - 1967 for the song ''Baharo Phool Barsao'' [''[[Suraj (1966 film)]]'']<ref name=MySwar/><ref name="urdupoetry"/><ref name=Filmfare/>
* [[Josh Malihabadi]] Award, from Urdu Conference
* [[B. R. Ambedkar|Dr. Ambedkar]] Award, for ''Jhanak Jhanak Tori Baaje Payaliya'' [''[[Mere Huzoor]]'' (1968)], a [[Brajbhasha]] song<ref name=MySwar/>
* Jaipuri was also awarded a doctorate degree from the World University Round Table.

==See also==
* [[Shankar Jaikishan]]
* [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]
* [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]
* [[Gulzar]]
* [[Indeevar]]
* [[Javed Akhtar]]
* [[Sahir Ludhianvi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name | id=0415848 | name = Hasrat Jaipuri }}
* [http://www.urdupoetry.com/hjaipuri.html Ghazals and nazms by Hasrat Jaipuri]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120528012731/http://www.hindisahitya.org/category/hasrat-jaipuri/ Complete list of works of Hasrat Jaipuri] '''(Hindi)'''

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2008 Sri Lanka Eastern Provincial Council election

2025-12-31T00:39:08Z

MarvinGrenier8: small fix

{{Short description|Provincial Council Election in Sri Lanka}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2008 Sri Lanka Eastern Provincial Council elections
| country = Eastern Province, Sri Lanka
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| party_colour =
| party_name =
| previous_election =
| previous_year =
| previous_mps =
| next_election = 2012 Sri Lankan provincial council elections#Eastern Province
| next_year = 2012
| elected_members = 1st Eastern Provincial Council
| next_mps =
| seats_for_election = All 37 seats to the [[Eastern Provincial Council]]
| election_date = 10 May 2008
| turnout = 65.78%
| leader1 = [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]]
| image1 = The former President of Sri Lanka, Mr. Mahinda Rajapaksa meeting the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on September 12, 2018 (1) (cropped).JPG
| leader_since1 =
| color1 =
| party1 = United People's Freedom Alliance
| leaders_seat1 =
| last_election1 =
| seats1 = '''20'''
| seat_change1 =
| popular_vote1 = '''308,886'''
| percentage1 = '''52.21%'''
| swing1 =

| leader2 = [[Ranil Wickremesinghe]]
| image2 = President Dr Muizzu meets Sri Lankan President Ranil Wickremesinghe (cropped).jpg
| party2 = United National Party
| last_election2 =
| seats2 = 15
| seat_change2 =
| popular_vote2 = 250,732
| percentage2 = 42.38%
| swing2 =

| title = Chief Minister
| before_election = ''Vacant''
| before_party =
| after_election = [[Sivanesathurai Chandrakanthan]]
| after_party = [[United People's Freedom Alliance|UPFA]] ([[Tamil Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal|TMVP]])
}}
[[Image:Sri Lanka provinces.png|200px|thumb|Sri Lanka's Eastern Province was demerged from the Northern Province in 2006]]
The '''Sri Lanka Eastern Provincial Council elections, 2008''' was held on May 10, 2008 to elect members to [[Sri Lanka]]’s [[Eastern Provincial Council]]. Following the successful completion of local government elections in the [[Batticaloa District]], Sri Lanka’s Elections Department announced on March 14 that the elections for the Eastern Provincial Council were to be held in May, after a lapse of 20 years.<ref name="nk1">''newKerala.com'' [http://www.newkerala.com/one.php?action=fullnews&id=33992 Sri Lanka to hold eastern provincial elections in May]</ref> It was only the second time direct elections are held to select members for the council, and first time for the Eastern Provincial Council alone, after it was separated from the [[North-Eastern Provincial Council]] in 2006.

Nominations for contesting in the elections were accepted from March 27 to April 3, and a total of 1342 candidates from 18 political parties and 56 independent groups contested the elections where over 980,000 people were eligible to vote.<ref name="sle1">''Sri Lanka Department of Elections'', [https://archive.today/20060713191547/http://www.slelections.gov.lk/press_release.html Elections to Provincial Councils - 2008]</ref><ref name="xin1">''Xinhua'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20080522114924/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-04/03/content_7913639.htm Nominations closed for eastern Sri Lanka elections]</ref> Both of Sri Lanka’s major political parties, the opposition [[United National Party]] and the ruling [[United People's Freedom Alliance]] took part in the election in coalitions with a number of other parties, but under their own names.

According to the official results released by the Elections Department, the ruling UPFA were victorious in the election, winning 20 seats, while the opposition UNP won 15 seats. Two smaller parties, the [[Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna]] (JVP) and the [[Tamil Democratic National Alliance]] also won 1 seat each.<ref name="sle3"/>

==Background==
{{Politics of Sri Lanka}}
{{further|Sri Lankan Civil War}}
The Provincial Council system was first set up in Sri Lanka following the signing of the [[Indo-Sri Lanka Accord]] in 1987. Although Sri Lanka has [[Provinces of Sri Lanka|9 provinces]], as part of the agreement the Northern and Eastern provinces were merged into a single [[North Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|North Eastern Province]], and a joint North-Eastern Provincial Council formed. This was done following demands of [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Tamil]] political parties, who consider the north and east of Sri Lanka as their "traditional homeland", and wanted to administer the area as a single entity, against the protests of some members of the Sinhalese and Muslim communities.<ref name="ild1">{{cite news|url=http://www.island.lk/2008/05/11/politics1.html|title=Hakeem as a Premadasa|date=2008-05-11|publisher=The Island|access-date=2008-05-11}}</ref><ref name="nyt1">{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE2DE1539F931A3575AC0A966958260|title= Muslims in Sri Lanka Flee Violence of Civil War|last=Crossette|first=Barbara|date=1990-09-02|work=The New York Times|access-date=2008-05-11}}</ref>

The first elections were held for the North Eastern Provincial council on November 19, 1988.<ref name="atimes1">{{cite book |last=K T Rajasingham |title=SRI LANKA: THE UNTOLD STORY |chapter=36: Indians rule the roost |chapter-url=http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DD20Df03.html |access-date=2008-05-10 |archive-date=2009-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207203445/http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DD20Df03.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Tamil nationalist parties [[Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front]] (EPRLF) and [[Eelam National Democratic Liberation Front]] (ENDLF) won 35 and 12 seats respectively, while the [[Sri Lanka Muslim Congress]] (SLMC) won 17 seats and the ruling [[United National Party]] won one seat. [[Varatharaja Perumal]] was appointed Chief Minister by the victorious EPRLF, who also announced that they would form a ruling coalition with the ENDLF.<ref name="atimes1"/> However, as relations soured with India, and renewed fighting broke out between the government and the rebel [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] organization (the Tamil Tigers), the North-Eastern Provincial Council was dissolved in 1990 and its administration taken over by the government. The area was ruled by the government since then, with parts of it under the control of the Tamil Tigers.<ref name="ien1">''IndiaeNews'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20080521131313/http://www.indiaenews.com/srilanka/20080312/103864.htm Sri Lanka to hold eastern provincial elections in May]</ref> While fresh elections were held for the other 7 provincial councils in 1993, and subsequently every five years later, no elections were held for the North Eastern due to the situation on the ground.

Throughout the 1990s, control over parts of the province changed hands between the government and LTTE. When the ceasefire agreement was signed in 2002, parts of all 3 districts composing the Eastern Province were under the control of the LTTE. As the ceasefire broke down in mid-2006, the government launched a major military offensive to clear the Eastern Province of the LTTE. The Sri Lankan military fully achieving this objective in July 2007,<ref name="dn1">''Daily News'' [http://www.dailynews.lk/2007/07/12/sec01.asp Tigers’ last Eastern bastion falls] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521073917/http://www.dailynews.lk/2007/07/12/sec01.asp |date=2008-05-21 }}</ref> and plans were immediately drawn up to hold local elections for the area.<ref name="dn2">''Daily News'' [http://www.dailynews.lk/2007/07/14/pol01.asp Bill in Parliament soon for Eastern polls] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521073922/http://www.dailynews.lk/2007/07/14/pol01.asp |date=2008-05-21 }}</ref> Elections were however delayed due to the unstable situation on the ground, as it was the first time in 14 years that some parts of the province came under the control of the government.

In the meantime, in a landmark decision the [[Supreme Court of Sri Lanka]] ruled on October 16, 2006 that since other conditions set the merger were not satisfied, the merger of the two provinces was "null and void without having any legal effect", thereby separating the administrative functions of the two provinces.<ref name="dn5">{{cite news|url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2006/10/17/|title=SC rules North-East merger invalid|date=2006-08-17|work=Daily News|access-date=2008-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521073911/http://www.dailynews.lk/2006/10/17/|archive-date=2008-05-21|url-status=dead}}</ref>

As a precursor to the Provincial Council elections, the government first held elections to local government bodies in the Batticaloa district on March 10, with the [[TamilEela Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal]] (TMVP) winning 8 of the 9 bodies up for grabs. (see [http://www.slelections.gov.lk/lauthorities/2006_results/batticaloa.html official results]{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})

==Details==

The Eastern Province contains 15% of the landmass of Sri Lanka, and has a population of approximately 1.5 million people, or 7.8% of the country's population.<ref name="newe1">{{cite web|url=http://www.neweast.lk/statistics.html|title=Statistics of the Eastern Province|publisher=Nagenahira Navodaya|access-date=2008-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509140051/http://www.neweast.lk/statistics.html|archive-date=2008-05-09|url-status=dead}}</ref> Members for provincial councils are directly elected for 5-year terms. The leader of the council majority serves as the province's Chief Minister, alongside a board of ministers. A provincial governor is appointed by the [[President of Sri Lanka]].

Voting to select members for the provincial councils took place between 7:00am and 4:00pm Sri Lankan time, at 1070 polling stations throughout the Eastern Province. A total of 37 members were to be elected to the Provincial Council, 14 from the [[Ampara District]], 11 from the [[Batticaloa District]] and 10 from the [[Trincomalee District]], with the overall winner gaining two additional "bonus" members. 79 counting centers were set up to tally the votes.<ref name="sle2">{{cite web|url=http://www.slelections.gov.lk/notice.html|title=Notice|publisher=Sri Lanka Department of Elections|access-date=2008-05-10}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

==Contesting political parties==

The opposition [[United National Party]] (UNP) boycotted the Batticaloa local government elections in March claiming the existence of the armed [[TMVP]] cadres would prevent the holding of free and fair elections. This move was however criticized by some analysts, and the UNP also faced pressure from within the party to contest the Provincial Council Elections.<ref name="dm1">''Daily Mirror Opinion'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20080521065402/http://www.dailymirror.lk/DM_BLOG/Sections/frmNewsDetailView.aspx?ARTID=9550 The Eastern litmus test], Kesara Abeywardena</ref><ref name="dm2">''Daily Mirror Opinion'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20080521065408/http://www.dailymirror.lk/DM_BLOG/Sections/frmNewsDetailView.aspx?ARTID=9793 UNP catches the bus missed at Batticaloa], Subash Wickramasinghe</ref> Subsequently, the UNP announced on March 25 that they would be contesting the election.<ref name="dm3">''Daily Mirror'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20080521065341/http://www.dailymirror.lk/DM_BLOG/Sections/frmNewsDetailView.aspx?ARTID=10175 UNP decides to contest PC polls in East]</ref><ref name="dn3">''Daily News'', [http://www.dailynews.lk/2008/03/26/pol02.asp UNP, SLMC to contest EP poll] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329175231/http://www.dailynews.lk/2008/03/26/pol02.asp |date=2008-03-29 }}</ref>

The [[Sri Lanka Muslim Congress]], the largest [[Muslim]] Party in the country, initially attempted to contest the elections as part of a larger coalition of Muslim parties. However discussions regarding this fell through, mainly because the parties could not agree on a symbol to contest under, with the SLMC insisting the alliance should use the “tree” symbol, a proposal the other parties were opposed to.<ref name="dm3"/> On April 2, the SLMC announced they would contest the elections with the UNP,<ref name="dn4">''Daily News'', [http://www.dailynews.lk/2008/04/02/pol01.asp EU poll: UNP, SLMC to contest under Elephant symbol] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405181129/http://www.dailynews.lk/2008/04/02/pol01.asp |date=2008-04-05 }}</ref> under the United National Party banner and the “elephant” symbol.

In a surprise move, SLMC leader and [[Member of Parliament]] [[Rauff Hakeem]], along with 2 other SLMC MPs, Party Chairman Basheer Segudawood and General Secretary Hasen Ali also resigned from their seats in the [[Parliament of Sri Lanka|national parliament]] on April 2, and announced they would be contesting in the Provincial Council Elections. At the same time, another senior member of the SLMC, M.L.A.M. Hisbullah crossed over to the government.<ref name="dm4">''Daily Mirror'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20080521065351/http://www.dailymirror.lk/DM_BLOG/Sections/frmNewsDetailView.aspx?ARTID=10892 SLMC stalwarts quit Parliament]</ref>

After discussions, the TMVP and the ruling [[United People's Freedom Alliance]] (UPFA) also announced on March 30 that they will jointly contest the polls under the UPFA's “betel leaf” symbol.<ref name="ls1">''The Lanka Sun'', [http://lankasun.com:8000/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4015&Itemid=26 TMVP to contest east polls under UPFA’s ‘betel’ symbol]{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> After some arguments between the leading Muslim candidate M.L.A.M. Hisbullah, and the leading Tamil candidate and leader of the TMVP [[Pillayan]] as to who will be appointed Chief Minister if the UPFA won the election, the ruling party decided that whichever community won the most votes would be given the Chief Ministerial post.<ref name="tbl1">{{cite news|url=http://www.thebottomline.lk/2008/04/16/B28.htm|title=Hisbullah, Pillaiyan reach consensus|date=2008-04-16|publisher=The Bottom Line|access-date=2008-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521083949/http://www.thebottomline.lk/2008/04/16/B28.htm|archive-date=2008-05-21|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The largest Tamil political party [[Tamil National Alliance]] totally boycotting these polls. United National party (UNP) and TNA groups claim unfair elections took place. TNA claimed it wasn't safe for them to operate in the east because the TMVP group was armed. TMVP threatened TNA MP's and also captured alive family members of TNA MP prior to the elections. Human rights groups claim that TMVP used violence before the election and therefore the elections were "tainted". An independent candidate also claimed that people voted out of fear for army backed TMVP.

===Parties contesting in all 3 districts===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:750px; margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
!width="55%" | Political Party
!width="15%" | Symbol
!width="10%" | [[Batticaloa District|Batticaloa]]
!width="10%" | [[Ampara District|Ampara]]
!width="10%" | [[Trincomalee District|Trincomalee]]
|-
| [[United People's Freedom Alliance]]
| Betel Leaf
| Y
| Y
| Y
|-
| [[United National Party]]
| Elephant
| Y
| Y
| Y
|-
| [[United Socialist Party (Sri Lanka)|United Socialist Party]]
| Tri-Shaw
| Y
| Y
| Y
|-
| [[Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna]]
| Bell
| Y
| Y
| Y
|-
| [[People's Front of Liberation Tigers]]
| Tiger
| Y
| Y
| Y
|-
| [[Sinhalaye Mahasammatha Bhoomiputra Pakshaya]]
| Aeroplane
| Y
| Y
| Y
|}

===Parties contesting in 2 districts===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:750px; margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
!width="55%" | Political Party
!width="15%" | Symbol
!width="10%" | [[Batticaloa District|Batticaloa]]
!width="10%" | [[Ampara District|Ampara]]
!width="10%" | [[Trincomalee District|Trincomalee]]
|-
| [[Eelavar Democratic Front]]
|Plough
| Y
| -
| Y
|-
| [[Sri Lanka National Front]]
|Cricket Bat
| Y
| -
| Y
|-
| Sri Lanka Progressive Front
|Flower Vase
| Y
| -
| Y
|-
| Jathika Sangwardena Peramuna
|Coconut
| -
| Y
| Y
|-
| Ruhunu Janatha Party
|Motor Car
| -
| Y
| Y
|}

===Parties contesting in 1 district===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:750px; margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
!width="55%" | Political Party
!width="15%" | Symbol
!width="10%" | [[Batticaloa District|Batticaloa]]
!width="10%" | [[Ampara District|Ampara]]
!width="10%" | [[Trincomalee District|Trincomalee]]
|-
| [[Tamil Democratic National Alliance]]
|Anchor
| Y
| -
| -
|-
| Muslim Liberation Front
|Butterfly
| Y
| -
| -
|-
| [[Eelam People's Democratic Party]]
|Veena
| Y
| -
| -
|-
| [[New Sinhala Heritage|Nawa Sihala Urumaya]]
|Bow and Arrow
| -
| Y
| -
|-
| United National Alliance
|Swan
| -
| Y
| -
|-
| [[Liberal Party of Sri Lanka|The Liberal Party]]
|Book
| -
| Y
| -
|}

In addition, there were 11 independent parties contesting in the Batticaloa District, 22 in the Ampara District and 19 in the Trincomalee District.<ref name="sle1"/>

==Lead up to the elections==

Despite some concerns that armed groups would disrupt the elections, the independent election monitoring group [[People's Action Front for Free and Fair Elections]] (PAFFREL) said that they did not see any evidence of any groups using arms during the campaigning. 10 days before the election, the chief of PAFFEREL Kingsley Rodrigo told the Daily Mirror that he expected to see a free and fair election.<ref name="dm6">{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/DM_BLOG/Sections/frmNewsDetailView.aspx?ARTID=13502 |title=Armed groups not using guns for polls: PAFFREL|date=2008-05-02|publisher=Daily Mirror|access-date=2008-05-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080521065358/http://www.dailymirror.lk/DM_BLOG/Sections/frmNewsDetailView.aspx?ARTID=13502 |archive-date = 2008-05-21}}</ref>

There will also be 2,500 local and 20 internal polls monitors on the ground monitoring the elections.<ref name="ntn1">''The Nation'', [http://www.nation.lk/2008/05/04/news8.htm 2,520 observers to monitor eastern poll]</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sinhala/news/story/2008/05/080510_election|title=Polling ends with rigging allegations|publisher=BBC News|date=10 May 2008}}</ref>

There was a powerful bomb exploded at the town of Ampara on May 9, 2008 just a day before the elections, also 11 people killed and 36 sustained injuries. The suspected [[LTTE]] planted the bomb by targeting government military personnel that used this place as a resting place.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sinhala/news/story/2008/05/080509_ampara_bomb|title=11 killed in Ampara blast|publisher=BBC News|date=9 May 2008}}</ref>

==Results==
According to official results, the ruling [[United People's Freedom Alliance]] gained a majority in the Provincial Council, which was seen as a strike against the Tamil Tiger rebels.<ref name="afp1">{{cite news|url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5h3RvVChoqfPIJ5zTn6OAc2oT9MBQ|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514085046/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5h3RvVChoqfPIJ5zTn6OAc2oT9MBQ|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-05-14|title=Sri Lanka govt wins key polls in boost for war effort|date=2008-05-11|publisher=AFP|access-date=2008-05-11}}</ref> The UPFA won 20 seats (18 seats directly and two bonus seats for gaining the most votes overall), the opposition [[United National Party]] 15 seats and two smaller parties, the [[Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna]] and the [[Tamil Democratic National Alliance]] won one seat each.<ref name="sle3">{{cite web|url=http://www.slelections.gov.lk/provincial/2008_results/alldistricts.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080705182631/http://www.slelections.gov.lk/provincial/2008_results/alldistricts.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-07-05 |title=Provincial Council Elections 2008, Eastern Province - Results |work=Department of Elections, Sri Lanka |access-date=2008-05-11 }}</ref><ref>[http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/6408286.html Sri Lankan ruling party wins east poll - People's Daily Online]</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7394488.stm|title=Sri Lankan government wins vote|publisher=BBC News|date=11 May 2008}}</ref>

[[Pillayan]], a former rebel leader, was sworn in as [[Chief Minister of Eastern Province]] on 16 May 2008.<ref>[http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/6412729.html Former rebel leader sworn in as Chief Minister of Sri Lanka's Eastern Province - People's Daily Online]</ref>

<section begin="Eastern" />{{election table|title=Summary of the May 10, 2008 [[Eastern Provincial Council|Sri Lanka Eastern Provincial Council]] [[2008 Sri Lanka Eastern Provincial Council elections|election]] results}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slelections.gov.lk/Provincial/2008/Eastern/proFinal.html|title=Provincial Council Elections 2008 Final District Results: - Eastern Province|publisher=Department of Elections, Sri Lanka|access-date=2021-08-15|archive-date=2012-12-20|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121220082826/http://www.slelections.gov.lk/Provincial/2008/Eastern/proFinal.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! style="vertical-align:bottom" rowspan=2 colspan=2 width="300"|Alliances and parties !! colspan=3|[[Ampara Electoral District|Ampara]] !! colspan=3|[[Batticaloa Electoral District|Batticaloa]] !! colspan=3|[[Trincomalee Electoral District|Trincomalee]] !! style="vertical-align:bottom" rowspan=2 width="40"|Bonus Seats !! colspan=3|Total
|-
! style="vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center" width="50"|Votes !! style="vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center" width="50"|% !! style="vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center" width="40"|Seats !!style="vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center" width="50"|Votes !! style="vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center" width="50"|% !! style="vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center" width="40"|Seats !! style="vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center" width="50"|Votes !! style="vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center" width="50"|% !! style="vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center" width="40"|Seats !! style="vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center" width="50"|Votes !! style="vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center" width="50"|% !! style="vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center" width="40"|Seats
|-
| style="background:{{party color|United People's Freedom Alliance}}" |  || style="text-align:left" |[[United People's Freedom Alliance]] ([[All Ceylon Muslim Congress|ACMC]], NC, [[Sri Lanka Freedom Party|SLFP]], [[Tamil Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal|TMVP]] et al.) || 144,247 || 52.96% || 8 || 105,341 || 58.09% || 6 || 59,298 || 42.99% || 4 || 2 || '''308,886''' || '''52.21%''' || {{Ref|1|[1]}}'''20'''
|-
| style="background:{{party color|United National Party}}" |  || style="text-align:left" |[[United National Party]] ([[Sri Lanka Muslim Congress|SLMC]], [[United National Party|UNP]]) || 121,272 || 44.52% || 6 || 58,602 || 32.31% || 4 || 70,858 || 51.37% || 5 || 0 || '''250,732''' || '''42.38%''' || '''15'''
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna}}" |  || style="text-align:left" |[[Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna]] || 4,745 || 1.74% || 0 || 379 || 0.21% || 0 || 4,266 || 3.09% || 1 || 0 || '''9,390''' || '''1.59%''' || '''1'''
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Tamil Democratic National Alliance}}" |  || style="text-align:left" |[[Tamil Democratic National Alliance]] ([[Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front|EPRLF(P)]], [[People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam|PLOTE]], [[Tamil United Liberation Front|TULF]] et al.) || || || || 7,714 || 4.25% || 1 || || || || 0 || '''7,714''' || '''1.30%''' || '''1'''
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Eelam People's Democratic Party}}" |  || style="text-align:left" |[[Eelam People's Democratic Party]] || || || || 5,418 || 2.99% || 0 || || || || 0 || '''5,418''' || '''0.92%''' || '''0'''
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |  || style="text-align:left" |[[Independent (politician)|Independent Groups]] || 737 || 0.27% || 0 || 823 || 0.45% || 0 || 1,073 || 0.78% || 0 || 0 || '''2,633''' || '''0.45%''' || '''0'''
|-
| || style="text-align:left" |[[United Socialist Party (Sri Lanka)|United Socialist Party]] || 296 || 0.11% || 0 || 943 || 0.52% || 0 || 1,309 || 0.95% || 0 || 0 || '''2,548''' || '''0.43%''' || '''0'''
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Eelam Revolutionary Organisation of Students}}" |  || style="text-align:left" |[[Eelavar Democratic Front]] ([[Eelam Revolutionary Organisation of Students|EROS]]) || || || || 1,816 || 1.00% || 0 || 459 || 0.33% || 0 || 0 || '''2,275''' || '''0.38%''' || '''0'''
|-
| || style="text-align:left" |United National Alliance || 597 || 0.22% || 0 || || || || || || || 0 || '''597''' || '''0.10%''' || '''0'''
|-
| || style="text-align:left" |[[People's Front of Liberation Tigers]] || 63 || 0.02% || 0 || 157 || 0.09% || 0 || 163 || 0.12% || 0 || 0 || '''383''' || '''0.06%''' || '''0'''
|-
| || style="text-align:left" |All Lanka Tamil United Front || || || || || || || 378 || 0.27% || 0 || 0 || '''378''' || '''0.06%''' || '''0'''
|-
| || style="text-align:left" |New Sinhala Heritage || 312 || 0.11% || 0 || || || || || || || 0 || '''312''' || '''0.05%''' || '''0'''
|-
| || style="text-align:left" |National Development Front || 100 || 0.04% || 0 || || || || 89 || 0.06% || 0 || 0 || '''189''' || '''0.03%''' || '''0'''
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Sinhalaye Mahasammatha Bhoomiputra Pakshaya}}" |  || style="text-align:left" |[[Sinhalaye Mahasammatha Bhoomiputra Pakshaya]] || 11 || 0.00% || 0 || 85 || 0.05% || 0 || 13 || 0.01% || 0 || 0 || '''109''' || '''0.02%''' || '''0'''
|-
| || style="text-align:left" |Muslim Liberation Front || || || || 39 || 0.02% || 0 || || || || 0 || '''39''' || '''0.01%''' || '''0'''
|-
| || style="text-align:left" |Sri Lanka National Front || || || || 21 || 0.01% || 0 || 9 || 0.01% || 0 || 0 || '''30''' || '''0.01%''' || '''0'''
|-
| || style="text-align:left" |Sri Lanka Progressive Front || || || || 17 || 0.01% || 0 || 9 || 0.01% || 0 || 0 || '''26''' || '''0.00%''' || '''0'''
|-
| || style="text-align:left" |Ruhuna People's Party || 9 || 0.00% || 0 || || || || 5 || 0.00% || 0 || 0 || '''14''' || '''0.00%''' || '''0'''
|-
| || style="text-align:left" |[[Liberal Party of Sri Lanka|Liberal Party]] || 3 || 0.00% || 0 || || || || || || || 0 || '''3''' || '''0.00%''' || '''0'''
|-
| colspan=2 style="text-align:left" |'''Valid Votes''' || '''272,392''' || '''100.00%''' || '''14''' || '''181,355''' || '''100.00%''' || '''11''' || '''137,929''' || '''100.00%''' || '''10''' || '''2''' || '''591,676''' || '''100.00%''' || '''37'''
|-
| colspan=2 style="text-align:left" |Rejected Votes || 20,997 || || || 21,088 || || || 12,695 || || || || 54,780 || ||
|-
| colspan=2 style="text-align:left" |Total Polled || 293,389 || || || 202,443 || || || 150,624 || || || || 646,456 || ||
|-
| colspan=2 style="text-align:left" |Registered Electors || 409,308 || || || 330,950 || || || 242,463 || || || || 982,721 || ||
|-
| colspan=2 style="text-align:left" |Turnout || 71.68% || || || 61.17% || || || 62.12% || || || || 65.78% || ||

|-
| style="background-color: #e9e9e9; text-align: left; border-right: none; font-size: smaller" colspan="15" | Source: [http://www.slelections.gov.lk/Provincial/2008/Eastern/districts.html Sri Lanka Department of Elections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219131931/http://www.slelections.gov.lk/Provincial/2008/Eastern/districts.html |date=2012-02-19 }}
Notes:
:1. {{Note|1}}Includes 2 bonus seats
|}<section end="Eastern" />

==Claims of election irregularities==
The [[United National Party]], [[Sri Lanka Muslim Congress]] and the [[Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna]] claimed that many incidents of election irregularities such as vote rigging was carried out by members of the [[United People's Freedom Alliance]] and the [[TamilEela Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal]] during election day.<ref>[http://www.boston.com/news/world/asia/articles/2008/05/10/voters_in_eastern_sri_lanka_worry_about_future/ Sri Lanka elections marred by irregularities, By Ravi Nessman Associated Press Write]</ref><ref>[http://www.wtop.com/?nid=105&sid=1401655 Sri Lanka elections marred by irregularities, wtop.com]</ref><ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7288942.stm Ex-Tamil Tigers win local polls, BBC]</ref> The UNP and the SLMC has made a petition challenging the result of Ampara district PC to the supreme court.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080618114555/http://www.dailymirror.lk/DM_BLOG/Sections/frmNewsDetailView.aspx?ARTID=17581 AC issues notice for UNP-SLMC election petition]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ep.gov.lk/ Eastern Provincial Council]
*[http://www.slelections.gov.lk/ Department of Elections, Sri Lanka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127234212/http://www.slelections.gov.lk/ |date=2010-01-27 }}

{{Sri Lankan elections}}

[[Category:Eastern Provincial Council]]
[[Category:2008–09 Sri Lankan provincial council elections]]
[[Category:Indian Peace Keeping Force]]
[[Category:May 2008 in Sri Lanka]]

Lisa Sthalekar

2025-12-30T04:15:53Z

MarvinGrenier8:

{{short description|Australian cricketer}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Lead too long|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name =Lisa Sthalekar
| female = true
| image = Lisa Sthalekar 2.jpg
| caption =
| country = Australia
| fullname = Lisa Carprini Sthalekar
| nickname = Shaker
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1979|08|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Pune]], Maharashtra, India
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[off break]]
| role = [[All-rounder]]

| international = true
| internationalspan = 2001–2013
| testdebutdate = 15 February
| testdebutyear = 2003
| testdebutagainst = England
| testcap = 143
| lasttestdate = 22 January
| lasttestyear = 2011
| lasttestagainst = England

| odidebutdate = 29 June
| odidebutyear = 2001
| odidebutagainst = England
| odicap = 93
| lastodidate = 17 February
| lastodiyear = 2013
| lastodiagainst = West Indies
| odishirt =

| T20Idebutdate = 2 September
| T20Idebutyear = 2005
| T20Idebutagainst = England
| T20Icap = 11
| lastT20Idate = 24 January
| lastT20Iyear = 2013
| lastT20Iagainst = New Zealand
| T20Ishirt =

| club1 = [[New South Wales Breakers|New South Wales]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|1997/98–2012/13}}
| club2 = [[Sydney Sixers (WBBL)|Sydney Sixers]]
| year2 = {{nowrap|2015/16–2016/17}}

| columns = 3
| column1 = [[Women's Test cricket|WTest]]
| matches1 = 8
| runs1 = 416
| bat avg1 = 32.00
| 100s/50s1 = 1/2
| top score1 = 120[[not out|*]]
| deliveries1 = 1,745
| wickets1 = 23
| bowl avg1 = 20.95
| fivefor1 = 1
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 5/30
| catches/stumpings1 = 3/–
| column2 = [[Women's One Day International cricket|WODI]]
| matches2 = 125
| runs2 = 2,728
| bat avg2 = 30.65
| 100s/50s2 = 2/16
| top score2 = 104[[not out|*]]
| deliveries2 = 5,964
| wickets2 = 146
| bowl avg2 = 24.97
| fivefor2 = 1
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 5/35
| catches/stumpings2 = 49/–
| column3 = [[Women's Twenty20 International|WT20I]]
| matches3 = 54
| runs3 = 769
| bat avg3 = 21.36
| 100s/50s3 = 0/1
| top score3 = 52
| deliveries3 = 1,196
| wickets3 = 60
| bowl avg3 = 19.35
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 4/18
| catches/stumpings3 = 16/–
| date = 12 January
| year = 2020
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/53461.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''Lisa Carprini Sthalekar''' ({{respell|stə|LAY|kər}}) (born 13 August 1979) is an Australian [[cricket]] commentator and former cricketer and captain of the [[Australia women's national cricket team]]. In domestic cricket, she represented [[New South Wales Breakers|New South Wales]]. She was a right-handed [[all rounder]] who bowled [[off spin]], and was rated as the leading all rounder in the world when rankings were introduced. She was the first woman to score 1,000 runs and take 100 wickets in ODIs. She announced her retirement from international cricket a day after the Australian team won the [[2013 Women's Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/lisa-sthalekar-retires-after-world-cup-triumph/article4427883.ece?homepage=true | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Lisa Sthalekar retires after World Cup triumph | date=18 February 2013}}</ref>

Sthalekar made her debut in the [[Women's National Cricket League]] (WNCL) late in 1997–98 as a specialist bowler, but had little success, totalling 1/120 in her maiden campaign. She improved her performance over the next two seasons, taking 8 and 15 wickets respectively. In three years, she scored only 169 runs with a best score of 33. In 2000–01 Sthalekar took 11 wickets and scored 112 runs in the WNCL and was called into the Australian team for the first time. Playing as a bowler, she made her [[One Day International]] (ODI) debut against [[England women's cricket team|England]] and ended the tour of the [[British Isles]] with five wickets from as many matches.

In 2001–02, Sthalekar developed into a frontline batter. She made her first half-century, compiling four in all for the season. She totalled 347 runs, more than her four previous seasons combined, and took 11 wickets as New South Wales won their sixth consecutive WNCL with a clean sweep. Sthalekar struggled with the ball in the next two international seasons, taking only eight wickets in 12 matches, but she did break through with the bat at international level, making three half-centuries in six matches. In early 2003, she made her Test debut against England, and made 120 not out, her maiden century, in her second match, although she took only three wickets in the two Tests.

In 2003–04 and the following season, Sthalekar took 14 wickets apiece and reached 250 runs in each season. In internationals, she returned to form with the ball and averaged more than a wicket per ODI. Sthalekar played in each match of Australia's unbeaten [[2005 Women's Cricket World Cup|2005 World Cup]] triumph in South Africa, taking seven wickets in all, and scoring 55 against [[India national women's cricket team|India]] in the final.

After the World Cup, Australia toured the British Isles and Sthalekar made her maiden ODI century against [[Ireland national women's cricket team|Ireland]]. She took seven wickets in the two-Test series against England, and upon returning to Australia, made 72 and took 5/30 in an innings win over [[India national women's cricket team|India]]. Sthalekar had a strong 2006–07 international season with the bat, scoring 604 runs at 67.11, passing 40 in 9 of her 12 innings, but struggled with the ball, taking 10 wickets at 41.00. In 2007–08, she missed out on a second Test century, falling for 98 in a one-off match against England. She ended the season with consecutive ODI fifties against New Zealand and won the [[Allan Border Medal#Belinda Clark Award|Belinda Clark Award]] for both 2007 and 2008.<ref>{{cite web | title = Lee wins Allan Border Medal | url = http://www.foxsports.com.au/story/0,8659,23281911-23212,00.html | work = [[Fox Sports (Australia)|Fox Sports]] | date = 26 February 2008 | access-date = 26 February 2008 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080517232737/http://www.foxsports.com.au/story/0,8659,23281911-23212,00.html | archive-date = 17 May 2008 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> She started the following summer with unbeaten scores of 73 and 104 against India, before taking 4/20 in the next match to help set up a clean sweep of the ODI series.

Sthalekar led New South Wales to five consecutive WNCL titles starting in 2005–06. During this period, she averaged over 40 with the bat and just over 20 with the ball, scoring more than 1400 runs and taking 60 wickets. She reached her maiden WNCL century in 2009–10 having ended unbeaten in the nineties on two occasions in the five-year period.

During the [[2009 Women's Cricket World Cup|2009 World Cup]] held in [[New South Wales]] and [[Canberra]], Sthalekar was Australia's leading wicket-taker with 13 wickets at 15.69 but struggled with the bat, making 70 runs at 14.00 as Australia lost the third-place playoff to India. In early 2010, Sthalekar took 5/35, he best ODI bowling figures, in her 100th match. Australia defeated New Zealand in all eight ODIs and Sthalekar was prominent with the ball, taking 12 wickets from seven matches. In August 2020, she was inducted to the [[ICC Cricket Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29722425/jacques-kallis,-zaheer-abbas-lisa-sthalekar-enter-icc-hall-fame |title=Jacques Kallis, Zaheer Abbas and Lisa Sthalekar enter ICC's Hall of Fame |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=23 August 2020}}</ref>

== Birth and adoption ==
Originally named Laila at birth, Sthalekar was born in the city of [[Pune]] in the western [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra]]. Her biological parents, who were unable to support her, placed her at [[Shreevatsa (Pune)|Shreevatsa]], an orphanage attached to Pune's [[Sassoon Hospital]]. Haren and Sue Sthalekar, Lisa's adoptive parents, were a couple who lived in [[Michigan]], United States. Haren was born in Bombay and Sue to English parents. The Sthalekars had a daughter and were in India visiting Shreevatsa, hoping to adopt a boy to complete the family. Unsuccessful in their search and about to leave Shreevatsa, it was suggested that they meet Laila. Sue fell in love with her big brown eyes and within a short period of time they decided to adopt her. They thus completed the necessary legal formalities and renamed Laila as Lisa.<ref name="Sakal-20130224">{{cite news|url=http://online3.esakal.com/esakal/20130224/5185253380088758651.htm|title=लिसाची अद्भुत कहाणी|last=Lele|first=Sunandan|date=24 February 2013|work=सकाळ सप्तरंग|publisher=[[Sakal]]|language=mr|access-date=24 February 2013|location=[[Pune]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230231917/http://online3.esakal.com/esakal/20130224/5185253380088758651.htm|archive-date=30 December 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Three weeks after her birth, Sthalekar's family brought her back to the United States. The family travelled onto [[Kenya]] for a period for Haren's work as a Christian missionary before eventually settling in Sydney.<ref name=asc/> Lisa Sthalekar visited Shreevatsa on 3 March 2012.<ref name="SOFOSH-201201">{{cite web|url=http://www.ffia.se/media/86516/newsletter_sofosh_maj_2012.pdf|title=Visit by Lisa Sthalekar|date=January 2012|work=Newsletter|publisher=SOFOSH|access-date=24 February 2013}}</ref>

== Early years ==
Sthalekar was introduced to cricket by her father in backyard games, saying "I think cricket runs in the blood of all Indians."<ref name="totw"/> She played against boys initially, and was not aware that females played cricket until her father took her to a women's Test match between [[Australia national women's cricket team|Australia]] and [[England women's cricket team|England]] at [[North Sydney Oval]]. She then joined the [[Gordon District Cricket Club|Gordon club]] on the North Shore region Sydney; playing with the boys on the weekend mornings before competing with the women during the afternoon.<ref name="totw">{{cite news |title=Sthalekar – officially – on top of the world |author=Sygall, David |date=2 November 2008 |access-date=14 March 2024 |url=https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info%3Asid/infoweb.newsbank.com&svc_dat=AWGLNB&req_dat=1054640702C8DBC0&rft_val_format=info%3Aofi/fmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&rft_dat=document_id%3Anews%252F1243506618EDBAA8 |via=Newsbank |newspaper=Sun-Herald}}</ref>

Sthalekar attended primary schooling at [[Cherrybrook Public School]] (playing for West Pennant Hills Cherrybrook Cricket Club), early high school years at [[Cherrybrook Technology High School]]{{citation needed|date=April 2017}} and later attended [[Barker College]], a private Anglican school on the [[North Shore (Sydney)|North Shore of Sydney]]. She later completed a Bachelor of Arts at [[Sydney University]], majoring in [[psychology]] and [[religious studies]].<ref name=asc>{{cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/02/24/1077594827143.html |title=A Southern Star who is in the ascent |author=Saltau, Chloe |date=25 February 2004| access-date=23 April 2010 |newspaper=[[The Age]] |location=Melbourne}}</ref>

== Domestic beginnings ==
[[Image:Lisa Sthalekar catch.jpg|thumb|Sthalekar taking a catch at fielding practice]]
Sthalekar made her debut for [[New South Wales Breakers|New South Wales]] towards the end of the 1997–98 season, against [[Queensland Fire|Queensland]]. She started as primarily a bowler who batted in the lower order and in her first match took 0/19 from six overs and was not required to bat as New South Wales won by five wickets. She played in five matches including the finals series against South Australia. In the first match, she took 1/22 from ten overs in a six-wicket victory, her maiden wicket at senior level in her fourth match, and in the second final, she only bowled five overs for 0/23. She was unbeaten on six when New South Wales reached their target with four wickets in hand to win the finals 2–0 and win the WNCL for the second year in a row.<ref name=o/> Sthalekar ended her maiden WNCL series with 25 runs at 25.00 and one wicket at 120.00 at an economy rate of 3.00.<ref name=o>{{cite web| title=Player Oracle LC Sthalekar |url=https://cricketarchive.com/cgi-bin/player_oracle_reveals_results2.cgi?playernumber=8086&opponentmatch=exact&playername=Meckiff&resulttype=All&matchtype=All&teammatch=exact&startwicket=&homeawaytype=All&opponent=&endwicket=&wicketkeeper=&searchtype=InningsList&endscore=&playermatch=contains&branding=cricketarchive&captain=&endseason=&startscore=&team=&startseason= |access-date=14 May 2009 |website=CricketArchive}}</ref>

Sthalekar was selected for the Under-23 national team at the end of the season to play a series against New Zealand A. Though economical in three one-dayers, she was not incisive, taking two wickets at 40.50 and an economy rate of 3.00 and scoring 22 runs at 7.33.<ref name=o/> She had more success in the non-limited-overs two-innings match, scoring 6 and 22 and taking a total of 5/91 in an Australian win.<ref name=o/> She bowled 62.1 overs for the match.<ref name=o/>

In 1998–99, Sthalekar had more success in the WNCL. She batted in the middle-order on occasions and scored 76 runs at 19.00 from four innings in seven matches. She took wickets in all but one match, ending with eight at 21.87.<ref name=o/> New South Wales met Victoria in the finals and Sthalekar scored 33 before being run out and took 2/21 in a seven-run win. It was Sthalekar's best bowling and batting analysis for the season. They then won the next match by one run to seal a hat-trick of WNCL titles, Sthalekar scoring one and taking 1/19 from her ten overs.<ref name=o/>

In 1999–2000, Sthalekar again had few opportunities with the bat in the middle and lower order as opposition bowlers struggled to make inroads into the New South Wales batting. She scored 68 runs at 34.00 from five innings in ten matches. Sthalekar took 15 wickets at 16.00 at an economy rate of 3.15, including four three-wicket hauls; all four matches ended in a New South Wales victory.<ref name=o/> All of these came in a period of six matches from the end of October to the start of December and included consecutive three-wicket hauls against Queensland and Victoria. Her best result was a 3/15 to help dismiss South Australia, before scoring 17 not out in a seven-wicket win.<ref name=o/> New South Wales again made the finals and after taking 2/27 from six overs in a 19-run win over Western Australia in the first match, she took 1/43 from ten overs the next day and made her top-score of the season, compiling an unbeaten 21 in the lower order to help New South Wales to victory by three wickets and claim their fourth successive WNCL, winning all but one of their matches.<ref name=o/>

At the end of the season, Sthalekar was selected in the Australia Under-21 team to play against New Zealand A. In her first match she scored 81 before being run out, but this was not enough to prevent a five-wicket defeat. The New Zealand attacked her bowling during the match, taking 45 runs from her nine overs without losing a wicket. She took one wicket in each of the next two matches as Australia won by ten and nine wickets respectively, before scoring 27—again run out—and taking 3/39 in the fourth match to help secure a 15-run win. She ended the series with 108 runs at 54.00 and six wickets at 22.50 and an economy rate of 3.46.<ref name=o/>

In 2000–01, Sthalekar again played in all ten matches of New South Wales' fifth consecutive WNCL title. She struggled in the first three matches, taking only one wicket and scoring 21 runs. In the fourth match, she scored 31 as New South Wales were dismissed for only 174, and took 0/30 from nine overs as Queensland inflicted New South Wales's first loss of the season, by two wickets.<ref name=o/> After taking 3/23 against Western Australia in the fifth match of the season, she prepared for the finals by scoring 23 and then taking 4/7 from 8.2 overs against Victoria in the last qualifying match, sealing a 69-run win. In the first final against Queensland, she made 43 and conceded only 20 runs from her ten overs as the defending champions dismissed their opponents for 201 to seal a 33-run victory. In the second match, she took 1/18 from her ten overs and fell for a duck as New South Wales won by seven wickets to complete a 2–0 finals series win. The only defeat of the season was a narrow two-wicket loss to Queensland in the fourth match of the season.<ref name=o/> Sthalekar scored 112 runs at 18.66 and took 11 wickets at 17.45 with an economy rate of 2.25.<ref name=o/>

== One Day International debut ==
[[Image:Lisa Sthalekar bowling 3.jpg|thumb|Sthalekar bowling in the [[Adelaide Oval]] nets]]
These performances earned Sthalekar a call-up into the Australian team for the tour of England in mid-2001. She was overlooked for the one-off Test and made her international debut in the first [[One Day International]] (ODI) at [[County Ground, Derby]], playing in a specialist bowler's position. She made one not out at the death as Australia batted first and made 7/238. She then took 2/25 from eight overs as the tourists dismissed England to seal a 99-run win. The next ODI at [[County Ground, Northampton]] was similar. She made four not out in Australia's 9/227 and took 1/24 from ten overs in a 118-run victory. Sthalekar was then left out of the team for the third and final ODI, so she missed out on the opportunity to play at [[Lord's]], the home of cricket. The Australians then headed west to [[Dublin]], Ireland to play three ODIs against the hosts' national team. Sthalekar played in all the matches and scored eight runs at 4.00 and took two wickets at 26.00 with an economy rate of 3.21, being run out in each match.<ref name=o/>

The Australians returned home and Sthalekar was part of the New South Wales team that won their sixth consecutive WNCL title in 2001–02, this time with a clean sweep of all ten matches.<ref name=o/> During the season, Sthalekar's batting reached new heights. She took 2/34 and then scored an unbeaten 80—her maiden WNCL half-century—to see New South Wales to a six-wicket win over Queensland in the third match of the season. In the double-header against Western Australia, she scored 66 and 60, the latter innings terminated by a run out. She later took 2/14 from ten overs to help restrict Victoria to 8/116, handing New South Wales a six-wicket win in their closest match of the season. New South Wales hosted the finals series against Victoria. In the first match, she took 1/16 from eight overs in Victoria's 133 all out and then scored 31 in a seven-wicket win. The next day, she took 2/22 from her 10 overs and then made 68 to set up a four-wicket win. She was not on hand when the target of 187 was reached, having been run out. She ended the season with 347 runs at 38.55 and 11 wickets at 24.00 at an economy rate of 3.14.<ref name=o/> Sthalekar has scored more runs in one season than she had done in her first four.<ref name=o/>

At the end of the season, Sthalekar played in four matches for Australia Youth against New Zealand A before the Rose Bowl series against New Zealand. Her batting was not effective, yielding 21 runs at 4.25, but she was incisive and economical with the ball, taking five wickets at 4.80 and economy rate of 1.33.<ref name=o/> Seven of her 18 overs were maidens.<ref name=o/> In the Rose Bowl series, Australia hosted three ODIs before travelling to New Zealand for three more matches. Sthalekar performed steadily but unspectacularly during the series. She took one wicket in the first five matches before failing to dismiss anyone in the final ODI, ending with five wickets at 38.00 and an economy rate of 4.31. She scored 88 runs at 17.60, making 33 in the first and last matches. Australia won all but the fourth match of the series.<ref name=o/>

New South Wales' run of six consecutive WNCL titles came to an end in 2002–03, during which Sthalekar had a mediocre season by her standards, scoring 180 runs at 20.00 and taking eight wickets at 37.37 at an economy rate of 3.35 in ten matches. She took more than one wicket only once, with 2/11 from ten overs against South Australia and had a run of four consecutive single-figure scores in the middle of the season. New South Wales won six of their eight matches and had to play the finals away against Victoria. In the first match, she scored 29 and was then attacked by the home batsmen, taking 1/45 in a three-wicket loss. The next day, she took 1/31 as the hosts were dismissed for 181, but in reply, the defending champions could only make 141 all out, of which Sthalekar made 45.<ref name=o/>

At the end of the season, Sthalekar competed in a quadrangular ODI tournament held in [[Lincoln, New Zealand]]. In addition to the hosts and Australia, England and India were also competing. Each team played two matches against the other three teams in the round-robin phase before the top two teams played off in the final. Sthalekar played in all but the fourth round-robin match, against England, as Australia won all seven matches, defeating the hosts 214 to 105 in the final. Sthalekar was not prominent with the ball, taking three wickets at 51.33, although she remained economical, conceding 3.58 runs per over.<ref name=o/> However, she was effective with the bat, scoring 59, her maiden ODI half-century, in the first match against New Zealand, before making consecutive half-centuries in the last two qualifying matches, 58 not out and 53 against India and New Zealand respectively.<ref name=o/> She ended the series with 189 runs at 37.80.<ref name=o/>

== Test debut ==
[[Image:Lisa Sthalekar batting 2.jpg|Sthalekar plays a defensive shot in the nets.|thumb]]
Australia then hosted England in two Tests in late February. Sthalekar made her debut in the First Test at [[the Gabba]] in [[Brisbane]]. She is the [[List of Australia women Test cricketers|143rd]] woman to play Test cricket for Australia.<ref name="Cricket Australia - Southern Stars - Lisa Sthalekar (Player #163)">{{cite web|url=http://www.southernstars.org.au/sthalekar.html |title=Lisa Sthalekar (Player #163) |work=[[southernstars.org.au]] |publisher=[[Cricket Australia]] |access-date=24 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204094227/http://www.southernstars.org.au/sthalekar.html |archive-date= 4 February 2014 }}</ref> In a low-scoring match, she bowled 11 overs, taking 1/8 as the tourists made 124 batting first. Her maiden Test wicket was that of English captain [[Clare Connor]], caught by [[Cathryn Fitzpatrick]].<ref name=ow>{{cite web| title=Player Oracle LC Sthalekar|url=https://cricketarchive.com/cgi-bin/player_oracle_reveals_results2.cgi?playernumber=8086&testing=0&opponentmatch=exact&playername=IK%20Pathan&resulttype=All&matchtype=All&teammatch=exact&startwicket=&homeawaytype=All&opponent=&endwicket=&wicketkeeper=&searchtype=WicketsTakenList&endscore=&playermatch=contains&branding=cricketarchive&captain=&endseason=&startscore=&team=&startseason= |access-date=14 May 2010 |website=CricketArchive}}</ref><ref name=t20031/> Sthalekar was then given the duty of opening the batting alongside captain [[Belinda Clark]]. She was not successful as Australia then collapsed to be all out for 78; Sthalekar made six from 14 balls and occupied the crease for 13 minutes before being trapped lbw by [[Lucy Pearson (cricketer)|Lucy Pearson]] in her maiden Test innings. After taking 1/16 from 15 overs, removing [[Claire Taylor]] caught behind by wicket-keeper [[Julia Price]], and catching [[Clare Taylor]] from Fitzpatrick, England was all out for 92. Sthalekar again opened and this time made a duck, batting for 20 balls and 26 minutes without scoring, but Australia managed to reach 5/139 to seal victory. Of the 26 overs she bowled in the match, half were maidens.<ref name=o/><ref name=t20031>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/76/76550.html |title=Australia Women v England Women |website=CricketArchive |access-date=10 June 2010}}</ref>

Sthalekar was retained for the Second Test at [[Bankstown Oval]] in her home town Sydney, but after her failure as an opener in the preceding match, she returned to her conventional position in the middle-order. In the restructuring in the batting line-up, [[Kris Britt]] was called in to make her Test debut as an opener alongside Clark, and middle-order batsman [[Michelle Goszko]] was omitted to accommodate Sthalekar.<ref name=t20031/><ref name=t20032/> Australia batted first and collapsed to be 3/25, bringing Sthalekar in to join [[Mel Jones]]. Sthalekar made 18 from 94 balls, combining with Jones for a 65-run partnership in 99 minutes to steady the innings. She was then dismissed by Pearson, triggering an Australian collapsed to 134 all out, losing their last seven wickets for 44 runs.<ref name=t20032/> She then took 0/21 and ran out [[Kathryn Leng]] with a throw to Price as the tourists took a 53-run lead.<ref name=t20032/> However, Australia's top-order again capitulated, and Sthalekar came to the crease at 3/36; the score then became 4/49 when Jones fell. Sthalekar then combined with [[Alex Blackwell]] to take Australia out of trouble, putting on 136 for the fifth wicket before the latter fell for 58. Sthalekar ended with an unbeaten 120, including four fours, from six hours of batting, as Australia declared at 7/259. Sthalekar then took 1/26 from 18 overs, removing Leng lbw, as England ended the match at 6/133 to avoid a defeat.<ref name=o/><ref name=t20032>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/76/76603.html |title=Australia Women v England Women |website=CricketArchive |access-date=10 June 2010}}</ref>

After a personally and collectively disappointing WNCL in 2002–03, Sthalekar and New South Wales started the new season strongly in the double-header against Western Australia. Sthalekar hit 59 and then took 3/34 in a convincing 82-run win in the opening match. The next day, she brought up her maiden one-day hundred, scoring 108 of 8/284 before taking 2/28 in a heavy 145-run win.<ref name=o/> However a form slump followed as Sthalekar scored only 39 runs and took one wicket in the next four matches; this included a three-match run included a loss to South Australia and a tie and loss against Victoria. She returned to form in the final double-header against Queensland, contributing 29 and 2/14, and 46 and 2/16, bowling ten overs in both matches as New South Wales won both fixtures by five wickets to qualify second for the finals hosted by the reigning champions Victoria at the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]]. In the first match, Sthalekar scored 5 and took 2/19 from her 10 overs but it was not enough as the hosts reached their target of 129 with six wickets in hand. She took a wicket in each of the remaining matches, which New South Wales won by five and seven wickets respectively to regain the WNCL title, but she contributed little with the bat, scoring 24 and 3. She ended the season with 256 runs at 28.45 and 14 wickets at 17.92 with an economy rate of 2.58 from 11 matches.<ref name=o/>

Sthalekar was consistent with the ball for the Rose Bowl series, which consisted of three matches each in New Zealand and then Australia. She played in all six matches and took two wickets in three of them, and one wicket in each of the remaining fixtures, ending with nine wickets at 18.44 and an economy rate of 2.91.<ref name=o/> She was less successful with the bat, scoring 67 runs at 13.40 with a best of 35 as Australia won the series 5–1.<ref name=o/>

Sthalekar was in good form with the bat at the start of the 2004–05 WNCL. She scored an unbeaten 96 in the second match of the season against Western Australia and in the first four matches had scored 154 runs, being dismissed only twice, one of these times by a run out. She took four wickets in these matches and the season was adjourned for a seven-match ODI tour of her native country [[India]], where the Australians were met by dry spin-friendly surfaces.<ref name=o/> Sthalekar was prominent with both bat and ball as Australia took the first two matches in [[Mysore]]. She had match figures of 34 and 2/31, and 30 and 2/36, bowling ten overs in both matches. The tourists travelled to [[Mumbai]] in Sthalekar's home state of [[Maharashtra]], but it was not a successful visit on the field; she was run out for 2 and her 1/19 was not enough to prevent a six-wicket defeat. Australia won the next two matches to seal the series, before the hosts won the remaining dead rubbers. Sthalekar scored 152 runs at 25.33 and took eight wickets at 24.12 and an economy rate of 3.38.<ref name=o/> Her best score of the series was 43 in the sixth match.<ref name=o/>

The Australians returned home and the WNCL resumed. Sthalekar took 4/32 against Victoria and 3/33 against Queensland setting up three-wicket wins in both cases. New South Wales met Victoria in the finals and Sthalekar was not successful in the three matches, scoring 16, 4 and 5 taking only two wickets in total as the defending champions lost their title 2–1. In the second phases of the WNCL, Sthalekar did not pass 25 and totalled 86 runs in seven matches. She ended the season with 250 runs at 27.77 and 14 wickets at 21.64 at an economy rate of 3.06.<ref name=o/>

== 2005 World Cup victory ==
Before the Australians headed to South Africa for the 2005 World Cup, they had a three-match Rose Bowl series against New Zealand in Perth. Sthalekar played in the first and third matches, both won by Australia, but did not play a prominent part in the victories, scoring 12 runs at 6.00 and taking one wicket at 29.00 from 11 overs.<ref name=o/>

After arriving in South Africa, Sthalekar played in each match of Australia's dominant unbeaten campaign. Each team played the other seven countries once in a round-robin phase before the top four went through to the semi-finals. In the first match, Sthalekar took 1/26 from ten overs as England made 7/169 before rain ended the match. This was followed by an encounter with New Zealand. Sthalekar scored 13 in Australia's 7/174 and bowled four overs without success, conceding 23 runs in a 32-run win.<ref name=o/>
In the third match against the West Indies, she made 17 and took 2/16 from four overs in a 79-run win.<ref name=o/> This was followed by a 97-run win over the hosts, in which Sthalekar made an unbeaten 22 late in the innings and took 1/26 from seven overs. The group stages ended with two easy victories. Sthalekar took 1/11 from six overs as the opening pacemen did much of the damage in dismissing Sri Lanka for 57. She was then unbeaten on one as Australia reached their target with eight wickets in hand. The match against Ireland was similar. Sthalekar took 1/15 from six overs, and then was allowed to open the batting. She made 28 not out as Australia achieved the target of 67 with all wickets intact. The final pool match against India was abandoned without a ball being bowled due to inclement weather, and Australia met England in the semi-finals.<ref name=o/> Sthalekar took 1/21 from five overs and then scored 29 before being run out en route to a five-wicket win. In the final against India, she scored 55 as Australia amassed 4/215. She then took 1/18 from four overs and a catch as Australia bowled India out for 117 to win by 98 runs.<ref name=o/> Sthalekar ended the tournament with 165 runs at 41.25 and 7 wickets at 22.28 and an economy rate of 3.39.<ref name=o/>

In the northern hemisphere summer of 2005, Australia toured England. They started with a stopover in Ireland, and only the second of the three ODIs went ahead; the other two matches were washed out by persistent rain. Sthalekar cracked 100 not out, her maiden ODI century, as Australia made 3/295 and took a 240-run win.<ref name=o/> Australia played two Tests in England. In the First Test at [[County Cricket Ground, Hove|County Ground]] in [[Hove]], Sussex, Sthalekar batted at No. 4 and made three as Australia collapsed to be 7/115 before recovering to end with 355.<ref name=t20051/> Sthalekar then took 3/70 as Australia dismissed the hosts for 273 and took an 82-run lead. She bowled [[Claire Taylor]] for 41 before returning late in the innings to remove middle-order batsmen [[Arran Brindle]] and [[Rosalie Birch]] as England lost their last six wickets for 39 runs.<ref name=t20051/>

After both Australian openers fell for ducks, Sthalekar joined [[Karen Rolton]] at the crease with the score on 2/7 in the second innings. She made 40 from 122 balls and put on a stand of 115 with Rolton before being removed by [[Katherine Brunt]], starting a steady flow of wickets as Australia were all out for 223 to leave the hosts a target of 306.<ref name=t20051/> Sthalekar took 3/44 from 30 overs, including 16 maidens, removing captain Connor, [[Jenny Gunn]] and [[Beth Morgan (cricketer)|Beth Morgan]] as the hosts hung on for a draw with three wickets in hand.<ref name=o/><ref name=t20051>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/83/83240.html |title=England Women v Australia Women |website=CricketArchive |access-date=10 June 2010}}</ref> In the Second Test at [[New Road, Worcester]], Sthalekar made 34 and took 1/29, removing Brunt as the hosts made 289 and took a 158-run lead. In the second innings, she fell for a duck in Australia's 232, which left England a target of 75. Sthalekar took 0/4 as the hosts reached the target with six wickets in hand.<ref name=t20052>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/83/83367.html |title=England Women v Australia Women |website=CricketArchive |access-date=10 June 2010}}</ref> She ended the Tests with 77 runs at 19.25 and seven wickets at 21.00.<ref name=o/>

Australia and Sthalekar had more success in the five ODIs. The tourists won the first two matches but the hosts fought back to win the next two. In the deciding match, Sthalekar took 2/54 from her 10 overs and scored 53 as Australia chased down England's 256 with four wickets in hand to seal the series 3–2. Sthalekar had a strong run with the bat, scoring two other scores of 40 or more to end with 140 runs at 28.00. She took six wickets at 25.00 at an economy rate of 4.28.<ref name=o/>

Sthalekar then played in Australia's inaugural [[Twenty20]] international at the [[County Ground, Taunton]], and only the second international match in the history of the new format.<ref name=o/> She was not successful; the English batsmen attacked her and she ended with 1/37 from four overs. Australia chased down the target of 152 with seven wickets in hand, but Sthalekar did not contribute with the bat, being dismissed for a duck.<ref name=o/>

== Ten-wicket Test haul and Belinda Clark Awards ==
[[Image:Lisa Sthalekar batting.jpg|Sthalekar charges down the pitch in preparation for a drive.|thumb]]
Sthalekar had another consistent season in the 2005–06 WNCL, taking 14 wickets at 20.92 and an economy rate of 2.81 and scored 264 runs at 33.00 in 11 matches.<ref name=o/> Her best bowling figures were a 3/15 in the first match against Queensland and she took at least two wickets in each double-header. New South Wales seven of their eight matches to qualify for the final, where they met Queensland. Sthalekar took 0/27 from her ten overs as Queensland were dismissed for 174 and she was unbeaten without scoring when New South Wales reached the target with eight wickets in hand. The next day, she made 53 as New South Wales capitulated to be all out for 154. She took 1/24 from her ten overs, but it was not enough to prevent a three-wicket defeat. In the deciding match, Sthalekar made 39 of 146 all out and took 2/20 from ten overs as New South Wales hung on by two runs to take the WNCL title.<ref name=o/>

The Australian season ended with a home series against India in Adelaide. In the one-off Test, the hosts batted first and Sthalekar came in at 2/54 to join captain [[Karen Rolton]]. The pair put on 56 runs, the largest partnership of the match, before Rolton was out at 3/110, followed by [[Kate Blackwell (cricketer)|Kate Blackwell]] without further addition to the score. Wickets continued to fall regularly until Sthalekar put on 44 with debutant wicket-keeper [[Jodie Fields|Jodie Purves]] before falling herself at 8/213. She ended with the top-score of 72 from 180 balls in Australia's 250.<ref name=t2006/> Sthalekar was wicketless as the hosts bowled out the Indians for 93 to take a 157-run first innings lead and enforce the follow on. She then took 5/30 from 20.5 overs to help dismiss the tourists for 153 and seal victory by an innings and four runs.<ref name=o/> She dismissed captain and leading batsman [[Mithali Raj]] before bowling [[Anjum Chopra]] to leave the visitors at 3/48. She later returned to take three late wickets, dismissing [[Sunetra Paranjpe]], [[Jhulan Goswami]] and [[Nooshin Al Khadeer]] as the Indians lost their last five wickets for 25 runs.<ref name=t2006/> Sthalekar was named the player of the match for her efforts.<ref name=t2006>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/84/84996.html |title=Australia Women v India Women |website=CricketArchive |access-date=10 June 2010}}</ref> Sthalekar played in all three matches as Australia swept the ODIs. She scored 31 runs at 31.00 and took three wickets at 19.33 and an economy rate of 2.93.<ref name=o/>

The following 2006–07 season started with the Rose Bowl series against New Zealand, which the Australians hosted at [[Allan Border Field]] in [[Brisbane]]. The five ODIs were preceded by a T20 match, in which Sthalekar took 1/26 from her four overs and scored seven in a tied match.<ref name=o/> She was consistently productive, making 51, 53, 46, 43 and 17 as Australia took a clean sweep of the ODIs, albeit with one-wicket victories in the first two matches. Two of Sthalekar's dismissals came in run outs, and she ended with 210 runs at 42.00. Her bowling was not so effective, yielding three wickets at 46.66 at an economy rate of 3.50.<ref name=o/>

Sthalekar had another consistent season in the 2006–07 WNCL. Apart from one wicketless game, she took one or two wickets in each of the seven remaining round-robin matches. New South Wales struggled early in the season, narrowly winning the first match by three wickets against Victoria before losing three matches in a row against the same team and Queensland. Sthalekar failed to capitalise on her starts in these matches, making 40, 27, 31 and 0 as her team averaged 177 in the three losses. New South Wales fought back to win their four remaining matches to qualify for the finals; in the last qualifying match, Sthalekar made 92 not out to guide her team to an eight-wicket win and seal their berth in the deciding matches against Victoria. In the first final, Sthalekar took 1/22 and made nine as New South Wales reached their target of 137 with only one wicket in hand. She then scored three and went wicketless as Victoria squared the series with an eight-wicket the next day. In the deciding final, Sthalekar was attacked by the Victorians, conceding 34 runs from seven overs. In the run-chase, she top-scored with 83 as the defending champions prevailed by three wickets to win consecutive titles.<ref name=o/> Sthalekar ended the series with 11 wickets at 27.36 at an economy rate of 2.95 and 325 runs at 36.11.<ref name=o/>

After the end of the Australian season, Sthalekar was selected for the ODI team for a four-nations tournament in [[Chennai]], India. In addition to the hosts and Australia, New Zealand and England were also participating, and each team played each other twice in round-robin phase. In the first match, Sthalekar made 65 as Australia amassed 9/260 but her bowling was attacked by New Zealand, who took 41 runs without loss from her four overs en route to a six-wicket win. Sthalekar made an unbeaten 87 as Australia reached 8/213 against the hosts. She was unable to penetrate the Indian batsmen, taking 0/21 from five overs as they reached the target with three wickets in hand. The next match against England was similar for Sthalekar. She took 1/29 from her five overs as England made 7/216, and then made 85 not out in Australia's six-wicket win, guiding them to the target. Sthalekar scored 45 and took 1/31 in a 49-run win over New Zealand, and the second match against England resembled the first. Sthalekar took 1/44 from her ten overs and then scored 77 to help set up a six-wicket win in pursuit of 269. She continued to be uneconomical in the final round-robin match against India, conceding 64 runs from her 10 overs, but also took three wickets. Sthalekar managed only three but Australia nevertheless won by six wickets to reach the final against New Zealand. There she took 1/32 from eight overs, before scoring an unbeaten 32 and being at the crease when Australia completed a six-wicket win to take the competition.

Sthalekar ended the series with 394 runs at 98.50, her best batting performance in an international series. In contrast, her bowling was neither penetrative nor economical; she took seven wickets at 37.28 at an economy rate of 5.22.<ref name=o/> For the whole 2006–07 international season, she had scored 604 runs at 67.11 and taken ten wickets at 40.10.<ref name=o/>

This trend continued in the Rose Bowl series held in tropical [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]] in July 2007, the middle of the southern hemisphere winter. Sthalekar played in the first three of the five matches, scoring 69 runs at 69.00 and taking one wicket at 74.00 at an economy rate of 4.11.<ref name=o/> In the T20 match that preceded the series, she took 2/15 from her four overs and was out for three as Australia scraped home by one wicket.<ref name=o/>

After conceding runs at a high rate in international matches in the past year, Sthalekar started the 2007–08 WNCL season in highly economical fashion. In the first match against South Australia, she bowled four maidens and ended with 2/7 from ten overs, helping to restrict New South Wales' target to 166. She then made 56 to lead her team to a seven-wicket win. The next day she took two catches and bowled six maidens in her 2/9 from ten overs in a 25-run win.<ref name=o/> In the following double-header she was prominent in consecutive defeats of Victoria. After taking 1/29, she scored an unbeaten 93 to steer New South Wales to a seven-wicket win, and then scored 70 and took 2/50 the next day to help seal a 25-run win. She then took 3/20 in the fifth match against Queensland to help ensure a 66-run win. New South Wales went to win all of their reound-robin matches except the final fixture against Western Australia. They qualified first for the final against South Australia and were awarded the final went rain force the match to be cancelled. Sthalekar ended with 312 runs at 44.57 and 12 wickets at 14.58 at an economy rate of 2.73.<ref name=o/>

The domestic competition was followed by two international series against England and New Zealand. Sthalekar made 17 and took 0/19 from three overs as Australia won the T20 international against England at the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]]. In the ODIs that followed, drawn 2–2, Sthalekar scored 95 runs at 23.75 and took four wickets at 32.00 at an economy rate of 3.85. Her best performance came in the second match at the MCG, scoring 45 before taking 2/40 in an 84-run win.<ref name=o/> In the one-off Test at [[Bowral]], Sthalekar scored two in the first innings as Australia made 154 batting first. She then took 3/48 from 28 overs as England ended on 244 all out with a 90-run lead. The tourists had been in a much stronger position at 3/216 before Sthalekar took three wickets in three consecutive overs to trigger the loss of the last seven wickets for 28 runs.<ref name=t2008>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/129/129766.html |title=Australia Women v England Women |website=CricketArchive |access-date=10 June 2010}}</ref> She had [[Claire Taylor]] caught behind by [[Leonie Coleman]] for 79, before bowling wicket-keeper [[Sarah Taylor (cricketer)|Sarah Taylor]] in her next over for 19. In the following over, a maiden, she bowled [[Nicki Shaw]] for a duck.<ref name=t2008/> She was the mainstay of the hosts' second innings of 9/231 declared, making 98. Sthalekar had come to the crease with the score at 2/33, before [[Karen Rolton]] was out two balls later to leave the score at 3/34. She and Nitschke then rebuilt the innings, putting on 107 runs in 159 minutes before Nitschke was out for 36. Sthalekar then added a further 57 runs from 21.1 overs with [[Kate Blackwell (cricketer)|Kate Blackwell]] before she was dismissed two runs short of her century by [[Beth Morgan (cricketer)|Beth Morgan]], having batted for 204 balls and almost four hours, hitting 14 fours. Australia then lost wickets steadily to leave England with a target of 142. Sthalekar was relatively expensive, taking 1/49 from 13 overs in the second innings and dismissing Morgan as the tourists reached their target with six wickets in hand.<ref name=o/><ref name=t2008/>

The Australians then headed to [[Bert Sutcliffe Oval]] in [[Lincoln, New Zealand]], for a T20 international and five ODIs. Sthalekar made 13 and took 1/12 from three overs as the hosts won the T20 by four wickets. She then made 19 of 5/189 in the first ODI and took 2/25 to help secure a 63-run win. In the next two matches, she made single-figure scores and took one wicket, as the hosts claimed both matches to take the series lead. Australia thus needed to win the remaining two matches. In the fourth match, Sthalekar made 69 and took 2/39 in an Australian win?? In the final match, she was attacked by the local batsmen and conceded 58 runs from 10 wicketless overs. She then made 61 not out to help steer Australia to their target of 250 and a series-clinching eight-wicket win.<ref name=o/> Sthalekar ended the series with 155 runs at 38.75 and six wickets at 33.00 at an economy rate of 4.38.<ref name=o/>

The 2008–09 Australian season started with a tour by India.<ref name=o/><ref name=auslistw>{{cite news| url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/team/238.html?class=9;template=results;type=team;view=results |title= – Australia Women – Women's One-Day Internationals – Team analysis |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=14 April 2010}}</ref> At the start of the season, the [[International Cricket Council]] introduced player rankings system for women; Sthalekar occupied the No. 1 all-rounder position ahead of Australian teammate [[Shelley Nitschke]].<ref name=ind/>

Sthalekar started with 1/21 from four overs and 23 in a six-wicket win the T20 match. She was prominent as the hosts completed a 5–0 clean sweep of the ODIs. In the first match at [[Hurstville Oval]], she made 73 not out in an eight-wicket win, before setting up the next match at the SCG with an unbeaten 104. She then took 1/15 in an 86-run win. She then helped Australia gain an unassailable lead in the third match, taking 4/20 from ten overs to help seal a 54-run win, having made 11 not out at the death in Australia's innings. Sthalekar took one wicket in each of the last two matches and ended with seven wickets at 17.71 and an economy rate of 3.01. With the bat, she made 208 runs at 104.00.<ref name=o/>

When the WNCL started, Sthalekar did not have a heavy workload with the bat. New South Wales won seven of their eight round-robin matches, five of these by seven or more wickets in run-chases. As a result of the effectiveness of the first three batsmen in the order, Sthalekar only had to bat six times in these eight matches, and was twice unbeaten on single-figure scores when the target was reached. Her top-score of 57 not out came in the final match when she guided New South Wales to a three-wicket win over Victoria. By the end of the round-robin phase, she had scored 175 runs and been dismissed only once, in the only match in which her state did not bat last. With the ball, Sthalekar took two wickets in three of the first four matches for a total of seven wickets in those matches, but only took two in the last four matches. In the final, she took 0/29 from seven overs as New South Wales dismissed Victoria for 117. She then made 16 in a six-wicket win. Sthalekar ended the competition with 191 runs at 95.50 and ten wickets at 22.70 at an economy rate of 2.80.<ref name=o/>

After the WNCL ended, the Australians headed to New Zealand for the Rose Bowl series. In the second match, Sthalekar made 72 and took 2/40 from her ten overs, but it was not enough to prevent a four-run/three-wicket defeat. This left Australia 2–0 down and she took 3/16 and 2/58 in the next two matches to square the series 2–2. The last match was washed out and Sthalekar ended with 79 runs at 26.33 and seven wickets at 19.28 at an economy rate of 4.15.<ref name=o/> The teams returned to Australia for the one-off T20 match, and Sthalekar took 2/28 from three overs and then scored 23 not out as Australia won under the [[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|Duckworth Lewis method]].<ref name=o/> In two warm-up matches against England and Sri Lanka ahead of the World Cup, Sthalekar made 12 and 19 and totalled 0/23 from nine overs.<ref name=o/>

==2009 World Cup and World Twenty20 ==
In the opening match of the World Cup campaign, Sthalekar took 2/35 from her ten overs as New Zealand made 205 all out. She then made six as Australia fell short of their target on the [[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|Duckworth-Lewis method]].<ref name=o/> Australia then needed to win their two remaining group matches to reach the Super Six phase. Sthalekar made 19 and took 1/27 from ten overs as Australia defeated [[south Africa national women's cricket team|South Africa]] by 61 runs. She then scored 15 and took 2/32 from nine overs in a 47-run win over the [[West Indies women's cricket team|West Indies]].<ref name=o/> In the first Super Six match, the Indians attacked Sthalekar's bowling although she took three wickets, ending on 3/52 from ten overs. she then made a duck as Australia made 7/218, falling 17 runs of their target.<ref name=o/> She then missed the win over [[Pakistan national women's cricket team|Pakistan]] by 107 runs. She returned for Australia's final Super Six match against England, and although the hosts won, it was not enough for them to place in the top two in the standings and qualify for the final. Sthalekar took 2/31 from ten overs and Australia reached the target of 162 with eight wickets in hand and she was not required to bat. In the third-place playoff against India, she made 30 of Australia's 142 after an early collapse, and then took 3/27 from her ten overs, but was not able to prevent a three-wicket defeat.<ref name=o/> Sthalekar ended the tournament with 70 runs at 14.00 and took 13 wickets at 15.69 at an economy rate of 3.45.<ref name=o/>

Sthalekar was selected for Australia's team for the inaugural Women's World Twenty20 held in England in 2009. The Australians hosted New Zealand for a three-match series in tropical [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]] at the beginning of June before the World Cup, and Sthalekar played in all the matches with much success, taking 3/12, 3/11 and 2/25 from four overs in each match, equating to an average of 6.00 and an economy rate of 4.00.<ref name=o/> She added 34 in the third match to help secure a 32-run win and a 2–1 series result. Arriving in the northern hemisphere she took 3/14 from three overs in the team's only warm-up on English soil, a five-run win against the hosts.<ref name=o/>

However, Sthalekar was not successful in the tournament with the ball. After making 46 in Australia's 8/123, she conceded 18 runs from 20 balls to the New Zealand batsmen in a nine-wicket defeat. She then took 2/23 in four overs against the West Indies before sealing an eight-wicket win with an unbeaten 34. Sthalekar then made one and took 0/13 from four overs as Australia defeated South Africa by 24 runs.<ref name=o/> This put Australia into the semi-final against England. Sthalekar made 28 but was then attacked by the local batsmen, conceding 23 runs from two overs as England overhauled Australia's score of 5/163 to reach the final, which they won. Sthalekar ended the tournament with 109 runs at 36.33 and two wickets at 38.50 at an economy rate of 5.77.<ref name=o/>

Sthalekar and the Australians stayed in England for a bilateral series against the hosts, who were the reigning world champions in both ODIs and T20s, after the end of the World Twenty20. She played in all five ODIs, with consistent although unspectacular results. She took a wicket in all but one match and made three scores between 20 and 45. She ended with four wickets at 30.00 at an economy rate of 3.61, and scored 109 runs at 21.80.<ref name=o/> Her best performance was in the third match at Stratford-upon-Avon, scoring 16 not out before taking 2/31 from six overs in a two-wicket defeat. She ended the series with 34 runs at 17.00.<ref name=o/>

England won all the ODI matches except the last, which was washed out.<ref name=o/> Sthalekar played in the one-off Test match at [[County Road]] in Worcestershire. She scored six as Australia collapsed to 5/28 before recovering to 309, before taking 1/41 from 26 overs, bowling top-scorer Morgan for 58 to help Australia take a 41-run lead.<ref name=t2009/> She was then run out for seven as Australia set the hosts a target of 273 before the match was drawn.<ref name=o/> She took 1/19 from 13 overs in the second innings, dismissing Claire Taylor as England reached 3/106 to draw the match.<ref name=o/><ref name=t2009>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/204/204506.html |title=England Women v Australia Women |website=CricketArchive |access-date=10 June 2010}}</ref>

Sthalekar started the 2009–10 WNCL season slowly, going wicketless in two matches against Queensland. She then took three wickets in the two matches against the Australian Capital Territory, scoring 48 and taking 2/27 from ten overs in an upset four-wicket defeat to the new team in their debut season. She made 42 in the next match against Victoria, a five-wicket win, before taking 3/26 and making 27 in a 67-run defeat the next day.<ref name=o/> Sthalekar then peaked during the double-header against Western Australia. In the first match, she made 108 not out as New South Wales amassed 3/303 and took 1/11 as they completed a 127-run win.<ref name=o/> The next day, she took 4/14 from her ten overs, helping to dismiss Western Australia for 99 and set up a ten-wicket win.<ref name=o/> New South Wales won eight of their ten round-robin matches and proceeded to the final against Victoria, Sthalekar scored 49 as the defending champions made 9/206. She then bowled only three overs, taking 0/15 as her state completed another WNCL title with a 59-run win, bowling out the Victorians for 147.<ref name=o/> Sthalekar ended the season with 348 runs at 49.71 and 13 wickets at 18.15 at an economy rate of 3.18.<ref name=o/>

During the 2009–10 season, there was a full T20 domestic tournament was introduced. In seven matches, Sthalekar scored 33 runs at 8.25 with a best of 20 against the Australian Capital Territory, and took six wickets at 22.33 at an economy rate of 4.78. New South Wales won five of their six matches and met Victoria—the only team to beat them in the round-robin phase—in the final. Sthalekar took 1/25 from four overs and was out for nine as New South Wales were dismissed for 75 and suffered a 52-run defeat.<ref name=o/>

After the series, Sthalekar played in the Rose Bowl series against New Zealand, starting with five ODIs in Australia. In the first two matches, held at the [[Adelaide Oval]], she took 3/25 and 2/21 from eight and seven overs respectively as the hosts won both matches.<ref name=o/> The last three matches of the series were held at the [[Junction Oval]]. In the third ODI, Sthalekar took 2/19 from eight overs as Australia took a 102-run win and sealed the series.<ref name=o/> She went wicketless in the fourth match and was rested from the final game. Australia took a 5–0 whitewash. Sthalekar scored 11 runs at 3.66 and took seven wickets at 15.85 and an economy rate of 3.36.<ref name=o/>

The ODIs were followed by three T20s at [[Bellerive Oval]] in [[Hobart]] and two more in New Zealand at the start of the second phase of the bilateral contests. Sthalekar played in every match and Australia was whitewashed, although her bowling remained economical. She took five wickets at 20.60 and an economy rate of 5.46. Apart from conceding 34 from three overs in the first match, her economy rate never exceeded 5.22 in the remaining matches. Sthalekar carried over her unproductive batting into the T20s, ending with 23 runs at 5.75.<ref name=o/>

Australia then swept New Zealand 3–0 in the ODIs in New Zealand. In the first match, Sthalekar went wicketless and made a duck but Australia able to scrape home by two wickets. The series then ended with matches on consecutive days in [[Invercargill]]. Sthalekar was attacked on the first day, conceding 41 runs from seven overs without taking a wicket, before scoring 21 not out in a six-wicket win. The final match the next day was Sthalekar's 100th at international level. She celebrated by taking her maiden five-wicket haul in ODIs, claiming 5/35 from eight overs as well as a catch as the hosts were dismissed for 173. She then made an unbeaten 19 and was at the crease when the winning runs were scored, sealing a six-wicket win. Sthalekar ended the series with 40 runs at 40.00 and took five wickets at 24.00 with an economy rate of 4.80.<ref name=o/>

== 2010 World Twenty20 triumph ==
[[Image:Lisa Sthalekar batting 3.jpg|Sthalekar prepares to play a ball.|thumb]]
Sthalekar was part of the [[2010 ICC Women's World Twenty20|2010 World Twenty20]] winning team in the [[West Indies]] and played in all but one warm-up match.<ref name=ind>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/250/250781.html |title=Australia Women v India Women |access-date=4 June 2010 |website=CricketArchive|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=nz1>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/290/290068.html |title=Australia Women v New Zealand Women |access-date=4 June 2010 |website=CricketArchive}}</ref><ref name=pak>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/290/290073.html |title=Australia Women v Pakistan Women |access-date=4 June 2010 |website=CricketArchive}}</ref><ref name=eng>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/250/250770.html |title=Australia Women v England Women |access-date=4 June 2010 |website=CricketArchive}}</ref><ref name=rsa>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/250/250773.html |title=Australia Women v South Africa Women |access-date=4 June 2010 |website=CricketArchive}}</ref><ref name=wi>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/250/250778.html |title=West Indies Women v Australia Women |access-date=4 June 2010 |website=CricketArchive}}</ref><ref name=nz2>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/250/250783.html |title=Australia Women v New Zealand Women |access-date=4 June 2010 |website=CricketArchive}}</ref> After being rested from the first warm-up match against New Zealand, which Australia lost by 18 runs,<ref name=nz1/> Sthalekar played in the last warm-up match against Pakistan. She did not bat as Australia made 5/166 and took 2/19 from three overs as Australian won by 82 runs.<ref name=pak/>

Australia were grouped with defending champions [[England women's cricket team|England]], [[South Africa national women's cricket team|South Africa]] and the [[West Indies women's cricket team|West Indies]].<ref name=eng/><ref name=rsa/><ref name=wi/> In the first match against England, Sthalekar dismissed top-scorer [[Sarah Taylor (cricketer)|Sarah Taylor]] in the 12th overs, before removing [[Jenny Gunn]] and [[Danielle Hazell]] in the 14th and 16th overs. This sparked a collapse as England lost their last seven wickets for 29 runs, including their last four without further addition to the total, as England were dismissed with 15 balls unused. In pursuit of 105 for victory, Australia had lost momentum and lost 3/3 in 16 balls before Sthalekar, who had come in at No. 8, was joined at the crease by [[Alyssa Healy]] with the score on 7/63 and 42 runs needed from 34 balls.<ref name=eng/> The pair put on 23 from 13 balls to help regain the initiative before Healy was out. Sthalekar was then out for 10 from 11 balls, leaving Australia at 9/97, with eight runs required from the last seven balls. Australia seven runs from the next four balls before [[Rene Farrell]] was [[run out]] going for the winning run from the third last ball available, leaving the scores tied.<ref name=eng/>

A Super Over eventuated, and both teams ended with 2/6 after both suffered run outs in an attempt to secure a seventh run on the final ball. Australia was awarded the match because they had hit more [[six (cricket)|sixes]] in the match—[[Jess Cameron]] scored the solitary six. Sthalekar was named the player of the match.<ref name=eng/>

In the next match against South Africa, Sthalekar batted at No. 10 and came in late in the innings as Australia collapsed in the final overs and lost 6/16 including the last four wickets for four runs to be all out for 155 with three balls unused. Sthalekar faced one ball and was run out for a duck. She then took 1/23 from her four overs, taking one catch and dismissing [[Dane van Niekerk]] from the last ball of the match as Australia completed a 22-run win.<ref name=rsa/>

In the final group match against the hosts, Sthalekar came in at 5/86 in the 14th over and batted until the end of the innings, finishing unbeaten on 23 from 23 balls as Australia finished on 7/133. She took 1/20 from her four overs, dismissing [[Shanel Daley]] as Australia won by nine runs to finish the group stage unbeaten at the top of their quartet.<ref name=wi/>

Australia went on to face [[India national women's cricket team|India]] in the semi-final. Sthalekar took 1/25 from her four overs, dismissing leading Indian batsman [[Mithali Raj]]. She was not required to bat as the Australians reached their target of 120 with seven wickets and seven balls to spare.<ref name=ind/>

Australia batted first and Sthalekar came in with the score at 6/72 in the 16th over to join [[Sarah Jane Elliott|Sarah Elliott]].<ref name=aus>{{cite news
|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/wwt202010/engine/current/match/412718.html?innings=1;view=commentary
|title=Australia Women v New Zealand Women – Australia Women innings
|access-date=10 June 2010
|work=ESPNcricinfo
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526175942/http://www.cricinfo.com/wwt202010/engine/current/match/412718.html?innings=1%3Bview%3Dcommentary
|archive-date=26 May 2010
}}</ref> The pair put on 27 from 22 balls. Sthalekar scored 18 from 13 balls, including two boundaries, before being bowled by [[Sophie Devine]] after moving across outside off stump and trying to [[paddle scoop]] the ball down to fine leg in the 19th over. Sthalekar was the only Australian to score at faster than a run a ball as the team ended with 8/106.<ref name=aus/>

New Zealand fell to be 4/29 in the eighth over,<ref name=nz>{{cite news|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/wwt202010/engine/current/match/412718.html?innings=2;page=1;view=commentary |title=Australia Women v New Zealand Women – New Zealand Women innings |access-date=10 June 2010 |work=ESPNcricinfo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100520012434/http://www.cricinfo.com/wwt202010/engine/current/match/412718.html?innings=2%3Bpage%3D1%3Bview%3Dcommentary |archive-date=20 May 2010 }}</ref> and during the subsequent period, Nitschke and Sthalekar tied them down with spin as they tried to consolidate. Sthalekar did not take a wicket but conceded only 19 runs from her four overs.<ref name=nz/> Devine required five runs from the last ball to win and she struck a powerful straight drive from the bowling of [[Ellyse Perry]], who stuck out her right foot. The ball deflected to mid-on where Sthalekar stopped it and restricted the scoring to a single, sealing an Australian win by three runs.<ref name=nz/>

== International centuries ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+Test centuries
!Runs
!Match
!Opponents
!City
!Venue
!Year
|-
|120[[not out|*]]
|2
|{{crw|ENG}}
|[[Sydney]], Australia
|[[Bankstown Oval]]
|[[English women's cricket team in Australia in 2002–03#2nd Test|2003]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Full Scorecard of AUS Women vs ENG Women 2nd Test 2002/03 - Score Report |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-women-tour-of-australia-2002-03-61570/australia-women-vs-england-women-2nd-test-67517/full-scorecard |access-date=12 December 2021 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+One-Day International centuries
!Runs
!Match
!Opponents
!City
!Venue
!Year
|-
|100[[not out|*]]
|41
|{{crw|IRE}}
|[[Dublin]], Ireland
|[[Claremont Road Cricket Ground]]
|[[Australian women's cricket team in England in 2005#ODIs in Ireland|2005]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Full Scorecard of AUS Women vs Ire Women 2nd ODI 2005 - Score Report |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-women-tour-of-ireland-2005-214021/ireland-women-vs-australia-women-2nd-odi-214798/full-scorecard |access-date=12 December 2021 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|104*
|75
|{{crw|IND}}
|[[Sydney]], Australia
|[[Sydney Cricket Ground]]
|[[Indian women's cricket team in Australia in 2008–09#2nd ODI|2008]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Full Scorecard of AUS Women vs IND Women 2nd Women's ODI 2008/09 - Score Report |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-women-tour-of-australia-oct-nov-2008-2008-09-369322/australia-women-vs-india-women-2nd-women-s-odi-369329/full-scorecard |access-date=12 December 2021 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|}

==Records and Trivia==
* She was the first player to achieve the double of 1000 runs and 100 wickets in Women's [[One Day International]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/302544.html |title= Records / Women's One-Day Internationals / All-round records / 1000 runs and 100 wickets |website= ESPNcricinfo |access-date= 8 June 2017}}</ref>
*She has worked as a commentator since her retirement.
*She hosted [[Seven Network|Channel Seven]]'s late-night coverage of the [[2020 Summer Olympics|2020 Tokyo Olympics]] alongside [[Andrew Maher|Andy Maher]] and [[Andrew Gaze]].

==Awards==
* [[Allan Border Medal#Belinda Clark Award|Belinda Clark Award]] – 2007, 2008

==Personal life==
Sthalekar's [[List of nicknames used in cricket|nickname]] is "Shaker", "... because there have been so many mispronunciations of my name the girls were one day mucking around and stumbled on this one...it has just stuck ever since."<ref name="ssmk 2012">{{cite press release |author= |title=Commonwealth Bank Southern Stars Media Kit |url=https://docplayer.net/23922250-Southern-stars-media-kit.html |location=Melbourne |publisher=Cricket Australia |date=2012 |page=31 |access-date=11 June 2022}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of centuries in women's One Day International cricket]]
* [[List of centuries in women's Test cricket]]

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite web |last1=Pitts |first1=Andre |title=The Lisa Sthalekar story: From adoption to adulation |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/lisa-sthalekar-australia-woman-cricketer-adoption-story |website=Olympics.com |access-date=23 March 2025 |language=en |date=8 March 2025}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sthalekar |first1=Lisa |title=Shaker: Run Maker, Wicket Taker |date=2012 |publisher=The Global Cricket School and Shaun Martyn Associates |location=Mumbai / Sydney |url={{GBurl|gYYwjwEACAAJ}}}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Lisa Sthalekar}}
* {{Official website|http://www.lisasthalekar.com/}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|Cricket|Sports|New South Wales}}
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{{Australia Squad 2005 Women's Cricket World Cup}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Sthalekar, Lisa}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Australia women One Day International cricketers]]
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Abhaneri

2025-12-12T11:31:18Z

MarvinGrenier8: further cleanup structure per sources and improved wording

{{short description|Historical site in Rajasthan}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Abhaneri
| native_name = City of Brightness
| native_name_lang = [[Hindi]]
| other_name = Abaneri
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = Harṣat Mata ka Mandir 2019 (14).jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Harshat Mata Temple]] in Abhaneri
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.00725|N|76.60594|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dausa district|Dausa]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
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| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
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| population_demonym =
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| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = RJ-
| blank1_name_sec1 = Coastline
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{Convert|0|km|mi}}
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
| footnotes =

}}
'''Abhaneri''', also spelled '''Abaneri''', is a village in the [[Dausa district]] of the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]], situated on the Jaipur-Agra Highway. Modern day Abhaneri contains the ruins of an ancient city, Abhangari, as well as the popular tourist sites of the [[Chand Baori]] [[step well]] and the [[Harshat Mata Temple]]. The site was first reported by B L Dhama in 1903 when he published a ''List of Objects of Antiquarian Interest in the States of Rajputana.''<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.70482 |title=Antiquarian Interest In The States Of Rajputana |date=1904}}</ref> Beside the step well and the temple, it has many examples of early (circa 8th-9th century CE) Pratihara art. Many sculptures from the area have been removed and are now contained in the collections of museums around India such as the Government Museum, [[Amber Fort|Amber]]; the [[Albert Hall Museum]], Jaipur; the [[Hawa Mahal|Hawamahal]] City Palace; and the [[Archaeological Survey of India]]. The Indian Government issued a postal stamp depicting the Chand Baori in 2017.

== History ==
Abhaneri was originally named '''Abha Nagari''', ("City of Brightness"), but over time the name evolved to its present form. Originally ruled by the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]], the area was later conquered by Muslim invasions under [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] and later ruled by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]s. Later the [[Maratha]] conquered the area and it became a part of [[Jaipur State]] until independence. Abhaneri is small in size, but attracts tourists from across the globe. The site has attracted some scholarly attention. In 1955, Pupul Jayakar and R C Agrawal published two articles in Marg Magazine, followed by an exhaustive catalogue of sculptural art found in the region by Rajendra Yadav that was published in 2006.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yadav |first=Rajendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SejVAAAAMAAJ&q=%22abhaneri%22+rajendra+yadav |title=Sculptural Art of Abaneri: A Paradigm |date=2006 |publisher=Jawahar Kala Kendra |isbn=978-81-8182-029-7 |language=en}}</ref>

This research points to the emergence of a new school of sculptural art that integrates the beliefs of Gurjara-Pratihara rulers into Classical Gupta art. Symbols of worship, such as the Sun shown as energy, Durga as Mahishasuramardini, and Shiva as destroyer and generator, are typical of the school. Secular elements such as references to music, depictions of various hairstyles, and natural scenes are also depicted in the carvings.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chaturvedi |first=Neekee |date=2010 |title=Theory and Praxix of Secular Spaces in Pre-modern Indian art: with special reference to Abhaneri |url=http://rajhisco.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/RAJHISCO-Vol-26A.pdf |journal=Proceedings of Rajasthan History Congress |volume=26 |pages=121}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Abhanari is located between the city of Bandikui and the town of Sikandra on the Jaipur-Agra highway, close to State Highway 25. To the right of the village flows the river Banganga. It is about 210 km south of Delhi, about 95 km from [[Jaipur]], 90 km east of Jaipur, 40 km east-northeast of Dausa, and 5 km from Bandikui.

== Landmarks ==
In 1951, the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) described an ancient mound in the vicinity of Abhaneri that yielded numerous objects of archaeological interest including many examples of red and grey [[slipware]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Archaeological Survey of India Jaipur Circle |url=http://asijaipurcircle.nic.in/Ancient%20mound%20Abaneri.html}}</ref> There were also a large number of Jain artefacts found in the mound.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=kailash Chand |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.120796 |title=Ancient Cities And Towns Of Rajasthan |date=1972}}</ref> Jain pattavalis (spiritual genealogies) mention many Jain temples with high shikharas (spires) in the region, and attribute their existence to the charitable work of a rich merchant named Deshal along with his son.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=kailash Chand |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.120796 |title=Ancient Cities And Towns Of Rajasthan |date=1972}}</ref> The artifacts indicate that Jainism flourished at Abhaneri between the 8th and 10th centuries CE.

Abhaneri is famous for two important historical sites: the [[Chand Baori]] and the [[Harshat Mata Temple]] (the Harshatmata Mandir). Both are splendid examples of ancient Indian architecture. The Chand Baori is one of the most ancient, deepest and largest ''baoris'' (stepwells) in Rajasthan. The oldest parts of the structure date back to the 8th century,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://asijaipurcircle.nic.in/Chand%20Baori.html |title=Chand Baori | Archaeological Survey of India Jaipur Circle |access-date=30 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305075546/http://asijaipurcircle.nic.in/Chand%20Baori.html |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> with significant additions made in the 18th century. The stepwell consists of three flight of stairs descending into the earth with a subterranean palace on one side. The flights of stairs and the palace are arranged in a square pattern with the well lying at the bottom. The flights of steps descends thirteen stories beneath ground level.

The Harshat Mata Temple is located near the Chand Baori. It was a ritual for pilgrims to wash their hands and feet at the Chand Baori before visiting the temple. The Temple is dedicated to Harshat Mata, the goddess of joy and happiness. It was constructed in the 8th century CE.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://asijaipurcircle.nic.in/Harsat%20mata%20ka%20mandir.html | title=Archaeological Survey of India Jaipur Circle }}</ref> Though it was substantially destroyed by Islamic invaders in the 10th century, the remains of the temple still include architectural and sculptural elements dating from the 8th-century. The temple is on a raised platform from allowing unrestricted views of nearby fertile regions. A small village nearby houses many artisans.
[[File:Abhaneri-Harshat Mata-Tempel-04-2018-gje.jpg|thumb|Harshat Mata Mandir, Abhaneri]]
The public's attention was drawn to Abhaneri and its step well during the early 2000s when the film ''Paheli'' was shot there. The film is based on a story written by Bijji (Vijaydan Detha). Environmental concerns about excessive water harvesting have also raised the public profile of Abhaneri and its step well.

<gallery>
File:Abhaneri-02-Aussenborder-2018-gje.jpg|Bugga in Abhaneri
File:Abhaneri-Chand Baori-10-Stufenbrunnen-2018-gje.jpg|Chand Baori stepwell
File:Harṣat Mata ka Mandir 2019 (10).jpg|Carved stone sculptures of the Harshat Mata Temple
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Wikivoyage}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category-inline}}

[[Category:Villages in Dausa district]]

List of schools, colleges and universities in Bokaro

2025-12-11T03:35:53Z

MarvinGrenier8: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Bokaro Steel City#Education]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Yasodaman II

2025-10-28T12:59:04Z

MarvinGrenier8: Started new info

{{Short description|Western Satrap sub-king from 317 to 332}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Yasodaman II
| title = [[Western Satrap]] king
| image = Yasodaman II.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Coin of Yasodaman II.
| reign = 317–332
| coronation =
| full name =
| predecessor = [[Rudrasimha II]]
| successor = [[Rudradaman II]]
| spouse =
| issue =
| royal house =
| dynasty =
| father = [[Rudrasimha II]]
| mother =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| date of burial =
| place of burial =
}}
{{Location map+
|India
|float = right
|width = 300
|caption = Western Satrap territory extended from the west coast of [[India]] to [[Vidisha]]/ [[Sanchi]] and [[Eran]], from the time of [[Rudrasena II]] (256–278) well into the 4th century.<ref name="Shaw 58"/>
|nodiv = 1
|mini = 1
|relief=yes
|places =
{{location map~ |India |lat=23.53|N |long=77.82|E |label=[[Vidisha]]/ [[Sanchi]]|position=bottom |label_size=70}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=24.09|N |long=78.16|E |label=[[Eran]]|position=right |label_size=70 }}
{{location map~ |India |lat=23.17|N |long=75.79|E |label=[[Ujjain]]|position=top |label_size=70 }}
{{location map~ |India |lat=21.71|N |long=72.99|E |label=[[Bharuch|Barigaza]]|position=top |label_size=70 }}
}}

'''Yasodhaman II''' (317–332) was a son and probably sub-king of king [[Rudrasimha II]] of the [[Western Satraps]]. He declared on his coins to be the son of Rudrasimha II.<ref>Catalogue of the coins of the Andhra dynasty, the Western Ksatrapas, the Traikutaka dynasty, and the "Bodhi" dynasty, by British Museum. Dept. of Coins and Medals; Rapson, E. J. (Edward James) [https://archive.org/details/catalogueofcoins00brit p.170]</ref>

Yasodaman was succeeded by another of Rudrasimha II's sons [[Rudradaman II]] (332–348).

During his rule, a Saka ruler inscribed the [[Kanakerha inscription]],<ref>Marshall, The Monuments of Sanchi [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.532798 p.392]</ref> on the hill of [[Sanchi]] mentioning the construction of a well by the Saka chief and "righteous conqueror" (''dharmaviyagi mahadandanayaka'') Sridharavarman (339-368 CE).<ref name="Shaw 58">Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, c. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD, Julia Shaw, Routledge, 2016 [https://books.google.com/books?id=IUbUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR58 p58-59]</ref> Another inscription of the same Sridhavarman with his military commander is known from [[Eran]].<ref name="Shaw 58"/> These inscription point to the extent of Saka rule as the time of Rudrasimha II and Yasodhaman II.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Western Satraps}}
[[Category:Western Satraps]]
[[Category:4th-century monarchs in Asia]]

Macaulayism

2025-10-05T21:18:07Z

MarvinGrenier8: slightly enhanced page per standard format also and added references

{{Short description|Education policy introduced in British colonies}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
[[File:Thomas Babington Macaulay, Baron Macaulay.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Thomas Babington Macaulay (1800–1859)]]
'''Macaulayism''' refers to the policy of introducing the English education system to British colonies. The term is derived from the name of British politician [[Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay|Thomas Babington Macaulay]] (1800–1859), who served on the [[Council of India|Governor-General's Council]] and was instrumental in making [[English language|English]] the medium of instruction for [[higher education in India]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Masani |first1=Zareer |title=Macaulauy: Britains' liberal imperialist |date=2 February 2013 |publisher=The Bodley Head |location=London |isbn=978-1847922717 }}</ref>

==History==

===Thomas Macaulay===
{{Main|Thomas Babington Macaulay}}

Thomas Babington Macaulay was born in [[Leicestershire]], [[England]], on 25 October 1800, the son of Reverend [[Zachary Macaulay]], a member of the [[Clapham Sect]], former governor of the [[Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate|colony of Sierra Leone]] and [[Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|anti-slavery activist]].<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web |title=Thomas Babington Macaulay History of England |url=http://www.age-of-the-sage.org/history/historian/Thomas_Macaulay.html |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=www.age-of-the-sage.org}}</ref> His mother was [[Selina Mills]], a pupil of the great British moralist, [[Hannah More]].

Elected to the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]] in 1830 as a member of the [[Reformism|reformist]] [[Whig (British political party)|Whig party]], Macaulay was named in 1834 as an inaugural member of a governing Supreme Council of India.<ref name="Bio" /> Macaulay spent the next four years in India, where he devoted his efforts to reforming the Indian [[criminal code]], putting the British and natives on an equal legal footing, and to establishing an educational system based upon the British model and destroying ancient Indian teaching methods.{{No source|date=December 2024}} Macaulay wanted the government to spend money only on imparting [[Western education]] and not on oriental education. He advocated the shutting down of all colleges where only eastern philosophy and subjects were taught, which involved introducing Indians to European ideas from the [[Renaissance]], the [[Scientific Revolution]] and the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]].<ref name="Bio" />{{Reliable|date=December 2024}}

Macaulay held [[Western world|Western culture]] in high esteem, and was dismissive of [[Culture of India|Indian culture]], which he perceived as stagnant and something which had fallen well behind mainstream European [[Science|scientific]] and [[Philosophy|philosophical thought]]. He once claimed that:

<blockquote>A single shelf of a good European library was worth the whole native literature of India and Arabia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A minute to acknowledge the day when India was 'educated' by Macaulay |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/a-minute-to-acknowledge-the-day-when-india-was-educated-by-macaulay-1160140-2018-02-02 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref></blockquote>Essentially, Macaulay saw his undertaking as a "[[civilising mission]]":

<blockquote>We must at present do our best to form a class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern; a class of persons, Indian in blood and colour, but English in taste, in opinions, in morals, and in intellect. To that class we may leave it to refine the vernacular dialects of the country, to enrich those dialects with terms of science borrowed from the Western nomenclature, and to render them by degrees fit vehicles for conveying knowledge to the great mass of the population.<ref name="Rita Raley">{{cite web |url=http://www.english.ucsb.edu/faculty/rraley/research/english/macaulay.html |title=Macaulay's Minute on Indian Education |publisher=[[University of California, Santa Barbara]] }}</ref></blockquote>

==="Macaulayism" and modern India===
{{See also|Business process outsourcing to India}}

Since the second half of the 20th century, Nationalists in India have criticised Macaulay his views on Hinduism and Indian culture at large, which they claim skewed his educational policies.<ref>Christophe Jaffrelot, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=uywnx2IHH8cC&pg=PA343 Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics: 1925 to the 1990s.]'' New York: Viking Press, 1996; page 343.</ref>

Speaking at a national seminar on "Decolonising English Education" in 2001, professor [[Kapil Kapoor]] of [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]] highlighted that mainstream English-language education in India today has tended to "marginalise inherited learning" and uproot academics from traditional 'Indian modes of thought', inducing in them "a spirit of self-denigration ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]:'' hīnabhāvanā '')."<ref>Kapil Kapoor, [http://veda.wikidot.com/article:decolonizing-the-indian-mind "Decolonizing the Indian Mind: Keynote Address to the National Seminar on Decolonizing English Education, Department of English, North Gujarat University, Patan (Gujarat, India), February 18, 2001."] veda.com/ Retrieved 11 March 2011.</ref> Many Indian nationalists have criticised Macaulayism, claiming that it uprooted Indian traditions in sectors such as finance and replaced them with a foreign system which was wholly unsuited to India. In addition, they claim that Macaulayism caused foreign systems of thought to become prioritised over Indian systems of thought, particularly Hindu systems of thought.<ref>Thomas M. Leonard, ''Encyclopedia of the Developing World: Volume 1,'' London: Routledge, 2005; page 1119.</ref>

== Similar terms in other parts of Asia ==
While not directly related to "Macaulayism", similar terms in other parts of Asia revolve around the adoption of Western cultural habits. "[[Pinkerton syndrome]]" in [[Singapore]], ''kalu sudda'' in [[Sri Lanka]] and "崇洋媚外" in China are some examples for these cultural adoptions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://roar.media/english/life/humour/sri-lankan-expats-australia-types-troubles-%E2%80%92-part-2/|title=Roar Media – A new media platform that covers news and analyses politics, business, lifestyle, technology, arts and culture in South Asia.|website=roar.media}}</ref> Reports and incidences of such behaviour and attitudes are also found in [[Thailand]], [[Malaysia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/highlight/2016/10/23/malaysians-love-whites-and-thats-a-fact/|title=Malaysians love whites… and that's a fact|date=23 October 2016|publisher=}}</ref> [[Hong Kong]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1873833/white-worship-hong-kong-you-cant-end-it-if-you-refuse|title=White worship in Hong Kong: you can't end it if you refuse to acknowledge it even exists|date=29 October 2015 |publisher=}}</ref> Philippines,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nextshark.com/asian-brands-need-better-stop-using-white-models/|title=Asian Brands Need To Do Better: Stop Using White Models|website=nextshark.com}}</ref> [[Japan]] and [[South Korea]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highsnobiety.com/2016/05/02/asian-fashion-brands-white-models/|title=Why Do Asian Brands Use White Models? – Highsnobiety|date=5 March 2018|publisher=}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Education in India]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:History of education in India]]
[[Category:English-language education]]
[[Category:British East India Company]]
[[Category:1835 in British India]]
[[Category:Language policy in India]]
[[Category:Cultural assimilation]]

Robin K. Dhowan

2025-10-01T04:50:28Z

MarvinGrenier8: updated page

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{for|the politician|R. K. Dhawan}}
{{short description|Indian admiral}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]]
| name = Robin K. Dhowan
| birth_name = Rabinder Kumar Dhowan
| honorific_suffix = [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Yudh Seva Medal|YSM]], [[Aide-de-camp|ADC]]
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| birth_place =
| death_place =
| placeofburial =
| image = CNS Adm. Robin K. Dhowan.jpg
| caption = Official [[Indian Navy]] portrait of [[Admiral|Adm]]. Robin K. Dhowan, [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|CNS]]
| nickname =
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{navy|India}}
| office = 22nd [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]]
| termstart = 17 April 2014
| termend = 31 May 2016
| serviceyears = 3 May 1975 – 31 May 2016
| president = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| primeminister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor = [[Devendra Kumar Joshi]]
| successor = [[Sunil Lanba ]]
| rank = [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]]
[[File:IN Admiral Shoulder curl.png|23px]] [[File:14-Indian Navy-ADM.svg|23px]] [[File:4 star gold template.png|60px]]
| commands = [[Eastern Fleet (India)|Eastern Fleet]] {{INS|Delhi|D61|6}} [[INS Ranjit (D53)|INS ''Ranjit'']] [[INS Khukri (P49)|INS Khukri]]
| battles =
| awards = [[File:Param_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Param Vishist Seva Medal]] [[File:Ati_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishist Seva Medal]] [[File:Yudh_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Yudh Seva Medal]]
| relations =
| spouse = Minu Dhowan
| laterwork =
| religion =
}}

[[Admiral (India)|Admiral]] '''Rabinder "Robin" Kumar Dhowan''' [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Yudh Seva Medal|YSM]], [[Aide-de-camp|ADC]] was the 22nd [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of Naval Staff]] of the [[Indian Navy]]. He assumed office on 17 April 2014, succeeding [[Devendra Kumar Joshi|Admiral D.K. Joshi]].<ref>
[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Robin-Dhowan-takes-over-as-Navy-chief/articleshow/33850269.cms#1 Robin Dhowan takes over as Navy chief] The Times of India</ref><ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/mod-moves-files-for-appointing-dhowan-as-new-navy-chief/#2 MoD moves files for appointing R K Dhowan as new Navy Chief] The Indian Express</ref><ref name=thin/>

==Military career==
Dhowan graduated from the [[National Defence Academy]] (45th Course, Charlie squadron) on 1 January 1975. He was honoured with a "telescope" for being the "Best Cadet", and was later awarded the 'Sword of Honour' on completion of his midshipman training.<ref name=ndtv14/> He was commissioned an acting sub-lieutenant on 3 May 1975.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Navy Branch) |page=705 |date=24 May 1975 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>

He is a "Navigation and Direction" specialist, and during his career he has commanded the missile corvette [[INS Khukri (P49)|INS Khukri]], and guided missile destroyers [[INS Ranjit (D53)|INS ''Ranjit'']] and {{INS|Delhi|D61|6}}.

From 2002 to 2005, he was the Naval Adviser at the Indian High Commission at London.

==Flag rank==
After his elevation to [[Flag officer|flag rank]], he served in various staff and instructional assignments. He was the [[Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Assistant Chief of Naval Staff]] (Policy and Plans) (ACNS P&P) in the Integrated Headquarters (Navy) and then commanded the [[Eastern Fleet (India)|Eastern Fleet]].

He also served as the Chief of Staff at Headquarters, [[Eastern Naval Command]] in [[Visakhapatnam]] and the Chief Staff Officer (Operations) at the [[Western Naval Command]].<ref name=ndtv14>{{cite news|title=Meet Robin K Dhowan, India's new Navy Chief|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/people/meet-robin-k-dhowan-india-s-new-navy-chief-509901?trendingnow|access-date=18 April 2014|newspaper=NDTV|date=18 April 2014}}</ref> He then took charge as the Commandant of the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]], Khadakvasla, and later served as a Deputy Chief of Naval Staff.

He was appointed the Vice Chief of Naval Staff in August 2011.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rk-dhowan-assumes-charge-as-naval-vicechief/article2415356.ece | title=R.K. Dhowan assumes charge as Naval Vice-Chief | work=The Hindu | date=1 September 2011 | access-date=27 January 2016}}</ref>

He is an alumnus of [[National Defence Academy]], [[Defence Services Staff College]], and [[Naval War College]], Rhode Island, USA, and has completed the [[Sea Harrier]] Direction course in the U.K.<ref name=thin>{{cite news|title=Admiral R.K. Dhowan appointed new Navy chief|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/admiral-rk-dhowan-takes-over-as-new-navy-chief/article5921572.ece|access-date=18 April 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=18 April 2014}}</ref><ref name=ndtv14/><ref name=inpr/>

==Personal life==
[[File:Admiral RK Dhowan with Minu Dhowan and S. Ramsay.jpg|thumb|Dhowan with Minu Dhowan (right) and S. Ramsay, editor of ''Quarterdeck'' magazine, 22 February 2015.]]
[[File:Former Indian Navy chiefs with Admiral Robin K. Dhowan at the Conclave of Chiefs 2015.jpg|thumb|Former Indian Navy chiefs with Admiral Robin K. Dhowan (fourth-to-right) at the Conclave of Chiefs, 2015.]]
Admiral Dhowan is married to Minu Dhowan, and the couple have a daughter and two sons.<ref name=inpr>{{cite web|title=Admiral Robin Dhowan is new Chief of Naval Staff|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/admiral-robin-dhowan-new-chief-naval-staff|publisher=Indian Navy|access-date=18 April 2014}}</ref>

He plays golf and does yachting.<ref name=ndtv14/>

==Awards==



{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="4" |{{Ribbon devices|ribbon=Indian Navy Surface Warfare Badge.png|width=180}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|[[File:Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Special Service Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Operation Vijay star.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Operation Vijay medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Operation Parakram medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Videsh Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
| colspan="4"|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 25th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 30 Years Long Service Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|
|}
[[File:Defence Secretary RK Mathur, and CNS Admiral RK Dhowan during the Golden Jubilee celebration of the DND.JPG|thumb|332x332px|[[Admiral]] Dhowan (second-to-left), with [[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary]] [[R. K. Mathur|Radha Krishna Mathur]] (extreme left).]]
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
| COLSPAN=4| Surface warfare badge
|-
|[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Yudh Seva Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Special Service Medal]]
|-
|[[Operation Vijay Star]]
|[[Operation Vijay Medal]]
|[[Operation Parakram Medal]]
|[[Videsh Seva Medal]]
|-
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|50th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]
| colspan="2"|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|25th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
|-
| colspan="2"|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
| colspan="2"|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commonscat|Robin K. Dhowan}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Devendra Kumar Joshi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]]|years=2014-2016}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after= [[Sunil Lanba]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before = [[D. K. Dewan| D.K. Dewan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[Vice Chief of Naval Staff (India)|Vice Chief of Naval Staff]] | years = 2011-2014}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=Anup Singh}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff]]|years=2009-2011}}
{{s-aft|rows=3|after=[[Satish Soni]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] T. S. Randhawa}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Commandant of the National Defence Academy]]|years=2008-2009}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Devendra Kumar Joshi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet]]|years=2007-2008}}
|-
{{s-end}}

{{Chief_of_the_Naval_Staff_(India)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhowan, Robin K.}}
[[Category:Chiefs of the Naval Staff (India)]]
[[Category:Vice chiefs of Naval Staff (India)]]
[[Category:Deputy chiefs of Naval Staff (India)]]
[[Category:Commandants of the National Defence Academy]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Navy admirals]]
[[Category:Flag Officers Commanding Eastern Fleet]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Naval War College alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Yudh Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Naval attachés for India]]
[[Category:Defence Services Staff College alumni]]
[[Category:National Defence Academy (India) alumni]]

Jharokha

2025-09-19T03:00:52Z

MarvinGrenier8: content update

{{Short description|Indian architectural element}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
[[File:Jodhpur Mehrangarh - Palast 4a Jharokha.jpg|thumb|''Jharokha'' balcony in Jodhpur (Mehrangarh) Jharokha]]
[[Image:Maheshwar Fort - Jharokha 02.jpg|thumb|upright|A ''jharokha'' in [[Maheshwar]] Fort, Madhya Pradesh]]

[[Image:Jaisalmer-4.jpg|thumb|upright|Several ''jharokha'' can be seen jutting out from the facade of this typical ''[[haveli]]'' at [[Jaisalmer]], [[Rajasthan]]]]
The '''''jharoka''''' is a stone window projecting from the outer wall of an upper story building. It usually overlooks a street, market, court or any other space. It is a common feature in classical [[Indian architecture]], most prominently seen in [[Rajput architecture]]. It is supported by two or more brackets or [[corbel]]ling, and includes two pillars, [[balustrade]] and a [[cupola]] or pyramidal roof. Although it is technically closed by a ''[[jali]]'', it is generally partly open for people to view public events. The ''jharokha'' is more formal and ornamental than English or French [[oriel window]], and is one of the most distinctive characteristics of the [[façade]] in medieval [[Rajput architecture]] until the 19th century.

== Background ==
Early examples of jharokhas appear in pre‑Rajput buildings as primitive oriel windows for light and air. During the 16th-18th centuries, under [[Rajput architecture|Rajput]] and [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] architectural influence, they became elaborate architectural trademarks. Initially serving purely utilitarian functions, jharokhas gradually adopted decorative carvings, latticework and [[chhatri]] style domes, and were used for royal audiences ([[Jharokha Darshan|jharokha dārshana]]) and discreet observation under purdah.<ref name="Caleido">{{Cite web |last=Shiksha |date=2024-11-04 |title=Significance of Jharokhas in Rajasthan Architecture |url=https://www.caleidoscope.in/art-culture/jharokhas |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=Caleidoscope {{!}} Indian Culture, Heritage |language=en-US}}</ref>

The ''jharokha darshan'' of rulers was a structure for displaying the ruler to his court or people rather than allowing inhabitants of the palace to look out unseen. It was therefore more open, and not necessarily built projecting out from its wall.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Swapna |first=Liddle |url=http://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Delhi_14_Historic_walks/NtvCswEACAAJ |title=Delhi 14 : Historic walks |date=2011 |publisher=Tranquebar Press |isbn=978-93-81626-24-5 |page=289 |language=en}}</ref>

== Architectural features ==
Jharokhas typically protrude from the main wall on ornately carved corbels or brackets, creating a small chamber or balcony. Their three‑sided enclosures are filled with delicate [[Jali|jaali]] lattice screens of stone, wood or alabaster; bearing geometric, floral and religious motifs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saberval |first=Vandana |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Social_Science_Made_Simple_7/UQBjDwAAQBAJ |title=Social Science Made Simple – 7 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |isbn=978-93-259-9462-1 |page=17 |language=en}}</ref> Many terminate in small domes or chhatris and feature scalloped or [[Multifoil arch|cusped arches]] borrowed from Mughal designs. Deep overhanging ''chhajjas'' (eyebrow sun‑shades) and continuous horizontal "speedlines" accentuate their profile while providing shade.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jigyasu |first=Niyati |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Sustainable_Management_of_Historic_Settl/V5I9EQAAQBAJ |title=Sustainable Management of Historic Settlements in Asia: Role of Intangible Cultural Heritage |last2=Sharma |first2=Anjali Krishan |date=2025-01-09 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-97-6736-6 |page=97 |language=en}}</ref> Materials range from locally quarried sandstone and [[Makrana marble]] in royal structures to wood in smaller dwellings, and their placement on facades facing courts or processional routes optimizes views and natural ventilation.<ref name="Caleido"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kaur |first=Gurmeet |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Natural_Stone_and_World_Heritage_Delhi_A/r3rnDwAAQBAJ |title=Natural Stone and World Heritage: Delhi-Agra, India |last2=Singh |first2=Sakoon |last3=Ahuja |first3=Anuvinder |last4=Singh |first4=Noor |date=2020-05-24 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-000-04069-2 |language=en}}</ref>

Creating a ''jharokha'' involved selecting suitable materials, conceptualizing designs rich in local symbolism, and executing intricate carvings by traditional artisans ([[Suthar|suthars]]). After carving, the prefabricated elements were assembled on site, adjusted for stability, and finished often with polishing or gilding to enhance their visual impact.<ref name="Caleido"/>

== Cultural significance ==
Beyond their functional roles, jharokhas symbolized princely power and prestige, acting as stages where rulers addressed subjects and as secluded vantage points for royal women. Their carved motifs lotus, peacock, [[swastika]] and epic scenes reinforced religious and social values, while the latticework moderated interior climate, adapting buildings to Rajasthan’s hot environment. Notable examples of jharokhas abound across Rajasthan’s architectural heritage.<ref name="Caleido"/> In Jaipur, the [[Hawa Mahal]] or "Palace of Winds" features 953 small jharokhas arranged in a honeycomb pattern to cool the interior and allow royal women to observe street festivals unobstructed. [[Udaipur|Udaipur's]] [[City Palace, Udaipur|City Palace]] boasts a series of richly carved sandstone balconies that overlook the serene waters of [[Lake Pichola]]. Jaisalmer’s ''Patwon Ki Haveli'' displays a profusion of geometric and figurative latticework on its projecting windows, while [[Bikaner|Bikaner’s]] [[Junagarh Fort]] incorporates red sandstone jharokhas that extend over its inner courtyards. At [[Chittor Fort|Chittorgarh Fort]], strategically placed jharokhas served as surveillance points, offering panoramic views of the surrounding plains.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guide to Luxury India Tour of Rajasthan's Forts and Palaces - 88618 |url=https://www.luxurytravelmagazine.com/news-articles/guide-to-luxury-india-tour-of-rajasthans-forts-and-palaces |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=www.luxurytravelmagazine.com}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Matroneum]]
*[[Bay window]]
*[[Mashrabiya]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070313000527/http://archnet.org/library/dictionary/entry.tcl?entry_id=DIA0402 ArchNet Dictionary of Indian Architecture: Jharokha]

[[Category:Rajasthani architecture]]
[[Category:Architecture in India]]
[[Category:Architectural elements]]
[[Category:Islamic architectural elements]]
[[Category:Passive cooling]]
[[Category:Passive ventilation]]

Manamadurai–Virudhunagar line

2025-05-25T11:24:02Z

MarvinGrenier8: Done!

{{Short description|Railway line in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 25em
| name = Manamadurai–Virudhunagar line
| other_name =
| color =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_alt =
| image = Railway station(manamadurai).jpg
| image_width =
| image_alt =
| caption = Manamadurai Junction railway station
| type = [[Express train]] [[Passenger train]]
| system =
| status = Operating
| locale = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| start = {{rws|Manamadurai Junction}} '''(MNM)'''
| end = {{rws|Virudhunagar Junction}} '''(VPT)'''
| stations = 5
| routes = 3
| daily_ridership =
| ridership2 =
| open = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1964|5|2}}
| close =
| reopen = 21 June 2013
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| character =
| depot = [[Diesel Loco Shed, Golden Rock|Golden Rock]]
| stock =
| linelength_km =
| linelength_mi =
| linelength = {{convert|67|km|abbr=on}}
| tracklength_km =
| tracklength_mi =
| tracklength =
| tracks =
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|lk=on}}
| old_gauge = [[Meter Gauge]]
| load_gauge = {{convert|4725|x|3660|mm|ftin|abbr=on}} (BG)<ref name=gauge>{{cite book|title=Railway Track Engineering|year=2010|publisher=Tata McGraw Hill|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-07-068012-8|page=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n6XrJJIxQTEC&q=loading+gauge+india&pg=PA7|author=J S Mundrey|edition=Fourth|access-date=5 February 2014}}</ref>
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| routenumber =
| linenumber =
| electrification =
| speed_km/h =
| speed_mph =
| speed = {{convert|80|km/h|abbr=on}}
| signalling = [[Railway Signalling]]
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft =
| elevation =
| website = {{URL|www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in}}
| map = {{Manamadurai–Virudhunagar line}}
| map_state = hide
}}
The '''Manamadurai–Virudhunagar line''' is a [[railway line]] connecting [[Virudhunagar]] and [[Manamadurai]] towns in [[Tamil Nadu]].

== History ==
A new railway line from {{rws|Manamadurai Junction}}–{{rws|Virudhunagar Junction}} was proposed in the [[Five-Year plans of India#Third Plan (1961–1966)|Third Five Year plan]], which was supposed to ease the pressure on the existing {{rws|Manamadurai Junction}}–{{rws|Madurai Junction}} and {{rws|Madurai Junction}}–{{rws|Virudhunagar Junction}} sections.<ref name=fiveyear>{{cite web|title=Chapter 28: Transport and Communications|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/3rd/3planch28.html|work=[[Government of India]]|publisher=[[Planning Commission (India)]]|access-date=5 February 2014}}</ref> On 1 September 1963, the {{convert|22.66|km}} {{rws|Virudhunagar Junction}}–{{rws|Aruppukkottai}} section was opened,<ref name=rlybudget>{{cite web|title=Railway Budget 1964–65|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1964-65.pdf|work=[[Indian Railways]]|publisher=Railway Board|access-date=4 February 2014|page=4 (208)}}</ref> along with [[Aruppukkottai railway station]] in the same year by the then [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]], [[K. Kamaraj]].<ref name=kamaraj>{{cite news|title=Ministers flayed for inaction on railway station issue|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/15/stories/2007121552640300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217225313/http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/15/stories/2007121552640300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2007|access-date=5 February 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 December 2007}}</ref> And on 2 May 1964, the rest of {{convert|43.89|km}} {{rws|Aruppukkottai}}–{{rws|Manamadurai Junction}} section was thrown to traffic.<ref name=timeline1>{{cite web|last=R. P. Saxena |title=Indian Railway History Time line |url=http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm |work=Irse.bravehost.com |access-date=5 February 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714085533/http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm |archive-date=14 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Opened with [[meter gauge]] tracks, the {{convert|67|km}} section had Five crossing railway stations viz.,[[mallankinaru]], {{rws|Aruppukkottai}}, [[Tiruchuli|Tiruchchuli]], [[Narikudi block|Narikkudi]], Kadambankulam catering immensely the passengers of the region and [[Tuticorin]] for traffic of goods.<ref name=open>{{cite news|title=Trains to chug out soon on Virudhunagar - Manamadurai broad gauge section|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-07/madurai/37530648_1_broad-gauge-gauge-section-passenger-traffic|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006130633/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-07/madurai/37530648_1_broad-gauge-gauge-section-passenger-traffic|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 October 2013|access-date=4 February 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 March 2013}}</ref> When this Route converted to broad gauge Mallankinaru(MNKR) and Kadambankulam(KMBK) stations are abonded due to low patronage.

== Development ==
The conversion from metre gauge to broad gauge was effected and the section was closed for operation during 2008.<ref name=open/> The section which had 22 unstaffed level crossings<ref name=cross>{{cite news|title=Commissioner of railway safety inspection on Virudhunagar - Manamadurai BG section soon|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-14/madurai/39975522_1_gauge-conversion-narikudi-crs-inspection|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140205021238/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-14/madurai/39975522_1_gauge-conversion-narikudi-crs-inspection|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 February 2014|access-date=5 February 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 June 2013}}</ref> underwent safety inspection on 21 June 2013 for operational fitness.<ref name=fitness>{{cite news|title=Virudhunagar-Manamadurai section gears up for speed trials|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Virudhunagar-Manamadurai-section-gears-up-for-speed-trials/articleshow/20671628.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140205021302/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-20/madurai/40092641_1_railway-track-train-services-virudhunagar-manamadurai|url-status=live|archive-date=5 February 2014|access-date=5 February 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 June 2013}}</ref> Finally, at a cost of {{INRConvert|231.58|c}} the broad gauge section consisting of five major bridges, 145 minor bridges and five railway stations (including 3 crossing stations) under [[Virudhunagar district|Virudhunagar]] and [[Sivaganga district]]s was re-opened for traffic on 14 July 2013 by the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Union Minister of state for Civil Aviation]], [[K. C. Venugopal]].<ref name=traffic>{{cite news|title=Virudhunagar-Manamadurai BG section thrown open for traffic|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Virudhunagar-Manamadurai-BG-section-thrown-open-for-traffic/articleshow/21077980.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214161944/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-15/madurai/40589565_1_madurai-railway-division-manamadurai-section-gauge-conversion-work|url-status=live|archive-date=14 December 2013|access-date=5 February 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 July 2013}}</ref><ref name=trainvpt>{{cite news|title=After five years, regular train services back on Virudhunagar - Manamadurai section|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/After-five-years-regular-train-services-back-on-Virudhunagar--Manamadurai-section/articleshow/22406412.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140205021313/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-08/madurai/41872940_1_train-timings-v-ajithkumar-passenger|url-status=live|archive-date=5 February 2014|access-date=5 February 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 September 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in Southern Railways - Official Website]

{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manamadurai-Virudhunagar line}}
[[Category:Madurai railway division|*]]
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1964]]
[[Category:Virudhunagar district]]
[[Category:Sivaganga district]]

Karuparai

2025-05-19T04:44:12Z

MarvinGrenier8: basic enhance layout for consistency and improved wording

{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

'''Karuparai''' (காருபாறை) is a village that comes under Vellimalai Town Panchayat, Kanyakumari District, [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref> Karuparai Village comes under "Manavalakurichi Police Station". The village is surrounded by Ponds, Paddy fields, Banana trees, coconut trees, etc., [[Nagercoil]], [[Kanyakumari district]]. Nearby Post office "Kalpadi, Sub-Post office"

The town is governed by the Kalkulam Talukand [[town panchayat]] of [[Vellimalai]]. More than 5,000 families residing in the village.

Temples in the village include the Ulakalanthal Amman Koil Temple of god Sivan & Parvathi, situated in the center of the village. There is a [[Pooja (Hinduism)|Pooja]] performed both morning and evening. The temple hosts a major festival in the second week of March each year.

The village has another temple "Sudalaimadan Temple" which is situated at the western end of the village, this temple hosts a major festival in the first week of April every year. In this temple the famous "Kaniattam"(கனியாட்டம்) is conducted every year at festival times.

The village has relationship, child center, and group for playing Kabaddi and other games.

There is also a [[Vellimalai]] [[Murugan]] temple.{{clarify|reason=Unclear if the temple is in the village or nearby. It is mentioned in the Vellimalai article, without mention of Karuparai| date=October 2017}}

==Transport==

[[Trivandrum International Airport]] is 65.4 km away.

The nearest railway is [[Eraniel]] Railway Station (ERL), 6.1 km away.

The nearest bus station is Thingal Nagar, 4.1 km away, and private minibus services like Selvi, Mathavas, etc.,

The buses available from the Nagercoil town bus stand are 12G, 12F, 12M, 12R, and 12K.

Bus route No. 47 from Thuckalai to Muttom, via Karuparai.

Bus route No. 46C from Marthandam to Kadiapattinam, via Karuparai.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Villages in Kanyakumari district]]

Sujatha Nagar

2025-04-10T11:31:02Z

MarvinGrenier8: enhanced formatting for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sujatha Nagar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline = Sujatha Nagar junction aerial view.jpg
| image_alt = Sujatha Nagar junction aerial view
| image_caption = Sujatha Nagar junction aerial view
| pushpin_map = India Visakhapatnam
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Visakhapatnam
| coordinates = {{coord|17.799927|N|83.214641|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 530051
| registration_plate = AP-31,32
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sujatha Nagar''' is a neighborhood situated in [[Visakhapatnam]] City, [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. The area, which falls with the [[Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation]], is about {{convert|2|km}} from [[Pendurthi]] junction.<ref name="pincode">{{cite news|title=location|url=https://pincode.net.in/ANDHRA_PRADESH/VISAKHAPATNAM/S/SUJATHA_NAGAR|accessdate=12 September 2017|work=pincode|date=22 April 2013}}</ref> Sujatha Nagar is home to many residential colonies, and it is well connected with [[NAD X Road]], Gajuwaka, Simhachalam, Gopalapatnam, Jagadamba, and [[Maddilapalem]].<ref name="timesofindia">{{cite news|title=about|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/sarada-employee-found-dead/articleshow/57831847.cms|accessdate=24 November 2017|work=times ofindia|date=27 March 2017}}</ref> Nearest Railway stations are Pendurthi railway station and Simhachalam railway stations.

==Amenities==
Amenities include psu/private banks, schools, colleges, clinics, sports designations, a mini theatre, branded cloth stores, parks, tuition centres, eateries, temples, and grocery stores.

==Transport==

Nearest railway stations is Pendurthi, although auto rickshaws are frequently available. The following are the routes operated by the [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]] (APSRTC) city service.
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Route Number
!Start
!End
!Via
|-
|28J
|Sujathanagar
|RK Beach
|Vepagunta, Gopalapatnam, NAD Kotharoad, Kancharapalem, Railway New Colony, RTC Complex, Jagadamba Centre
|-
|28A/28K
|Pendurthi/Kothavalasa
|RK Beach
|Vepagunta, Gopalapatnam, NAD Kotharoad, Kancharapalem, Railway New Colony, RTC Complex, Jagadamba Centre
|-
|5J
|Sujathanagar
|Old Post Office
|Vepagunta, Gopalapatnam, NAD Kotharoad, Kancharapalem, Convent, Town Kotharoad
|-
|68/68K
|Pendurthi/Kothavalasa
|RK Beach
|Vepagunta, Simhachalam, Arilova, Hanumantuwaka, Maddilapalem, RTC Complex, Jagadamba Centre
|-
|6K
|Kothavalasa
|Old Head Post Office
|Pendurthi, Vepagunta, Gopalapatnam, NAD Kotharoad, Kancharapalem, Convent, Town Kotharoad
|-
|541
|Kothavalasa
|Maddilapalem
|Pendurthi, Vepagunta, Gopalapatnam, NAD Kotharoad, Birla Junction, Gurudwar
|-
|55K
|Kothavalasa
|Scindia
|Pendurthi, Vepagunta, Gopalapatnam, NAD Kotharoad, Airport, BHPV, Gajuwaka, Malkapuram
|-
|12D
|Devarapalle
|RTC Complex
|Kothavalasa, Pendurthi, Vepagunta, Gopalapatnam, NAD Kotharoad, Kancharapalem, Railway New Colony
|-
|300C
|Chodavaram
|RTC Complex
|Sabbavaram, Pendurthi, Vepagunta, Gopalapatnam, NAD Kotharoad, Kancharapalem, Railway New Colony
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Neighbourhoods of Visakhapatnam}}

{{Visakhapatnam-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Visakhapatnam]]

Rāhukāla

2024-11-07T04:44:48Z

MarvinGrenier8: entry

{{Short description|Inauspicious time period in Hindu astrology}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}

In [[Hindu astrology]], '''rāhukāla''' ({{Langx|sa|राहुकाल|lit=period of Rahu}}) or '''rāhukālam''' ({{Langx|sa|राहुकालम्|translit=Rāhukālaṃ}}) is an inauspicious period of the day,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grimes |first=John A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qcoUFYOX0bEC&dq=R%C4%81huk%C4%81la&pg=PA253 |title=A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English |date=1996-01-01 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-3067-5 |pages=253 |language=en}}</ref> not considered favourable to start any good deed. The rāhukāla spans for approximately 90 minutes every day between sunrise and sunset.

This inauspicious period is strictly avoided while calculating [[Muhurta|muhurtas]]. However, routine tasks that have already been started are regarded to be permissible to continue as usual during this period.<ref name="TOI">{{Cite news|last=Narayanam|first=A. Sathya|date=2017-12-14|title=What is Rahu Kaal and Timing of Rahu Kaal Every Day|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/astrology/planets-transits/what-is-rahu-kaal-and-timing-of-rahu-kaal-every-day/articleshow/68205891.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2020-12-06}}</ref>

== Astrology==
{{Main|Rahu|Ketu (mythology)}}
===Mythology===
[[Rahu]] is a shadow planet and king of [[meteors]] among the [[Navagraha]]s (nine [[Classical planet|planets]]) mentioned in [[Hindu texts]].<ref name=dalalnavagr>{{cite book|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC |year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|pages=280, 324}}</ref> During the legend known as the [[Samudra manthan|Samudra Manthana]], an [[asura]] named [[Svarbhanu]], disguised as a [[Deva (Hinduism)|deva]], appears and drinks the nectar of immortality, [[amrita]]. Svarbhanu later gets caught and is cut into two pieces by [[Vishnu]]'s discus, the [[Sudarshan Chakra|Sudarshana Chakra]]. These two pieces became [[Rahu]] and [[Ketu (mythology)|Ketu]].

Rahu is considered a malefic planet that tries to [[Grahana|eclipse]] the Sun, and the time it is believed to influence is considered inauspicious.<ref name="Stella">{{cite book|last1=Kramrisch|first1=Stella|last2=Burnier|first2=Raymond|title=The Hindu temple|volume=2|pages=325–6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-aS52MgIkMC&dq=svarbhanu&pg=PA325 | isbn=978-81-208-0224-7 | year=1976 | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.}}</ref>

===Calculation===
The rāhukāla is considered in a predefined manner during set times on the different days of the week, but can vary as per the time of sunrise as well. Its instances vary from place to place.<ref name="TOI"/> The timing of sunrise is marked in the [[panchang|panchangam]] (almanac) and 12 hours of the day is divided into eight equal parts (say 06:00 a.m. IST to 6:00 p.m. IST). The period of rāhukāla does not occur in the first part of the day and the rest of the seven parts are attributed to other different parts of the day.<ref name="TOI"/> Contemporarily:

* Monday: 7:30 a.m.–9:00 a.m. (2nd part)
* Tuesday: 3:00 p.m.–4:30 p.m. (7th part)
* Wednesday: 12:00 p.m.–1:30 p.m. (5th part)
* Thursday: 1:30 p.m.–3:00 p.m. (6th part)
* Friday: 10:30 a.m.–12:00 p.m. (4th part)
* Saturday: 9:00 a.m.–10:30 a.m. (3rd part)
* Sunday: 4:30 p.m.–6:00 p.m. (8th part)

== See also ==
* [[Grahana]]
* [[Svarbhānu|Svarbhanu]]
* [[Rahu]]
* [[Ketu (mythology)]]
* [[Jyotiṣa]]
* [[Navagraha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu astronomy]]
[[Category:Hindu astrology]]