Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Samta Colony

2026-05-05T06:56:15Z

MartinDietrich8: done

{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
{{other uses|Samta (disambiguation)}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Samta Colony
| settlement_type = Suburb
| pushpin_map = India Chhattisgarh#India3
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Chhattisgarh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21|14|46|N|81|37|00|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Raipur
| established_title = 
| governing_body = [[Raipur Municipal Corporation]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total = 3700
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 492 001
| registration_plate = CG-04
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Raipur
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank_info_sec2 = Raipur
| website = {{URL|cgstate.gov.in}}
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]]
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
'''Samta Colony''' is an residential area situated in the heart of [[Raipur]], Chhattisgarh, India.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref> It is surrounded by Choubey Colony.

It covers about 10% of the area of the city, about {{cvt|2|km2}}. It is situated about {{cvt|2|km}} from the city's main marketplace.

== Neighbouring suburbs ==

* Choubey Colony, Amanaka, Bajrang Nagar, Gokul Nagar, Amapara.

== Transport and connectivity ==

=== By road ===
Samta Colony is well-connected to all the major parts of the city by roads and highways. The nearest bus stand is [[Inter-State Bus Terminal, Raipur|ISBT Bhatagaon]] and Pandri Bus Stand.

=== By rail ===
The nearest railway station is [[Raipur Junction railway station|Raipur railway station]] which is around 2 km from Samta Colony.

=== By air ===
[[Swami Vivekananda Airport]] is the nearest airport that serves as a major airport for Raipur, Naya Raipur, Durg, Bhilai and Kumhari.

== Banks ==
The locality has branches of various ATMs such as [[State Bank of India]], [[Federal Bank]], [[Axis Bank]], [[HDFC Bank]], [[IndusInd Bank]], [[ICICI Bank]], [[Punjab National Bank]], [[IDFC First Bank]], [[IDBI Bank]], [[Union Bank of India]], [[Indian Overseas Bank]], Bank of Maharashtra, [[United Bank of India]], etc.

== Schools ==

* Mayaram Surjan Government Girls H.S. School
* Rainbow English Medium School
* Ashoka Public School
* Vision Public School
* Cryogenic Public School
* Brilliant Mind School

== Religious sites ==

* Khatu Shyam Mandir
* Shree Siddhi Shakti Peeth Shree Sheetla Mata Mandir
* Aamatalab Shiv Mandir
* Shankheshwar Parshwanath Shwetambar Jain Mandir And Dadabadi
* Chintaharan Hanuman Mandir
* Gayatri Mandir
* Sai Mandir
* Radhekrishna Mandir
* Shri Laxmi Narayan Mandir Temple
* Sri Bajrang Mandir
* Hathiram Shiv Mandir
* Shree Bhawani Shankar Mandir

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Samta Colony}}
[[Category:Raipur]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Chhattisgarh]]

Naga People's Front

2026-04-27T04:57:52Z

MartinDietrich8:

{{short description|Political party in India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian Political Party
| party_name = Naga People's Front
| abbreviation = NPF
| party_flag = Flag of the Naga People's Front.png
| party_logo =
| colorcode = {{party color|Naga People's Front}}
| leader = [[Neiphiu Rio]]
| president = [[Neiphiu Rio]]
| founder = [[Neiphiu Rio]]
|youth = Imchatoba Imchen
|women = Sano Vamuzo
| foundation = 21 October 1963
|slogan = ''Facta non verba''
| ideology = {{Nowrap|[[Conservatism]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ndpp.co.in/|title=Website}}</ref> [[Christian right]]
 [[Regionalism (politics)|Regionalism]] [[Naga nationalism]]}}
| position = [[Centre-right politics|Centre-right]]
| eci = [[List of political parties in India#State parties|State Party]]<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Political Parties and Election Symbols main Notification Dated 18.01.2013|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/ElecSym19012013_eng.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=9 May 2013|location=India|year=2013}}</ref>
| alliance =
[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] (2003-present) [[North-East Democratic Alliance|NEDA]] (2017-present)
| headquarters = [[Kohima]], [[Nagaland]]
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|543|hex={{party color|Naga People's Front}}}}
| state_seats_name = [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|34|60|hex={{party color|Naga People's Front}}}}
| state2_seats_name = [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
| state2_seats = {{Composition bar|5|60|hex={{party color|Naga People's Front}}}}
| website = [http://www.nagapeoplesfront.org NagaPeoplesFront.org]
| colours =Dark blue and Red
| merger =
| symbol = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Cock.png|150x150px]] Rooster
|rajyasabha_seats={{Composition bar|0|245|hex={{party color|Naga People's Front}}}}}}

The '''Naga People's Front''' ('''NPF''') is a [[regional political party]] in the Indian states of [[Nagaland]], [[Manipur]] and [[Arunachal|Arunachal Pradesh]]. It is currently the ruling party in the Indian state of [[Nagaland]]. It heads the Nagaland government with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], as part of the [[People's Democratic Alliance (Nagaland)|People's Democratic Alliance]]. NPF is a coalition partner of the [[Second N. Biren Singh ministry|N. Biren Singh ministry]]-led [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] government in [[Manipur]]. The party ideology includes protecting [[Christian right]], thus encouraging it. It demands and supports greater autonomy for Naga areas and Naga cultural nationalism.

[[Neiphiu Rio]] is the current president of the party. [[Awangbow Newmai]] is president of the party in Manipur, while [[Losii Dikho]] is the Legislature Party Leader of NPF in the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]]. [[Neiphiu Rio]], the Lok Sabha member from the [[Nagaland (Lok Sabha constituency)|lone constituency of Nagaland]], is the leader of the party since 18 October 2025. He earlier served until 16 January 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/statedetail.aspx?state_code=Nagaland|title=Sixteenth Lok Sabha Nagaland|work=[[Lok Sabha]]|access-date=2 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819232303/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/statedetail.aspx?state_code=Nagaland|archive-date=19 August 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

On 22 March 2004, the NPF merged with the Nagaland Democratic Party. On 19 October 2025, [[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]] merged with NPF.

== History ==

=== Name Changes ===
Over its history, the party has undergone several nomenclature changes while maintaining its original motto and symbol:

* 1963: Democratic Party of Nagaland (DPN)
* 1969: United Front of Nagaland (UFN).
* 1972: United Democratic Front (UDF).
* 1980: Naga Nationalist Democratic Party (NNDP).
* 1998: Naga People's Council (NPC).
* 2002: Rebranded to Naga People's Front (NPF) during its Ninth General Convention to be more inclusive.

Prior to October 2002, the party was known as '''Nagaland People's Council''' (NPC).<ref name="NPF Reference1">{{cite journal |journal=International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention |last1=Dr Tapan |first1=Das |title=Regionalism and Political Party in North-East India: A Case Study of Naga People's Front |date=21 August 2019 |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=6 |url=http://www.ijhssi.org/papers/vol8(9)/Series-1/A0809010106.pdf |access-date=28 February 2021}}</ref> The name of the party was changed to Naga People's Front (NPF) in the Ninth General Convention held at Kohima in October 2002. This historic decision found wide acceptance among the people of the state, as a popular wish of the state was to modify the leadership of the state and make it more inclusive.

For the 2014 General Election, the North-East Regional Political Front (NERPF), a consortium of 10 regional parties, including the Naga People's Front announced their support for the NDA.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/northeast-front-backs-nda/article6014410.ece | title=Northeast front backs NDA | date=16 May 2014 | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=25 August 2018 }}</ref>

Currently, the NPF is a part of [[North-East Regional Political Front]] consisting of political parties of the northeast which has supported the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)]].

In May 2016, after the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] led [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] formed its first government in [[Assam]], a new alliance called the [[North-East Democratic Alliance]] (NEDA) was formed with [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]] as its convener. The Chief Ministers of the north eastern states of [[Sikkim]], [[Assam]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and [[Nagaland]] too belong to this alliance. Thus, the Naga People's Front joined the BJP-led NEDA. On 18 May 2019 NPF pulled out of NDA Government in Manipur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/amit-shah-holds-meeting-with-northeast-cms-forms-alliance/story-YDYLQ6YsImuzZOQ6Zev5MO.html|title=Amit Shah holds meeting with northeast CMs, forms alliance|date=25 May 2016|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> After [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]], NPF rejoined NDA Government in Manipur.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2022 |title=Except NPF no other parties to be included in Govt, says Manipur CM |url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/except-npf-no-other-parties-to-be-included-in-govt-says-manipur-cm/ |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=[[Nagaland Post]] |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

On 21 October 2023, Apong Pongener was elected as President of Naga People's Front.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 October 2023 |title=Apong Pongener replaces Dr Shurhozelie Liezietsu as NPF president |url=https://morungexpress.com/apong-pongener-replaces-dr-shurhozelie-liezietsu-as-npf-president |access-date=8 February 2025 |work=[[The Morung Express]] |pages=1}}</ref>

In June 2024 the NPF reaffirmed its support for the BJP government in [[Manipur]].<ref>{{cite news |last=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=7 June 2024 |title=NPF reaffirms support to BJP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/npf-reaffirms-support-to-bjp/articleshow/110780074.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

In October 2025, the NDPP merged with the party and [[Neiphiu Rio]] became the party leader and national president. NPF became the ruling party of [[Nagaland]].

==Aims and objectives==
The aims and objectives of the Naga Peoples Front are:

# To work and assist in any possible manner on any approach for a peaceful solution of the Indo-Naga political issue, keeping alive at the same time the fire of relentless endeavour to stand against any force to further divide the [[Naga people|Nagas]] and thereby move towards a renaissance of Naga brotherhood by making constant appeal to Naga conscience.
# To strive to bring about electoral reforms suited to our way of life aimed at a national resurgence in the society towards whom the Party is duty bound and thereby to liberate the Naga society from the deadly clutches of degeneration.
# To work for unity and integrity of the people by integrating all contiguous Naga inhabited areas under one administrative roof and also to provide protection to all the ethnic groups who are indigenous inhabitants of the State.
# To restore the good name and clean image which the Nagas enjoyed in the past by taking the fight against all forms of corruption at all levels of Government.
# To restore to the people the self-discipline and the spirit of self-reliance which the Nagas had in abundance in the past but which have been seriously eroded in the recent past.
# To work for economic advancement of the people with special emphasis on rural development with a view to removing economic disparity in the society.
# To strive for a clean and efficient administration.
# To strictly abide by the Rule of Law in the dispensation of Justice.

==List of chief ministers==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No
! Name
!'''Portrait'''
! colspan="2" | Term of office<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iprngl.nic.in/general-info.htm|title=General Information, Nagaland|publisher=Information & Public Relations department, Nagaland government|access-date=3 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508135755/http://iprngl.nic.in/general-info.htm|archive-date=8 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
! Days in office
|- align=center style="height: 60px;"
| rowspan="2"|1
| rowspan="2"|[[Neiphiu Rio]]
| rowspan="2"|[[File:NeiphiuRio.jpg|50x50px]]
| 6 March 2003
| 3 January 2008
| {{ayd|2003|3|6|2008|1|6}}
|- align=center style="height: 60px;"
| 12 March 2008
| 24 May 2014
| {{ayd|2008|3|12|2014|5|24}} 
|- align=center style="height: 60px;"
| 2
| [[T. R. Zeliang]]
|[[File:T.R. Zeliang.png|50x50px]]
| 24 May 2014
| 22 February 2017
| {{ayd|2014|5|24|2017|2|22}}
|- align=center style="height: 60px;"
| 3
| [[Shürhozelie Liezietsu]]
|[[File:Naveen Patnaik, the Chief Minister of Nagaland, Shri Shurhozelie Liezietsu, the Chief Minister of Puducherry, Shri V. Narayanasamy and the Chief Minister of Rajasthan, Smt. Vasundhara Raje Scindia.jpg|50x50px]]
| 22 February 2017
| 19 July 2017
| {{ayd|2017|2|22|2017|7|19}}
|- align=center style="height: 60px;"
| (2)
| [[T. R. Zeliang]]
|[[File:T. R. Zeliang.jpg|50x50px]]
| 19 July 2017
| 8 March 2018
| {{ayd|2017|7|19|2018|3|8}}
|- align=center style="height: 60px;"
| (1)
| [[Neiphiu Rio]]
|[[File:NeiphiuRio.jpg|50x50px]]
| 20 October 2025
| ''Incumbent''
| {{ayd|2025|10|20}}
|}

==See also==
*[[Vatsu Meru]]
*[[Rokonicha]]
*[[Y. Hewoto Awomi]]
* [[List of political parties in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/mis-Political_Parties/Constitution_of_Political_Parties%5CConstitution_of_Nagaland%20Peoples%20Front.pdf Constitution of the Nagaland People's Front]

{{Indian political parties}}

[[Category:Naga People's Front| ]]
[[Category:Political parties in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Recognised state political parties in India]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2002]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Nagaland]][[Category:Member parties of the National Democratic Alliance]]

Motumarri–Vishnupuram section

2026-04-24T21:49:49Z

MartinDietrich8: Started A Pg

{{Short description|Railway line in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width =
| name = Motumarri–Vishnupuram section
| color =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| image = Motumarri Railway station.jpg
| image_width =
| caption = Motumarri Railway station is an end point of this section
| type =
| system = Single Electric Railway Line
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Telangana]]
| start = [[Motamarri]]
| end = Vishnupuram
| stations = 10
| routes = [[Delhi–Chennai line]] [[Pagidipalli–Nallapadu section]]
| daily_ridership =
| open = 2019
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[South Central Railway zone]]
| character =
| depot =
| stock =
| linelength = {{Convert|89|km|abbr=on}}
| tracklength =
| tracks = 1
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| old_gauge =
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| electrification = [[Overhead line|Single-line overhead catenary]]
| speed = {{cvt|75|km/h}}
| elevation =
| website =
| map = {{Motumarri–Vishnupuram section}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''Motumarri–Vishnupuram section''' is a railway section of the [[Indian Railways]]. The section falls under the administered of both [[Guntur railway division|Guntur]] and [[Secunderabad railway division]]s of [[South Central Railway zone]].

== History ==
The project connects [[New Delhi–Chennai main line|Delhi–Chennai main line]] at Motumarri railway station of [[Khammam district]] and [[Nallapadu-Pagidipalli section]] at Vishnupuram railway station of [[Nalgonda district]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/scr-general-manager-seeks-to-know-commuter-problems/article2931111.ece|title=SCR General Manager seeks to know commuter problems|date=2012-02-25|newspaper=The Hindu|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/new-railway-lines-in-nalgonda-by-march/article1868722.ece|title=New railway lines in Nalgonda by March|date=2007-07-08|newspaper=The Hindu|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-05-04}}</ref> The section passes through the stations of [[Jaggayyapet]], [[Mellacheruvu]] and [[Janpahad]].<ref>{{cite news|title=CM to open new rail line on Friday|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/article518685.ece?service=print|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602005912/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/article518685.ece?service=print|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 June 2016|access-date=4 May 2016|work=The New Indian Express|date=4 May 2012|location=Hyderabad}}</ref> The route has been opened for goods traffic at present.

Further, the route can be used as a loop line in case of emergency and any problem that arises between Khammam and Secunderabad line.

Another key factor of the Motamarri–Vishnupuram line is the distance between Vijayawada to Secunderabad will be reduced by 60 km if some passenger trains ply this route.<ref>[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/280419/khammam-new-rail-line-ready-set-to-reduce-60-km.html deccanchronicle.com], Retrieved 27 July 2017</ref>

The journey duration between the two cities will be reduced to one-and-a-half hours. Some passenger trains running from Kolkata and Visakhapatnam can be diverted to this route.

The section was completed in the year 2019.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/280419/khammam-new-rail-line-ready-set-to-reduce-60-km.html | title=Khammam: New rail line ready, set to reduce 60 km | date=28 April 2019 }}</ref>

==Stations==
*Motumarri (MTMI)
*Makkapeta (MAPA)
*Jaggyyapetta Town (JPTN)
*Revoor Ramapuram (RRPM)
*Mellacheruvu(MACU)
*Mattampalle (MTMP)
*Janpahad (JNPD)
*Vishnupuram (VNUP)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railways in Southern India}}
{{South Central Railway zone}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Motamarri-Vishnupuram section}}
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]
[[Category:Guntur railway division]]
[[Category:Secunderabad railway division]]
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]

Rahuri Assembly constituency

2026-04-23T16:59:05Z

MartinDietrich8: done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rahuri
| constituency_no = 223
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 223-Rahuri.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Ahmednagar Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmednagar]]
| district = [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref>
| reservation = None
| mla = Vacant
| party =
| alliance =
| electors = 325,166
}}
'''Rahuri Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]] state, western India. This constituency is located in [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar district]].<ref name="ECI-20081126" />

==Geographical scope==
The constituency comprises Rahuri and Vambori revenue circles and [[Rahuri Municipal Council]] belonging to [[Rahuri taluka]], Jeur revenue circle belonging to [[Ahmednagar taluka]] and Karanji revenue circle belonging to [[Pathardi taluka]].<ref name="ECI-20081126">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India|pages=262|accessdate=2015-08-13}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || rowspan="2" | Laxamanrao Madhavrao Patil || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan="2" | Baburao Bapuji Tanapure || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Kadu Punjaji Bapuji || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Kashinath Laxman Pawar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || rowspan="4" | [[Prasad Tanpure|Prasadrao Baburao Tanpure]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1998 elections in India#Maharashtra|1998 By-election]] || Chandrashekhar Laxmanrao Kadam || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Prasad Baburao Tanpure || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Chandrashekar Laxmanrao Kadam|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || rowspan="2" | [[Shivaji Bhanudas Kardile]]
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Prajakt Tanpure]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Shivaji Bhanudas Kardile]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==

=== Assembly By-election 2026 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2026 elections in India#Maharashtra|2026 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Rahuri <ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeFeb1998/Bye-June1998.htm |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Akshay Shivajirao Kardile |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = |percentage = % |change = }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate =Govindrao Khandu Mokate |party = Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = |percentage = |change = }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = |party = Independent politician |votes = |percentage = |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = |party = Independent politician |votes =|percentage = |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = |percentage = |change =}}
{{Election box turnout |votes = |percentage = 55.31 |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |ref = |change = {{decrease}}}}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = |loser = |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Rahuri <ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Rahuri">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Rahuri |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13223.htm |access-date=7 January 2025 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250107125835/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13223.htm |archive-date=7 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="Rahuri Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Rahuri Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/rahuri |access-date=7 January 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250107125840/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/rahuri |archive-date=7 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shivaji Bhanudas Kardile]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 135,859 |percentage = 56.02% |change = {{increase}}12.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Prajakt Tanpure]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 101,372 |percentage = 41.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,264 |percentage = 0.52% |change = {{decrease}}0.43 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 34,487 |percentage = 14.22% |change = {{increase}}2.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 243,771 |percentage = 74.97% |change = {{increase}}6.21 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 242,507}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 325,166 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.11 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{increase}}1.19 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Rahuri <ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Prajakt Tanpure]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 109,234 |percentage = 54.83% |change = {{increase}}42.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shivaji Bhanudas Kardile]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 85,908 |percentage = 43.12% |change = {{decrease}}4.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,892 |percentage = 0.95% |change = {{increase}}0.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lambe Suresh Alias Suryabhan Dattatray |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,552 |percentage = 0.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,326 |percentage = 11.71% |change = {{decrease}}1.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 201,238 |percentage = 68.76% |change = {{decrease}}2.55 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 199,224}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 292,663 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.38 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}7.42 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Rahuri <ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shivaji Bhanudas Kardile]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 91,454 |percentage = 47.41% |change = {{increase}}13.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Usha Prasad Tanpure |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 65,778 |percentage = 34.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gade Shivajiraje Rambhau |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 24,143 |percentage = 12.52% |change = {{decrease}}16.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Amol Bhausaheb Jadhav |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 4,075 |percentage = 2.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Govindrao Khandu Mokate |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,593 |percentage = 1.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,318 |percentage = 0.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,676 |percentage = 13.31% |change = {{increase}}8.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 194,352 |percentage = 71.31% |change = {{decrease}}0.13 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 192,894}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 272,556 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.56 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}13.86 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Rahuri <ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shivaji Bhanudas Kardile]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 57,380 |percentage = 33.55% |change = {{decrease}}17.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prasad Baburao Tanpure |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 49,047 |percentage = 28.68% |change = {{decrease}}15.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gade Shivaji Rambhau |party = Swabhimani Paksha |votes = 42,141 |percentage = 24.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Subhash Dattatraya Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 14,484 |percentage = 8.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dnyaneshwar Dattatraya Gade |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 2,474 |percentage = 1.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Salve Subhash Bansi |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,358 |percentage = 0.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ohal Anil Manohar |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,138 |percentage = 0.67% |change = {{decrease}}1.70 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,333 |percentage = 4.87% |change = {{decrease}}2.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 171,461 |percentage = 71.44% |change = {{decrease}}3.34 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 171,044}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 240,008 |ref = |change = {{increase}}30.17 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}17.77 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Rahuri }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kadam Chandrashekar Laxmanrao |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 70,751 |percentage = 51.32% |change = {{increase}}12.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Prasad Tanpure|Prasadrao Baburao Tanpure]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 61,020 |percentage = 44.26% |change = {{increase}}4.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ahilaji Vitthal Barde |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,272 |percentage = 2.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhagude Laxman Dasharath |party = Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |votes = 2,818 |percentage = 2.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,731 |percentage = 7.06% |change = {{increase}}6.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 137,882 |percentage = 74.78% |change = {{increase}}5.17 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 137,861}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 184,375 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.51 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{increase}}11.95 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Rahuri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Prasad Baburao Tanpure |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 42,148 |percentage = 39.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandrashekhar Laxmanrao Kadam |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 41,310 |percentage = 38.59% |change = {{decrease}}1.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sabale Raosaheb Kondaji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,253 |percentage = 19.85% |change = {{decrease}}19.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Govardhan Vishwanath Gholap |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 1,064 |percentage = 0.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Lata Bhausaheb |party = Akhil Bharatiya Sena |votes = 884 |percentage = 0.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 838 |percentage = 0.78% |change = {{increase}}0.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 115,089 |percentage = 69.61% |change = {{increase}}15.26 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 107,043}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 165,337 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.16 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}0.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1998 elections in India#Maharashtra|1998 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Rahuri <ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeFeb1998/Bye-June1998.htm |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kadam Chandrashekhar Laxmanrao |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 34,523 |percentage = 39.64% |change = {{increase}}32.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhumal Ramdas Vishwanath |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 34,500 |percentage = 39.61% |change = {{decrease}}6.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pawar Pandharinath Rambhau |party = Independent politician |votes = 15,059 |percentage = 17.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhagude Laxman Dashrath |party = Janata Dal |votes = 2,142 |percentage = 2.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23 |percentage = 0.03% |change = {{decrease}}3.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 88,829 |percentage = 54.35% |change = {{decrease}}26.30 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 87,100}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 163,440 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}0.69 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}6.00 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Rahuri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Prasad Tanpure|Prasadrao Baburao Tanpure]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 59,126 |percentage = 45.64% |change = {{decrease}}8.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhumal Ramdas Vishwanath |party = Independent politician |votes = 54,103 |percentage = 41.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhus Asaram Rangnath |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 9,436 |percentage = 7.28% |change = {{decrease}}37.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Salve Madhukar Motiram |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 1,688 |percentage = 1.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Alavane Annasaheb Ananda |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,372 |percentage = 1.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhonde Arun Shrihari |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,127 |percentage = 0.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,023 |percentage = 3.88% |change = {{decrease}}5.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 132,734 |percentage = 80.65% |change = {{increase}}6.98 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 129,549}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 164,580 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.60 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}8.21 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Rahuri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Prasad Tanpure|Prasadrao Baburao Tanpure]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 56,590 |percentage = 53.85% |change = {{increase}}37.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhumal Ramdas Vishwanath |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 46,674 |percentage = 44.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Haushinath Vishwanath Poppalghat |party = Janata Dal |votes = 871 |percentage = 0.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,916 |percentage = 9.44% |change = {{decrease}}17.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 106,735 |percentage = 73.67% |change = {{decrease}}0.85 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 105,091}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 144,877 |ref = |change = {{increase}}22.76 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}0.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Rahuri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Prasad Tanpure|Prasadrao Baburao Tanpure]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 47,043 |percentage = 54.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhumal Ramdas Vishwanath |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 23,661 |percentage = 27.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Subhash Dattatray Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,051 |percentage = 16.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baburao Lahuji Bhosale |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,226 |percentage = 1.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,382 |percentage = 27.09% |change = {{increase}}23.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 87,938 |percentage = 74.52% |change = {{increase}}7.89 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 86,303}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 118,013 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.25 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}4.91 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Rahuri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Prasad Tanpure|Prasadrao Baburao Tanpure]] |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 33,647 |percentage = 49.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pawar Kashinath Laxman |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 31,006 |percentage = 45.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Gangadhar Appaji |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 2,904 |percentage = 4.28% |change = {{decrease}}13.52 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,641 |percentage = 3.89% |change = {{decrease}}6.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 69,434 |percentage = 66.63% |change = {{decrease}}5.41 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 67,831}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 104,209 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.35 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}3.91 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Rahuri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Pawar Kashinath Laxman |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,866 |percentage = 45.69% |change = {{decrease}}0.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kadam Laxman Balwant |party = Janata Party |votes = 23,006 |percentage = 35.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kadu Punjaji Bapuji |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 11,637 |percentage = 17.80% |change = {{decrease}}35.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Bhagwan Ranganath |party = Independent politician |votes = 864 |percentage = 1.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,860 |percentage = 10.49% |change = {{increase}}3.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 67,421 |percentage = 72.04% |change = {{increase}}13.18 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,373}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,585 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}1.95 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Communist Party of India |swing = {{decrease}}7.62 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Rahuri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kadu Punjaji Bapuji |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 28,939 |percentage = 53.31% |change = {{increase}}15.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wagh Ramanath Laxman |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,064 |percentage = 46.17% |change = {{decrease}}7.46 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,875 |percentage = 7.14% |change = {{decrease}}8.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 56,174 |percentage = 58.86% |change = {{decrease}}6.21 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 54,281}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,444 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.74 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Communist Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Rahuri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Baburao Bapuji Tanapure |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,320 |percentage = 53.63% |change = {{decrease}}3.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. G. Thorat |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 18,525 |percentage = 37.75% |change = {{increase}}0.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = L. B. Kadam |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 3,693 |percentage = 7.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. G. Adhav |party = Independent politician |votes = 538 |percentage = 1.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,795 |percentage = 15.88% |change = {{decrease}}4.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 52,302 |percentage = 65.07% |change = {{decrease}}2.34 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 49,076}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,383 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.05 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}3.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Rahuri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Baburao Bapuji Tanapure |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,482 |percentage = 57.29% |change = {{increase}}17.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Punjaji Bapu Kadu |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 15,875 |percentage = 37.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramchandra Devkaji Pawar |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,378 |percentage = 5.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,607 |percentage = 20.14% |change = {{decrease}}0.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 45,900 |percentage = 67.41% |change = {{increase}}31.06 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 42,735}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,091 |ref = |change = {{increase}}30.83 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}3.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Rahuri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Laxamanrao Madhavrao Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,417 |percentage = 60.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bankar Jagannathrao Vamanrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,500 |percentage = 39.65% |change = {{decrease}}19.65 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,917 |percentage = 20.71% |change = {{decrease}}11.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 18,917 |percentage = 36.35% |change = {{decrease}}7.19 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 18,917}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,044 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}9.35 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Rahuri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Laxamanrao Madhavrao Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,822 |percentage = 59.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kadu Punjaji Bapuji |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 6,660 |percentage = 26.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Roham Prabhakar Janardhan |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 3,514 |percentage = 14.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,162 |percentage = 32.65% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 24,996 |percentage = 43.54% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 24,996}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,414 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|19.39|74.65|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Ahmednagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bombay State]]

All India Handicrafts Board

2026-04-19T22:17:13Z

MartinDietrich8: starting a info.

{{Infobox organization
| name = All India Handicrafts Board
| full_name =
| native_name = 
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| abbreviation = AIHB
| nickname =
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| formation = 1952
| founders = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Ministry of Commerce and Industry, India]] [[Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay]] [[Pupul Jayakar]]
| founding_location =
| dissolved = 2020
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The '''All India Handicrafts Board''' ('''AIHB'''), was an organisation in India established in 1952, which aimed to advise the [[Ministry of Textiles]] on development programmes for [[handicrafts]]. Its early key figures included [[Pupul Jayakar]], [[Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay]], [[Lakshmi Chand Jain]] and [[Fori Nehru]]. It was abolished by the Government of India in 2020 during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].

==Origins==
In 1950 [[Pupul Jayakar]] was invited by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] to study the handloom sector of the economy.<ref name="Mrazek2008">{{cite book |last1=Davis |first1=Richard H. |editor1-last=Mrazek |editor1-first=Jan |editor2-last=Pitelka |editor2-first=Morgan |title=What's the Use of Art?: Asian Visual and Material Culture in Context |date=2008 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |location=Honolulu |isbn=978-0-8248-3063-2 |pages=84–85 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i7MdZK8vyKMC&dq=all+india+handicrafts+board&pg=PA84 |language=en |chapter=3. From the wedding chamber to the museum: relocating the ritual arts or Madhubani}}</ref> The AIHB was established in 1952.<ref name=Salvi1999>{{cite book |last1=Salvi |first1=Gouri |title=Development Retold: Voices from the Field |date=1999 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-798-4 |pages=97–107 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RGYdgQWpzHAC&dq=fori+nehru&pg=PA97 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Gupta2016>{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=Anu |last2=Mehta |first2=Shalina |title=The Effect of Colonization and Globalization in the shaping of Phulkari: A case study of the Textiles of Punjab, India |journal=Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings |date=1 January 2016 |url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tsaconf/990/|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=Harris2020>{{cite book |last1=Edwards |first1=Eiluned |editor1-last=Harris |editor1-first=Jennifer |title=A Companion to Textile Culture |date=2020 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |location=Hoboken |isbn=978-1-118-76890-7 |pages=73–74 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lJb0DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22All+India+Handicrafts+Board%22+2020&pg=PA73 |language=en |chapter=4. Branding Tradition: The Commercialisation of Hand Embroidery in Gujarat}}</ref> Its first chair was [[Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay]].<ref name=Mozumdar2020>{{cite book |last1=Mozumdar |first1=Sreya |editor1-last=Mahajan |editor1-first=Vijay |title=State of India's Livelihoods |date=2020 |publisher=Access Development Services |location=New Delhi |pages=113–116 |url=https://www.aiacaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Soil_Report-2021.pdf#page=126 |chapter=6. Revitalising the crafts and creative enterprises sector}}</ref> Other early key figures included [[Lakshmi Chand Jain]], [[Kitty Shiva Rao]] and [[Fori Nehru]].<ref name=Salvi1999/><ref name=McGowan2021>{{cite journal |last1=McGowan |first1=Abigail |title=Mothers and Godmothers of Crafts: Female Leadership and the Imagination of India as a Crafts Nation, 1947–67 |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |date=4 March 2021 |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=282–297 |doi=10.1080/00856401.2021.1876589 |s2cid=235304891 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00856401.2021.1876589 |issn=0085-6401|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Purpose==
The AIHB aimed to advise the [[Ministry of Textiles]] on development programmes for handicrafts, and was an umbrella organisation, covering marketing venues across India, including [[Central Cottage Industries Emporium]].<ref name=Littrell2012>{{cite book |last1=Littrell |first1=Mary A. |last2=Dickson |first2=Marsha A. |title=Artisans and Fair Trade: Crafting Development |date=2012 |publisher=Kumarian Press |location=Sterling, VA |isbn=978-1-56549-321-6 |page=16 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mh9n_9hsNmIC&pg=PA16 |language=en |chapter=1. Artisan Enterprise, Fair Trade, and Business Social Responsibility and Accountability}}</ref><ref name=Wilkinson1999>{{cite book |last1=Wilkinson-Weber |first1=Clare M. |title=Embroidering Lives: Women's Work and Skill in the Lucknow Embroidery Industry |date=1999 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=0-7914-4087-7 |pages=161–164 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChwRC6hQttoC&pg=PA161|language=en |chapter=Development schemes and State patronage}}</ref>

==Disestablishment==
The AIHB was abolished by the Government of India in 2020, during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name="Nath2020">{{cite news |last1=Nath |first1=Damini |title=Abolition of handicrafts board a 'worrying' move, says NGO |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/abolition-of-handicrafts-board-a-worrying-move-says-ngo/article32281124.ece |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301073045/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/abolition-of-handicrafts-board-a-worrying-move-says-ngo/article32281124.ece|archive-date=1 March 2022|work=The Hindu |date=6 August 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last1=Delhi |first1=Publications Division (India), New |title=AKASHVANI: Vol. XXVI. No. 43. (22 OCTOBER, 1961) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QtHtDwAAQBAJ&dq=all+india+handicrafts+board+1952&pg=PA53 |publisher=Publications Division (India), New Delhi |language=en |date=22 October 1961}}
*{{cite journal |title=Kamaladevi Ji's vision for Development of Handicrafts and Handlooms through the Co-operative Movement |journal=International Journal of Intangible Cultural Heritage |url=https://globalinch.org/article/?starting_with=K |issn=2581-9410}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Organizations established in 1952]]
[[Category:Indian handicrafts]]

{{India-org-stub}}

Kodarma Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-19T08:40:45Z

MartinDietrich8: Starting New Info

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Jharkhand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kodarma {{Small|JH-5}}
| type = LS
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Jharkhand/Kodarma.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Kodarma Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1977
| incumbent_image = Annpurna Devi Minister (cropped).jpg
| mp = [[Annpurna Devi|Annapurna Devi]] {{Small|[[Ministry of Women and Child Development|Union Minister of Women and Child Development]]}}
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| reservation = None
| assembly_cons = [[Kodarma (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kodarma]] [[Barkatha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barkatha]] [[Dhanwar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhanwar]] [[Bagodar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bagodar]] [[Jamua (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jamua]] [[Gandey (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gandey]]
}}

'''Kodarma Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 14 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in the state of [[Jharkhand]] in eastern [[India]]. This constituency covers the entire [[Koderma district]] and parts of the [[Hazaribagh district|Hazaribagh]] and [[Giridih district|Giridih]] districts.

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Kodarma Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/ceo/2005/constituencies.html |title=Parliamentary Constituency |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Jharkhand website |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226080317/http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/ceo/2005/constituencies.html |archivedate=2012-02-26 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number
! width="200px" |Name
! width="100px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
! width="150px" |District
! colspan="2"|Party
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|19
|[[Kodarma (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kodarma]]
|None
|[[Koderma district|Koderma]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
|20
|[[Barkatha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barkatha]]
|None
|[[Hazaribagh district|Hazaribagh]]
|-
|28
|[[Dhanwar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhanwar]]
|None
| rowspan="4" |[[Giridih district|Giridih]]
|-
|29
|[[Bagodar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bagodar]]
|None
|-
|30
|[[Jamua (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jamua]]
|SC
|-
|31
|[[Gandey (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gandey]]
|None
|{{party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|colspan="4" |{{center|''1952-77 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Rati Lal Prasad Verma]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Tilakdhari Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Rati Lal Prasad Verma]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Mumtaz Ansari]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Rati Lal Prasad Verma]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Tilakdhari Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Babulal Marandi]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|2006^
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)}}" |
|[[Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Ravindra Kumar Ray]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Annpurna Devi]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Kodarma]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Annpurna Devi]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=7,91,657|percentage=57.79|change=-4.60}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Vinod Kumar Singh (Bagodar politician)|Vinod Kumar Singh]]|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|votes=4,14,643|percentage=30.27|change=+24.67}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=NOTA|votes=42,152|percentage=3.08|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Manoj Yadav|party=Independent|votes=28,962|percentage=2.09|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=3,77,014|percentage=27.52|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=13,73,091|percentage=62.19|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Kodarma]]<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=General Election 2019 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/1551-general-election-2019-including-vellore-pc/ |access-date=22 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Annapurna Devi Yadav]]
|votes = 7,53,016
|percentage = 62.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)
|candidate = [[Babulal Marandi]]
|votes = 2,97,416
|percentage = 24.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Raj Kumar Yadav
|votes = 68,207
|percentage = 5.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Kanchan Kumari
|votes = 14,119
|percentage = 1.17
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,55,600
|percentage = 37.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,09,661
|percentage = 66.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Kodarma]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ravindra Kumar Ray]]
|votes = 3,65,410
|percentage = 35.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Raj Kumar Yadav
|votes = 2,66,756
|percentage = 26.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)
|candidate = Pranav Kumar Verma
|votes = 1,60,638
|percentage = 15.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Tilakdhari Pd Singh
|votes = 60,330
|percentage = 5.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 98,654
|percentage = 9.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,24,939
|percentage = 62.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Koderma]]
* [[Koderma district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/jharkhand/kodarm/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Kodarma lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Jharkhand}}
{{North Chotanagpur Division topics}}

{{coord|24.467|85.594|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Koderma district]]
[[Category:Giridih district]]

Alwarpuram

2026-04-18T21:46:56Z

MartinDietrich8: starting details.

{{Short description|Neighbourhood in Madurai district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Alwarpuram
|native_name_lang = ta
|other_name =
|settlement_type = Neighbourhood
|pushpin_map = Tamil Nadu
|pushpin_map_caption = Alwarpuram, [[Madurai district|Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|coordinates = {{coord|9.9286|N|78.1351|E|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and Territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[File:TamilNadu Logo.svg|23x16px|border|alt=Tamil Nadu]] [[Tamil Nadu]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Madurai district|Madurai]]
|established_title = <! -- Established -->
|unit_pref = Metric
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 161.19
|elevation_ft =
|demographics_type1 = [[Language]]s
|demographics1_title1 = [[Office|Official]]
|demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
|demographics1_title2 = [[Speech]]
|demographics1_info2 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
|timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset1 = +5:30
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 625020
|area_code_type = [[Telephone|Telephone code]]
|area_code = +91452*******
|registration_plate = TN 59 ** XXXX
|blank1_name_sec1 = [[Neighbourhood|Other Neighbourhoods]]
|blank1_info_sec1 = [[Goripalayam, Madurai|Goripalayam]], [[Sellur (Madurai)|Sellur]], [[Nelpettai]], [[Simmakkal, Madurai|Simmakkal]], [[Yanaikkal, Madurai|Yanaikkal]], Anna Nagar, K. K. Nagar, [[Tallakulam (Madurai)|Tallakulam]]
|blank2_name_sec1 = Corporation
|blank2_info_sec1 = [[Madurai Municipal Corporation]]
|blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha|LS]]
|blank3_info_sec1 = [[Madurai Lok Sabha constituency|Madurai]]
|blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|VS]]
|blank4_info_sec1 = [[Madurai South Assembly constituency|Madurai South]]
|footnotes =
}}

'''Alwarpuram''' which is pronounced as 'Aallhwaarpuram' is a neighbourhood in [[Madurai district|Madurai]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |author =D. Sundaresan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k84bAQAAIAAJ&q=alwarpuram |title=Language for State Administration: A Historical Account |date=2000 |publisher=Jothi Lakshmi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ne85AAAAMAAJ&q=alwarpuram |title=Press in India |date=1967 |publisher=Office of the Registrar of Newspapers. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=India (Republic) School Health Committee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tSeChSc1pagC&q=alwarpuram |title=Report |date=1965 |publisher=Ministry of Health, Government of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alwarpuram |url=https://geoiq.io/places/Alwarpuram/4g277sPZUh |access-date=18 September 2024 |website=geoiq.io}}</ref>

== Location ==
Alwarpuram is located with the [[Geographic coordinate system|coordinates]] of ({{coord|9.9286|N|78.1351|E}}) near [[Goripalayam, Madurai|Goripalayam]].

{{Location map many | India Tamil Nadu
| width = 200
| float = middle
| label1 = Alwarpuram
| pos1 = right
| bg1 = pink
| label1_width = 8
| mark1size = 6
| coordinates1 = {{coord|9.9286|N|78.1351|E}}
}}

== Details ==
Every year during [[Meenakshi Tirukalyanam|Chithirai festival]], [[Vishnu|Lord Kallallhagar]] enters the [[Vaigai river]] in Madurai near Alwarpuram.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2023 |title=Lord Kallazhagar enters river Vaigai; deity's green cloth signifies a prosperous year ahead |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/lord-kallazhagar-enters-river-vaigai-deitys-green-cloth-signifies-a-prosperous-year-ahead/articleshow/100007015.cms |access-date=18 September 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Madurai Municipal Corporation|Madurai corporation]] installed steel gates at Alwarpuram near the riverfront to control the dumping and polluting the area.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2022 |title=Madurai corporation installs gates at Alwarpuram riverfront to control dumping of |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/madurai-corporation-installs-gates-at-alwarpuram-riverfront-to-check-dumping/articleshow/91387266.cms |access-date=18 September 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Also, Kallallhagar on his return journey to [[Kallalagar Temple|Alagar Koil]], again visits Alwarpuram before going to Mysore Maharaja mandap for the event of 'Pooppallakku' there which is celebrated in a grand manner.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff Reporter |date=21 April 2019 |title=Thousands follow Kallazhagar on His return journey |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/thousands-follow-kallazhagar-on-his-return-journey/article26905361.ece |access-date=18 September 2024 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Recreation ==
Recreational places such as [[Gandhi Memorial Museum, Madurai|Gandhi Museum]] and Rajaji Park in Madurai are situated at Alwarpuram.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2023 |title=Madurai's Rajaji park losing its sheen in Madurai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/madurais-rajaji-park-losing-its-sheen/articleshow/97674140.cms |access-date=18 September 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Aishwarya VP |date=6 January 2024 |title=Unkempt Rajaji, Eco parks affect Madurai's tourism image |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Jan/06/unkempt-rajaji-eco-parks-affect-madurais-tourism-image-2648270.html |access-date=18 September 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Politics ==
Alwarpuram area falls under the [[Madurai South Assembly constituency]]. Also, this area belongs to [[Madurai Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2021 |title=மதுரை மாநகராட்சி பகுதியில் - வார்டு வாரியாக சட்டப்பேரவை தொகுதிகள்|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/todays-paper/regional01/647019-.html |access-date=18 September 2024 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/pslist/ac192.pdf|date=28 January 2011|title=List of Polling Station for 192 Madurai South Assembly Segment within the 32 MADURAI Parliamentary Constituency|access-date=18 September 2024}}

[[Category:Villages in Madurai district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Madurai district]]

{{Madurai-geo-stub}}

R. Srinivasa Ayyar

2026-04-11T20:12:34Z

MartinDietrich8: Started new details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = R. Srinivasa Ayyar
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1898|5|22|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member, [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Pattukkottai Assembly constituency|Pattukkottai]]
| term_start1 = 1957
| term_end1 = 1962
| predecessor1 = Nadimuthu
| successor1 = V. Arunachala Thevar
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater = * Pachaiappan College, Chennai
* [[Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Chennai|Government Law College, Chennai]]
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Advocate
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}

'''R. Srinivasa Ayyar''' was an [[Indian politician]] and former member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. He was a resident of [[Pattukkottai]] town in the [[Thanjavur district]]. Ayyar completed his schooling at Pachaiyappa's School in [[Chennai]], his bachelor's degree at Pachaiyappa's College in Chennai, and his bachelor's law degree at the [[Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Chennai|Government Law College, Chennai]]. A leading lawyer, he also published a book on law. A member of the [[Indian National Congress]], he was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] in the [[1957 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1957 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from the [[Pattukkottai Assembly constituency]].<ref>Madras Legislature WHO IS WHO 1957. Madras-9: Legislature Department, Madras. 1957. p. 50.</ref>

==Electoral performance==
{{transcluded section|source=Pattukkottai Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Pattukkottai Assembly constituency|1957}}}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1898 births]]
[[Category:Madras MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

{{TamilNadu-INC-politician-stub}}

C. Lalsawivunga

2026-04-04T03:57:02Z

MartinDietrich8: Stub

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Mizo name|Lalsawivunga}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = C.Lalsawivunga
| honorific_suffix =
| image = C. Lalsawivunga.jpg
| alt = Lalsawivunga
| caption = C. Lalsawivunga in 2025
| office = [[Lalduhoma ministry|Minister of Art and Culture of Mizoram]]
| term_start = 8 December 2023
| term_end =
| governor = [[Kambhampati Hari Babu]] [[V. K. Singh]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Lalduhoma]]
| predecessor = [[R Lalzirliana]]
| successor =
| office1 = [[Lalduhoma ministry|Minister of Local Administration of Mizoram]]
| term_start1 = 8 December 2023
| term_end1 =
| governor1 = [[Kambhampati Hari Babu]] [[V. K. Singh]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Lalduhoma]]
| predecessor1 = [[Zoramthanga]]
| successor1 =
| office2 = [[Lalduhoma ministry|Minister of District Council and Minority Affairs of Mizoram]]
| term_start2 = 8 December 2023
| term_end2 =
| governor2 = [[Kambhampati Hari Babu]] [[V. K. Singh]]
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[Lalduhoma]]
| predecessor2 = [[R Lalzirliana]]
| successor2 =
| office3 = [[Lalduhoma ministry|Minister of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary of Mizoram]]
| term_start3 = 8 December 2023
| term_end3 =
| governor3 = [[Kambhampati Hari Babu]] [[V. K. Singh]]
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[Lalduhoma]]
| predecessor3 = [[Lalrinawma]]
| successor3 =
| office4 = [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Member of the Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start4 = November 2018
| term_end4 =
| predecessor4 = R. Vanlalvena
| successor4 =
| constituency4 = [[Aizawl South 1 Assembly constituency|Aizawl South 1]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|04|18|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| party = [[Zoram People's Movement]] (since 2017)
| other_party =
| spouse = Vanlalliani Sailo
| relations =
| children = 5
| mother =
| father = C. Lalsailova
| relatives =
| education = BA
| alma_mater = [[North-Eastern Hill University]]
| occupation =
| profession =
| known_for =
| salary =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| awards = 
| signature =
}}

'''C.Lalsawivunga''' is an Indian politician from [[Mizoram]], who is currently the Cabinet Minister for Local Administration, District Council & Minority Affairs, Art & Culture, Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Departments for the [[Government of Mizoram]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mizoram ministers list 2023: Full list of ministers and their portfolios in Lalduhoma cabinet |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/mizoram-ministers-list-2023-full-list-of-ministers-and-their-portfolios-in-lalduhoma-cabinet/3333266/ |website=financialexpress.com |access-date=28 December 2023}}</ref>

He was elected to the [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]] for the [[Aizawl South 1 Assembly constituency]] in the 2023 general election as a candidate for the [[Zoram People's Movement]].<ref>{{cite web |title=C. Lalsawivunga |url=https://www.business-standard.com/elections/mizoram-elections/c-lalsawivunga-candidate-31267 |website=business-standard.com |access-date=29 December 2023}}</ref>

==Education==
C.Lalsawivunga completed his Bachelor's from [[North-Eastern Hill University]] in 1992.<ref>{{cite web |title=C. LALSAWIVUNGA |url=https://www.myneta.info/Mizoram2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=35 |website=myneta.info |access-date=29 December 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Council of Ministers of Mizoram|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lalsawivunga, C.}}
[[Category:Politicians from Aizawl]]
[[Category:People from Aizawl district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Mizo people]]
[[Category:Zoram People's Movement politicians]]
[[Category:Mizoram MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:North-Eastern Hill University alumni]]
[[Category:1962 births]]

{{Mizoram-politician-stub}}

Jiteshwor Singh Yumkhaibam

2026-03-29T17:45:51Z

MartinDietrich8:

{{short description|Indian footballer (born 2001)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Western name order|Yumkhaibam Jiteshwor Singh}}
{{Meitei name|Yumkhaibam|Jiteshwor|Singh}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Jiteshwor Singh
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Jiteshwor Singh Yumkhaibam
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2001|12|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Manipur]], India
| height = {{height|m=}}
| currentclub = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| clubnumber = 37
| position = [[Midfielder#Defensive midfielder|Defensive midfielder]]
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = [[Eastern Sporting Union]]
| youthyears2 =
| youthclubs2 = Rising Athletic Union
| years1 = 2019–2022
| clubs1 = [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
| caps1 = 37
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2020
| clubs2 = → [[Bhawanipore FC|Bhawanipore]] (loan)
| caps2 = 3
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2022–
| clubs3 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| caps3 = 44
| goals3 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2023
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]]
| nationalcaps1 = 2
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| club-update = 23:33, 19 February 2026 (UTC)
| ntupdate = 20:33, 12 September 2023 (UTC)
}}

'''Jiteshwor Singh Yumkhaibam''' ({{langx|mni|Yumkhaibam Jiteshwor Singh}}, born 10 December 2001) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[midfielder]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]].

==Club career==
=== NEROCA ===
In July 2019, Jiteshwor joined [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]] ahead of the upcoming [[2019–20 I-League|I-League]] season. On 8 January 2020, he made his professional debut for the club in the 7th matchweek of the [[2019–20 I-League]] campaign against [[TRAU FC|TRAU]], in a 2–1 loss.<ref>{{cite web|title=TRAU 2-1 NEROCA|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2020/01/08/india/i-league/trau/neroca/3183715/|website=Soccerway}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Ritabrata|last=Banerjee|title=TRAU edge out NEROCA FC 2-1 in a closely fought Imphal derby|url=https://www.goal.com/en/match/trau-v-neroca/report/8w46gbqejp4k89alhl00wa3xm|date=8 January 2020|access-date=9 January 2020|website=Goal.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109171436/https://www.goal.com/en/match/trau-v-neroca/report/8w46gbqejp4k89alhl00wa3xm|archive-date=9 January 2020}}</ref> On 11 July 2021, Jiteshwor extended his contract with [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]] for the [[2021–22 I-League|2021–22]] season.<ref>{{cite web|title=Our midfield maestro Jiteshwor Yumkhaibam extends his stay with the Orange Brigade|url=https://twitter.com/NerocaFC/status/1414065911749771265|date=11 July 2021|access-date=18 July 2021|website=@NerocaFC}}</ref>

=== Chennaiyin ===
In June 2022, [[Indian Super League]] club [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]] roped in Jiteshwor on a two-year deal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chennaiyin FC sign Manipuri midfielder Jiteshwor Singh|url=https://chennaiyinfc.com/chennaiyin-fc-sign-manipuri-midfielder-jiteshwor-singh/|date=7 June 2022|access-date=18 June 2022|website=chennaiyinfc.com}}</ref> On 20 August, he made his debut against [[Army Red (football team)|Army Red]] in the [[2022 Durand Cup|Durand Cup]], which ended in a 2–2 draw.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/durand-cup-2022-chennaiyin-fc-vs-army-red-match-report|title=Late drama sees Chennaiyin FC, Army Red split points|website=khelnow.com|date=20 August 2022|access-date=21 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11956|title=Chennaiyin 2 – 2 Army Red|website=the-aiff.com|date=20 August 2022|access-date=20 August 2022}}</ref> On 14 October, he was awarded the Hero of the Match for his performance against [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] in the [[Indian Super League]], which ended in a 1–1 stalemate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/2022-10-indian-football-isl-2022-23-chennaiyin-fc-vs-bengaluru-fc-match-report-highlights|title=10-man Chennaiyin FC hold Bengaluru FC in ISL 2022-23|website=khelnow.com|date=14 October 2022|access-date=19 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2022/10/14/india/indian-super-league/chennai-titans/bengaluru/3949678/|title=Chennaiyin 1 – 1 Bengaluru|website=soccerway|date=14 October 2022|access-date=19 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPcKP0jcxOQ|title=Jiteshwor Singh - Hero of the Match Chennaiyin FC 1-1 Bengaluru FC MW 2, Hero ISL 2022-23|website=youtube.com|date=14 October 2022|access-date=19 October 2022}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
=== Club ===
{{updated|24 February 2023}}<ref>{{soccerway|yumkhaibam-jiteshwor-singh/645274}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
|[[2019–20 I-League|2019–20]]
| rowspan="3" |[[I-League]]
|8||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||8||0
|-
|[[2020–21 I-League|2020–21]]
|12||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||12||0
|-
|[[2021–22 I-League|2021–22]]
|17||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||17||0
|-
! colspan="2" |NEROCA total
!37!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!37!!0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Bhawanipore FC|Bhawanipore]] (loan)
|[[2020 I-League Qualifiers|2020]]
| rowspan="1" |[[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]
|3||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||3||0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|{{nowrap|[[2022–23 Indian Super League|2022–23]]}}
| rowspan="1" |[[Indian Super League]]
|16||0||2{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |–||18||0
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!56!!0!!2!!0!!0!!0!!58!!0
|}
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Jiteshwor}}
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Footballers from Manipur]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:NEROCA FC players]]
[[Category:Bhawanipore Club players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

{{India-footy-midfielder-stub}}

Shiva Ka Insaaf (1985 film)

2026-03-28T18:30:07Z

MartinDietrich8: quick adjusted formatting as per guidelines and corrected details for accuracy

#REDIRECT [[Shiva Ka Insaaf]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

HMIS Rohilkhand

2026-03-25T00:52:54Z

MartinDietrich8: Starting A Details

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=
|image_caption=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=India
|flag={{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
|name=''[[Rohilkhand]]''
|ordered=20 December 1939
|awarded=
|builder=[[William Hamilton and Company]]
|laid_down=29 August 1941
|launched=29 October 1942
|christened=
|acquired=
|commissioned=5 February 1943
|recommissioned=
|decommissioned=1963
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|renamed=
|reclassified=
|refit=
|captured=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|fate=Scrapped 1961
|homeport=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class={{sclass|Bangor|minesweeper}}
|displacement=*{{convert|656|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} standard
*{{convert|820|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} full
|length={{convert|174|ft|m|abbr=on}} [[Length overall|o/a]]
|beam={{convert|28|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}
|draught={{convert|10|ft|3|in|m|abbr=on}}
|depth=
|hold_depth=
|power=*{{convert|2000|ihp|abbr=on|lk=in}}
*2 × [[Admiralty 3-drum boiler]]s
|propulsion=*2 shafts
*2 [[steam turbine]]s
|speed={{convert|16|kn|lk=in}}
|range={{convert|2800|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|10|kn}}
|complement=60
|sensors=
|EW=
|armament=*1 × single [[QF 3 inch 20 cwt|12-pounder {{convert|3|in|mm|adj=on}}]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]
*1 × single [[QF 2-pounder naval gun|QF 2-pounder (4 cm)]] AA gun
|notes=
}}
}}

'''HMIS ''Rohilkhand'' (J180)''' was a {{sclass|Bangor|minesweeper}} built for the [[Royal Navy]], but transferred to the [[Royal Indian Navy]] during the Second World War.

==Design and description==
The ''Bangor'' class was designed as a small minesweeper that could be easily built in large numbers by civilian shipyards; as [[steam turbine]]s were difficult to manufacture, the ships were designed to accept a wide variety of engines. ''Rohilkhand'' displaced {{convert|656|LT|t}} at [[Displacement (ship)|standard]] load and {{convert|820|LT|t}} at [[deep load]]. The ship had an [[length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|174|ft|m|1}}, a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|28|ft|6|in|m|1}} and a [[draft (hull)|draught]] of {{convert|10|ft|3|in|m|1}}.<ref>Lenton, pp. 253–54</ref> The ship's complement consisted of 60 officers and [[naval rating|ratings]].<ref name=c1>Chesneau, p. 64</ref>

She was powered by two [[Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company|Parsons]] geared steam turbines, each driving one shaft, using steam provided by two [[Admiralty three-drum boiler]]s. The engines produced a total of {{convert|2000|shp|lk=in}} and gave a maximum speed of {{convert|16|kn|lk=in}}. ''Rohilkhand'' carried a maximum of {{convert|160|LT|t|0}} of [[fuel oil]] that gave her a range of {{convert|2800|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|10|kn}}.<ref name=l3>Lenton, p. 254</ref>

The turbine-powered ''Bangor''s were armed with a [[QF 3 inch 20 cwt|12-pounder {{convert|3|in|mm|adj=on}}]] [[anti-aircraft gun]] and a single [[QF 2-pounder naval gun|QF 2-pounder (4 cm)]] AA gun. In some ships the 2-pounder was replaced a single or twin [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|20 mm Oerlikon]] AA gun, while most ships were fitted with four additional single Oerlikon mounts over the course of the war.<ref name=l3/> For escort work, her minesweeping gear could be exchanged for around 40 [[depth charge]]s.<ref name=c1/>

==Construction and career==
HMIS ''Rohilkhand'' was ordered from the [[William Hamilton and Company]] originally for the [[Royal Navy]] as HMS ''Padstow'' in 1939. However, before she was launched, she was transferred to the Royal Indian Navy and eventually commissioned as ''Rohilkhand''.<ref name=u-padstow>{{cite web|url=http://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/7984.html |title=HMS Padstow (J 180) of the Royal Navy - British Minesweeper of the Bangor class - Allied Warships of WWII |publisher=uboat.net |access-date=2015-08-25}}</ref> She was a part of the [[Eastern Fleet]], and escorted numerous convoys between [[Africa]], [[British India]] and [[Australia]] in 1943–45.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
*{{Colledge: Ships RN|year=2006}}
*{{cite book|last=Lenton|first=H. T.|author-link=Henry Trevor Lenton|title=British & Empire Warships of the Second World War|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1998|isbn=1-55750-048-7}}

{{Bangor class minesweeper}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rohilkhand (J180)}}
[[Category:Bangor-class minesweepers of the Royal Indian Navy]]
[[Category:1942 ships]]
[[Category:Ships built on the River Clyde]]
[[Category:World War II minesweepers of India]]
[[Category:Rohilkhand]]

Hindi literature

2026-03-22T15:12:14Z

MartinDietrich8: further enhance references for accuracy and fixed typos for accuracy

{{Short description|Literature in the Hindi language}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Hindu literature]], the specific literature of the Hindu religious tradition}}
{{distinguish|Sindhi literature}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More footnotes needed|date=July 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2020}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{History of literature5}}
{{Hindustani_language}}

'''Hindi literature''' ({{Langx|hi|हिन्दी साहित्य|hindī sāhitya}}) includes literature in the various [[Central Indo-Aryan languages]], also known as Hindi, some of which have different [[writing system]]s. Earliest forms of Hindi literature are attested in poetry of [[Apabhraṃśa]] such as [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]. Hindi literature is composed in three broad styles- prose ({{Langx|hi|गद्य|gadya||label=none}}), poetry ({{Langx|hi|पद्य|padya|label=none}}), and [[prosimetrum]] ({{Langx|hi|चंपू|campū|label=none}}).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Narayan Ram Acharya |url=http://archive.org/details/SubhashitaRatnaBhandagara |title=Subhashita Ratna Bhandagara |others=sanskritebooks.org/ |language=Sanskrit}}</ref> Inspired by [[Bengali literature]], [[Bharatendu Harishchandra]] started the modern Hindi literary practices.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-09 |title=Bharatendu Harishchandra, the polyglot genius who shaped modern Hindi literature |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/bharatendu-harishchandra-polyglot-genius-father-of-modern-hindi-literature-2596638-2024-09-09 |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Rai |first=Alok |date=2014 |title=Cultural Translations: Bengal in the Making of Modern Hindi |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24480218 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=49 |issue=18 |pages=25–28 |jstor=24480218 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Chattopadhyay |first=Sudhakar |date=1955 |title=The influence of Bengali on modern Hindi literature part I |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/165357 |journal=University|hdl=10603/165357 }}</ref> In terms of historical development, it is broadly classified into five prominent forms (genres) based on the date of production.{{Cn|date=December 2024}} They are:
* Ādi Kāl /Vīr-Gāthā Kāl ({{Langx|hi|आदि काल/वीरगाथा काल|label=none}}), prior to & including 14th century CE
* [[Bhakti]] Kāl ({{Langx|hi|भक्ति काल|label=none}}), 14th–18th century CE
* Rīti Kāl /Śṛṅgār Kāl (रीति काल/ शृंगार काल), 18th–20th century CE
* Ādhunik Kāl ({{Langx|hi|आधुनिक काल|4=modern literature|label=none}}), from 1850 CE onwards
* Navyottar Kāl ({{Langx|hi|नव्योत्तर काल|4=post-modern literature}}), from 1980 CE onwards

The literature was produced in languages and dialects such as [[Khariboli dialect|Khariboli]], [[Braj Bhasha|Braj]], [[Bundeli language|Bundeli]], Awadhi, [[Kannauji language|Kannauji]], as well as [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://languages.iloveindia.com/hindi.html|title=Hindi Language, Hindi Language Of India, Hindi Official Language Of India, Hindi Boli, Devnagri, Mother Tongue Of India, History Of Hindi Literature.|website=languages.iloveindia.com}}</ref> From the 20th century, works produced in [[Modern Standard Hindi]], a [[Register (sociolinguistics)|register]] of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] written in the [[Devanagari script]], are sometimes regarded as the only basis of modern literature in Hindi (excluding [[Urdu literature]] of Hindustani language).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abhivyakti-hindi.org/snibandh/hindi_diwas/samvidhan_me_hindi.htm|title=संविधान में हिंदी- डॉ लक्ष्मीमल्ल सिंघवी का आलेख|website=www.abhivyakti-hindi.org}}</ref>

== History ==
{{History of literature by region or country}}

=== Adi Kal or Vir-Gatha kal (c. 1050 to 1375) ===
Literature of ''Adi kal'' ({{Circa|before the 15th century CE}}) was developed in the regions of [[Kannauj]], [[Delhi]], and [[Ajmer]] stretching up to central India.<ref>[http://charm.cs.uiuc.edu/~bhatele/hindi/hindi_intro.htm Introduction to Hindi] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601014029/http://charm.cs.uiuc.edu/~bhatele/hindi/hindi_intro.htm |date=1 June 2012}} [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]]</ref> ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]'', an epic poem written by [[Chand Bardai]] (1149 – {{Circa|1200}}), is considered one of the first works in the Braj Bhasha literature. Chand Bardai was a court poet of [[Prithviraj Chauhan]], the famous ruler of [[Delhi]] and [[Ajmer]] during the invasion of [[Muhammad of Ghor]].

[[Jayachandra]], the last ruler of Kannauj gave more patronage to [[Sanskrit]] rather than local dialects. Harsha, the author of ''Naishdhiya Charitra'', was his court poet. Jagnayak (sometimes Jagnik), the royal poet in [[Mahoba]], and Nalha, the royal poet in [[Ajmer]], were the other prominent literary figures in this period. However, after Prithviraj Chauhan's defeat in the [[Second Battle of Tarain]], most literary works belonging to this period were destroyed by the army of [[Muhammad of Ghor]]. Very few scriptures and manuscripts from this period are available and their genuineness is also doubted.

Some [[Siddha]] and Nathpanthi poetical works belonging to this period are also found, but their genuineness is doubted. The Siddhas belonged to the [[Vajrayana]], a later [[Buddhist|Buddhist sect]]. Some scholars argue that the language of Siddha poetry is not an earlier form of Hindi, but [[Magadhi]] [[Prakrit]]. Nathpanthis were [[yoga|yogis]] who practised the [[Hatha yoga]]. Some [[Jainism|Jain]] and ''Rasau'' (heroic poets) poetry works are also available from this period.

In the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] region in South India, [[Dakkhini]] or Hindvi was used. It flourished under the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and later under the [[Nizam]]s of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]]. It was written in the [[Persian language|Persian]] script. Nevertheless, the Hindvi literature can be considered proto-Hindi literature. Many Dakkhini experts like Sheikh Ashraf or Mulla Vajahi used the word ''Hindvi'' to describe this dialect. Others such as Roustami, Nishati etc. preferred to call it Dakkhini. Shah Buharnuddin Janam Bijapuri used to call it Hindi. The first Dakkhini author was Khwaja Bandanawaz Gesudaraz Muhammad Hasan. He wrote three prose works – Mirazul Aashkini, Hidayatnama and Risala Sehwara. His grandson Abdulla Hussaini wrote ''Nishatul Ishq''. The first Dakkhini poet was Nizami.

During the later part of this period and early Bhakti Kala, many saint poets like [[Ramanand]] and [[Gorakhnath]] became famous. The earliest form of Hindi can also be seen in some of [[Vidyapati]]'s [[Maithili language#Literature|Maithili]] works.

=== Bhakti kaal (c. 1375 to 1700) ===
The medieval Hindi literature is marked by the influence of [[Bhakti]] movement and composition of long and epic poems.

Awadhi and Braj Bhasha were two of the language in which literature was developed. The main works in Awadhi are [[Malik Muhammad Jayasi]]'s ''[[Padmavat]]'' and [[Tulsidas]]'s ''[[Ramacharitamanas]]''. The major works in Braj dialect are [[Tulsidas]]'s ''[[Vinaya Patrika]]'' and [[Surdas]]'s ''Sur Sagar''. [[Sadhukaddi]] was also a language commonly used, especially by [[Kabir]] in his poetry and dohas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.crl.edu/focus/Spr05litGems.asp?issID=3|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925005457/http://www.crl.edu/focus/Spr05litGems.asp?issID=3|url-status=dead|title=Mystic poet Kabir|archivedate=25 September 2006}}</ref>

The Bhakti period also marked a great theoretical development in poetry forms chiefly from a mixture of older forms of poetry. These included Verse Patterns like ''Sortha'', ''Chaupaya'' (four-liners) etc. This was also the age when Poetry was characterised under the various [[Rasa (aesthetics)|Rasas]]. Unlike the Adi Kaal (also called the Vir Gatha Kaal) which was characterised by an overdose of Poetry in the ''Vir Rasa'' (Heroic Poetry), the Bhakti Yug marked a much more diverse and vibrant form of poetry which spanned the whole gamut of [[rasas]] from ''Shringara rasa'' (love), ''Vir Rasa'' (Heroism).

Bhakti poetry had two schools – the ''Nirguna'' school (the believers of a formless God or an abstract name) and the ''Saguna'' school (the believers of a God with attributes and worshippers of Vishnu's incarnations). [[Kabir]] and [[Guru Nanak]] belong to the Nirguna school, and their philosophy was greatly influenced by the [[Advaita Vedanta]] philosophy of [[Adi Sankaracharya]]. They believed in the concept of Nirgun Nirakaar Brahma or the Shapeless Formless One. The [[Saguna brahman|Saguna]] school was represented by mainly [[Vaishnava]] poets like [[Surdas]], [[Tulsidas]] and others and was a logical extension of the Dvaita and Vishishta Advaita Philosophy propounded by the likes of Madhavacharya etc. This school was chiefly [[Vaishnava]] in orientation as in seen in the main compositions like ''[[Ramacharitamanas]]'', ''Sur Saravali'', ''Sur Sagar'' extolling [[Rama]] and [[Krishna]].

This was also the age of tremendous integration between the Hindu and the Islamic elements in the arts with the advent of many Muslim Bhakti poets such as [[Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana]], a minister to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]] and also a great devotee of Krishna. The Nirgun School of Bhakti Poetry was also tremendously secular in nature and its proponents, including [[Kabir]] and [[Guru Nanak]], had a large number of followers, irrespective of caste or religion.

=== Ritikavya kal (c. 1700 to 1900) ===
In the ''Ritikavya'' or ''Ritismagra Kavya'' period, the erotic element became predominant in the [[Hindi]] literature. This era is called Riti (meaning 'procedure') because it was the age when poetic figures and theory were developed to the fullest. But this emphasis on poetry theory greatly reduced the emotional aspects of poetry—the main characteristic of the Bhakti movement—and the actual content of the poetry became less important. The Saguna School of the Bhakti Yug split into two schools (Rama bhakti and Krishna bhakti) somewhere in the interregnum of the Bhakti and the Reeti Eras. Although most Reeti works were outwardly related to [[Krishna]] [[Bhakti]], their emphasis had changed from total devotion to the supreme being to the
[[Shringar]] or erotic aspects of Krishna's life—his Leela, his pranks with the Gopis in [[Braj]], and the description of the physical beauty of [[Krishna]] and [[Radha]],(Krishna's Consort). The poetry of [[Bihari (poet)|Bihari]], and [[Ghananand]] fit this bill. The best known book from this age is the [[Satasai|''Satsai'']] of [[Bihari Lal]], a collection of Dohas (couplets), dealing with ''[[Bhakti]]'' (devotion), ''Neeti'' (Moral policies) and ''Shringar'' (love).

The first Hindi books, using the [[Devanagari|Devanagari script]] or [[Nāgarī script]] were [[Heera Lal]]'s treatise on [[Ain-i-Akbari]], called Ain e Akbari ki Bhasha Vachanika, and Rewa Maharaja's treatise on Kabir. Both books were published in 1795.{{Cn|date=December 2024}} Munshi [[Lallu Lal]]'s Hindi translation of Sanskrit [[Hitopadesha]] was published in 1809. Lala Srinivas Das published a novel, ''[[Pariksha Guru]]'', in the [[Nāgarī script]] in 1882.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/756753/your-article-on-hindi-chauvinism-had-factual-inaccuracies|title='Your article on Hindi chauvinism had factual inaccuracies'|website=Scroll.in|date=25 September 2015 }}</ref> Shardha Ram Phillauri wrote a Hindi novel ''[[Bhagyawati]]'' which was published in 1888.<ref name="The Tribune, Chandigarh, India 2005">{{cite web |date=17 March 2005 |title=Hindi novel's first cradle |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050317/aplus.htm#1 |access-date=20 July 2018 |website=The Tribune}}</ref>

[[Chandrakanta (novel)|Chandrakanta]], written by [[Devaki Nandan Khatri]] in 1888, is considered the first authentic work of prose in modern Hindi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/756105/stop-outraging-over-marathi-hindi-and-english-chauvinism-is-much-worse-in-india|title=Stop outraging over Marathi – Hindi and English chauvinism is much worse in India|first=Shoaib|last=Daniyal|website=Scroll.in|date=18 September 2015 }}</ref> The person who brought realism in the Hindi prose literature was [[Munshi Premchand]], who is considered the most revered figure in the world of Hindi fiction and progressive movement.

=== Adhunik kal (c. 1900 onwards) ===
In 1800, the [[British East India Company]] established [[Fort William College]] at [[Calcutta]]. The college president, [[John Gilchrist (linguist)|John Gilchrist]], hired professors to write books in Hindustani. Some of these books were ''Prem Sagar'' by [[Lallu Lal]], ''Naasiketopaakhyan'' by Sadal Mishra, ''Sukhsagar'' by Sadasukhlal of Delhi and ''Rani Ketaki Ki Kahani'' by Munshi Inshallah Khan.{{Cn|date=December 2024}}

[[File:Surya chariot.jpg|right|200px|thumb|A depiction of [[Surya]] in an 1884 book, ''Indrajalakala'' (The Art of Magic); Jwala Prakash Press, [[Meerut]] ]]

Modern [[Hindi]] literature has been heavily influenced by [[Bengali literature]] and the [[Bengal Renaissance]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> The person who brought realism in the Hindi prose literature was [[Premchand]], who is considered the most revered figure in the world of Hindi fiction and progressive movement. Before Premchand, the Hindi literature revolved around fairy or magical tales, entertaining stories and religious themes. Premchand's novels have been translated into many other languages.



====Dwivedi Yug====
The ''Dwivedi Yug'' ("Age of Dwivedi") in Hindi literature lasted from 1900 to 1918. It is named after [[Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi]], who played a major role in establishing the modern Hindi language in poetry and broadening the acceptable subjects of the Hindi poetry from the traditional ones of religion and romantic love. He encouraged poetry in Hindi dedicated to nationalism and social reform.<ref name=lmnph>Lucy (aka "Ludmila") Rosenstein, editor, translator, author of the [https://books.google.com/books?id=yt2ROIhYfC4C "Introduction"], ''New Poetry in Hindi: Nayi Kavita: An Introduction'', Anthem Press, 2004, {{ISBN|978-1-84331-125-6}}</ref>

Dwivedi became the editor of ''[[Saraswati (magazine)|Saraswati]]'' in 1903, the first Hindi monthly magazine of India, which was established in 1900.<ref name=pib>{{cite web | title = Education will lay the foundation of India's future, says President | url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102161 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]], President's Secretariat |date=25 December 2013|access-date = 2014-09-19}}</ref> He used it to crusade for reforms in the Hindi literature. One of the most prominent poems of the period was [[Maithili Sharan Gupt]]'s ''Bharat-bharati'', which evokes the past glory of India. Shridhar Prathak's ''Bharatgit'' is another renowned poem of the period.<ref name=lmnph/>

Some scholars have labelled much of the poetry of this period as "versified propaganda". According to Lucy Rosenstein: "It is verse of public statement; its language is functional but aesthetically unappealing. Earnestly concerned with social issues and moral values, it is puritanical poetry in which aesthetic considerations are secondary. Imagination, originality, poetic sensibility and expression are wanting, the metre is restrictive, the idiom clumsy." She adds, however, that the period was important for laying the foundations to the modern Hindi poetry and that it did reflect sensitivity to social issues of the time. However, she also adds that the inelegance is a typical feature of a "young" poetry, as she considers Modern Hindi.<ref name=lmnph/>

Without a poetic tradition in modern Hindi, poets often modeled their forms on Braj, and later on Sanskrit, Urdu, Bengali and English forms, often ill-suited to Hindi. The subjects of the poems tended to be communal rather than personal. Characters were often presented not as individuals but as social types.<ref name=lmnph/>

====Chhayavaadi Yug====
In the 20th century, Hindi literature saw a romantic upsurge. This is known as [[Chhayavad]], a type of neo-Romanticism, and the literary figures belonging to this school are known as Chhayavadi. [[Jaishankar Prasad]], [[Suryakant Tripathi|Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala']], [[Mahadevi Varma]], and [[Sumitranandan Pant]], are the four major Chhayavadi poets. Poet [[Ramdhari Singh Dinkar]] was another great poet with some Chhayavadi element in his poetry although he wrote in other genres as well.{{Cn|date=December 2024}}

This period of [[Neo-romanticism]], represents the adolescence of Hindi Poetry. It is marked by beauty of expression and flow of intense emotion. The four representative poets of this era represent the best in Hindi Poetry. A unique feature of this period is the emotional (and sometimes active) attachment of poets with national freedom struggle, their effort to understand and imbibe the vast spirit of a magnificent ancient culture and their towering genius which grossly overshadowed all the literary 'talked abouts' of next seven decades.

Other important genres of ''Adhunik Sahitya'' (Modernism) are: Prayogvad (Experimentalism) of [[Sachchidananda Hirananda Vatsyayan 'Ajneya'|Ajneya]] and the ''[[Tar Saptak]]'' poets, also known as ''Nayi Kavita'' (New Poetry) and ''Nayi Kahani'' (New Story) of [[Nirmal Verma]] and others; followed by Pragativad (Progressivism) of [[Gajanan Madhav Muktibodh]] and other authors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://geocities.com/indian_poets/hindi.html|title=Indian Poets I Bio-Notes on Hindi Poets I|date=26 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026144551/http://geocities.com/indian_poets/hindi.html |archive-date=26 October 2009 }}</ref>

====Nakenwad====
Among the numerous schools of poetry which sprang up in the 1950s was ''Nakenwad'', a school deriving its nomenclature from the first letters of the names of its three pioneers – [[Nalin Vilochan Sharma]], Kesari Kumar, and [[Naresh Mehta]], all poets of note in their own right.<ref name="Lal 1992 820">{{cite book
| first = Mohan
| last = Lal
| title = Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature
| publisher = [[Sahitya Akademi]]
| year = 1992
| pages = 820
| isbn = 978-81-260-1221-3
}}</ref> Apart from being poets, Vilochan and Kumar were also brilliant critics, with a wide perspective on literary history.<ref name="Lal 1992 820"/> Their critical attitude is marked by a synthesis or coordination of various disciplines of human knowledge – philosophy, history, art and culture, all pressed into the service of literary appraisal and analysis.<ref name="Lal 1992 820"/>

==Genres of Hindi literature==

===Poetry===
Hindi has a rich legacy of poetry. There are several genres of poetry based on [[Rasa (aesthetics)|Ras]], [[Chhand]] and [[Alankāra|Alankar]] (e.g., Shringar, Karun, Veer, [[Hāsya]], etc.).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geeta-kavita.com/hindi_sahitya.asp?id=328|title=Mera Kharapan Shesh Hai|access-date=2 October 2016|archive-date=30 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930084121/http://www.geeta-kavita.com/hindi_sahitya.asp?id=328|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Hasya Kavita'' is humorous comic poetry in Hindi. It is particularly famous due to Hindi [[Kavi sammelan]]s and TV shows.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-25 |title=SHORT ON LAUGHS |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_CREST&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TCRM/2011/12/03&ID=Ar00301 |access-date=2025-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125064925/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_CREST&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TCRM/2011/12/03&ID=Ar00301 |archive-date=25 January 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-09-15 |title=A grand revival of hasya-kavita |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/a-grand-revival-of-hasya-kavita/articleshow/16395232.cms |access-date=2025-01-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=kavisammelan |date=2024-05-07 |title=Modernization of Hasya Kavi Sammelans |url=https://kavisammelankavi.com/hasya-kavi-shambhu-shikhar/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Kavi Sammelan- Hasya Kavi Sammelan Organizer, Kavi Sammelan Organizers in India |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Bal kavita]] is children's rhymes in Hindi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baal Kavita Sankalan :: बाल कविताएँ |url=http://kavitakosh.org/sankalan/baalkavita/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=kavitakosh.org |language=en-US}}</ref>

Many attempts have been made to document Hindi poetry. Some of the most comprehensive online collections for Hindi poetry include ''Kavitakosh''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kavitakosh.org/kk/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0|title=Kavita Kosh|website=kavitakosh.org}}</ref> and ''Kavita''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geeta Kavita - Collection of Hindi Poems and Articles |url=https://www.geeta-kavita.com/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Hindi Kavita project, initiated by Manish Gupta in 2014, has contributed to the promotion and popularization of Hindi poetry through various platforms.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pal |first=Sanchari |date=2016-09-14 |title=Meet the NRI Who Returned To India To Make Millions Fall in Love with Hindi Poetry |url=https://thebetterindia.com/68222/manish-gupta-youtube-hindi-poetry/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Murthy |first=Neeraja |date=2017-08-07 |title=Manish Gupta on his YouTube channel Hindi Studio |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/manish-gupta-on-his-youtube-channel-hindi-studio/article19444656.ece |access-date=2025-01-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Hindi Kavita has also made significant contributions to Indian film music. Several famous musical masterpieces have been witnessed.

===Vyangya (Hindi satire)===
The rhetoric of satire is called [[Vyangya]] in Hindi. Vyangya writings includes the essence of sarcasm and humour. Some of the better known writers in this genre are, [[Harishankar Parsai]] (Hindi: हरिशंकर परसाई) (22 August 1924 – 1995) was a Hindi writer. He was a noted satirist and humorist of modern Hindi literature and is known for his simple and direct style., [[Sri Lal Sukla]], [[Suryakumar Pandey]] etc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.amarujala.com/news/samachar/reflections/vyang/satire-on-election/|title = चुनावी चौपाल पर 'पाल' चिंतन}}</ref>

===Hindi travel literature===
[[Rahul Sankrityayan]], [[Bhadant Anand Kausalyayan]], [[Sachchidananda Hirananda Vatsyayan 'Ajneya']] and [[Baba Nagarjun]] were some of the great Indian writers who dedicated themselves entirely to the Hindi [[Travel Literature]] (''Yatra Vritanta''). [[Rahul Sankrityayan]] was one of the greatest travelled scholars of India, spending forty-five years of his life on travels away from his home. He is known as the (''"Father of Hindi [[Travel literature]]"''). [[Baba Nagarjun]] was a major Hindi and Maithili poet who has also penned a number of novels, short stories, literary biographies and travelogues, and was known as ("''Janakavi- the People's Poet''").

===Hindi playwriting===
The pioneer of [[Hindi theatre]] as well as playwrighting, [[Bhartendu Harishchandra]] wrote ''Satya Harishchandra'' (1875), ''Bharat Durdasha'' (1876) and ''Andher Nagari'' (1878), in the late 19th century, [[Jaishankar Prasad]] became the next big figure in Hindi playwriting with plays like ''Skanda Gupta'' (1928), ''Chandragupta'' (1931) and ''Dhruvswamini'' (1933).<ref>[[#Dm|Dimitrova, p. 15]]</ref><ref>[[#Da|Datta, p. 1075]]</ref>

As the Independence struggle was gathering steam playwrights broaching issues of nationalism and subversive ideas against the British, yet to dodge censorship they adapted themes from mythology, history and legend and used them as vehicle for political messages, a trend that continues to date, though now it was employed to bring out social, personal and psychological issues rather than clearly political, though street theatre broke this trend in coming decades in post-independence era, like IPTA-inspired, Naya Theatre of [[Habib Tanvir]] did in the 1950s–90s, [[Jana Natya Manch]] of [[Safdar Hashmi]] did in the 1970s–80s. Post-independence the emerging republic threw up new issues for playwrights to tackle and express, and Hindi playwriting showed greater brevity and symbolism, but it was not as prolific as in case with Hindi poetry or fiction.<ref>[[#Na|Nagendra, p. 661]]</ref> Yet we have playwrights like [[Jagdish Chandra Mathur]] (''Konark'') and [[Upendranath Ashk]] (''Anjo Didi''), who displayed a steadily evolving understanding of stagecraft. These were followed another generation of pioneers in Hindi playwrighting, [[Mohan Rakesh]], who started with ''[[Ashadh Ka Ek Din]]'' (1958), ''Adhe Adhure'' and ''Lehron Ke Rajhans'', [[Dharamvir Bharati]], who wrote ''[[Andha Yug]]'', and other playwrights like [[Surendra Verma]], and [[Bhisham Sahni]].

===Hindi essay-writing===
[[Kuber Nath Rai]] is one of the writers who dedicated themselves entirely to the form of essay-writing.<ref name="Datta 1988 914">{{cite book
| first = Amaresh Dattal
| last = Datta
| title = Encyclopaedia of Indian literature vol. 2
| publisher = [[Sahitya Akademi]]
| year = 1988
| page = 914
| isbn = 978-81-260-1194-0
}}</ref> His collections of essays ''Gandha Madan'', ''Priya neel-kanti'', ''Ras Aakhetak'', ''Vishad Yog'', ''Nishad Bansuri'', ''Parna mukut'' have enormously enriched the form of essay.<ref name="Datta 1988 914"/>
A scholar of [[Indian culture]] and [[western literature]], he was proud of Indian heritage.<ref name="Datta 1988 914"/> His love for natural beauty and Indian [[Oral tradition|folk literatures]] and preference for agricultural society over the age of machines, his romantic outlook, aesthetic sensibility, his keen eye on contemporary reality and classical style place him very high among contemporary essayists in [[Hindi]].<ref name="Datta 1988 914"/>

==Prominent figures==
{{Main|List of Hindi authors}}
{{Main|List of Hindi language poets}}





* [[Chand Bardai]] (1148–1191), author of ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]''.
* [[Amir Khusro]] (1253–1325 AD), author of {{transliteration|hi|pahelis}} and {{transliteration|hi|mukris}} in the Hindavi dialect.
* [[Kabir]] (1398–1518), a major figure of the [[bhakti]] (devotional) movement.
* [[Surdas]] (1467–1583), author of ''Sahitya Lahari'', ''Sur Saravali'', ''Sur Sagar'' etc.
* [[Malik Muhammad Jayasi]] (1477–1542), author of the ''[[Padmavat]]'' (1540) etc.
* [[Mirabai]] (1504–1560), author of ''Mira Padavali'' etc.
* [[Tulsidas]] (1532–1623), author of ''[[Ramacharitamanas]]'', ''Vinay Patrika'' etc.
* [[Keshavdas]] (1555–1617), author of ''Rasikpriya'' etc.
* [[Raskhan]] (1548–1628), a major figure of the [[bhakti]] (devotional) movement.
* [[Banarasidas]] (1586–1643) who is known for his poetic autobiography - ''Ardhakathānaka'', (The Half Story).<ref>Ardhakathanaka: Half a Tale by Mukund Lath (Translator), Rupa & Co, 2005</ref>
* [[Bihari (poet)|Bihari]] (1595–1664) became famous by writing ''[[Satasai]]'' (Seven Hundred Verses).
* [[Kavi Bhushan|Bhushan]] (1612–1713), author of ''Shivabavani'', ''Chhatrasal Dashak'' etc.
* [[Vrind]] (1643–1723), author of ''Nitisatsai'', ''Vrind Satsai'' etc.
* [[Guru Gobind Singh]] (1669–1708), author of ''Bichitra Natak'' etc.
* [[Sūdan]] (1700–1753), author of ''Sujān Charitra'' etc.
* [[Lallu Lal]] (1763–1835), translator of ''[[Baital Pachisi]]'', ''[[Shakuntala (play)|Shakuntala]]'' etc., and author of ''Prem Sagar'', etc.
* [[Ganga Das]] (1823–1913), author of about fifty kavya-granthas and thousands of padas, he is known as Bhismpitama of the Hindi poetry.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.panchjanya.com/8-4-2001/18c.html |title=1-8-1999 |access-date=8 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107093120/http://www.panchjanya.com/8-4-2001/18c.html |archive-date=7 November 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Bharatendu Harishchandra]] (1850–1885), author of ''Andher Nagari'' etc.; his works are compiled in ''Bharatendu Granthavali''.
* [[Devaki Nandan Khatri]] (1861–1913), author of mystery novels like ''[[Chandrakanta (novel)|Chandrakanta]]'', ''Bhootnath'', etc.
* [[Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi]] (1864–1938), author of ''Kavya Manjusha'', ''Sugandh'', ''Sahitya Sandarbh'', ''Sahitya Vichar'', etc.
* [[Munshi Premchand]] (1880–1936), considered one of the greatest Hindi novelists of all time. His novels include ''[[Godaan]]'', ''[[Karmabhoomi]]'', ''[[Gaban (novel)|Gaban]]'', ''[[Mansarovar]]'', ''[[Idgah (short story)|Idgah]]'', etc.
* [[Maithili Sharan Gupt]] (1886–1964), author of ''Saket'', ''Yashodhara'', etc.
* [[Jaishankar Prasad]] (1889–1937), poet, novelist, playwright, stalwart of the literary ''[[Chhayavaad]]i'' movement. His greatest works are ''[[Kamayani]]'', ''Dhruvswamini'', ''Skandagupta'', etc.
* [[Makhanlal Chaturvedi]] (1889–1968), first recipient of [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in Hindi for his work ''Him Taringini'', works include ''Yug Charan'', ''Pushp Ki Abhilasha'', etc.
* [[Rahul Sankrityayan]] (1893–1962), the father of Indian travelled literature.
* [[Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala']] (1896–1961), one of the "four pillars" of the ''Chhayavaad'' movement.
* [[Sumitranandan Pant]], (1900–1977) eminent Hindi poet who wrote mainly on nature.
* [[Yashpal]] (1903–1976), author of ''[[Jhutha Sach (novel)|Jhutha Sach]]'', ''[[Meri Teri Uski Baat]]'', etc.
* [[Jainendra Kumar]] (1905–1988), An extremely influential figure in 20th-century Hindi literature.
* [[Hazariprasad Dwivedi]] (1907–1979), novelist, literary historian.
* [[Mahadevi Varma]] (1907–1987), one of the "four pillars" of the ''Chhayavaad'' movement.
* [[Ramdhari Singh Dinkar]] (1908–1974), hailed as a Rashtrakavi.
* [[Nagarjun]] (1911–1998), hailed as Janakavi (The People's Poet).
* [[Bhisham Sahni]] (1915–2003), novelist, playwright, author of ''[[Tamas (novel)|Tamas]]'', [[Madhavi (play)|Madhavi]], etc.
* [[Nalin Vilochan Sharma]] (1916–1961), one of the pioneers of ''Nakenwad'' movement.
* [[Phanishwar Nath 'Renu']] (1921–1977), novelist best known for ''[[Maila Anchal]]'', ''[[Juloos]]'', etc.
* [[Harishankar Parsai]] (1922–1995), known for satirical works.
* [[Naresh Mehta]] (1922–2000), poet, playwright, one of the pioneers of ''Nakenwad'' movement.
* [[Mohan Rakesh]] (1925–1972), novelist, playwright known for ''[[Ashadh Ka Ek Din]]'', ''Andhere Band Kamre'', ''Na Aane Wala Kal'', etc.
* [[Dharmavir Bharati]] (1926–1997), a renowned writer, author of ''[[Gunahon Ka Devta (novel)|Gunaho Ka Devta]]'', ''[[Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda]]'', etc.
* [[Raghuvir Sahay]] (1929–1990) was a versatile Hindi poet, translator, short-story writer and journalist.
* [[Nirmal Verma]] (1929–2005), one of the founders of the ''Nai Kahani'' literary movement.
* [[Kamleshwar (writer)|Kamleshwar]] (1932–2007), author of ''[[Kitne Pakistan]]''.
* [[Dushyant Kumar]] (1933–1975), prominent Hindi poet and composer of ghazals.
* [[Kashinath Singh]] (1937–) author of ''Rehan Par Ragghu'', ''[[Kashi Ka Assi]]'', etc.
* [[Narendra Kohli]] (1940–2021), known for reinventing the ancient form of epic writing in modern prose.
* [[Geetanjali Shree]] (1957–), author of ''[[Tomb of Sand]]'' which won the International Booker Prize in 2022
* [[Kunwar Ranjeet Chauhan]] (1984–), prominent Hindi/Urdu poet and founder of Jashn-e-Adab Sahityotsava.

=== Hindi journalists ===

* [[Bharatendu Harishchandra]]

* [[Madan Mohan Malaviya]]
* [[Dharamvir Bharati]]

== See also ==
{{Portal|Literature}}
* [[Mahatma Gandhi Antarrashtriya Hindi Vishwavidyalaya]], an [[Central University (India)|Indian central university]] with a literary focus
* [[Hindustani orthography]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |title=Indian Literature|author=Dr. Nagendra |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|year=1988|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dqGojPpe8DIC&q=%22Hindi+drama%22+-inpublisher%3Aicon&pg=PA661 |ref=Na}}
* {{cite book |title=Western tradition and naturalistic Hindi theatre|author=Diana Dimitrova |publisher=Peter Lang|year=2004|isbn=0-8204-6822-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FA9qAKpUtTIC&q=Hindi+theatre |ref=Dm }}
* {{cite book |title=The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume Two) (Devraj To Jyoti), Volume 2|author=Amaresh Datta|publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=2006|isbn=81-260-1194-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&q=%22Hindi+drama%22+-inpublisher%3Aicon&pg=PA1075 |ref=Da }}

==Further reading==
* ''Hindi Literature'', by Ram Awadh Dwivedi. Published by Hindi Pracharak Pustakalaya, 1953.
* ''A History of Hindi literature'', by K. B. Jindal. Published by Kitab Mahal, 1955.
* ''Hindi Literature from Its Beginnings to the Nineteenth Century'', by Ronald Stuart McGregor. Published by Harrassowitz, 1984. {{ISBN|3-447-02413-5}}.
* ''Hindi Literature of the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries'', by Ronald Stuart McGregor. Published by Harrassowitz, 1974. {{ISBN|3-447-01607-8}}.
* ''A New Voice for New Times: The Development of Modern Hindi Literature'', by Ronald Stuart McGregor. Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National University, 1981. {{ISBN|0-909879-13-3}}.
* ''An Encyclopaedia of World Hindi Literature'', by Ganga Ram Garg. Published by Concept Pub. Co., 1986.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{EB1911 poster|Hindōstānī Literature}}
* [http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/hindiint.html Hindi Language and Literature]

{{Hindi topics}}
{{Urdu topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindi]]
[[Category:Indian literature]]
[[Category:Hindi-language literature]]
[[Category:Literature by language]]
[[Category:Indian literature by language]]

A. B. M. Ruhul Amin Howlader

2026-03-16T18:23:42Z

MartinDietrich8:

{{short description|Bangladeshi politician and Member of Parliament}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{similar names|Ruhul Amin (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = A. B. M. Ruhul Amin Howlader
| native_name = এ বি এম রুহুল আমিন হাওলাদার
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = A.B.M. Ruhul Amin Howlader.jpg
| caption = Howlader in 2012
| office = [[Member of Parliament]]
| term_start = 10 January 2024
| term_end = 6 August 2024
| predecessor = [[Shahjahan Mia]]
| term_start1 = 5 January 2014
| term_end1 = 7 January 2019
| predecessor1 = Shahjahan Mia
| constituency1 = [[Patuakhali-1]]
| term_start2 = 6 January 2009
| term_end2 = 5 January 2014
| predecessor2 = [[Abul Hossain Khan]]
| successor2 = [[Nasreen Jahan Ratna]]
| constituency2 = [[Barisal-6]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1953|03|02|df=y}}
| party = [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|Jatiya Party]]
| spouse = [[Nasreen Jahan Ratna]]
}}
'''A. B. M. Ruhul Amin Howlader''' (born 2 March 1953)<ref name=mp>{{Cite web |title=Constituency 111_10th_En |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/en/mps/members-of-parliament/former-mp-s/list-of-10th-parliament-members-english?layout=edit&id=2342 |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=Bangladesh Parliament |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827055450/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/en/mps/members-of-parliament/former-mp-s/list-of-10th-parliament-members-english?layout=edit&id=2342 |archive-date=27 August 2023}}</ref> was a [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|Jatiya Party]] politician and a former [[Jatiya Sangsad]] member representing the [[Patuakhali-1]] constituency. Earlier he was an MP from the [[Barisal-6]] constituency. Since 2020 to 2025 he had served as co-chairman of the Jatiya Party. In 7 July 2025 he was expelled from the party due to breaking the party rules.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jatiya Party presents three-point proposal to president on EC formation |url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/national/jatiya-party-presents-three-point-proposal-to-president-on-ec-formation-1640007217 |access-date=2022-08-11 |work=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Howlader was born on 2 March 1953. He has a B.A. degree.<ref name=mp/>

==Career==
Howlader was appointed the general secretary of Jatiya Party in 2001. He was elected to parliament in 2008 from Barisal-6 as a Jatiya Party candidate. On 10 April 2013, he was removed from the post of general secretary following a power struggle in the party.<ref name="b24">{{cite news |title=Jatiya Party replaces Secretary General Howlader with Ranga |url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/jatiya-party-replaces-secretary-general-howlader-with-ranga |access-date=29 December 2018 |work=bdnews24.com |date=3 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref> He again was elected to parliament in 2014 from Patuakhali-1.<ref>{{cite web |title=A.B.M Ruhul Amin Howlader -এ, বি, এম, রুহুল আমিন হাওলাদার History |url=https://www.amarmp.com/mp/392/history |website=Amarmp |access-date=29 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref> On 19 January 2016, he was reinstated to the post of secretary general.<ref name="b24" />

Howlader served as the secretary general of Jatiya Party till 3 December 2018 when he was replaced by [[Mashiur Rahaman Ranga]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ranga replaces Howlader as Jatiya Party secretary general |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/politics/2018/12/03/ranga-replaces-howlader-as-jatiya-party-secretary-general |access-date=29 December 2018 |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=3 December 2018}}</ref> [[Bangladesh Election Commission]] declared his candidacy from Patuakhali-1 for the 2018 Bangladesh general election void because he defaulted on a loan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Application of Jatiya Party's Ruhul Amin Howlader rejected over loan defaults |url=https://bdnews24.com/11thparliamentaryelection/application-of-jatiya-partys-ruhul-amin-howlader-rejected-over-loan-defaults |access-date=29 December 2018 |work=bdnews24.com |date=2 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ruhul Amin Howlader files writ against EC's decision |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/court/2018/12/09/ruhul-amin-howlader-files-writ-against-ec-s-decision |access-date=29 December 2018 |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=9 December 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Howlader, A.B.M. Ruhul Amin}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Jatiya Party (Ershad) politicians]]
[[Category:10th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:9th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:People from Dumki Upazila]]
[[Category:Politicians from Patuakhali District]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:12th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:People from Bakerganj Upazila]]
[[Category:2nd Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:3rd Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:4th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Politicians from Barisal District]]

Santhosh Varma

2026-03-16T00:03:36Z

MartinDietrich8: new

{{short description|Indian lyricist and writer}}
{{Sources exist|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Santhosh Varma
| occupation = {{hlist|Lyricist|screenwriter}}
| years_active = 2004–present
}}

'''Santhosh Varma''' is an Indian lyricist and writer who primarily works in the Malayalam film industry. He has written lyrics for films such as ''[[Drishyam]]'', [[Big B (film)|''Big B'']], ''[[Salt N' Pepper]]'', and [[Njandukalude Nattil Oridavela|''Njandukalude Naattil Oridavela'']].

== Career ==
Varma began composing content for [[All India Radio]] (Akashvani) on the Hindi Yuvavani program and writing songs for television serials.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}} Though his debut film project was *Freedom* by [[Thampi Kannanthanam]], his first released song appeared in Alex Paul’s [[Chathikkatha Chanthu]] (2004).{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}} In addition to his work as a lyricist, Santosh Varma made a cameo appearance in the 2015 film [[Su Su Sudhi Vathmeekam]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Santhosh Varma acts in Su Su Sudhi Vathmeekam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/santhosh-varma-acts-in-su-su-sudhi-vathmeekam/articleshow/48729722.cms |website=Times of India |access-date=30 July 2025}}</ref>

== Creative process ==
Varma is noted for a tune-first approach to songwriting, wherein the lyrics are written after the musical composition is complete.<ref>{{cite web |title=Most of my songs were written after listening to the tune |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/most-of-my-songs-were-written-after-listening-to-the-tune-santosh-varma/articleshow/37172932.cms |website=TOI |access-date=29 July 2025}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{BLP sources section|date=August 2025}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title (Film) !! Song
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004 || rowspan="2" | ''[[Chathikkatha Chanthu]]'' || Love Love Love Letter – F
|-
| Love Love Love Letter – M
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Pandippada]]''|| Ponkanav Minukkum
|-
| 2006 || [[Oruvan (2006 film)|''Oruvan'']] || Theepori Kannilunde
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007 || ''[[Inspector Garud]]'' || Kantharippenne Kantharippenne
|-
| [[Big B (film)|''Big B'']] || Vida parayukayano
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2009 || rowspan="2" | [[Daddy Cool (2009 Malayalam film)|''Daddy Cool'']] || Daddy My Daddy
|-
| Samba Salsa Samba Salsa
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Duplicate (2009 film)|''Duplicate'']] || Kazhikan rasamulla kalyanam
|-
| Nurayunnoru surayane
|-
| [[Sagar Alias Jacky Reloaded|''Sagar Alias Jacky'']] || Osama
|-
| rowspan="13" | 2010 || ''24 Hours''|| Twenty Four (Theme)
|-
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Apoorvaragam]]''|| Aathira raakkuttilil
|-
| Maanathe meenaaril
|-
| Noolillapattangal
|-
| [[Cocktail (2010 film)|''Cocktail'']] || Vennilavinum ivide
|-
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Chaverpada]]''|| Onnaam kunnathe
|-
| Ormakale mayaruthe
|-
| Ormakale mayaruthe (Female)
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Best Actor (film)|''Best Actor'']] || Swapnamoru chaak
|-
| Kanal malayude
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Best of Luck (2010 film)|''Best of Luck'']] || Aakaashathe Malli
|-
| Chinnakuzhal Oothikkuyil
|-
| [[Holidays (2010 film)|''Holidays'']] || Holidays
|-
| rowspan="21" | 2011 || rowspan="2" | [[Oru Marubhoomikkadha|''Oru Marubhoomi Kadha'']] || Manassu Mayakki Aale Kudukkana
|-
| Gopabalan Nishthamee
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Ithu Nammude Katha]]'' || Vellarikka
|-
| Olakkili Kuzhaloothi
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Uppukandam Brothers: Back in Action|''Uppukandam Brothers Back in Action'']] || Ishtam Ninnishtam
|-
| Thilakkam Vecha
|-
| Sharoneen Geetham
|-
| [[China Town (2011 film)|''China Town'']] || Innu Penninnu
|-
| rowspan="5" | ''[[Janapriyan]]''|| Le Le Thoo Sara
|-
| Erivenal Povukayaayi
|-
| Pookaithe Nin
|-
| Doore Kizhakke Maanam Chemme Chuvakkum Neram
|-
| Nanmakaalerum Naadunar
|-
| [[Mohabbath (2011 film)|''Mohabbath'']] || Chantham Thikannoru Pennival
|-
| [[Violin (2011 film)|''Violin'']] || Ente Mohangellam
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Seniors (film)|''Seniors'']] || Neram Thettippoyaalo
|-
| Aaraamam Nirannje
|-
| Ithiri Chakkara
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Sevenes|''Sevens'']] || Kaalamonnu Kaalal
|-
| Orey Kina Malarodam
|-
| [[Salt & Pepper (film)|''Salt & Pepper'']] || Kaanamullaal Ulnirum
|-
| rowspan="32" | 2012 || ''[[Achante Aanmakkal]]'' || Velli Veyilum
|-
| [[Asuravithu (2012 film)|''Asuravithu'']] || Kodungattaayi
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Orkut Oru Ormakoot|''Orkut Oru Ormakkoottu'']] || Mazhavill Thoni
|-
| Ambadi Thannilor Ammayundangane
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Cobra (2012 film)|''Cobra (Co Brothers)'']] || Paattu Paattu Paattu
|-
| Ente Nenchinullil
|-
| ''[[Jawan of Vellimala]]'' || Ozhuki Njaan
|-
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Doctor Innocentanu]]'' || Vighnesha Janani
|-
| Sneham Pookkum Theeram
|-
| Sundara Keralam Namalkku
|-
| ''[[Thappana]]''|| Oorum Perum
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[The Hitlist|''The Hit List'']] || "Kathakalum Ezhuthi"
|-
| "Maanathe Vellikkinnathil"
|-
| [[Padmasree Bharat Dr. Saroj Kumar|''Padmashree Bharat Dr. Saroj Kumar'']] || Iniyoru Chalanam Chalanam
|-
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Perinoru Makan]]'' || Koovalappoo
|-
| Othiri Othiri
|-
| Nanmayaayi (M)
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Face to Face (2012 Malayalam film)|''Face 2 Face'']] || Kanal Njaan
|-
| Chik Chik Chirakil
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Manthrikan|''Maantrikan'']] || Aalolam Thedunna
|-
| Swarnnatherileeri
|-
| Mukundante Vesham
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Mr. Marumakan]]'' || Anganamaare
|-
| Nee Pedamaanin
|-
| rowspan="4" | ''[[My Boss]]'' || Kuttanadan Punchanile
|-
| Sooryane Kaithodan
|-
| Unaretti Nee
|-
| Freedom Ka Sonayi
|-
| ''[[Vaadhyar]]''|| Kunnolam
|-
| [[Shikari (2012 film)|''Shikari'']] || Karimukile
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Cinema Company]]'' || Sony Lagdi
|-
| Palavazhi Ozhukiya
|-
| rowspan="40" | 2013 || rowspan="4" | ''[[Proprietors: Kammath & Kammath]]'' || Ninte Pinnale Nadannathil
|-
| Saada Dosa Kall Dosa
|-
| Koyambathoor Naattile
|-
| Kaattadi Kaattadi Neeyaanen
|-
| rowspan="3" | ''[[72 Model]]'' || Kuyilinte Paattu Ketto
|-
| Veyilpraave Nee Parannetho
|-
| Taxi Car Taxi Car
|-
| ''[[Isaac Newton S/O Philipose]]'' || Padavaalum Parichayum
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Climax (2013 film)|''Climax'']] || Mayangaan Kazhiyilla
|-
| Thaamarappookaikalaal
|-
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Drishyam]]''|| Nizhale Nizhale
|-
| Maarivil Kuda Neerthum
|-
| Nizhale Nizhale Evide
|-
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Neram]]''|| Njaan Uyarnnu Pokum
|-
| Vaathil Melle Thurannoru
|-
| Thakathakathakachuvadatithaalamod
|-
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Pattam Pole]]'' || Mazhaye Thoomazhaye
|-
| Hey Vennila Pooppeeliniytti
|-
| Kannil Kannilonnu Nokki
|-
| [[Pigman (film)|''Pigman'']] || Kulirormmakal Than Poombuzhayil
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Punyalan Agarbattis|''Punyalan Agarbathis'']] || Aashichavan Aakashaththonnoraane Kittiye
|-
| Poorangadey Poormulloru Naadu
|-
| [[Buddy (2013 film)|''Buddy'']] || Nee En Mizhikalil
|-
| ''Blackberry''|| Oru Cherumalarinu Maathram
|-
| ''Blackberry''|| Neelakannulla Maane
|-
| ''Blackberry''|| Avani Ponpulari
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Zachariayude Garbhinikal]]'' || Aakasham Vannallo
|-
| Ee Khalbitha Swapnathin
|-
| [[Money Back Policy (film)|''Maniback Policy'']] || Panathinu Mele
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Maad Dad|''Mad Dad'']] || Manathe Vellithinkal
|-
| Jamjamjam Jaambavante Kaalam
|-
| Ammathinkal Painkili
|-
| Oru Naalum Piriyathe
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Red Wine (2013 film)|''Red Wine'']] || Ilam Veyil Thalodave
|-
| Neelakasha Kaividum
|-
| ''Radio Jockey''|| Paattukondoru Then Puzha
|-
| ''Radio Jockey''|| Thamarappoomazhakalam
|-
| [[SIM (film)|''SIM'']]|| Kaanan Njanennum
|-
| ''SIM''|| Poovala Poovala
|-
| [[Housefull (2013 film)|''Housefull'']] || Kalyanamaane Kalamozhi Mainaykku
|-
| rowspan="28" | 2014 || rowspan="2" | [[1983 (film)|''1983'']] || Thalavettam Kaanumpol
|-
| Nenjile Nenjile
|-
| ''[[Njangalude Veettile Athidhikal]]'' || Mazhavil Thundupole
|-
| ''Day Night Game''|| Thaanaro Thanna Thannanaaraaro
|-
| rowspan="4" | ''[[Bangalore Days]]'' || Thumbippenne
|-
| Pachakkilikkoru Koodu (Mangalyam)
|-
| Kannum Chimmi Kannum Chimmi
|-
| Ente Kannil Ninakkaayorukkiya
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Bhaiyya Bhaiyya|''Bhayya Bhayya'']] || Veyil Poyaal
|-
| Bhayya Bhayya
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Manglish (film)|''Manglish'']] || English Manglish
|-
| Saayippe Salaam
|-
| Ulla Ulla Ulla
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Manja (film)|''Manja'']] || Urulunnu Shakadam
|-
| Pattam Nokki Paanju
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Law Point]]'' || Evideyo Evideyo
|-
| Oru Mozhi Mintaathe Pranayam
|-
| ''[[Vikramadithyan]]''|| Mazhanila Kulirumaayi
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Vellimoonga]]''|| Vellaaram Kannulla Vellimoonga
|-
| Maavelykku Sesham
|-
| [[Varsham (2014 film)|''Varsham'']] || Karimukilukal Chiraku Kudayum
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Samsaaram Aarogyathinu Haanikaram]]'' || Thammiloru Vaakku Mintaathe
|-
| Ullinnullile Puzhamele
|-
| [[Salalah Mobiles|''Salala Mobiles'']] || Ee Mohabathin
|-
| [[Happy Journey (2014 Malayalam film)|''Happy Journey'']] || Maiyya More Maiyya More
|-
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Homely Meals]]'' || Velicham Virinju
|-
| Karaviruthin Kala
|-
| Parannu Puthiya Lokangal
|-
| rowspan="36" | 2015 || ''[[100 Days of Love]]'' || Manjiloode Vannu
|-
| [[32aam Adhyayam 23aam Vaakyam|''32am Adhyayam 23am Vaakyam'']] || Thaazhe Veenunuvo
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[KL 10 Patthu|''KL10 Pathu'']] || Enthaanu Khalbe
|-
| Duniyaavin Maithaanath
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Acha Dhin|''Achaa Din'']] || Kizhakkinte Ullam
|-
| Naattiloode Kaliyaadi
|-
| [[Amar Akbar Anthony (2015 film)|''Amar Akbar Anthony'']] || Manjaatum Maamala
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Chandrettan Evideya]]'' || Vasanthamallike
|-
| Kinnaavin Kilikal
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)|''Charlie'']] || Sundari Penne
|-
| Chithirathira
|-
| [[Jalebi (film)|''Jalebi'']] || Cycle Vannu Belladichu
|-
| rowspan="4" | ''[[Jo and the Boy]]'' || Do Do Doo
|-
| Aadi Varam
|-
| Pinchomal Nenchil
|-
| Ponveyil Veezhave
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[John Honai]]'' || Manikyam Pole
|-
| Onnum Parayille
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Nirnayakam|''Nirnaayakam'']] || Minnaminunge
|-
| Venpakal Kili
|-
| Ilaveyil Chirakumaayi
|-
| ''[[Nellikka]]''|| Swapnachirakil Onnaayi
|-
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Madhura Naranga]]'' || Ee Koottile
|-
| O Thirayukaayano
|-
| Oru Naal Ini
|-
| ''[[Mariyam Mukku]]'' || Kavilappil Othavara Mizhi
|-
| [[Rajamma @ Yahoo|''Rajamma@Yahoo'']] || Meghamani Kudayude Thazhe
|-
| rowspan="5" | ''[[Life of Josutty]]'' || Kettu Njaan
|-
| Mele Mele (D)
|-
| Kettu Njaan (D)
|-
| Kaalame
|-
| Mele Mele ..
|-
| [[Vishwasam Athallae Ellaam|''Vishwasam Athalle Ellaam'']] || Vishwasam Athalle
|-
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Su Su Sudhi Vathmeekam]]'' || Raavinte Vaathmeekathil
|-
| Ente Janalarikilinn
|-
| Kaayaampoo Niramaayi
|-
| rowspan="14" | 2016 || rowspan="2" | ''[[Action Hero Biju]]'' || Pookkal Panineer
|-
| Oonjalilaadi Vanna
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Ithu Thaanda Police|''Ith Thanda Police'']]|| Othe Othe Othe
|-
| Vayya Vayya Vayya
|-
| ''[[Oozham]]''|| Ee Yaathrayil
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Kattappanayile Rithwik Roshan]]'' || Minnaminnikku
|-
| Parudaya Mariyame
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Pa Va|''Pa.Va'']]|| Podimeesha
|-
| Kalyanam Kalyanam
|-
| ''[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]'' || Cherupunchiriyinnale
|-
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Welcome to Central Jail]]'' || Bye Bye Bye
|-
| Enthaanen Manassile
|-
| Sundari...
|-
| ''[[Swarna Kaduva]]'' || Mailanchimedu Vaazhum
|-
| rowspan="35" | 2017 || ''Ayal Jeevichirippundu''||Aaro Ee Yathra
|-
| ''[[Adam Joan]]'' || Arikil Inni Njan
|-
| rowspan="4" | ''[[Udaharanam Sujatha]]'' || Unarukayaano
|-
| Pennale Pennaale
|-
| Nee njangade
|-
| Kanakku
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Aby (film)|''Abby'']] || Puthan Sooryan
|-
| Laisa Ailesa
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Oru Cinemakkaran]]'' || Kannake Mazhavillu
|-
| Angotto Ingotto
|-
| ''Kadam Katha''|| Palamaathiri
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Njandukalude Nattil Oridavela]]'' || Enthavo
|-
| Nanavere
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Punyalan Private Limited]]'' || Poorangalude
|-
| Naalu Kombulla
|-
| [[Pullikkaran Staraa|''Pullikaran Staraa'']] || Ttap Ttap
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Paippin Chuvattile Pranayam|''Paipin Chuvattile Pranayam'']] || Kayalirambile
|-
| Aarini Aarini
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Masterpiece (2017 film)|''Masterpiece'']] || Dhinam Dhinam
|-
| Wakeup Wakeup
|-
| ''Melle''|| Punchappaadathe
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Ramante Edanthottam|''Ramante Eden Thottam'']] || Kavitha Ezuthunnu
|-
| Maavila Kudil
|-
| Akaleyoru
|-
| [[Lakshyam (2017 film)|''Lakshyam'']] || Kaatu Vannuvo
|-
| ''Vishwavikhyaatharaaya Payyanmaar''|| Thaa Theyyam
|-
| [[Velipadinte Pusthakam|''Velipaadinte Pusthakam'']] || Kadalum Karayum Pol
|-
| ''[[Varnyathil Aashanka]]'' || Kalladhi Kallan
|-
| [[Sakhavu (2017 film)|''Sakhavu'']] || Udichuyarnne
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Honey Bee 2: Celebrations|''Honey Bee 2 Celebrations'']] || Nummade Kochi
|-
| Kinnaavano
|-
| Jillam Jillam Jillala
|-
| Ormakal
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''Hello Dubaikkaran''|| Oru Neram Kandillenkil
|-
| Jeelay Thu
|-
| rowspan="33" | 2018 || ''369''|| Irulalla Than
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Aadhi]]''|| Piriyum Naam
|-
| Sooryane
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Orayiram Kinakkalal|''Oru Ayiram Kinakkalal'']] || Ellam Okke
|-
| Aaha
|-
| Oru Ayiram Pon
|-
| rowspan="8" | ''[[Njan Marykutty]]'' || Doore Doore
|-
| Penninullil
|-
| Ennullil
|-
| Kaana Kadalassilaaro
|-
| Cherupulliyuduppitta
|-
| Uyaran Padaran
|-
| Thirakalethire Vannaalum
|-
| Oru Kochu Kumbilanennakilum
|-
| rowspan="4" | ''[[Theetta Rappai]]'' || Kummatti Koottavum
|-
| Doore Maññuvo
|-
| Thrissurkare
|-
| Doore Maññuvo
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Daivame Kaithozham K. Kumar Akanam|''Daivame Kaithozham K. Kumarakanam'']] || Kalyanam Swapnathil
|-
| Daivame Kaithozham
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Neerali]]''|| Kadannam
|-
| Kannaane Kannalaane
|-
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Panchavarnathatha]]''|| Varika Rasikaa
|-
| Panchavarnathatha
|-
| Pokaayaay
|-
| rowspan="4" | ''[[Rosapoo]]''|| Munniloru Swargam
|-
| Rosapoo
|-
| Kocchiloru
|-
| Padinjattodiyal
|-
| rowspan="4" | ''[[Shikkari Shambhu]]'' || Thaaram
|-
| Kaana Chempakappoo
|-
| Mazha
|-
| Tharathathara Moolana
|-
| rowspan="40" | 2019 || ''[[Under World]]'' || Arike Naam
|-
| ''Aadyarathri''|| Njanennum Kinaavu Kandoorente
|-
| ''Aadyarathri''|| Maayanagaram
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Ittymaani: Made in China|''Ittimani Made in China'']] || Bomma Bomma
|-
| Kunjade Ninte Manassil
|-
| Kando Kando Innolam
|-
| Give Me Money
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Ilayaraja (film)|''Ilayaraja'']] || Kappalandi
|-
| Cheru Cheru
|-
| rowspan="3" | ''Oru Kattil... Oru Paykappal''|| Neelakkayal
|-
| Kaayal Olam
|-
| Onnam Aanikk
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Oru Yamandan Premakadha]]'' || Vandippin Maalore
|-
| Muttathe Kombile Pennu
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Ganagandharvan]]''|| Aalu Kolum
|-
| Unth Paattu
|-
| rowspan="3" | ''Chila NewGen Nattuvisheshangal''|| Aval Ente Kannaayi Marendaval
|-
| Naranayi Janichathu Moolam
|-
| Surangana Sumavadana
|-
| rowspan="4" | ''[[Jimmy Ee Veedinte Aishwaryam]]''|| Super Sundaran
|-
| Uttamarayavar
|-
| Title Gaanam - Dubai
|-
| Kannale Kanmaniye
|-
| [[Driving Licence (film)|''Driving Licence'']]|| Njaan Thedum Thaaram
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''Thenkashikatte''|| Aarum Kaanathe
|-
| Thenikkaate
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''Poozhikkadakan''|| Poozhikkadakan
|-
| Mazha Vannu
|-
| [[Fancy Dress (2019 film)|''Fancy Dress'']]|| Aattam Maarattam
|-
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Mera Naam Shaji]]''|| Marhaba
|-
| Manasukkulle Enthenne
|-
| Manasukkulle Enthenne Manasukkulle
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[My Santa (film)|''My Santa'']]|| O Bul Bul Bulama
|-
| ''Velli Panji''
|-
| Velli Panji Kottittu
|-
| ''[[Love Action Drama]]''|| Aalolam
|-
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Vikruthi]]''|| Kaanumpol Kaanumpol
|-
| Chillayile Thoomanjil
|-
| Ividoru Chankil
|-
| ''[[Happy Sardar]]''|| Shaadi Mein Aana
|-
| rowspan="10" | 2020 || ''Thallumpidi''|| Ottakkirunnalen Manassil
|-
| [[Big Brother (2020 film)|''Big Brother'']]|| Kalamaanodishtam Koodaan
|-
| rowspan="8" | [[Varane Avashyamund|''Varane Avashyamundu'']]|| Kuttikkurumba
|-
| Muthunne Kannukalil Chennai Ponpulari
|-
| Muthunne Kannukalil
|-
| Mathi Kanna Ullathu Chollaan
|-
| Nee Vaa En Arumugha
|-
| Aadyamorilam Thalodalaayi
|-
| Mullappoove Ninne Polum
|-
| Muthunne Kannukalil
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2021 || ''Ice Orathi''|| Pularikal Sandhyakal
|-
| ''[[Kunjeldho]]''|| Manassu Nannakette
|-
| ''Chiri''|| Paadaan Thonnum Paadum Naadanpaattu
|-
| ''Black Coffee''|| Poyi Maranja
|-
| rowspan="20" | 2022 || [[Aanaparambile World Cup|''Aanapparambile World Cup'']]|| Aazhi Neeraazhi
|-
| ''Ikkaka''|| Anthivaanin Mukharam Chonnathu
|-
| rowspan="4" | ''[[Kaduva]]''|| Paalvarnnakuthiramel
|-
| Paalvarnnakuthiramel
|-
| Paalaappalli Thiruppalli
|-
| Kudamattam Palliyude Kurishinmel
|-
| ''[[Kaapa]]''|| Thiru Thiru Thiruvananthapurath
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''Kochal''|| Illa Mazha Chaatin Kulir
|-
| Naaladi Mathiyeda
|-
| ''[[Palthu Janwar]]''|| Pinchu Paithal
|-
| ''Four''|| Poli Poli Poli Poove
|-
| rowspan="5" | ''[[Malikappuram]]''|| Kaliyuga
|-
| Ganapathi Thunayaruluka
|-
| Ambadi Thumbi
|-
| Onnaam Padi Mele
|-
| Kaliyuga
|-
| rowspan="3" | ''Vaamanan''|| Aakaashappoo Choodum Mettil
|-
| Sooryanakkale
|-
| Idanenchil
|-
| ''Haya''|| Koode Ozhukivaa Kaate
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2023 || ''Antony''|| Jonikutty Jaymese
|-
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Kallanum Bhagavathiyum]]''|| Nanmayulla Naadu
|-
| Marakkilla Njaanente
|-
| Kaalithozhuthil (Carol Gaanam)
|-
| ''Jinn''|| O Manuja Povuka Nee
|-
| 2024 || ''Chithini''|| Shailanandini
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2025 || rowspan="2" | [[Pariwar (film)]]|| Enthaannennariyilla
|-
| Aakaasham Ariyaathe
|-
| ''[[Pralayashesham Oru Jalakanyaka]]'' || Onnadichaal
|}

== Awards ==
* [[South Indian International Movie Awards]](SIIMA) 2017– Best Lyricist, Malayalam for "Pookkal Panineer" ([[Action Hero Biju]])<ref>{{cite web |title=SIIMA awards: Here's the winners list from Malayalam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/siima-awards-heres-the-winners-list-from-malayalam/articleshow/59409434.cms |website=Times of India |date=2 July 2017 |access-date=30 July 2025}}</ref>
* [[Asianet Film Awards |Asianet Film Awards 2017]] – Best Lyricist, Malayalam for "Pookkal Panineer" ([[Action Hero Biju]]) {{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}
* [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South 2018]] – Nominee: Best Lyricist, Malayalam for "Akale Oru Kadinte" [[Ramante Edanthottam|(Ramante Edenthottam)]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Best Lyrics Nominee |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2018/malayalam/nominations/best-lyrics/santhosh-varma |website=Filmfare |access-date=30 July 2025}}</ref>

Although he has not received the Kerala State Film Award, Varma stated in a 2014 interview with The Times of India that he had no regrets about it.<ref>{{cite web |title=I have no regrets about not winning State award: Santosh Varma |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/i-have-no-regrets-about-not-winning-state-award-santosh-varma/articleshow/37378846.cms |website=Times of India |access-date=30 July 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Thavarina Thottilu

2026-03-03T22:08:27Z

MartinDietrich8: improve lead and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Thavarina Thottilu
|image = Thavarina Thottilu.jpg
|caption = VCD cover
|director = [[S. Narayan]]
|producer = Bhagyavathi
|writer = Ajay Kumar
|narrator =
|starring = [[Ramkumar]] [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]] [[Charan Raj]] [[Doddanna]]
|music = [[Rajesh Ramanath]]
|cinematography = R. Giri
|editing = P. R. Soundar Raj
|studio = Shanthala Pictures
|released = {{Film date|1996|03|29|df=y}}
|runtime = 163 minutes
|country = India
|language = Kannada
|budget =
}}

'''''Thavarina Thottilu''''' ({{Translation|The cradle of home}}) is a 1996 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[drama film]] directed by [[S. Narayan]] and written by Ajay Kumar. The film cast includes [[Ramkumar]], [[Charan Raj]] and [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]]. The film was produced by Narayan's home production while the original score and soundtrack were composed by [[Rajesh Ramanath]]. The film was remade in Tamil as ''[[Annan Thangachi]]'' directed by actor Charanraj who reprised his role along with Shruti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2020 |title=70 Tamil actors you didn't know were directors too |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2020/Jun/16/70-tamil-actors-you-didnt-know-were-directors-too-1064.html |access-date=4 September 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309085759/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2020/Jun/16/70-tamil-actors-you-didnt-know-were-directors-too-1064.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Ramkumar]] as Bhaskara
* [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]] as Saraswathi
* [[Charan Raj]] as Bettappa
* Kavana as Yashoda
* [[Srinivasa Murthy]] as Bettappa and Saraswathi's father
* [[Padma Vasanthi]] as Bettappa and Saraswathi's mother
* [[Doddanna]] as Thimmayya, Bhaskara's father
* B. Jayamma as Parvathi, Bhaskara's mother
* Ashalatha as Yashoda's mother
* [[Rajanand]] as Javarappa
* Dr Suresh Sharma as Pachchalingayya aka Pachchai
* Gowtham
* Baby Mamasa
* Baby Pooja
* Ma Rakesh
* Ma Ankith

== Production ==
The film was shot in Karighatta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/karighatta-needs-to-be-developed-for-better-tourism-potential-shruthi/articleshow/79546979.cms|title=Karighatta needs to be developed for better tourism potential: Shruti|work=[[The Times of India]]|first=Vinay|last=Lokesh|date=4 December 2020|access-date=4 September 2025}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music of the film was composed by [[Rajesh Ramanath]] and lyrics written by [[S. Narayan]].

{{Infobox album
| name = Thavarina Thottilu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Rajesh Ramanath]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|1996|}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Jhankar Music
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = O Kusumave
| lyrics1 = [[S. Narayan]]
| extra1 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Arishina Kuttiravva
| lyrics2 = S. Narayan
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Gururaj Hoskote
| length2 =
| title3 = Malenadina Minchina Balli
| lyrics3 = S. Narayan
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| length3 =
| title4 = O Bombeye Dalimbeye
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| lyrics4 = S. Narayan
| length4 =
| title5 = Brahma Bareda Haaleyalli
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| lyrics5 = S. Narayan
| length5 =
| title6 = Baaradu Barabaaradu
| extra6 = Gururaj Hoskote
| lyrics6 = S. Narayan
| length6 =
}}

== Reception ==
The film ran for a hundred days and [[Dr. Rajkumar]] felicitated the event.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/actress-shruti-krishna-shares-old-pic-of-dr-rajkumar-honouring-her-for-thavarina-thottilu-8909064.html|title=ActressShruti Krishna Shares Old Pic Of Dr Rajkumar Honouring Her For Thavarina Thottilu|date=30 May 2024|work=[[News18]]|access-date=4 September 2025}}</ref> ''South First'' listed this film amongst the five best films of Shruti.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/sandalwood-celebrates-birthdays-of-late-dr-vishnuvardhan-upendra-and-shruthi/|title=Sandalwood celebrates birthdays of three star actors — Late Dr Vishnuvardhan, Upendra, and Shruthi|date=18 September 2023|work=South First|access-date=4 September 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{S. Narayan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thavarina Thottilu}}
[[Category:1996 films]]
[[Category:1996 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1996 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. Narayan]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:1996 drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rajesh Ramanath]]

{{1990s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Veeraputhran

2026-03-03T20:50:48Z

MartinDietrich8: adjusted layout also and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Veeraputhran
| image = Veeraputhran.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[P. T. Kunju Muhammed]]
| producer = Siddique Mankara
| story = [[N. P. Mohammed]]
| screenplay =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Narain (actor)|Narain]] [[Raima Sen]]
| music = [[Ramesh Narayan]]
| cinematography = M. J. Radhakrishnan
| editing =
| studio = ITL Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2011|10|14|ref1=<ref>[https://archive.today/20120713111054/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/9169/veera-puthran.html Oneindia] </ref>|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Veeraputhran''''' ({{langx|en|"Brave Son"}}) is a 2011 [[Malayalam film|Malayalam]] [[historical film]] directed by [[P. T. Kunju Muhammed]] based on the story written by [[N. P. Mohammed]], which is based on the life of Indian freedom fighter and anti-Colonial activist [[Mohammed Abdul Rahiman]] (1898 – 1945). The film focuses on the anti-Colonial movements in present-day [[Kerala]] during [[British Raj]]. The film has [[Narain (actor)|Narain]] as Mohammed Abdul Rahiman and [[Raima Sen]] as Rahiman's wife Kunhi Beevathu.<ref>Aabha Anoop. (13 May 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110530185855/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2011/05/13/stories/2011051351120100.htm "Sen and sensibility"]. ''The Hindu''. Retrieved 20 May 2011.</ref> The cast also includes [[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Kalabhavan Mani]], [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]], [[Devan (actor)|Devan]], Valsala Menon, and [[Sajitha Madathil]].

==Plot==
The film is about the eventful history of [[Malabar District|Malabar]] during [[Indian independence movement|India's independence struggle]]. The film primarily focusses on the life of [[Mohammed Abdul Rahiman]], a freedom fighter and [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] leader, known for leading the [[Khilafat Movement]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHVuAAAAMAAJ |title = M.P. Narayana Menon: A forgotten pioneer, Malabar 1920-1947|last1 = Menon|first1 = M. P. S.|year = 1992}}</ref> It covers the period in Malabar history starting with the arrival of Abdul Rahiman in Kerala at the age of 23, after discontinuing his education in [[Aligarh Muslim University|Aligarh]], up to his demise in 1945. The story travels through Rahiman Sahib's desperate failure in the election of 1934, the thrilling win that reclaims his position in the election of 1937, and the departure of his soulmate, whose wardrobe he carries with him as an un-detachable remembrance.

==Cast==
*[[Narain (actor)|Narain]] as [[Mohammed Abdul Rahiman]]
*[[R. Sarathkumar]] as Vimal Menon <ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/71620.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001210146/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/71620.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=1 October 2011 | title=Malayalam Cinema News | Malayalam Movie Reviews | Malayalam Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Malayalam}}</ref>
*[[Raima Sen]] as Kunhi Bee
*[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as [[E. Moidu Moulavi|Moithu moulavi]]
*[[Kalabhavan Mani]] as Ummerkutty
*[[Vinay Forrt]]
*[[Nishanth Sagar]] as League Leader
*[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] as Hassan Koya
*[[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as Advocate Krishnankutty
*[[Valsala Menon]]
*[[Sajitha Madathil]]
*[[S. P. Sreekumar]] as Kerala Gandhi [[K. Kelappan|K. Kelappaji]]
*[[Shanavas]] as [[K. P. Kesava Menon]]
*Sharran Puthumana as Manjeri Sundarayyar
*[[Jijoy Rajagopal]] as Research Scholar

==Production==
When asked why did he make a film on Rahiman Sahib, the director said, "Mohammed Abdu Rahman Sahib has the kind of persona that can be approached by an artist. I thought that even in the current scenario, the politics of those days is significant. I also wanted to remind viewers about the struggles of those times."<ref name="Rediff interview">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-p-t-kunhi-mohammed/20111019.htm |title="'Veeraputhran has created history in Malayalam films'" |access-date=8 November 2011 |archive-date=5 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105012502/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-p-t-kunhi-mohammed/20111019.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

The shooting of ''Veeraputhran'' started at Kamakkantakam Tharavad at Parappil in [[Kozhikode]] on 9 May 2011.<ref name="Filming">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121109103944/http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/10/stories/2011051055391200.htm "Malabar's role in freedom struggle to be captured on celluloid"]. ''The Hindu''. 10 May 2011. Retrieved 16 May 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/kochi/remembering-lost-age-togetherness-921 "Remembering the lost age of togetherness"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518115923/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/kochi/remembering-lost-age-togetherness-921 |date=18 May 2011 }}. ''Deccan Chronicle''. 16 May 2011. Retrieved 16 May 2011.</ref>

Leading actors as well as newcomers play the 150-odd characters of the film. [[Narain (actor)|Narain]] plays [[Mohammed Abdul Rahiman]] and [[Hindi]] actor [[Raima Sen]] makes her Malayalam debut with the role of Kunhi Beevathu, Abdul Rahman's wife. [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]] was originally cast to play the role of Abdul Rahiman but since he could not allot bulk dates for the film, he was replaced by Narain.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120708000011/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/top-stories/2011/narain-replace-prithviraj-veera-puthran-150411-aid0062.html "Narain replaces Prithviraj in ''Veeraputhran''?"]. [[Oneindia.in|Oneindia]]. 15 April 2011. Retrieved 16 May 2011.</ref> The director says, "Yes, I had matched pictures of him with Mohammed Abdu Rahman Sahib and I waited for him for a while. When it wasn't happening, Narain was cast instead. I believe that Prithviraj did not lose anything by not doing my film and I didn't lose anything either by not casting him."<ref name="Rediff interview"/> About his preparations, Narain says, "Although there is a lot of literature about Abdul Rahman, there are practically no visuals. I had to create the character, based on the memories of a very old person who had interacted with him."<ref>[https://archive.today/20120715045224/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-05/news-interviews/30363753_1_abdul-rahman-sahib-narain-freedom-fighter "'Veeraputhran has been an emotional journey'"]</ref> The cast also includes [[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Kalabhavan Mani]], [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]], [[Devan (actor)|Devan]], Valsala Menon, and [[Sajitha Madathil]].<ref name="Filming"/>

==Music==
The film's music was composed by [[Ramesh Narayan]]
{{track listing
| headline = ''Veeraputhran'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=4306|title=Veeraputhran (2011)|access-date=26 November 2019|archive-date=12 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812190133/http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=4306|url-status=live}}</ref>
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title1 = Innee Kadalin
| lyrics1 = [[Rafeeq Ahammed]]
| music1 = [[Ramesh Narayan]]
| extra1 = [[Yesudas]] [[Manjari (Indian singer)|Manjari]]
| title2 = Kannodu Kannoram
| lyrics2 = Rafeeq Ahammed
| music2 = Ramesh Narayan
| extra2 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| title3 = Kannodu Kannoram (Unplugged)
| lyrics3 = Rafeeq Ahammed
| music3 = Ramesh Narayan
| extra3 = Shreya Ghoshal
| title4 = Kanni Vellakkaarupole
| lyrics4 = [[Edassery Govindan Nair]]
| music4 = Ramesh Narayan
| extra4 = [[Yesudas]]
| title5 = Thudare Maddalavum
| lyrics5 = [[Moyinkutty Vaidyar]]
| music5 = Ramesh Narayan
| extra5 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| title6 = Varika Varika
| lyrics6 = [[Amsi Narayanapilla]]
| music6 = Ramesh Narayan
| extra6 = [[M. G. Sreekumar]]
| title7 = Varoo Varoo
| lyrics7 =
| music7 = Ramesh Narayan
| extra7 = Ramesh Narayan
}}

==Controversies==
''Veeraputhran'' was accused of giving indications that Mohammed Abdul Rahiman was poisoned to death while official history states that he had a natural death. Writer Hameed Chennamangalur, from whose ancestral family house Rahman Sahib had his last dinner and later collapsed at a nearby market, said the insinuation in the film that his food was poisoned "not only distorts history but defames my ancestors." Asked about the row, director P. T. Kunju Muhammed told that he had not tried to distort history in the movie. "History is not a monopoly of anyone and there can be different interpretations. I have conducted an investigation in my own style by eliciting views of eminent historians and the local people," he said.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111019161204/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/veeraputhran-runs-into-controversy/193874-8-70.html "'Veeraputhran' runs into controversy"]</ref>

==Critical reception==
The film opened to much positive critical reviews. Keerthy Ramachandran of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' rated the film {{Rating|4|5}} and called it a "promising historical work of art."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/others/veeraputhran-review-promising-historical-work-art-812 |title="Veeraputhran review: A promising historical work of art" |access-date=8 November 2011 |archive-date=5 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105210029/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/others/veeraputhran-review-promising-historical-work-art-812 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Paresh C Palicha of [[Rediff]] said, "''Veeraputhran'' may have been made with noble intentions, but it lacks the emotional resonance of the director's previous works." he gave the movie a rating of {{Rating|2|5}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-veeraputhran/20111017.htm |title="Review: Veeraputhran could have been better" |access-date=8 November 2011 |archive-date=10 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110154532/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-veeraputhran/20111017.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Almost all reviewers were unanimous in praising Narain's performance as Mohammed Abdul Rahiman Sahib.

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://veeraputhranthefilm.com/}}
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2011 Indian films]]
[[Category:2011 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in the British Raj]]
[[Category:Films set in the Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1920s]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1930s]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1940s]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian short stories]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:History of Kerala on film]]

Akhil Akkineni

2026-02-24T18:54:34Z

MartinDietrich8: slightly refine article after review further and updated info after review

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1994)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Akhil Akkineni
| image = Akkineni Akhil.jpg
| caption = Akkineni in 2017
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1994|04|08|df=yes}}<ref name="birthdate">{{cite web|date=29 October 2018|title=Tollywood's rising stars under 30|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/tollywoods-rising-stars-under-30/photostory/66416903.cms|access-date=14 August 2020|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[San Jose, California|San Jose]], [[California]], United States
| alma_mater = [[University of South Florida]]
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2015–present
| mother = [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]]
| father = [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]]
| relatives = [[Naga Chaitanya]] (half-brother)
|spouse = {{marriage|Zainab Ravdjee|6 June 2025}}
| family = See [[Daggubati–Akkineni family]]
}}
'''Akhil Akkineni''' (born 8 April 1994) is an [[India|Indian]] actor known for his work in [[Telugu cinema]]. He debuted as a child artist in the film ''[[Sisindri]]'' (1994), for which he won a [[Filmfare Special Award – South|Filmfare Special Award]].

Akkineni made his debut as a lead actor with ''[[Akhil (film)|Akhil]]'' (2015), which won him the [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut – South|Filmfare Best Male Debut]]. He later went on to star in ''[[Hello (2017 film)|Hello]]'' (2017) and ''[[Mr. Majnu]]'' (2019). He achieved his commercial breakthrough with the romantic comedy ''[[Most Eligible Bachelor]]'' (2021). Akkineni is the son of Indian actors [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] and [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]].

== Early life ==
Akkineni was born on 8 April 1994, in [[San Jose, California|San Jose]], [[California]], [[United States]],<ref name="birthdate" /><ref name="borninUS">{{cite AV media|people=[[Vemuri Radhakrishna]] and [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=izfEJHzhLrk&t=31m55s|title= Akkineni Nagarjuna Open Heart With RK Full Episode {{!}} Nagarjuna Reveals About Remake Of Gundamma Katha|publisher=[[ABN Andhra Jyothi]]|date=24 July 2019|lang=te|quote=Akhil was born in the U.S.}}</ref> to actors [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] and [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]]. He is of [[Telugu people|Telugu]] descent from his father's side, and has [[Bengalis|Bengali]] and [[Irish people|Irish]] ancestry from his mother's side.<ref>{{cite news|title=Amala Akkineni can't speak Bengali|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Amala-Akkineni-cant-speak-Bengali/articleshow/9185371.cms|access-date=3 December 2020|website=The Times of India|date=14 January 2017}}</ref> He is the grandson of actor [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], and half-brother of [[Naga Chaitanya]].

Akkineni studied at Chaitanya Vidyalaya and later headed to Australia for two years. He returned to complete his studies at [[Oakridge International School]], [[Hyderabad]]. He pursued acting as a career at age 16 and enrolled in an acting course at the [[Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute]] in New York.<ref name="akhindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/akhil-akkineni-theres-no-guarantee-for-success/article7846059.ece?secpage=true&secname=entertainment|title=Akhil Akkineni: There's no guarantee for success|date=15 November 2015|author=Sangeetha Devi Dundoo|work=The Hindu }}</ref> He also holds a [[Bachelor of Business Administration|BBA]] from the [[University of South Florida]].<ref name="ibt">{{cite web |last1=Hooli |first1=Sekhar H.|title=VV Vinayak Treats Akhil Akkineni Like Prince on Sets of his Debut Movie? |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/vv-vinayak-treats-akhil-akkineni-like-prince-sets-his-debut-movie-623706 |website=IB Times |date=17 February 2015}}</ref>

Later in his teens, he pursued [[cricket]] and became a member in his father's Nag Kings team, in the 2010 celebrity Tollywood Trophy, which was a fundraiser for the [[Movie Artists Association|Movie Artistes' Association]]. His match-winning half-century in the final against [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]]'s Venky Warriors, saw him secure the man-of-the-match and man-of-the-series awards.<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 June 2010|title=Nag Kings lift Tollywood trophy|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Nag-Kings-lift-Tollywood-trophy/article16243642.ece|access-date=12 June 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> His performance saw him get called up to play for the Telugu Warriors in the inaugural [[Celebrity Cricket League]] (CCL) in 2011. Since then he has regularly participated in the CCL tournament, winning the [[2015 Celebrity Cricket League|2016 edition]] as captain of his team.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/akhil-to-play-in-ccl-matches-telugu-news-67289.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208203203/http://www.indiaglitz.com/akhil-to-play-in-ccl-matches-telugu-news-67289.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 December 2015|title=Akhil to play in CCL matches|work=indiaglitz.com}}</ref>

== Career ==
As an infant, Akkineni debuted in his father's production, [[Shiva Nageswara Rao]]'s comedy, ''[[Sisindri]]'' (1995), an Indian adaptation of ''[[Baby's Day Out]]'' (1994).<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=5 December 2009|title=Mama's boy|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Mamas-boy/article16369665.ece|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2014, Akkineni appeared in a [[cameo appearance]] in the family drama, ''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]'' (2014), directed by [[Vikram Kumar]]. It featured three generations of actors from the [[Daggubati–Akkineni family|Akkineni family]]. His cameo in the climax of the film was an instant rage with the audience.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kamal |first1=S. S |title=Samantha's tweet has Nag fuming |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/samantha-ruth-prabhu-akhil-akkineni-nagarjuna-akkineni-nageswara-rao-naga-chaitanya/articleshow/26324058.cms |access-date=9 September 2023 |work=Bangalore Mirror |date=25 November 2013}}</ref> He described his shoot for the film alongside his grandfather, father and half-brother, as "nervous and exciting".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofap.com/cinema/i-felt-very-nervous-that-day-akhil-akkineni.html|title=Akhil Akkineni Interview, Akhil Akkineni interview about manam, Akhil Akkineni interview on manam I felt very nervous that day: Akhil Akkineni|work=timesofap.com|access-date=5 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905153158/http://timesofap.com/cinema/i-felt-very-nervous-that-day-akhil-akkineni.html|archive-date=5 September 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Manam'' went on to become one of the most profitable Telugu films of 2014, whilst also considered to be one of the greatest Telugu films of all-time. Critics dubbed the film a "classic" en-route to it winning several awards, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film]] at the [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/small-was-big-for-southern-cinema-ians-special-2014-in-retrospect-news-others-omsmuojhgjhjd.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210081634/http://www.sify.com/movies/small-was-big-for-southern-cinema-ians-special-2014-in-retrospect-news-others-omsmuojhgjhjd.html|title=Small was big for southern cinema (IANS Special: 2014 In Retrospect)|archive-date=10 February 2015|url-status=dead|work=Sify}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Winners-62nd-Britannia-Filmfare-Awards-South/articleshow/47836755.cms?|title=Winners: 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South)|work=The Times of India|date=16 January 2017 }}</ref> He subsequently went on to make appearances in several commercials, notably for [[Karbonn Mobiles|Karbonn]], [[Mountain Dew]], and [[Titan Company|Titan]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajamani |first1=Radhika |title=Nagarjuna's son Akhil Akkineni to make his debut |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/nagarjunas-son-akhil-akkineni-to-make-his-debut-south/20141225.htm |access-date=9 September 2023 |work=Rediff |date=25 December 2014 |language=en}}</ref>

Akkineni's debut film, as a full-fledged lead, was in ''[[Akhil (film)|Akhil]]'' (2015), directed by [[V. V. Vinayak]]. It was produced by [[Nithiin]] and his family.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |last1=Afreen |first1=Sama |title=I was mobbed by girls a few times: Akhil |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/I-was-mobbed-by-girls-a-few-times-Akhil/articleshow/46252275.cms |access-date=9 September 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=15 January 2017}}</ref> In order to prepare for the role, he enrolled in a stunt workshop with his personal trainer, Kicha, and attended workshops in [[Thailand]], for two months.<ref name="akhindu" /> The film began production in December 2014 and featured him alongside fellow debutante, [[Sayyeshaa|Sayesha Saigal]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/nagarjunas-son-akhils-debut-film-launched/article6700454.ece|title=Nagarjuna's son Akhil's debut film launched|via=Inter Asian News Service|work=The Hindu|date=17 December 2014 }}</ref> The film opened to a mixed response, and despite high expectations, it was a flop at the box-office. Following this, he went on a two-year hiatus.

In 2017, his second film, ''[[Hello (2017 film)|Hello]]'' (2017), directed by Vikram Kumar, was released along with ''[[Middle Class Abbayi]]'' and turned out to be a below-average grosser at the box-office, despite garnering generally positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/hello/movie-review/62207206.cms|title=Hello movie review|work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> Following that, Akkineni's third film was ''[[Mr. Majnu]]'' (2019), directed by [[Venky Atluri]] and co-starring [[Niddhi Agerwal]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=kavirayani|first=suresh|date=26 January 2019|title=Mr Majnu movie review: Akhil steals the show!|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/260119/mr-majnu-movie-review-akhil-steals-the-show.html|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Despite a great pre-release buzz and successful album, it opened to mixed reviews upon release. It eventually bombed commercially, becoming Akkineni's third consecutive failure.

In October 2021, his fourth film, the [[rom com]], ''[[Most Eligible Bachelor]]'' was released. It co-starred [[Pooja Hegde]] and was directed by ''[[Bommarillu]]'' and ''[[Parugu]]'' fame, [[Bhaskar (director)|Bhaskar]]. It was produced by [[Bunny Vas]] and [[Vasu Varma]], under [[Geetha Arts|GA2]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=28 August 2021|title=Akhil Akkineni-Pooja Hegde's Most Eligible Bachelor to hit screens on October 8|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2021/aug/28/akhil-akkineni-pooja-hegdes-most-eligible-bachelor-to-hit-screens-on-october-8-26313.html|website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> It became a hit and gave Akkineni a long-awaited box office success.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/most-eligible-bachelor-hits-half-century-at-tollywood-box-office/articleshow/87481126.cms|title=Most Eligible Bachelor hits half century at box office |work=[[Times of India]]|date=2 November 2021 }}</ref>

Akkineni's next film, ''[[Agent (film)|Agent]]'', directed by [[Surender Reddy]] and produced by [[Anil Sunkara]], released on 28 April 2023. It was made on a huge budget of 80 crores. Upon release, it received highly negative reviews from both the critics and audience, alike. It had an extremely low opening and was a commercial disaster.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agent movie review and box office collection LIVE updates: Akhil Akkineni's film opens to disappointing box office results |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/agent-movie-review-box-office-collection-live-updates-agent-review-rating-sakshi-vaidya-akhil-akkineni-mammootty-dino-morea-urvashi-rautela-agent-review/liveblog/99829993.cms |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
In 2016, Akkineni was engaged to Shriya Bhupal, grand-daughter of the business tycoon, [[G. V. Krishna Reddy]]. Their wedding was planned for 2017. However, it was later called off for undisclosed reasons.<ref>{{cite web|date=23 February 2017|title=Akhil Akkineni-Shriya Bhupal wedding called off: Is this the reason?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/akhil-akkineni-shriya-bhupal-wedding-called-off-962178-2017-02-23|access-date=1 February 2021|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=23 February 2017|title=Real reason why Nagarjuna's son Akhil Akkineni, Shriya Bhupal called off wedding?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/real-reason-why-nagarjuna-son-akhil-akkineni-shriya-bhupal-called-off-wedding-4539732/|access-date=7 July 2020|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

He got engaged to [[Mumbai]]-based artist Zainab Ravdjee, the daughter of industrialist Zulfi Ravdjee, on 26 November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-26 |title=Akhil Akkineni gets engaged to Zainab Ravdjee, see photos |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/akhil-akkineni-gets-engaged-to-zainab-ravdjee-see-photos-9691599/ |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-26 |title=Nagarjuna announces son Akhil Akkineni's engagement to Zainab: Couldn't be happier |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nagarjuna-son-akhil-akkineni-zainab-ravdjee-engagement-2640469-2024-11-26 |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The couple tied the knot on 6 June 2025, in a traditional Telugu wedding ceremony held in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-06-06 |title=Actor Akhil Akkineni ties the knot with Zainab Ravdjee |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-akhil-akkineni-marries-zainab-ravdjee-entrepreneur-nagarjuna-naga-chaitanya-ram-charan/article69664144.ece |access-date=2025-06-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+List of films and roles
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|1995
|''[[Sisindri]]''
|Sisindri
|Child artist
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|2014
|''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]''
| rowspan="2" |Akhil
|Cameo appearance
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 May 2014|title=Nagarjuna's son Akhil Akkineni debuts in 'Manam'|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140525/entertainment-tollywood/article/akhil-akkineni-debuts-manam|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''[[Akhil (film)|Akhil]]''
|Debut as adult lead actor
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|2016
|''[[Aatadukundam Raa]]''
|Himself
|Special appearance in title song
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 August 2016|title=Akhil Cameo Role Teaser – Aatadukundam Raa Movie – Sushanth, Sonam Bajwa|url=https://www.ap7am.com/lv-231485-akhil-cameo-role-teaser-aatadukundam-raa-movie-sushanth-sonam-bajwa|website=ap7am.com|access-date=18 December 2021|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218051527/https://www.ap7am.com/lv-231485-akhil-cameo-role-teaser-aatadukundam-raa-movie-sushanth-sonam-bajwa|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
|''[[Hello (2017 film)|Hello]]''
| Avinash / Seenu
|Also singer for "Yevevo"
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 December 2017|title=Hello movie review: Akhil Akkineni and Kalyani Priyadarshan starrer leave us with a heart full of good feelings|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/hello-movie-review-akhil-akkineni-kalyani-priyadarshan-star-rating-4992679/|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
|''[[Mr. Majnu]]''
| Vikram "Vicky" Krishna
|
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Most Eligible Bachelor]]''
| Harsha
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Agent (film)|Agent]]''
| Ramakrishna "Ricky" / "Wild Saala"
|
|
|-
| 2026
| {{Pending film|Lenin}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Pre-Production
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/movies/on-akhil-akkinenis-birthday-tomorrow-makers-of-akhil-6-plan-grand-surprise-for-fans-aa-9290300.html | title=On Akhil Akkineni's Birthday Tomorrow, Makers of Akhil 6 Plan Grand Surprise for Fans }}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{{Infobox actor awards
| name = Akhil Akkineni
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| wins = 6
| nominations = 6
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of awards and nominations
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Film
! Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 1995
| [[43rd Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Special Award – South|Special Award (Child actor)]]
| ''[[Sisindri]]''
| {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Citation|title=Sisindri Awards: List of Awards won by Telugu movie Sisindri|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/sisindri/movieawards/61316219.cms|access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2016
| [[63rd Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut – South|Best Male Debut – South]]
| rowspan="4" | ''[[Akhil (film)|Akhil]]''
| {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Winners-of-63rd-Britannia-Filmfare-Awards-South-2016-Telugu/articleshow/52814271.cms|title=Winners of 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards South 2016 (Telugu)|website=The Times of India|date=16 January 2017|access-date=25 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[5th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Male Debut – Telugu|Best Male Debut – Telugu]]
| {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=SIIMA 2016 Telugu movie nominations revealed; 'Baahubali,' 'Srimanthudu' lead the list5|website=[[International Business Times]]|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-2016-telugu-movie-nominations-revealed-baahubali-srimanthudu-lead-list-680040|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526120833/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-2016-telugu-movie-nominations-revealed-baahubali-srimanthudu-lead-list-680040|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[CineMAA Awards]] 2016
| [[CineMAA Awards|Best Male Debut]]
| {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scooptimes.com/awards/list-winners-cinemaa-awards-2016-complete-details/4563|title=List of Winners CineMAA Awards 2016 – Complete Details|website=Scooptimes|date=12 June 2016|access-date=19 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[14th Santosham Film Awards]]
| [[Santosham Film Awards|Best Debut Actor]]
| {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scooptimes.com/awards/santosham-awards-2016-winners-list/5546|title=List of Winners Santosham Awards 2016 – Complete Details|website=Scooptimes|date=16 August 2016|access-date=19 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| [[T. Subbarami Reddy|TSR]] – [[TV9 (Telugu)|TV9]] National Film Awards
| Special Jury Award
||''[[Hello (2017 film)|Hello]]''
| {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/balakrishna-nagarjuna-and-keerthy-suresh-among-tsr-tv9-film-award-winners-96844|title=Balakrishna, Nagarjuna and Keerthy Suresh among TSR-TV9 film award winners|website=The News Minute|date=16 February 2019|access-date=17 December 2019}}</ref>
|}
{{Clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Facebook}}

{{SIIMA Award for Best Male Debut – Telugu}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Akkineni, Akhil}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Akkineni–Daggubati family|Akhil Akkineni]]
[[Category:American male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from San Jose, California]]
[[Category:Male actors from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:American people of Telugu descent]]
[[Category:American people of Bengali descent]]
[[Category:American people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:American male actors of Indian descent]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:University of South Florida alumni]]
[[Category:Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute alumni]]
[[Category:Santosham Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:American expatriate actors in India]]
[[Category:Expatriate male actors in India]]
[[Category:People with Overseas Citizenship of India]]

Dr. MGR-Janaki College of Arts and Science for Women

2026-02-21T14:18:23Z

MartinDietrich8: content update

{{Short description|College in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{mi|
{{Unreferenced|date=January 2025}}
{{notability|date=February 2026}}
{{advert|date=February 2026}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Dr. MGR-Janaki College of Arts and Science for Women
|native_name =
|latin_name =
|image =
|motto = Excellence through Diligence
|established = 1996
|type = Self financing
|endowment =
|total_staff = 215
|faculty = 160
|president =
|provost =
|principal = R. Manimekalai
|rector =
|chancellor =
|vice_chancellor =
|dean =
|head_label =
|head =
|students =
|undergrad =
|postgrad =
|doctoral =
|city = [[Chennai]]
|state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|country = India
|campus = Urban
|free_label =
|free =
|colors =
|colours =
|mascot =
|nickname =
|affiliations = [[University of Madras]]
|website = {{url|www.mgrjanaki.ac.in}}
|address = 11&13, Durgabai Deshmuk Road, Chennai 600028
|coor = {{coord|13.0170|80.2610|display=inline,title}}
|logo =
}}

'''Dr. MGR-Janaki College of Arts and Science for Women''' is a college for women in the Sathyabama MGR Maligai Campus in Chennai. [[V. N. Janaki Ramachandran]], former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, help found the college in memory of her husband Bharat Ratna Dr. [[M.G. Ramachandran]], and is currently managed and administered by the Directors of Sathya Studios Private Limited.

==Affiliation and accreditation==

The courses offered by the college are affiliated to the [[University of Madras]]. The college received permission from the Government of Tamil Nadu and is affiliated to the University of Madras.

==Motto==

The motto of the college is "Excellence through Diligence."

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.mgrjanaki.ac.in Official website]

==Photos==
<gallery>
Image:EDUCATIONAL pERSPECTIVES.jpg|Senate President Anu addressing the students
Image:collegeday2007.jpg|College Day 2007
File:Commissioner Lathika Charan in Sports Day 2007 - Dr. MGR-Janaki College of Arts and Science for Women.jpg|Commissioner Lathika Charan in Sports Day 2007
Image:convco98.jpg|His Excellency the Governor of Tamil Nadu in convocation 2007
Image:Kalam at Drmgrjanaki college.jpg|President Dr.A.P.J.Abdul Kalam addressing college students in 2014
</gallery>

{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Women's universities and colleges in Chennai]]
[[Category:Arts and Science colleges in Chennai]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to University of Madras]]
[[Category:Memorials to M G Ramachandran]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1996]]
[[Category:1996 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

[[de:University of Madras]]

Mismatched season 2

2026-02-17T15:48:39Z

MartinDietrich8: Started New Article

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox television season
| image = Mismatched Season 2.jpg
| caption =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Prajakta Koli]]
* [[Rohit Saraf]]
* [[Rannvijay Singha]]
* [[Vidya Malvade]]
}}
| num_episodes = 8
| network = [[Netflix]]
| released = {{Start date|2022|10|14|df=yes}}
}}

The second season of the Indian [[Hindi|Hindi-language]] [[Coming of age|coming-of-age]] [[Romance film|romantic drama]] web series ''[[Mismatched]]'' was originally premiered on [[Netflix]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mismatched Season 2 Cast, Plot and Release Date |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/shestars/mismatched-season-2-cast-release-date/ |access-date=2022-10-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> The season was directed by [[Akarsh Khurana]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=Mismatched Season 2 trailer: Prajakta Koli, Rohit Saraf struggle with new love |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/mismatched-season-2-trailer-prajakta-koli-rohit-saraf-struggle-with-new-love-101663773238362.html |access-date=2022-10-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> and produced by [[Ronnie Screwvala]], featuring [[Prajakta Koli]], [[Rohit Saraf]], [[Vihaan Samat]], Taaruk Raina, Muskkaan Jaferi, Devyani Shorey, [[Rannvijay Singha|Rannvijay Singh]], and [[Vidya Malvade]].<ref name=":0" /> It was released on 14 October 2022 to mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mismatched season 2 on OTT Platform: Release date, where to watch, cast and plot |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/mismatched-season-2-on-ott-platform-release-date-where-to-watch-cast-and-plot-2285387-2022-10-14 |access-date=2022-10-19 |website=India Today |date=14 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[Prajakta Koli]] as Dimple Ahuja, Simple and Dheeraj’s daughter; Celina’s ex best friend; Harsh’s project partner and former love interest; Rishi’s girlfriend
* [[Rohit Saraf]] as Rishi Singh Shekhawat; Kalpana’s son, Randeep’s stepson; Sanskriti’s former love interest; Dimple’s boyfriend
* Vihaan Samat as Harsh Agarwal, Dimple's project partner and formerly love interest
* [[Rannvijay Singha]] as Professor Siddharth Sinha (Sid)
* [[Vidya Malvade]] as Zeenat Karim, Sid's love interest
* [[Sanjana Sarathy]] as Sanskriti, Rishi's former love interest
* Devyani Shorey as Namrata Bidasaria, Rishi's best friend
* Priya Banerjee as Ayesha Duggirala, Namrata's new love interest
* Taaruk Raina as Anmol Malhotra, Dimple's rival
* Muskkaan Jaferi as Celina Matthews, Dimple's ex bestfriend and Namrata's ex love interest
* Kritika Bharadwaj as Simran Malhotra, Anmol's cousin and Krish's ex-girlfriend
* Abhinav Sharma as Krish Katyal, Anmol's bestfriend and Simran's ex-boyfriend
* Ruturaj Shinde as Momo
* Lisha Bajaj as Hostel Warden
* Akarsh Khurana as Anmol's therapist
* [[Ahsaas Channa]] as Vinny, Anmol's new friend
* [[Dipannita Sharma]] as Nandini Nahata, Sid's ex-girlfriend and Dimple's career idol
* Ravin Makhija as Ashish Singh Shekhawat, Rishi's brother
* [[Suhasini Mulay]] as Rishi's Grandmother
* [[Aditi Govitrikar]] as Kalpana, Rishi's mother
* [[Jugal Hansraj]] as Rishi's father
* [[Kshitee Jog]] as Simple Ahuja, Dimple's mother
* Jatin Sial as Dheeraj Ahuja, Dimple's father
* Adhir Bhat as Mr. Bidasaria, Namrata's father
* Sarika Singh as Mrs. Bidasaria, Namrata's mother
* Digvijay Savant as Randeep, Rishi's stepfather
* Shaunak Ramesh as Ramaswamy
* Trishna Singh as Shahana
* Vaibhav Palhade as Samar
* Yash Buddhdev as Danish Tamang
* Chirag Pardesi as Ritik

==Episodes==
{{Episode table |background=#0EBAE2 |overall= |season= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR= |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = When Dimple Met Rishi.. Again
|DirectedBy = [[Akarsh Khurana]], [[Nipun Dharmadhikari]]
|WrittenBy = Gazal Dhaliwal
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=y|2022|10|14}}
|ShortSummary = Dimple and Harsh seek credit for their app. Namrata faces the aftermath of her secret spreading, while Rishi tries to salvage their friendship.
|LineColor = 0EBAE2
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Girl in the Middle
|DirectedBy = Akarsh Khurana, Nipun Avinash Dharmadhikari
|WrittenBy = Gazal Dhaliwal
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=y|2022|10|14}}
|ShortSummary = With Namrata and Rishi back on campus, Celina’s anxieties run high, while Dimple and Harsh’s closeness sparks jealousy.
|LineColor = 0EBAE2
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = 100 Reasons to Hate You
|DirectedBy = Akarsh Khurana, Nipun Avinash Dharmadhikari
|WrittenBy = Gazal Dhaliwal
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=y|2022|10|14}}
|ShortSummary = Dimple’s search for the data leak’s source proves challenging. Zeenat offers Sid a home-cooked meal and Anmol makes a discovery that tests his trust.
|LineColor = 0EBAE2
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Heartech
|DirectedBy = Akarsh Khurana, Nipun Avinash Dharmadhikari
|WrittenBy = Gazal Dhaliwal
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=y|2022|10|14}}
|ShortSummary = Sparks fly at the tech fest in Ajmer as new connections are forged and a dance competition turns heated.
|LineColor = 0EBAE2
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Altair and Vega
|DirectedBy = Akarsh Khurana, Nipun Avinash Dharmadhikari
|WrittenBy = Gazal Dhaliwal
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=y|2022|10|14}}
|ShortSummary = Love and lust are in the air as a tech-free day on campus leads to new revelations. In therapy, Anmol grapples with the reason behind his anger.
|LineColor = 0EBAE2
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = You’re The One
|DirectedBy = Akarsh Khurana, Nipun Avinash Dharmadhikari
|WrittenBy = Gazal Dhaliwal
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=y|2022|10|14}}
|ShortSummary = As the wedding nears, family drama leaves Rishi anxious. Harsh weighs a major decision about his future, while Celina overcomes her fears.
|LineColor = 0EBAE2
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7
|Title = It’s Not a Non-Date
|DirectedBy = Akarsh Khurana, Nipun Avinash Dharmadhikari
|WrittenBy = Gazal Dhaliwal
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=y|2022|10|14}}
|ShortSummary = Namrata contemplates her future as tensions run high at home. Serious consequences catch up with Celina and Anmol finds he isn’t alone.
|LineColor = 0EBAE2
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8
|Title = I Love You More
|DirectedBy = Akarsh Khurana, Nipun Avinash Dharmadhikari
|WrittenBy = Gazal Dhaliwal
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=y|2022|10|14}}
|ShortSummary = A romantic date gets in the way of Dimple’s dream. While the farewell party brings remorse and resolution, Namrata takes a bold step.
|LineColor = 0EBAE2
}}
}}

== Production ==

=== Soundtrack ===
{{Infobox album
| italic_title = no
| name = Mismatched
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Jasleen Royal]], Samar Grewal, [[Anurag Saikia]], [[Nikhita Gandhi]], Shashwat Singh, [[Imaad Shah|Imaaduddin Shah]], Shwetang Shankar, Ritviz Srivastava, Tkdvaibhavjha and Jackey Mishra
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 30 September 2022
| recorded = 2022
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Netflix]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc =
}}

The soundtrack album for ''Mismatched'' Season 2 was composed by an assortment of ten artists, which includes [[Jasleen Royal]], Samar Grewal, [[Anurag Saikia]], [[Nikhita Gandhi]], Shashwat Singh, [[Imaad Shah|Imaaduddin Shah]], Shwetang Shankar, Ritviz Srivastava, Tkdvaibhavjha and Jackey Mishra.<ref name=":1" />

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| length6 = 3:18
| length10 =
| extra9 = Taaruk Raina
| title10 =
| length9 = 3:17
| lyrics9 = Taaruk Raina
| music9 = Taaruk Raina
| title9 = Kho Gaye
| length8 = 2:33
| title8 = Dimple
| length7 = 3:07
| title7 = Pipni
| title6 = Jaanu Na
| title1 = Love Is Love
| length5 = 3:03
| title5 = Pugaipadam
| length4 = 5:29
| title4 = Aise Kyun
| length3 = 2:50
| title3 = Mehmaan
| length2 = 5:12
| title2 = Musafir x Wanderer
| length1 = 2:53
| total_length = 31:01
| music8 = Sickflip
| music4 = Anurag Saikia, Raj Shekhar
| lyrics8 =
| extra7 = Anurag Saikia, Vivek Hariharan, Jonita Gandhi, Neha Karode, Raj Shekhar
| music7 = Anurag Saikia, Raj Shekhar
| extra6 = Danish Sood
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| lyrics6 = Danish Sood
| extra5 = [[Sublahshini]]
| music5 = Subhashini Ganesan
| extra4 = Rekha Bhardwaj, Anurag Saikia, Raj Shekhar
| lyrics1 = Anoushka Maskey, Cosmic Grooves
| music3 = Sickflip
| music2 = Abhishek Jingar, Mayank Parashar, Sridev Ramesh
| music1 = Anoushka Maskey, Cosmic Grooves
| lyrics7 = Anurag Saikia, Raj Shekhar
| music6 = Danish Sood
| lyrics5 = Subhashini Ganesan
| lyrics4 = Anurag Saikia, Raj Shekhar
| lyrics3 = Raitila Rajasthan
| extra3 = Dayam Khan, Eklash Khan, Manjur Khan
| lyrics2 = Abhishek Jingar, Mayank Parashar, Sridev Ramesh
| extra2 = Yugm, Sridev Ramesh, Arohi
| extra1 = Anoushka Maskey, Cosmic Grooves
| extra8 = Sickflip
| headline = Track listing
}}

== Reviews ==
Shubham Kulkarni of ''Koimoi'' gave the series a rating of 2.5 out of 5 and stated, "I understand the audience of the show doesn’t watch it as critically, and the makers have catered to them. But that doesn’t mean nobody assesses a show that has the potential to be good. With a whole lot of flaws, ''Mismatched'' Season 2 manages to not sink but the future deserves more to sail."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-14 |title=Mismatched Season 2 Review: Caters What Fans Crave But Falters When Tries To Go Beyond |url=https://www.koimoi.com/reviews/web-reviews/mismatched-season-2-review-caters-what-fans-crave-but-falters-when-tries-to-go-beyond/ |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref>

Ronak Kotecha of the ''[[The Times of India|Times of India]]'' rated the season 3 out of 5, saying "The overall treatment of this season too remains quite breezy and superficial with issues that are relatable for the youth while some seem like clichéd stereotypical situations that have been exploited far too many times before."<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Mismatched Season 2 Review: Another Overstuffed Season That Falls Short Of Its Purpose |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/mismatched/season-2/seasonreview/94762223.cms}}</ref> [[NDTV]] rated the season 3.6 out of 5.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Mismatched Season 2 Web Series (2022) {{!}} Release Date, Review, Cast, Trailer, Watch Online at Netflix |url=https://gadgets360.com/entertainment/mismatched-season-2-web-series-104504 |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=Gadgets 360 |language=en}}</ref> Poulomi Das of ''[[Firstpost]]'' rated the season 2 out of 5, saying "Rohit Saraf and Prajakta Koli’s Netflix rom-com series continues to be a wasted opportunity."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-14 |title=Mismatched Season 2 review: Rohit Saraf and Prajakta Koli's Netflix rom-com series continues to be a wasted opportunity |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mismatched-season-2-review-rohit-saraf-and-prajakta-kolis-netflix-rom-com-series-continues-to-be-a-wasted-opportunity-11448071.html |access-date=2022-10-19 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2022 Indian television seasons]]

Lalji Singh

2026-02-10T07:12:31Z

MartinDietrich8: Improved readability and structure

{{Short description|Indian scientist}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Lalji Singh Bkm.jpg
| caption = Lalji Singh in 1992 with an [[Indian rock python]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1947|7|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]], [[United Provinces (1937–50)|United Provinces]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|12|10|1947|7|9|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[Banaras Hindu University]]
| known_for = {{plainlist|
* Reforms as the [[Vice-Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Prof. Lalji Singh: A man of dreams, courage and commitment (Obituary) |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/prof-lalji-singh-a-man-of-dreams-courage-and-commitment-obituary/articleshow/62024756.cms#:~:text=he%20was%20instrumental%20in%20taking%20several%20critical%20decisions%20in%20shaping%20a%20new%20future%20for%20BHU |access-date=11 April 2022}}</ref>
* [[Assisted reproductive technology]]
* [[Artificial insemination]]
* [[DNA profiling|DNA fingerprinting]]
* [[Conservation biology|Wildlife Conservation]]
* [[Sex-determination system|Molecular Sex Determination]]
* [[Recent African origin of modern humans|Evolution & migration of human]]
}}
| spouse = Amarawati Singh<ref name="margdarshi">{{cite AV media|author=|title=Margadarsi – Indian molecular biologist Lalji Singh|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bI8-7tale_g|access-date=16 January 2015|via=[[YouTube]]|publisher=[[ETV Network|ETV News]]|language=te|date=30 May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160103075429/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bI8-7tale_g|archive-date=3 January 2016}}</ref>
| children = {{hlist|Abhishek Singh,Praveen Kumar Singh|}}<ref name="margdarshi" />
| module = {{Infobox officeholder
| office = Vice-Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University
| order = 25th
| appointer = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| predecessor = [[D. P. Singh (naturalist)|D.P. Singh]]
| termstart = 21 August 2011
| termend = 21 August 2014
| successor = [[Girish Chandra Tripathi]]
| office1 = Member of Board of Governors of [[IIT-BHU]]
| termstart1 = August 2011
| termend1 = August 2014
| office2 = Director of [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]]
| termstart2 = May 1998
| termend2 = July 2009
| appointer1 = [[President of India]] | predecessor2 = [[Dorairajan Balasubramanian]] | successor2 =[[Ch. Mohan Rao]]
|embed = yes
}}
| module2 = {{Infobox scientist
| image =
| caption =
| alt =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| ethnicity =
| field = {{plainlist|
* [[Biotechnology]]
* [[Cytogenetics]]
}}
| work_institutions = {{plainlist|
* [[Banaras Hindu University]]
* [[University of Edinburgh]]
* [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology|CCMB]]
* [[Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics|CDFD]]
}}
| doctoral_advisor = S. P. Ray-Chaudhuri
| doctoral_students =
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| prizes = {{plainlist |style=white-space: nowrap; |
* [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA Medal]] (1974)
* [[Commonwealth Scholarship and Fellowship Plan|Commonwealth Fellowship]] (1974)
* [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]] Technology Award (1992, 2008)
* [[Ranbaxy Laboratories|Ranbaxy]] Research Award (1994)
* Goyal Prize (2000)
* [[FICCI]] Award (2002–03)
* [[Padma Shri|Padma Shri Award]] (2004)
* J.C. Bose Fellowship (2006–2015)
* [[National Research Development Corporation|NRDC]] Award-2009
* S. S. Bhatnagar Fellowship (2010–2014)
}}
|embed = yes
}}
}}

'''Lalji Singh''' (5 July 1947 – 10 December 2017)<ref name="Obit">{{cite news|last1=Dikshit|first1=Rajeev|title=Father of DNA fingerprints Prof Lalji Singh passes away|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/father-of-dna-fingerprints-prof-lalji-singh-passes-away/articleshow/62012808.cms|newspaper=Times of India|date=10 December 2017 |access-date=10 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211194712/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/father-of-dna-fingerprints-prof-lalji-singh-passes-away/articleshow/62012808.cms|archive-date=11 December 2017}}</ref> was an Indian scientist who worked in the field of [[DNA profiling|DNA fingerprinting technology]] in India and pioneer of [[Assisted reproductive technology]], where he was popularly known as the "Father of Indian DNA fingerprinting".<ref>{{cite news|title=Lalji Singh, 'father of DNA fingerprinting in India,' passes away|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/lalji-singh-father-of-dna-fingerprinting-in-india-passes-away/article21389954.ece|work=The Hindu|agency=PTI|date=11 December 2017|language=en-IN|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321152655/http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/lalji-singh-father-of-dna-fingerprinting-in-india-passes-away/article21389954.ece|archive-date=21 March 2018}}</ref> Singh also worked in the areas of [[Sex-determination system|molecular basis of sex determination]], [[Conservation biology|wildlife conservation]] forensics and [[Recent African origin of modern humans|evolution and migration of humans]]. In 2004, he received the [[Padma Shri]] in recognition of his contribution to Indian science and technology.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

Singh founded various institutes and laboratories in India, including the [[Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics]] in 1995, Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species (LaCONES) in 1998, and Genome Foundation in 2004, aiming to diagnose and treat genetic disorders affecting the Indian population, in particular the under-privileged people residing in rural India.

Singh served as the 25th [[Vice-Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University|Vice Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University]] ([[BHU]]) and Chairman of Board of Governors of [[Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi]] from August 2011 to August 2014. Before his term as Vice Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University, he also served as director of the [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]] (CCMB) from May 1998 to July 2009 and Officer on Special Duty (OSD) of [[Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics]] (CDFD), Hyderabad, India in 1995–1999.

== Early life and education ==

Lalji Singh was born and raised in a small village Kalwari in [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]] District of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. His father, Suryanarayan Singh, was a farmer and used to serve as [[Sarpanch|head of the village]]. Singh underwent his primary education up to eighth standard at a government school in Kalwari. However, as there were no further education facilities in the village for senior classes, he was admitted at another school in the nearby village of Pratapganj {{convert|6|-|7|km|mi|abbr=on}} from his village. After completing his 12th standard in the science group at school, he attended [[Banaras Hindu University]] to pursue his graduation in [[Zoology]] and [[cytogenetics]].<ref name="BioSpectrum">{{cite news|last1=Vaidya|first1=Manasi T.|last2=Singh|first2=Nandita|title=The Game Changer Geneticist|url=http://www.biospectrumindia.com/biospecindia/news/155909/the-game-changer-geneticist|access-date=16 December 2014|publisher=[[BioSpectrum]]|date=9 December 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119065624/http://www.biospectrumindia.com/biospecindia/news/155909/the-game-changer-geneticist|archive-date=19 January 2015}}</ref>

== University education ==

[[File:Lalji Singh in 1968 at BHU Varanasi India.jpg|thumb|Lalji Singh (second from right) in 1968 at BHU, Varanasi, India]]
Singh obtained a [[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc.]] degree in 1964 from the [[Banaras Hindu University]] (BHU). Singh scored the highest marks in his [[Master's degree]] class at BHU in 1966, and won the Banaras Hindu Gold Medal for standing first in order of merit. He was awarded a Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) by the [[University Grants Commission (India)]] in 1966. Singh then worked on his doctoral research at the Banaras Hindu University receiving a degree in 1971, for his work on "Evolution of karyotypes in snakes" in the area of cytogenetics under the guidance of professor S.P. Ray Chaudhuri.<ref name="insaprofile">{{cite web|title=Lalji Singh: Fellow of Indian National Science Academy|url=http://insaindia.org/detail.php?id=N94-1162|publisher=[[Indian National Science Academy]]|access-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211073359/http://insaindia.org/detail.php?id=N94-1162|archive-date=11 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> A summary of the findings from his doctoral research was published in ''Chromosoma''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Lalji|title=Evolution of karyotypes in snakes|journal=Chromosoma|date=1972|volume=38|issue=2|pages=185–236|doi=10.1007/BF00326193|pmid=5066447|s2cid=21621814 }}</ref> Singh received the [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Medal for Young Scientists in 1974, for his research work in the field of cytogenetics.<ref name="insaprofile" />

== Research career ==

In 1971–72, Singh worked as a research associate at the Department of Zoology, [[University of Calcutta]], and in April 1974, he was appointed as pool officer of [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]]. In 1974, Singh received the [[Commonwealth Scholarship and Fellowship Plan|Commonwealth Fellowship]] to carry out research at the [[University of Edinburgh]], UK, where he worked until 1987.<ref name="biography">{{cite web|title=Professor (Dr) Lalji Singh – A Profile|url=http://www.ccmb.res.in/staff/lalji/|publisher=[[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]]|access-date=16 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530013958/http://www.ccmb.res.in/staff/lalji/|archive-date=30 May 2015}}</ref> During that time, Singh also worked as a guest scientist at the University of Calcutta, India, for a short period of time and visited the [[Australian National University]] in Canberra as a visiting fellow.<ref name="profilebhu">{{cite web|title=Dr. Lalji Singh: Brief Profile|url=http://www.bhu.ac.in/aboutbhu/administration.html|publisher=[[Banaras Hindu University]]|access-date=16 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204000112/http://bhu.ac.in/aboutbhu/administration.html|archive-date=4 December 2013}}</ref>

In June 1987, Singh returned to India and joined the [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]] (CCMB) in Hyderabad, as a senior scientist. Singh developed and established the DNA fingerprinting technology for forensic investigation of crime and civil disputes.<ref name="biography" /> In July 1998, Singh became the fourth director of the [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology|CCMB]], where he served until July 2009.<ref name="ccmbdirlist">{{cite web|title=Past Directors of CCMB|url=http://www.ccmb.res.in/index.php?view=pastdirectors&mid=100&id=25|publisher=[[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology|CCMB]]|access-date=16 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213071101/http://www.ccmb.res.in/index.php?view=pastdirectors&mid=100&id=25|archive-date=13 December 2014}}</ref> During April 2006 to July 2015, Singh was awarded the J. C. Bose National Research Fellowship of India. He was also awarded the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Fellowship of [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]] in January 2010 to December 2014.<ref name="BioSpectrum" /> On 22 August 2009, Singh was appointed as the 25th Vice Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi, India.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rajeev|first1=M.|title=Lalji Singh appointed as BHU Vice-Chancellor|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/education/college-and-university/lalji-singh-appointed-as-bhu-vicechancellor/article2370000.ece|access-date=16 December 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 August 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321152655/http://www.thehindu.com/features/education/college-and-university/lalji-singh-appointed-as-bhu-vicechancellor/article2370000.ece|archive-date=21 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=|title=Padma Shri Lalji Singh is new BHU V-C|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/padma-shri-lalji-singh-is-new-bhu-vc/835220/|access-date=16 December 2014|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=22 August 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321152655/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/padma-shri-lalji-singh-is-new-bhu-vc/835220/|archive-date=21 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=PTI|title=BHU's Vice Chancellor Lalji Singh retires|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/bhu-vice-chancellor-lalji-singh-retires--40815.html|access-date=16 December 2014|website=www.indiatvnews.com|publisher=Independent News Service|date=23 August 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120123238/http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/bhu-vice-chancellor-lalji-singh-retires--40815.html|archive-date=20 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=|title=Tripathi takes charge as BHU V-C|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/tripathi-takes-charge-as-bhu-v-c/|access-date=16 December 2014|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=28 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207135745/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/tripathi-takes-charge-as-bhu-v-c/|archive-date=7 December 2014}}</ref> During his three-year tenure as vice chancellor at [[Banaras Hindu University|BHU]], Singh took a {{INR}} 1 token salary from the university.<ref>{{cite news|author=|title=Dr Lalji Singh to take only Re 1 as wage for BHU VC|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/india/20110804/1805467.html|access-date=16 December 2014|website=WebIndia123|date=4 August 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120152205/http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/india/20110804/1805467.html|archive-date=20 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=|title=Dr Lalji Singh to take only Re 1 as wage for Banaras Hindu University – Vice Chancellor|url=http://www.itbhuglobal.org/chronicle/archives/2011/08/dr_lalji_singh.php|access-date=15 January 2015|publisher=IIT-BHU Chronicle|date=21 August 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627070919/http://www.itbhuglobal.org/chronicle/archives/2011/08/dr_lalji_singh.php|archive-date=27 June 2015}}</ref>

From 2014 Singh was associated with several academic and research organisations in various capacities. These included being a member of the Governing Board of [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] (ICAR), New Delhi; chairman of the Research Advisory Council (RAC) of National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (NBAGR), Karnal; chairman of the RAC of Project Directorate on Poultry (PDP), Hyderabad; member of the advisory committee of Pharmacopeia Commission of India; chairman of the RAC of National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources (NBFGR), Lucknow; member of the Board of Management of Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai and member of the Board of Governors of [[Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research]] (IISER) Mohali.<ref name="profilebhu" /> Singh also served as director of the Genome Foundation, a non-profit organization aiming to develop cheap molecular diagnostics for genetic disorders prevalent in rural India.<ref name="genomefoundation">{{cite news|last1=TNN|title=Genome Foundation to set up centres in rural areas|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Genome-Foundation-to-set-up-centres-in-rural-areas/articleshow/8766639.cms|access-date=17 December 2014|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 June 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103200252/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Genome-Foundation-to-set-up-centres-in-rural-areas/articleshow/8766639.cms|archive-date=3 January 2017}}</ref>

Singh published more than 230 research papers during his 45 years of research, and {{as of|April 2013|lc=y}} he had an [[h-index]] of 30.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mukherjee|first1=Bhaskar|title=A scientometric profile of Prof. Lalji Singh as seen through Web of Science and Scopus|journal=Annals of Library and Information Studies|date=September 2013|volume=60|pages=195–203|url=http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/22891/1/ALIS%2060%283%29%20195-203.pdf|access-date=16 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211065815/http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/22891/1/ALIS%2060%283%29%20195-203.pdf|archive-date=11 February 2015}}</ref>

== Innovations and contributions to science and technology ==

=== DNA fingerprinting technology ===

During his early science career as a Masters student in 1968, Singh became interested in studying the cytogenetics of Indian snakes.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Binay|title=Charm of snakes led this scientist to DNA fingerprinting|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Charm-of-snakes-led-this-scientist-to-DNA-fingerprinting/articleshow/15162804.cms|access-date=16 December 2014|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120727065645/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Charm-of-snakes-led-this-scientist-to-DNA-fingerprinting/articleshow/15162804.cms|archive-date=27 July 2012}}</ref> During the 1970s, while studying the evolution of [[Allosome|sex chromosome]] in a species of an Indian snake, the [[banded krait]], Singh and his colleagues identified a highly conserved repeated DNA sequences in the banded krait and other vertebrates,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=L.|last2=Sharma|first2=T.|last3=Ray-Chaudhuri|first3=S.P.|title=Multiple sex chromosomes in the common krait, Bungarus caeruleus Schneider|journal=Chromosoma|year=1970|volume=31|issue=4|pages=386–391|pmid=5490305|doi=10.1007/bf00285830|s2cid=30146980 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=L.|last2=Purdom|first2=I.F.|last3=Jones|first3=K.W.|title=The chromosomal localization of satellite DNA in Ptyas mucosus (Ophidia, Colubridae)|journal=Chromosoma|year=1976|volume=57|issue=2|pages=177–184|doi=10.1007/BF00292916|pmid=954552|s2cid=1315709 }}</ref> which they named the "Banded Krait Minor" (Bkm) sequences in 1980.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=L.|last2=Purdom|first2=I.F.|last3=Jones|first3=K.W.|title=Sex chromosome associated satellite DNA: Evolution and conservation|journal=Chromosoma|year=1980|volume=79|issue=2|pages=137–157|pmid=7398495|doi=10.1007/bf01175181|s2cid=19592537 }}</ref> These Bkm sequences were conserved across various species and were found to be polymorphic in humans.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=L.|last2=Jones|first2=K.W.|title=Bkm sequences are polymorphic in humans and are clustered in pericentric regions of various acrocentric chromosomes including the Y|journal=Human Genetics|year=1986|volume=73|issue=4|pages=304–308|pmid=3017839|doi=10.1007/bf00279091|s2cid=12349826 }}</ref>
In 1987 through 1988, while working in the [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology|CCMB]], Singh established that this Bkm-derived probe could be used to generate individual specific DNA Fingerprints of humans for forensic investigations; and in 1988, he used that probe for the first time to solve a case of parentage dispute in India.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jayaraman|first1=K.S.|title=Cut-price fingerprints.|journal=Nature|year=1989|volume=340|issue=6230|page=175|pmid=2755472|doi=10.1038/340175c0|bibcode=1989Natur.340..175J|doi-access=free}}</ref> In 1991, Singh produced the first DNA fingerprinting based evidence in an Indian Court to settle a disputed paternity.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kunhiraman vs Manoj on 27 February, 1991 [II (1991) DMC 499]|url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/115193/|website=www.indiankanoon.org|publisher=[[Kerala High Court]]|access-date=17 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120114240/http://indiankanoon.org/doc/115193/|archive-date=20 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Lalji|title=DNA profiling and its application|journal=Current Science|date=1991|volume=60|pages=580–585}}</ref> This was followed by DNA fingerprinting based resolution of hundreds of civil and criminal cases, including cases such as the assassination case(s) of [[Beant Singh (chief minister)|Beant Singh]] and [[Rajiv Gandhi]],<ref name="Madras High Court">{{cite web|title=Chandradevi (A-3) vs State Of Tamil Nadu on 12 December, 2002|url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/12253/?type=print|website=www.indiankanoon.org|publisher=[[Madras High Court]]|access-date=16 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120115212/http://indiankanoon.org/doc/12253/?type=print|archive-date=20 January 2015}}</ref> [[Naina Sahni]] Tandoor murder case,<ref>{{cite news|last1=TNN|title=Nailing a criminal the DNA way|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Nailing-a-criminal-the-DNA-way/articleshow/381928383.cms|access-date=16 December 2014|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 August 2001|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104011418/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Nailing-a-criminal-the-DNA-way/articleshow/381928383.cms|archive-date=4 January 2017}}</ref> [[Swami Premananda (guru)|Swami Premananda]] case,<ref name="Madras High Court"/><ref>{{cite web|title=TWO ASPECTS OF SWAMI PREMANANDA: "THE AVATAR OF THIS AGE" plus CONVICTED RAPIST & MURDERER|url=http://www.exbaba.com/shortnews/gurugallery/premananda.htm|website=www.exbaba.com|access-date=16 December 2014}}</ref> Swami Shraddhananda case,<ref>{{cite web|title=Criminal Appeal No. 454 of 2006, Swamy Shraddananda @ Murali Manohar Mishra vs State Of Karnataka, the Supreme Court of India, decided on 22 July 2008|url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/989335/|website=www.indiankanoon.org|publisher=[[Supreme Court of India]]|access-date=24 January 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211065419/http://indiankanoon.org/doc/989335/|archive-date=11 February 2015}}</ref> and [[Priyadarshini Mattoo]] murder case.<ref>{{cite web|title=Santosh Kumar Singh vs State Th. Cbi on 6 October, 2010|url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/760449/|website=www.indiankanoon.org|publisher=[[Supreme Court of India]]|access-date=16 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120122344/http://indiankanoon.org/doc/760449/|archive-date=20 January 2015}}</ref>

This established the DNA fingerprinting to be used as evidence in the legal system of India.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rajagopal|first1=Krishnadas|title=SC pulls up trial court for not taking DNA experts seriously|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/sc-pulls-up-trial-court-for-not-taking-dna-experts-seriously/693714/|access-date=16 December 2014|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=7 October 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321152655/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/sc-pulls-up-trial-court-for-not-taking-dna-experts-seriously/693714/|archive-date=21 March 2018}}</ref> Singh's work in this arena prompted the government of India's [[Department of Biotechnology]] to form an autonomous institution, the [[Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics|Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD)]] in 1995, with the aim to provide DNA fingerprinting services to the country, especially for human identification purposes.<ref name="profilebhu" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Official website of Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD)|url=http://www.cdfd.org.in/|access-date=17 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218155618/http://cdfd.org.in/|archive-date=18 December 2014}}</ref>

Singh's lifetime contributions for the development and establishment of indigenous [[DNA profiling|DNA Fingerprinting Technology]] in India were recognized and he has been called the "Father of DNA fingerprinting" in India.<ref>{{cite news|last1=TNN|title=BHU introduces PG course in forensic science from this session|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/BHU-introduces-PG-course-in-forensic-science-from-this-session/articleshow/37765555.cms|access-date=16 December 2014|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 July 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708143912/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/BHU-introduces-PG-course-in-forensic-science-from-this-session/articleshow/37765555.cms|archive-date=8 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=|title=DNA inventor Dr Lalji Singh gets Nayudamma Award|url=http://www.telugumirchi.com/en/other-news/dna-inventor-dr-lalji-singh-gets-nayudamma-award.html|access-date=16 December 2014|website=Telugu Mirchi|date=3 February 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120145347/http://www.telugumirchi.com/en/other-news/dna-inventor-dr-lalji-singh-gets-nayudamma-award.html|archive-date=20 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=TNN|title=Forensic top expert visiting Allahabad for lecture|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Forensic-top-expert-visiting-Allahabad-for-lecture/articleshow/17175059.cms|access-date=22 January 2015|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 November 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923170555/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Forensic-top-expert-visiting-Allahabad-for-lecture/articleshow/17175059.cms|archive-date=23 September 2016}}</ref>

=== Wildlife conservation and forensics ===
[[File:Spottted Deer LaCONES.jpg|thumb|A spotted deer fawn born out of first successful artificial insemination in India at LaCONES on 14 March 2006]]
While serving as director of [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology|CCMB]], Singh realized an urgent need for assessment and conservation of the wildlife resources of India. To address that need, he conceptualized the [[Laboratory for conservation of endangered species]] (LaCONES) in 1998.<ref>{{cite news|author=|title=President to open LaCONES|url=http://www.oneindia.com/2006/11/20/president-to-open-lacones-1164028176.html|access-date=17 December 2014|publisher=[[Oneindia.com]]|date=20 November 2006|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120130642/http://www.oneindia.com/2006/11/20/president-to-open-lacones-1164028176.html|archive-date=20 January 2015}}</ref> The foundation stone of this laboratory was laid by the Minister of Environment and Forests, [[Government of India]] on 16 September 2001. On 2 February 2007, the laboratory was inaugurated and dedicated to the nation by then President of India [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|A.P.J. Abdul Kalam]].<ref>{{cite news|author=|title=PRESIDENT 'S ADDRESS AT THE DEDICATION OF THE LABORATORY FOR THE CONSERVATION OF ENDANGERED SPECIES (LACONES), HYDERABAD|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page1.asp?relid=24554|access-date=17 December 2014|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]], Government of India|date=1 February 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120133629/http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page1.asp?relid=24554|archive-date=20 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=|title=President dedicates LaCONES to nation|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-economy/president-dedicates-lacones-to-nation/article1648332.ece|access-date=17 December 2014|website=[[Business Line|The Hindu: Business Line]]|date=3 February 2007}}</ref>

LaCONES serves as a research laboratory for the conservation and preservation of wildlife resources using advanced technological interventions;<ref>{{cite web|title=Virtual Tour of LaCONES|url=http://ccmb.res.in/vr/ccmb-vr-flash/lacones-vr/index.html|publisher=[[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology|CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]]|access-date=19 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220031337/http://ccmb.res.in/vr/ccmb-vr-flash/lacones-vr/index.html|archive-date=20 December 2014}}</ref> and also the "National Wildlife Forensic Cell" to provide wildlife identification services for the nation, based on the fundamental discovery of universal primer technology made by [[Sunil Kumar Verma]] and Singh (2001).<ref name="AutoZ3-1">{{cite web|last1=Verma|first1=Sunil Kumar|last2=Singh|first2=Lalji|title=US Patent No 7141364: Verma and Singh 2001|url=http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PTXT&s1=7141364&OS=7141364&RS=7141364|publisher=[[United States Patent and Trademark Office]]|access-date=29 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402115849/http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PTXT&s1=7141364&OS=7141364&RS=7141364|archive-date=2 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Lalit T.|title=It's only a leopard: lab finding|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2002/02/10/stories/2002021003090500.htm|access-date=29 December 2014|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 February 2002|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303193400/http://www.thehindu.com/2002/02/10/stories/2002021003090500.htm|archive-date=3 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=|title=CCMB develops DNA test to identify animal species|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2003/04/30/stories/2003043001921900.htm|website=[[Business Line|The Hindu: Business Line]]|date=30 April 2003|access-date=18 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031121103000/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2003/04/30/stories/2003043001921900.htm|archive-date=21 November 2003}}</ref> The first DNA-based test for establishing the species identity of an unknown biological sample pertaining to a case of wildlife crime, was conducted in that laboratory in 2000.<ref>{{cite web|title=Verma and Singh, Universal Primer technology US and PCT Patent application No: PCT/IN01/00055, First Filling Date: 28/03/2001; Priority date: 28/03/2001|url=http://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/WO2002077278|access-date=19 December 2014|publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|date=3 October 2002|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120140849/http://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/WO2002077278|archive-date=20 January 2015}}</ref> Since then, the laboratory has undertaken thousands of such cases on a routine basis for the entire country and has revitalized the field of wildlife forensics.<ref>{{cite news|title=CSIR-Centre for Cellular & Molecular Biology (CSIR-CCMB) had developed DNA barcoding technology|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=108185|agency=[[Press Information Bureau]], Ministry of Science & Technology, [[Government of India]]|date=6 August 2014|access-date=18 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225163128/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=108185|archive-date=25 December 2014}}</ref>

The laboratory recorded a major success in the [[Assisted reproductive technology]] (ART) of wild animals, when the world's first successful [[artificial insemination]] of an in estrus induced [[Chital|spotted deer]], by non-surgical intra-vaginal insemination done in the laboratory, led to the birth of a live fawn on 14 March 2006.<ref>{{cite news|author=|title=CCMB's non-invasive artificial insemination bears fawn|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/ccmb-s-non-invasive-artificial-insemination-bears-fawn-106032901002_1.html|access-date=17 December 2014|website=[[Business Standard]]|date=29 March 2006|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120140926/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/ccmb-s-non-invasive-artificial-insemination-bears-fawn-106032901002_1.html|archive-date=20 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=TNN|title=CCMB scientists spawn spotted fawn|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/CCMB-scientists-spawn-spotted-fawn/articleshow/1468243.cms|access-date=17 December 2014|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 March 2006|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102195158/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/CCMB-scientists-spawn-spotted-fawn/articleshow/1468243.cms|archive-date=2 January 2017}}</ref> This achievement was further followed by an [[artificial insemination]] (AI) assisted birth of an Indian [[blackbuck]] fawn in August 2007. These were the first reports in the world of such successful [[Artificial insemination|AI]] of wild animals.<ref>{{cite web|title=LaCONES delivers "BLACKY", a Black Buck|url=http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/Blacky-CCMB.pdf|publisher=[[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR)|access-date=19 December 2014|date=24 August 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120124920/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/Blacky-CCMB.pdf|archive-date=20 January 2015}}</ref>

On the World Heritage Day in 2013, the LaCONES campus was recognized as a "Heritage Monument" by the Indian National Trust for Art and Culture (Intach)<ref>{{cite news|author=|title=Hyderabad monuments awarded|url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130419/news-current-affairs/article/hyderabad-monuments-awarded|access-date=17 December 2014|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=19 April 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002082150/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130419/news-current-affairs/article/hyderabad-monuments-awarded|archive-date=2 October 2015}}</ref> for its notable architecture and design.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Corradi|first1=Mara|title=Shirish Beri: Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species|url=http://www.floornature.com/projects-commerce/project-shirish-beri-laboratory-for-the-conservation-of-endangered-species-9131/|access-date=17 December 2014|publisher=Floornature|date=29 January 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120143854/http://www.floornature.com/projects-commerce/project-shirish-beri-laboratory-for-the-conservation-of-endangered-species-9131/|archive-date=20 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Beri|first1=Shirish|last2=and Associates|title=LaCONES (Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species)|url=http://www.architecture-page.com/go/projects/lacones-laboratory-conservation-endangered-species__all|publisher=Architecture-page|access-date=17 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120134817/http://www.architecture-page.com/go/projects/lacones-laboratory-conservation-endangered-species__all|archive-date=20 January 2015}}</ref>

=== Molecular basis of sex determination ===
In 1982, Singh and his colleagues discovered that a tiny portion of the short arm of sex-determining [[Y chromosome]] was necessary and sufficient to convert a female mouse to male.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=L.|last2=Jones|first2=K.W.|title=Sex reversal in the mouse (Mus musculus) is caused by a recurrent nonreciprocal crossover involving the X and an aberrant Y chromosome|journal=Cell|date=1982|volume=28|issue=2|pages=205–216|doi=10.1016/0092-8674(82)90338-5|pmid=7060127|s2cid=20454958 |url=http://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/0092-8674%2882%2990338-5.pdf}}</ref> This fundamental discovery provided a new concept of [[Chromosomal translocation]] of sex-determining region from Y chromosome to [[X chromosome]]s causing [[sex reversal]] in mice. These findings later became the foundation for the discovery of a similar phenomenon of [[Sex reversal|sex reversal in humans]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Guellaen|first1=Georges|last2=Casanova|first2=Myriam|last3=Bishop|first3=Colin|last4=Geldwerth|first4=Danielle|last5= Andre|first5=Gabriel|last6=Fellous|first6=Marc|last7= Weissenbach|first7=Jean|title=Human XX males with Y single-copy DNA fragments|journal=Nature|date=1984|volume=307|issue=5947|pages=172–173|doi=10.1038/307172a0|pmid=6537828|bibcode=1984Natur.307..172G|s2cid=1072978 }}</ref>

=== DNA-based molecular diagnostics ===
Until 1998, India did not have an adequate facility for diagnosis of [[genetic disorder]]s, prevalent in the country. The fundamental research carried out by Singh and his colleagues in that area, led to conceptualization and establishment of the first DNA based diagnostic laboratory in the country.<ref>{{cite news|author=|title=Genetic fingerprinting catches on|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/4381/genetic-fingerprinting-catches-on/|access-date=17 December 2014|publisher=[[Centre for Science and Environment]]|date=30 October 1992|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120142400/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/4381/genetic-fingerprinting-catches-on/|archive-date=20 January 2015}}</ref> The lab later evolved into a separate institute, the [[Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics]] in Hyderabad, India to provide advanced DNA based molecular diagnostics services for the nation.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Somasekhar|first1=M.|title=DNA fingerprinting comes of age|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/dna-fingerprinting-comes-of-age/article3746620.ece|access-date=17 December 2014|website=[[Business Line|The Hindu: Business Line]]|date=9 August 2012}}</ref>

=== Novel insights into evolution and migration of humans ===
The fundamental DNA-based research carried out by Singh and his colleagues on [[Indigenous peoples|primitive tribes]] including the tribal population of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], provided critical insights into the evolution and migration of humans, suggesting the out of Africa route of modern humans about 60,000 years ago to the [[Andaman Islands]].<ref>{{cite news|author=|title=DNA polymorphism provides insight into human origin|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/dna-polymorphism-provides-insight-into-human-origin/article1506896.ece|access-date=16 December 2014|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 March 2011}}</ref> These findings have furthered the scientific community's understanding of the [[Anthropogeny|origin of man]] in terms of evolution and migration from place to place.<ref>{{cite news|last1=TNN|title=Aryan-Dravidian divide a myth: Study|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Aryan-Dravidian-divide-a-myth-Study/articleshow/5053274.cms|access-date=16 December 2014|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 September 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108193900/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Aryan-Dravidian-divide-a-myth-Study/articleshow/5053274.cms|archive-date=8 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Chellappan|first1=Kumar|title=New research debunks Aryan invasion theory|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-new-research-debunks-aryan-invasion-theory-1623744|website=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|access-date=16 December 2014|date=10 December 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222190645/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-new-research-debunks-aryan-invasion-theory-1623744|archive-date=22 December 2014}}</ref>

=== Genome Foundation ===
In 2004, Singh founded a non-profit research and service organization, the Genome Foundation, with the aim of diagnosing and treating [[genetic disorder]] affecting the Indian population, in particular the under-privileged people residing in rural India, with the participation and voluntary services of scientists and professionals.<ref name="genomefoundation" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Lalit T.|title=Even a rupee can help fund its cause|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/even-a-rupee-can-help-fund-its-cause/article6686461.ece|access-date=17 December 2014|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 December 2014}}</ref>

==Death==
Lalji Singh died in [[Varanasi]], India following a heart attack on 10 December 2017 at the age of 70. He complained of chest pain when he reached the [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport]] to board a flight for [[Delhi]]. He was taken to the [[Sir Sunderlal Hospital|Banaras Hindu University (BHU) Trauma Centre]] from there but he could not be saved.<ref name="Obit"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/lalji-singh-father-of-dna-fingerprinting-in-india-passes-away/article21389954.ece|title=Lalji Singh, 'father of DNA fingerprinting in India,' passes away|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=11 December 2017|date=11 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321152655/http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/lalji-singh-father-of-dna-fingerprinting-in-india-passes-away/article21389954.ece|archive-date=21 March 2018}}</ref>

== Books by Singh ==
* ''You Deserve, We Conserve'' ({{ISBN|9788189866242}}) (2007)
* ''Scientoonic tell-tale of Genome and DNA'' ({{ISBN|9788189866600}} (2007)
* ''DNA Fingerprinting: the Witness within'' ({{ISBN|9789380026909}}), (2012)
* ''My travails in the Witness Box'' ({{ISBN|9789380578873}}), (2012)

== Awards and honors ==
{{as of|October 2014|lc=y}}, Singh holds fellowships from several Indian and Foreign academies. These include:
* Fellow of [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] (FASc), (elected in 1989)<ref name="biography" /><ref name="profilebhu" />
* Fellow of [[The National Academy of Sciences, India]] (FNASc), (elected in 1991)<ref name="biography" /><ref name="profilebhu" />
* Fellow of [[Indian National Science Academy]] (FNA) (elected in 1993)<ref name="biography" /><ref name="profilebhu" />
* Fellow of Andhra Pradesh Akademi of Sciences (elected in 2000)<ref name="biography" /><ref name="profilebhu" />
* Fellow of [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]] (FAAS) (elected in 2001)<ref name="biography" /><ref name="profilebhu" />
* Fellow of [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]] (FAMS) (elected in 2002)<ref name="biography" /><ref name="profilebhu" />
* Fellow of [[TWAS|Third World Academy of Sciences]] (FTWAS) (elected in 2002)<ref>{{cite web|title=Lalji Singh: Fellow of TWAS|url=http://twas.org/member/singh-lalji|website=www.twas.org|publisher=[[TWAS|The World Academy of Sciences]]|access-date=17 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002053211/http://twas.org/member/singh-lalji|archive-date=2 October 2015}}</ref>

Some of the notable awards conferred to Singh are as follows:
* [[Indian National Science Academy]] Medal for Young Scientists, (1974)<ref name="insaprofile" />
* [[Commonwealth Scholarship and Fellowship Plan|Commonwealth Fellowship]], (1974–1976)<ref name="biography" /><ref name="profilebhu" />
* [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]] Technology Award (Twice: 1992 and 2008; The 2008 Award was jointly conferred to [[Sunil Kumar Verma|Verma]] and Singh),<ref>{{cite news|author= |title=CSIR award for CCMB|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/csir-award-for-ccmb/article1344564.ece|access-date=18 November 2014|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 September 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=|title=CCMB bags CSIR technology award for life sciences 2008|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20080923/1060944.html|access-date=18 November 2014|publisher=WebIndia123|date=23 September 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227064346/http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20080923/1060944.html|archive-date=27 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=CSIR Technology Awards – 2008|url=http://dst.gov.in/whats_new/press-release08/csir-awards-2008.htm|access-date=18 November 2014|publisher=[[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]], [[Government of India]]|date=26 September 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221162249/http://dst.gov.in/whats_new/press-release08/csir-awards-2008.htm|archive-date=21 December 2014}}</ref>
* [[Ranbaxy Laboratories|Ranbaxy]] research Award (1994)<ref name="biography" /><ref name="profilebhu" />
* Goyal Prize in Life Sciences (2000)<ref name="biography" /><ref name="profilebhu" />
* Vigyan Gaurav Award (2003)<ref name="biography" /><ref name="profilebhu" />
* [[FICCI]] Award (2002–03)<ref name="biography" /><ref name="profilebhu" />
* The New Millennium Plaques of Honour, (2002), for services in the field of biological sciences from the Prime Minister of India at the 89th Session of the [[Indian Science Congress Association|Indian Science Congress]].<ref name="biography" /><ref name="profilebhu" />
* JC Bos National Fellowship (2006)<ref name="biography" /><ref name="profilebhu" />
* [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]] Bhatnagar Fellowship (2009)<ref name="biography" /><ref name="profilebhu" />
* [[National Research Development Corporation|NRDC]] Meritorious Invention Award (2009), jointly conferred to [[Sunil Kumar Verma|Verma]] and Singh),<ref>{{cite web|title=NRDC Awards 2009|url=http://www.nrdcindia.com/english/index.php/awards/awarded-inventions-awarded-inventions/24-1991|access-date=31 December 2014|publisher=[[National Research Development Corporation]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221170158/http://www.nrdcindia.com/english/index.php/awards/awarded-inventions-awarded-inventions/24-1991|archive-date=21 December 2014}}</ref>
* Biospectrum Life Time Achievement Award (2011).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kelath|first1=Uma|title=BioSpectrum awards excellence|url=http://www.biospectrumindia.com/biospecindia/news/155570/biospectrum-awards-excellence|publisher=Biospectrum|access-date=17 December 2014|date=9 January 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119193612/http://www.biospectrumindia.com/biospecindia/news/155570/biospectrum-awards-excellence|archive-date=19 January 2015}}</ref>
* The [[Padma Shri]], (2004), in recognition of his contributions to Indian science and technology.<ref name="padmaaward">{{cite web|author=|title=Padma Shri Awardees – 2004|url=http://archive.india.gov.in/myindia/padmashri_awards_list1.php?start=610|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=16 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120163854/http://archive.india.gov.in/myindia/padmashri_awards_list1.php?start=610|archive-date=20 January 2015}}</ref>

Singh has also been awarded "Honorary D.Sc. degree" by six Universities including the [[Banaras Hindu University]].<ref name="profilebhu" />

== Selected publications ==
* Chromosomes and classification of the snakes of the family Boidae<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=L.|last2=Sharma|first2=T.|last3=Ray-Chaudhuri|first3=S.P.|year=1968|title=Chromosomes and classification of the snakes of the family Boidae|url=https://doc-04-as-docs.googleusercontent.com/docs/securesc/ha0ro937gcuc7l7deffksulhg5h7mbp1/rqrnv565t11aaou98nj7u2v962ho9kdk/1416326400000/03715982868602056797/*/0B3-s774vYQRac2F6cmxncHA1MTQ?e=view|journal=Cytogenetics|volume=7|issue=3|pages=161–168|doi=10.1159/000129980|pmid=5693182|url-access=subscription}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* Sex Chromosome associated satellite DNA: Evolution and conservation<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=L.|last2=Purdom|first2=I.F.|last3=Jones|first3=K.W.|year=1980|title=Sex Chromosome associated satellite DNA: Evolution and conservation|journal=Chromosoma|volume=79|issue=2|pages=137–57|doi=10.1007/bf01175181|pmid=7398495|s2cid=19592537 }}</ref>
* Sex reversal in the mouse (Mus musculus) is caused by a recurrent nonreciprocal crossover involving the X and an aberrant Y chromosome<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=L.|last2=Jones|first2=K.W.|year=1982|title=Sex reversal in the mouse (Mus musculus) is caused by a recurrent nonreciprocal crossover involving the X and an aberrant Y chromosome|url=http://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/0092-8674%2882%2990338-5.pdf|journal=Cell|volume=28|issue=2|pages=205–216|doi=10.1016/0092-8674(82)90338-5|pmid=7060127|s2cid=20454958 }}</ref>
* The conserved nucleotide sequences of Bkm, including those, which define Sxr in the mouse, are transcribed<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=L.|last2=Phillips|first2=C.|last3=Jones|first3=K.W.|year=1984|title=The conserved nucleotide sequences of Bkm, including those, which define Sxr in the mouse, are transcribed|url=http://www.cell.com/abstract/0092-8674%2884%2990079-5|journal=Cell|volume=36|issue=1|pages=111–120|doi=10.1016/0092-8674(84)90079-5|pmid=6420069|s2cid=44455306 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>
* Bkm sequences are polymorphic in humans and are clustered in pericentric regions of various acrocentric chromosomes including the Y<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=L.|last2=Jones|first2=K.W.|year=1986|title=Bkm sequences are polymorphic in humans and are clustered in pericentric regions of various acrocentric chromosomes including the Y|journal=Human Genetics|volume=73|issue=4|pages=304–308|doi=10.1007/bf00279091|pmid=3017839|s2cid=12349826 }}</ref>
* DNA profiling and its applications<ref>{{cite journal|last=Singh|first=L.|year=1991|title=DNA profiling and its applications|journal=Current Science|volume=60|pages=580–585}}</ref>
* Novel universal primers establish identity of an enormous number of animal species for forensic application<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Verma|first1=S.K|author-link=Sunil Kumar Verma|last2=Singh|first2=L.|year=2003|title=Novel universal primers establish identity of an enormous number of animal species for forensic application|journal=Molecular Ecology Notes|volume=3|pages=28–31|doi=10.1046/j.1471-8286.2003.00340.x}}</ref>
* Reconstructing the origin of Andaman Islanders<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Thangaraj|first1=K.|last2=et|first2=al.|year=2005|title=Reconstructing the origin of Andaman Islanders|journal=Science|volume=308|issue=5724|pages=81–97|doi=10.1126/science.1109987|pmid=15890876|s2cid=12011171}}</ref>
* A common MYBPC3 (cardiac myosin binding protein C) variant associated with cardiomyopathies in South Asia<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dhandapany|first1=P.S.|last2=et|first2=al.|year=2009|title=A common MYBPC3 (cardiac myosin binding protein C) variant associated with cardiomyopathies in South Asia|journal=Nature Genetics|volume=41|issue=2|pages=187–191|doi=10.1038/ng.309|pmc=2697598|pmid=19151713}}</ref>
* Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present day Europeans<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lazaridis|first1=I.|last2=et|first2=al.|year=2014|title=Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present day Europeans|journal=Nature|volume=513|issue=7518|pages=409–413|arxiv=1312.6639|bibcode=2014Natur.513..409L|doi=10.1038/nature13673|pmc=4170574|pmid=25230663}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uth-EvoYWi4 At length personal interview of Lalji Singh]
* {{cite web|title=Live RSS Feed of the research papers of Lalji Singh and Colleagues|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/erss.cgi?rss_guid=18izFSnNssnQq_nd5Atg_m8Fyp_Fxcvx8xKBwYha89qDyTRoA2|publisher=National Institutes of Health|access-date=17 January 2015}}

{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-aca}}
{{succession box
| title=Director of [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]]
| years=May 1998 – July 2009
| before= Dr. Balasubramanian
| after= Dr. [[Ch. Mohan Rao]]
}}
{{succession box
| title=Vice Chancellor of [[Banaras Hindu University]]
| years=August 2011 – August 2014
| before= [[Dhirendra Pal Singh|D. P. Singh]]
| after= [[Girish Chandra Tripathi|Prof. G. C. Tripathi]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Lalji}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian zoologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Vice-chancellors of Banaras Hindu University]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Jaunpur district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences]]
[[Category:People from Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian geneticists]]

Manik Varma

2026-02-08T12:07:28Z

MartinDietrich8: cleanup citations additionally and cleaned formatting per standard format

{{short description|Indian singer}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Manik Varma (computer scientist)]], an Indian computer scientist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Manik Varma
| image = Manik Varma.jpg
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 16 May 1926
| birth_place =
| death_date = 10 November 1996 (aged 70)
| death_place =
| occupation = Singer
| yearsactive=
| othername =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (1974) [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (1986)
}}
'''Manik Varma''' (16 May 1926 – 10 November 1996) was an [[Hindustani classical music|Indian classical]] singer from the [[Kirana gharana|Kirana]] and [[Agra gharana|Agra]] gharanas (singing styles).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-26/hubli/28372632_1_kirana-gharana-prabha-atre-kaivalyakumar-gurav|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104182515/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-26/hubli/28372632_1_kirana-gharana-prabha-atre-kaivalyakumar-gurav|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 November 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Torch-bearers of kirana and Agra gharana, and their followers|date=26 January 2011}}</ref><ref name="ex">{{cite news|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=156498|title=A tribute to legendary singer Manik Varma|date=10 November 2005|work=The Indian Express}}{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> She was honored with the Padma Shri Award in 1974 for her contribution to the field of music.

==Career==

Besides the pure classical [[khyal]], she also sang semi-classical and light music like [[thumri]], [[Marathi people|Marathi]] [[Natya Sangeet]], Bhavgeet and Bhakti geet (devotional music). She was a disciple of [[Hirabai Barodekar]] and [[Sureshbabu Mane]], daughter and son of [[Abdul Karim Khan]], the founder of the Kirana gharana.She also took her rigorous training in Thumri Gayaki from Pandit Bholanath Bhatt of ‘Bhatt Parampara’ in Prayag, Allahabad.
She took further training from Azmat Hussain Khan "Dilrang" and Jagannathbua Purohit "Gunidas" of Agra gharana.<ref>{{cite book|last= Manuel|first=Peter|title=Thumri in Historical and Stylistic Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PlNShmx3x68C&pg=PA86|year=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=81-208-0673-5|page=86}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Deshpande|first=Vaman Hari |title=Between two tanpuras|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-EkDt0Gboe8C&q=manik+varma&pg=PA114|year=1989|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=0-86132-226-6|page=151}}</ref>

In April 1955, her songs became part of the [[Geet Ramayan]], a presentation of songs on the Hindu god Rama, a weekly year-long programme by [[All India Radio]] (AIR), [[Pune]], along with artists like [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Yogini Joglekar]], Usha Atre, Babanrao Navdikar, Lalitabai Phadke and [[Sudhir Phadke]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=115249|title=Yesterday once more as Geet Ramayan turns 50|date=25 January 2005|work=The Indian Express}}{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

She trained students including [[Asha Khadilkar]] and Shaila Datar.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

==Personal life==
Her maiden name was Manik Dadarkar ([[Devanagari]]: माणिक दादरकर). Her daughters include Rani Varma, also a singer, Aruna Jayprakash, [[Bharati Achrekar]], an actor, and [[Vandana Gupte]], a Marathi stage, film and television actor.<ref name="ex"/><ref name="inex"/>

==Awards==
She received the prestigious [[Padma Shri]] award from the [[government of India]] in 1974,<ref>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2009) |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |url=http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/LST-PDAWD.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510095705/http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/LST-PDAWD.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2013 }}</ref> followed by the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] given by the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], India's National Academy for Music, Dance and Drama in 1986.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/awardeeslist.htm |title=SNA: List of Akademi Awardees |publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] Official website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217185616/http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/awardeeslist.htm |archive-date=17 February 2012 }}</ref>

==Legacy==
In her memory ''Manik Varma Pratishthan'' was established in [[Mumbai]], which also presents Manik Ratna Award and scholarships. It also organises function on the birth and death anniversary of Manik Verma.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19981107/31151634.html|title=Stars shine down|date=7 November 1998|work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/local-news/archivefullstory.php?newsid=67369&creation_date=2003-11-06|title=Melodies for your soul: Music|date=6 November 2003|work=The Indian Express}}{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> On her eighth death anniversary, on 12 November 2004, a musical programme ''Baharla Parijaat Daari'' was presented by ''Devgandharva Bakhlebua Trust'' at Tilak Smarak Mandir in [[Pune]].<ref name="ex"/><ref
name="inex">{{cite news|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=157179|title=Remembering Manik Varma|date=15 November 2005|work=The Indian Express}}{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{YouTube|heaX9ngnrYA|Manik Varma sings ''Ughada Nayana Dev''}}
* [http://www.geetmanjusha.com/marathi/singer/66.html List of Manik Varma songs]
* http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nmKyQzug2FE

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varma, Manik}}
[[Category:Women Hindustani musicians]]
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:Singers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Marathi-language singers]]
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:Marathi music]]
[[Category:Performers of Hindu music]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Thumri]]
[[Category:Kirana gharana]]
[[Category:Hindustani singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Khyal singers]]

Indian Medical Association

2026-01-24T02:46:21Z

MartinDietrich8: minor improve references for clarity

{{Short description|Society of Indian physicians formed in 1928}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Indian Medical Association
| image = Indian medical association logo.JPG
| abbreviation = IMA
| formation = {{start date and age|1928}}
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]]
| membership = 317,458 as of November 30, 2019<ref name="l4pmh">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ima-india.org/ima/|title=Indian Medical Association|website=www.ima-india.org}}</ref>
| location = Indian Medical Association, IMA House, I.P. Estate, Next to [[Vikas Minar]], New Delhi - 110002
| region_served = [[India]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.ima-india.org}}
| leader_title = National President
| leader_name = Dr. R. V. Asokan
}}

The '''Indian Medical Association''' ('''IMA''') is a private, national [[Voluntary association|voluntary organisation]] of physicians in [[India]]. It was established in 1928<ref name="Ghosh_3/2021">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Abantika |date=2021-03-10 |title='Voice of doctors' or 'den of politics'? Why some doctors swear by IMA, others don't care |url=https://theprint.in/health/voice-of-doctors-or-den-of-politics-why-some-doctors-swear-by-ima-others-dont-care/618614/ |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> as the All India Medical Association, and was renamed the Indian Medical Association in 1930. It is a society registered under The Societies Act of India.

==Background==
The Indian Medical Association has approximately 350,000 member doctors<ref name="Ghosh_3/2021" /> in 1,700 active local branches in 29 states and union territories in India.<ref name="gKbnb">{{cite web |last=Rai |first=D. R. |date=2012 |title=Article on Indian Medical Association in Japan Medical association Journal |url=https://www.med.or.jp/english/journal/pdf/2012_06/441_444.pdf |access-date=2020-10-11 |website=www.med.or.jp |archive-date=2021-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022194545/https://www.med.or.jp/english/journal/pdf/2012_06/441_444.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=Jitendra B. |last2=Saini |first2=Narendra |date=2014-08-01 |title=Indian Medical Association |journal=Japan Medical Association Journal |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=238–244 |issn=1346-8650 |pmc=4375268 |pmid=26005621}}</ref> It is the largest association of medical doctors in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Prachi |date=August 12, 2020 |title=The Contest Between AYUSH and Allopathy Shouldn't Forget Public Health |url=https://science.thewire.in/health/ministry-of-ayush-mixopathy-ayurveda-allopathy-indian-medical-association-doctors-shortage-rural-areas-public-health/ |access-date=2022-05-01 |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Previously stationed out of [[Calcutta]], the IMA is headquartered in [[New Delhi]].<ref name="Ghosh_3/2021" /> Local branches send representatives to a central council which meets annually.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=What is IMA? And its [sic] History |url=https://www.ima-india.org/ima/left-side-bar.php?pid=299 |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=Indian Medical Association}}</ref> The council delegates to a working committee that represents all state branches and meets at least three times a year.<ref name=":0" />

The Indian Medical Association is one of the 27 founder members of the [[World Medical Association]],<ref name="dcy6f">{{Cite web |url=http://www.wma.net/en/60about/70history/ |title=History of the World Medical Association |access-date=2016-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609202315/http://www.wma.net/en/60about/70history/ |archive-date=2016-06-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref> joining in 1948.<ref name="Ghosh_3/2021" /> The IMA left the organization in 1985 due to the WMA's retention of South Africa, then a practitioner of apartheid. The IMA rejoined the WMA in 1993.<ref name="Ghosh_3/2021" /> A Reuters investigative report from 2015 found that the IMA had incorrectly told the WMA that charges of corruption brought by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] against former IMA president [[Ketan Desai (urologist)|Ketan Desai]] had been withdrawn.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-11-05 |title=WMA president Ketan Desai attends court hearing in corruption case |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/wma-president-desai-idINKBN130041 |access-date=2022-04-08}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last1=Stecklow |first1=Steve |last2=MacAskill |first2=Andrew |last3=Kalra |first3=Aditya |date=July 30, 2015 |title=Indian doctor's legal troubles bedevil global medical-ethics body |url=http://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/india-medicine-doctor/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Reuters |language=en}}</ref>

The IMA has expressed opposition to [[integrated medicine]] or the mixing together of systems of medicine in curriculum, practice and research in India, often by using the term "mixopathy".<ref>{{Cite news |title='Khichdi' medical system can put millions of lives at risk: IMA on integrated medicine proposal |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/khichdi-medical-system-can-put-millions-of-lives-at-risk-ima-on-integrated-medicine-proposal/articleshow/79066431.cms |access-date=2022-03-23}}</ref><ref name="Sirur_2/2022">{{Cite web |last=Sirur |first=Simrin |date=2022-02-19 |title=Don't call practitioners of Indian medicine 'quacks', have rights under law, says Commission |url=https://theprint.in/health/dont-call-practitioners-of-indian-medicine-quacks-have-rights-under-law-says-commission/838476/ |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Taskin |first=Bismee |date=2020-12-08 |title='No point mixing all in one' — IMA to fight govt move to allow Ayurveda doctors to do surgery |url=https://theprint.in/health/no-point-mixing-all-in-one-ima-to-fight-govt-move-to-allow-ayurveda-doctors-to-do-surgery/562449/ |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> The IMA has held a number of nationwide protests.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 18, 2021 |title=IMA holds nationwide protest seeking central law to protect doctors against violence |work=ANI |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/ima-holds-nationwide-protest-seeking-central-law-to-protect-doctors-against-violence20210618143115/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2020 |title=IMA's Call For Protest: Some Doctors Withdrew Services, Others Sported Black Ribbons |url=https://thewire.in/health/imas-call-for-protest-some-doctors-withdrew-services-others-sported-black-ribbons |access-date=2022-04-11 |website=The Wire |publisher=PTI}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2016-11-16 |title=Indian Medical Association protests against proposal to dissolve Medical Council of India |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/policy-and-issues/Indian-Medical-Association-protests-against-proposal-to-dissolve-Medical-Council-of-India/article16643796.ece |access-date=2022-04-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> These have included several protests between November 2016 and March 2017<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nagarajan |first=Rema |date=2019-03-16 |title=Two decades of attempts to cleanse medical education and its regulator the MCI |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/staying-alive/two-decades-of-attempts-to-cleanse-medical-education-and-its-regulator-the-mci/ |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=Times of India |language=en-US}}</ref> that objected to bills raised toward the creation of the [[National Medical Commission]]<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 1, 2018 |title=IMA strike: IMA protest against NMC bill tomorrow may hit services in private hospitals |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ima-protest-against-nmc-bill-tomorrow-may-hit-services-in-private-hospitals/articleshow/62325556.cms |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> which replaced the [[Medical Council of India]] on 25 September 2020.<ref name="NMC_2020">{{Cite web |date=September 25, 2020 |title=NMC comes into force from today, repeals Indian Medical Council Act |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/nmc-comes-into-force-from-today-repeals-indian-medical-council-act20200925002735/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=ANI News |language=en |archive-date=2020-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926090254/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/nmc-comes-into-force-from-today-repeals-indian-medical-council-act20200925002735/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In December 2020, approximately one million doctors attended a day-long strike organized by the IMA to protest a federal government rule that allows practitioners of the Indian system of medicine [[Ayurveda]] to perform minor surgeries.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jamkhandikar |first=Shilpa |date=2020-12-11 |title=One million Indian doctors on strike to protest surgeries by traditional practitioners |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/india-strike-idUSKBN28L17D |access-date=2022-05-01}}</ref> In early 2021, the IMA held a two-week nationwide hunger strike to protest the government's support for surgical training for postgraduate students of Ayurveda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Dinesh C. |date=2021-02-13 |title=Indian Medical Association launches hunger strike |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)00363-9/abstract |journal=The Lancet |language=English |volume=397 |issue=10274 |pages=567 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00363-9 |issn=0140-6736 |pmid=33581811|s2cid=231885079 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In 2022, Sahajanand Prasad Singh was listed as the national president for the organization.<ref name="Sirur_2/2022" /> Singh was preceded in the post by surgeon J. A. Jayalal from 2020 to 2021.<ref name="5mXsK">{{cite web |last=Chattopadhyay |first=Sanchari |date=December 31, 2020 |title=TN Surgeon Dr Jayalal Takes Charge As The New National President Of IMA |url=https://medicaldialogues.in/news/health/doctors/tn-surgeon-dr-jayalal-takes-charge-as-the-new-national-president-of-ima-73064 |access-date=31 March 2021 |publisher=Medical Dialogues}}</ref> Longtime member and cardiologist [[K. K. Aggarwal (cardiologist)|K. K. Aggarwal]] held several posts within the IMA including president.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 18, 2017 |title=National Medical Commission (NMC) Bill Opposed By IMA: 10 Points |url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/national-medical-commission-bill-move-to-replace-mci-opposed-by-ima-10-points-1788812 |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Economic Times">{{cite web |date=2 September 2014 |title=Dr KK Aggarwal elected as the new IMA general secretary |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-09-02/news/53480151_1_ima-indian-medical-association-secretary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909124041/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-09-02/news/53480151_1_ima-indian-medical-association-secretary |archive-date=9 September 2016 |website=[[The Economic Times]] |location=New Delhi |language=en}}</ref> [[Ketan Desai (urologist)|Ketan Desai]] served as the organization's head<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kalra |first=Aditya |date=2016-10-21 |title=Indian doctor accused of crimes becomes president of World Medical Association |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-wma-president-desai-idUSKCN12L0S8 |access-date=2022-04-07}}</ref> from 2001 to 2003<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Kalyan |date=2014-09-22 |title=Scam-tainted former MCI chief set to head global body |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/432113/scam-tainted-former-mci-chief.html |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> following a period when he had been found guilty by [[Delhi High Court]] of corrupt practices and [[abuse of power]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Rohit |date=2001-12-15 |title=Head of the Medical Council of India removed for corruption |journal=BMJ: British Medical Journal |volume=323 |issue=7326 |pages=1385 |doi=10.1136/bmj.323.7326.1385 |issn=0959-8138 |pmc=1121855 |pmid=11744556}}</ref>

==Office Bearers of IMA since Inception==
{{Incomplete list|date=February 2024}}
* [[Bidhan Chandra Roy]] (1929–30)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ima-india.org/ima/free-way-page.php?pid=20 | title=Indian Medical Association }}</ref>
*[[Nilratan Sircar]] (1931–32)
*[[Prem Aggarwal]] (June 1996 to 2000)<ref>{{Cite web |title={{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|Honarary}} Secretaries General |url=https://www.ima-india.org/ima/free-way-page.php?pid=65}}</ref>
* [[Ketan Desai (urologist)|Ketan Desai]] (2001–2003)
*[[K. K. Aggarwal (cardiologist)|K. K. Aggarwal]] (2014–2016)
*R. V. Asokan (2024–''Incumbent'')

==''Journal of the Indian Medical Association''==
The ''Journal of the Indian Medical Association'', (JIMA), is indexed in the [[Index Medicus]]. Published monthly, JIMA has over 240,000 subscribers for its electronic version and is also available in microfilm through [[Bell & Howell|Bell & Howels]], US.<ref name="D71AO">{{Cite web |title=Journal of the Indian Medical Association |url=https://www.scimagojr.com/journalsearch.php?q=14672&tip=sid |website=SCImago |issn=0019-5847}}</ref> JIMA was founded in 1930 by Sir [[Nilratan Sircar]], [[Bidhan Chandra Roy]], Kumud Sankar Ray, and others in [[Calcutta]].<ref name="D71AO" />

== See also ==
* [[Indian Council of Medical Research]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.ima-india.org/}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1928 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Medical associations based in India]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1928]]

Bharat Ki Shaan: Singing Star

2026-01-19T22:53:16Z

MartinDietrich8: starting a stub.

{{Short description|Indian Television Series}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=September 2013}}
{{one source|date=September 2013}}
}}
{{Infobox television
| image = 
| caption =
| genre = Reality
| creator =
| developer =
| writer =
| director =
| creative_director =
| presenter = '''Season 1''' [[Abhas Joshi]] Deepali Kishore '''Season2''' [[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]]
| starring =
| judges = '''Season 1''' [[Bappi Lahiri]] [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]] '''Season 2''' [[Ismail Darbar]] [[Usha Uthup]] '''Season 3''' [[Lalit Pandit]] [[Usha Uthup]] [[Anand Raj Anand]] [[Poornima (singer)]]
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Gajendra Singh (producer)|Gajendra Singh]]
| editor =
| location =
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime =
| company = [[Saaibaba Telefilms]]
| channel = [[DD National]]
| first_aired =
| last_aired = present
| related = ''[[Singing Star of U.P (reality show)]]''
}}

'''''Bharat Ki Shaan: Singing Star''''' is an Indian television singing competition series broadcast on [[DD National]]. The series is produced by [[Gajendra Singh (producer)|Gajendra Singh]] of Saaibaba Telefilms.

==Seasons==

===Season 1===
The Grand-Finale of the 1st season was held on 1 March 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.realbollywood.com/2010/03/grand-finale-bharat-ki-shaan-dd.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630052541/http://www.realbollywood.com/2010/03/grand-finale-bharat-ki-shaan-dd.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 June 2013|title=Grand finale of Bharat Ki Shaan on DD National|work=Rahul Kapoor - RealBollywood.com|date=1 March 2010}}</ref> The winner of the 2010 cycle was [[Sumit Khatri]], who received a trophy and two Bajaj Discover Bikes. The 1st runner-up was [[Sanjeev Kumar (singer)|Sanjeev Kumar]] and the 2nd runner- up was [[Arindam Chakrabarti (singer)|Arindam Chakrabarti]].

===Season 2===
The second season premiered on 23 April 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/press-release/usha-uthup-ismail-darbar-manoj-tiwari-anuradha-paudwal-and-jatin-lalit-dot-gajendra-singhs-bharat-ki-shaan/fc75ff7e-fa3c-424d-bc56-cf744f02560b/|title=Second season launch of Bharat Ki Shaan|work=BollywoodTrade|date=19 April 2012}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
The winner of the 2nd season was [[Mamta Raut]] and runners up were [[Osama Noor]] and [[Akash Ojha]]. It was hosted by [[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]]. Tiwari also sang a song in movie [[Gangs of Wasseypur]].

===Season 3===
The third season was hosted by [[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]] again and won by [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]. Vishal Mishra also won Bharat Ki Shaan Mahavijeta. [[Vibhor Parashar]] was the 1st runner-up in both Season 3 and Bharat Ki Shaan Mahavijeta. [[Amika Shail (singer)|Amika Shail]] became 2nd runner-up in Season3 and also won.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100228194617/http://www.saibabatelefilms.com/Programs/Synopsis.aspx?PID=19 Bharat Ki Shaan – Synopsis]

{{DD National Shows}}

[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:DD National original programming]]
[[Category:2010 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2010s Indian television series]]
[[Category:2010s singing talent shows]]
[[Category:2013 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Music competitions in India]]
[[Category:Indian music television series]]

Umro Ayyar

2026-01-10T20:27:16Z

MartinDietrich8:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox character
| name = Umro Ayyar
| image =
| caption =
| nickname = Umro
| first = ''[[Hamzanama]]''
| weapon = Suleimani
| title =
| creator =
| voice =
| species =
| gender = Male
| home = [[Hamzanama#Tilism-e hoshruba|Tilism-e-Hoshruba]]
| based_on =
}}

'''Umro Ayyar''' or '''Amar Ayyar''' is a fictional character, an [[ayyār]],{{efn|A class warriors and outlaws in the [[medieval Islamic world]].}} in ''Tilism-e-Hoshruba'', an [[Urdu]] recension of the Islamic epic ''[[Hamzanama]]'' (originally in Persian). He was first written about during the time of [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Akbar]] and many stories and novels have been written about him since.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldcat.org/identities/ns-ayyar%20umro%20fictitious%20character/|title=Ayyar, Ê»Umro (Fictitious character) [WorldCat Identities]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://ojs.lgu.edu.pk/index.php/nooretahqeeq/article/view/138|title=عمر و عیار۔ داستانِ امیر حمزہ کا ایک دلچسپ کردار|first1=Dr Saeed|last1=Ahmad|first2=Ambar|last2=Fatima|date=1 March 2020|journal=Noor e Tahqeeq|volume=4|issue=13|pages=49–55|via=ojs.lgu.edu.pk|archive-date=21 December 2024|access-date=8 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241221073342/https://ojs.lgu.edu.pk/index.php/nooretahqeeq/article/view/138|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Modern Urdu authors like Zaheer Ahmed,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://urdu-novels.org/umro-aur-botal-ka-jin-by-zaheer-ahmed-download-pdf.html|title=Umro Aur Botal Ka Jin by Zaheer Ahmed]|date=7 July 2019|access-date=17 March 2022|archive-date=25 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725041824/https://urdu-novels.org/umro-aur-botal-ka-jin-by-zaheer-ahmed-download-pdf.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Mazhar Kaleem]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bookspk.site/2017/03/umro-aur-veran-qila.html|title=Umro Aur Veran Qila by Mazhar Kaleem M.A]}}</ref> Safdar Shaheen and Akhter Rizvi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodreads.com/series/129512-tilism-i-hoshruba-umro-ayyar-collection|title=Tilism-i-Hoshruba: Umro Ayyar Collection Series}}</ref> have written various different stories about the character.

==Summary==
Umro Ayyar is a thief and the most famous character of the ''Hamzanama'' after [[Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Amir Hamza]], the titular hero of the epic. He is known for his cleverness and theft in the city 'Tilism-e-Hoshruba'. His life is full of adventure. It is his habit to travel around the world and take on evils and bad spirits. Umro has a magical ''zambeel (''bag)<ref>{{cite web |title=Zambeel – The legendary bag of tricks |url=https://zambeeldramaticreadings.wordpress.com/2013/04/28/zambeel-the-legendary-bag-of-tricks/ |website=Zambeel Dramatic Readings |language=en |date=28 April 2013}}</ref> from which he can extract whatever he wants. He mostly uses it to show off and to kill evil. He steals from the rich and gives to the poor.

== Legacy ==
{{Excerpt|Hamzanama|Cultural influence}}

==In fiction==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="1" | Film
! colspan="1" | Director
! colspan="1" | Played by
|-
|''Chandrakanta'' (1956)<ref>{{cite web |title=Chandrakanta (1956) |url=https://cinemaazi.com/film/Chandrakanta-1956 |website=Cinemaazi |language=en}}</ref>
|align="center" | [[G. P. Sippy]]
|
|-
| ''[[Umro Ayyar - A New Beginning]]'' (2024)
| align="center" | [[Azfar Jafri]]
| align="center" | [[Usman Mukhtar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/382619-usman-mukhtar-brings-back-the-legend-with-promising-first-look-of-umro-ayyar|title=Umro Ayyar: Usman Mukhtar revives the Persian legend of magic, adventure|website=[[Geo News]]|date=17 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Chandrakanta (novel)|Taalismaan]]'' (unreleased)
|align="center" | [[Ram Madhvani]]
|align="center" | [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
|}

===Animated films===
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="1" | Film
! colspan="1" | Director
! colspan="1" | Played by
|-
|''The Chronicles of Umro Ayyar'' (unreleased)
| align="center" | Syed Arsalan Ali Haris Basharat<ref>{{cite web |title=The Chronicles of Umro Ayyar |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt16966542/ |website=IMDb |date=21 April 2023}}</ref>
| align="center" | Afraz Rasool
|-
|}

===Dramas===
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="1" | Drama
! colspan="1" | Writer
! colspan="1" | Played by
|-
|''[[Ainak Wala Jin]]'' (1993)
| align="center" | [[Abdul Hameed (writer)|Abdul Hameed]]
| align="center" | Nisar Butt<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fun4all.com.pk/actor/nisar-butt/|title=NISAR BUTT in Ainak Wala Jin|website=FUN4ALL|access-date=17 March 2022|archive-date=12 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512134134/http://fun4all.com.pk/actor/nisar-butt/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[Chandrakanta (1994 TV series)|''Chandrakanta'']] (1994)<ref>{{cite web |title=Chandrakanta (1994) |url=https://indiancine.ma/CMMG/info |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|align="center" | [[Devaki Nandan Khatri]]
|align="center" | Brahmachari
|-
|''[[Kahani Chandrakanta Ki]]'' (2011)
|align="center" |Shrikant Vishvakarma
|align="center" |Sparsh Sharma
|-
|[[Chandrakanta (2017 TV series)|''Chandrakanta'']] (2017)<ref>{{cite web |title=Chandrakanta (2017) |url=https://indiancine.ma/BZRB/info |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|align="center" | Devaki Nandan Khatri [[Ekta Kapoor]]
|align="center" | [[Punit Talreja]]
|-
|''[[Prem Ya Paheli – Chandrakanta]]'' (2017)<ref>{{cite web |title=Prem Ya Paheli: Chandrakanta (2017) |url=https://indiancine.ma/CBTQ/info |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|align="center" | Devaki Nandan Khatri
|align="center" | [[Chandan K Anand]]
|}

===Other books===
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="1" | No.
! rowspan="1" | Book
! colspan="1" | Writer(s)
! colspan="1" | Publisher
|-
| 1
|''[[Hamzanama]]''
| align="center" | Ghalib Lakhnavi
| align="center" | [[Modern Library]]
|-
| 2
| ''[[Chandrakanta (novel)|Chandrakanta]]''
| align="center" | [[Devaki Nandan Khatri]]
| align="center" | Lehri Book Depot
|-
| 3
|''Umru Ayar'' (comic series)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/539908/comic-review-umru-ayar-the-rebirth-of-a-hero|title=Comic review: Umru Ayar, the rebirth of a hero|website=[[The Express Tribune]]|date=28 April 2013}}</ref>
| align="center" | Hasan Ansari
| align="center" | Kachee Goliyan
|-
| 4
|''Tilism-e-Hoshruba''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F-b9pMGqD1QC|title=Tilism-e-Hoshruba|website=[[Google Books]]|date=30 October 2009|publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=9788184758245}}</ref>
| align="center" | Shahnaz Aijazuddin
| align="center" | [[Penguin Books Ltd]]
|-
| 5
|''Hoshruba: The Land and the Tilism''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asiasociety.org/magical-tale-hoshruba-dastangoi-classic|title=The Magical Tale of Hoshruba, a Dastangoi Classic|website=Asia Society}}</ref>
| align="center" | [[Musharraf Ali Farooqi]]
| align="center" | [[Penguin Random House India Private Ltd|Penguin Random House Pvt. Ltd]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Urdu-language literature| ]]
[[Category:Fictional thieves]]
[[Category:Islamic literature]]
[[Category:Fictional Iranian people]]
[[Category:Fictional Indian people]]
[[Category:Indian film characters]]
[[Category:Dastangos]]

{{Novel-char-stub}}

Krishna McKenzie

2026-01-09T12:20:44Z

MartinDietrich8: Starting A Info

{{Short description|British singer and social media personality}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Krishna Mackenzie
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = United Kingdom
| other_names =
| alma_mater =
| height =
| occupation = {{flatlist|
*Singer
*Public speaker
*YouTuber
*Agriculturalist
}}
| years_active =
| works =
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| honours =
| awards =
}}

'''Krishna McKenzie''' is a British singer, songwriter, [[agriculturalist]], [[celebrity chef]], public speaker, and television presenter who is known for his social media accounts in which he speaks about the importance of organic farming, [[permaculture]], and [[Tamil cuisine|Tamil cooking]]. Fluent in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], he lives in [[Auroville]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], India, where he owns a [[farm-to-table]] café known as Solitude Farm.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/where-the-wild-things-grow/article29841892.ece | title=How Englishman-turned-Aurovillian Krishna Mckenzie leads a local food revolution at Auroville's Solitude Farm | work=The Hindu | date=31 October 2019 | last1=Muthalaly | first1=Shonali }}</ref>

He made his television debut as a reality cooking show judge in ''[[Samayal Express]]'', which airs on [[Zee Tamil]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/tamil-television-channels-add-new-content-to-sunday-watch-list/article68719350.ece | title=Tamil television channels add new content to Sunday watch list | work=The Hindu | date=6 October 2024 | last1=Lakshmi | first1=K. }}</ref>

==Early life==
Krishna McKenzie was born in the United Kingdom, where he studied at [[Jiddu Krishnamurti]]'s [[Krishnamurti foundations|school]] in [[Brockwood Park]], Hampshire. Inspired by the school's teachings, Mackenzie moved from the United Kingdom to [[Auroville]], Tamil Nadu, India in 1993. While living in Auroville, he quickly learned Tamil and imbibed in [[Tamil culture]]. He briefly went to Japan, where he met his girlfriend and also had the chance to listen to a lecture by [[Masanobu Fukuoka]] on natural farming.<ref>{{cite web |title=Krishna McKenzie: Auroville's British musician-farmer with a food forest & organic café |url=https://30stades.com/2021/08/30/krishna-mckenzie-auroville-british-musician-farmer-natural-farming-food-forest-organic-cafe/ |website=[[30 Stades]]}}</ref> He opened Solitude Farm in 1996, using farming techniques by Fukuoka.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 2020 |title=Permaculture: How to grow a climate-resilient food forest with edible wild plants |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/environment/how-a-british-farmer-reaps-the-dividends-of-running-a-sustainable-farm-in-auroville-69531 |website=[[Down to Earth (magazine)|Down to Earth]]}}</ref>

==Artistry==
Krishna founded the band Emergence for which he has been the lead vocalist and has released albums with songs in both English and Tamil. The band was founded in 2006 in Auroville.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 September 2017 |title=Meet the Indo-pop band from Pondicherry that also promotes sustainable organic farming |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2017/Sep/30/meet-the-indo-pop-band-from-pondicherry-that-also-promotes-sustainable-organic-farming-3731.html |website=[[Indulge Express]]}}</ref> The band has released songs using jazz, acoustic rock, and [[dappankuthu]].

Emergence has performed at [[Glastonbury Festival]], Maximum India Festival in Washington, D.C., and [[Dhruv Ghanekar#The Blue Frog|The Blue Frog]] in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krishna McKenzie: From England to Puducherry, Transforming Organic Farming |url=https://astroulagam.com.my/lifestyle/krishna-mckenzie-england-puducherry-transforming-organic-farming-284437 |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=[[Astroulagam]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mckenzie, Krishna}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Television personalities from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:British emigrants to India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

2022 Gujarat Titans season

2026-01-08T04:41:32Z

MartinDietrich8:

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = Gujarat Titans
| image =
| season = [[2022 Indian Premier League|2022]]
| coach = [[Ashish Nehra]]
| coachtitle = Coach
| captain = [[Hardik Pandya]]
| captaintitle = Captain
| overseas =
| overseastitle =
| ground = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Motera]], Ahmedabad
| comp1 = [[2022 Indian Premier League]]
| comp1 result = Champions
| comp2 =
| comp2 result =
| most runs = [[Hardik Pandya]] (487)
| most wickets = [[Mohammed Shami]] (20)
| most catches =
| most dismissals =
| prevseason =
| nextseason = [[Gujarat Titans in 2023|2023]]
}}

The 2022 season was the first season in the [[Indian Premier League]] for the [[Gujarat Titans]] franchise. They were one of ten teams to compete in the [[2022 Indian Premier League]]. The team was coached by [[Ashish Nehra]] and captained by [[Hardik Pandya]].

== Background ==
As a new franchise the team added three players ahead of the 2022 mega-auction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ipl-auction-2022-gt-gujarat-players-list-team-7766368/|title=IPL Mega Auction 2022: Gujarat Titans look to build solid foundation in maiden season|work=Indian Express|access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref>
;Picked: [[Hardik Pandya]], [[Rashid Khan]], [[Shubman Gill]]
;Acquired during the auction: [[Mohammed Shami]], [[Jason Roy]], [[Lockie Ferguson]], [[Abhinav Sadarangani]], [[Rahul Tewatia]], [[Noor Ahmad]], [[R Sai Kishore]], [[Dominic Drakes]], [[Jayant Yadav]], [[Vijay Shankar]], [[Darshan Nalkande]], [[Yash Dayal]], [[Alzarri Joseph]], [[Pradeep Sangwan]], [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]], [[Wriddhiman Saha]], [[Matthew Wade]], [[Gurkeerat Singh]], [[Varun Aaron]], [[Sai Sudharsan|B Sai Sudharshan]]

== Squad ==
* Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.
*'''Squad strength:''' 23 (15 - Indian, 8 - overseas)

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
!No.
!Name
!Nationality
!Birth date
!Batting style
!Bowling style
!Year signed
!Salary
!Notes
|-
! colspan="9" style="background: #DCDCDC; text-align:center"| Captain
|-
|33|| '''[[Hardik Pandya]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1993|10|11|df=y}} || Right-Handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||{{INRConvert|15|c}}|| Captain
|-
! colspan="9" style="background: #DCDCDC; text-align:center"| Batters
|-
|07||'''[[Shubman Gill]]'''|| {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1999|9|8|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||{{INRConvert|8|c}}|| Vice Captain
|-
|10|| '''[[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1989|06|10|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||{{INRConvert|3|c}}|| Overseas
|-
|17|| '''[[Gurkeerat Singh]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1990|06|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm off-break || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||{{INRConvert|50|L}} ||
|-
|23|| [[B Sai Sudharsan]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|2001|10|15|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||{{INRConvert|20|L}}||
|-
|67|| '''[[Jason Roy]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1990|7|21|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||{{INRConvert|2|c}}|| Overseas<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-gujarat-titans-england-batter-jason-roy-pulls-out-1303124|title=Jason Roy pulls out of IPL 2022|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="9" style="background: #DCDCDC; text-align:center"| All-rounders
|-
|09|| [[Rahul Tewatia]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1993|5|20|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||{{INRConvert|9|c}} ||
|-
|18|| [[Abhinav Sadarangani]]|| {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1994|9|16|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||{{INRConvert|2.60|c}}||
|-
|46|| '''[[Vijay Shankar (cricketer)|Vijay Shankar]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1991|1|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||{{INRConvert|1.40|c}}||
|-
|48|| '''[[Dominic Drakes]]''' || {{cr|WIN}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1998|2|6|df=y}}|| Left-handed || Left-arm medium-fast || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||{{INRConvert|1.10|c}} || Overseas
|-
! colspan="9" style="background: #DCDCDC; text-align:center"| Wicket-keepers
|-
|6||'''[[Wriddhiman Saha]]'''|| {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1984|10|24|df=y}} || Right-handed || - || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||{{INRConvert|1.90|c}} ||
|-
|13|| '''[[Matthew Wade]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1987|12|26|df=y}} || Left-handed || - || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||{{INRConvert|2.40|c}} || Overseas
|-
|16|| '''[[Rahmanullah Gurbaz]]''' || {{cr|AFG|2013}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|2001|11|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || - || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||{{INRConvert|50|L}} || Overseas Replacement for [[Jason Roy]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-gujarat-titans-sign-rahmanullah-gurbaz-as-jason-roys-replacement-1304361|title=Gujarat Titans sign Rahmanullah Gurbaz as Jason Roy's replacement|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="9" style="background: #DCDCDC; text-align:center"| Spin Bowlers
|-
|01|| [[Ravisrinivasan Sai Kishore]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1996|11|6|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||{{INRConvert|3|c}} ||
|-
|15|| [[Noor Ahmad]] || {{cr|AFG|2013}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|2005|1|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm Unorthodox Spin || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||{{INRConvert|30|L}} || Overseas
|-
|19|| '''[[Rashid Khan]]''' || {{cr|AFG|2013}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1998|09|20|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || {{INRConvert|15|c}} || Overseas
|-
|22|| '''[[Jayant Yadav]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1990|1|20|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off-break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||{{INRConvert|1.70|c}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background: #DCDCDC; text-align:center"| Pace Bowlers
|-
|04|| [[Darshan Nalkande]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1998|10|4|df=y}}|| Right-handed || Right-arm fast-medium|| style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||{{INRConvert|20|L}} ||
|-
|8|| '''[[Alzarri Joseph]]''' || {{cr|WIN}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1996|11|20|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||{{INRConvert|2.40|c}} || Overseas
|-
|11|| '''[[Mohammed Shami]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1990|9|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||{{INRConvert|6.25|c}} ||
|-
|12|| [[Pradeep Sangwan]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1990|11|5|df=y}}|| Right-handed || Left arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||{{INRConvert|20|L}} ||
|-
|69|| '''[[Lockie Ferguson]]''' || {{cr|NZ}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1991|6|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||{{INRConvert|10|c}} || Overseas
|-
|77|| '''[[Varun Aaron]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1989|10|29|df=y}}|| Right-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||{{INRConvert|50|L}} ||
|-
|133|| [[Yash Dayal]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1997|12|13|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||{{INRConvert|3.20|c}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="text-align: center;"| Source:
|}

== Administration and support staff ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
!Position
!Name
|-
|Director of cricket|| [[Vikram Solanki]]
|-
|Head coach|| [[Ashish Nehra]]
|-
|Batting coach and mentor|| [[Gary Kirsten]]
|-
|Spin bowling coach and scout|| [[Aashish Kapoor]]
|}

==Kit manufacturers and sponsors==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
!Kit manufacturer
!Shirt sponsor (chest)
!Shirt sponsor (back)
!Chest branding
|-
|EM Sports
|[[Ather Energy]]
|BKT
|Capri Global
|-
! colspan="411" style="text-align:right;"| Source :
|}
{{col-2}}
|{{Cricket uniform
| pattern_la = _gt22
| pattern_b = _gt22
| pattern_ra = _gt22
| pattern_pants =
| leftarm = 0A1C34
| body = 0A1C34
| rightarm = 0A1C34
| pants = 0A1C34
| title = T20 uniform
}}
{{col-end}}

== Points table ==
{{2022 Indian Premier League Points table|showteam=GT}}

== Group fixtures ==
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 28 March 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| score1 = 158/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Deepak Hooda]] 55 (41)
| wickets1 = [[Mohammed Shami]] 3/25 (4 overs)
| score2 = 161/5 (19.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rahul Tewatia]] 40[[not out|*]] (24)
| wickets2 = [[Dushmantha Chameera]] 2/22 (3 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304050.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Pashchim Pathak]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Mohammed Shami]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match4}}'''Match 4'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 2 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 = 171/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shubman Gill]] 84 (46)
| wickets1 = [[Mustafizur Rahman]] 3/23 (4 overs)
| score2 = 157/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rishabh Pant]] 43 (29)
| wickets2 = [[Lockie Ferguson]] 4/28 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 14 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304056.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|MCA International Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Ulhas Gandhe]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Lockie Ferguson]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match10}}'''Match 10'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 8 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| score1 = 189/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Liam Livingstone]] 64 (27)
| wickets1 = [[Rashid Khan]] 3/22 (4 overs)
| score2 = 190/4 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shubman Gill]] 96 (59)
| wickets2 = [[Kagiso Rabada]] 2/35 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304062.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Shubman Gill]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match16}}'''Match 16'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 11 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| score1 = 168/2 (19.1 overs)
| runs1 = [[Kane Williamson]] 57 (46)
| wickets1 = [[Hardik Pandya]] 1/27 (4 overs)
| score2 = 162/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Hardik Pandya]] 50* (42)
| wickets2 = [[T. Natarajan]] 2/34 (4 overs)
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304067.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Chirra Ravikanthreddy]] (Ind) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Kane Williamson]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad)
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match21}}'''Match 21'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 14 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| team2 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| score1 = 192/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Hardik Pandya]] 87* (52)
| wickets1 = [[Riyan Parag]] 1/12 (1 over)
| score2 = 155/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jos Buttler]] 54 (24)
| wickets2 = [[Lockie Ferguson]] 3/23 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 37 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304070.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Hardik Pandya]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match24}}'''Match 24'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 17 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| score1 = 169/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] 73 (48)
| wickets1 = [[Alzarri Joseph]] 2/34 (4 overs)
| score2 = 170/7 (19.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]] 94[[not out|*]] (51)
| wickets2 = [[Dwayne Bravo]] 3/23 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 3 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304075.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|MCA International Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Ulhas Gandhe]] (Ind)
| motm = [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to field
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match29}}'''Match 29'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 23 April 2022
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| score1 = 156/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Hardik Pandya]] 67 (49)
| wickets1 = [[Andre Russell]] 4/5 (1 over)
| score2 = 148/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Andre Russell]] 48 (25)
| wickets2 = [[Mohammed Shami]] 2/20 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 8 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304081.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Ulhas Gandhe]] (Ind) and [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Rashid Khan]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match35}}'''Match 35'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 27 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| score1 = 195/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Abhishek Sharma (cricketer, born 2000)|Abhishek Sharma]] 65 (42)
| wickets1 = [[Mohammed Shami]] 3/39 (4 overs)
| score2 = 199/5 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Wriddhiman Saha]] 68 (38)
| wickets2 = [[Umran Malik]] 5/25 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304086.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Navdeep Singh (cricketer)|Navdeep Singh]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Umran Malik]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Umran Malik]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad) took his first [[List of Indian Premier League five-wicket hauls|five-wicket haul]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/ipl-2022/story/umran-malik-5-wicket-haul-gt-vs-srh-pace-fan-banner-wankhede-1942727-2022-04-27 |title=GT vs SRH: Umran Malik breathes fire to claim first five-wicket haul in IPL |work=India Today |access-date=27 April 2022}}</ref>
| round = {{anchor|match40}}'''Match 40'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 30 April 2022
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| score1 = 170/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Virat Kohli]] 58 (53)
| wickets1 = [[Pradeep Sangwan]] 2/19 (4 overs)
| score2 = 174/4 (19.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rahul Tewatia]] 43[[not out|*]] (25)
| wickets2 = [[Shahbaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Shahbaz Ahmed]] 2/26 (3 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304089.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Saiyed Khalid]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Rahul Tewatia]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match43}}'''Match 43'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 3 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| team2 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| score1 = 143/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sai Sudharsan]] 65[[not out|*]] (50)
| wickets1 = [[Kagiso Rabada]] 4/33 (4 overs)
| score2 = 145/2 (16 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] 62[[not out|*]] (53)
| wickets2 = [[Lockie Ferguson]] 1/29 (3 overs)
| result = Punjab Kings won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304094.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Kagiso Rabada]] (Punjab Kings)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match48}}'''Match 48'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 6 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| score1 = 177/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ishan Kishan]] 45 (29)
| wickets1 = [[Rashid Khan]] 2/24 (4 overs)
| score2 = 172/5 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Wriddhiman Saha]] 55 (40)
| wickets2 = [[Murugan Ashwin]] 2/29 (4 overs)
| result = Mumbai Indians won by 5 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304097.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Sadashiv Iyer]] (Ind) and [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Tim David]] (Mumbai Indians)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match51}}'''Match 51'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 10 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| team2 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| score1 = 144/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shubman Gill]] 63[[not out|*]] (49)
| wickets1 = [[Avesh Khan]] 2/26 (4 overs)
| score2 = 82 (13.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Deepak Hooda]] 27 (26)
| wickets2 = [[Rashid Khan]] 4/24 (3.5 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 62 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304103.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|MCA International Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Michael Gough (cricketer)|Michael Gough]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Shubman Gill]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Gujarat Titans qualified for the playoffs as a result of this match.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2022-1298423/lucknow-super-giants-vs-gujarat-titans-57th-match-1304103/match-report|title=Gill 63*, Rashid four-for lead Gujarat Titans to playoffs|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 May 2022}}</ref>
| round = {{anchor|match57}}'''Match 57'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 15 May 2022
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| score1 = 133/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] 53 (49)
| wickets1 = [[Mohammed Shami]] 2/19 (4 overs)
| score2 = 137/3 (19.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Wriddhiman Saha]] 67[[not out|*]] (57)
| wickets2 = [[Matheesha Pathirana]] 2/24 (3.1 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304108.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Wriddhiman Saha]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match62}}'''Match 62'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 19 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| score1 = 168/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Hardik Pandya]] 62[[not out|*]] (47)
| wickets1 = [[Josh Hazlewood]] 2/39 (4 overs)
| score2 = 170/2 (18.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 73 (54)
| wickets2 = [[Rashid Khan]] 2/32 (4 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bangalore won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304113.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Sadashiv Iyer]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Virat Kohli]] (Royal Challengers Bangalore)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Punjab Kings and Sunrisers Hyderabad were eliminated as a result of this match.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2022-1298423/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-gujarat-titans-67th-match-1304113/match-report|title=Kohli 73 keeps RCB in playoff contention|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=20 May 2022}}</ref>
| round = {{anchor|match67}}'''Match 67'''
}}

== Playoffs ==
=== Preliminary ===
==== Qualifier 1 ====
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 24 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| score1 = 188/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jos Buttler]] 89 (56)
| wickets1 = [[Hardik Pandya]] 1/14 (2 overs)
| score2 = 191/3 (19.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]] 68[[not out|*]] (38)
| wickets2 = [[Trent Boult]] 1/38 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1312197.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| umpires = [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match71}}
}}

=== Final ===
{{main|2022 Indian Premier League final}}
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 29 May 2022
| time = 20:00
| night = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| team2 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| score1 = 133/3 (18.1 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shubman Gill]] 45[[not out|*]] (43)
| wickets1 = [[Trent Boult]] 1/14 (4 overs)
| score2 = 130/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jos Buttler]] 39 (35)
| wickets2 = [[Hardik Pandya]] 3/17 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1312200.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Hardik Pandya]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match74}}
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{2022 Indian Premier League}}

[[Category:2022 Indian Premier League]]
[[Category:Gujarat Titans seasons|2022]]

Kavya Ajit

2026-01-08T00:26:14Z

MartinDietrich8: Starting Details

{{short description|Indian playback singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Kavya Ajit
| image = Kavya Ajit Photoshoot.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = Kavya Ajit
| native_name = കാവ്യ അജിത്
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1991|07|17}}
| birth_place = [[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]], India
| genre = {{Flatlist|
* [[Indian classical music]]
* [[Pop music|pop]]
* [[filmi]]
* [[playback singing]]
}}
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* [[Playback singer]]
* [[violinist]]
}}
| instrument = {{hlist|Vocals|violin}}
| years_active = 2014–present
}}

'''Kavya Ajit''' (born 17 July 1991) is an Indian singer, violinist and a live performer born in [[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]]. Apart from [[Malayalam]], she has recorded songs in many Indian languages including [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Kannada]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/interview-with-upandcoming-singer-kavya-ajit/article8555626.ece |title=Fresh, new voice |last=George |first=Liza |date=2016-05-04 |work=The Hindu |access-date=2017-11-23 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Having trained in [[Carnatic music|Carnatic Classical Music]] and Western classical style of [[Violin]], she has performed in concerts and stage shows across the world.<ref name=":0" />

==Early life and education==
Kavya was born on 17 July 1991 in [[Kozhikode]] to Dr. Ajit Bhaskar<ref>{{Cite web|title=Instagram post by Kavya Ajit|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DFnCg1pyk6A/|website=Instagram|date=2024-11-23|access-date=2025-11-27}}</ref> and Dr. Lakshmi S, a professor of [[gynaecology]].<ref>{{cite news
|title=Kavya Ajit’s cover with her baby grannie is feel-good
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/kavya-ajits-cover-with-her-baby-grannie-is-feel-good/articleshow/88777761.cms
|work=The Times of India
|date=2021-01-08
|access-date=2025-01-27
}}</ref> She learnt the basics of [[carnatic music|Carnatic Music]] from her grandmother Kamala Subrahmaniam, former [[All India Radio]] artiste and continued further education after moving to [[Chennai]].<ref name=":0" />

She attended Presentation Higher Secondary School in Kozhikode.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Instagram post by Kavya Ajit
|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C2UrpICvVgA/
|website=Instagram
|date=2024-01-18
|access-date=2025-01-27
}}</ref> She completed a degree in computer science engineering and worked as a software engineer before shifting to a full-time career in music.<ref name=":0" /> She is married to Vidhyasagar Venkatesan<ref>{{Cite web|title=‘എന്റെയുള്ളിലെ കുഞ്ഞ് ആണാണോ പെണ്ണാണോ എന്ന് അമ്മയ്ക്ക് അറിയാം, അത് ശരിക്കും സർപ്രൈസാണ്’|url=https://www.vanitha.in/celluloid/celebrity-interview/2021/03/10/kavya-ajit-singer-pregnancy-time-happiness.html|website=Vanitha|publisher=Malayala Manorama|access-date=2025-11-27|language=ml|trans-title=Mom knows if the baby inside me is a boy or a girl, that's a real surprise|date=2021-03-10|last=Premkumar|first=Lakshmi}}</ref> and they have a daughter, Lakshya. The family resides in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Music for the generations|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2022/Jan/08/music-for-the-generations-2404304.html|website=The New Indian Express|date=2022-01-08|access-date=2025-11-27|language=en|first=Arya|last=UR}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Kavya Ajit Band Big G.jpg|thumb|right|Kavya Ajit with Gopi Sundar and Haricharan during Band Big G live performance at Dubai]]
Kavya stepped into music scene in 2014 with the [[Ranjan Pramod]]'s romantic musical [[Rose Guitarinaal]]. The film's music composer [[Shahabaz Aman|Shahbaz Aman]], who was in search for a new voice, liked hers and offered her the song ''Engum Nalla Pookkal'' which became her first breakthrough.<ref name=":0" /> It was followed by a string of songs tuned by [[Shaan Rahman]] for the films [[Praise the Lord (film)|Praise the Lord]], [[Oru Vadakkan Selfie]] and [[Nam Duniya Nam Style]] which was her [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] debut. She was next heard in Lavender, composed by [[Deepak Dev]] where she performed two tracks for the film. The soundtrack was lauded for Dev's combination of western music and old-world lyrics.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Lavender-Music-Review/articleshow/47828737.cms |title=Lavender Music Review - Times of India |work=The Times of India |access-date=2017-11-23}}</ref>

She debuted in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film music industry]] through the song ''Hey Umayaal'' for the film [[Urumeen]] scored by [[Achu Rajamani]].<ref name=":3" />

Her first taste of success came after singing ''Neeyen Kaataai'' from the film [[Jo and the Boy]], composed by Rahul Subrahmanian.<ref name=":0" /> She received wider recognition following the release of the breezy melody ''Ee Shishirakalam'', tuned by [[Shaan Rahman]] for the film [[Jacobinte Swargarajyam]]. The song was an instant hit and was praised by critics and audiences alike.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/music/jacobinte-swargarajyam-music-review-shaan-rahman-vineeth-sreenivasan-nivin-pauly.html |title='Jacobinte Swargarajyam' music review: Shaan on a melodic high |work=OnManorama |access-date=2017-11-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/watch-nivin-paulys-jacobinte-swargarajyam-family-song-ee-shishirakaalam-video-671903 |title=Watch Nivin Pauly's 'Jacobinte Swargarajyam' family song 'Ee Shishirakaalam' [VIDEO] |last=James |first=Anu |work=International Business Times, India Edition |access-date=2017-11-23 |language=en}}</ref> In 2016, she made her [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] debut through the song [[Jakkanna]] from the eponymous film. The track was lauded for its grooviness.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Music-Review-Jakkanna/articleshow/53302383.cms |title=Music Review: Jakkanna - Times of India |work=The Times of India |access-date=2017-11-23}}</ref>

In 2017, she lent her vocals for [[Gopi Sundar]]'s composition ''Chekkanum Pennum'' for [[Omar Lulu|Omar]]'s second film [[Chunkzz]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/chunkzz-video-song-on-wedding-is-an-out-and-out-fun-affair/articleshow/59803256.cms |title='Chunkzz' wedding video song is an out-and-out fun affair - Times of India |work=The Times of India |access-date=2017-11-24}}</ref> followed by ''Agnijwalaa'' from the [[Bollywood]] film [[Mom (film)|Mom]] for [[A. R. Rahman|A.R Rahman]]'s Malayalam soundtrack album.<ref>{{Citation |last=T-Series Malayalam |title=MOM Jukebox {{!}}{{!}} Mom Malayalam Songs {{!}}{{!}} Sridevi,Akshaye Khanna,Nawazuddin Siddiqui {{!}}{{!}} Malayalam Songs |date=2017-07-19 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uzhMyqSZWs |accessdate=2017-11-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/kavya-ajit-if-an-artistes-content-is-not-on-the-internet-today-its-unlikely-that-the-person-will-make-it-big/articleshow/63137053.cms |title=Kavya Ajit: If an artiste's content is not online today, it's unlikely that a person will make it big |date=3 March 2018 |work=Times of India}}</ref>

Kavya has performed at numerous Carnatic concerts, Western Vocal and Violin gigs and has shared stage with various artists like [[A. R. Rahman|A.R Rahman]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/160218/music-that-soothes-the-soul-1.html |title=Music that soothes the soul |website=Deccan Chronicle }}</ref> [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Vijay Prakash]], [[Naresh Iyer]], [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]], [[Stephen Devassy|Stephan Devassy]], [[Shaan Rahman]] and [[Gopi Sundar]] as part of various TV music shows and live performances.<ref name=":0" /> She has sung various commercial jingles and has collaborated with artists like [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]], [[Siddharth Menon (singer)|Siddharth Menon]], [[Justin Prabhakaran]] and Madley Blues for their albums and singles.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/kavya-ajits-kerala-diaries-takes-the-spirit-of-kerala-to-a-different-level-malayalam-news-194917 |title=Kavya Ajit's 'Kerala Diaries' Takes The Spirit Of Kerala To A Different Level |date=5 September 2017 |work=India Glitz}}</ref>

==Discography==
{| class = "sortable wikitable"
!Year !! Film !! Song !! Composer !! Language !! Ref
|-
| 2013 || ''Rose Guitarinaal''|| Engum Nalla Pookkal || [[Shahabaz Aman]] || Malayalam ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Nam Duniya Nam Style]]'' || Take It Easy || [[Shaan Rahman]] || Kannada ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/nam-duniya-nam-style/songs.html |title=Nam Duniya Nam Style Songs {{!}} Nam Duniya Nam Style Mp3 Songs Lyricist {{!}} Nam Duniya Nam Style Kannada Movie Songs - Filmibeat |website=FilmiBeat |language=en-US |access-date=2017-11-23}}</ref>
|-
| 2014 || [[Praise the Lord (film)|''Praise The Lord'']] || Ab Kya Hua He || Shaan Rahman || Malayalam ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Oru Vadakkan Selfie]]'' || Neelaambalin || Shaan Rahman || Malayalam ||
|-
| 2015 || ''Lavender''|| Pulari Manjin, She's So Beautiful || [[Deepak Dev]] || Malayalam ||
|-
| 2015 || ''Appavam Veenjum''|| Nee Thirapol || [[Ouseppachan]] || Malayalam ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Jo and the Boy]]'' || Neeyen Kaattaai || Rahul Subramanian || Malayalam ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Urumeen]]''|| Hey Umayaal || [[Achu Rajamani]] || Tamil ||<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/urumeen/urumeen-songs-review.html |title=Urumeen (aka) Urumeen songs review |website=Behindwoods |access-date=2017-11-23}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || ''Chennai Koottam''|| Life is like A || [[Sajan K. Ram]] || Malayalam ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Jacobinte Swargarajyam]]'' || Ee Shishirakaalam || Shaan Rahman || Malayalam ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Jakkanna]]''|| Jakkanna || Dinesh || Telugu ||<ref name=":2" />
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Konjam Konjam]]'' || Kadhalgi || Vallavan || Tamil ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tamilmusiq.net/Movie/Konjam+Konjam |title=Konjam Konjam Mp3 Songs Download Konjam Konjam Tamil Movie Mp3 Songs Download :: TamilMusiq.Net |website=tamilmusiq.net |access-date=2018-03-07 |archive-date=8 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308041422/http://tamilmusiq.net/Movie/Konjam+Konjam |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Chunkzz]]''|| Chekkanum Pennum || [[Gopi Sundar]] || Malayalam ||
|-
| 2017 || [[Mom (film)|''Mom'']] || Agnijwalaa || [[A R Rahman]] || Malayalam ||
|-
|2017
|''2 Countries''
|Ullasamlo
|Gopi Sundar
|Telugu
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Ullasamlo (From "2 Countries") - Single by Gopi Sundar on Apple Music |date=2017-12-07 |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/ullasamlo-from-2-countries-single/1322934227 |language=en-gb |access-date=2017-12-16}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''[[Vimaanam]]''
|Anthikevarikente, Meghakanavinu
|Gopi Sundar
|Malayalam
|
|-
|2018
|[[Hey Jude (film)|''Hey Jude'']]
|Hey Don't Worry Jude
|[[Rahul Raj]]
|Malayalam
|
|-
|2018
|[[B.Tech (film)|''B.Tech'']]
|Peda Glassu
|[[Rahul Raj]]
|Malayalam
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Irupathiyonnaam Noottaandu]]''
|Aaraaro Ardhramayi
|Gopi Sundar
|Malayalam
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Kannum Kannum Kollaiyadithaal]]''
|Maaga Maaga
|Harshavardhan Rameshwar
|Tamil/Telugu
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Thinkalazhcha Nishchayam]]''
|Kedanalame
|[[Mujeeb Majeed]]
|Malayalam
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Music |first=Apple |title=Thinkalazhcha Nishchayam Soundtrack |url=https://music.apple.com/ca/album/thinkalazhcha-nishchayam-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1593349276 |website=Apple Music |access-date=24 May 2022 |archive-date=24 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524070340/https://music.apple.com/ca/album/thinkalazhcha-nishchayam-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1593349276 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''Varisi''
|Mayo
|Nandha
|Tamil
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Music |first=Apple |title=Varisi Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/varisi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1560634940 |website=Apple Music}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Jack N' Jill]]''
|Annatha Pokki
|Ram Surendar
|Malayalam
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annatha Pokki (From Jack N' Jill) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/annatha-pokki-from-jack-n-jill-single/1625849656 |website=Apple Music}}</ref>
|}

== Other works ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Song
!Album/Single
!Composer(s)
!Writer(s)
!Singer(s)
!Language
!Ref
|-
|2014
|Seeli Seeli Hawa, Uljhan
|Izhaar
|Narayananunni S
|Kaustubh Panat, Heena Ansari
|[[Siddharth Menon (singer)|Siddharth Menon]], Kavya Ajit
|Hindi
|<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Izhaar - Narayananunni S - Single by Siddharth Menon on Apple Music|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/izhaar-narayananunni-s-single/881445788|access-date=2017-11-23|website=[[iTunes]]|language=en-us}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|Yaaro Nee
|Kungumam Vecha Kekudhu
|Surya Prasadh R
|Anand Shankar
|Surya Prasadh R, Kavya Ajit
|Tamil
|<ref>{{Citation|last=divoindie|title=Torture {{!}} Kungumam Vecha Kekudhu {{!}} Tele film {{!}} Lyric Video|date=2014-12-03|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i4oUlmnuswA|accessdate=2017-11-23}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
|Lesbian Anthem
|Ladies and Gentle Women
|Justin Prabhakaran
|Kutti Revathi
|Anitha Karthikeyan, Kavya Ajit
|Tamil
|<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=2017-04-02|title=from Chennai, an anthem for lesbian love {{!}} orinam|language=en-US|work=orinam|url=http://orinam.net/lesbian-love-music-video-2017/|access-date=2017-11-23}}</ref>
|-
|Rhythm of Life
|Rhythm of Life
|Vishal Chandrashekhar
|Vishnu Edavan
|[[Yazin Nizar]], Kavya Ajit
|Tamil
|<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Rhythm of Life - Single by Vishal Chandrashekhar on Apple Music|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/rhythm-of-life-single/1234542922|access-date=2017-11-23|website=[[iTunes]]|language=en-us}}</ref>
|-
|Thaye Thamizhe Vanangukerom
|The Hindu Tamil Anthem
|Madley Blues
|Madhan Karky
|Sathyaprakash Dharmar, Syed Subahan, Kavya Ajit
|Tamil
|<ref>{{Citation|last=Tamil The Hindu|title=Thaye Thamizhe Vanangukerom Album Song {{!}} Tamil The Hindu {{!}} Madhan Karky {{!}} Sathyaprakash Syed Subahan|date=2017-09-16|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9EFPlOBSjZ8|accessdate=2017-11-23}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|Soodana Murukku
|Soodana Murukku
|colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Langkawi Paiyenz
|Langkawi Paiyenz, Kavya Ajit
|Tamil
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Soodana Murukku feat. Kavya Ajit|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/soodana-murukku-feat-kavya-ajit-single/1446884855|access-date=2019-01-16|website=[[iTunes]]|language=en-us}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|Lucky One
|Single
|colspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | Kavya Ajit
|English
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lucky One|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/lucky-one-single/1512861449|access-date=2020-07-29|website=[[iTunes]]|language=en-us}}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|Naamonnu (Kerala Diaries 2.0)
|Single
|Kavya Ajit
|Arun Alat
|Kavya Ajit
|Malayalam
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Naamonnu (Kerala Diaries 2.0)|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/naamonnu-kerala-diaries-2-0-single/1523389376|access-date=2020-07-29|website=[[iTunes]]}}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|Puthiyathor Ulagam Seivom
|Single
|Kavya Ajit
|Bharathidasan
|Kavya Ajit
|Tamil
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Music |first=Apple |title=Puthiyathor Ulagam Seivom - Single |url=https://music.apple.com/nz/album/puthiyathor-ulagam-seivom-single/1580984166 |website=Apple Music}}</ref>
|-
|BFF and I (I've got a friend)
| rowspan="2" |Single
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Kavya Ajit
| rowspan="2" |English
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Music |first=Apple |title=BFF and I (I've got a friend) - Single by Kavya Ajit |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/bff-and-i-ive-got-a-friend-single/1595494520 |website=Apple Music}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|So Good So True
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Music |first=Apple |title=So good so true (feat. Zail) - Single |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/so-good-so-true-feat-zail-single/1651086098 |website=Apple Music}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
|Jaalame
| rowspan="2" |Single
| rowspan="2" |Kavya Ajit
| rowspan="2" |Titto P Thankachan
| rowspan="2" |Kavya Ajit
| rowspan="3" |Malayalam
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Music |first=Apple |title=Jaalame (feat. Zail) - Single |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/jaalame-feat-zail-single/1679434483 |website=Apple Music}}</ref>
|-
|Pathiye
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Music |first=Apple |title=Pathiye - Single |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/pathiye-single/1655676821 |website=Apple Music |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|Orma
|Single
|Kavya Ajit
|Arun Alat, Kavya Ajit
|Kavya Ajit
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Music |first=Apple |title=Orma - Single |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/orma-single/1661066931 |website=Apple Music |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|7435598}}
* [https://www.facebook.com/Kavya-Ajit-673976039382480/ Facebook]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ajit, Kavya}}
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:Indian women pop singers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Kerala]]

Aryacakravarti dynasty

2026-01-06T02:00:30Z

MartinDietrich8: starting a article

{{Short description|Kings of the Jaffna Kingdom in Sri Lanka}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Royal house
| surname = Arya Chakravarti
| estate = Jaffna Kingdom
| coat of arms = File:Jaffna Royal family.jpeg
| country = [[Sri Lanka]]
| titles = Cinkaiariyan, Cetukavalan, Kangkaiariyarkoon
| founder = [[Kulasekara Cinkaiariyan]]
| final ruler = [[Cankili II]] in [[Jaffna Kingdom]]
| current head =
| founding year = 1277 CE
| dissolution = 1619
| cadet branches = None
}}
The '''Arya Chakravarti dynasty''' ({{langx|ta|ஆரியச் சக்கரவர்த்திகள் வம்சம்}}, [[Sinhalese language|Sinhalese]]: ආර්ය චක්‍රවර්තී රාජවංශය) were kings of the [[Jaffna Kingdom]] in [[Sri Lanka]]. The earliest Sri Lankan sources, between 1277 and 1283, mention a military leader of this name as a minister in the services of the [[Pandyan Empire]]; he raided the western Sri Lankan coast and took the politically significant [[relic]] of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]'s [[tooth]] from the [[History of Sri Lanka|Sinhalese]] capital city of [[Yapahuwa]]. Political and military leaders of the same family name left a number of [[inscriptions]] in the modern-day [[Tamil Nadu]] state, with dates ranging from 1272 to 1305, during the late [[Pandyan Empire]]. According to contemporary native literature, such as ''Cekaracecekaramalai'', the family also claimed lineage from the [[Iyer|Tamil Brahmins]] of the prominent [[Hindu]] [[pilgrimage]] [[temple]] of [[Ramanathaswamy Temple, Rameswaram|Rameswaram]] in the modern [[Ramanathapuram District]] of India.<ref name=":1" /> They ruled the Jaffna kingdom from the 13th until the 17th century, when the last of the dynasty, [[Cankili II]], was ousted by the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]].

== Theories of origin ==
The origins of the Aryacakravarti are claimed in contemporary court chronicles; modern historians offer some competing theories.

=== Pandyan feudatory family ===
[[File:Pandya Kingdom (south India).png|thumb|right|Pandyan tribute-paying territories circa 1250, include what eventually became the Jaffna kingdom in Sri Lanka]]
From the thirteenth-century inscriptions commemorating dignitaries calling themselves Aryacakravartis in present-day [[Tamil Nadu]] we can deduce that they hailed from the coastal region of present-day [[Ramanathapuram District]], which they called ''Cevvirukkai Nadu''. They administered land and held important military ranks. It is believed that most of them belonged to the modern Ramanathapuram District who had become prominent during the days of the Pandyan king [[Maaravaramban Kulasekara Pandyan I|Maravarman Kulasekaran]].<ref name=P11>{{Cite book|url=http://noolaham.org/wiki/index.php/The_Kingdom_of_Jaffna?uselang=en|title=The Kingdom of Jaffna|last=Pathmanathan|first=Subramanium|publisher=M. Rajendran|year=1978|page=11|language=ta|archive-url=https://archive.today/20201110110548/https://noolaham.net/project/38/3706/3706.pdf|archive-date=10 November 2020|access-date=10 November 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> The kings of [[Jaffna Kingdom]] claimed the title ''Sethukavalar'' meaning "the guardian of ''Cetu''".<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kj_aWm4DeFEC|title=The Sri Lanka Reader: History, Culture, Politics|last=Holt|first=John|publisher=Duke University Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0822349822|page=83|language=en}}</ref>

Furthermore, the title ''Cakravarti'' seem to have been commonly used in the Pandyan kingdom as a [[caste]] or job title. Compound titles exist, such as ''Maravacakravarti'' that belonged to a [[Maravar]] chief as well as ''Malavacakravarti'' that belonged to a ''Malava'' chief. ''Ariyar'' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] could denote a noble or a learned person, a [[Brahmin]] or alternatively a person from [[Aryavarta]]. Thus the title ''Ariyacakravarti'' seems to fit the structure of similarly used titles across the Pandyan kingdom.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://noolaham.org/wiki/index.php/The_Kingdom_of_Jaffna?uselang=en|title=The Kingdom of Jaffna|last=Pathmanathan|first=Subramanium|publisher=M. Rajendran|year=1978|pages=11–13|language=ta|archive-url=https://archive.today/20201110110548/https://noolaham.net/project/38/3706/3706.pdf|archive-date=10 November 2020|access-date=10 November 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_22/part_1/miscellaneous.html
|title= Salem District, Namakkal Taluk, Namakkal. Narasimha-Perumal Temple – In The Underground Cellar, Near The Entrance Into The Central Shrine (A.R. No. 11 of 1906)
|access-date=2008-03-17|work= South Indian Inscriptions}}</ref> Inscriptions of 12th century mentions that the title ''Ariyacakravarti'' was a title earned in the military service under the Pandyan kingdom, the title is frequently referenced in the inscription of [[Maaravaramban Kulasekara Pandyan I|Maravarman Kulasekaran]] in Ramanthapuram.<ref name=":0" />

Some of the dignitaries noted in the inscriptions are one Devar Arayacakravarti, Alakan Arayacakravarti, Minatungan Arayacakravarti and Iraman Arayacakravarti of whom Devar Arayacakravarti has at least two known inscriptions of which one at Sovapuri in Ramanathapuram in 1272 is the earliest. He caused a second inscription (1305) in Tirupulani in Ramanathapuram to be engraved thus indicating he was a minister or a feudatory. Notably the inscriptions also had the epithet ''Sethumukam'' signifying "in the order of Sethu."<ref name=P11 />

According to a [[Sri Lanka|Sinhalese]] [[primary source]] ''[[Culavamsa]]'', a [[warlord]] or minister named Aryacakravarti invaded the Sinhalese capital of [[Yapahuwa]] on behalf of the Pandyan king Maaravarman Kulasekaran between the years 1277–1283 and took the politically significant Buddha's [[tooth]] [[relic]].<ref>Kunarasa,''The Jaffna Dynasty'', p. 66</ref><ref>Gnanaprakasar, ''A Critical History of Jaffna'', p. 83</ref>

=== Brahmins from Rameswaram ===
{{See also|Ramanathaswamy Temple, Rameswaram}}
[[File:Ramanathaswamy temple7.JPG|thumb|left|[[Rameswaram]] temple – Aryacakravarti kings claimed origin as [[Iyer|Tamil Brahmin]] priests of [[Pasupata]] sect from this temple<ref>Gnanaprakasar, S. ''A critical history of Jaffna'', p. 84</ref>]]
The ''Cekaracecekaramalai'' written during the Aryacakravarti rule in Jaffna asserts that the direct ancestors of the Kings belonged to a group of 512 Ariyar (a [[Brahmin]] priestly [[caste]]) of the [[Pasupata]] sect of the Rameswaram Hindu temple. The source also claims that two out of the 512 were selected as Kings of Ariyars.<ref name=":1">Pathamanathan, ''The Kingdom of Jaffna'', p. 9</ref> It also explains that a direct ancestor of the kings was a scribe in the Pandyan kingdom and was called during a war with other kingdoms to assist the king, and that the ancestors of the kings fought in wars against kings in the [[Hoysala]] and [[Karnataka]].<ref name=p4.5/><ref>Kamath, ''A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present'', p. 118</ref>

During [[Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan]]'s rule the Pandyas overwhelmed their Hoysala enemies and killed the Hoysala monarch [[Vira Someshwara]] in 1254.<ref name=p15>Pathamanathan, ''The Kingdom of Jaffna'', p. 15</ref>

A study of their epithets, such as ''Teevaiyarkoon'' ("King of Teevai"), ''Kantamalayaariyarkoon'' ("Ariyan King of Kantamalai") and ''Ceetukaavalan'' ("Protector of Cetu") confirms their connections to Rameswaram Hindu temple, as Teevai, [[Cetu]] and Kantamalai are all names for the same location: Rameswaram.<ref name=p15 />

=== Ganga dynasty ===
{{Main|Eastern Ganga Dynasty}}
In the opinion of Rasanayagam Mudaliar<ref>Rasanayagam, M., ''Ancient Jaffna'', pp. 303–304</ref> and Swami Gnanapragasar the Aryacakravarti dynasty was connected to the [[Eastern Ganga Dynasty]]. Rasanayagam believes that a Brahmin from the town of Rameswaram married into the surviving family members of the [[Kalinga Magha]], an invader claiming to be from [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]] kingdom in India. Magha apparently belonged to the [[Eastern Ganga Dynasty]]. The [[Royal flag of the Jaffna kingdom]] is similar to the Royal insignia of the Eastern Gangas. Gangas themselves also claimed Brahmin origins{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}. The [[Setu coins]] minted by the Aryacakravarti kings also have a similar symbol.<ref>Perera, H., ''Ceylon & Indian History from Early Times to 1505 A.D.'', p. 353; Coddrington, H., ''Ceylon Coins and Currency'', pp. 74–75</ref>

Swami Gnanapragasar believes that the first Ariyacakravarti also called ''Cinkaiariyan'' (Ariyan from [[Nallur (Jaffna)|Cinkainakar]]) was Kalinga Magha himself.<ref name=p4.5>Pathamanathan, ''The Kingdom of Jaffna'', pp. 4–5</ref> Three main arguments are adduced to support the claim that these kings were of Eastern Ganga descent. The first is the similar device on their coins; the bull couchant and the crescent surmounting it were struck on coins issued by the Eastern Gangas and Ariyacakravartis. The second is the traditions of their origins are almost identical. The last is the assumption of titles ''Kangkainaadan'' (From the country of [[Ganges]]) and ''Kangkaiariyan'' (''Ariyan'' from the Ganga dynasty).<ref name=p4.5 /> According to [[S. Pathmanathan]]'s history of the Jaffna kingdom,<ref>Spence, ''Sri Lanka: History and the Roots of Conflict'', p. 116</ref> these only establish similarity, but not any conclusive direct connections. Pathmanathan believes that we cannot categorically link the Aryacakravarti dynasty with Eastern Gangas and can explain most of the similarities based on influence, even [[Western Ganga Dynasty]] descendants who had moved into [[Tamil people|Tamil]] lands after their defeat by the [[Chola Empire]] around the year 1000 and interpret them simply as reflecting a claim of origin from the Hindu holy city of [[Varanasi]] on the banks of the holiest river [[Ganges]].<ref name=p4.5 /><ref>Kamath, ''A concise history of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the present'', p. 118</ref>

=== Javaka-Kalinga invaders ===
{{Main|Indianized kingdom}}
[[File:Nakhon Si Thammarat Chedi Phra Baromathat.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Buddhist]] [[stupa]] ''Chedi Phrae Boromadhatu'' built by [[Chandrabhanu]] of the ''Padmavamsa'' [[Lineage (anthropology)|lineage]] in [[Tambralinga]] (now [[Thailand]])]]
S. Paranavitana offered a novel surmise explaining the origins of the Ariyacakravarti. According to him the Aryacakravarti are descendants of [[Chandrabhanu]] a [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malay]] chieftain,<ref>Malays and all South East Asians are knows an ''Javakas'' or "[[Javanese people|Javanese]]" in Indic literature.</ref> who invaded the island from [[Tambralinga]] in 1247. According to him refugees and immigrants from the Indian kingdom of [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]] founded similarly named Kingdoms in [[South East Asia]], and some of them came due to various reasons to north Sri Lanka and founded the [[Jaffna Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Paranavitana | first = Senarat | title = The Aryan Kingdom in North Ceylon | journal = Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society | volume = II | pages = 174–224 }}</ref> This view has been refuted by noted Indian historian K.A. Nilakanta Sastry as having no credible evidence,<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Sastry | first = K.A. Nilakanta | title = Ceylon and Sri Vijaya | journal = Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society | volume = VIII | pages = 125–140 }}</ref> and other historians such as Louis Charles Damais (1911–1966), an expert on [[Indonesia]]n studies,<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Damais | first = Luis Charles | title = transcription Chinoise- Ho -ling comme designation de Java | journal = Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient| volume = III | pages = 93–141 }}</ref> Yutaka Iwamoto (1910–1988), a [[Buddhist]] scholar, and S. Pathmanathan. They assert that there were no kingdoms in South East Asia called ''Kalinga'' and such assertions are based on erroneous readings of the [[Chinese language|Chinese]] name for a locality called ''Ho-ling'' which actually stood for ''Walain'' not Kalinga. Further S. Pathmanathan asserts that Chandrabhanu had categorically claimed ''Padmavamsa'' [[Lineage (anthropology)|lineage]] whereas S. Paranavitana had adduced a ''Gangavamsa'' lineage to the Aryacakravarti. Further he notes that the inscriptions that S. Paranavitana used to make his theory have not been deciphered by any other scholar to imply a ''[[Javaka]]'' connection to the Aryacakravartis.<ref>Pathamanathan, ''The Kingdom of Jaffna'', pp. 5–8</ref><ref>Liyanage, ''The Decline of Polonnaruwa and the rise of Dambadeniya'', p. 136; ''Recuil des Inscriptions du Siam'' II, 26, tr. 27.</ref>

== Other sources ==
=== Contemporary chronicles ===
The earliest local Tamil chronicles on Jaffna Kingdom were composed in the Middle Ages. A prose work,''[[Yalpana Vaipava Malai]]'', compiled by poet Mayilvakana Pulavar in 1736, cites four earlier writings such as ''Kailaya Malai'', ''Vaiya Padal'', ''Pararasasekaran Ula'' and ''Rasamurai'' as its source. Of which ''Rasamurai'' (or list of kings) has not been found and all what we know about is through ''Yalpana Vaipava Malai''. These, composed not earlier than the 14th century, contain folkloric legends mixed with historical anecdotes. But an astrological work, ''Cekarasacekara Malai'', written during the rule of Cekarasacekaran V (1410–1440)<ref>The throne name of Gunaveera Cinkaiariyan.</ref> by Soma Sarman has verifiable historical information and has been used extensively by historians from Humphrey Coddrington to S. Pathmanathan to reconstruct the kingdom's early history.<ref>Gnanaprakasar, ''A Critical History of Jaffna'', p.#; Pathmanathan, ''The Kingdom of Jaffna'', pp. 14–16</ref>

The Sinhalese chronicles, such as ''Culavamsa'', ''Rajavaliya'' and a number of Sandesya chronicles, such as ''Kokila Sandesaya'' and ''Selalihini Sandesaya'', have valuable information on the early and middle period of the kingdom, its activities and its eventual occupation by the rival [[Kotte Kingdom]] in 1450–1467. ''Culavamsa'' mentions in detail the arrival and the conquest of the Sinhalese capital Yapahuwa by a minister named Aryacakravarti during the period 1277 to 1283. It also mentions that the minister carried away the Budha's relic from the capital to [[Pandyan Kingdom]].<ref>Pathmanathan, ''The Kingdom of Jaffna'', p. 8</ref>
The ''Rajavaliya'' a [[primary source]] written during the 17th century refers to the fact that the Aryacakravartis collected taxes from [[Kandyan kingdom|Udarata]] and southern lowlands.<ref>de Silva, ''A History of Sri Lanka'', p. 136; {{cite web
|url = https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2005/04/10/fea08.html
|title = Looking anew at Kandyan combat strategies
|access-date = 2008-12-02
|work = Betty Weerakoon
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110605222544/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2005/04/10/fea08.html
|archive-date = 2011-06-05
}}</ref>

The conquest by a certain [[Sapumal Kumaraya]], a military leader sent by the Kotte king, seemed to have left an indelible impression on the [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] [[intellectuals|literati]]. The victory of Sapumal Kumaraya is sung in the ''Kokila Sandesaya'' ("Message carried by Kokila bird") written in the 15th century by the principal monk of the Irugalkula Tilaka Pirivena in Mulgirigala. The book contains a contemporary description of the country traversed on the road by the [[cookoo]] bird from [[Dondra Head|Devi Nuwara]] ("City of Gods") in the south to [[Nallur (Jaffna)|Nallur]] ("Beautiful City") in the North of Sri Lanka.
{{Blockquote|Beloved Kokila, wing the way to Yapa Patuna. Our Prince Sapumal has driven away from there King Arya Chakravarti, and has established himself in war-like might. To him, I offer this message. Arya Chakravarti beheld his glory, dazzling as the glory of the sun. He beheld his might which was poised throughout the eighteen ''ratas''. Thereupon grief entered into his heart, he abandoned his realm and fled beyond the sea.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beyondthenet.net/medit/esalacover.htm|title=Buddhist Jaffna|access-date=2008-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719172604/http://www.beyondthenet.net/medit/esalacover.htm|archive-date=2011-07-19|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}

=== Inscriptions ===
;Lahugala
Parakramabahu V (1344–59) a king of Gampola who ruled from Dedigama retreated to the southeast of the island, to a place called Magul Maha Viharaya in the [[Ampara District]] after a confrontation with the Aryacakravarti. This is evident from inscriptions in a place called Lahugala.<ref>Holt, ''Buddha in the Crown: Avalokitesvara in the Buddhist Traditions of Sri Lanka'', p. 102</ref>
;Medawela
The [[Medawala inscriptions]] dated 1359 found near a [[Sacred fig|bo-tree]] at Medawala in Harispattuva reveal that [[Martanda Cinkaiariyan]] appointed tax collectors to collect taxes from the villages belonging to the [[Gampola]] kingdom.<ref>de Silva, ''A History of Sri Lanka'', p. 136</ref>
;Kotagama
The [[Kotagama inscriptions]] found in [[Kegalle District]] are a record of victory left by the Aryacakravarti kings of the [[Jaffna Kingdom]] in western Sri Lanka.<ref name=R>Rasanayagm, ''Ancient Jaffna'', p. 364</ref><ref>Coddrington, ''Short history of Ceylon'', p. 89</ref> The inscription was assigned to the 15th century by H.C.P. Bell, an archeologist, and Mudaliar Rasanayagam, based on [[Paleography|paleographic analysis]] of the style of letters used. If this late date is to be accepted then this inscription stands in contrast to generally accepted theory based on Sinhalese literature that [[Alagakkonara]] the local chieftain who confronted the Aryacakravarti kings in 1391 was victorious in his effort.<ref name=R /><ref>Coddrington, K. ''Ceylon coins and currency'', pp. 74–76; {{cite web|url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2007/11/05/fea01.asp |title=From Devundera to Dedigama |access-date=2007-11-19 |work=S. Pathiravithana |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106124243/http://www.dailynews.lk/2007/11/05/fea01.asp |archive-date=6 November 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
;Rameswaram temple
[[Jeyaveera Cinkaiariyan]] or his successor is credited with an inscription dated 1414 in the [[South India]]n [[Hindu]] temple [[Rameswaram#Hindu holy city|Rameswaram]] about renovating its [[sanctum sanctorum]]. It indicated that the stones for the renovations were shipped from the city of [[Trincomalee]] in present-day eastern Sri Lanka. This inscription was destroyed in 1866.<ref>Gnanaprakasar, ''A Critical History of Jaffna'', pp. 99–102; Kunarasa, ''The Jaffna Dynasty'', pp. 67–68</ref>
;Tenkasi Ten
The Tenkasi Ten inscription of Arikesari Parakrama Pandya of [[Tirunelveli|Tinnevelly]] who saw the backs of kings at Singai, Anurai,' and elsewhere, may refer to kings of Singai and Anurai. Singai or [[Singai Nagar|Cinkainakar]] being the capital of Arayacakravartis and Anurai the name for any Sinhalese capital; it is dated between 1449/50 and 1453/54.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lakdiva.org/codrington/chap06.html
|title= The Kotte Dynasty and its Portuguese allies
|access-date=2008-01-03 |work=Humphry Coddrington| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071210180428/http://lakdiva.org/codrington/chap06.html| archive-date= 10 December 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref>

=== Travelogues ===
[[File:Jaffna Royal family.jpeg|thumb|Image of [[Singai Parasasekaran]], his sons Pandaram, Paranirupsingan and [[Cankili I]]]]
;Marco Polo
[[Marco Polo]] was a [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] trader and explorer who gained fame for his worldwide travels. These were recorded in the book ''Il Milione'' ("The Million" or ''[[The Travels of Marco Polo]]''). He reached a port in the northern part of present-day Sri Lanka between 1292 and 1294. According to him the local king was an independent ruler who did not pay tribute to any other monarchs.<ref>Gnaprakasar, ''A critical history of Jaffna,'' p. 84</ref> He named the king as ''Cantheman'', which is considered to be a corruption of ''Cinkaiariyan''.<ref>Nadarajan, ''History of Sri Lanka'', p. 75</ref> Polo's was followed by a visit by [[John of Montecorvino]], who was a [[Franciscan]] missionary, traveller and statesman. He wrote in December 1291 (or 1292), the earliest noteworthy account of the [[Coromandel Coast|Coromandel coast]] furnished by any Western European. According to him, he saw the wreckage of sixty seagoing vessels in the general area of Jaffna.<ref>Natarajan, ''History of Ceylon Tamils,'' p. 76</ref>

;Ibn Batuta
[[Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Battuta]] was a [[Morocco|Moroccan]] [[Berber people|Berber]]<ref>Ross E. Dunn, ''The Adventures of Ibn Battuta – A Muslim Traveler of the 14th Century'', University of California, 2004 {{ISBN|0-520-24385-4}}.</ref> scholar and [[Jurisprudence|jurisprudent]] from the [[Maliki]] Islamic law, and at times a ''[[Qadi]]'' or judge. He is best known as a traveler and explorer. He spent a few days as a guest of an Aryacakravarti in 1344 and wrote a detailed account of his encounter. According to him, the king controlled the economically important [[Pearl hunting|pearlfishing trade]] in the [[Palk Straight]]s and had trading links with countries as far as [[Yemen]]. The monarch also spoke [[Persian language|Persian]] and was located in the western coastal area of the island, in [[Puttalam]] region. He was also noted as receiving tribute of [[cinnamon]] from other southern rulers.<ref>Gnanaprakasar, ''A Critical history of Jaffna,'' pp. 85–88</ref>
;Giovanni de Marignolli
[[Giovanni de' Marignolli]], a notable traveller to the Far East in the 14th century, came to Sri Lanka sometimes between 1330 and 1350. He wrote in great detail about the country, its peoples and customs. According to him, the northern part of the island was ruled by a queen, with whom he had many audiences, who also lavished him with precious gifts. This queen is considered to be the mother of an Aryackaravarti and a [[regent]] who ruled on behalf of her young son. The so-called "[[Catalan Map]]" drawn in 1375 also indicates that northern Sri Lanka was ruled by a queen.<ref>Natarajan, ''History of Ceylon Tamils'', pp. 78–79</ref> Before Marignolli, there was another traveler, Friar Ordrick, who landed in Jaffna in 1322; he also wrote about the prosperity of the kingdom. According him {{blockquote|"The gold, silver and pearls this king had in his possession cannot be found anywhere else in the world".<ref>Natarajan, ''History of Ceylon Tamils,'' p. 77</ref>}}

=== Portuguese colonial documents ===
[[File:Nallur Kandasamy front entrance.jpg|thumb|left| Tradition claims that the [[Nallur Kandaswamy Temple]] was constructed by the first Aryacakravarti king.]] In his ''Temporal and Spiritual Conquest of Ceylon'', Father Queroz records a tradition as {{Blockquote|In course of time, there came some [[Brahmins|Brahmanes]], natives of [[Gujarat|Guzarata]] called Arus, who claiming royal descent; and with the favor of [[Madurai Nayak Dynasty|Nayque of Madura]], they erected a [[Ramanathaswamy Temple, Rameswaram|pagoda]] at [[Rameswaram|Ramancor]], whence they began to have trade and friendship with the king of [[Jaffna Kingdom|Jaffnapatae]], and one of them married a daughter of the king; and finally her descendants became heirs to the Kingdom.<ref>Fernao de Queyroz, ''The Temporal and Spiritual Conquest of Ceylon'' p. 48</ref>}}

This rendition is fraught with many errors but the basic story line seems to fit the modern consensus. Father Queroz's time line is also anachronistic. The Aryacakravarti dynasty came to power long before the ascendancy of the Madurai Nayaks as well as the Brahmins of Rameswaram had established a temple even longer before. Also the Gujarati origin of the Kings paternal line also in not in conformance with native claims of origin from the city of Varanasi which is in today's [[Uttar Pradesh]] not in the historical Gujarat.<ref>Pathamanathan, ''The Kingdom of Jaffna'', p. 10</ref>

== Current consensus ==
The current consensus held by historians such as S. Pathmanathan, Patrick Peebles and K.M. de Silva is that the Aryacakravartis were a Pandyan feudatory family that took power after the chaos created by the invasions of Kalinga Magha and Chandrabhanu. That the family was connected to the Ramanathapuram Hindu temple and was of [[Iyer|Tamil Brahmin]]{{citation needed|date=August 2025}} origin. It may have married into the family of [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Gangas]] or even for that matter the Chandrabanu's successors, but the direct undeniable evidence for it is lacking. The influence of Eastern gangas in its royal flag and the coins is indisputable. Kulingai Cakravarti mentioned by the Tamil chronicles of the Kingdom may have been Kalingha Magha.<ref>Coddrington, ''Ceylon Coins and Currency'', p. 74</ref><ref>Coddrington, ''Short history of Ceylon'', pp. 91–92</ref><ref>Pathmanathan, ''The Kingdom of Jaffna'', pp. 1–13</ref><ref>de Silva, ''A History of Sri Lanka'', p. 132</ref><ref>Peebles, ''The history of Sri Lanka'', pp. 31–32</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== References ==
{{refbegin|2}}
*{{cite book
| last = de Silva | first = K.M. | author-link = K. M. de Silva | title = A History of Sri Lanka | publisher = Vijitha Yapa | year= 2005 | location = [[Colombo]]
| isbn = 955-8095-92-3 | page = 782}}
*{{cite book | last = Abeysinghe | first = Tikiri | title = Jaffna under the Portuguese | publisher = Stamford Lake | year= 2005 | location = [[Colombo]] | id = {{Listed Invalid ISBN|955-1131-70-1}} | page = 66}}
*{{cite book | last = Kunarasa | first = K.
| title = The Jaffna Dynasty | publisher = Dynasty of Jaffna King's Historical Society | year= 2003
| location = [[Johor Bahru]] | isbn = 955-8455-00-8 | page = 122}}
*{{cite book | last = Gnanaprakasar | first = Swamy | title = A Critical History of Jaffna | publisher = Asian Educational Services | year= 2003 | location = [[New Delhi]] | isbn = 81-206-1686-3 | page = 122}}
*{{cite book | last = Pathmanathan | first = Sivasubramaniam | author-link = Sivasubramaniam Pathmanathan | title = The Kingdom of Jaffna: Origins and early affiliations | publisher = Ceylon Institute of Tamil Studies | year= 1974 | location = [[Colombo]] | page = 27 }}
*{{cite book
| last = Spence | first = Jonathan | title = Sri Lanka: History and the Roots of Conflict| publisher = Routledge| year= 1990 | location = US
| isbn = 0-415-04461-8 | page = 253}}
*{{cite book
| last = Holt | first = John Clifford | title = Buddha in the Crown: Avalokitesvara in the Buddhist Traditions of Sri Lanka | publisher = Oxford University Press| year= 1991 | location = US
| isbn = 0-19-506418-6 | page = 304}}
*{{cite book |last = Rasanayagam |first = Mudaliyar | title = Ancient Jaffna, being a research into the History of Jaffna from very early times to the Portuguese Period |url = https://archive.org/details/ancientjaffna00muda | publisher = Everymans Publishers Ltd, Madras (Reprint by New Delhi, AES in 2003)| year= 1926 | isbn = 81-206-0210-2 | page = [https://archive.org/details/ancientjaffna00muda/page/390 390]}}
*{{cite book | last = Coddrington | first = H.W. | title = Ceylon Coins and Currency| publisher = Vijitha Yapa | year= 1996 | location = [[New Delhi]] | isbn = 81-206-1202-7 | page = 290}}
*{{cite book | last = Coddrington | first = H.W. | title = Short History of Ceylon
| publisher = AES | year= 1994 | location = [[New Delhi]] | isbn = 81-206-0946-8 | page = 290}}
*{{cite book | last = Peebles | first = Patrick | title = The History of Sri Lanka| publisher = Greenwood Press | year= 2006 | location = United States | isbn = 0-313-33205-3 | page = 248 }}
*{{cite book |last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|title= A concise history of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the present|orig-year=1980|year= 2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041 |lccn= 80905179}}
*{{cite book | last = Liyanagamage | first = Amaradasa. | title = The decline of Polonnaruwa and the rise of Dambadeniya (circa 1180–1270 A.D.)| publisher = Dept. of Cultural Affairs| year= 1968 | location = [[Colombo]] | asin= B0006C248I | page = 782 }}
{{refend}}

{{Jaffna kingdom}}
{{Sri Lankan Tamil people}}
{{Rulers of Jaffna Kingdom}}

[[Category:Dynasties of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]
[[Category:Jaffna kingdom]]
[[Category:13th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:13th-century establishments in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:1619 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:1619 disestablishments in Asia]]
[[Category:17th-century disestablishments in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Transitional period of Sri Lanka]]

Priya Mishra

2026-01-05T22:14:18Z

MartinDietrich8: Started data...

{{short description|Indian cricketer (born 2004)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Priya Mishra
| female = true
| image =
| caption =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2004|6|4|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[leg break]]
| role = [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowler]]

| international = true
| country = India
| internationalspan =
| odidebutdate = 27 October
| odidebutyear = 2024
| odidebutagainst = New Zealand
| odicap = 147
| lastodidate = 29 October
| lastodiyear = 2024
| lastodiagainst = New Zealand
| odishirt = 12

| oneT20I =
| T20Idebutdate =
| T20Idebutyear =
| T20Idebutagainst =
| T20Icap =
| lastT20Idate =
| lastT20Iyear =
| lastT20Iagainst =
| T20Ishirt =

| club1 = [[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]
| year1 = 2022–present

| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Women's One Day International|WODI]]
| matches1 = 9
| runs1 = 6
| bat avg1 = 3.00
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 5
| deliveries1 = 406
| wickets1 = 15
| bowl avg1 = 26.60
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 3/49
| catches/stumpings1 = 0/–

| column2 = [[First-class cricket|WFC]]
| matches2 = 3
| runs2 = 10
| bat avg2 = 3.33
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| top score2 = 4[[not out|*]]
| deliveries2 = 647
| wickets2 = 14
| bowl avg2 = 23.50
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 4/58
| catches/stumpings2 = 1/–

| column3 = [[List A cricket|WLA]]
| matches3 = 35
| runs3 = 9
| bat avg3 = 1.80
| 100s/50s3 = 0/0
| top score3 = 5
| deliveries3 = 1,700
| wickets3 = 78
| bowl avg3 = 16.48
| fivefor3 = 3
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 5/14
| catches/stumpings3 = 6/–

| column4 = [[Women's Twenty20|WT20]]
| matches4 = 28
| runs4 = 6
| bat avg4 = 2.00
| 100s/50s4 = 0/0
| top score4 = 2
| deliveries4 = 553
| wickets4 = 23
| bowl avg4 = 28.43
| fivefor4 = 0
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = 3/16
| catches/stumpings4 = 4/–

| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/priya-mishra-1412478 ESPNcricinfo
| date = 27 October
| year = 2024
}}
'''Priya Mishra''' (born 4 June 2004) is an Indian [[cricket]]er who plays for the [[India women's national cricket team|national team]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/wpl-2024/37994-who-is-priya-mishra-bio-stats-gujarat-giants-player.html |title=Who is Priya Mishra {{!}} Bio {{!}} Stats |work=Female Cricket |date=24 December 2024 }}</ref> She represents [[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]] in domestic cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1412478.html |title=Priya Mishra |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==Career==
Mishra plays domestic cricket for [[Delhi women's cricket team]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketnmore.com/cricket-news/wpl-2024-meet-delhi-leg-spinner-priya-mishra-aiming-to-put-her-best-foot-forward-for-gujarat-giants-138977 |title=WPL 2024: Meet Delhi Leg-spinner Priya Mishra – Aiming To Put Her Best Foot Forward For Gujarat Giants |work=Cricketnmore |access-date=27 October 2024 |date=24 February 2024}}</ref> In February 2024, she was signed by [[Gujarat Giants (WPL)|Gujarat Giants]] at a price of ₹20 lakh to play for them in the [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]] auction but did not get a chance to play.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/sports/cricket/priya-mishra-india-debutant-leg-spinner-in-2nd-odi-india-vs-new-zealand-3971545.html |title=Meet Priya Mishra, India's Debutant Leg-Spinner In 2nd ODI Vs New Zealand |work=OneIndia |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dailyworld.in/sports/dream-comes-true-says-priya-mishra-picked-by-gujarat-giants-514839.html |title=Dream comes true, says Priya Mishra picked by Gujarat Giants |work=Dailyworld |access-date=27 October 2024 |date=31 January 2024}}</ref> She was also a leading wicket-taker of [[2023–24 Senior Women's One Day Trophy]], picking up 23 wickets in only eight matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/wpl-2024/38703-from-village-to-wpl-priya-mishras-inspiring-cricket-journey.html |title=From Village to WPL: Priya Mishra's Inspiring Cricket Journey |work=Female Cricket |date=8 March 2024 |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref> She took a [[five-wicket haul]] (5/14) [[India women's cricket team in Australia in 2024–25#3rd 50-over match|against Australia A]], in an unofficial ODI, on 18 August 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/aus-a-vs-india-a-priya-mishra-five-for-helps-india-a-post-first-win-of-australia-tour-1447831 |title=Priya Mishra five-for guides India A to first win of Australia tour |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref> She also took a four-wicket haul (4/58) in the first innings of an unofficial Test in the same series,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-a-women-vs-india-a-women-2024-1443790/australia-a-women-vs-india-a-women-only-unofficial-test-1443800/match-report-1 |title=Minnu Mani, Priya Mishra share nine wickets to bundle out Australia A |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref> and she picked up total six wickets in both innings.

In August 2024, Mishra was named in [[India women's national cricket team|India women's team]] as a non-travelling reserve for the [[2024 ICC Women's T20 World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/jKTSq82Z |title=India's squad for the ICC Women's T20 World Cup 2024 announced |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=25 October 2024 |date=27 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/womens-t20-worldcup/news/india-name-star-studded-squad-for-the-icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2024 |title=India name star-studded squad for the ICC Women's T20 World Cup 2024 |work=International Cricket Council |date=27 August 2024 |access-date=25 October 2024}}</ref> In October 2024, she was earned maiden call-up for national team for the ODI series [[New Zealand women's cricket team in India in 2024–25|against New Zealand]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/EEI1QDRi |title=India's Squad for IDFC First Bank ODI Series against New Zealand announced |work=BCCI |access-date=17 October 2024}}</ref> She made her [[Women's One Day International|One Day International]] (ODI) debut in the second ODI of the same series on 27 October 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/new-zealand-tour-of-india-2024/55122-who-is-priya-mishra-indias-latest-debutant-during-new-zealand-series.html |title=Who is Priya Mishra, India's latest debutant during New Zealand series? |work=Female Cricket |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricket.one/player-stories/who-is-priya-mishra-young-leg-spinner-making-her-debut-in-ind-w-vs-nz-w-2nd-odi/671dfefcfa639db058e0dff7 |title=Who Is Priya Mishra? Young Leg-Spinner Making Her Debut In IND-W vs NZ-W 2nd ODI |work=OneCricket |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}

* {{cite news |last1=Narayanan |first1=Lavanya Lakshmi |title=WPL 2025: The Priya Mishra story - How a modest Delhi girl hopes to fly high like idol Shane Warne |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/wpl-2025-priya-mishra-gujarat-giants-profile-family-background-education-first-coach-leg-spin-idol-shane-warne/article69294732.ece |access-date=5 April 2025 |work=[[Sportstar]] |publisher=The Hindu |date=5 March 2025 |language=en}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=1412478}}
* {{cricketarchive|id=2186094}}

{{India Squad 2025 Women's Cricket World Cup}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Priya}}
[[Category:2004 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Delhi women cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian women cricketers]]
[[Category:India women One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Kokborok Cinema

2026-01-05T10:09:40Z

MartinDietrich8: Starting A Stub

{{Short description|Kokborok language film industry}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox cinema market
| name = Kokborok Cinema
| image = File:India film clapperboard (variant).svg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| screens = 2
| screens_per_capita = 
| distributors = SSR Cinemas PVT. Ltd Shine Film Production King Films Production
| produced_year =
| produced_ref = 
| produced_total =
| produced_fictional =
| produced_animated =
| produced_documentary =
| admissions_year =
| admissions_ref = 
| admissions_total =
| admissions_per_capita =
| admissions_national =
| box_office_year =
| box_office_ref = 
| box_office_total = 
| box_office_national = 
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kokborok Cinema''' also known as '''Tripuri Cinema''' refers to the [[Kokborok|Kokborok language]] [[film]] industry in [[Tripura]], [[India]] and among the [[Tripuri people]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Debroy |first=Prajapita |date=2024 |title=Tripuriness Endangered? Identity Politics and the Aesthetics of Indigeneity in Post-Globalization Kokborok Cinema |url=http://mzuhssjournal.in/images/resources/v10n1/debroy.pdf |journal=Mizoram University Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=541 |issn=2395-7352 |eissn=2581-6780 |via=}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Barma |first=Aloy Deb |title=Reading the Refracted Identity of Disability in Tripuri Cinema: Politics of Representation and Identity Negotiations |date=2024 |work=Disability and Peripherality: Perspectives and Narratives from India’s North East |pages=87–105 |editor-last=Gogoi |editor-first=Pankaj Jyoti |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-96-0511-8_6 |access-date=2025-02-28 |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer Nature |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-96-0511-8_6 |isbn=978-981-96-0511-8 |last2=Dey |first2=Sayan |editor2-last=Biswas |editor2-first=Debajyoti|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Tripura's Kokborok film industry began in 1986 with ''[[Longtharai (film)|Longtharai]]'' (1986) directed by Dipak Bhattacharya adapted from Bimal Sinha's novel ''Karachi theke Longtharai'' depicting the struggle-ridden life of jhum cultivators in the rural hills of [[Longtharai]] followed by the Kokborok film ''[[Langmani Haduk (film)|Langmani Haduk]]'' (1993) directed by Ruhi Debbarma can be read as a critique of the modern regime.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barma |first=Aloy Deb |date=2024 |title=Talking Back through Peripheral Visions and Negotiating Identity: Kokborok and Bengali Films and Music Videos in Tripura |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/34/article/931184 |journal=[[Journal of Film and Video]] |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=33–48 |issn=1934-6018 |via=Project MUSE}}</ref> The Kokborok film [[Mathia (film)|''Mathia'']] (2004) directed by Joseph Pulinthanath, is the first International Award-winning Kokborok film.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mathia becomes first Kokborok film to bag International Award |url=https://zeenews.india.com/home/mathia-becomes-first-kokborok-film-to-bag-international-award_102467.html |access-date=3 April 2021 |work=Zee News |date=3 June 2003 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Matta |first=Mara |date=2016 |title=Multilingualism and Indigenous Cinema in Northeast India: The Case of Kokborok Language Films |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781501302848.ch-017 |journal=The Multilingual Screen |doi=10.5040/9781501302848.ch-017|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Maharaja Birchandra with Maharani Manamohini.jpg|left|thumb|225x225px|The first Indian woman to practise photography in India; [[Manmohini Devi]]]]
Before it became a recognised form of artistic expression, cinema already existed in [[Tripura]]. Its predecessors, such as painting, sculpture, architecture, literature, music, dance, theatre, acrobatics, textiles, and photography, all contributed to the development of cinema. The birth of Tripura's modern era was thus heralded by [[Bir Chandra Manikya|Maharaja Bir Chandra Manikya]] (1862–96), a master painter, photographer, composer, scholar of Vaishnava literature, and patron of all artistic endeavours.<ref>Barma & Debroy, 14</ref> About one and a half centuries of the royal family's rule saw the continuation of the core musical interests and practises. More so than art or architecture, the [[Manikya dynasty|Manikya kings]] of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries were fascinated by literature and music. Upon the death of [[Birendra Kishore Manikya|Maharaja Birendra Kishore]] in 1928, [[Bir Bikram Kishore Debbarman|Maharaja Bir Bikram]], who had a passionate interest in theatre and other forms of art and culture, took over as ruler of the realm. Just like his father, [[Birendra Kishore Manikya|Maharaja Birendra Kishore]], he was a genius in playing the [[sitar]] and [[esraj]]. Ustad Munne Khan, [[Enayat Khan]], Muzaffar Khan, Masid Mia, [[Adam Box]], and [[Allauddin Khan|Ustad Allauddin Khan]] are among a few well-known artists who have performed in [[Tripura]]. [[Nabadwipchandra Dev Burman|Prince Nabadwip Chandra]], the father of [[S. D. Burman|Sachin Debbarman]], who was a well-known music director in the nation, was particularly talented in the musical arts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barma |first=Aloy Deb |date=2025-04-01 |title=Singing Kokborok, dancing Bollywood: Neo-Bollywoodized Tripuri identities and indigenizing the global in contemporary Kokborok music videos |url=https://intellectdiscover.com/content/journals/10.1386/safm_00094_1 |journal=Studies in South Asian Film & Media |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=21–41 |doi=10.1386/safm_00094_1 |issn=1756-4921|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The first Indian woman to practise photography was [[Manmohini Devi|Maharani Khuman Chanu Manmohini]], [[Bir Chandra Manikya|Maharaja Bir Chandra Manikya]]'s third consort. She arranged her self-portraits with the Maharaja as a contemporary royal photographer and received training from her husband. She organised photographic exhibitions in the palace where the Maharaja presented self-portraits of both himself and his wife [[Manmohini Devi|Maharani Khuman Chanu Manmohini]]. The May 1890 issue of The Journal of the Photographic Society of India focused on the portraits of the Camera Club of the [[Ujjayanta Palace|Palace of Agartala]].<ref>Barma & Debroy, 15</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singha |first=Memchaton |date=2014-08-31 |title=Matrimonial Alliances between the Royal Houses of Tripura and Manipur in the Days of Monarchy |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2489572 |journal=International Journal of Humanities & Social Science Studies |language=en |location=Rochester, NY |ssrn=2489572}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=K. G. Pramod |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x8U3NAEACAAJ |title=Posing for Posterity: Royal Indian Portraits |last2=G |first2=Pramod Kumar K. |date=2012 |publisher=Lustre Press |isbn=978-81-7436-878-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sengupta |first=Debjani |date=Spring 2014 |title=Zenana Studio: Early Women Photographers of Bengal, from Taking Pictures: The Practice of Photography by Bengalis, by Siddhartha Ghosh |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.7977573.0004.202 |journal=The Trans-Asia Photography Review |volume=4 |issue=2 |doi=10.1215/215820251_4-2-202 |hdl=2027/spo.7977573.0004.202 |issn=2158-2025|doi-access=free }}</ref> The relationship between Nobel laureate [[Rabindranath Tagore|Rabindra Nath Tagore]] and four generations of [[Tripuri kings]] is another important incident in the history of the princely state of [[Tripura]]. Understandably, this resulted from [[Ratna Manikya I|Maharaja Ratna Manikya]]'s liberal support of [[Bengali language]] and culture by the [[Manikya dynasty]] rulers of [[Tripura]] (1464–68). In his first letter to [[Bir Chandra Manikya|Maharaja Bir Chandra Manikya]] (1862–1896), dated May 6, 1886, [[Rabindranath Tagore]] made reference to this familial relationship while searching for historical details about Tripura to draw inspiration for his celebrated book "Rajarshi."<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Barma |first1=Aloy Deb |title=Cinema as art & popular culture in Tripura: An Introduction |last2=Debroy |first2=Prajapita |publisher=[[Tribal Research and Cultural Institute]] |year=2022 |isbn=978-81-958995-0-0 |edition= |location=Tripura |language=en |ol=44969662M}}</ref>

== Notable films: 1993–2022 ==
{{See also|List of Kokborok-language films}}This section covers notable Kokborok feature films released between 1993 and 2022. Notable films, in this context, include those films which have participated or won awards in national and international film festivals, and the films which have made history (for example, first full-length film, first filmmaker, first color film, longest movie).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year of release
! Film
!Notes
! Director
|-
|1986
|''[[Longtharai (film)|Longtharai]]''
|'''First Kokborok Feature Film of Tripura'''
|Dipak Bhattacharya
|-

|1993
|''[[Langmani Haduk (film)|Langmani Haduk]]''
|'''Kokborok Feature Film of Tripura'''
|Ruhi Debbarma
|-
|2004
|''[[Mathia (film)|Mathia]]''
|A 2004 Indian [[Kokborok]]-language full-length feature film. Awarded as best feature film in the international film festival held in [[Warsaw]] 2003.
|Joseph Pulinthanath
|-
|2008
|''[[Yarwng]]''
|First Kokborok film to win best feature film award at [[56th National Film Awards]], awarded by the ex-Indian president [[Pratibha Patil]].
|Joseph Pulinthanath
|}

==References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* Barma, Aloy Deb. Reading Contemporary Kokborok and Bengali Films and Videos in Tripura: History, Technology and Infrastructure. 2022. Jadavpur U.
* Debroy, Prajapita. Is Tripuriness Endangered? Reading the Diffused Substance of Tripuri Indigeneity and Hybridity in Contemporary Kokborok Films against Bollywood in a Post-Globalization Era. 2023. Tripura U.
{{Cinema of Tripura}}{{Cinema of India}}{{World cinema}}

[[Category:Cinema of Tripura]]
[[Category:Kokborok]]
[[Category:Cinema by culture]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tripura]]
[[Category:Kokborok-language films]]

Howrah–Mumbai CSMT Weekly Express

2025-12-31T11:32:43Z

MartinDietrich8:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name= Howrah–Mumbai CSMT Weekly Express
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| locale = [[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]], [[Chhattisgarh]] & [[Maharashtra]]
| first={{start date and age|df=yes|2006|07|06}}
| operator=[[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Howrah Junction}} (HWH)
| stops= 19
| end = [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus|Mumbai CSMT]] (CSMT)
| distance= {{convert|1963|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime= 32 hrs 25 mins
| frequency = Weekly
| class= [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 2 Tier]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 Tier]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 Tier Economy]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Sleeper class]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Unreserved/General]]
| seating= Yes
| sleeping= Yes
| catering= Available
| gauge= {{track gauge|1676mm|lk=on|allk=on}}
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| trainnumber = 12869 / 12870
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, {{convert|61|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
}}

The 12869 / 12870 '''Howrah–Mumbai CSMT Weekly Express''' is a passenger train service in India. It runs via {{stnlnk|Kharagpur}}, [[Tatanagar Junction railway station|Tatanagar Junction]], {{stnlnk|Chakradharpur}}, [[Bilaspur Junction railway station|Bilaspur Junction]], [[Raipur Junction railway station|Raipur Junction]], [[Gondia Junction railway station|Gondia Junction]], {{stnlnk|Nagpur Junction}}, [[Badnera Junction railway station|Badnera Junction]], {{stnlnk|Bhusaval Junction}}, [[Nashik Road]] and {{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}} to reach [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus|Mumbai CSMT]].

==Service==
This train connects two metro cities of India – [[Mumbai]] and [[Kolkata]]. This train runs between {{stnlnk|Howrah}} and [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus|Mumbai CSMT]]. It is numbered as 12869/12870. It runs weekly. It departs from Howrah every Friday 02:05 PM and reach Mumbai CSMT every Saturday at 11:45 PM. On the reverse direction, it departs Mumbai CSMT every Sunday 11:05 AM to reach Howrah every Monday at 07:30 PM.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Swain |first=Shashank Shekhar |title=12870/Howrah – Mumbai CSMT Weekly SF Express (PT) – Howrah to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus SER/South Eastern Zone – Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-howrah-mumbai-csmt-weekly-sf-express-12870/671/1/12282 |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=telang |first=Kamlesh |title=12869/Mumbai CSMT – Howrah Weekly SF Express (PT) – Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus to Howrah SER/South Eastern Zone – Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-mumbai-csmt-howrah-weekly-sf-express-12869/648/12282/1 |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

==Coach composition==

The trains use modern [[LHB coach]] consisting of 2 AC two-tier coaches (2A), 5 AC three-tier coaches (3A), 3 AC three-tier economy coaches (M), 7 sleeper class coaches, 1 AC hot buffet car (pantry car), 2 general unreserved coaches, 1 divyangjan cum guard coach (SLRD), and 1 generator car.

Currently,{{when|date=November 2022}} it is also running with one high capacity parcel van.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

;Rake composition

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:lightblue;"
! Loco !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16
!17
!18
!19
!20
!21
!22!! 23
|-
||| SLRD || GS || GS || S1 || S2 || S3 || S4 || S5 || S6 || S7 || PC || B1 || B2 || B3 || B4 || B5
|M1
|M2
|M3
|A1
|A2
|EOG|| HCPV
|}

==Traction==
It is hauled by a {{stnlnk|Santragachi}}-based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] locomotive end to end.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/train/howrah-mumbai-cst-weekly-sf-express-12870-hwh-to-cstm/671/1/1620 12870/Howrah–Mumbai CST Weekly SF Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Western India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Howrah-Mumbai CSMT Weekly Express}}
[[Category:Rail transport in Howrah]]
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2006]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

List of airports in West Bengal

2025-12-07T21:17:37Z

MartinDietrich8: fixed issues

{{Short description|Air transportation in West Bengal}}
This is a list of airports in [[West Bengal]], a state in eastern [[India]], grouped by type and sorted by location. It contains all public-use and military airports in the state.
[[File:Division_Of_West_Bangal_Map.jpg|thumb|[[Administrative divisions of West Bengal]]]]

== Classification ==
This list contains the following information:
* '''City served''' - The city generally associated with the airport. This is not always the actual location since some airports are located in smaller towns outside the city they serve.
* '''Division''' - Location of the airport, the particular division it serves
* '''ICAO''' - The [[International Civil Aviation Organization airport code|location indicator]] assigned by the [[International Civil Aviation Organization]] (ICAO)
* '''IATA''' - The [[International Air Transport Association airport code|airport code]] assigned by the [[International Air Transport Association]] (IATA)
* '''Airport name''' - The official airport name. Those shown in bold indicate the airport has scheduled service on commercial airlines.
* '''Operational/ Note''' - Functional status of the airport

==Airports==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
|- valign=baseline
! City served || Division || [[IATA Airport code|IATA]] || [[ICAO Airport Code|ICAO]] || Airport name || Note
|-
! colspan=6; align=center| International airports
|-
| [[Kolkata]] || [[Presidency Division|Presidency]] || CCU || VECC || [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]] || International connections to [[China]], [[United Kingdom]], [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Qatar]], [[Thailand]], [[Egypt]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Indonesia]], [[Singapore]], [[Cambodia]], [[Vietnam]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Malaysia]], [[Myanmar]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Nepal]] and domestic flights to all Indian cities
|-
| [[Siliguri]] || [[Jalpaiguri Division|Jalpaiguri]] || IXB || VEBD || [[Bagdogra International Airport]] || International flights to [[Singapore]], [[Bhutan]], [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Thailand]],<ref>{{Cite web | url= https://www.flightconnections.com/flights-from-bagdogra-ixb | title=Bagdogra Flight Connections }}</ref> and domestic flights to multiple Indian cities
|-
| [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]] || [[Presidency Division|Presidency]] || — || — || — || Proposed<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-31 |title=West Bengal to seek AAI nod for relaxation of 40km-distance rule for second airport |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/state-to-seek-aai-nod-for-relaxation-of-40km-distance-rule-for-second-airport/articleshow/89231775.cms |access-date=2025-11-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
! colspan=6; align=center| Domestic airports
|-
|[[Durgapur]] || [[Burdwan Division|Burdwan]] || RDP || VEDG || [[Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport]] || Domestic airport. Commercial flights to [[Kolkata]], [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Chennai]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Siliguri]] and [[Guwahati]].
|-
| [[Cooch Behar]] || [[Jalpaiguri Division|Jalpaiguri]] || COH || VECO || [[Cooch Behar Airport]] || Domestic airport. Commercial flight to [[Kolkata]], [[Jamshedpur]] and [[Bhubaneswar]].
|-
| [[Balurghat]] || [[Malda Division|Malda]] || RGH || VEBG || [[Balurghat Airport]] || Under construction
|-
| [[Kolkata]] || [[Presidency Division|Presidency]] || — || VEBA || [[Behala Airport]] || [[Flying club]], VVIP landing station
|-
| [[English Bazar|Malda]] || [[Malda Division|Malda]] || LDA || VEMH || [[Malda Airport]] || Construction on hold
|-
| [[Purulia]]|| [[Medinipur Division|Medinipur]]|| — || — || [[Charra Airfield]]|| Abandoned [[World War II]] [[USAAF]] airstrip. Planned to be revived.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-15 |title=Bengal govt to develop new airport in Purulia, access to several industrial areas in Jharkhand to get easier |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/bengal-govt-to-develop-new-airport-in-purulia-access-to-several-industrial-areas-in-jharkhand-to-get-easier-10367610/ |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! colspan=6; align=center| Private airstrips
|-
| [[Asansol]] || [[Burdwan Division|Burdwan]] || — || VEBB || [[Burnpur Airport]] || [[Steel Authority of India Limited]]
|-
| [[Durgapur]] || [[Burdwan Division|Burdwan]] || — || — || Durgapur Steel Plant Airstrip || [[Government of West Bengal]]
|-
! colspan=6; align=center| Military airbases
|-
| [[Barrackpore]] || [[Presidency Division|Presidency]] || — || VEBR || [[Barrackpore Air Force Station]] || [[Indian Air Force]]
|-
| [[Alipurduar]] || [[Jalpaiguri Division|Jalpaiguri]] || — || VEHX || [[Hasimara Air Force Station]] || [[Indian Air Force]]
|-
| [[Kalaikunda]] || [[Medinipur Division|Medinipur]] || — || VEDX || [[Kalaikunda Air Force Station]] || [[Indian Air Force]]
|-
| [[Kanchrapara]] || [[Presidency Division|Presidency]] || — || VBKP || [[Air Force Station Kanchrapara]] || [[Indian Air Force]]
|-
| [[Panagarh]] || [[Burdwan Division|Burdwan]] || — || VEPH || [[Panagarh Air Force Station]] || [[Indian Air Force]]
|-
| [[Salua, Paschim Medinipur|Salua]] || [[Medinipur Division|Medinipur]] || — || VESX || [[Air Force Station Salua]] || [[Indian Air Force]]
|-
| [[Rampurhat]] || [[Burdwan Division|Burdwan]] || — || — || Surichua Aerodrome || [[Indian Air Force]] (planned)<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/iaf-plans-to-make-birbhum-aerodrome-permanent-base/cid/1792130 | title=IAF plans to make Birbhum aerodrome permanent base }}</ref>
|-
! colspan=6; align=center| Closed airstrips/runways
|-
| [[Asansol]] || [[Burdwan Division|Burdwan]] || — || — || [[Asansol Airfield]] || [[World War II]] [[USAAF]] airstrip
|-
| [[Hijli]] || [[Presidency Division|Presidency]] || — || — || Hijli Airfield || [[World War II]] [[USAAF]] airstrip
|-
| [[Bishnupur (West Bengal)|Bishnupur]] || [[Medinipur Division|Medinipur]] || — || — || [[Piardoba Airfield]] || World War II [[USAAF]] airstrip
|-
| [[Bagrakote]] || [[Jalpaiguri Division|Jalpaiguri]] || — || — || Leesh River Airstrip || [[World War II]] [[USAAF]] airstrip
|-
| [[Dhubulia]] || [[Presidency Division|Presidency]] || — || — || Dhubulia Airstrip || No. 99 Squadron RAF during World War II
|-
| [[Garhbeta]] || [[Medinipur Division|Medinipur]] || — || — || Digri Airfield || [[World War II]] RAF 159 Squadron
|-
| [[Guskara]] || [[Burdwan Division|Burdwan]] || — || — || [[Guskhara Airfield]] || [[World War II]] [[USAAF]] airstrip
|-
| [[Jhargram]] || [[Medinipur Division|Medinipur]] || — || — || [[Dudhkundi Airfield]] || [[World War II]] [[USAAF]] 444th Bombardment Group
|-
| [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]] || [[Presidency Division|Presidency]] || — || — || Kalyani Airfield ||[[World War II]] [[USAAF]] airstrip
|-
| [[Pandaveswar]] || [[Burdwan Division|Burdwan]] || — || — || [[Pandaveswar Airfield]] || [[World War II]] [[USAAF]] airstrip
|-
| [[Salboni]] || [[Medinipur Division|Medinipur]] || — || — || Salboni Airfield || [[World War II]] [[USAAF]] airstrip
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:External view of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport.jpg|Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport
Bagdogra_International_Airport.jpg|Bagdogra International Airport
The front facade of Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport, Andal, Durgapur.jpg|Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport
COB airport.jpg|Cooch Behar Airport
40bg-42-6310takeoff-from-Chakulia-6-1944.jpg|Chakulia Airport in June, 1944
Subhas Chandra Bose arrives at Dum Dum aerodrome.jpg|Subhas Chandra Bose arriving at Kolkata Airport

</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[List of airports by ICAO code: V#VA VE VI VO - India]]
* [[List of airports in India]]
* [[List of Indian Air Force bases]]
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aviation/Airline destination lists: Asia#India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite web | url=http://dgca.nic.in/aerodrome/aero_list.pdf | title=Licensed Aerodromes in India | publisher=[[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]] of India | date=2008-11-10 | access-date=2010-04-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926172324/http://dgca.nic.in/aerodrome/aero_list.pdf | archive-date=2019-09-26 | url-status=dead }}
* [[Airports Authority of India]] website: [https://web.archive.org/web/20100105152053/http://www.airportsindia.org.in/allAirports/airports.jsp AirportsIndia.org.in] or [https://web.archive.org/web/20091212002941/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/airports.jsp AAI.aero]
* {{cite web |url = http://www.icao.int/anb/aig/Taxonomy/R4CDLocationIndicatorsbystate.pdf |title = ICAO Location Indicators by State |publisher = [[International Civil Aviation Organization]] |date = 2006-01-12 |access-date = 2010-04-07 |archive-date = 2007-09-26 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070926235554/http://www.icao.int/anb/aig/Taxonomy/R4CDLocationIndicatorsbystate.pdf |url-status = dead }}
* {{cite web |url = http://www.unece.org/cefact/locode/in.htm |title = UN Location Codes: India |work = [[UN/LOCODE]] 2009-1 |publisher = [[United Nations Economic Commission for Europe|UNECE]] |date = 2009-09-23}} - includes IATA codes
* [http://gc.kls2.com/cgi-bin/gclookup?Q=country:IN Great Circle Mapper] - IATA and ICAO codes
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/airbase.htm List of Indian Air Force Stations] at GlobalSecurity.org
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231108/http://www.aai.aero/misc/Kolkata_A_2013_01.pdf]-AAI NOTAM summary January 2013
* [http://www.midnapore.in/arifield/hijli-airfield.html] - Old airfields of Midnapore


{{Airports in India}}
{{Transport in India}}

[[Category:Airports in West Bengal| ]]
[[Category:Lists of airports in India|West Bengal]]
[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures in West Bengal|Airports]]

J. N. Heredia

2025-12-04T05:45:49Z

MartinDietrich8: Starting Details

{{Short description|Indian diplomat (died 1975)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = J. N. Heredia
| image = J. N. Heredia in the 1950s.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Portrait of J. N. Heredia
| birth_name = James Nathaniel Heredia
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date =  1975
| death_place =
| spouse = [[Irene Heredia]]
| other_names =
| occupation = Diplomat
| years_active =
| known_for =
| movement = [[Goa Liberation Movement]]
| notable_works =
| module = {{Infobox office holder
| office = [[Sheriff of Bombay]]
| term1 = 1965
| predecessor1 = Appat Balkrishna Nair
| successor1 = Gangaram Ratansi Joshi
| embed = yes
}}
}}

'''James Nathaniel Heredia''' (died 1975), known popularly as '''J. N. Heredia''', was an Indian honorary counsel and advocate of the end of Portuguese rule in Goa and its smaller territories. A road in [[Mumbai]], J. N. Heredia Marg, is named after him. In 1965, he was honoured as the [[Sheriff of Bombay]].

==Life==
===Early and personal life===
James Nathaniel Heredia<ref name= RBA>{{cite report|url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3c8758b517083196f05ac29810b924aca/uploads/2024/06/202406182015826177.pdf|title=Raj Bhavan Archives (A Class Files - Permanent Record|access-date= 29 December 2024}}</ref> was born to a family of Goan businesspeople in [[Bombay]]. The family is originally from [[Divar]], Goa.<ref name="FaleiroGoa1961">{{Cite book |last=Faleiro |first=Valmiki |author-link=Valmiki Faleiro |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYLyEAAAQBAJ |title=Goa, 1961: The Complete Story of Nationalism and Integration |date=2023-07-24 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5708-175-7 |pages=25, 81, 346 |access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref> His father was Dr. Manoel Heredia, who started the Asian Life Assurance, an insurance company.<ref name="LongDayBook">{{Cite book |last=Heredia |first=Irene |title=It's Been A Long Day: A Nonagenarian Remembers |publisher=Goa 1556 |isbn=978-93-80739-44-1 |location=Goa |year=2012}}</ref> This was later [[nationalised]]. The family also started a [[steamship]] service between Bombay and Goa.<ref name="FaleiroGoa1961" />

Heredia was married to Irene,<ref name="LongDayBook" /> who was a writer and social worker.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raut |first=H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2JRAAAAYAAJ |title=Bombay Art Society's Art Journal |date=1976 |publisher=Bombay Art Society |page=20}}</ref>

===As a diplomat===
Heredia was appointed as the honorary consul to [[Brazil]], and remained so for the tenure of three Brazilian ambassadors to India. He resigned in 1954, when Brazil sided with Portugal regarding the freedom of Goa.<ref name="LongDayBook" />

===Goa liberation movement===
In June 1954, the Goa Liberation Council was formed in Bombay, with Heredia, [[Nicolau Menezes]] and his brother [[Armando Menezes]] as members. They published a fortnightly journal, ''Goan Tribune'', with the intention of highlighting the atrocities of the Portuguese in Goa. This was then distributed by them to political leaders from both India and of western countries.<ref name="FaleiroGoa1961" /> Heredia's family warehouse at [[Ballard Estate]] became the headquarters for the Goa Liberation Council.<ref name="LongDayBook" />

In June 1957, Heredia was part of a delegation of 11 Goans chosen for consultation by then [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. Others included Nicolau Menezes and Armando Menezes from the Goa Liberation Council, along with [[Peter Alvares]], [[Evágrio Jorge]], [[Vishwanath Lawande]], [[Rama Hegde]], [[Gerald Pereira]], [[Pundalik Gaitonde]], Luis Gracias and [[Purushottam Kakodkar]].<ref name="FaleiroGoa1961" /><ref>{{Cite news |work=[[Times of India]] |location=Delhi |title=Goan Nationals Allowed To Send Money Home |date=1957-06-11 |url=https://archive.org/details/goan-nationals-allowed-to-send-money-home |access-date=2024-09-11}}</ref>

===Death===
He died in 1975 of a [[heart attack]].<ref name="LongDayBook" />

==Awards and accolades==
* Heredia was appointed as the honorary consul to Brazil before he resigned in 1954.<ref name="LongDayBook" />
* In 1965, he was honoured as the [[sheriff of Bombay]].<ref name= RBA />
* A road in [[Ballard Estate]] in [[Mumbai]], is named after him, being renamed from Graham Road.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V_0iAQAAMAAJ |title=The Bombay Civic Journal |date=1980 |publisher=Municipal Corporation of Greater Bombay |volume=27 |page=33}}</ref>
* The Centre for Counselling at [[Sophia College for Women]] is named after him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sophia College For Women |url=https://www.sophiacollegemumbai.com/J.N.Heredia.aspx |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=www.sophiacollegemumbai.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Heredia, J. N.}}
[[Category:1975 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Sheriffs of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Goa liberation activists]]

Thangamagal (TV series)

2025-11-16T11:48:08Z

MartinDietrich8: made

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = ThangamagalVijayTV.jpg
| genre = {{ubl|
* [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
}}
| screenplay = Msphaniraaj
| writer = Selva Vadivel (dailogues)
| story = Msphaniraaj
| director = Haris Athitya
| starring = {{ubl|
* [[Ashwini Aanandita]]
* Yuvan Mayilsamy
}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 479
| list_episodes =
| composer = Vallavan
| opentheme =
| editor = K. Sukumar
| runtime = approx. 22-25 minutes per episode
| cinematography = Ma.Po. Anandh
| producer = Vani Moorthi Palaparthy Abishek Palaparthy
| executive_producer =
| company = Beyond Cinemas
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| network = [[Star Vijay]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2024|1|22}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2025|8|10}}
| related =
}}

'''''Thangamagal: Ilam Devadhaigalin Kadhai''''' (''Golden Girl: A Tale of Young Angels'') is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language television series starring [[Ashwini Aanandita]] and Yuvan Mayilsamy in lead roles.<ref name="Yuvan Mayilsamy and Ashwini Aanandita">{{cite web|author=|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/yuvan-mayilsamy-and-ashwini-aanandita-to-play-the-leads-in-thangamagal/articleshow/106698414.cms|title=Yuvan Mayilsamy and Ashwini Aanandita to play the leads in 'Thangamagal'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 January 2024|language=en}}</ref> Accustomed to a life of luxury and devoid of remorse, Hasini is forced to work as a housemaid to seek forgiveness from a grieving family—unaware that the man she serves unknowingly longs for her as his dream lover.

It airs on [[Star Vijay]] from 22 January 2024 on Monday to Saturday and ended on 10 August 2025 on Sunday.<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/popular-daily-soap-thangamagal-concludes-its-remarkable-journey-after-479-episodes/articleshow/123258590.cms|title=Popular daily soap 'Thangamagal' concludes its remarkable journey after 479 episodes|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 August 2025|language=en}}</ref> It is also available on the digital platform [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2024/jan/14/telecast-time-of-mylaswamy-magans-new-serial-4139486.html|title=சனவரி 22, முதல் தங்கமகள் தொடர் ஒளிபரப்பு|website=www.dinamani.com|date=14 January 2024|language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Hasini epitomizes the quintessential "daddy's girl," accustomed to a life of opulence where her desires are swiftly fulfilled, without the weight of remorse. Her mother, a stringent lawyer, showers her with care but also with a firm hand, shaping her character amidst the glittering backdrop of urban luxury. Conversely, Muthupandi inhabits a starkly contrasting world as a loan shark dwelling in the rustic tranquility of a village, frequently embroiled in altercations with fellow villagers.

Meanwhile, his sister harbors discontent in her marital union and fervently schemes to orchestrate advantageous marriages for her nieces, eagerly eyeing a stake in Ramasamy's will to secure her inheritance of his considerable estate.

On the occasion of Dheeraj's birthday, Hasini's friends deceptively offer her alcohol disguised within soft drinks, exploiting her abstinent tendencies. Consequently, Hasini, intoxicated, embarks on a fateful drive that intersects with Ramasamy's phone conversation with Muthupandi's sister concerning the details of the will. Tragically, in her inebriated state, Hasini collides with Ramasamy, resulting in his untimely demise at the scene.

Upon her mother's discovery of the calamitous event, Hasini finds herself faced with a dire ultimatum: seek forgiveness from Muthupandi's family or risk being disowned. In a bid for redemption, she humbly assumes the role of a household maid within their domain. However, Muthupandi and his nieces, unaware of her involvement in their father's demise, remain staunchly resistant to pardoning the perpetrator of their profound loss.

Thus, the narrative unfolds around Hasini's relentless pursuit of absolution, navigating the intricate web of guilt, forgiveness, and redemption in her quest to mend fractured bonds and reconcile with the tormented souls she unwittingly wounded.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Ashwini Aanandita]] as Hasini alias Anjali alias Noor Jahan, Muthupandi's wife, who accidentally killed Raamaswamy in a car accident
* Yuvan Mayilsamy as Muthupandi, Hasini's husband Ramasaamy's brother-in-law

=== Recurring ===
* Neepa Siva as Ranganayagi, Ramasamy’s second wife. Meenakshi, Dharani and Divya’s stepmother, Vasu’s mother. Muthupandi's sister (Main Antagonist)
* [[Gayatri Jayaraman]]<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/metti-oli-thirumurugan-pandian-stores-sujitha-mayilsamy-son-yuvan-latest-serial-updates-in-television-159324|title=அம்மி அம்மி அம்மி மிதித்து.. திருமுருகன் முதல் மயில்சாமி மகன் வரை... சின்னத்திரை ரசிகர்களுக்கு காத்திருக்கும் சர்ப்ரைஸ்...|website=tamil.abplive.com|date=3 January 2024|language=ta}}</ref> (2024 - 2025) → Jeevitha Krishnan (2025) as Bhairavi , Dheeraj's Mother (Antagonist)
* Sai Rithu as Meenakshi, Ramasamy’s eldest daughter, Renganayagi’s eldest stepdaughter, Dharani and Divya’s sister, Vasu’s first half sister
* Maanas Chavali as Dheeraj, Hasini's ex-fiancé, Meenakshi's husband
* Shiyara Shalini as Dharani, Ramasamy’s second daughter, Renganayagi’s second stepdaughter, Meenakshi’s younger sister, Divya’s older sister, Vasu’s second half sister
* Lokesh Bhaskaran as Dr.Ajay, Dharani's love interest, later becomes her husband.
* Manusri Karthikeyan as Divya, Ramasamy’s youngest daughter, Renganayagi’s youngest stepdaughter, Meenakshi and Dharani’s youngest sister, Vasu’s third half sister
* Gracy Thangavel / Unknown as Kavya, Muthupandi's friend who helps Anjali find an accommodation in the village
* Birla Bose as Velayutham (Antagonist)
* [[Ajay Rathnam]] as GK, Hasini's father, a huge businessman
* [[Ambani Shankar]] as Jelabi, Muthupandi's friend
* Bhuvaneshwari Bernard as Nagamani, Ranganayagi's friend (Antagonist)
* VJ Annamalai as Krishna, one-sided love of Dharani.
* Sumathishree as Mariamma, Krishna's mother
* [[Vinodhini Vaidyanathan]] as Vaishali, Hasini's mother, a lawyer who makes her realize her wrongdoing by making her apologize to Muthupandi's family (dead).
* [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Ramasamy, Muthupandi's brother-in-law who is run over by Hasini (dead).
* Lailaa as Thara, Dheeraj's girlfriend (dead).

== Production ==
=== Casting ===
Yuvan Mayilsamy, the son of late comedian [[Mayilsamy]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/did-you-know-thangamagal-fame-yuvan-son-of-comedian-mayilsamy/articleshow/109474332.cms| title=Did you know Thangamagal fame Yuvan, son of comedian Mayilsamy| website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com| date=21 April 2024|language=en}}</ref> was cast in the main male lead role of Muthupandi - his first role as a newcomer in the industry, whilst [[Ashwini Aanandita]] was cast in the female lead role of Hasini after her notable performances in ''[[Namma Veetu Ponnu]]''.<ref name="Yuvan Mayilsamy and Ashwini Aanandita" /><ref>{{cite web|author=|url=https://cineulagam.com/article/late-actor-mayilsamy-son-serial-debut-1703925585|title=பட வாய்ப்பு கிடைக்கவில்லை, விஜய் டிவி சீரியலில் நடிக்க வந்துள்ள மயில்சாமி மகன்- எந்த தொடர் பாருங்க |website=cineulagam.com|date=3 January 2024|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/television-actress-ashwini-aanandita-to-play-the-lead-in-thangamagal/articleshow/106535704.cms|title=Television actress Ashwini Aanandita to play the lead in 'Thangamagal'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 January 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=|url=https://cineulagam.com/article/serial-actress-ashwini-aanandita-instagram-photos-1704513731#google_vignette|title=தங்கமகள் சீரியல் நடிகை அஷ்வினியின் அழகிய புகைப்படங்கள் |website=cineulagam.com|date=7 January 2024|language=ta}}</ref>

=== Release ===
The initial promo gave a brief look at Muthupandi's family and showed Hasini working as a maid in their house as she had nowhere else to go and was happy to take anything, this was released on 4 January 2024.<ref>{{cite AV media|people=Thangamagal - promo 1|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hz6RlKpJ0l4|title=Thangamagal - Ilam Devadhaigalin Kadhai {{!}} Thangamagal {{!}} Star Vijay}}</ref> The second and third promos gave a brief look into Muthupandi's life, with his mother and sister describing his character.<ref>{{Citation |title=Thangamagal {{!}} From 22nd January 2024 {{!}} Promo 1 | date=16 January 2024 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kU3NuzZZCHs |access-date=2024-01-21 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Thangamagal {{!}} From 22nd January 2024 {{!}} Promo 2 | date=17 January 2024 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qRKaMR8e7ag |access-date=2024-01-21 |language=en}}</ref> The fourth promo features Reshma Muralidaran, as Renuka from [[Kizhakku Vaasal (TV series)|Kizhakku Vaasal]], giving context behind the serial; the final promo gives insight into Hasini's life.<ref>{{Citation |title=Thangamagal {{!}} From 22nd January 2024 {{!}} Promo 3 | date=18 January 2024 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2n1fPClTfkE |access-date=2024-01-21 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Kutty story of Thangamagal {{!}} From 22nd January 2024 {{!}} Promo 4 | date=19 January 2024 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o3yASXTUAqA |access-date=2024-01-21 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Promotion ===
[[Star Vijay]] promoted this serial, as well as Chinna Marumagal, through [[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 7)|Bigg Boss Season 7]] during an episode aired on 5 January 2024.<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=https://manithan.com/article/bigg-boss-guest-open-talk-vishnu-sad-1704449695#google_vignette|title=விருந்தாளியாக வந்த நபர் கொளுத்தி போட்ட சம்பவம்! பணத்தை நினைத்து புலம்பும் போட்டியாளர்|website=manithan.com|date=5 January 2024|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|people=Promotion 1|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SyQX3o4eJLw|title=Bigg Boss Tamil Season 7 {{!}} Bigg Boss Tamil Season 7 {{!}} Star Vijay}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Bangalore district

2025-11-11T22:07:24Z

MartinDietrich8: reworked information as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| type = Former district of India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[states of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| seat_type = Capital
| seat =
| coordinates =
| pushpin_map = India
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website =
}}
'''Bengaluru district''' was a district in the state of [[Karnataka]], India. In 1986, Bangalore district was bifurcated into [[Bangalore Urban district|Bengaluru Urban district]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=About District {{!}} District Bengaluru Urban, Government of Karnataka {{!}} India |url=https://bengaluruurban.nic.in/en/aboutdistrict/ |access-date=2025-11-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Bangalore Rural district|Bengaluru Rural district]].

In July 2025, the Karnataka Cabinet renamed the Bengaluru Rural district as Bengaluru North district as part of the administrative reorganization.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2025 |title=Bengaluru rural becomes north district |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/bengaluru-rural-becomes-north-district/articleshow/122213248.cms |access-date=11 November 2025 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Historical districts of India}}
{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Former districts of India]]

{{karnataka-geo-stub}}

Nangloi railway station

2025-10-31T21:26:53Z

MartinDietrich8: adjust formatting based on references and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{Short description|Railway Station in Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}

{{Infobox station
| name = Nangloi
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railway]] and [[Delhi Suburban Railway]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_caption =
| address = JJ Colony No 1, [[Nangloi]], [[North Delhi district]], [[National Capital Territory|National Capital Region]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.6821|77.0561|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| map_type = India#India Haryana
| line =
| other = {{ric|Delhi Metro}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Green|croute}} [[Nangloi Railway Station metro station|Nangloi Railway Station]]
| elevation = {{convert|108|m|ft}}
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 2
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 4 (Double Electrified BG)
| parking = yes
| bicycle = No
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = NNO
| zone = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Delhi}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = 
}}
'''Nangloi railway station''' is a small railway station in [[North Delhi district]], [[National Capital Territory|National Capital Region]]. Its code is '''NNO'''. It serves [[Nangloi]] city. The station consists of two platforms. The platforms are not well sheltered. It lacks many facilities including water and sanitation.<ref>[https://www.jagran.com/delhi/new-delhi-city-11450187.html Jagran news]</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/nangloi-nno/1881| title=NNO/Nangloi| website=India Rail Info}}</ref> The station is part of [[Delhi Suburban Railway]].

==Major trains==

The following trains run from Nangloi railway station :

* [[Avadh Assam Express]]
* Bhiwani–Delhi Passenger (unreserved)
* Delhi–Jind Passenger (unreserved)
* Delhi–Kurukshetra DEMU (via [[Kaithal]])
* Delhi–Rohtak Passenger (unreserved)
* Delhi–Firozpur Passenger (unreserved)
* Delhi–Jind Jakhal Passenger (unreserved)
* Delhi Jn–Rohtak MEMU
* Delhi–Narwana Passenger (unreserved)
* Delhi–Rohtak Passenger
* [[Dhauladhar Express]]
* [[Firozpur Janata Express]]
* [[Gorakhdham Express]]
* Hazrat Nizamuddin–Rohtak Passenger (unreserved)
* Jind–Delhi Passenger (unreserved)
* [[Kisan Express]]
* [[New Delhi–Rohtak Intercity Express]]
* [[Sirsa Express]]
* [[Udyan Abha Toofan Express]]
* [[Dhauladhar Express]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in North Delhi district]]
[[Category:Delhi railway division]]

{{Delhi-railstation-stub}}

Ajoy Nath Ray

2025-10-29T04:17:33Z

MartinDietrich8: starting entry

{{Short description|Indian Judge (born 1946)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
'''Ajoy Nath Ray''' (born 31 October 1946) is an Indian retired judge and former Chief Justice of Allahabad and Sikkim High Court.

==Early life==
Ray was born in 1946 in [[Kolkata]]. His father Mr. [[A. N. Ray]] was the 14th [[Chief Justice of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nlOP5tT2CPMC&q=ajoy+nath+ray+justice&pg=RA2-PA107|title=Socialist India|last=Volume 10|year=1974|access-date=19 December 2018}}</ref> He graduated in Science with [[Physics]] Honours from the [[Calcutta University]] and passed B.A. from the School of Jurisprudence at [[Oriel College, Oxford]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/service/judgeDetail.jsp?id=90|title=HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT ALLAHABAD|website=allahabadhighcourt.in|access-date=19 December 2018}}</ref>

==Career==
Ray started practice as an Advocate on 4 August 1970 in the [[Calcutta High Court]] in civil matters. On 6 August 1990, he was promoted as a permanent Judge of the same High Court. In June 2004, Ray also took charge in the post of Acting Chief Justice of Calcutta High Court. He became the Chief Justice of the [[Allahabad High Court]] on 11 January 2005. Justice Ray was transferred to [[Sikkim High Court]] as Chief Justice on 27 January 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Gangtok-turns-kaala-paani-for-high-court-judges/articleshow/927000.cms|title=Gangtok turns 'kaala paani' for high court judges|last=Mitta|first=Manoj|date=26 December 2006|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=7 June 2019}}</ref> He retired from the judgeship on 30 October 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://highcourtofsikkim.nic.in/hcs/sites/default/files/HighCourt%20Newsletter/3.pdf|title=Court Newsletter|access-date=19 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://highcourtofsikkim.nic.in/hcs/formerchiefjustice|title=Former Chief Justice|access-date=19 December 2018|archive-date=19 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219230226/http://highcourtofsikkim.nic.in/hcs/formerchiefjustice|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ray, Ajoy Nath}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Allahabad High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Sikkim High Court]]
[[Category:Judges of the Calcutta High Court]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Bengali people]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu football team

2025-09-28T22:12:38Z

MartinDietrich8: Adding

{{Short description|Football team representing UT of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{multiple issues|
{{notability|Org|date=July 2022}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2022}}
}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
| image =
| Badge =
| Badge_size =
| fullname = Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu football team
| nickname =
| founded = {{start date and age|2022}}
| ground =
| capacity =
| owner = [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Football Association|DNHDD FA]]
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = Prit Bharatkumar Bhatt
| Most caps =
| Top scorer =
| Largest win =
| Largest loss =
| league = [[Santosh Trophy]]
| season = [[2024–25 Santosh Trophy|2024–25]]
| position = Group stage
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 = _carminstripes
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 =
| leftarm1 = FEDF00
| body1 = FEDF00
| rightarm1 = FEDF00
| shorts1 = 9A4EAE
| socks1 = 000000
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 = _bluecollar
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_sh2 =
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 = 333399
| body2 = FFFFFF
| rightarm2 = 333399
| shorts2 = FFFFFF
| socks2 = FFFFFF
| website =
}}

The '''Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu football team''' is an Indian [[association football|football]] team representing the union territory of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] in Indian state football competitions including the [[Santosh Trophy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/association/502|title = Daman and Diu Football Association}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/association/534|title = Dadra and Nagar Haveli Football Association}}</ref> The '''Dadra and Nagar Haveli''' and '''Daman and Diu''' football teams participated in the national competitions until they were merged in the 2022–23 Indian football season and made its senior national debut in the [[2022–23 Santosh Trophy]] edition.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Three venues for 76th National Football Championship for Hero Santosh Trophy 2022-23 group stage decided |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/three-venues-for-76thnational-football-championship-for-hero-santosh-trophy-2022-23-group-stage-decided |website=AIFF |date=25 November 2022 |access-date=29 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Santosh Trophy and Senior women's football Championships Groups Announced |url=https://thebridge.in/football/santosh-trophy-national-football-championships-groups-announced-36555 |website=The Bridge |date=22 October 2022 |access-date=29 November 2022}}</ref>

== Team ==
The following 22 players were called up prior to the [[2022–23 Santosh Trophy]].

{{fs start}}
{{fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Gnana Prakash S}}
{{fs player|no=19|nat=IND|pos=|name=Ahammed Ziyad KA}}
{{fs player|no=20|nat=IND|pos=|name=Mehul Mandu Gayakwad}}
{{fs player|no=3|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Jay Nitesh Halpati}}
{{fs player|no=5|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Vikram Yohan Mahala}}
{{fs player|no=7|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Jitu Prabhu Gavit}}
{{fs player|no=10|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Ambarish S}}
{{fs player|no=2|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Shubham Santosh Salunke}}
{{fs player|no=4|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Shohil Bagoan}}
{{fs player|no=6|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Mohammed Shahamath KM}}
{{fs player|no=8|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Vignesh Nadar}}
{{fs mid}}
{{fs player|no=9|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Sachinkumar Dayarambhai|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]}}
{{fs player|no=11|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Savindhar Rameshkumar}}
{{fs player|no=13|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Shivam Kumar}}
{{fs player|no=14|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Vikram}}
{{fs player|no=15|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Ragibuddin Saiyed}}
{{fs player|no=16|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Gaurang Mistry}}
{{fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Dulfukhar Ali K}}
{{fs player|no=22|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Sagar Chowdhary}}
{{fs player|no=12|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Rahul Laxman Kharpadiya}}
{{fs player|no=18|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Abdul Harsheek MA}}
{{fs player|no=21|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Keyur Mangela}}
{{fs end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Santosh Trophy}}
{{Indian state football teams}}

[[Category:Santosh Trophy teams]]
[[Category:Football in Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]

{{India-footyclub-stub}}

Rowing Federation of India

2025-09-23T04:56:36Z

MartinDietrich8: Content refined for better accuracy

{{primarysources|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox Sport governing body
|assocname = Rowing Federation of India
|abbrev = RFI
|logo = RFI_logo.jpg
|caption =
|sport = [[Rowing (sport)|Rowing]]
|category =
|jurisdiction = [[India]]
|founded = 30 August 1976
|aff = [[World Rowing]]
|region = [[Asian Rowing Federation]]
|headquarters = Old No. 7, New No. 15, Sriram Colony, Abhiramapuram, Chennai – 600018, Tamilnadu – India
|president = Rajlaxmi Singh Deo
|secretary = M.V.Sriram
|url = http://www.indiarowing.com
|countryflag = India
}}

The '''Rowing Federation of India''' is the central body for the game of rowing in India. It was formed on 30 August 1976 with a view to make the sport of Rowing popular in [[India]]. It is affiliated with the [[Indian Olympic Association]] and [[World Rowing]] and [[Asian Rowing Federation]] .<ref name="ab">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiarowing.com/aboutus.php|title=About RFI|publisher=Official Website of RFI|accessdate=26 February 2010}}</ref>

==History==
The British brought this game to this sub-continent of India and it was organised wherever suitable stretches of water were found near their settlements. The [[Calcutta Rowing Club]], Calcutta was founded in 1858 followed by the [[Madras Boat Club]], Madras in 1867, the [[Royal Connaught Boat Club]], Pune in 1868, [[Karachi Boat Club]], Karachi in 1923 and the Rangoon University Boat Club in 1923. Then ten active members from the Rowing Clubs of Calcutta and Madras, feeling a need for National and International status for the sport in India, formed the Rowing Federation of India on 30 August 1976. Since then the RFI has been popularizing the game nationwide and producing distinct players from the country.<ref name="ab" />

==Affiliates==
Till date the RFI has 28 affiliated state and national bodies under it consisting of 19 Members, 6 Provisional Members and 3 Associate Members.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiarowing.com/affiliates.php|title=Affiliated state and national bodies of RFI|publisher=Official Website of RFI|accessdate=26 February 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516062338/http://www.indiarowing.com/affiliates.php|archivedate=16 May 2010}}</ref>

;Members
*Andaman and Nicobar Rowing Association
*Assam Boat Racing and Rowing Association
*Chandigarh Rowing Association
*Delhi Rowing Association
*Jharkhand Rowing Association
*Karnataka Amateur Rowing Association
*Kerala Race Boats and Amateur Rowing Association
*Maharashtra Rowing Association
*Manipur Rowing Association
*Odisha Association for Rowing and Sculling
*Punjab Amateur Rowing Association
*Rowing Association of Haryana
*Rowing Association of Madhya Pradesh
*Sculling and Rowing Association of Andhra Pradesh
*Tamil Nadu Amateur Rowing Association
*Telangana Rowing Association
*Uttar Pradesh Rowing Association
*Uttarakhand Rowing Association
*West Bengal Rowing Association

;Provisional Members
*Chhattisgarh Pradesh Rowing Association (Provisionally Affiliated)
*Gujarat Rowing Association (Provisionally Affiliated)
*Jammu and Kashmir Rowing Association (Provisionally Affiliated)
*Rajasthan Rowing Association (Provisionally Affiliated)
*Rowing Association of Bihar (Provisionally Affiliated)
*Socie'te D'Aviron Pondicherry (Provisionally Affiliated)

;Associate Members
*All India Police Sports Control Board
*[[Association of Indian Universities]]
*[[Services Sports Control Board]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://indiarowing.com/ Official Website of RFI]

{{Sports governing bodies in India}}
{{National members of the World Rowing Federation}}

[[Category:National members of World Rowing|India]]
[[Category:Sports governing bodies in India]]
[[Category:Sports organizations established in 1976]]
[[Category:Rowing in India]]
[[Category:1976 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Chennai]]

{{Sport-org-stub}}
{{India-sport-stub}}
{{Rowing-stub}}

Muthunaickenpatti

2025-08-26T21:42:28Z

MartinDietrich8: Started New Stub

{{Orphan|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Muthunaickenpatti
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11|42|45.1|N|78|01|58.8|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Salem district|Salem]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 11.677
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 278
| population_total = 13912
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code = 636304<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pincode.net.in/TAMIL_NADU/SALEM/M/MUTHUNAICKENPATTI|title = Pin Code: MUTHUNAICKENPATTI, SALEM, TAMIL NADU, India, Pincode.net.in}}</ref>
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Muthunaickenpatti''' is a panchayat village in [[Omalur]] taluk, [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref name="Census1">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=727361 |title=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2018-05-11}}</ref> It is the second most populous village in Omalur taluk.

==Geography==
Muthunaickenpatti is located at {{coord|11|42|45.1|N|78|01|58.8|E}}. It has an average elevation of 278m(912 ft). The closest town is [[Omalur]] 5 km away and 16 km away from the district headquarter Salem. The Lake Nainathaal is located in Muthunaickenpatti.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}

==Demographics==
As of 2011 census, Muthunaickenpatti has a total population of 13192 people with 6976 males and 6216 females with 10.01% of population are under the age of 6. The average [[sex ratio]] is 891 and the [[child sex ratio]] is 901. The average literacy rate of 64.44% with males constituting 72.60% and females constituting 55.28%. It has 3473 households.<ref name="Census1"/>

==Education==
===Schools===
* Government higher secondary school, Muthunaickenpatti
* G.R. Matriculation School
* Government primary school{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Salem district}}

{{Adjacent communities
| Centre = Muthunaickenpatti
| North =
| Northeast =
| East =
| Southeast =
| South =
| Southwest =
| West =
| Northwest =
}}

[[Category:Villages in Salem district]]

Tehna

2025-08-25T13:20:57Z

MartinDietrich8: done

{{short description|Village in Punjab, India}}
{{lead too short|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tehna
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = pa
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|30.691087|N|74.796971|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|States]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
| established_title = 
| parts_type = Block
| government_type = Gram Panchayat
| governing_body = Sarpanch
| unit_pref = Metric
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 151203
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Faridkot, India|Faridkot]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gurmukhi|Punjabi (Gurmukhi)]]|
}}
'''Tehna''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਟਹਿਣਾ) is a village located in [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]] district of [[Punjab, India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tehna · Punjab 151203, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Tehna,+Punjab+151203/@30.6916313,74.7920144,16z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x39175790ba4c90ff:0xb05ba16501cf2fc9!8m2!3d30.6920196!4d74.7966079!16s/g/1tknhvg_?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDQyMC4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw== |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=Tehna · Punjab 151203, India |language=en}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As per the population census of 2011, the village has a population of 3631, of which 1938 are males, while 1693 are females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tehna Village Population - Faridkot - Faridkot, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35565-tehna-punjab.html |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> The geographical area of village is about 8.13 square kilometers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tehna {{!}} Village {{!}} GeoIQ |url=https://geoiq.io/places/Tehna/jwInnOXlBj |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=geoiq.io}}</ref> The Postal code of village is 151203.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pin Code: TEHNA, FARIDKOT, PUNJAB, India, Pincode.net.in |url=https://pincode.net.in/PUNJAB/FARIDKOT/T/TEHNA |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=pincode.net.in}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Villages in Faridkot district]]

{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

Kali Paltan Mandir

2025-08-08T14:46:25Z

MartinDietrich8: Starting New Bio

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Kali Paltan Mandir
| native_name =
| image = Kali Paltan Mandir, Meerut.jpg
| caption =

| deity = [[Shiva]]
| tradition =
| Peetham =
| functional_status =
| temple_board =
| festivals =
| tower =
| temple_tank =
| temple_tree =

| location = [[Meerut]]
| district =
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| province =
| country = India
| map_type =
| map_alt =
| coordinates =
| coordinates_footnotes =

| architecture_type =
| architecture_style =
| creator =
| established =
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed =

| facade_direction =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =

| website =

| footnotes =
}}
'''Kali Paltan Mandir''' is the commonly used name of the [[Shiva]] temple '''Augarhnath Mandir''', close to the army barracks in the Indian city of [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It was founded following the discovery of a [[Lingam|Shivalinga]] under the ground in 1844. The foundation stone for the modern larger temple complex was laid in 1968. The temple houses the [[well|water well]] where Indian [[sepoys]] who fired the first shots in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] met.<ref name=Sehgal2022>{{Cite book |last=Sehgal |first=Vineeta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGqVEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38 |title=1857 Augarnath Temple Meerut Beginning of India's Freedom Fight |date=2022 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |pages=38–40 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Das2011>{{Cite book |last=Dasgupta |first=Devashish |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oXWAEjcG-FsC&pg=PA20 |title=Tourism Marketing |date=2011 |publisher=Pearson Education India |location=Delhi|isbn=978-81-317-3182-6 |chapter=1. Tourism market environment scanning. Unsung tourist destination: Meerut (Uttar Pradesh))|pages=20 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Kumar2017>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Sunaina |title=On the 160th Anniversary of the 1857 Uprising, Meet the Meerut Historian Keeping the Story Alive |url=https://thewire.in/health/on-the-160th-anniversary-of-the-1857-uprising-meet-the-meerut-historian-keeping-the-story-alive |access-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423072838/https://thewire.in/health/on-the-160th-anniversary-of-the-1857-uprising-meet-the-meerut-historian-keeping-the-story-alive|archive-date=23 April 2023|work=The Wire |date=10 May 2017}}</ref><ref name=Nighoskar2019>{{cite news |last1=Nighoskar |first1=Devyani |title=How Meerut's Kali Paltan Mandir, launchpad for the Sepoy Mutiny, is a beacon of the city's rebellious spirit |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/how-meeruts-kali-paltan-mandir-launchpad-for-the-sepoy-mutiny-is-a-beacon-of-the-citys-rebellious-spirit-7086071.html |access-date=22 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423073148/https://www.firstpost.com/living/how-meeruts-kali-paltan-mandir-launchpad-for-the-sepoy-mutiny-is-a-beacon-of-the-citys-rebellious-spirit-7086071.html|archive-date=23 April 2023 |work=Firstpost |date=2 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Kali Paltan Mandir, Meerut1.jpg|Exterior
File:Radhakrishna 01.jpg|Radhakrishna
File:Kali Paltan Mandir interior, Meerut.jpg|Interior
File:Kali Paltan Mandir kitchen, Meerut.jpg|Kitchen
File:Kali Paltan Mandir memorial, Meerut.jpg|1857 memorial
File:Kali Paltan Mandir well, Meerut.jpg|Well
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Shiva temples]]
[[Category:Meerut]]

{{india-hindu-temple-stub}}

Hyderabad Book Fair

2025-07-22T22:12:14Z

MartinDietrich8: Starting Article

{{Short description|Annual book fair in Hyderabad, India}}
{{Notability|1=Events|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox convention
| name = Hyderabad National Book Fair
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| status = Active
| genre = Multi-genre
| frequency = Annually
| venue = Telangana Kala Bharati (NTR Grounds), [[Domalguda]]
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| country = [[India]]
| first = 1985
| organizer = Hyderabad Book Fair Society
| attendance =
| website = {{URL|https://www.hyderabadbookfair.com/}}
}}
The '''Hyderabad Book Fair''' is a winter fair in [[Hyderabad]].

Hyderabad's 36th National Book Fair was held from 9 February 2024 to 19 February 2024 and inaugurated by cultural minister [[Jupally Krishna Rao]].<ref name="‘Hyderabad Book Fair’ to be held in February">{{cite news |last1= |title='Hyderabad Book Fair' to be held in February |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/hyderabad-book-fair-to-be-held-in-february-850117 |access-date=23 January 2025 |work= |publisher=The Hans India |date=9 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123125328/https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/hyderabad-book-fair-to-be-held-in-february-850117 |archive-date=23 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bibliophiles brave sweltering heat, turn a page at Hyderabad book fair">{{cite news |title=Bibliophiles brave sweltering heat, turn a page at Hyderabad book fair |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/bibliophiles-brave-sweltering-heat-hyderabad-book-fair/articleshow/107593580.cms |access-date=23 January 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=11 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123131547/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/bibliophiles-brave-sweltering-heat-hyderabad-book-fair/articleshow/107593580.cms |archive-date=23 January 2025}}</ref> The book fair is usually held every December. However, due to [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]s the fair has been scheduled to February.<ref name="Hyderabad National Book Fair’s 36th edition set to open on Feb 9">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Hyderabad National Book Fair's 36th edition set to open on Feb 9 |url=https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabad-national-book-fairs-36th-edition-set-to-open-on-february-9 |access-date=23 January 2025 |publisher=Telangana Today |date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123125703/https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabad-national-book-fairs-36th-edition-set-to-open-on-february-9 |archive-date=23 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Agartala Book Fair]]
* [[Chennai Book Fair]]
* [[Kolkata Book Fair]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://newdelhiworldbookfair.gov.in New Delhi World Book Fair]
* [http://www.nbtindia.gov.in National Book Trust, India]
* [http://www.saraswatihouse.com New Saraswati House Publishers]
* [http://www.dsbpa.in Delhi State Booksellers' and Publishers' Association]

[[Category:Book fairs in India]]
[[Category:Indian literature]]
[[Category:Organised events in Hyderabad, India]]

Hijuli, Nadia

2025-05-20T00:28:09Z

MartinDietrich8: further added formatting based on references and cleaned formatting per sources

{{distinguish|Hijuli}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hijuli
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline = File:GNPC Road - Ranaghat - Nadia 2016-01-17 8707.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Kundupara, Hijuli
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.187705|N|88.583553|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 4.12
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 13969
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 741202
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03454
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Ranaghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranaghat]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ranaghat Uttar Paschim (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ranaghat Uttar Paschim]]
| website = {{URL|http://nadia.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Hijuli''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Ranaghat II]] [[Community development block|CD block]] in the [[Ranaghat subdivision]] of the [[Nadia district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=250| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|14|0|N|88|32|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in Ranaghat subdivision of Nadia district''' M: municipal town/ city/notified area, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre. Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|13|53|N|88|23|15|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Nrisinghapur | numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Nrisinghapur]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|14|0|N|88|25|0|E}} | label-pos2=bottom|label2=Ghoralia | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Ghoralia]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|15|15|N|88|28|52|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Harinadibhastsala | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Harinadibhastsala]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|13|50|N|88|28|7|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Beharia | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Beharia, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|12|5|N|88|30|22|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Phulia | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Phulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|20|40|N|88|38|38|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Bagula | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Bagula]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|18|45|N|88|31|48|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Badkulla | numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Badkulla]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|18|50|N|88|30|55|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Patuli | numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Patuli, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|17|20|N|88|31|47|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Gangni | numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Gangni]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|13|50|N|88|33|20|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Kamgachhi | numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Kamgachhi]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|12|55|N|88|33|40|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Raghabpur | numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Raghabpur, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|12|0|N|88|32|18|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Panpara | numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Panpara]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|11|15|N|88|33|32|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Aistala | numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Aistala]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|8|55|N|88|33|2|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Satigachha | numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Satigachha]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|8|15|N|88|33|6|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Anulia | numbered15=CT| mark-title15= [[Anulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|6|55|N|88|32|44|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Gopalpur | numbered16=CT| mark-title16= [[Gopalpur, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|6|10|N|88|33|20|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Parbbatipur | numbered17=CT| mark-title17= [[Parbbatipur]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|12|45|N|88|35|18|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Halalpur Krishnapur | numbered18=CT| mark-title18= [[Halalpur Krishnapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|11|15|N|88|35|0|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Hijuli | numbered19=CT| mark-title19= Hijuli, Nadia (CT)|shape-color19=black| label-size19=13|label-color19=black 
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|9|40|N|88|34|44|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Ranaghat (CT) | numbered20=CT| mark-title20= [[Ranaghat (CT)]] (CT)
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|8|5|N|88|34|24|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Nasra | numbered21=CT| mark-title21= [[Nasra, Ranaghat]] (CT)
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|7|51|N|88|38|38|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22= Gangnapur | numbered22=CT| mark-title22= [[Gangnapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|5|50|N|88|31|45|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= Belgharia | numbered23=CT| mark-title23= [[Belgharia, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|10|30|N|88|31|40|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Ranaghat |label-size24=13 | numbered24=M| mark-title24= [[Ranaghat]] (M)|label-color24=#800000
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|16|4|N|88|26|13|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Shantipur |label-size25=13 | numbered25=M| mark-title25= [[Shantipur]] (M)|label-color25=#800000
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|15|25|N|88|33|29|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Birnagar |label-size26=13 | numbered26=M| mark-title26= [[Birnagar]] (M)|label-color26=#800000
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|8|50|N|88|35|21|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27= Cooper's Camp |label-size27=11 | numbered27=M| mark-title27= [[Cooper's Camp]] (M)|label-color27=#800000
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|16|25|N|88|32|8|E}} | label-pos28=right|label28= Taherpur |label-size28=11 | numbered28=M| mark-title28= [[Taherpur]] (M)|label-color28=#800000
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|13|34|N|88|40|30|E}} | label-pos29=right|label29= Panikhali| numbered29=R| mark-title29= [[Panikhali]] (R)| shape-color29=#C40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|14|34|N|88|36|17|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30= Aranghata| numbered30=R| mark-title30= [[Aranghata]] (R)| shape-color30=#C40000
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|14|44|N|88|42|21|E}} | label-pos31=top|label31= Duttapulia| numbered31=R| mark-title31= [[Duttapulia]] (R)| shape-color31=#C40000
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|22|3|N|88|36|4|E}} | label-pos32=left|label32= Hanskhali| numbered32=R| mark-title32= [[Hanskhali]] (R)| shape-color32=#C40000
|mark-coord33={{coord|23|9|45|N|88|30|38|E}} | label-pos33=left|label33= Habibpur| numbered33=R| mark-title33= [[Habibpur, Nadia]] (R)| shape-color33=#C40000
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|11|58|N|88|37|50|E}} | label-pos34=right|label34= Dhantala| numbered34=R| mark-title34= [[Dhantala]] (R)| shape-color34=#C40000
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|10|27|N|88|35|48|E}} | label-pos35=right|label35= Nokari| numbered35=R| mark-title35= [[Nokari]] (R)| shape-color35=#C40000
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|6|50|N|88|31|25|E}} | label-pos36=left|label36= Payradanga| numbered36=R| mark-title36= [[Payradanga]] (R)| shape-color36=#C40000
|mark-coord37={{coord|23|18|0|N|88|21|0|E}}|label37= Bhagirathi| labela37=River|label-color37 = #77A1CB| label-angle37=-75| label-pos37=top| label-size37=11| mark-size37=0| mark-title37=none
|mark-coord38={{coord|23|19|40|N|88|35|0|E}}|label38= Churni |labela38 = River| label-color38 = #77A1CB| label-angle38=-65| label-pos38=top| label-size38=11| mark-size38=0| mark-title38=none
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|22|30|N|88|46|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=70| arc-gapA=3.0| arc-radiusA=0.35}}

===Location===
Hijuli is located at {{coord|23.187705|N|88.583553|E|display=inline}}.

Hijuli is not marked or identified in Google maps. The location is based on the Map of Ranaghat II CD block in the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Nadia''.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Nadia, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Map of Ranaghat II CD block, page 475| publisher = Directorate of census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 8 October 2020}}</ref>

The maps of Ranaghat I and Ranaghat II CD blocks, in the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Nadia'', shows the census towns of Kamgachhi, [[Raghabpur, Nadia|Raghabpur]], [[Panpara]], [[Aistala]], [[Satigachha]], [[Anulia]], [[Halalpur Krishnapur]], Hijuli and [[Ranaghat (CT)]] forming a cluster around [[Ranaghat]]. Certain other localities such as [[Nokari]], [[Nasra, Ranaghat|Nasra]], [[Cooper's Camp]], [[Birnagar]], [[Habibpur, Nadia|Habibpur]], [[Gopalpur, Nadia|Gopalpur]] and [[Parbbatipur]] are also linked with this cluster.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Nadia, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Map of Ranaghat I CD block, page 449, and Map of Ranaghat II CD block, page 475| publisher = Directorate of census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 8 October 2020}}</ref>

===Area overview===
Nadia district is mostly alluvial plains lying to the east of [[Hooghly River]], locally known as Bhagirathi. The alluvial plains are cut across by such distributaries as Jalangi, Churni and Ichhamati. With these rivers getting silted up, floods are a recurring feature.<ref>Gangopadhyay, Basudev, ''Paschimbanga Parichay'', 2001, {{in lang|bn}}, p. 70, Sishu Sahitya Sansad</ref> The Ranaghat subdivision has the [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi]] on the west, with [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]] and [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] districts lying across the river. Topographically, Ranaghat subdivision is spread across the Krishnanagar-Santipur Plain, which occupies the central part of the district, and the Ranaghat-Chakdaha Plain, the low-lying area found in the south-eastern part of the district. The [[Churni River|Churni]] separates the two plains. A portion of the east forms the boundary with [[Bangladesh]]. The lower portion of the east is covered by a portion of the [[North 24 Parganas district]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Nadia, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 13,14 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 16 October 2020}}</ref> The subdivision has achieved reasonably high urbanisation. 41.68% of the population lives in urban areas and 58.32% lives in rural areas.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Nadia | work = Table 2.2, 2.4(a) | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 16 October 2020}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map. All the four subdivisions are presented with maps on the same scale – the size of the maps vary as per the area of the subdivision.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Hijuli had a total population of 13,969, of which 7,174 (51%) were males and 6,795 (49%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 1,196. The total number of literate persons in Hijuli was 10,156 (79.51% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 8 October 2020}}</ref>

The following municipalities, notified area, outgrowths and census towns were part of Ranaghat Urban Agglomeration in 2011 census: [[Ranaghat]] (M), [[Birnagar]] (M), [[Cooper's Camp]] (NA), Magurkhali (OG), [[Ranaghat (CT)]] (CT), Hijuli (CT), [[Aistala]] (CT), [[Satigachha]] (CT), [[Nasra, Ranaghat|Nasra]] (CT), [[Panpara]] (CT), [[Raghabpur, Nadia|Raghabpur]] (CT), [[Kamgachhi]] (CT), [[Anulia]] (CT) and [[Halalpur Krishnapur]] (CT).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf | title= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 | work= Constituents of Urban Agglomeration Having Population Above 1 Lakh |publisher= Census of India 2011 | access-date = 18 October 2020}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Nadia'', Hijuli covered an area of 4.12 km2. Among the civic amenities, it had 13 km roads, the protected water supply involved overhead tank, tap water from untreated sources, tube well, bore well. It had 500 domestic electric connections, 350 road light points. Among the medical facilities, it had 1 dispensary/ health centre. Among the educational facilities it had 6 primary schools, 1 middle school, 1 secondary school, the nearest senior secondary school at [[Ranaghat]] 3 km away. Three important commodities it produced were cane stick, silver ornaments, carpentry items. It had branch offices of 2 nationalised banks, 2 private commercial banks, 2 cooperative banks, 2 agricultural credit societies, 2 non-agricultural credit societies.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Nadia, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 635-656; Statement I: Status and Growth History, Page 635; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Page 641; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Page 643; Statement IV: Medical Facilities, Page 646; Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Page 655; Statement VI: Industry and Banking, Page 2833 | publisher = Directorate of census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 30 September 2020}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[Ranaghat Junction railway station]], located nearby, is on the [[Sealdah-Ranaghat line]] of the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] system.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/sealdah-ranaghat-local-31611/16083/325/1163 | title = Sealdah Ranaghat Local | work = Time Table | publisher = IndiaRailInfo | access-date = 11 October 2020}}</ref>

==Education==
Hijuli Sikshaniketan is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution established in 1949. The school has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII. It has a library with 2,200 books and has a playground.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/nadia/19101419802/hijuli-sikshaniketan.html| title = Hijuli Sikshaniketan | publisher = Schools.org.in | access-date = 10 October 2020}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Aranghata Rural Hospital, with 30 beds at [[Aranghata]], is the major government medical facility in the Ranaghat II CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =3 October 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nadia District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Nadia district]]

Milagres School, Mangalore

2025-05-07T06:39:53Z

MartinDietrich8: quick rework references for clarity and corrected details for consistency

#REDIRECT [[Milagres School, Mangaluru]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Gaurav Kumar (cricketer)

2025-04-04T00:43:31Z

MartinDietrich8: New

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1996)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Gaurav Kumar
| image =
| country =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1996|7|4|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| batting =
| bowling =
| role =

| club1 =
| year1 =
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 =
| year2 =
| clubnumber2 =

| date = 20 November 2018
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1132024.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''Gaurav Kumar''' (born 4 July 1996) is an Indian [[cricket]]er.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1132024.html |title=Gaurav Kumar |access-date=20 November 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ranji-trophy-2018-19-tamnay-agarwal-century-himalay-agarwal-fifty-hyderabad-vs-delhi/article25549475.ece |title=Ranji Trophy 2018-19: Tanmay's unbeaten ton takes Hyderabad to safety |work=SportStar |access-date=8 February 2019}}</ref> He made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut for [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] in the [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy]] on 20 November 2018.<ref name="FC">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1156976.html |title=Elite, Group B, Ranji Trophy at Hyderabad, Nov 20-23 2018 |access-date=20 November 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[Twenty20]] debut for Delhi in the [[2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]] on 2 March 2019.<ref name="T20">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1157193.html |title=Group A, Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy at Krishna, Mar 2 2019 |access-date=2 March 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[List A cricket|List A]] debut on 16 October 2019, for Delhi in the [[2019–20 Vijay Hazare Trophy]].<ref name="LA">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1200649.html |title=Elite, Group B, Vijay Hazare Trophy at Vadodara, Oct 16 2019 |access-date=16 October 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=1132024}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Gaurav}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Delhi cricketers]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1996-stub}}

List of dog breeds from India

2025-03-31T15:26:27Z

MartinDietrich8: done

{{Short description|none}}
This is a '''list of [[dog breed]]s from [[India]]'''.

==Breeds==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width: 260px;" | Name !! style="width: 250px;" | Other Names!! style="width: 80px;" | Recognition !! class="unsortable" style="width: 200px;" | Notes !! class="unsortable" | Image
|-
| [[Bakharwal dog|Bakharwal]]
|
| {{ubl|NONE}}
| a [[livestock guardian dog]] from northern India.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Latief |first1=Dar |last2=Adil |first2=Rashid |date=2010-11-01 |title=Bakerwal Dog, a livestock guarding dog inJammu and Kashmir |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272485079 |journal=Livestock Line |volume=4 |issue=7 |pages=17–18 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref>
| [[File:Bakarwal.jpg|Bakarwal|180px]]
|-
| [[Banjara Hound]]
|
| {{ubl|NONE}}
| the [[sighthound]] used by the [[Banjara]] people.<ref name=Alderton>{{cite book |last=Alderton |first=David |author-link=David Alderton |date=2000 |title=Hounds of the World |location=Shrewsbury |publisher=Swan Hill Press |page=123 |isbn=1-85310-912-6}}</ref>
| [[File:Banjara from 1915.JPG|Banjara_from_1915|180px]]
|-
| [[Bully Kutta]]
|
| {{ubl|NONE}}
| an Indian [[mastiff]] used for [[hunting dog|hunting]] and [[guard dog|guarding]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sura |first=Ajay |date=2015-02-15 |title=Canine from Pakistan a hit in rural areas |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Canine-from-Pakistan-a-hit-in-rural-areas/articleshow/46248928.cms |access-date=2023-09-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| [[File:Bully Kutta Male.jpg|Bully_Kutta_Male|180px]]
|-
| [[Chippiparai]]
|
| {{ubl|[[Kennel Club of India|KCI]]}}
| a sighthound from [[Tamil Nadu]]. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Karthickeyan |first1=S.M.K |last2=Ravimurugan |first2=T. |last3=Hisham |first3=A. |last4=Sivaselvam |first4=S.N. |date=2014-12-18 |title=CHIPPIPARAI BREED OF DOGS IN TAMIL NADU: AN ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICAL AND PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313861661 |journal=Indian Journal of Veterinary Science and Biotechnology |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=45–49 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref>
| [[File:Nipper; 12 months old male Chippiparai dog 5.jpg|Nipper;_12_months_old_male_Chippiparai_dog_5|180px]]
|-
| [[Himalayan Sheepdog]]
| {{ubl|Gaddi Kutta|Himalayan Mastiff}}
| {{ubl|NONE}}
| a livestock guardian dog from the Himalayas of India and Nepal <ref>{{cite news |last=Upadhye |first=Aishwarya |date=1 February 2019 |title=The comeback of Indian native dog breeds |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/the-comeback-of-indian-native-dog-breeds/article26149887.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai |access-date=28 July 2020 }}</ref>
| [[File:2. Himalayan sheep dog.jpg|2._Himalayan_sheep_dog|180px]]
|-
| [[Gull Dong]]
|
| {{ubl|NONE}}
| a [[Dog fighting|fighting dog]], guard dog, and hunting dog found in India and [[Pakistan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sthapak |first=Aalok |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVqmEAAAQBAJ&dq=gull+dong&pg=PA100 |title=Gull Terrier : There is no Better Dog for India |date=2023-01-09 |publisher=StoryMirror Infotech Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-94603-25-7 |pages=100 |language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
| [[Gull Terrier]]
|
| {{ubl|NONE}}
| a rare fighting dog, guard dog, and hunting dog found in India and [[Pakistan]].<ref name=":0" />
| [[File:GULL TERR (PAKISTANI BULL TERRIER).jpg|GULL_TERR_(PAKISTANI_BULL_TERRIER)|180px]]
|-
| [[Haofa Tangkhul Hui]]
|
| {{ubl|NONE}}
| a hunting dog used by the [[Tangkhul people|Tangkhul]] people<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-02-04 |title=Manipur scientists to promote Ukhrul's Haofa canine breed nationally |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/manipur-scientists-to-promote-ukhruls-haofa-canine-breed-nationally.html |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=NORTHEAST NOW NEWS |language=en-US}}</ref>
|
|-
| [[Indian Spitz]]
|
| {{ubl|NONE}}
| a small [[Working dog|farm dog]] found in India<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Spitz |url=http://dogsindia.com/indian_spitz.htm |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=dogsindia.com}}</ref>
| [[File:Indian Spitz Dog.jpg|Indian_Spitz_Dog|180px]]
|-
| [[Indian pariah dog]]
| {{ubl|Indian native dog|INDogNadan|South Asian pye dog|Desi Kutta|Neri Kutta}}
| {{ubl|NONE}}
| [[Pye-dog|pariah dog]] found throughout India.{{sfnp|Soman|1962|pp=28-30}}
| [[File:The Indian Pariah Dog.jpg|The_Indian_Pariah_Dog|180px]]
|-
| [[Jonangi]]
| {{ubl|Jonangi Jagilam|Kolleti Jagilam}}
| {{ubl|NONE}}
| a fighting dog, guard dog, and hunting dog from southern India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jung |first=Nawab Nazeer Yar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-kC3CwAAQBAJ&dq=jonangi+dog&pg=PT221 |title=Strolling through the Jungles |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-93-5206-749-7 |language=en}}</ref>
| [[File:Jonangi.jpg|Jonangi|180px]]
|-
| [[Kaikadi (dog)|Kaikadi]]
|
| {{ubl|NONE}}
| a [[sighthound]] kept by the [[Kaikadi people|Kaikadi]] people{{sfnp|Soman|1962|p=90}}
|
|-
| [[Kanni]]
|
| {{ubl|[[Kennel Club of India|KCI]]}}
| a rare sighthound found in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="th">{{cite web |date=9 January 2005 |title=Canine watch |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2005/01/09/stories/2005010900860800.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408091825/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2005/01/09/stories/2005010900860800.htm |archive-date=8 April 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
| [[File:Semi Dropping Ear Kanni.jpg|Semi_Dropping_Ear_Kanni|180px]]
|-
| [[Kombai dog|Kombai]]
| {{ubl|Polygar}}
| {{ubl|[[Kennel Club of India|KCI]]}}
| a sighthound and guard dog from southern India.{{sfnp|Morris|2001|pp=326}}<ref name="TOI2020" />
| [[File:The Combai Breed 4.png|The_Combai_Breed_4|180px]]
|-
| [[Mahratta Greyhound]]
| {{ubl|Mahratta Hound}}
| {{ubl|NONE}}
| a sighthound from [[Maharashtra]].{{sfnp|Fogle|2009|pp=102–103}}
| [[File:Mahratta Hound.jpg|Mahratta_Hound|180px]]
|-
| [[Mudhol Hound]]
|
| {{ubl|[[Kennel Club of India|KCI]]}}
| <ref name="TOI2020" />– a sighthound popular in central India. {{sfnp|Morris|2001|pp=47-48}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Morris |first=Desmond |title=Dogs: The Ultimate Dictionary of over 1,000 Breeds |date=2002-01-01 |publisher=Trafalgar Square Pub |isbn=978-1-57076-219-2 |edition= |pages=47 |language=English}}</ref>
| [[File:Caravan hound Dolly1.jpg|Caravan_hound_Dolly1|180px]]
|-
| [[Rajapalayam dog|Rajapalayam]]
| {{ubl|Polygar Hound|Indian Ghost Hound}}
| {{ubl|[[Kennel Club of India|KCI]]}}
| a southern Indian sighthound. <ref name="TOI2020">{{cite web |title=Dog breeds that are native to India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/relationships/pets/dog-breeds-that-are-native-to-india/photostory/77885849.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=24 September 2020 |language=English |date=2 September 2020}}</ref>
| [[File:The Rajapalayam Breed.jpg|The_Rajapalayam_Breed|180px]]
|-
| [[Ramanadhapuram Mandai]]
|
| {{ubl|[[Kennel Club of India|KCI]]}}
| a guard dog and hound from [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramakrishnan |first=Sukshma |date=2020-02-10 |title=Workhorse & guard dog: Ramnad Mandai a hit among city residents |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/workhorse-guard-dog-ramnad-mandai-a-hit-among-city-residents/articleshow/74050902.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| [[File:Ramanadhapuram Dog.jpg|Ramanadhapuram_Dog|180px]]
|-
| [[Rampur Greyhound]]
|
| {{ubl|NONE}}
| a sighthound from the [[Rampur district]] {{sfnp|Hancock|2012|pp=109-112}}
| [[File:Rampurgreyhound.jpg|Rampurgreyhound|180px]]
|-
| [[Vikhan]]
|
| {{ubl|NONE}}
| a livestock guardian dog from India and Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Morris |first=Desmond |title=Dogs: The Ultimate Dictionary of over 1,000 Breeds |date=2002-01-01 |publisher=Trafalgar Square Pub |isbn=978-1-57076-219-2 |edition= |pages=402–403 |language=English}}</ref>
|
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[List of dog breeds]]

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|20em}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite book |last=Fogle |first=Bruce |author-link=Bruce Fogle|date=2009 |title=The encyclopedia of the dog |location=New York |publisher=DK Publishing |isbn=978-0-7566-6004-8 }}
* {{cite book |last=Hancock |first=David |date=2012 |title=Sighthounds: Their Form, their Function and their Future |location=Ramsbury, Marlborough |publisher=The Crowood Press Ltd |isbn=978-1-84797-392-4 }}
* {{cite book |last=Morris |first=Desmond |author-link=Desmond Morris |date=2001 |title=Dogs: The Ultimate Dictionary of Over 1,000 Dog Breeds |location=North Pomfret, VT|publisher=Trafalgar Square Publishing |isbn=1-57076-219-8 }}
* {{cite book |last=Soman |first= W.V. |date=1962 |title= The Indian Dog |location= Mumbai |publisher= Popular Prakashan }}

[[Category:Dog breeds originating in India|*]]

Jiara

2024-11-21T11:28:50Z

MartinDietrich8:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jiara
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.722750|N|88.177985|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,150
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 712704
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Serampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Serampore]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Chanditala (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chanditala]]
| website = {{URL|wb.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =
}}
''' Jiara ''' is a village in [[Chanditala I]] community development block of [[Srirampore subdivision]] in [[Hooghly district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://banglarbhumi.gov.in/banglarbhumi/(S(34prhyngb4rxzrx25wan0tst))/ASP%20PAGES/info_block.aspx?distcode=06&bcode=10 |title= banglarbhumi.gov.in |work = WEST BENGAL ->HUGLI(হুগলী) ->CHANDITALA-I (চণ্ডীতলা-১) Mouza Information|publisher= Government of West Bengal |access-date= 6 October 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161222011900/http://banglarbhumi.gov.in/banglarbhumi/(S(o5nvju0slgdmw3352gvdrcuo))/ASP%20PAGES/info_block.aspx?distcode=06&bcode=10 |archive-date= 22 December 2016 |url-status= dead |df= dmy-all }}</ref>

==Geography==
Jiara is located at {{coord|22.722750|N|88.177985|E| source:itwiki_region:IN}}.

===Gram panchayat===
Villages in Ainya [[gram panchayat]] are: [[Akuni]], [[Aniya]], [[Bandpur, Chanditala-I|Bandpur]], [[Banipur, Chanditala-I|Banipur]], [[Bara Choughara]], [[Dudhkanra]], [[Ganeshpur, Chanditala-I|Ganeshpur]], [[Gopalpur, Chanditala-I|Goplapur]], Jiara, [[Kalyanbati]], [[Mukundapur, Chanditala-I|Mukundapur]], [[Sadpur, Chanditala-I|Sadpur]] and [[Shyamsundarpur, Chanditala-I|Shyamsundarpur]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://villageinfo.in/west-bengal/hugli/chanditala-i/aniya.html| title = Aniya| publisher = Indian Village Directory |access-date = 12 October 2018}}</ref>
[[File:Map of Aniya GP.png|thumb|Map of Aniya GP]]

==Demographics==
As per [[2011 Census of India]] Jiara had a population of 1,150, of which 579 (50%) were males and 571 (50%) females. Population below 6 years was 125. The number of literates in Jiara was 841(82.05% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 7 October 2018}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[Baruipara railway station]] is the nearest railway station.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Srirampore subdivision}}
{{Hooghly District}}

[[Category:Villages in Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Villages in Chanditala I CD Block]]

{{Hooghly-geo-stub}}

Pagi (title)

2024-09-28T00:37:40Z

MartinDietrich8: Started a article

{{Short description|Title used by the Koli caste in Gujarat}}
{{Infobox gotra|name=Pagi|local name=પગી|type=Title of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli people]]|location=[[Gujarat]]|varna=Warrior|parent_tribe=* Talpada Koli
* Chunvalia Koli
* Ghedia Koli|demonym=Koli|language=* [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
* Koli:
**[[Kachi Koli language|Kachi Koli]]
**[[Parkari Koli language|Parkari Koli]]
**[[Wadiyara Koli language|Wadiyara Koli]]
* [[Hindi]]
* [[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=* [[Kotwal]]
* [[Thakor]]}}

'''Pagi'''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lobo|first=Lancy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1DBuAAAAMAAJ|title=The Thakors of North Gujarat: A Caste in the Village and the Region|publisher=Hindustan Publishing Corporation|year=1995|isbn=978-81-7075-035-2|location=New Delhi, India|page=163|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Shah|first=A. M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EjORKo7maRUC&dq=Pagi+Koli&pg=PA168|title=The Structure of Indian Society: Then and Now|date=2012-12-06|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-136-19770-3|location=New Delhi, India|page=168|language=en}}</ref> (also spelled as '''Paghi'''<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Franco|first1=Fernando|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eioqAAAAYAAJ|title=The Silken Swing: The Cultural Universe of Dalit Women|last2=Macwan|first2=Jyotsna|last3=Ramanathan|first3=Suguna|publisher=Sangam Books Limited|year=2000|isbn=978-81-85604-41-1|location=India|page=21|language=en}}</ref> and '''Pugi''') is a [[Indian honorifics|title]] used by the Koli [[Caste system in India|caste]] of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]] during the rule of [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]], [[Muslims]], [[British Empire|British]], and [[princely state]]s in [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]. They specialised in the tracking of thieves by means of their footprints. ''Pagi'' was a title equal to the [[detective]] conferred on the [[Koli people|Kolis]] of Talpada and [[Chunvalia Koli|Chunwalia]] subcastes.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shah|first=A. M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zePZAAAAMAAJ|title=Exploring India's Rural Past: A Gujarat Village in the Early Nineteenth Century|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2002|isbn=978-0-19-565732-6|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]]|page=82|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Roy|first=Shibani|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4RJAAAAMAAJ|title=Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar|publisher=Cosmo Publications|year=1983|location=[[Delhi]], India|page=151|language=en}}</ref>

In some cases, Kolis of the Pagi title were treated as of lower status in comparison to those Kolis who were [[Kotwal]], because a small number of Pagi Kolis worked as village watchmen, maintaining order and securing the village at night.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Jain|first1=Jyotindra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nuPWAAAAMAAJ|title=Folk Art and Culture of Gujarat: Guide to the Collection of the Shreyas Folk Museum of Gujarat |publisher=Shreyas Folk Museum of Gujarat; Shreyas Prakashan|year=1980|location=India|page=133|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Tambs-Lyche|first=Harald|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ntuAAAAMAAJ|title=Power, Profit, and Poetry: Traditional Society in Kathiawar, Western India|publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors|year=1997|isbn=978-81-7304-176-1|location=India|page=130|language=en}}</ref> Koli Pagis stretched their role as [[guardsman]], [[police officer]]s and maintain the position in government to use their title proper as Pagi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Silverberg|first=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bvA0AQAAIAAJ|title=Peasant Behavior and Its Caste-relevancy: The Kolis of Kasandra|publisher=[[University of Wisconsin]]|year=1962|location=India|pages=31–32, 152|language=en}}</ref>

The Koli caste is 24% of the total population of Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kohli |first=Atul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wAMABAAAQBAJ&dq=Pagi+Koli&pg=PA266|title=India's Democracy: An Analysis of Changing State-Society Relations|date=2014-07-14 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-1-4008-5951-1 |location=New Delhi|page=266|language=en}}</ref> They are classified as [[Other Backward Class]] (OBC) [[Kshatriya]] for their work as Pagi seemed to be a warrior class.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kanjamala|first=Augustine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iC_kAAAAMAAJ|title=Integral Mission Dynamics: An Interdisciplinary Study of the Catholic Church in India|publisher=International Publications|year=1996|isbn=978-81-85574-15-8|location=New Delhi, India|page=156|language=en}}</ref>

== Clans ==
The Talpada Kolis of ''Radhvanaj'' village in Gujarat, whose forefathers were Pagi, adopted the two names as their family clans are [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathod]] and [[Solanki (clan)|Solanki]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Uberoi|first=Patricia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=--spAQAAMAAJ|title=Family, Kinship and Marriage in India|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1994|isbn=978-0-19-563508-9|location=India|page=139|language=en}}</ref>

== Principlities ==
The Kolis who bore the Pagi title ruled over [[Angadh]] state as shareholders with kolis of [[Kotwal (surname)|Kotwal]] title. Angadh was a petty [[princely state]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Clark|first=Alice Whitcomb|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PQFtAAAAMAAJ|title=Central Gujarat in the Nineteenth Century: The Integration of an Agrarian System|publisher=[[University of Wisconsin--Madison]]|year=1979|location=[[Gujarat]], India|language=en}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[Talpada Kolis]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|28em}}

[[Category:Koli people]]