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Mukkollupadu

2026-05-01T22:31:20Z

MartiHaight78: Added a details

{{Short description|Village in Andhra Pradesh, India}}{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mukkollupadu
| settlement_type = Village
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|16|49|59|N|80|52|31|E|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Nuzvid mandal|Nuzvid]]
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| area_total_km2 = 16.17
| elevation_m = 103
| population_total = 2632
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Local
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 521201
| area_code = 08656
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD code]]
| registration_plate = AP-39
}}

'''Mukkollupadu''' is a village in the [[Eluru district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is located in the western portion of the district, about 27 kilometres northwest of the district headquarter [[Eluru]]. As of the year 2011, it had a reported population of 2,632.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Population finder 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Mukkollupadu is situated near the northwestern side of Andhra Pradesh. It covers an area of 1617 hectares.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/124/download/146/DH_2011_2816_PART_A_DCHB_KRISHNA.pdf |title=Census of India 2011 Andhra Pradesh District Census Handbook Krishna |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh |page=344 |access-date=2023-11-25}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to the [[2011 census of India]], there were 654 households within the village. Among the 2,632 residents, 1,342 were male and 1,290 were female. The working population took up 53.84% of the total population. The overall literacy rate was 53.76%, with 753 of the male inhabitants and 662 of the female inhabitants being literate.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Eluru district]]

Indpalsar Gusainsar

2026-05-01T21:20:10Z

MartiHaight78: New

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{orphan|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Indpalsar Gusainsar
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| pushpin_label_position = Right
| coordinates = {{coord|27.9524|N|74.1482|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bikaner District|Bikaner]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil|Sub-District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Shri Dungargarh]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Assembly Constituency]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Dungargarh Assembly constituency|Dungargarh]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati Raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 21.23
| population_total = 1652
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products__rajasthan.html|title=Census of India : Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 : Rajasthan|last=ORGI}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official Language
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 331803
| registration_plate = RJ-07
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=31 December 2024|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
}}
'''Indpalsar Gusainsar''' is a village located in [[Shri Dungargarh]] Tehsil within the [[Bikaner]] district of [[Rajasthan|Rajasthan, India]].
This village's population primarily rely on [[agriculture]], and many of them own their own enterprises.

==Demographics==

As per 2011 Census, conducted by Government of India; population of this village is 1,652, out of which 892 is male population and 760 is female population. There're total 118 houses in this village.
Literacy rate of this village is 45.10%<ref>{{cite web |title= Census of Indpalsar Gusainsar village. |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/69918-indpalsar-gusainsar-rajasthan.html |access-date=31 December 2024}}</ref>

100% of the village population follows [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population by religious community - Bikaner District |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS}}</ref>

{{Bar box|float=right|title=Religion in Indpalsar Gusainsar Village (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Rajasthan|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>|titlebar=#Fcd117|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|100}}
|caption=Distribution of religions in Indpalsar Gusainsar Village}}

[[Bagri language|Bagri]], a dialect of [[Rajasthani Language|Rajsthani]] is the most spoken language here. The village administration follows [[Hindi Language|Hindi]] as their official language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Languages in Indpalsar Gusainsar village|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10234/download/13346/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0800.XLSX}}</ref>

{{Pie chart|thumb=left|value1=96|value2=3.9|value3=0.10|color1=yellow|color2=red|color3=Pink|caption=Languages of Indpalsar Gusainsar village(2011)|label1=[[Bagri language|Bagri]]|label2=[[Hindi]]|label3=[[English Language|English]]}}

PIN Code(Postal Index Number Code) of this village is 331803.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

[[Category:Villages in Bikaner district]]

{{Bikanerdivision-geo-stub}}

Henry Addison (VC)

2026-05-01T13:49:16Z

MartiHaight78: Stub.

{{Short description|Recipient of the Victoria Cross}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox military person
|honorific_prefix =
|name = Henry Addison
|honorific_suffix =
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|image = Henry Addison VC.jpg
|image_size =
|alt =
|caption =
|birth_date = February 1821
|death_date = 18 June 1887
|birth_place = [[Bardwell, Suffolk]]
|death_place = Bardwell
|burial_place = Bardwell Parish Churchyard
|burial_label =
|burial_coordinates = 
|nickname =
|birth_name =
|allegiance = {{flag|United Kingdom|23px}}
|branch = {{army|United Kingdom|23px}}
|service_years =
|rank = [[Private (rank)|Private]]
|service_number = 
|unit = [[43rd Regiment of Foot]]
|commands =
|battles = [[Indian Mutiny]]
|battles_label =
|awards = [[Victoria Cross]]
|memorials =
|spouse = 
|relations =
|other_work =
|signature =
|website = 
|module =
}}
'''Henry Addison''' (February 1821 – 18 June 1887) was an [[England|English]] recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces. A soldier with the [[43rd Regiment of Foot]], he was awarded the VC for his actions on 2 January 1859, during the [[Indian Mutiny]].

==Details==
Born in [[Bardwell, Suffolk]], Addison was about 37 years old, and a [[Private (rank)|private]] in the [[43rd (Monmouthshire) Regiment of Foot]] (later The [[Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry]]), [[British Army]] during the [[Indian Mutiny]] when the incident for which he was awarded the VC took place on 2 January 1859 near [[Karariya|Kurrereah]], [[India]].

On 1 January 1859, 30 men of the 43rd Light Infantry commanded by Gerald Young and contingents from the 1st [[Madras Regiment]] and the [[Royal Artillery]] left the Brigade at Punneri while the remainder of the Brigade returned to Kotee. The following day after descending a hill the troops saw a village from which smoke was rising and people running from houses into the Jungle. The troops moved into the Jungle and were engaged in action with the enemy for nearly two hours; the enemy was well armed with muskets, bayonets, swords and ammunition. During the action Lieutenant John Osborne attempted to shoot his assailant with a revolver however the attacker was too fast for him. Addison intervened and in an act of great gallantry saved Osborne's life and was severely wounded.<ref name=gorget28>The Gorget 1964, p. 28</ref>

Addison was recommended for the VC in a dispatch from Lieutenant-Colonel F. Gottreux, "commanding Field Detachment, to the Assistant Adjutant General Saugor Field Division on January 15, 1859".
{{blockquote|Whilst in the neighbourhood of Kurrereah... chasing retreating mutineers... Lieutenant Osborne, Political Agent of Rewab, was wounded by a sword cut on the right hand. He was at the time he was attacked, closely followed by three men of the 43rd Light Infantry, two men of the artillery being a few paces in front of him. Private Henry Addison, of the 43rd Light Infantry, seeing him attacked and on the ground, rushed forward to defend and cover him in a most gallant manner. In doing this, I much regret having to record, that he received two very severe sword cuts, one on the left leg which rendered immediate amputation of the limb above the knee necessary, and another causing compound fracture of the left fore-arm. The heroism displayed by Private Addison in thus placing himself between Lieutenant Osborne and his assailant at the critical juncture he did, thereby saving that officer's life, may, I hope, be deemed worthy of the Victoria Cross, for which honour I earnestly beg to recommend him.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=22310|page=3520|date=27 September 1859}}</ref>}}

His injuries were recorded later in the dispatch as follows:
{{blockquote|GENERAL RETURN of Casualties at the Engagement at Kurrereah, 2nd January, 1859.
Private Henry Addison (3232):
Sword cut on left knee joint; compound fracture of left forearm from sword cut
Dangerously wounded — amputation above the knee performed on the field<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=22310|page=3521|date=27 September 1859}}</ref>}}

His citation was recorded in the London Gazette as follows:
{{blockquote|Private Henry Addison. Date of Act of Bravery 2nd January, 1859.
For gallant conduct on the 2nd of January, 1859, near Kurrereah, in defending, against a large force, and saving the life of Lieutenant Osborn, Political Agent, who had fallen on the ground wounded. Private Addison received two dangerous wounds, and lost a leg, in this gallant service.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=22303|page=3302|date=2 September 1859}}</ref>}}

Addison attended [[Windsor Castle]] to receive the award of the [[Victoria Cross]] and [[Queen Victoria]] noticed that he had difficulty in observing the required protocols when retiring from the Monarch's presence and told him to retire in his usual manner. Addison subsequently received a letter from Sir [[Charles Beaumont Phipps]], [[Keeper of the Privy Purse]], referring to the problems Addison had with his wooden leg, advising him that the Queen said he should order an artificial one using her name, which he duly did. She also recommended that he stayed in London until the artificial leg had been made and that it was to his satisfaction.<ref name=gorget28/>

Gerald Young of the 43rd Light Infantry, whilst describing in his diary the 43rd's march through Central India, during the Indian Mutiny, referred to Addison having had his leg taken off without chloroform and the splendid manner in which he underwent the operation.<ref name=gorget28/>

Osborne, in gratitude for Addison's selfless act of valour which saved his life, arranged for him to be paid a pension of £20 a year. Addison lived in Bardwell, Suffolk from 1859 and only left there to make his annual visit to Colonel Osborne who died on 8 October 1881.<ref name=gorget28/>

He was also awarded an Army Long Service and Good Conduct Medal. His Victoria Cross is displayed at the [[Royal Green Jackets (Rifles) Museum]] in [[Winchester]], [[England]].

Addison married Charlotte Dixon in [[India]]. The only child of the marriage, a son named William, died aged 2 years old, on 8 August 1862. His wife, Charlotte Addison, who remarried after his death, died aged 69, on 30 January 1907.<ref name=gorget28/>

Henry Addison VC died on 18 June 1887. He is buried in the churchyard of the church of St Peter & St Paul in Bardwell.

==See also==
*[[List of Indian Mutiny Victoria Cross recipients]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* The Gorget. Journal of the 1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd) 1964

==External links==
*[http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/cosuffol.htm Burial location of Henry Addison] ''(Suffolk)''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Addison, Henry}}
[[Category:1821 births]]
[[Category:1887 deaths]]
[[Category:British recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry soldiers]]
[[Category:People from Bardwell, Suffolk]]
[[Category:Indian Rebellion of 1857 recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:English amputees]]
[[Category:British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Suffolk]]
[[Category:Burials in Suffolk]]
[[Category:19th-century British Army personnel]]

Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata

2026-04-28T15:00:27Z

MartiHaight78: Added a stub

{{short description|Public medical college and tertiary teaching hospital in Kolkata, West Bengal, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata
| former_name = Medical College, Bengal
| image_name = Medical College, Bengal Logo.svg
| image_size = 200px
| motto = {{lang|la|Cum Humanitate Scientia}} ([[Latin]])
| mottoeng = Humanity and Science
| type = [[Public]] [[Medical College]] & [[Hospital]]
| established = {{Start date and age|28 January 1835}}
| founder = [[Lord William Bentinck]]
| principal = Dr. Indranil Biswas
| budget = {{INRConvert|235.27|c}} {{small|([[Fiscal year|FY]]2023–24 est.)}}<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| faculty = 271 ({{small|2025}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| students = 1,906 ({{small|2025}})<ref name=nirf_stud>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2025 |url=https://www.medicalcollegekolkata.in/Download_file/file_doc/MedicalCollege20250225-.pdf |publisher=NIRF}}</ref>
| undergrad = 1,250 ({{small|2025}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| postgrad = 635 ({{small|2025}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| doctoral = 21 ({{small|2025}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| campus = [[Metropolis]] {{small|{{convert|26|acre|ha}}}}
| address = 88, [[College Street (Kolkata)|College St]], College Square, [[Kolkata]] 700001
| coordinates = {{coord|22.5736|N|88.3619|E|format=dms|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| academic_affiliations = [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| top_free_label = Recognition
| top_free = {{hlist| [[National Medical Commission|NMC]] | [[Indian Nursing Council|INC]]}}
| website = {{Official URL}}|
}}

'''Medical College, Kolkata''', also known as '''Calcutta Medical College''', is a [[Public university|public]] [[medical school|medical college]] and [[hospital]] in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. Established in 1835 by [[Lord William Bentinck]], it is one of the oldest medical colleges to teach [[modern medicine]] in Asia.

== History ==
[[File:CMC administrative.JPG|right|thumb|200px|Front facade of the administrative block]]
The medical college was established in 1835, classes began on 1 June of that year. Dr. Mountford Joseph Bramley was the first superintendent of the college. Apart from Dr. Bramley and Dr. Goodeve, there were two other native teachers, [[Madhusudan Gupta]] and Nabakrishna Gupta, both educated in Western medicine. Madhusudan Gupta is famous in history as the 'first Indian to perform dissection' in the medical college. Initially, students were admitted to the college through an examination. Most of the one hundred candidates were from [[Hare School]], [[Hindu School, Kolkata|Hindu College]], Scotch Assembly School (now [[Scottish Church Collegiate School]]). A total of 49 people were admitted as 'foundation students'.

==Politics==
[[File:Martyr of Vietnam Day Police Firing-Sree Dhiraranjan Sen.jpg|thumb|Plaque in memory of Sree Dhiraranjan Sen]]
Student politics is rooted in tradition, with many students participating in the Indian freedom struggle.<ref name=Dasgupta>{{cite book|last1=Dāśagupta|first1=Hīrena|last2=Adhikārī|first2=Harinārāẏaṇa|title=Bhāratīẏa Upamāhādeśera chātra āndolana|date=2008|publisher=Ryāḍikyāla|location=Kalakātā|isbn=978-8185459806|trans-title=Student Movement in Indian Sub-continent|language=bn}}</ref> Anti-British movements were implemented with the programmes of Bengal Provincial Students' Federation (BPSF),<ref name=Dasgupta/> the Bengal branch of [[All India Students Federation|All India Students' Federation]]. Student politics was initially focused on the independence of India.<ref name=Dasgupta/> In 1947, Sree Dhiraranjan Sen, a student of the college, died during a Vietnam Day police firing.<ref>{{cite book|title=Bengal Legislative Council Debates (1947)|date=1947|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.47479/page/n682 79]–88|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.47479}}</ref> The Vietnam Students’ Association passed a resolution in its Hanoi session in memory of Sen in March 1947.<ref>{{cite book|title=ভারতের ছাত্র আন্দোলনের ইতিহাস|trans-title=History of India's student movement|first=Gautam|last=Chattopadhyay|language=bn}}</ref>

Student politics were highly influenced by the partition of Bengal and communal riots during and after the [[partition of India]].<ref name=PRC>{{cite book|title=পিপলস্ রিলিফ কমিটি দ্যুতিময় ইতিবৃত্ত|trans-title=People's Relief Committee:A Glowing Account|publisher=People's Relief Committee|first1=Purnendu|last1=Jha|first2=Naresh|last2=Banerjee|pages=11, 42–61|language=bn|year=2003}}</ref> Between 1946 and 1952, the college's doctors stood for communal harmony and worked hard in the refugee colonies. During 1952, ex-students of the college, among them [[Bidhan Chandra Roy]] who became the second [[List of chief ministers of West Bengal|Chief Minister of West Bengal]], established the Students' Health Home for the welfare of students.<ref name=PRC/><ref>{{cite book|title=স্টুডেন্টস্ হেলথ হোম(প্রথম দশক)|trans-title=Students' Health Home (The First Decade)|first=Pashupatinath|last=Chattopadhaya|publisher=Arun Sen Memorial Committee|language=bn|year=2001}}</ref>

From the 1950s to the 1970s, the college became a centre of leftist and far-left politics.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chakraborty|first1=Shyamal|title=60–70 Er Chatra Andolan|date=2011|publisher=N.B.A Pvt Ltd|isbn=9788176262408|language=bn}}</ref> Student politics was highly influenced by the [[Naxalbari uprising]] in the early 1970s.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mitra|first1=Saibal|title=Saater Chhatra Andolon|trans-title=An essay on Student Movement of Sixties|isbn=81-7990-069-X|language=bn}}</ref>
[[File:Main building of Calcutta Medical College and Hospital 03.jpg|thumb|Main building of Calcutta Medical College and Hospital]]

== Rankings ==
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type = University and college

|NIRF_M_2024=44}}
Medical College, Kolkata was ranked 41st among Medical Institutions by ''[[National Institutional Ranking Framework]]'' (NIRF) in 2025.<ref>https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/MedicalRanking.html</ref>

==Achievements==
In February 2023, Dr. Sudip Das, a professor of ENT Department from the institution, gets a patent for developing a simple and innovative device.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yengkhom |first=Sumati |date=6 Feb 2023 |title=Medical College Hospital Kolkata professor gets patent for developing ENT device |work=[[The Times of India]] Feb 6, 2023, 07:29 IST |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/medical-college-hospital-kolkata-professor-gets-patent-for-developing-ent-device/articleshow/97632187.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |access-date=6 Feb 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208042641/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/medical-college-hospital-kolkata-professor-gets-patent-for-developing-ent-device/articleshow/97632187.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=8 February 2023}}</ref>

On December 2024 institutions has been recognized as the best medical college in Eastern India by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), achieving a score of 70%. This acknowledgment highlights CMCH's excellence in research and overall performance, boosting its reputation and the standard of medical education in the region.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajput |first=Kajal |date=25 March 2025 |title=ICMR Recognizes 2 Bengal Hospitals as Top Research Institutes in Eastern India |url=https://medicaldialogues.in/news/health/hospital-diagnostics/icmr-recognizes-2-bengal-hospitals-as-top-research-institutes-in-eastern-india-145469 |access-date=25 March 2025 |work=Medical Dialogues 2025-03-25 07:16 GMT |location=[[Kolkata]]}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
{{alumni|date=June 2023}}
* [[Bidhan Chandra Roy]], noted physician and the 2nd [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]]
* [[Lamu Amatya]], First Nepalese nurse<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-01 |title=Government declares late Lamu Amatya Nepal's first nurse |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/government-declares-late-lamu-amatya-nepals-first-nurse |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=thehimalayantimes.com |archive-date=13 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013151938/https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/government-declares-late-lamu-amatya-nepals-first-nurse |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Pasupati Bose]], Indian physician and professor of anatomy
* [[Upendranath Brahmachari]], discoverer of the treatment of [[Kala-azar]]
* [[Aroup Chatterjee]], British Indian atheist physician, author of ''Mother Teresa: The Untold Story''
* [[Nirmal Kumar Dutta]], [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] winner (1965) and the Director of [[Haffkine Institute]]
* [[Lionel Emmett]], member of the Indian [[field hockey]] team in the [[1936 Summer Olympics]]
* [[Subhendu Chatterjee]], film actor and physician
* [[Muhammad Ibrahim]], former Principal of [[Sir Salimullah Medical College]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.dailyinqilab.com/article/38899/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE|title=একজন ডা. ইব্রাহিম|website=Daily Inqilab|language=bn|access-date=2023-05-04|archive-date=4 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504095114/https://m.dailyinqilab.com/article/38899/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Swami Sri Yukteswar Giri|Sri Yukteshwar Giri]], Indian Yogi
* [[Dipyaman Ganguly]], [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] winner (2022) <ref name="Profile on SERB">{{Cite web |url=http://www.serb.gov.in/pdfs/ramanujan2014/Dipyaman-Ganguly.pdf |title=Profile on SERB |date=2018-12-27 |website=Scientific and Engineering Research Board |access-date=2018-12-27 |archive-date=31 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831084017/http://serb.gov.in/pdfs/ramanujan2014/Dipyaman-Ganguly.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Kadambini Ganguly]], the first certified [[South Asia]]n female physician qualified for Western medical practice
* [[Madhusudan Gupta]], the first Indian trained in Western medicine to dissect a human corpse.
* [[David Hare (philanthropist)|David Hare]], founder of [[Hare School]]
* [[K. B. Hedgewar]], also known as Doctorji, was the founding [[List of Sarsanghchalaks of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|Sarsanghachalak]] of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]. 
* [[Vikram Marwah]], [[Padma Shri]] awardee, conferred [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]] by the [[President of India]]
* [[Nurul Islam (physician)|Nurul Islam]], [[National Professor]] of Bangladesh<ref name=death>{{cite news|url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2013/01/24/national-prof-nurul-islam-dies|title=National Prof Nurul Islam dies|date=January 24, 2013|access-date=2023-05-01|newspaper=bdnews24.com|author=Mintu Chowdhury|archive-date=3 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503005246/https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2013/01/24/national-prof-nurul-islam-dies|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]], filmmaker
* [[Balai Chand Mukhopadhyay]]
* [[N. C. Paul]], first physician to examine yoga
* [[Sisir Kumar Bose]], noted paediatrician, nephew of [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] and son of [[Sarat Chandra Bose]]
* [[Ram Baran Yadav]], first [[President of Nepal]]
* [[Fazle Haque]], West Bengal state minister<ref name=bio>{{cite book|title=Who's Who in India|page=229|publisher=[[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]|year=2006}}</ref>
* [[Narendra Nath Dutta]], physician and industrialist

==See also==
*[[Calcutta Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital]]
*[[Calcutta Unani Medical College and Hospital]]
*[[Ezra Hospital]]
*[[List of hospitals in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* David Arnold, ''Colonizing the Body: State Medicine and Epidemic Disease in Nineteenth Century India'', Delhi, 1993
* Calcutta Medical College, ''The Centenary of the Medical College, Bengal, 1835–1934''. Calcutta, 1935
* {{cite book|last1=Das|first1=Anirban|last2=Sen|first2=Samita|editor=Dasgupta, Uma|title=Science and Modern India: An Institutional History, C. 1784–1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lrx3wLz4itkC|year=2011|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-2818-5|pages=477–522|chapter=A history of the Calcutta Medical College and Hospital, 1835–1936}}
* Poonam Bala, ''Imperialism and Medicine in Bengal: A Socio-Historical Perspective'', New Delhi, 1991
* Sen, S.N., ''Scientific and Technical Education in India 1781–1900'', Indian National Science Academy, 1991

==External links==
{{commons category|Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata}}
* {{official website}}

{{Colleges affiliated to West Bengal University of Health Sciences}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata| ]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Affiliates of West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
[[Category:Academic institutions associated with the Bengal Renaissance]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1835]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 1835]]
[[Category:1835 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Healthcare in Kolkata]]

List of Scheduled Castes in Jharkhand

2026-04-25T16:53:31Z

MartiHaight78: Added a data

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}

This articles contain list of [[Schedule Castes|Scheduled Castes]] recognized in [[Jharkhand]].

There are 22 communities recognized as Scheduled Castes in Jharkhand, which is with accordance to '<nowiki/>''The Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950''<nowiki/>' for Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Scheduled Castes {{!}} Department of Social Justice and Empowerment - Government of India |url=https://socialjustice.gov.in/common/76750 |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=socialjustice.gov.in}}</ref> After the separation of Jharkhand, the list was modified as per '''The Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Orders (Amendment) Act, 2002''<nowiki/>'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Schedule Caste |url=https://jharsewa.jharkhand.gov.in/t/Ej5mg/B3B1B2BA |access-date=13 April 2026 |website=jharkhandsewa |publisher=Government of Jharkhand}}</ref>

As of [[2011 census of India]], there were 39,85,644 members of Schedule castes which accounts for 12.08% of state's total population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=District wise scheduled caste population (Appendix), Jharkhand - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42899 |access-date=13 April 2026 |website=censusindia.gov |series= |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |place=Delhi |format=xls |publication-date=2012}}</ref>

== List ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Scheduled Castes
! colspan="2" |Population
|-
!Code
!Community (Caste)
!Total
(as of 2011)
!%age of
total
|-
|001
|Bantar
|353
|0.009
|-
|002
|[[Bauri (caste)|Bauri]]
|1,86,356
|4.676
|-
|003
|[[Bhogta]]
|2,23,453
|5.606
|-
|004
|[[Bhuiya]]
|8,48,151
|21.280
|-
|005
|[[Chamar]], [[Mochi (Hindu)|Mochi]]
|10,08,507
|25.303
|-
|006
|[[Chaupal (caste)|Chaupal]]
|632
|0.016
|-
|007
|[[Dabgar]]
|4,378
|0.109
|-
|008
|[[Dhobi]]
|2,51,686
|6.315
|-
|009
|[[Doma (caste)|Doma]], Dhangad
|1,68,058
|4.216
|-
|010
|[[Dusadh]], Dhari, Dharhi, Paswan
|4,24,330
|10.646
|-
|011
|[[Ghasi]]
|1,50,520
|3.776
|-
|012
|[[Halalkhor]]
|580
|0.014
|-
|013
|[[Hari caste|Hari]], [[Mehtar (caste)|Mehtar]], [[Bhangi]]
|58,242
|1.461
|-
|014
|[[Kanjar]]
|405
|0.010
|-
|015
|Kurariar
|1,475
|0.037
|-
|016
|[[Lal Begi]]
|1,240
|0.031
|-
|017
|[[Musahar]]
|53,096
|1.332
|-
|018
|[[Nat (caste)|Nat]]
|1,286
|0.032
|-
|019
|[[Pano (caste)|Pano]], Sawasi
|26,459
|0.664
|-
|020
|[[Pasi (caste)|Pasi]]
|72,357
|1.815
|-
|021
|[[Rajuar|Rajwar]]
|1,96,320
|4.925
|-
|022
|[[Turi (caste)|Turi]]
|1,98,344
|4.976
|-
| colspan="2" |GENERIC CASTES (members identifying them as '[[Schedule Caste|''Anusuchit Jati'']]', '<nowiki/>''[[Dalit]]''<nowiki/>' or '''[[Harijan]]''<nowiki/>')
|51,174
|1.284
|-
! colspan="2" |
!39,85,644
!100%
|}

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Jharkhand|*]]
[[Category:Lists of Scheduled Castes by state]]
[[Category:Jharkhand-related lists]]

Namakkal Assembly constituency

2026-04-24T16:55:34Z

MartiHaight78: Added new article

{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Other places|Namakkal (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| map_image = Constitution-Namakkal.svg
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 94
| Existence =
| district = [[Namakkal district|Namakkal]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Namakkal Lok Sabha constituency|Namakkal]]
| established = 1951
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| mla = [[P. Ramalingam]]
| latest_election_year = 2021
| name = Namakkal
| electors = 237,836
| reservation = None
}}

'''Namakkal''' is a state assembly constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It comprises a portion of [[Namakkal taluk]]. Its State Assembly Constituency number is 94. It falls under [[Namakkal Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20&%20Order%20.pdf |title= Tamil Nadu - Final Notification & Order |website= Delimitation Commission of India |publisher= National Informatics Centre |access-date= 28 January 2017}}</ref> It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India. Elections and winners in the constituency are listed below.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===

{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
|1952
|K. V. Ramaswamy
|
|[[Communist Party of India]] and [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| P. Kolanda Gounder
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| S. Chinnaiyan
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| M. Muthuswamy
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===

{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| Palanivelan
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan=3| [[R. Arunachalam]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[P. Duraisamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[S. Anbalagan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[K. Veisamy|Mohanur K.Velusamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|rowspan=2| [[K. Jeyakumar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan=2| [[K. P. P. Baskar]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[P. Ramalingam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.83}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.81}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.34}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|42.57}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|58.14}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|62.15}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|70.72}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|35.57}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.93}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.78}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|40.59}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.57}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.37}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|48.48}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|30.18}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|21.32}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Namakkal}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= P. Rani|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sridevi P. S. Mohan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Praveen|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= C. S. Dileep|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 235351|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Namakkal<ref>{{cite web |title=namakkal Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a094|access-date= 26 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Ramalingam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=106,494 |percentage=51.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. P. P. Baskar]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=78,633 |percentage=38.27% |change=-7.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Baskar |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=10,122 |percentage=4.93% |change=+3.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Adham Farook |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=5,589 |percentage=2.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,285 |percentage=0.63% |change=-1.34 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=27,861 |percentage=13.56% |change=6.60% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=205,474 |percentage=79.71% |change= -0.43% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=188 |percentage=0.09% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 257,771 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 6.02% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Namakkal<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf |access-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf |title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. P. P. Baskar]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=89,076 |percentage=45.81% |change=-10.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Chezhian |party=Indian National Congress |votes=75,542 |percentage=38.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. S. Matheswaran]] |party=Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi |votes=10,506 |percentage=5.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Elango |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=4,341 |percentage=2.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=3,828 |percentage=1.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Rajendran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,751 |percentage=1.41% |change=+0.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Duraisamy |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=2,751 |percentage=1.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Loganathan |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=2,729 |percentage=1.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Murugan |party=Independent politician |votes=997 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,534 |percentage=6.96% |change=-14.17% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=194,441 |percentage=80.14% |change= -1.91% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 242,615 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -10.53% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Namakkal<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu |work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf | archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. P. P. Baskar]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=95,579 |percentage=56.34% |change=+19.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Devarasan |party=Kongunadu Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=59,724 |percentage=35.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Sathyamoorthy |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=2,996 |percentage=1.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Palaniappan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,168 |percentage=1.28% |change=-0.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Arjunan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,333 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Baskar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,101 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Murugasen |party=Independent politician |votes=1,015 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Natarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=993 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Murugan |party=Ulzaipali Makkal Katchy |votes=910 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Devaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=901 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Manoharan |party=Independent politician |votes=895 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=35,855 |percentage=21.13% |change=15.51% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=206,748 |percentage=82.06% |change= 14.21% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 169,649 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 13.77% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Namakkal<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Jeyakumar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=61,306 |percentage=42.57% |change=-15.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Saradha |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=53,207 |percentage=36.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Amudha |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=22,401 |percentage=15.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Natarajan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,178 |percentage=1.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Natarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,496 |percentage=1.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Vijayambal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=853 |percentage=0.59% |change=+0.06 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,099 |percentage=5.62% |change=-19.46% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=143,999 |percentage=67.85% |change= 14.15% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 212,232 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -15.57% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Namakkal<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Jeyakumar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=67,215 |percentage=58.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ahilan |party=Puthiya Tamilagam |votes=38,223 |percentage=33.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Chakravarthi |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,014 |percentage=3.47% |change=-0.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Madeswaran |party=Independent politician |votes=1,616 |percentage=1.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Selvi |party=Independent politician |votes=905 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Bharathi |party=Independent politician |votes=808 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Marudhan |party=Independent politician |votes=779 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Murugesan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=614 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Ponnaiah |party=Independent politician |votes=596 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=28,992 |percentage=25.08% |change=-5.70% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=115,601 |percentage=53.70% |change= -12.29% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 215,295 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -4.01% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Namakkal<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Veisamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=76,860 |percentage=62.15% |change=+35.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Anbaiagan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,795 |percentage=31.37% |change=-39.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Mayavan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,435 |percentage=4.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ravinthiran |party=Independent politician |votes=1,444 |percentage=1.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=38,065 |percentage=30.78% |change=-13.50% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=123,665 |percentage=65.99% |change= 3.21% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 196,881 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -8.57% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Namakkal<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Anbalagan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=79,683 |percentage=70.72% |change=+38.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Mayavan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=29,788 |percentage=26.44% |change=-9.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Chandrasekaran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,498 |percentage=1.33% |change=+0.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Tamilarasan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=744 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=49,895 |percentage=44.28% |change=40.60% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=112,669 |percentage=62.79% |change= -8.97% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 186,364 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 35.16% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Namakkal<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Duraisamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,979 |percentage=35.57% |change=-4.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Raju |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,636 |percentage=31.89% |change=-25.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. K. R. Rajaram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,606 |percentage=24.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Durairaj |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,474 |percentage=6.33% |change=-50.6 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Kandasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=824 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. V. Andi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=659 |percentage=0.56% |change=-0.55 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,343 |percentage=3.68% |change=-13.25% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=118,026 |percentage=71.75% |change= -1.70% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 168,337 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -21.36% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Namakkal<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Arunachalam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=58,158 |percentage=56.93% |change=+5.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Veluchami |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,868 |percentage=40.01% |change=-7.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. V. Andi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,131 |percentage=1.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,290 |percentage=16.93% |change=12.22% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=102,155 |percentage=73.46% |change= 11.36% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 149,546 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 5.15% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Namakkal<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Arunachalam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=42,850 |percentage=51.78% |change=+11.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Veluswamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,957 |percentage=47.07% |change=+25.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arjunan |party=Independent politician |votes=521 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kondan |party=Independent politician |votes=429 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,893 |percentage=4.70% |change= -14.02% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=82,757 |percentage=62.09% |change= 0.64% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 134,869 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 11.19% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Namakkal<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Arunachalam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,952 |percentage=40.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Veluchamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=17,215 |percentage=21.87% |change=-31.7 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. K. Ramaswamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,564 |percentage=18.50% |change=-22.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Kandasamy |party=Janata Party |votes=12,729 |percentage=16.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Shanmughamoopan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,699 |percentage=2.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,737 |percentage=18.72% |change= 6.39% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=78,720 |percentage=61.45% |change= -13.41% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 129,817 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -12.98% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Namakkal<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Palani Velan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=39,553 |percentage=53.57% |change=-0.8 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kaliappan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,447 |percentage=41.23% |change=-2.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ramasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=3,296 |percentage=4.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Karuppannan |party=Independent politician |votes=543 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,106 |percentage=12.33% |change= 1.52% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=73,839 |percentage=74.85% |change= -7.02% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 101,824 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.80% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Namakkal<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Muthuswamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=39,510 |percentage=54.37% |change=+9.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. R. K. Gounder |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,651 |percentage=43.55% |change=-4.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. K. M. P. Pandaram |party=Independent politician |votes=849 |percentage=1.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Radhikrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=661 |percentage=0.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,859 |percentage=10.81% |change= 7.52% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=72,671 |percentage=81.87% |change= 13.90% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,404 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 5.89% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Namakkal<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Chinnayan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,756 |percentage=48.48% |change=+18.3 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. V. Rasappan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=24,937 |percentage=45.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. V. Sundrarasan |party=Tamil National Party |votes=2,129 |percentage=3.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shunmugham |party=Independent politician |votes=802 |percentage=1.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shunmugha Moopan |party=Independent politician |votes=567 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,819 |percentage=3.30% |change= -3.98% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=55,191 |percentage=67.97% |change= -10.46% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,239 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 18.30% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Namakkal<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. Kolanda Gounder |party=Indian National Congress |votes=38,977 |percentage=30.18% |change=+10.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Kaliappan |party=Independent politician |votes=29,575 |percentage=22.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. P. Periasami]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,240 |percentage=18.77% |change=-1.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Marudaveeran (Sc) |party=Independent politician |votes=13,105 |percentage=10.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. V. Ramasami |party=Communist Party of India |votes=10,026 |percentage=7.76% |change=-13.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Nallappa Reddiar |party=Independent politician |votes=6,350 |percentage=4.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shanmuga Moopan |party=Independent politician |votes=4,172 |percentage=3.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rathnam (Sc) |party=Independent politician |votes=2,695 |percentage=2.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,402 |percentage=7.28% |change= 5.81% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=129,140 |percentage=78.44% |change= -14.47% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 164,642 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 8.87% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Namakkal<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. V. Ramaswamy |party=Communist Party of India |votes=29,654 |percentage=21.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. P. Periaswami]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,602 |percentage=19.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Sivaghanam Pillai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,471 |percentage=19.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Chinnayan |party=Independent politician |votes=19,068 |percentage=13.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shanmughamoopan |party=Independent politician |votes=7,853 |percentage=5.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Naingn |party=Independent politician |votes=7,839 |percentage=5.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Marudaveeran |party=Independent politician |votes=6,138 |percentage=4.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K Perumal |party=Independent politician |votes=5,748 |percentage=4.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. M. Palanivel |party=Republican Party of India |votes=4,285 |percentage=3.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Marimuthu |party=Independent politician |votes=3,458 |percentage=2.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,052 |percentage=1.48% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=139,116 |percentage=92.91% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 149,737 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|11|14|N|78|10|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Namakkal district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Momordica charantia

2026-04-24T15:55:23Z

MartiHaight78: Added info

{{Short description|Species of plant in the gourd family}}
{{Redirect|Bitter melon|"bitter melon" in Australia|Citrullus lanatus}}
{{Redirect|Bitter squash|another "bitter squash"|Cucurbita digitata}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| image_alt =
| image2 = Momordica_charantia_Blanco2.357.png
| image2_alt = [[Botanical illustration]]
| genus = Momordica
| species = charantia
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
}}

'''''Momordica charantia''''' (commonly called '''bitter melon''', '''gouya''', '''cerassee''', '''goya''', '''bitter apple''', '''bitter gourd''', '''bitter squash''', '''balsam-pear''', '''karela''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=HORT 281 :: Lecture 11 |url=http://eagri.org/eagri50/HORT281/lec11.html |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=eagri.org}}</ref> '''karavila''' and many more [[#Uses|names listed below]])<ref name="BSBI07">{{BSBI 2007 |access-date=2014-10-17}}</ref> is a [[tropical]] and [[subtropical]] [[vine]] of the family [[Cucurbitaceae]], widely grown in Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean for its edible [[fruit]]. Its many [[variety (botany)|varieties]] differ substantially in the shape and bitterness of the fruit.

Bitter melon originated in Africa,<ref name="PNAS 2020">{{cite journal |last1=Renner |first1=Suzanne |title=Bitter gourd from Africa expanded to Southeast Asia and was domesticated there: A new insight from parallel studies |journal=[[PNAS]] |date=October 6, 2020 |volume=117 |issue=40 |pages=24630–24631 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2014454117 |pmid=32994347 |pmc=7547224 |bibcode=2020PNAS..11724630R |doi-access=free }}</ref> where it was a dry-season staple food of [[ǃKung people|ǃKung]] hunter-gatherers.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bitter Melons |date=1966 |publisher=[[Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology|Peabody Museum]], Documentary Educational Resources |location=[[Watertown, Massachusetts]] |url=https://archive.org/details/bittermelons |access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref> Wild or semi-domesticated variants spread across Asia in prehistory, and it was likely fully domesticated in Southeast Asia.<ref name="PNAS 2020" /> It is widely used in the cuisines of [[East Asian cuisine|East Asia]], [[South Asian cuisine|South Asia]], and [[Southeast Asian cuisine|Southeast Asia]].

== Description ==
{{More citations needed section|date=March 2024}}
This [[herbaceous]], [[tendril]]-bearing vine grows up to {{convert|5|m|abbr=on}} in length. It bears simple, [[Phyllotaxis|alternate leaves]] {{convert|4–12|cm|abbr=on}} across, with three to seven deeply separated lobes. Each plant bears separate yellow [[Plant reproductive morphology#Flowering plants|male and female flower]]s. In the Northern Hemisphere, flowering occurs from June to July, and fruiting from September to November. It is a frost-tender [[Annual plant|annual]] in the temperate zone and a [[perennial]] in the tropics. It grows best in the [[USDA zone]]s 9 to 11.<ref>[http://heritagegarden.uic.edu/bitter-melon BITTER MELON (''MOMORDICA CHARANTIA'')] [[UIC Heritage Garden]]</ref>

The fruit has a distinctive warty exterior and an oblong shape. It is hollow in cross-section, with a relatively thin layer of flesh surrounding a central seed cavity filled with large, flat seeds and pith. The fruit is most often eaten green, or as it is beginning to turn yellow. At this stage, the fruit's flesh is crunchy and watery in texture, similar to [[cucumber]], [[chayote]], or green [[bell pepper]], but bitter. The skin is tender and edible. Seeds and pith appear white in unripe fruits; they are not intensely bitter and can be removed before cooking.

Some sources claim the flesh (rind) becomes somewhat tougher and more bitter with age, but other sources claim that at least for the common Chinese variety the skin does not change and bitterness decreases with age. The Chinese variety is best harvested light green possibly with a slight yellow tinge or just before. The pith becomes sweet and intensely red; it can be eaten uncooked in this state and is a popular ingredient in some Southeast Asian [[salad]]s.

When the fruit is fully ripe, it turns orange and soft and splits into segments that curl back to expose seeds covered in bright red pulp.

{{gallery|mode=packed
|Leaf of bitter gourd.jpg|Leaf
|Momordica charantia - female flower - side view 01.jpg|Female flower
|Momordica charantia 007.JPG|Ripe fruit
|Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia).jpg|Two halved and two cross sections
}}

=== Varieties ===
Bitter melons come in a variety of shapes and sizes. The common Chinese variety is 20–30 cm (7.9–11.8 in) long, oblong with blunt ends, pale green in color, and has a slightly undulating warty surface. The common Indian bitter melon is narrower in shape, pointed at both ends, and covered with jagged, triangular "teeth" and ridges. It ranges from green to white in color. There are many intermediate shapes between these two extremes. Some bitter melons produce miniature fruits that are only 6–10 cm (2.4–3.9 in) long and are eaten alone as a stuffed vegetable. These miniature fruits are popular in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Nepal, and other countries in South Asia. The subcontinental variety is most popular in Bangladesh and India.

{{multiple image
| align = center
| image1 = bittermelonfruit.jpg
| width1 = 230
| caption1 = Chinese variety
| image2 = Bittermelloncloseup.jpg
| width2 = 165
| caption2 = Indian variety
| image3 = Momordica charantia var muricata.jpg
| width3 = 200
| link3 = <nowiki>Momordica charantia var muricata.jpg|thumb|Smaller variety of bitter gourd.]]</nowiki>
| caption3 = Local variety of bittergourd in Tamilnadu
}}

=== Pests ===
''M. charantia'' is one of the main [[host (epidemiology)|host]]s of ''[[Bactrocera tau]]'', a fly known to prefer Cucurbitaceae.<ref name=btaucabi>{{cite web|year=2022|publisher=CABI Digital Library, CABI Compendium |s2cid=253607462 |title=''Bactrocera tau'' |url=https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/cabicompendium.8741|doi=10.1079/cabicompendium.8741|access-date=4 May 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== Adverse effects ==
A possible side effect is [[Gastrointestinal disease|gastrointestinal discomfort]].<ref name="mskcc">{{cite web |title=Bitter Melon |url=http://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/herb/bitter-melon |access-date=17 October 2013 |publisher=[[Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center]]}}</ref> The ripe fruit and the mature seeds are toxic.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-04-15 |title=Momordica charantia - Bitter Melon, Balsampear, Balsam-pear, Balsam-apple, Bitter Gourd, Bitter Cucumber, Carilla Gourd |url=https://wildlifeofhawaii.com/flowers/958/momordica-charantia-bitter-melon/ |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=Hawaiian Plants and Tropical Flowers |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== In pregnancy ===
Bitter melon is [[contraindicated]] in pregnant women because it can induce bleeding, contractions, and miscarriage.<ref name="mskcc" />

== Uses ==
{{More citations needed section|date=March 2024}}

=== Cooking ===
{{nutritionalvalue | name = Bitter gourd pods boiled, drained, no salt
| water=93.95 g
| kJ=79
| protein=0.84 g
| fat=0.18 g
| carbs=4.32 g
| fiber=2 g
| sugars=1.95 g
| calcium_mg=9
| iron_mg=0.38
| magnesium_mg=16
| phosphorus_mg=36
| potassium_mg=319
| sodium_mg=6
| zinc_mg=0.77
| manganese_mg=0.086
| vitC_mg=33
| thiamin_mg=0.051
| riboflavin_mg=0.053
| niacin_mg=0.28
| pantothenic_mg=0.193
| folate_ug=51
| vitA_ug=6
| betacarotene_ug=68
| lutein_ug=1323
| vitB6_mg=0.041
| vitE_mg=0.14
| vitK_ug=4.8
| note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/168394/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}
{{Cookbook|Bitter Melon}}

Bitter melon is generally consumed cooked in the green or early yellowing stage. The young shoots and leaves of the bitter melon may also be eaten as [[Leaf vegetable|greens]]. The raw fruit is bitter and can be soaked in cold water and drained to remove some of those strong flavours.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

==== China ====
In [[Chinese cuisine]], bitter melon ({{linktext|lang=zh|苦瓜}}, {{zh|p=kǔguā |poj=khó͘-koe}}) is used in [[stir-fries]] (often with pork and ''[[douchi]]''), soups, dim sum, and [[herbal tea]]s (gohyah tea). It has also been used in place of [[hops]] as the bittering ingredient in some beers [[Beer in China|in China]] and Okinawa.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cao|first1=Heping|last2=Sethumadhavan|first2=Kandan|last3=Grimm|first3=Casey C.|last4=Ullah|first4=Abul H. J.|date=2014-09-09|title=Characterization of a Soluble Phosphatidic Acid Phosphatase in Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=9|article-number=e106403|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0106403|issn=1932-6203|pmc=4159287|pmid=25203006 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j6403C }}</ref>

==== India ====
Bitter gourd is commonly eaten throughout India. In [[North Indian cuisine]], it is often served with yogurt on the side to offset the bitterness, used in [[curry]] such as ''sabzi,'' or stuffed with spices and then cooked in oil.

In [[South Indian cuisine]], it is used in numerous dishes such as ''[[thoran]]'' / ''thuvaran'' (mixed with grated coconut), ''pavaikka [[mezhukkupuratti]]'' (stir-fried with spices), ''[[theeyal]]'' (cooked with roasted coconut), and ''[[pachadi]]'' (which is considered a medicinal food for [[diabetes|diabetics]]), making it vital in [[Malayali]]'s diet. Other popular recipes include preparations with curry, deep-frying with peanuts or other ground nuts, and ''Kakara kaya pulusu'' ({{Lang|te|కాకర కాయ పులుసు}}) in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], a tamarind-based soup with mini shallots or fried onions and other spices, thickened with chickpea flour. In Karnataka, bitter melon is known as ''hāgalakāyi'' ({{lang|kn|ಹಾಗಲಕಾಯಿ}}) in [[Kannada language|Kannada]]; in Tamil Nadu it is known as ''paagarkaai'' or ''pavakai'' ({{lang|ta|பாகற்காய்}}) in [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref name=Lim_Edible>{{cite book|last=Lim|first=T. K.|title=Edible medicinal and non-medicinal plants |year=2013 |publisher=Springer |location=Dordrecht |isbn=978-94-007-1764-0 |pages=331–332}}</ref> In these regions, a special preparation called ''pagarkai pitla'', a kind of sour ''koottu'', is common. Also commonly seen is ''kattu pagarkkai'', a curry in which bitter melons are stuffed with onions, cooked lentils, and grated coconut mix, then tied with thread and fried in oil. In the Konkan region of Maharashtra, salt is added to the finely chopped bitter gourd, known as ''karle'' ({{lang|mr|कारले}}) in [[Marathi language|Marathi]], and then it is squeezed, removing its bitter juice to some extent. After frying this with different spices, the less bitter and crispy preparation is served with grated coconut. Bitter melon is known as ''karate'' ({{langx|kok|कारांतें}}) in [[Goa]] where it is used widely in [[Goan cuisine]]. In [[Bengal]], where it is known as ''korola'' (করলা) or ''ucche'' (উচ্ছে) in Bengali, bitter melon is often simply eaten boiled and mashed with salt, mustard oil, sliced thinly and deep fried, added to lentils to make "tetor" [[dal]] (bitter lentils), and is a key ingredient of the [[Shukto]], a Bengali vegetable medley that is a mixture of several vegetables like raw banana, drumstick stems, bori, and sweet potato.

[[File:Momordica charantia bd.jpg|thumb|Ripe and unripe fruits]]

In northern India and Nepal, bitter melon, known as ''tite karela'' ({{lang|ne|तीते करेला}}) in [[Nepali language|Nepali]], is prepared as a fresh pickle. For this, the vegetable is cut into cubes or slices, and sautéed with oil and a sprinkle of water. When it is softened and reduced, it is crushed in a [[mortar and pestle|mortar]] with a few cloves of [[garlic]], salt, and a red or green pepper. It is also eaten [[Sautéing|sautéed]] to golden brown, stuffed, or as a curry on its own or with potatoes.

==== Myanmar ====
In [[Burmese cuisine]], bitter melon is sauteéd with garlic, tomatoes, spices, and dried shrimp and is served as an accompaniment to other dishes. Such a dish is available at street stalls and deli counters throughout the country.

==== Sri Lanka ====
It is called {{transliteration|si|karavila}} ({{langx|si|කරවිල}}) in Sri Lanka and it is an ingredient in many different curry dishes (e.g., ''karawila'' curry and ''karawila sambol'') which are served mainly with rice in a main meal. Sometimes large grated coconut pieces are added, which is more common in rural areas. ''Karawila'' juice is also sometimes served there.

==== Okinawa ====
Bitter melon, known as ''gōyā'' ({{lang|ryu|ゴーヤー}}) in [[Okinawan language|Okinawan]], and {{Nihongo||苦瓜|nigauri}} in [[Japanese language|Japanese]] (although the Okinawan word ''gōyā'' is also used), is a significant ingredient in [[Okinawan cuisine]], and is increasingly used in [[Japanese cuisine]] beyond that island.

==== Pakistan ====
In Pakistan, where it is known as ''karela'' ({{lang|ur|کریلا}}) in [[Urdu]]-speaking areas, bitter melon is often cooked with onions, red [[chili powder]], [[turmeric]] powder, salt, [[coriander]] powder, and a pinch of [[cumin]] seeds. Another dish in Pakistan calls for whole, unpeeled bitter melon to be boiled and then stuffed with cooked minced beef, served with either hot ''[[tandoori]]'' bread, ''[[naan]]'', ''[[chappati]]'', or with ''[[khichri]]'' (a mixture of lentils and rice).

==== Indonesia ====
In [[Indonesian cuisine]], bitter melon, known as ''pare'' in [[Javanese language|Javanese]] and [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] (also ''paria''), is prepared in various dishes, such as ''[[gado-gado]]'', and also stir-fried, cooked in coconut milk, or steamed. In Christian areas in Eastern Indonesia it is cooked with pork and chili, the sweetness of the pork balancing against the bitterness of the vegetable.

==== Vietnam ====
In [[Vietnamese cuisine]], raw bitter melon slices known as ''mướp đắng'' or ''khổ qua'' in [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]], eaten with [[dried meat]] floss and bitter melon soup with [[shrimp]], are common dishes. Bitter melons stuffed with ground pork are commonly served as a summer soup in the south. It is also used as the main ingredient of stewed bitter melon. This dish is usually cooked for the [[Tết]] holiday, where its "bitter" name is taken as a reminder of the bitter living conditions experienced in the past.

==== Thailand ====
In [[Thai cuisine]], the Chinese variety of green bitter melon, ''mara'' ({{lang|th|มะระ}}) in [[Thai language|Thai]], is prepared stuffed with minced pork and garlic, in a clear broth. It is also served sliced and stir-fried with garlic and fish sauce until just tender. Varieties found in Thailand range from large fruit to small fruit. The smallest fruit variety (''mara khii nok'') is generally not cultivated but is occasionally found in the wild.

==== Philippines ====
In the [[cuisine of the Philippines]], bitter melon, known as ''Ampalaya'' in [[Filipino language|Filipino]] and ''Paria'' in [[Ilokano language|Ilokano]], may be stir-fried with ground beef and [[oyster sauce]], or with eggs and diced tomato. The dish ''[[pinakbet]]'', popular in the [[Ilocos]] region of [[Luzon]], consists mainly of bitter melons, eggplant, okra, string beans, tomatoes, lima beans, and other various regional vegetables all stewed together with a little ''[[bagoong]]''-based stock.

The name of the fruit is rooted in the bitterness of its taste, (Filipino: ''Ampait'') which means bitter. In pre-colonial Spanish in [[Ilocandia]], the name is locally translated to ''Amparia'' and ''Ampalaya'' in the [[Filipino language]].

==== Trinidad and Tobago ====
In [[Trinidad and Tobago]], bitter melons, known as ''caraille'' or ''carilley'', are usually sautéed with onion, garlic, and [[scotch bonnet pepper]] until almost crisp.

==== Mauritius ====
In [[Mauritius]], bitter melons are known as ''margose'' or ''margoze''.

=== Herbal medicine ===
Bitter melon has been used in various Asian and African [[herbal medicine]] systems.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grover |first1=J.K |last2=Yadav |first2=S.P |title=Pharmacological actions and potential uses of ''Momordica charantia'': a review |journal=[[Journal of Ethnopharmacology]] |date=July 2004 |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=123–132 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2004.03.035 |pmid=15182917 }}</ref><ref name=belo>{{cite journal |last1=Beloin |first1=Nadine |last2=Gbeassor |first2=Messanvi |last3=Akpagana |first3=Koffi |last4=Hudson |first4=Jim |last5=de Soussa |first5=Komlan |last6=Koumaglo |first6=Kossi |last7=Arnason |first7=J. Thor |title=Ethnomedicinal uses of ''Momordica charantia'' (Cucurbitaceae) in Togo and relation to its phytochemistry and biological activity |journal=[[Journal of Ethnopharmacology]] |date=January 2005 |volume=96 |issue=1–2 |pages=49–55 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2004.08.009 |pmid=15588650 }}</ref>

==Research==

''Momordica charantia'' does not significantly decrease fasting blood [[glucose]] levels or [[Glycated hemoglobin|A1c]], indicators of blood glucose control, when taken in [[Capsule (pharmacy)|capsule]] or [[Tablet (pharmacy)|tablet]] form.<ref name="cochrane">{{cite journal |last1=Ooi |first1=Cheow Peng |last2=Yassin |first2=Zaitun |last3=Hamid |first3=Tengku-Aizan |title=''Momordica charantia'' for type 2 diabetes mellitus |journal=[[Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews]] |date=15 August 2012 |volume=2013 |issue=8 |article-number=CD007845 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007845.pub3 |pmid=22895968 |pmc=11836555 |url=http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/15716/1/Momordica%20charantia%20for%20type%202%20diabetes%20mellitus.pdf }}</ref>
==Subspecies==
The plant has one subspecies and four [[Variety (botany)|varieties]]:

*''Momordica charantia var. abbreviata''
*''Momordica charantia var. charantia''
*''Momordica charantia ssp. macroloba''
*''Momordica charantia L. var. muricata''
*''Momordica charantia var. pavel''

''M. charantia var. charantia'' and ''pavel'' are the long-fruited varieties, whereas ''M. charantia var. muricata'', ''macroloba'' and ''abbreviata'' feature smaller fruits.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ghosh |first1=Ipshita |last2=Bhowmick |first2=Biplab Kumar |last3=Jha |first3=Sumita |date=20 October 2018 |title=Cytogenetics of two Indian varieties of Momordica charantia L. (bittergourd) |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304423818304199 |journal=Scientia Horticulturae |language=en |volume=240 |pages=333–343 |doi=10.1016/j.scienta.2018.06.027|bibcode=2018ScHor.240..333G |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Gallery ==
=== Plant ===
<gallery>
File:Momordica charantia - D7-09-2953.JPG|Seeds
File:Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) seeds.jpg|Seeds
File:Bitter Melon conjoint twin fruit.png|Unusual [[conjoined]] twin fruit
</gallery>

=== Dishes and other uses ===
<gallery>
File:Momordica charantia (jetalone).jpg|Ready to be cooked|alt=Cleaned and sliced for cooking
File:Bittermelonsambal.jpg|Malaysian-style, cooked with ''[[sambal]]'', onion, and red bird's-eye chili peppers
File:Goya chanpuru - Okinawan food - June 14 2015.jpg|''[[Gōyā chanpurū]]''
File:Aloo Karela Bhaaji from India.jpg| ''Sabzi'' (mixed vegetables and spices) from North India
File:串太郎IMG 20220122 04.jpg|Bitter melon [[tempura]]
</gallery>

== See also ==
* ''[[Momordica balsamina]]'' (balsam apple)
* ''[[Momordica cochinchinensis]]'' (gac)
* ''[[Momordica cymbalaria]]''
* ''[[Momordica foetida]]''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Momordica charantia}}
{{Wikispecies|Momordica charantia}}
{{WestAfricanPlants|Momordica charantia}}
* [https://expertsnote.com/agriculture/bitter-melon-cultivation/ Bitter Melon Cultivation]

{{Melons}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q428750}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Abortifacients]]
[[Category:Asian vegetables]]
[[Category:Flora of Africa]]
[[Category:Flora of tropical Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of Australia]]
[[Category:Fruit vegetables]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants of Asia]]
[[Category:Melons]]
[[Category:Momordica|charantia]]
[[Category:Okinawan cuisine]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Plants used in traditional African medicine]]
[[Category:Filipino cuisine]]

Prem (Kannada actor)

2026-04-21T06:27:18Z

MartiHaight78: put up some entry basic info

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1975)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prem
| image = Prem Kumar (Kannada actor).jpg
| caption = Prem in ''[[Pallakki]]'' (2007)
| birth_name = Prem Kumar
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|18 April 1976}}
| birth_place = [[Karnataka]], India
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2004–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Jyoti|2000}}
| children = 2
}}

'''Prem Kumar''' (born 18 April 1976), known [[mononymous person|mononymously]] as '''Prem''', also popularly called as '''Nenapirali Prem''', is an Indian actor and producer who works in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] films. He made his acting debut through the film ''Praana'' (2004).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/many-lessons-learned/articleshow/21788368.cms| title= Many lessons learned|website= Bangalore Mirror.com|date= 6 September 2010}}</ref> However, his major break came through the film ''[[Nenapirali]]'' (2005) for which he won his first [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor - Kannada|Filmfare Award for Best Actor]]. Since then, Prem is largely offered films with romantic theme thereby, earning the title ''Lovely Star'' in Kannada cinema.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/20-years-25-films-and-so-much-to-be-grateful-for-says-lovely-star-prem/articleshow/89246959.cms | title=20 years, 25 films and so much to be grateful for, says Lovely Star Prem | website=[[The Times of India]] | last1=Suresh | first1=Sunayana }}</ref> Prem also produced the film ''[[Pallakki]]'' (2007) besides acting in the lead role.

Prem's other notable films include ''[[Jothe Jotheyali]]'' (2006), ''[[Pallakki]]'' (2007), ''[[Gunavantha]]'' (2007), ''[[Savi Savi Nenapu]]'' (2007) , ''[[Charminar (2013 film)|Charminar]]'' (2013), for which he won his second Filmfare award, ''[[Chowka]]'' (2017) and ''[[Premam Poojyam]]'' (2021), which marked his 25th film as an actor.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/prems-25th-film-culminates-in-a-journey-called-premam-poojyam/articleshow/87586812.cms| title= Prem's 25th film culminates in a journey called Premam Poojyam|website= Times of India|date= 9 November 2021}}</ref>

==Early life==
Prem was born in Bangalore in 1976. His father was a [[power loom]] weaver and an avid movie watcher. He completed his higher secondary schooling at a Government school and got himself enrolled to pursue [[Industrial training institute|ITI]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/amitabh-bachchan-saroja-devi-chiranjeevi-mammootty-mohanlal-kanteerava-studios-dr-rajkumar-pratisthana/articleshow/44952139.cms|title='My father took me to films bunking school'|website=Bangalore Mirror.com|date=17 October 2014}}</ref> He was duped of the money while enrolling into ITI and eventually landed up working along with his father at the power loom. While he was at work, he used to watch films and often accompany his father to the theaters. One of his friends, who was the driver of director [[T. N. Seetharam]], persuaded him to try his luck in acting either in big screen or television. Initially dismissing his suggestion, Prem had to reluctantly heed owing to his losses at the loom. He was taken to the sets of Seetharam's ''[[Manvantara]]'' serial to act as a junior artist in 2001. He ended up featuring in eight episodes of the serial and also featured in one episode of other serial, ''Ardha Satya''.

==Career==
===2004-2010===
Prem began his film career through debutant director Prakash's ''Praana'' (2004) after a successful audition. The film's cast and crew consisted of newcomers with Prem pairing with actress Preethi Chandrashekar. It was revealed in an interview that Prem took up acting seriously only during the making of this film. Despite doing good business and receiving favorable reviews, the film was removed off theaters after a four-week run.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Welcome to Sify.com | url=http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=13568850&ctid=5&cid=2427 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041225145537/http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=13568850&ctid=5&cid=2427 | archive-date=2004-12-25 | access-date=2025-11-26}}</ref>

Prem's first commercially successful film as a lead actor was the romantic drama ''[[Nenapirali]]'' (2005).<ref>{{cite web |title= Nenapirali: Fresh stuff |url= http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/dec/02nena.htm |work= Rediff.com |date= 2 December 2005 |accessdate= 30 September 2014}}</ref> The film, directed by [[Ratnaja]] and produced by Ajay Gowda, featured him in the lead role opposite [[Vidhya Venkatesh]] and Varsha. The film's music by [[Hamsalekha]] was highly acclaimed and upon release, it received positive reviews and was declared a musical blockbuster. Prem earned his first [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor - Kannada|Filmfare Award for Best Actor]] for his performance in the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Prem-Nenapirali/awards|title=List of awards and nominations received by Prem Nenapirali|website=TimesofIndia.com}}</ref> The film's popularity led to the title being tagged with Prem's name among media and audiences. The success of this film fetched him his second successful film ''[[Jothe Jotheyali]]'' (2006) which was directed by [[Dinakar Thoogudeepa]] and co-produced by his brother [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] under their home banner "Thoogudeepa Productions". Prem was paired opposite [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]] and played the role of a struggling [[Advertising|ad film]] maker and marrying an established bank employee which eventually result in a troubled relationship.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/25jothe.htm |title=Jothe Jotheyali is just silly |work=rediff.com |date=2006-09-25 |accessdate=2012-11-20}}</ref> The film received positive reviews from critics and was commercially successful.

In 2007, Prem launched his production venture "P2 Productions" and produced his maiden film, ''[[Pallakki]]''. Directed by K. Narendra Babu, the film starred Prem opposite newcomer Ramanithu Choudhary. Despite receiving negative reviews from critics, the film was successful at the box office with over 100 days run at the theaters.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/May62007/movies22659200755.asp |title=Movie review |access-date=15 November 2022 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203632/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/May62007/movies22659200755.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://im.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/07pallakki.htm|title=Pallakki is too predictable|website=Rediff.com|date=7 May 2007}}</ref> Following this, in the same year, his next release was cinematographer Santhosh Rai Pathaje's romantic drama, ''[[Savi Savi Nenapu]]'' which featured him in dual roles opposite [[Mallika Kapoor]] and [[Tejaswini Prakash]]. He wrapped up the year with yet another romantic drama ''[[Gunavantha]]'', where he paired with [[Rekha Vedavyas]], which was a sleeper hit at the box-office. In 2008, Prem teamed up with Rathaja again for his second directorial film, ''[[Honganasu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jan/21sshon.htm|title=Review: Honganasu|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> [[Anuradha Mehta]] and [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]] were paired opposite him which saw a moderate success at the box-office.

In 2009, Prem appeared in ''[[Ghauttham]]'', a remake of the Tamil film ''[[Aahaa..! (1997 film)|Aahaa..!]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.sify.com/movies/gautham-review-kannada-pclxaUgciigge.html|title=Gautham|work=[[Sify.com]]|date=5 April 2009|access-date=15 November 2022|archive-date=29 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829035723/https://m.sify.com/movies/gautham-review-kannada-pclxaUgciigge.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Having expressed his aversion towards acting in remake films, he took up this film since there were no other offers for him during the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did-you-know/prem-averse-to-act-in-remake-movies/articleshow/45143671.cms|title=Prem averse to act in remake movies|website=TimesofIndia.com|date=14 November 2014}}</ref>

In 2010, he teamed up with heroine [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]] for the film ''[[Jothegara]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2010/Sep/22/jothegaara-189129.html|title=Jothegaara|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=22 September 2010}}</ref> Other films which he signed are ''Sihi Muttu'', alongside [[Dhyan]] and Pooja Chopra, ''Januma Janumadallu'' with [[Andrita Ray]], a cameo in [[Shivarajkumar]]'s travel extravaganza ''[[Cheluveye Ninne Nodalu]]'' and also in ''[[Eradane Maduve]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://wiki.gandhadagudi.com/index.php?title=Prem_Kumar |title=Prem Kumar - GGpedia |access-date=1 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213092304/http://wiki.gandhadagudi.com/index.php?title=Prem_Kumar |archive-date=13 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=November 2022}}

===2011-2020===
Prem began his 2011 career with a cameo appearance in the multi-starrer film ''[[Eradane Maduve]]'', which had [[Ananth Nag]] and [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] in the main lead. Later he starred in ''[[I Am Sorry Mathe Banni Preethsona]]'', a film which made news for its controversial kiss scene between the lead pair.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/i-did-not-kiss-in-im-sorry-prem/articleshow/7390446.cms|title=I did not kiss in 'I'm Sorry...': Prem|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The other film of the year was ''[[Dhan Dhana Dhan]]'' opposite [[Sharmila Mandre]], which also failed to get the box office collections.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kannada-review-dhan-dhana-dhan-a-tedious-film-379671.html|title=Kannada Review: Dhan Dhana Dhan a tedious film|work=[[News18 India]]|date=27 June 2011}}</ref>

In 2013, he acted in director [[Roopa Iyer]]'s ''[[Chandra (film)|Chandra]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Roopa-and-Prem-at-loggerheads/articleshow/20647861.cms|title=Roopa and Prem at loggerheads?|date=27 June 2013|work=The Times of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627020349/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-19/news-interviews/40068721_1_roopa-yash-shriya-saran |archive-date=27 June 2013 }}</ref> While the Kannada version got a good opening, the Tamil version failed to open even at the box office. This was followed by [[R. Chandru]]'s ''[[Charminar (2013 film)|Charminar]]'' which found success and his performance was talked about with [[IBNLive.com]] praising him that "this" could well be considered his best film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/charminar-review-this-kannada-film-has-a-huge-emotional-appeal/371966-71-203.html|title='Charminar' Review: This Kannada film has a huge emotional appeal- Kannada Reviews- South Cinema-IBNLive|date=17 February 2013|work=IBN Live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217040146/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/charminar-review-this-kannada-film-has-a-huge-emotional-appeal/371966-71-203.html |archive-date=17 February 2013 }}</ref> He got his second [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor - Kannada|Filmfare Best Actor]] award for this film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/mahesh-babu-bags-best-actor-at-filmfare-awards-southern-edition-640772|title=Mahesh Babu Bags Best Actor At Filmfare Awards Southern Edition|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> His next release was the two-year-old long pending project ''[[Shathru (2013 film)|Shatru]]'', which featured him in the role of a police officer for the first time. Though he got favorable reviews for his performance, the film failed at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/shatru-review-kannada-15037531.html|title=Movie Review : Shatru|date=3 September 2013|website=[[Sify]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903133002/http://www.sify.com/movies/shatru-review-kannada-15037531.html |archive-date=3 September 2013 }}</ref>

His other long pending projects like ''Shatru'' and ''Athi Aparoopa'' released to a cold response at the box office in 2014. However, his other 2014 release ''[[Fair & Lovely (film)|Fair & Lovely]]'' with director Raghuram performed extremely well at the box office and earned him many accolades and awards.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130914135109/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/97439.html 'Fair and Lovely' Begins]</ref> In 2015, Prem re-associated with [[R. Chandru]] through the film ''[[Male (film)|Male]]'' opposite [[Amulya]]. The film met with average response both critically and commercially.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/reviews/2015/male-movie-review-watch-it-for-prem-and-amulya-jugalbandhi-193472.html|title='Male' Movie Review: Watch It For Prem And Amulya's Romantic Jugalbandhi!|last=N.|first=Veena|date=7 August 2015|work=[[Oneindia|Filmibeat]]}}</ref> His next release was a cameo appearance in the all-women crew film ''[[Ring Road (film)|Ring Road]]'' followed by a lead role in a romantic film ''[[Mast Mohabbat]]'' in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Mast-Mohabbat/movie-review/50705203.cms|title=Mast Mohabbat Movie Review|date=22 January 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In 2017, Prem starred as one of the jail inmates in the [[Dwarakish]]'s 50th production multistarrer film ''[[Chowka]]'', which went on to become one of the highest-grossing films of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chowka movie review: Packaged 'diluted' drama |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/040217/chowka-movie-review-packaged-diluted-drama.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202073054/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/entertainment/movie-reviews/040217/chowka-movie-review-packaged-diluted-drama.html |archive-date=2 February 2022 |access-date=2 February 2022 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=4 February 2017 }}</ref>

In July 2017, it was reported that he would appear in [[Prashant Raj]]'s romantic drama ''[[Dalapathi (film)|Dalapathi]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/jul/27/dalapathi-shooting-on-prem--kriti-kharbanda-shake-a-leg-in-the-city-1634019.html|title=Dalapathi shooting on; Prem & Kriti Kharbanda shake a leg in the city|publisher= The New Indian Express|date=27 July 2017}}</ref> The film, also starring [[Kriti Kharbanda]] in the lead, received negative response at the box-office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/Apr/13/dalapathi-movie-review-a-twisted-tale-1801172.html|title='Dalapathi' movie review: A twisted tale|publisher= The New Indian Express|date=14 April 2018}}</ref> He appeared next in [[Dinakar Thoogudeepa]]'s ''[[Life Jothe Ondu Selfie]]'' co-starring [[Prajwal Devaraj]] and [[Hariprriya]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/life-jothe-ondu-selfie-review-pleasant-realistic-take-life-and-relationships-87171|title='Life Jothe Ondu Selfie' review: A pleasant, realistic take on life and relationships|date=24 August 2018|website=The News Minute}}</ref> Prem played the role of an aspiring filmmaker who travels to [[Goa]] to find solace from a troublesome situation and meets two other similar fated individuals and become friends.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/life-jothe-ondu-selfie/movie-review/65528784.cms|title=Life Jothe Ondu Selfie Movie Review|date=24 August 2018|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The film was an average grosser at the box-office. For the next two years, he took a sabbatical from acting with no films releasing except a special appearance in the [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] starrer ''[[Yajamana (2019 film)|Yajamana]]'' (2019) along with [[Prajwal Devaraj]] and [[Vinod Prabhakar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/kannada/2018/Mar/04/yajamana-had-interesting-guests-on-its-mysuru-sets-1782030.html|title=Yajamana had interesting guests on its Mysuru sets|date=5 March 2018|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

===2021-till date===
Prem next release was ''[[Premam Poojyam]]'' in 2021, which also marked his 25th acting assignment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/Feb/15/prems-25th-film-premam-poojyam-comes-with-many-firsts-2264064.html|title=Prem's 25th film, Premam Poojyam comes with many firsts|date=15 February 2021|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/premam-poojyam-promises-to-be-a-soothing-balm-after-the-horrors-of-covid/articleshow/87645517.cms|title=Premam Poojyam promises to be a soothing balm after the horrors of COVID|date=12 November 2021|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The film was marketed as the first film to be shot with an [[Arri Alexa]] Anamorphic camera and would feature as many as 12 songs as its soundtrack. Upon release, the film was a box office hit and received positive reviews from the public and critics. After a hiatus of three years, Prem featured next in the family drama ''[[Appa I Love You]]'' in 2024 which had main role played by [[Tabla Nani]] and also featured [[Manvitha Harish]]. The film received negative response for its predictable storyline and did not create an impact with the audience.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/appa-i-love-you/movie-review/109247623.cms|title=Appa I Love You review: A family drama that fails to live up to expectations|date=12 April 2024|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title !! Role !! Notes !! Ref
|-
| 2004
|''Praana'' || Jeeva || Debut film||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did-you-know/prem-had-worked-in-power-loom-industry/articleshow/34679625.cms|title=Prem had worked in power loom industry|date=5 May 2014|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2005
|''[[Nenapirali]]'' || Prakash || [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/20-years-of-prema-star-ready-to-experiment-1078264.html|title=20 years of Prem:A star ready to experiment|date=5 February 2022|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>
|-
| 2006
|''[[Jothe Jotheyali]]'' || Nakul || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2007
|''[[Pallakki]]'' || Lakshmikanth || Also producer || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/pallakki-completes-shoot-malayalam-news-29464|title='Pallakki' completes shoot - Malayalam News - IndiaGlitz.com|date=27 February 2007|website=Indiaglitz}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Savi Savi Nenapu]]'' || Prem / Raj || Dual role ||
|-
|''[[Gunavantha]]'' || Gunashekar || ||
|-
| 2008
|''[[Honganasu]]'' || Sagar || ||
|-
| 2009
|''[[Ghauttham]]'' || Gautham || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010
|''[[Jothegara]]'' || Vishwas || ||
|-
|''[[Cheluveye Ninne Nodalu]]'' || Prem || Cameo appearance ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2011
|''[[Eradane Maduve]]'' || Vivek || Cameo appearance ||
|-
|''[[I Am Sorry Mathe Banni Preethsona]]'' || Shyam || ||
|-
|''[[Dhan Dhana Dhan]]'' || Prem || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2013
|''[[Charminar (2013 film)|Charminar]]'' || Mohan || Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada ||
|-
|''[[Chandra (film)|Chandra]]'' || Chandrahasa || [[Kannada]]-[[Tamil language|Tamil]] bilingual film || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/330087/i-am-big-fan-shreya.html|title='I am a big fan of Shreya Saran'|date=3 May 2013|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Shathru (2013 film)|Shathru]]'' || Vijay Surya || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2014
|''Athi Aparoopa'' || Bharath || ||
|-
| ''[[Adyaksha]]'' || Himself || Special appearance in the song "Phonu Illa" ||
|-
|''[[Fair & Lovely (film)|Fair & Lovely]]'' || Manoj "Manu" || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015
|''[[Male (film)|Male]]''|| Varun || ||
|-
|''[[Ring Road (film)|Ring Road]]'' || Himself ||Special appearance in the song "Kanasige Koneyilla" || <ref>https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/ring-road-shubha-duniya-vijaydirector-priya-belliappanikita-thukral/articleshow/43549921.cms</ref>
|-
| 2016
|''[[Mast Mohabbat]]'' || Sri || ||
|-
| 2017
|''[[Chowka]]'' || Hakki Gopala || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018
|''[[Dalapathi (film)|Dalapathi]]'' || Ram || ||
|-
|''[[Life Jothe Ondh Selfie]]''|| Nakul || ||
|-
|2019
|''[[Yajamana (2019 film)|Yajamana]]'' || Himself || Special appearance in the song "Shiva Nandi" ||
|-
|2021
|''[[Premam Poojyam]]'' || Srihari || ||
|-
|2024
|''[[Appa I Love You]]'' || Rahul || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2026
|style="background:#ffc;"|''[[Spark]]'' {{dagger|alt=films that have not yet been released}}
| TBA
|
| <ref>{{cite web |last1=Devadiga |first1=Yashaswi |title=Niranjan Sudhindra: ಉಪೇಂದ್ರ ಅಣ್ಣನ ಮಗ ನಿರಂಜನ್ ಸುಧೀಂದ್ರ ಅಭಿನಯದ ಸ್ಪಾರ್ಕ್‌' ಟೀಸರ್ ಔಟ್‌; ವಿಶೇಷ ಪಾತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ನಟ! |url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/niranjan-sudhindra-starrer-spark-teaser-out-actor-in-a-special-role-yda-2164783.html |website=News18 |access-date=21 April 2026 |language=kn |date=21 August 2025 |trans-title=Niranjan Sudhindra: Upendra's brother's 's son Niranjan Sudhindra starrer 'Spark' teaser out; Actor in a special role!}}</ref>
|-
|style="background:#ffc;"|''Di Di Dikki'' {{dagger|alt=films that have not yet been released}}
| TBA
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Kannadathi fame Ranjani Raghavan’s directorial debut brings maestro Ilaiyaraaja back to Kannada cinema |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kannadathi-fame-ranjani-raghavans-directorial-debut-brings-maestro-ilaiyaraaja-back-to-kannada-cinema/5ffe54483f748 |website=OTTPlay |access-date=21 April 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|5744672|Prem Kumar}}
* {{Cite web | title=Prem Kannada Actor Age, Height & Filmography Insights | url=https://premblogger.in/prem-kannada-actor-age-and-height-biography/ | access-date=2025-11-26 | website=premblogger.in}}
*https://premblogger.in/prem-kannada-actor-age-and-height-biography/ {{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{FilmfareKannadaBestActor}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Prem}}
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Kannada actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mysore]]
[[Category:1976 births]]

Noori Mian

2026-04-20T06:24:42Z

MartiHaight78: put up a post nd citations

{{Short description|Indian businessperson (died 1921)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Noori Mian
| image =
| honorific_suffix = Indian Business person
| office =
| term_start =
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_date =
| death_date = 29 December 1921
| birth_place = Balua [[Guthani]] [[Siwan district|Siwan]]
| profession = Sugar Mill Owner, Business
| party =
| alma_mater =
| spouse =
| children =
}}
'''Noori Mian''' (or '''Noor Mohammad'''; died 1921) was a businessman from Siwan who laid the foundation of industry in the backward areas of eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]], particularly Bhatni in [[Deoria district]], and to some extent [[Siwan, Bihar]], by establishing [[Sugarcane mill|sugar mills]] in the early 1900s.<ref name="our publication1">{{cite book|title=Review Of The Sugar Industry Of India|year=1934|publisher= Digital Library Of India|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.128810/page/n81/mode/2u}}page-36</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-11 |title=किसी रहस्य से कम नहीं है बिहार के इस शहर का भूल-भुलैया महल, 10 कुंए से निकला था गर्म और ठंडा पानी |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/ajab-gajab/siwan-nuri-miyan-historical-palace-has-10-secret-wells-with-hot-and-cold-water-remains-mystery-for-people-7205183.html#:~:text=%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%20%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0,%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%20%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87. |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Noori Mian was born at village Balua [[Guthani]] [[Siwan district|Siwan]] in [[Bihar]] (birth date: unknown). In early 1900s he established Bhatni sugar mill, working at the same time toward the expansion of the town by founding a housing area for sugar mill workers, and a business area (market), which together were known as Nooriganj Bazar, named after him.<ref name="our publication1"/><ref name="our publication2">{{cite web|title=विधान सभा में गूंजा नूरी गंज का मामला - Jagran|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/deoria-9422810.html}}2012 June 30</ref> The aforementioned facilities exist even today, helping in the growth of [[Bhatni Bazar|Bhatni]] as a block in [[Deoria district]].<ref>{{cite news|title=सीबीआइ जांच हुई तो सच होगा सामने|newspaper=Dainik Jagran|date=16 September 2017|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/deoria-sugar-mill-16721969.html|archive-date= 12 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112204930/https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/deoria-sugar-mill-16721969.html}}</ref> Noori Sugar work (or Bhatni sugar mill) lasted for long during which time people and the farmers benefited even though interventions by the state government was needed lately.<ref>{{cite news|title=situation wanted-Noori Sugar Works|newspaper=Amrita Bazar Patrika|editor=Tushar Kanti Ghosh|date= 8 March 1945|page=2|jstor=saoa.crl.34607038|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.34607038 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Parliament Digital Library|year=1957|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/handle/123456789/1038419?view_type=browse}} Noori Sugar Mill Bhatni</ref> His vision to develop the backward area was evident from the fact that his residential house was found in his native village Balua, [[Guthani]] block [[Siwan district]] and not in any big city. From the structure of the building it was clear that a significant wealth was spent.<ref>{{cite news|title=बलुआ गांव स्थित 125 साल पुराने किले की हैं कई खूबियां|newspaper=livehindustan|date= 10 January 2022|url=https://www-livehindustan-com.translate.goog/bihar/siwan/story-the-125-year-old-fort-located-in-balua-village-has-many-features-5542064.html?_x_tr_sl=hi&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc}}a</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=बहुत से राज़ दफ़न हैं बिहार के इस महल में, जानकर रह जाएंगे दंग|newspaper=punjabkesari|date=11 August 2023|url=https://www.punjabkesari.com/viral-news/many-secrets-are-buried-in-this-palace-of-bihar-you-will-be-shocked-to-know/|archive-date= 11 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111234349/https://www.punjabkesari.com/viral-news/many-secrets-are-buried-in-this-palace-of-bihar-you-will-be-shocked-to-know/}}</ref> Later his family was involved in social work i.e. building a Musafir Khana for travelers near the railway station in [[Deoria, Uttar Pradesh|Deoria]] including a school for girls.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

==Death==
Noori Mian died on 29 December 1921 and was buried in Nooriganj Kabrastan.<ref name="our publication2"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Noori Mian}}
[[Category:1921 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Siwan, Bihar]]
[[Category:People from Deoria district]]
[[Category:People from Gorakhpur]]
[[Category:Indian people of Iraqi descent|*]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]

Ramanujganj Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:33:56Z

MartiHaight78: put up new info w/ infobox.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ramanujganj
| mla = [[Ramvichar Netam]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Brihaspat Singh]]
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| division = Surguja
| district = [[Balrampur district, Chhattisgarh|Balrampur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Surguja (Lok Sabha constituency)|Surguja]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = ST
| electors = {{formatnum:218543}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/chhattisgarh-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=State Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate=25 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 7
| map_image = Ramanujganj Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Ramanujganj''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in| access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chhattisgarh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/chhattisgarh2013/|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|accessdate=25 July 2018}}</ref> It is in [[Balrampur district, Chhattisgarh|Balrampur]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Until 2008: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|[[Ramvichar Netam]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Brihaspat Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Ramvichar Netam]]<ref>{{Cite web | title=Election Commission of India | url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/partywisewinresult-369S26.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203115741/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/partywisewinresult-369S26.htm | access-date=2025-02-16 | archive-date=2023-12-03}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
===2023===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramanujganj<ref name="election2023"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ramvichar Netam]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 99,574
|percentage = 54.58
|change = +34.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Dr. Ajay Kumar Tirkey
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 69,911
|percentage = 38.32
|change = -3.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Neelam Didi
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 1,879
|percentage = 1.03
|change = -0.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 3,501
|percentage = 1.92
|change = -0.70
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 29,663
|percentage = 16.26
|change = -4.99
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 182,436
|percentage = 83.48
|change = +1.41
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = 218,543
|ref=
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Ramanujganj<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=State Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 1 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Brihaspat Singh]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 64,580
|percentage = 41.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ramkishun Singh
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 31,664
|percentage = 20.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Vinay Paikra
|party = Independent
|votes = 29,241
|percentage = 18.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Asha Devi Poya
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|votes = 4,691
|percentage = 3.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Chhotelal Tirkey
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 1,971
|percentage = 1.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 4,055
|percentage = 2.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 32,916
|percentage = 21.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,54,873
|percentage = 82.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing = }}
{{Election box end}}<ref name="election2018" />

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Balrampur district, Chhattisgarh]]
*[[Ramanujganj]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord|23.81|83.7|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Balrampur district, Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Jitender Pal Singh

2026-04-17T21:35:26Z

MartiHaight78: Bio.

{{Short description|Indian diplomat and Ambassador of India to Israel}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jitender Pal Singh
| birth_name = Jitender Pal Singh
| image = File:Jitender Pal Singh IFS.jpg
| caption = J.P. Singh in 2025
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| spouse = Married
| children = 1 (son)
| office = [[Ambassador of India to Israel]]
| term_start = January 2025
| term_end =
| president = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| prime_minister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor = [[Sanjeev Singla]]
| successor =
| office1 = [[Consul General|Consul General of India]] in [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]]
| term_start1 = 2019
| term_end1 = 2020
| president1 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| prime_minister1 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor1 = Azar A.H. Khan
| successor1 = Sudhi Choudhary
| office2 = [[Deputy High Commissioner]] of India to [[Pakistan]]
| term_start2 = 2014
| term_end2 = 2019
| president2 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]] [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| prime_minister2 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| occupation = {{hlist|Civil servant|Diplomat}}
| image_size = 220px
| honorific_suffix = [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]]
| honorific_prefix = [[His Excellency]]
| blank1 = Rank
| data1 = [[Joint Secretary]]
}}

'''Jitender Pal Singh''', commonly referred to as '''J. P. Singh''', is an Indian [[diplomat]] from the 2002 batch of the [[Indian Foreign Service]]. He is currently serving as the [[Ambassador of India to Israel]]. He has held several senior diplomatic and policy positions in India and abroad, particularly dealing with [[Pakistan]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Iran]], [[Russia]] and [[Turkey]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=J.P. Singh - Ambassador of India to Israel |url=https://www.indembassyisrael.gov.in/profile?id=lejRe |website=Embassy of India, Israel |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is JP Singh, India's envoy to Israel, MEA's 'go‑to' diplomat in times of crisis |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/jp-singh-india-envoy-iran-israel-conflict-netflix-the-diplomat-13898949.html |website=Firstpost |date=20 June 2025 |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Jitender Pal Singh was born in India. He is a postgraduate in [[Sociology]]. He qualified the [[Civil Services Examination]] and joined the [[Indian Foreign Service]] in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet JP Sir, the IFS officer who inspired John Abraham's The Diplomat |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/meet-jp-sir-the-ifs-officer-who-inspired-john-abrahams-the-diplomat-11747369530705.html |website=Mint |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref>

==Diplomatic career==

===Third Secretary in Moscow, Russia===
After joining the Indian Foreign Service, Singh completed his training from [[Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration|LBSNAA]] in [[Mussoorie]] and [[Sushma Swaraj Institute of Foreign Service|SSIFS]] in New Delhi, he went to [[Moscow]] for the [[Russian language]] training in [[Moscow State University]] as a Third Secretary in [[Russia]].<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |title=Career of JP Singh, Indian Foreign Service Officer |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/meet-jp-sir-the-ifs-officer-who-inspired-john-abrahams-the-diplomat-11747369530705.html#:~:text=Key%20designations%20over%20the%20years |website=LiveMint |date=5 March 2023 |access-date=17 January 2026}}</ref>

===Second Secretary in Moscow, Russia ===
His early overseas postings included service at the [[Embassy of India, Moscow|Embassy of India in Moscow]] from 2004 to 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the IFS officer who saved an Indian girl from a forced marriage in Pakistan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etimes/trending/meet-the-ifs-officer-who-saved-an-indian-girl-from-a-forced-marriage-in-pakistan/articleshow/119170307.cms |website=The Times of India |date=18 March 2025 |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref>

===First Secretary in Kabul, Afghanistan===
During 2008 to 2012 he was posted at the [[Embassy of India, Kabul|Embassy of India in Kabul]], where he served in different diplomatic capacities. During his tenure in Kabul, he survived the [[2008 bombing of Indian embassy in Kabul|terrorist attack on the Indian Embassy in Kabul]] in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Israeli Foreign Ministry tweet on blast |url=https://x.com/IsraelMFA/status/1907143974583779723 |website=X |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Taliban attacks Indian mission in Kabul; 12 killed |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/taliban-attacks-indian-mission-in-kabul-12-killed-58109-2009-10-07 |website=India Today |date=7 October 2009}}</ref>

===Deputy High Commissioner to Pakistan===
From 2014 to 2019, Singh served as the [[Deputy High Commissioner]] of India to [[Pakistan]], based in [[Islamabad]], handling key aspects of [[India–Pakistan relations|India–Pakistan bilateral relations]], including the diplomatic fallout from major cross‑border terror incidents and tensions such as the [[2016 Uri attack]] and [[2019 Pulwama attack]]. He also assisted Indian nationals in distress, including the high-profile ''Uzma Ahmed case''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JP Singh: India ambassador to Israel, The Diplomat, John Abraham, Taliban bombings, Uzma Ahmed rescue, IFS officer |url=https://www.news18.com/india/jp-singh-india-ambassador-israel-the-diplomat-john-abraham-character-taliban-bombings-uzma-ahmed-rescue-ifs-officer-ws-l-9394243.html |website=News18 |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref>

===Consul General of India in Istanbul, Turkey===
He was subsequently appointed as the [[Consul General|Consul General of India]] in [[Istanbul]], Turkey, serving from 2019 to 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Former Consuls General – Consulate General of India, Istanbul |url=https://www.cgiistanbul.gov.in/page/former-consuls-general/#:~:text=J.P.%20Singh,to%20June%202020 |website=Consulate General of India, Istanbul, Türkiye |access-date=17 January 2026}}</ref>

===Joint Secretary in PAI (Pakistan-Afghanistan-Iran) Division, MEA, New Delhi===
At the Ministry of External Affairs in New Delhi, Singh worked in the Europe West Division and served as Officer on Special Duty in the External Publicity Division. From 2020 to 2025, he served as [[Joint secretary to the Government of India|Joint Secretary]] in the Pakistan–Afghanistan–Iran (PAI) Division, where he was responsible for policy formulation and diplomatic engagement relating to India’s relations with Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iran. During this period, he was also involved in cautious outreach and engagement related to evolving developments in neighbouring [[Afghanistan]], contributing to India’s evolving diplomatic presence there and laying groundwork for re-establishing the full diplomatic mission in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Next Indian envoy to Israel is MEA's point‑person for Iran, Pakistan, special envoy to Afghanistan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/next-indian-envoy-to-israel-is-meas-point-person-for-iran-pakistan-special-envoy-to-afghanistan/article69136331.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Upgradation of the Technical Mission of India in Kabul to Embassy of India |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/40223/Upgradation_of_the_Technical_Mission_of_India_in_Kabul_to_Embassy_of_India |website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=21 October 2025 |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=For the first time, Taliban‑appointed diplomat arrives to take charge of Afghan embassy in India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/for-the-first-time-taliban-appointed-diplomat-arrives-to-take-charge-of-afghan-embassy-in-india/article70491599.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India to reopen embassy in Kabul after 4‑year hiatus amid new Taliban ties |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/10/10/india-to-reopen-embassy-in-kabul-after-4-year-hiatus-amid-new-taliban-ties |website=Al Jazeera |date=10 October 2025 |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref>

He also served as the [[Chief of Staff]] to the [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|External Affairs Minister]] [[S. Jaishankar]] from 2024 to 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In a first, External Affairs Minister Jaishankar talks to Taliban's acting Foreign Minister Muttaqi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/in-a-first-external-affairs-minister-jaishankar-talks-to-talibans-acting-foreign-minister-muttaqi/article69580713.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref>

===Operation Ganga===
During the [[Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)|Russia–Ukraine conflict]] in 2022, he was deployed to [[Sumy]] along with fellow diplomat G. Balasubramanian to assist in the rescue of Indian students under [[Operation Ganga]], operating in the midst of the [[Battle of Sumy|warzone]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Stuck in varsity at Ukraine's Sumy city, 600 Indian students await evacuation amid shortage of food, water |work=The Hindu |date=2 March 2022 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/stuck-in-varsity-at-ukraines-sumy-city-600-indian-students-await-evacuation-amid-shortage-of-food-water/article65183191.ece |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Students evacuated from Sumy via humanitarian corridor |work=University World News |date=9 March 2022 |url=https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=2022030917140655 |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jaishankar's statement on deploying two diplomats into a war zone to rescue Indian students |work=Lallantop |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N2wP8shgUmw&t=2h27m16s |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref>

===Ambassador of India to Israel===
In January 2025, Jitender Pal Singh was appointed as the Ambassador of India to [[Israel]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jitender Pal Singh is India's new envoy to Israel |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jitender-pal-singh-is-india-s-new-envoy-to-israel-101737734715948.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri. Jitender Pal Singh appointed as the next Ambassador of India to the State of Israel |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/38939/ |website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=24 January 2025 |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref>

His tenure has coincided with close strategic, political and security cooperation between India and Israel. During this period, Singh has overseen India’s diplomatic engagement during the [[Twelve-Day War|Iran–Israel war]], with [[New Delhi]] calling for restraint and de-escalation while maintaining balanced relations with both sides.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel, India must institutionalize ties further, envoy J.P. Singh tells 'Post' conference |url=https://www.jpost.com/diplomatic-conference/article-867632 |website=The Jerusalem Post |date=16 September 2025 |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Senior Diplomat JP Singh Appointed India's New Ambassador To Israel |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/senior-diplomat-jp-singh-appointed-indias-new-ambassador-to-israel-7551187 |website=NDTV |date=24 January 2025 |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Afghanistan-Pakistan veteran appointed envoy to Israel |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/afghanistan-pakistan-veteran-appointed-envoy-to-israel/articleshow/117538142.cms |website=The Times of India |date=25 January 2025 |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref>

[[File:PM and the Prime Minister of Israel Mr. Benjamin Netanyahu witnessing the Exchange of MoUs between India and Israel, in Israel on February 26, 2026.jpg|[[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]] and the [[Prime Minister of Israel]] [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] witnessing the Exchange of MoUs between India and Israel on February 26, 2026; Ambassador J.P. Singh is standing to the left of PM Modi|thumb]]

During his tenure, on 25 February 2026, [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]] visited [[Israel]] after nine years and met [[Benjamin Netanyahu]], where he also addressed the [[Knesset]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Modi in Israel live: India's PM meets Netanyahu and addresses Knesset |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/2/25/modi-in-israel-live-indias-pm-to-meet-netanyahu-address-knesset |website=[[Al Jazeera English]] |date=25 February 2026 |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref>

Both sides discussed expanding cooperation in areas such as defence technology, [[cybersecurity]], [[agriculture technology]] and [[innovation]], and signed a '''Special Strategic Partnership'''.<ref>{{cite web |title=India–Israel Joint Statement (February 26, 2026) |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/40828 |website=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)]] |date=26 February 2026 |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India-Israel ties deepen as Narendra Modi visits Benjamin Netanyahu |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=4 July 2017 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/04/world/middleeast/india-israel-narendra-modi-benjamin-netanyahu.html |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref>

Following the visit, tensions in the [[2026 Iran war]] escalated from 28 February when [[Iran]] launched attacks against Israel and [[List of countries with overseas military bases|military bases]] of the [[United States]] in the [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Qatar]], [[Bahrain]] and [[Kuwait]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ayatollah Ali Khamenei assassination: How US's CIA, Israel's Mossad planned and killed Iran's Supreme Leader |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=3 March 2026 |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/world/ayatollah-ali-khamenei-assassination-us-israel-iran-war-10563064/ |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref>

The [[Government of India]] condemned the attacks and called for restraint in the [[Middle East]]. The Indian Embassy in [[Tel-Aviv]] also issued an advisory urging the [[Indian diaspora]] and citizens in Israel to remain vigilant and follow instructions from local authorities.<ref>{{cite news |title=As War Expands, Iran, Turkey, India and Russia Face a New Geopolitical Reality |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=5 March 2026 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/03/05/world/middleeast/iran-turkey-india-russia.html |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=PM condemns Gulf strikes, says working to protect Indians |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-condemns-gulf-strikes-says-working-to-protect-indians/articleshow/128957767.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 March 2026 |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Jitender Pal Singh is married, and the couple have a son. He speaks [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]] and [[Russian language|Russian]]. He is known to maintain a low public profile.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is IFS J.P. Singh, the real-life diplomat who inspired The Diplomat? |url=https://indianmasterminds.com/feature-stories-on-bureaucrats-changemakers/who-is-ifs-j-p-singh-the-real-life-diplomat-who-inspired-the-diplomat-109550/ |website=Indian Masterminds |date=17 March 2025 |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
* In the film ''[[The Diplomat (2025 film)|The Diplomat]]'', the character of J. P. Singh was portrayed by [[John Abraham]]. The film depicts his role in the ''Uzma Ahmed case'' and his management of India–Pakistan tensions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=John Abraham's The Diplomat true story: How India envoy J.P. Singh rescued Uzma Ahmed from Pakistan |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/john-abrahams-the-diplomat-true-story-how-india-envoy-jp-singh-rescued-uzma-ahmed-from-pakistan-9061471 |website=WIONews |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='The Diplomat' teaser: John Abraham as IFS officer J.P. Singh delves into the world of international politics |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/the-diplomat-teaser-john-abraham-as-ifs-officer-jp-singh-delves-into-the-world-of-international-politics-7655915 |website=NDTV |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Indian Foreign Service]]
* [[India–Israel relations]]
* [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]
* [[List of ambassadors and high commissioners of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Jitender Pal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Foreign Service officers]]
[[Category:Indian diplomats]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Israel]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Air Pegasus

2026-04-16T06:36:05Z

MartiHaight78: started a pg v1

{{Short description|Defunct regional airline of India (2014–2016)}}
{{Distinguish|Pegasus Airlines}}
{{update|date=November 2018}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox airline
| airline = Air Pegasus
| logo = Air_Pegasus_Logo.png
| logo_size = 200
| fleet_size = 3 (July 2016)
| destinations = 8 (May 2016)
| company_slogan =
| IATA = OP<ref name="chavprofile">{{cite web | url=http://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/airline/PUS | title=Air Pegasus | work=ch-aviation | access-date=13 February 2017}}</ref>
| ICAO = PPL<ref name="chavprofile" />
| callsign = PEGASUS<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Order/7340.2G_Bsc_dtd_1-5-17.pdf | title=JO 7340.2G Contractions | work=[[Federal Aviation Administration]] | date=5 January 2017 | access-date=13 February 2017 | page=3-1-13}}</ref>
| parent = Decor Aviation
| founded = {{start date|2014|||df=yes}}
| commenced = {{start date|2015|04|12|df=yes}}
| ceased = {{end date|2016|07|27|df=yes}}
| headquarters = [[Bangalore]], Karnataka, India
| key_people = Shyson Thomas ([[Managing director|MD]])
| hubs = [[Kempegowda International Airport]]
| secondary_hubs =
| focus_cities =
| frequent_flyer =
| lounge =
| alliance =
| website = {{URL|www.airpegasus.in}}
}}

'''Air Pegasus''' was a short-lived Indian [[regional airline]] headquartered in [[Bangalore]] and based at [[Kempegowda International Airport]]. The airline was a subsidiary of Decor Aviation, an aircraft ground-handling services company. It commenced operations on 12 April 2015 with its inaugural flight between Bangalore and Hubli. The airline suspended operations on 27 July 2016, facing financial difficulties. At that time, Air Pegasus was serving eight airports across [[South India]] with a hub at [[Kempegowda International Airport]] in Bangalore, using a fleet of three [[ATR 72|ATR 72-500]] aircraft. Their flying licence was suspended by DGCA on 22 November 2016. [[Managing director]] Shyson Thomas stated in late 2017 that Air Pegasus would return to the skies in early 2018, as the company had formed a relationship with Dawn Aviation and was about to settle all of its debts. Several cases have been filed against Air Pegasus chairmen Shyson Thomas, Shyna Thomas and son Ashwin Thomas who was managing director. Till date no debts have been cleared and Air Pegasus was stricken from the Indian business register as of 18th of April, 2023.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=AIR PEGASUS PRIVATE LIMITED |url=https://www.indiafilings.com/search/air-pegasus-private-limited-cin-U62100KA2007PTC044061 |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=IndiaFilings |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
Air Pegasus took delivery of its first [[ATR 72]] aircraft in September 2014.<ref name="CH1">{{cite news|url=http://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/31528-indias-air-pegasus-takes-delivery-of-first-aircraft-an-atr72 |title=India's Air Pegasus takes delivery of first aircraft, an ATR72|work=ch-aviation|date=29 September 2014|access-date=30 September 2014}}</ref> It received its Air Operators Permit (AOP) on 24 March 2015 and subsequently commenced operations from 12 April 2015 with its inaugural flight from [[Bangalore]] to [[Hubli]].<ref name="mint">{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/NTVzb4CfvqoIgHrHg4REBO/Air-Pegasus-starts-commercial-operations.html|title=Air Pegasus starts commercial operations|newspaper=[[Live Mint]]|date= 12 April 2015|access-date=14 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.decoraviation.in/aboutus|title=About us|work=Decor Aviation|access-date=24 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112143604/http://www.decoraviation.in/aboutus|archive-date=12 November 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="toi21jan2014">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Air-Pegasus-3rd-airline-to-take-off-from-Bangalore/articleshow/29125947.cms|title=Air Pegasus 3rd airline to take off from Bangalore|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 January 2014|access-date=24 August 2014}}</ref>

The airline suspended operations on 27 July 2016, claiming the suspension was temporary and due to technical issues.<ref name="hbl27jul2016">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/air-pegasus-suspends-services-denies-shutting-down-operations/article8907636.ece | title=Air Pegasus suspends services, denies shutting down operations | work=[[The Hindu Business Line]] | date=27 July 2016 | access-date=3 August 2016 | author=Giriprakash, K}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/regional-airline-air-pegasus-cancels-flights-indefinitely-cites-technical-glitch/articleshow/53412926.cms | title=Regional airline Air Pegasus cancels flights indefinitely, cites technical glitch | work=[[The Economic Times]] | date=27 July 2016 | access-date=3 August 2016 | author=Chowdhury, Anirban | author2=Mishra, Mihir}}</ref> However, the problems were later revealed to be financial in nature. Aircraft lessors approached the [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Indian Directorate General of Civil Aviation]] (DGCA) to deregister their three aircraft leased to Air Pegasus after the airline defaulted on rental payment.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/lessors-approach-dgca-to-get-3-air-pegasus-planes-deregistered-116072900652_1.html|title=Lessors approach DGCA to get 3 Air Pegasus planes deregistered|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|date=29 July 2016|access-date=29 July 2016}}</ref> Air Pegasus agreed to pay back 50% of its dues to the lessors and said it would pay the remaining in instalments once flights resume.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/air-pegasus-in-talks-with-pe-fund-to-restart-operations/article9026873.ece | title=Air Pegasus in talks with PE fund to restart operations | work=[[The Hindu Business Line]] | date=24 August 2016 | access-date=26 August 2016}}</ref>

Air Pegasus' deal with the lessors collapsed,<ref name="chav24oct2016" /> and the DGCA deregistered the airline's entire fleet in October 2016.<ref name="hbl13oct2016">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/dgca-grounds-entire-air-pegasus-fleet-for-nonpayment-of-lease-money/article9216027.ece | title=DGCA grounds entire Air Pegasus fleet for non-payment of lease money | work=[[The Hindu Business Line]] | date=13 October 2016 | access-date=29 October 2016 | author1=Phadnis, Ashwini | author2=Giriprakash, K.}}</ref> At the end of the month, however, Air Pegasus managing director Shyson Thomas stated that he was working to obtain an ATR 72 and to resume flights by 15 November.<ref name="chav24oct2016">{{cite news | url=http://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/50281-indias-air-pegasus-aims-to-resume-ops-by-mid-4q16 | title=India's Air Pegasus aims to resume ops by mid-4Q16 | work=ch-aviation | date=24 October 2016 | access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref>

On 5 October 2016, DGCA issued a show cause notice to Air Pegasus, asking why its AOP should not be suspended for its failure to carry out operations. The regulator had given 15 days for the regional carrier to respond to its notice. As the carrier failed to give assurance on resumption of its operation, DGCA suspended their flying licence on 22 November 2016.<ref name="deccanherald1">{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/582479/flying-licence-air-pegasus-suspended.html |title=Flying licence of Air Pegasus suspended |newspaper=Deccan Herald |access-date=2016-11-22}}</ref>

In early 2017, Air Pegasus attempted to work with another airline that had not yet begun operations, [[FlyEasy]]; the latter company would buy a 74% stake in Air Pegasus. However, Air Pegasus did not receive the appropriate funds, and the deal collapsed.<ref name="ResumeDec17" /> Towards the end of the year, Thomas announced that Air Pegasus had entered into cooperation with Dawn Aviation, which would take a 60% stake in the airline. He also stated that the company's previous debts were close to being settled. Thomas expected to resume flights in the first quarter of 2018 using leased ATR 72-500s,<ref name="ResumeDec17" /> however both Dawn Aviation and Air Pegasus have dissolved as of 2022 and 2023 respectively. <ref>{{Cite web |title=DAWN AVIATION PRIVATE LIMITED |url=https://www.indiafilings.com/search/dawn-aviation-private-limited-cin-U62200KA2017PTC102342 |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=IndiaFilings |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==Destinations==
[[File:Air_Pegasus_VT-APB_at_Bangalore,_Dec_2015.jpg|thumb|An Air Pegasus ATR 72 at Kempegowda Airport in December 2015]]

In May 2016, Air Pegasus was flying to the following destinations in India:<ref>{{cite news | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/low-cost-airline-air-pegasus-to-scale-up-operation/articleshow/52327810.cms | title=Low cost airline Air Pegasus to scale up operation | work=[[The Economic Times]] | date=18 May 2016 | access-date=14 January 2017}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! State
! City
! Airport
! Notes
|-
|Karnataka||Bangalore||[[Kempegowda International Airport]]||{{airline hub}}<ref name="toi21jan2014" />
|-
|Karnataka||Hubli||[[Hubli Airport]]||align=center|{{mdash}}
|-
|Karnataka||Mangalore||[[Mangalore International Airport]]||align=center|{{mdash}}
|-
|Kerala||Kochi||[[Cochin International Airport]]||align=center|{{mdash}}
|-
|Kerala||Thiruvananthapuram||[[Trivandrum International Airport]]||align=center|{{mdash}}
|-
|Tamil Nadu||Chennai||[[Chennai International Airport]]||align=center|{{mdash}}
|-
|Tamil Nadu||Madurai||[[Madurai Airport]]||align=center|{{mdash}}
|-
|}

==Fleet==
Ch-aviation reported in December 2017 that Air Pegasus had come into an agreement with a leasing company for the lease of a single [[ATR 72-500]]. The airline planned to obtain an additional two ATRs later in 2018 from [[Vietnam Airlines]].<ref name="ResumeDec17">{{cite news|url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/62008-indias-air-pegasus-secures-funding-to-resume-ops-in-1q18|title=India's Air Pegasus secures funding; to resume ops in 1Q18|website=ch-aviation|date=1 December 2017|access-date=3 December 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of airlines of India]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{commons-inline}}
* {{official website|http://www.airpegasus.in/}}

{{Portalbar|Aviation|Companies|India}}
{{airlines of India}}
[[Category:Defunct airlines of India]]
[[Category:Airlines established in 2014]]
[[Category:Airlines disestablished in 2016]]
[[Category:Defunct low-cost airlines]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2014]]
[[Category:Indian companies disestablished in 2016]]
[[Category:Companies based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Karnataka]]

Manish Kumar Jaiswal

2026-04-11T09:17:42Z

MartiHaight78: Added a bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Manish Kumar Jaiswal
| office1 = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Padrauna Assembly constituency]]
| term_start1 = March 2022
| predecessor1 =
| birth_date = 1979
| birth_place =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = Politician
| alma_mater = [[Allahabad University]]
}}
'''Manish Kumar Jaiswal''', alias '''Mantu''' (born 1979)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manish Kumar Alias Mantu(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- PADRAUNA(KUSHINAGAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=3979 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He is a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from Padrauna Assembly constituency in [[Kushinagar district]]. He won the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-07 |title=UP Elections 2022: BJP Releases List Of 45 More Names, Fields Manish Jaiswal From Padrauna |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/up-elections-2022-bjp-releases-list-of-45-more-names-fields-manish-jaiswal-from-padrauna-1511339 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Jaiswal is from [[Padrauna]], Kushinagar district, Uttar Pradesh. He is the son of Ramnarayan. He graduated in 1998 at a college affiliated with [[Allahabad University]], Allahabad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manish Jaiswal(Bahujan Samaj Party(BSP)):Constituency- TAMKUHI RAJ (KUSHI NAGAR ) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/up2012/candidate.php?candidate_id=497 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Jaiswal won from [[Padrauna Assembly constituency]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election. He polled 114,496 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Vikram Yadav of the [[Samajwadi Party]], by a margin of 42,008 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manish Kumar Alias Mantu in Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections 2022 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/uttar-pradesh/manish-kumar-alias-mantu-padrauna-candidate-s24a330c07/?new_framework=publickeytrue |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UP congress: पडरौना सीट के कांग्रेस प्रत्‍याशी मनीष जायसवाल ने दिया इस्‍तीफा... आरपीएन सिंह आफ्टर इफेक्‍ट |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/news/another-set-back-to-up-congress-padrauna-candidate-manish-jaiswal-resigned/articleshow/89121280.cms |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref> In January 2022, he resigned from the [[Indian National Congress]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-26 |title=UP polls: Padrauna Congress candidate Manish Jaiswal quits party, may join BJP |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/Jan/26/up-polls-padrauna-congress-candidate-manish-jaiswal-quits-party-may-join-bjp-2411513.html |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and joined the BJP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UP congress: पडरौना सीट के कांग्रेस प्रत्‍याशी मनीष जायसवाल ने दिया इस्‍तीफा... आरपीएन सिंह आफ्टर इफेक्‍ट |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/news/another-set-back-to-up-congress-padrauna-candidate-manish-jaiswal-resigned/articleshow/89121280.cms |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref> In 2012, he contested from [[Tamkuhi Raj Assembly constituency]] on [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] ticket but lost.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jaiswal, Manish Kumar}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Kushinagar district]]

Honey Bee (2013 film)

2026-04-09T18:58:53Z

MartiHaight78:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Honey Bee
| image = Honey Bee (film).jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Jean Paul Lal|Lal Jr.]]
| producer = Siby Thottupuram Jobi Mandamattom
| writer = Lal Jr.
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Lal (actor)|Lal]]
* [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]]
* [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]]
* [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]]
* [[Sreenath Bhasi]]
* [[Balu Varghese]]
* [[Archana Kavi]]
* [[Assim Jamal]]
}}
| music = [[Deepak Dev]]
| cinematography = Alby
| editing = Ratheesh Raj
| studio = SJM Entertainments
| distributor = [[Kalasangham Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|6|7}}
| runtime = 138 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INRConvert|12|c}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cocktail-of-fun/article4508384.ece|title=Cocktail of fun|first=Vijay|last=George|date=14 March 2013|accessdate=4 October 2018|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
}}

'''''Honey Bee''''' (also known as '''''Honey Bee: Its Tripping''''') is a 2013 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[comedy thriller|comedy-thriller film]] written and directed by [[Lal Jr.]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/movie-review/20498130.cms|title=Honey Bee Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Honey Bee by Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|accessdate=4 October 2018}}</ref> The film features an [[ensemble cast]] including [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]], [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]], [[Sreenath Bhasi]], [[Archana Kavi]], [[Balu Varghese]], [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]], [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]] and [[Assim Jamal]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asif, Bhavana in Honeybee|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/asif-bhavana-in-honeybee-news-malayalam-ncntrFbahbc.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216235015/http://www.sify.com/movies/asif-bhavana-in-honeybee-news-malayalam-ncntrFbahbc.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2013|website=[[Sify]]|accessdate=7 March 2013}}</ref>

The story revolves around two friends, Sebastian and Angel, who suddenly discover their love for each other. They [[Elopement (marriage)|elope]] on the eve of Angel's marriage, much to the chagrin of her brothers. The film essays the lovers' struggle for survival.<ref>{{cite news|title=Archana Kavi's an Anglo-Indian in her next|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-31/news-and-interviews/36636415_1_anglo-indian-honey-bee-actress-archana-kavi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106200617/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-31/news-and-interviews/36636415_1_anglo-indian-honey-bee-actress-archana-kavi|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 January 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=7 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='Honey Bee' to start rolling from February 15|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/malayalam/honey-bee-to-start-rolling-from-february-15/64127/story.htm|publisher=Nowrunning|accessdate=7 March 2013|archive-date=5 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205031918/http://www.nowrunning.com/malayalam/honey-bee-to-start-rolling-from-february-15/64127/story.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

It was released on 6 June 2013 to mixed reviews from critics and succeeded at the box office.<ref>Deepa Gauri. ''The best of Malayalam cinema in 2013'' 26 December 2013 [[Khaleej_Times]] [http://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/inside.asp?xfile=/data/citytimes/2013/December/citytimes_December198.xml&section=citytimes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102124957/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/inside.asp?xfile=%2Fdata%2Fcitytimes%2F2013%2FDecember%2Fcitytimes_December198.xml&section=citytimes|date=2 January 2014}}</ref>

==Plot==
Sebastian (a.k.a. Seban), Abu, Ambrose Perera, Fernando d'Silva (a.k.a. Ferno), Angel and Sara are close friends in [[Fort Kochi]]. Angel's brothers HC Michael, Martin, Father Collin, and Antony, nicknamed "Punyalanmar", are dangerous businessmen. Angel's family brings in a proposal for her from the city SI George.

Angel asks Seban if he has feelings for her, to which he says he does not, before she admits that she had feelings for him. On the night before her marriage, a drunk Seban breaks into Angel's house with his friends and professes his love for her. He elopes with her that night with his friends' help. Ambrose, drunk and senseless writes a letter and leaves it in Angel's room to inform Punyalanmar, that they had helped Seban and Angel elope. The next day Sebastian wakes up to see Angel with him. He is shocked to see her since he doesn't remember the previous night's events. Punyalanmar goes in search of them, and they are on the run. Punyalanmar destroys Sebastian's house and burns Ferno's house.

Seban and Angel decide to escape through the harbor. Abu, Ambrose and Ferno planned to confront and surrender to buy Seban and Angel time to escape. Punyalanmar captures Abu but Ferno and Ambrose threaten to kill their wives. Ferno calls Seban (who is on a [[Fishing vessel|boat]]) and says they are going to sacrifice themselves, and Ferno is stabbed by Michael's goon. Seeing Angel's brothers coming after them, they decide to commit suicide. Seban and Angel kiss each other passionately. then it is revealed in the flashback that her brothers did not kill Seban's friends and that they were also there with her brothers in the boat they were coming after. But without knowing this Seban and Angel jump into the sea after kissing each other. Seban's friends jump into the sea to save them. The film has a happy ending in which all are praying together at Punyalanmar's father's tomb, and then heading for Seban's and Angel's wedding.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] as HC Mikhael Punyalan
* [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] as Sebastian Kalathiparambil
* [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]] as Angel
* [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]] as Fernando d'Silva
* [[Sreenath Bhasi]] as Abu Mohammed Dada
* [[Balu Varghese]] as Ambrose Perera
* [[Archana Kavi]] as Sara Perera
* [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]] as Father Cochin/Collin Punyalan
* [[Assim Jamal]] as Antony Punyalan
* [[Amith Chakalakkal]] as Martin Punyalan
* [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]] as SI George
* [[Praveena]] as Lisa
* Melba Babu as Ancy
* [[Joy Mathew]] as Cleetus
* [[Ponnamma Babu]] as ferno's mother
* Reena Basheer as Abu's mother
* Staton Edward as Danny, Gang Leader
* Ajay Natarajan as Simon
* [[Sushin Shyam]] as Jacob
* Staton Edward as Danny
* [[Pradeep Kottayam]] as Bevco Man
* James Parakkel as Bevco Man
* Sivan as Jose
* Siby Thouttupuram as James Mathew
* Baby Lulu as Clara
* Jemcy as Goon
* Liki as Goon
* Khais as Goon
* [[Sasi Kalinga]] as Punyalan (Photo Archive)
* Rayan Raj as Dance Actor (Cameo Appearance)
* [[Mythili]] (Cameo Appearance)
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Honey Bee
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Deepak Dev]]
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|6}}
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=11|s=29}}
| language = Malayalam
| prev_title = [[Aaru Sundarimaarude Katha]]
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = [[Ezhamathe Varavu]]
| next_year = 2013
}}
The film's soundtrack contains 3 songs, all composed by [[Deepak Dev]]. Lyrics by [[Kaithapram]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Anu Elizabeth Jose]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/M-Towns-own-booze-playlist/articleshow/48556134.cms|title=M- Town's own booze playlist|work=The Times of India|accessdate=23 November 2022|date=21 August 2015|last=Soman|first=Deepa}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 11:29
| title1 = Machane Machane Machu
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = [[Deepak Dev]], Sreecharan, Vinod Varma
| length1 = 3:32
| title2 = Ennalakale
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Job Kurian]]
| length2 = 3:58
| title3 = Neeyo Neeyo
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = Vinod Varma, Rajalakshmi Abhiram
| length3 = 3:59
}}

==Release==
The filming was started in March 2013 and released on 7 June 2013 in 75 screens across [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=15031666&cid=14625530|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030160006/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=15031666&cid=14625530|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 October 2013|title=Chennai Box Office - sify.com (1970)|website=[[Sify]]|accessdate=4 October 2018}}</ref>

===Critical reception===
The received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130613081657/http://www.sify.com/movies/honey-bee-review-malayalam-15031143.html "Movie Review: Amen"] ''[[Sify]]''. 23 March 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2013. ''Masala Entertainer''</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-honey-bee-is-a-mass-entertainer/20130610.htm|last=Palicha|first=Paresh C.|title=Honey Bee is a mass entertainer|website=[[Rediff.com]]|date=25 March 2013|accessdate=23 November 2022}} {{Rating|2.5|5}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/movie-review/20498130.cms|title=Amen movie review|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 March 2013|accessdate=23 November 2022}} {{Rating|3|5}}</ref> [[Oneindia.in]] said, "Jean Paul Lal has chosen a good script, which is interesting. The director has tried to keep you engaged and glued to the screen throughout the movie. The suspense in the climax is also very interesting and sure to impress youth."<ref>[https://www.filmbeat.com/malayalam/reviews/2013/honey-bee-movie-review-111489.html Oneindia]</ref> Veeyen of Nowrunning.com rated the film 2.5 out 5 and said, "''Honey Bee'' is a film to be savored like those quickie bites that you grab from a fast-food restaurant. Its damn fun while it lasts in your mouth and you swallow it without much of a thought, knowing all the while that it never had plans to offer you something to chew on."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/11583/malayalam/honey-bee/4272/review.htm|title=Honey Bee Review - Malayalam Movie Honey Bee Review|website=nowrunning.com|date=11 June 2013 |accessdate=23 November 2022}}</ref>

==Sequel==
{{Main|Honey Bee 2: Celebrations}}
The crew had announced the sequel of Honey Bee immediately after the release of the movie. Later [[Jean Paul Lal|Lal Jr.]] teamed up with [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] for the psycho-thriller ''[[Hi I'm Tony]]'', which had [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] in the title role. Due to some reasons, the sequel was delayed for two years. Later, the director announced that apart from the original cast, [[Sreenivasan]] and [[Lena (actress)|Lena]] would also be seen essaying vital roles in the film.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Sreenivasan-is-the-new-addition-in-Honey-Bee-2/articleshow/54850307.cms|last=Sidhardhan|first=Sanjith|title=Sreenivasan is the new addition in Honey Bee 2|work=The Times of India|accessdate=23 November 2022}}</ref> The sequel was released on 23 March 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/bhavana-on-a-signing-spree/articleshow/54251364.cms|last=Suresh|first=Sunayana|title=Bhavana on a signing spree|website=The Times of India|date=24 January 2017|accessdate=23 November 2022}}</ref>
{{Main|Honey Bee 2.5}}
A making story of the sequel, ''[[Honey Bee 2.5]]'' was released which was directed by Shyju Anthikkad.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt3000284}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2010s comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:2013 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian chase films]]
[[Category:2013 comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian film series]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Malayalam films in series]]

Kunwar Vijay Pratap Singh

2026-04-07T22:17:01Z

MartiHaight78: Bio.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
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| office = [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Member of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|10 March 2022]]
| term_end = 
| constituency = [[Amritsar North Assembly constituency|Amritsar North]]
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| predecessor = [[Sunil Dutti]]
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| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| education = [[Panjab University]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B.]]) [[Indira Gandhi National Open University|IGNOU]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]]) [[Guru Nanak Dev University|GNDU]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
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[[File:Kunwar Vijay Pratap Singh.jpg|thumb|Kunwar Vijay Pratap Singh]]
'''Kunwar Vijay Pratap Singh''' is an Indian politician and the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Amritsar North Assembly constituency]]. He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="List Financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2022 Winner list">{{cite news |title=All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022 result constituency-wise: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-result-2022-check-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-aap-bhagwant-mann-congress-charanjit-singh-channi-bjp-akalis-election-news-today-101646877618898.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
He represents the [[Amritsar North Assembly constituency]] as MLA in Punjab Assembly. The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

;[[Punjab Legislative Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
*Chairman (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Government Assurances|Committee on Government Assurances]]<ref name="Committee on Government Assurances">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=34&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in |access-date=2022-06-13 |archive-date=2021-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514050545/http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=34&Itemid=119 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Assets and liabilities declared during elections==
During the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]], He declared Rs. 2,11,56,656 as an overall financial asset and Rs. 12,76,538 as financial liability.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kunwar Vijay Pratap Singh(AAP):Constituency- AMRITSAR NORTH(AMRITSAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/punjab2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=449 |website=www.myneta.info |access-date=14 September 2025}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Amritsar North Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Amritsar North Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}

==Personal life ==
His wife Madhumita died on 21 September 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Amritsar North AAP MLA Kunwar Vijay's wife passes away |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/punjab-amritsar-north-aap-mla-kunwar-vijay-s-wife-passes-away-101726906031404.html |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

==Political career ==
He won Amritsar North Assembly constituency on Aam Aadmi Party ticket in 16th Punjab Legislative Assembly election in 2022. In June 2025, AAP suspended him from party for five years due to anti-party activities.<ref>{{Cite web |title= AAP suspends Amritsar North MLA Kunwar Vijay Pratap Singh from party for five years |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/punjab/aap-suspends-amritsar-north-mla-kunwar-vijay-pratap-singh-from-party-for-five-years/article69753952.ece |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box|state=Punjab|constituency=Amritsar North|before=[[Raj Kumar Verka]] (INC)|years=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] –}}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Kunwar Vijay Pratap}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:1969 births]]

{{PunjabIN-AAP-politician-stub}}

St. John's Church, Vellore

2026-04-06T12:19:22Z

MartiHaight78: new

{{Short description|Church in Vellore Fort}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox church
| name = St. John’s Church
| fullname = Vellore Fort Church
| other name = Vellore Fort Church
| image =
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| osgraw = 
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| location = [[Vellore Fort]]
| country = [[India]]
| denomination = [[Church of South India]]
| tradition = [[Anglican]]
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| website = https://stjohnschurchvellore.com/
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| consecrated date = Never officially consecrated
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| style = Classical exterior, English Gothic
| years built =
| groundbreaking = 1844
| completed date = 1846
| construction cost = BINR 5559
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| diocese = [[Diocese of Vellore of the Church of South India|Vellore Diocese]]
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'''St. John’s Church''' is located inside the [[Vellore Fort]], [[Tamil Nadu]] State, India. The Church was raised in 1846 by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Government of Madras]] for the officers and men of the [[East India Company]] military station. The church is called after [[John the Evangelist|St. John the Evangelist]]. However, the church was never officially consecrated and hence not officially named as St. John’s Church.<ref name=PennyI>{{cite book|last1=Penny|first1=Frank|title=The Church in Madras : being the History of the Ecclesiastical and Missionary Action of the East India Company in the Presidency of Madras in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: Volume I|date=1904|publisher=Smith, Elder & Co.|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/thechurchinmadra01pennuoft|accessdate=18 August 2015}}</ref> St. John's Church is the oldest standing church in the [[Diocese of Vellore of the Church of South India|Vellore Diocese]].<ref name=Ely>{{cite web|title=Church Buildings in Vellore Diocese|url=http://www.ely.anglican.org/education/schools/vellore/Buildings.html|website=Diocese of Ely|publisher=The Church of England|accessdate=18 August 2015|date=2015}}</ref> The church stands inside the Vellore Fort, which is under the control of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], along with the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijaynagar]] period [[Jalakandeswarar Temple, Vellore|Jalakanteswarar Temple]], Tippu Mahal, Hyder Mahal, Candy Mahal, Badhusha Mahal and the Begum Mahal.<ref name=Hindu-2003>{{cite news|title=Vellore fort to be developed, with ASI help|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2003/10/19/stories/2003101903960500.htm|accessdate=18 August 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 October 2003}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name=Ruby>{{cite web|last1=Ruby|title=St. John's church in Vellore|url=http://velloretour.blogspot.com.au/2009/05/st-johns-church-in-vellore.html|website=Vellore Tourism|accessdate=18 August 2015|date=15 May 2009}}</ref><ref name=Aishwarya>{{cite news|last1=VP|first1=Aishwarya|title=ASI initiates steps to save Vellore Fort|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article348142.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930235451/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article348142.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 September 2015|accessdate=18 August 2015|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=23 March 2012}}</ref>

==History==
In [[Vellore]], there existed a Chaplain of the [[East India Company]] since 1798 for the European officers. A catechist appointed by the [[Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge|Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK)]] cared for the native converted Christians. Some of the SPCK missionaries serving in Vellore were Gericke (up to 1803), Paexold (till his death in 1817) and Rev. L P Haubroe appointed by Dr. Rottler of Vepery.<ref name=PennyI /><ref name=Heideman />

===SPCK Chapel, 1773===
In 1769, Gericke, a missionary of the [[Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge]] (SPCK) and a pupil of [[Christian Friedrich Schwarz]], commenced Christian missionary work at [[Vellore]]. In 1773, Fabricius of [[Vepery]], raised the very first church building at [[Vellore Fort]], to be used as a chapel for Sunday services and to be used as a school for children on other days, and with the condition that the building can also be used by the native congregation. Fabricius contributed 60 [[Pagoda (coin)|pagados]] from the Vepery Mission Fund, Mr. Pelling, who was the civil representative of the [[Madras Presidency|Madras]] Government at Vellore, contributed 10 pagados. The officers and men of the [[East India Company|Company]] regiment at [[Vellore Fort]] contributed rest of the funds required for raising this first chapel at the [[Vellore Fort]]. In 1780, during [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]], Vellore Fort fell into the Hands of [[Hyder Ali]], and was restored back to British Rule in 1784. In view of the increased military presence at the Fort, the chapel building was taken up to accommodate men of the [[72nd Regiment, Duke of Albany's Own Highlanders|72nd Regiment]]. In 1787, Schwartz, wrote to the [[Madras Presidency|Madras]] Government, asking them to either buy the building or pay rent. The Government agreed to buy the building for 300 pagados (p. 619-p. 621).<ref name=PennyI /><ref name=Pearson>{{cite book|last1=Pearson|first1=Hugh|authorlink1=Memoirs of the Rev. C. F. Swartz|title=The Christian Library: A Reprint of Popular Religious Works: Volume 5|date=1835|publisher=Thomas George Jr.|location=New York|page=103|accessdate=18 August 2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WiVWAAAAMAAJ&dq=fort+church+vellore&pg=PA103}}</ref>

===Torriano Chapel, 1793===
In 1792, William Harcourt Torriano, civil representative of the [[Madras Presidency|Madras]] Government and friend of [[Christian Friedrich Schwarz|Schwarz]], helped raise a new church building with his own expenses at the [[Vellore Fort]], for the use of both Europeans and the native Indians. This 'large new chapel' was dedicated by Gericke and J P Rottler a missionary from [[Tranquebar]] in 1793, and this chapel lasted for 30 years (p. 621-p. 622).<ref name=PennyI /><ref name=Neill>{{cite book|last1=Neill|first1=Stephen|title=A History of Christianity in India: 1707-1858|date=1985|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0521303761|page=106|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi-tvrYbYxMC&dq=William+Harcourt+Torriano&pg=PA106|accessdate=18 August 2015}}</ref>

===Government Church, 1835===
The Directors of the [[East India Company]] resolved Vellore to be one of the 7 military stations where a permanent chaplain would be appointed. However, as a result of the [[Vellore Mutiny]] of 1806, the Company regiment was transferred to [[Arcot]] which became the primary military station between 1807 and 1862, and there remained only a small military presence at the [[Vellore Fort]]. Military chaplains were now based in [[Arcot]], where the [[Madras Presidency|Madras]] Government built a large church in 1814. The Government decided in view of changed circumstances only a small church be built at lower expense at the Vellore Fort (p. 624-p. 625).

In 1828, the English School building inside the Fort became the new Government Board of Education. By this time the Tarriano's Chapel was dilapidated and deserted, and the divine services were being held at the barracks. In 1826, the SPCK had handed over the Vellore Mission to the [[USPG|Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (SPG)]]. In 1830, the SPG allocated 200 pounds for building a proper chapel for use of the congregation. The new church was completed in 1835, and was used by both Europeans and the natives (p. 626).<ref name=PennyI /><ref name=Heideman />

===Plans for New Church at Vellore Fort===
In 1837, Rev W Tomes, Chaplain of the [[East India Company|Company]] recommended that the old Tarriano's Chapel be repaired (re-roofed) for use of the European congregation, and the estimate was Rs. 510. However the engineer's report was critical of the walls of the structure and recommended a new building be built outside the Vellore Fort. This report was accepted by the Government, and a site outside the Fort was purchased, and the foundations were raised. However, at this point, objections were raised on the location of the new site on military grounds, and had to be abandoned (p. 626-p. 627).<ref name=PennyI />

===Public Rooms, Fort Vellore===
In 1837, the Public Rooms, located with the Vellore Fort and owned and managed by the officers of the military station, were hired by the Company, for the purpose of holding church services on Sundays, for a monthly rent of Rs. 35, for 1 year. This arrangement continued for 3 years. Then the property was purchased by the Government, and church was raised at the site of the Public Rooms (p. 627).<ref name=PennyI />

===St. John's Church, 1846===
In 1844, the new church building plan was sanctioned by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Madras Government]], and raised within the [[Vellore Fort]] in 1846, with a seating capacity of 280 people (p. 74).<ref name=Heideman>{{cite book|last1=Heideman|first1=Eugene P|title=From Mission to Church: The Reformed Church in America Mission to India|date=2001|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.|location=Grand Rapids, Michigan|isbn=9780802849007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0A6ruPk7-lcC&dq=vellore+fort+church&pg=PA74|accessdate=18 August 2015}}</ref>

Major C G Ottley, the Fort Adjutant of the Vellore Fort, designed and built the new church at the Fort. He was granted a remuneration of Rs. 500 by the [[Madras Presidency|Madras]] Government for his efforts (p. 628).

The Church is named after [[John the Evangelist|St. John]]. However it was never officially dedicated or consecrated in his honor. According to local tradition, the church was never consecrated as it was once a public room used for dancing, acting and other entertainment. Another reason is that there was no resident [[East India Company|Company]] chaplain at the Vellore Fort for nearly 18 years after it was built (p. 629).<ref name=PennyI />

==Construction==
The church's nave measures 50 x 41 ft, its sanctuary in the east 15 x 18 ft, and its 2 vestries 10 x 8 ft. It has a verandah in the west supported by columns and steps to the ground. The cost of the church building was Rs. 5559, with an extra Rs. 500 used for furniture and fittings raised by subscription. The window on the east and the font are in memory of Lt. Col. William Sim McLeod, gifted by his widow (p. 628).<ref name=PennyI />

==Refurbishments==
In 1862, the Arcot military station was dissolved and the European regiment moved to Vellore. When Rev J B Trend served at this church between 1874 and 1879, the sanctuary was refurbished with carved wood, silk needlework, harmonium, brass ornaments, all donated by the congregation (p. 628). The altar plate of the church, inscribed with the coat was arms was presented by the [[East India Company]], of which only the paten now remains (p. 629). In 1883, the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Government of Madras]] spent Rs. 725 on alterations and improvements of the Church (p. 629).<ref name=PennyI />

==Military inscriptions==
The old colours of the [[10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles|10th Madras Infantry]] are deposited in the church, before it was converted into a Burmese Battalion, with a brass plate inscription recording the event (p. 629).<ref name=PennyI />

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center" widths="300px" heights="200px">
File:St. Johns Church, Vellore (1904) by Rev. Frank Penny's Book 'The Church in Madras - Vol. I'.jpg|St. Johns Church, Vellore (1904) by Rev. Frank Penny's Book 'The Church in Madras - Vol. I'<ref name=PennyI />
File:St. John's Church, Vellore (2004).jpg|St. John's Church, Vellore (2004)
</gallery>

==Present times==
Majority of the congregation of the St. John's Church, Vellore, are associated with the [[Christian Medical College & Hospital]] (CMC). The Church supports schools and hostels, working along with NGOs such as Compassion India.<ref name=Sarah1>{{cite web|author=Sarah|title=Pastor St John's, Fort and goodbye Seb team|url=https://india15.wordpress.com/2015/02/19/pastor-st-johns-fort-and-goodbye-seb-team/|website=India 2015|accessdate=18 August 2015|date=19 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="Sarah 2">{{cite web|author=Sarah|title=St John's Church Vellore|url=https://india15.wordpress.com/2015/02/16/st-johns-church-vellore/|website=India 2015|accessdate=18 August 2015|date=16 February 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|United Kingdom|India}}
*[[Vellore Fort]]
*[[Jalakandeswarar Temple, Vellore]]
*[[Sajra and Gojra Forts, Vellore]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Johns Church Vellore}}
[[Category:Church of South India church buildings in India]]
[[Category:Presbyterianism in India]]
[[Category:19th-century Anglican church buildings in India]]
[[Category:Churches in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Vellore]]

Dance Ikon

2026-04-05T03:51:00Z

MartiHaight78: starting a stub!

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| runtime =
| num_episodes =
| judges = [[Ramya Krishnan]] [[Sekhar (choreographer)|Sekhar Master]] [[Faria Abdullah]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2022}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2025}}
| presenter = [[Ohmkar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/ohmkar-hosted-ott-dance-show-titled-dance-ikon-winner-to-get-a-chance-to-choreograph-tollywoods-top-hero/articleshow/92386558.cms|title=Ohmkar-hosted OTT dance show titled 'Dance Ikon'; winner to get a chance to choreograph 'Tollywood's top hero'|date=22 June 2022|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>
| executive_producer =
| editor =
| producer = [[Sreemukhi]]
| network = [[Aha (streaming service)|aha]]
| company =
| location =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| num_seasons = 2
| country = India
| creative_director =
| language = Telugu
| director =
| genre = [[Reality television|reality-dance]]
| image = Dance Ikon.jpg
| alt_name =
| related =
}}

'''''Dance Ikon''''' is an Indian [[Telugu-language|Telugu]]-language dance reality show hosted by [[Ohmkar]] streaming on [[Aha (streaming service)|aha]].

==Seasons==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|-
!Season no.
!Season
!Host
!Winning Master (Choreographer)
!Winning Contestant
!Judges
!Mentors
!Guests
!Ref.
|-
|1
| ''Dance Ikon'' season 1
|[[Ohmkar]]
|Raju
|Asif
| [[Ramya Krishnan]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/superstar-ramya-krishnan-debuts-as-judge-on-ott-with-ahas-dance-ikon-23245908|title=Superstar Ramya Krishnan debuts as Judge on OTT with aha’s Dance Ikon|date=15 September 2022|website=Mid-day}}</ref> [[Sekhar (choreographer)|Sekhar Master]]
| [[Sreemukhi]] (mentor), Yash Master (mentor), [[Monal Gajjar]] (mentor)
| [[Vijay Devarakonda]] (guest), [[Ananya Panday]] (guest)
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/dance-ikon-host-ohmkar-attempts-pawan-kalyans-iconic-gesture-for-the-first-time-on-screen-watch/articleshow/94321847.cms|title=Dance Ikon: Host Ohmkar attempts Pawan Kalyan’s iconic gesture for the first time on-screen; watch|date=20 September 2022|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/making-the-right-moves-choreographer-raju-and-contestant-asif-emerge-winners-of-dance-ikon-455771/|title=Making the right moves: Choreographer Raju and contestant Asif emerge winners of Dance Ikon|website=The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/choreographer-raju-along-with-contestant-asif-emerges-as-the-winner-of-ahas-dance-ikon|title=Choreographer Raju along with contestant Asif emerges as the winner of aha’s ‘Dance Ikon’|first=Telangana|last=Today|date=28 November 2022|website=Telangana Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/ahas-dance-ikon-launch-episode-to-feature-vijay-devarakonda-and-ananya-pandey|title=aha’s ‘Dance Ikon’ launch episode to feature Vijay Devarakonda and Ananya Pandey|first=Telangana|last=Today|date=26 August 2022|website=Telangana Today}}</ref>
|-
|2
| ''Dance Ikon'' season 2 ''Wildfire''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/dance-ikon-2-wild-fire-set-to-mesmerize-audiences-with-unique-concepts-secret-screening-press-meet-held-945453|title='Dance Ikon 2 – Wild Fire' Set to Mesmerize Audiences with Unique Concepts|first=Kausalya|last=Rachavelpula|date=13 February 2025|website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref>
|[[Ohmkar]]
| {{n/a}}
| Binita Chetry
| [[Sekhar (choreographer)|Sekhar Master]], [[Faria Abdullah]]
| Priyanka Jain (wildcard)
| [[Kiran Abbavaram]] (guest)
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/ott-web-series/aha-unveils-dance-ikon-2-wildfire-premiering-february-14-937955|title=Aha Unveils DANCE IKON 2: Wildfire Premiering February 14|first=Kausalya|last=Rachavelpula|date=18 January 2025|website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/eight-year-old-binita-chetry-wins-dance-ikon-season-2-on-aha-971941|title=Eight-year-old Binita Chetry wins Dance IKON Season 2 on Aha|first=Kausalya|last=Rachavelpula|date=17 May 2025|website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/kiran-abbavaram-applauds-dance-ikon-2-talent-as-priyanka-jain-joins-as-wildcard-mentor-951865|title=Kiran Abbavaram Applauds Dance IKON 2 Talent as Priyanka Jain Joins as Wildcard Mentor|first=Kausalya|last=Rachavelpula|date=7 March 2025|website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt35809950}}

[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Indian dance television shows]]
[[Category:Indian dance competition television shows]]

Punjab Engineering College

2026-03-29T13:02:43Z

MartiHaight78: brief fix intro

{{Short description|Engineering college in Chandigarh, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Primary sources|date=October 2024}}
{{Overly detailed|date=October 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Punjab Engineering College (Deemed to be University)
| image = [[File:PEC LOGO EN.png|Logo of Punjab Engineering College|100px]]
| mottoeng = Unity and Discipline
| established = {{start date and age|1921}}
| affiliation = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| type = [[Government Funded Technical Institutes|Government Funded Technical Institution]] [[Public university|Public]] [[engineering school]]
| chairman = Rajinder Gupta
| director = Rajesh Kumar Bhatia ''(Ad-interim)''
| undergrad = 3,000
| postgrad = 500
| city = [[Chandigarh]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus = [[urban area|Urban]]
| campus_size = {{convert|146|acre|ha}}
| colors = {{Color box|#FFD700}}{{Color box|#EE4B2B}}
| former_names = PEC University of Technology East Panjab Engineering College Mughalpura Technical College Maclagan Engineering College,
| motto = एकता और अनुशासन ([[Hindi]])
| website = {{URL|www.pec.ac.in}}
| native_name_lang = [[hin]]
| image_alt = PEC
[[File:Administrative Block PEC.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:New Academic Block.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Ariel view at night.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Centenary Hall PEC.jpg|thumb|Centenary Hall PEC]]
[[File:Aerospace Department PEC.jpg|thumb|Aerospace Department PEC]]
}}
'''Punjab Engineering College (Deemed to be University)''' (abbreviated '''PEC''' or '''PEC Chandigarh''') is a public research & technical institution in [[Chandigarh]]. It was founded in 1921 in Lahore, established in Chandigarh in 1953, and focuses on the field of applied sciences, particularly engineering and technology. It is well-known for its undergraduate and graduate programmes in engineering, to which the entry is through the [[Joint Entrance Examination – Main]]s and [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering]]. It offers degrees such as [[Bachelor of Technology]], [[Master of Technology]] and [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]]. It also has a comprehensive graduate program offering [[Doctorate|doctoral degrees]] in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History {{!}} Punjab Engineering College|url=https://pec.ac.in/history|access-date=2021-06-18|website=pec.ac.in}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:PEC helicopter.JPG|alt=|thumb|University administration building]]
[[File:Punjab Engineering College - Academic Wing -1.jpg|thumb|Punjab Engineering College - Academic Wing -1]]
[[File:Punjab Engineering College - Academic Wing -2.jpg|thumb|Punjab Engineering College - Academic Wing -2]]
PEC was established in 1921 in Mughalpura, a suburb of Lahore, Punjab, erstwhile British India as the Mughalpura Technical College. In 1923, the name was changed to Maclagan Engineering College to honour [[Edward Douglas MacLagan|Sir Edward Maclagan]], the then Governor of Punjab.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/civil-engg-was-preferred-in-a-world-without-internet-pec-s-93-yr-old-alumni/story-RW3Wn3Mkjd8sFvxGagA0tN.html|title=Civil engg was preferred in a world without internet: PEC's 93-yr-old alumni|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2018-02-11}}</ref> In 1939, the name was again changed to [[University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore|Punjab College of Engineering and Technology]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/born-in-lahore-a-young-pec-eyes-eventful-century/articleshow/79329704.cms|title=Born in Lahore, a young PEC eyes eventful century|publisher=TOI|date=21 November 2020|access-date=8 November 2021}}</ref>

In 1932 the institution became affiliated with the University of Punjab for awarding a bachelor's degree in engineering. After [[partition of India|partition]] in 1947, the college was relocated to [[Roorkee]] in India and was renamed East Punjab College of Engineering. In the year 1950, the word East was dropped. Towards the end of December 1953, the college shifted to its present campus in [[Chandigarh]] as an affiliated campus of [[Panjab University]].<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=https://www.pec.ac.in/history |publisher=Punjab Engineering College |access-date=27 February 2019}}</ref> In October 2003, the Government of India recognized the college as a Deemed University and thereafter it became known as Punjab Engineering College (Deemed University).

In 1994 this institution was adjudged the best technical college in India by the National Foundation of Engineers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ovais |first=Dar |date=November 9, 2020 |title=From Lahore to Chandigarh, PEC to mark its 100th year of establishment on November 9 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/from-lahore-to-chandigarh-pec-to-mark-its-100th-year-of-establishment-on-november-9/story-YMh0lZPgTjFwrRxoFHm3dP.html |access-date=July 9, 2025 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> It occupies an area of 146 acres and offers Bachelor of Engineering degrees in various specializations.

PEC has historically differed from Central Educational Institutions (CEIs) by not providing a 27% OBC reservation. Following the Central Educational Institutions (Reservation in Admission) Act, 2006, PEC—a "Deemed to be University" under the Chandigarh Administration—argued it was a UT-funded institute rather than a CEI, exempting it from the mandate. This was legally challenged in 2018 (Gujar Samaj Kalyan Parishad v. PEC), where the Punjab and Haryana High Court upheld PEC's stance, ruling that its indirect funding through the UT administration meant the 2006 Act did not automatically apply. However, a 2025 Supreme Court directive has recently mandated a phased implementation of the OBC quota for Chandigarh-governed institutes, starting at 3% for the 2025–26 session and rising to 27% over six years. Currently, PEC operates on a 50-50 split between the Chandigarh (Home State) and All India (Other State) quotas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-09 |title=No provision for reservation to OBCs in PEC, high court told |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/no-provision-for-reservation-to-obcs-in-pec-high-court-told/story-2LE7WxkK1a9cBJXecPjRVO.html |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

Presently there are twelve post-graduate courses leading to a Master of Engineering degree. Facilities for post-graduate studies exist for regular and part-time students. The college has facilities for research work leading to the award of the PhD degree in engineering in certain selected fields of different disciplines.<ref name="about_pec">{{Cite news|url=http://www.pecosa.in/about_pec.php|title=About PEC}}</ref>

==Academics==
=== Academic programmes ===
Institute offers '''Bachelor of Technology (previously Bachelor of Engineering)''' in:{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}
*[[Aerospace Engineering]]
*[[Civil Engineering]]
*[[Computer science and engineering|Computer Science and Engineering]]
*[[Computer science and engineering|Computer Science and Engineering]] [[Artificial intelligence|(Artificial Intelligence)]]
*[[Computer science|Computer Science and Engineering (Data Science)]]
*[[Electrical Engineering]]
*[[Electronics and Communication Engineering]]
*[[Electronic engineering|Electronics Engineering]] [[VLSI Technology|(VLSI)]]
*[[Computer science|Mathematics and Computing]]
*[[Mechanical Engineering]]
*[[Metallurgical and Materials Engineering]]
*[[Production Engineering|Production and Industrial Engineering]][[File:Ariel view at night.jpg|thumb|Aerial night view, PEC]][[File:New Academic Block.jpg|thumb|upright|New Academic block, PEC]]

The institute also offers '''Master of Technology degrees''‘ in the following specializations:{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

* [[Computer science and engineering|Computer Science and Engineering]] (with specialization in [[Artificial intelligence|AI]], [[Cyber Security|Cyber security]], [[Software engineering|Software Engineering]], [[Data engineering|Data Engineering]])
* [[Highway]]s, [[Structural engineering|Structures]], [[Hydraulics|Hydraulics and Irrigation]], [[Rotodynamic pump|Rotodynamic Machines]]
* [[Electric power system|Electrical Power Systems]]
* [[Environmental engineering|Environmental Engineering]]
* [[Electronic engineering|Electronics Engineering]]
* [[Metallurgy|Metallurgical Engineering]]
* [[Very-large-scale integration|VLSI]]
* [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] ([[Data analysis|Business and Data Analytics]])
* [[Humanities]]

The institute offers [[Bachelor of Design]] as well.

The institute also awards minor degrees to undergraduates in fields other than their major stream of study.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

===Collaborations===
The college has collaborated with national and international educational institutions for student exchange programs. [[Memorandum of Understanding|MoUs]] have been signed with corporates to attract projects and internships. Some of these collaborations are:{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}
*PEC has collaborations with a large number of international companies and universities, to name a few such as:{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}
** [[Indian Institute of Science]]
** [[Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee]]
** [[Indian Institute of Technology Ropar]]
** [[Indian Institute of Technology Jammu]]
** [[IIT Mandi|Indian Institute of Technology Mandi]]
** [[National Institute of Technology|National Institute of Technologies]]
** [[Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University|SMVDU, Katra]]
** [[Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research|PGIMER, Chandigarh]]
** [[National Institute of Industrial Engineering|NITIE, Mumbai]]
** [[Microsoft]]
** [[Intel]]
** [[IBM]]
** Eic Pvt.Ltd., Chandigarh
** ABB Global Industries & Services Ltd. Bangalore
** Minda Corporation Ltd Noida
** Central Tool Room, Ludhiana
** [[File:Aerospace Department PEC.jpg|thumb|MIG-21 at Aerospace Department, PEC]]CONCAVE Research Centre, Concordia University, Canada
** Central Scientific Instruments Organization, Chandigarh
** [[File:Centenary Hall PEC.jpg|thumb|Centenary Hall, PEC]]Swaraj Division (a unit of FES M&M), Mohali
** Mohali Industries Association, Mohali
** Philips India Ltd.PEC-ESIGELEC France collaboration (Feb, 2009)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pec.ac.in/scripts_new/MoUesigelec-france.asp |title=News |publisher=Pec.ac.in |date=2009-02-02 |access-date=2010-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129154945/http://pec.ac.in/scripts_new/MoUesigelec-france.asp |archive-date=29 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
**MoA between PEC and [[Siemens]] Software to develop a centre of excellence at PEC.
**Solar tech Park at PEC campus established in support with Bergen Group of Companies
** PEC-ABB collaboration<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pec.ac.in/scripts_new/ABB.asp |title=News |publisher=Pec.ac.in |access-date=2010-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129155016/http://pec.ac.in/scripts_new/ABB.asp |archive-date=29 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
** PEC-UWA collaboration<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pec.ac.in/scripts_new/PEC-UWACollaboration.asp |title=News |publisher=Pec.ac.in |date=2009-01-15 |access-date=2010-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129154901/http://pec.ac.in/scripts_new/PEC-UWACollaboration.asp |archive-date=29 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
** PEC-JCB collaboration initiated<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pec.ac.in/scripts_new/MoUjcb.asp |title=News |publisher=Pec.ac.in |access-date=2010-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129154843/http://pec.ac.in/scripts_new/MoUjcb.asp |archive-date=29 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
** PEC-Philips collaboration<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pec.ac.in/scripts_new/MoUphilips.asp |title=News |publisher=Pec.ac.in |access-date=2010-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129155030/http://pec.ac.in/scripts_new/MoUphilips.asp |archive-date=29 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
** PEC-CSIO collaboration<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pec.ac.in/scripts_new/MoUcsio.asp |title=News |publisher=Pec.ac.in |access-date=2010-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129154740/http://pec.ac.in/scripts_new/MoUcsio.asp |archive-date=29 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
** PEC-[[Power Grid Corporation of India|PGCIL]] collaboration<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 6, 2025 |title=PGCIL inks MoU with PEC Chandigarh for establishment of POWERGRID Centre of Excellence at PEC under CSR |url=http://statetimes.in/pgcil-inks-mou-with-pec-chandigarh-for-establishment-of-powergrid-centre-of-excellence-at-pec-under-csr/ |access-date=July 9, 2025 |website=State Times}}</ref>

==Student life==
=== Cultural and Technical festivals ===
==== PECFEST ====
PECFEST is the annual cultural and technical fest of PEC Chandigarh. The festival started as a cultural event in 2003. It usually runs for three days<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 10, 2022 |title=Three-day PEC Fest begins on April 16 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/three-day-pec-fest-begins-on-april-16-385036/ |access-date=July 9, 2025 |website=[[The Tribune]]}}</ref> in the month of November.

In 2014, PECFEST merged with VYOM (the technical fest of PEC) and consequently, now acts as an umbrella festival for both cultural and technical events and competitions. The fest has seen various musical and cultural acts perform on the final day, such as [[Javed Ali]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 19, 2022 |title=Javed Ali performs at PECFest |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/javed-ali-performs-at-pecfest-387533/ |access-date=May 24, 2025 |website=The Tribune India}}</ref> [[Sukhwinder Singh]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 29, 2018 |title=PECFEST concludes on a musical note |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/chandigarh/pecfest-concludes-on-a-musical-note-675388/ |access-date=July 9, 2025 |website=[[The Tribune]]}}</ref> [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 18, 2023 |title=3-day Tech, Cultural Fest at PEC begins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/3-day-tech-cultural-fest-at-pec-begins/articleshow/105304469.cms |access-date=July 9, 2025 |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> and [[Asees Kaur]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2024 |title=PECFEST ends with display of culture, creativity & innovation |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/pecfest-ends-with-display-of-culture-creativity-innovation/ |access-date=July 9, 2025 |website=[[The Tribune]]}}</ref>

====VYOM====
Vyom (earlier known as Technique before being renamed in 2011) was the university's annual technical festival that ran from 2008 to 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 26, 2012 |title=PEC University of Technology fest Vyom ends on a high note |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/pec-university-of-technology-fest-vyom-ends-on-a-high-note/articleshow/12409610.cms |access-date=May 24, 2025 |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> It was discontinued in 2015 and the technical events are now conducted as part of PECFEST.

=== Student organizations ===
Currently, there are 12 technical societies and 12 clubs active in the college,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Students {{!}} Punjab Engineering College, (Deemed to be University), Chandigarh |url=https://pec.ac.in/current-students |access-date=2026-03-18 |website=pec.ac.in}}</ref> and these are named as:

'''Technical societies'''

* [https://www.pecacm.com/ ACM-CSS] - Computer Science Society (Recognized under ACM student chapter)
* ATS - Aerospace Technical Society
* ASCE - American Society of Civil Engineers (Student Chapter)
* ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers (Student Chapter)
*ASPS - Astronomy and Space Physics Society[[File:Administrative Block PEC.jpg|thumb|Administrative Block PEC]]
* IEEE - The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Student Chapter
* IGS - Indian Geotechnical Society
* IIM - Indian Institute of Metals
* The Robotics Society
* SAE - The Society of Automotive Engineers Student Chapter
* SESI - Solar Energy Society of India
* SME - The Society of Manufacturing Engineers Student Chapter

'''Students Council'''
* SAC- Students Affairs Council

'''Clubs'''
*NCC (National Cadet Corps) under 2 Chandigarh battalion.
*NSS (National Service Scheme)
* Projection & Design Club (PDC)
* Communications Information and Media Cell
* Music Club
* Robotics Club
* Speakers Association And Study Circle (SAASC)
* Dramatics Club
* Art and Photography Club
* Energy and Envirovision Club
* [[Rotaract]] Club
* Punjabi Editorial Board (PEB)
* English Editorial Board (EEB)
* Hindi Editorial Board (HEB)
* Images

'''Cells'''
* Student Counselling Cell (Happy Folks of PEC)
* Entrepreneurship Incubation Cell
* Women Empowerment Cell

=== Hostels ===
There are four hostels for boys and two hostels for girls. Each hostel is self-contained with amenities such as a reading room/indoor games/TV room, dining hall and mess. Every hostel has a student chairman (Hostel Senior) for managing and controlling various activities.

Girls' hostels:
*Kalpana Chawla Hostel (named after alumni [[Kalpana Chawla]])
*Vindhya Hostel

Boys' hostels:
*Aravali Hostel
*Himalaya Hostel
*Kuruksheta Hostel
*Shivalik Hostel

== Notable alumni ==
* [[Satish Dhawan]] - known for [[Indian space programme|Indian Space Programme]]
* [[Kalpana Chawla]] - [[Space Shuttle Columbia]] astronaut; BE Aeronautical (1982).
* [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] (Aditya Prateek Singh), Punjabi singer and rapper; BE Civil Engineering (2006)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Badshah-doesnt-want-to-use-Honey-Singhs-fame/articleshow/38992422.cms |title=Badshah doesn't want to use Honey Singh's fame |last=Guptal |first=Priya |work=[[Times Of India]] |date=26 July 2014 |access-date=15 November 2014}}</ref>
* [[Sandeep Bakhshi]], CEO of [[ICICI Bank]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/sandeep-bakhshi-interesting-things-about-the-new-md-ceo-of-icici-bank/sandeep-bakhshi-a-man-of-few-words/slideshow/66081997.cms|title=Sandeep Bakhshi: Interesting things about the new MD & CEO of ICICI Bank|website=Economic Times|access-date=5 October 2018}}</ref>
* [[Jaspal Bhatti]] - satirist, comedian, film-maker; BE Electrical (1978).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-25/news-interviews/34729005_1_jaspal-bhatti-critical-condition-punjabi-film|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028081728/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-25/news-interviews/34729005_1_jaspal-bhatti-critical-condition-punjabi-film|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 October 2013|title=Jaspal Bhatti's son, actress Surilie in a critical condition |date=25 October 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref>
* [[Vijay K. Dhir]] - Dean of the [[University of California, Los Angeles]] (UCLA) [[Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vijay Dhir {{!}} UCLA Samueli School Of Engineering|url=https://samueli.ucla.edu/people/vijay-dhir/|access-date=2020-07-15|language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Adesh Pratap Singh Kairon]] - Punjab [[politician]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/in-new-akali-cabinet-3-ministers-are-cms-kin/24676/0|title=In new Akali Cabinet, 3 ministers are CM's kin |date=3 March 2007 |first=Harpreet |last=Bajwa |access-date=21 February 2017 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>
* [[Shalabh Kumar]] - Indian American industrialist and a philanthropist, BS Electronics Engineering (1969)<ref>{{cite web|title=Shalabh Kumar: Innovating his way to outstanding entrepreneurial success|url=http://www.nritoday.net/profiles/744-shalabh-kumar-innovating-his-way-to-outstanding-entrepreneurial-success|access-date=23 August 2016|work=NRIToday |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704215013/http://www.nritoday.net/profiles/744-shalabh-kumar-innovating-his-way-to-outstanding-entrepreneurial-success |archive-date=4 July 2016}}</ref>
* [[Vanya Mishra]] - Model and [[Femina Miss India|Miss India 2012]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Punjab-Engineering-College-students-eager-to-welcome-Vanya-Mishra-back/articleshow/12498814.cms|title=Punjab Engineering College students eager to welcome Vanya Mishra back |date=2 April 2012 |work=Times of India |last=Miglani |first=Meha |access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref>
* [[Sunil Saigal]] - Dean, Newark College of Engineering at [[New Jersey Institute of Technology]] (NJIT), BE Civil (1978).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://civil.njit.edu/people/saigal.php|author=New Jersey Institute of Technology|title=Sunil Saigal biography}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=February 2017}}
* [[Steve Sanghi]] - CEO of [[Microchip Technology]] BE Electronics (1975)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pec.ac.in/sites/default/files/attachments/ebrochure_25-7-16.pdf |title=PEC at a glance |page=7 |website=pec.ac.in |access-date=7 August 2016}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=February 2017}}
*[[K. K. Aggarwal]] -Chairman National Board of Accreditation., MHRD and founder vice chancellor of [[Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University]]
*[[Vandi Verma|Vandana Verma]] - Space Roboticist at [[Vandi Verma|NASA]]
*[[Tim Guleri]] - American Venture Capitalist.
*[[Anup Chandra Pandey]] - Former Election Commissioner of India.
*[[Er. VK Luthra]]-Chief Engineer- MED Jammu & Kashmir. [[B.E Prod 1976]]
*[[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] [[Ritu Maheshwari]] - CEO, Noida Authority<ref>{{cite news |url=https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/career/success-story-of-ias-ritu-maheshwari-news-noida-dm-name-female-ias-officer-5413421.html |title=Success story of ias ritu maheshwari news noida dm name female ias officer |language=hi |author=Deepali Porwal |date=22 February 2023 |publisher=[[News18 India]]}}</ref>
*[[Deepak Bhatia]], CTO of [[The Hershey Company]] (BE Mech - 1995)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fortune.com/2024/10/08/hersheys-first-cto-deepak-bhatia-tech-transformation/|title=Hershey’s First CTO Deepak Bhatia Leads Tech Transformation|website=Fortune|access-date=6 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/hershey-names-chief-technology-officer-to-advance-analytics--automation-301929569.html|title=Hershey Names Chief Technology Officer to Advance Analytics & Automation|website=PR Newswire|access-date=6 January 2025}}</ref>
*[[Balbir Dhillon]], Head of [[Audi India]] (BE Mech - 1995)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/india-born-exec-to-head-audi-india/articleshow/70184504.cms|title=India-born exec to head Audi India|website=The Times of India|access-date=6 January 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.pec.ac.in Official PEC website]
* http://alumni.pec.ac.in

{{Coord|30|46|N|76|47|E|source:placeopedia|display=title|format=dms}}
{{Universities and colleges in Punjab, India|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pec University Of Technology}}
[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Deemed universities in India]]
[[Category:Universities in Chandigarh]]
[[Category:1921 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1921]]

Gharaonda

2026-03-28T06:23:21Z

MartiHaight78: starting new bio

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gharaonda
| image = Gharonda Film poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Bhimsain]]
| producer = [[Bhimsain]]
| writer = [[Shanker Shesh]] {{small|(Story)}} [[Gulzar]] {{small|(Screenplay)}} Bhushan Banmali {{small|(Dialogues)}}
| starring = [[Amol Palekar]] [[Zarina Wahab]] [[Shriram Lagoo|Dr. Shreeram Lagoo]]
| narrator = Gulzar
| music = [[Jaidev]]
| cinematography = [[Apurba Kishore Bir]]
| editing = [[Waman Bhonsle]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1977}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Gharaonda''''' (''The Nest'') is a 1977 [[Hindi]] [[drama film]], produced and directed by [[Bhimsain]], who was noted Adman and animator. The film is woven around the housing problem in the city of Mumbai. It was based on a play Dr [[Shanker Shesh]]’s story, with screenplay and dialogues written by Gulzar and Bhushan Banmali.<ref name="f370">{{cite web | title=Classic: Love, longing and disillusionment in Gharonda | website=Rediff | date=2013-07-31 | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-classic-love-longing-and-disillusionment-in-gharonda/20130731.htm | access-date=2026-02-28}}</ref> The film stars [[Amol Palekar]], [[Zarina Wahab]], [[Shreeram Lagoo]] and [[Jalal Agha]]. The music director for the film is [[Jaidev]], who scored memorable songs like ''Ek Akela Is Sheher Mein'' and ''[[Do Deewaane Sheher Mein]]'' sung by [[Bhupinder Singh (musician)|Bhupinder Singh]] and [[Runa Laila]].

The film was shot at various locations in Mumbai, by noted cinematographer AK Bir, including the [[Bandra Fort]], Naaz cafe (now closed), several beaches and the [[Charni Road]] overbridge. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|title='Gharonda' remains one of the most resonant films about Mumbai's housing woes|url=https://scroll.in/reel/867800/gharonda-remains-one-of-the-most-enduring-films-about-mumbais-housing-woes|access-date=2022-01-09|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref> Despite being released alongside big-budget films like “Amar Akbar Anthony”, “Parvarish”, ‘Hum Kisise Kum Nahin”, the film had a run of 100 days at the box office. <ref name=hindu>{{Cite news|last=Salam|first=Ziya Us|date=2015-03-19|title=Gharaonda (1977)|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/blast-from-the-past-gharaonda-1977/article7011428.ece|access-date=2022-01-09|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>At the [[25th Filmfare Awards]], the film received 6 nominations including Best Film, Best Director and [[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]], and eventually Lagoo won the 1978 [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]] for the film and Gulzar won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist]] for ''Do Deewane'', his first. <ref name="Premchand2018">{{cite book|author=Manek Premchand|title=Yesterday's Melodies Today's Memories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJCBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT512|date=27 December 2018|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-64429-877-0|pages=512–}}</ref>
.

==Plot==
Sudip and Chhaya are middle-class individuals from Mumbai working in the same office. Chhaya is sharing a one-room flat with her younger brother, her elder brother, and sister-in law. Sudip has rented a room with three other men. The owner of their firm, Mr. Modi, starts taking an interest in Chhaya as she looks similar to his late wife. Modi is a rich, ageing widower who is also a cardiac patient. Chhaya dislikes Modi's advances.

Sudip and Chhaya fall in love with each other and plan to get married as soon as they have their own house. They go looking for a flat. After investing in a flat in one building, they are excited about their future. After a few months, the builder turns out to be a fraud and absconds with their money. Sudip's roommate, who has also invested in the building, commits suicide. The couple is shocked and does not know how to react.

Modi eventually proposes to Chhaya. He also subtly offers to sponsor Chhaya's brother's foreign education. Chhaya is aghast at the proposal but Sudip sees a big opportunity in this. He tells her that since Modi is a cardiac patient, he is expected to die within a few months. After his death, they can marry each other and their problems of house and wealth would be solved forever. Chhaya is disillusioned with Sudip for suggesting such a disgraceful act. She reluctantly accepts Modi's proposal.

Modi and Chhaya's married life starts awkwardly, but soon she takes on the role of a dutiful wife. Modi cheers up after marriage which has a positive effect on his physical condition. Sudip keeps visiting Chhaya on the pretext of checking up on Modi's health. He is dismayed to find Modi in the pink of health.

Sudip is disheartened and resigns from his job after a brief talk with Modi. Chhaya rebukes Sudip about his constant visits and they have a confrontation. Sudip declares to Chhaya that he is leaving town that night and invites her to the railway station to elope with him. Modi overhears this conversation. He is uncertain whether Chhaya will leave him and suffers a cardiac arrest. But Chhaya stays by his side and very patiently nurses Modi back to health.

Modi takes Chhaya to the railway station. Modi tells Sudip that he is ready to divorce Chhaya and let her marry him. But Sudip does not accept it. He firmly tells Modi that he is not going to leave the city and will start all over again to improve his life.

==Cast==
*[[Amol Palekar]] as Sudeep
*[[Zarina Wahab]] as Chhaya
*[[Shreeram Lagoo]] as Modi
*[[Dina Pathak]] as Guha's Mother
*T. P. Jain as Bade Babu
*Sudha Chopra as Chhaya's Bhabi
*[[Sadhu Meher]] as Guha (Sudeep's Roommate)
*[[Jalal Agha]] as Abdul (Sudeep's Roommate)

==Crew==
*''Director'' : [[Bhimsain]]
*''Producer'' : Bhimsain
*''Editor'' : Waman B. Bhosle
*''Story'' : Dr. Shanker Shesh
*''Screenplay'' : [[Gulzar]]
*''Cinematographer'' : Binod Pradhan, A. K. Bir, D. G. Debudhar, Virendra Saini
*''Costume Designer'' : Shammi, Waheeda
*''Narrator'' : [[Gulzar]]
*''Music Director'' : [[Jaidev]]
*''Lyrics'' : [[Gulzar]]

==Music==

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = [[Jaidev]]
| title1 = Ek Akela Is Shahar Mein
| extra1 = [[Bhupinder Singh (musician)|Bhupinder Singh]]
| lyrics1 = [[Gulzar]]
| title2 = Do Deewane Shahar Mein
| extra2 = [[Bhupinder Singh (musician)|Bhupinder Singh]], [[Runa Laila]]
| lyrics2 = [[Gulzar]]
| title3 = Tumhe Ho Na Ho
| extra3 = [[Runa Laila]]
| lyrics3 = [[Naqsh Lyallpuri]]
}}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Recipient
!Ref.
|-
!rowspan="6"|[[25th Filmfare Awards|1978]]
|rowspan="6"|[[Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|Climb Films
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|[[Bhimsain]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
|Shankar Shesh
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|[[Zarina Wahab]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|[[Shriram Lagoo]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Gulzar]] for "Do Deewane Sheher Mein"
|{{won}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0150718|Gharonda}}

[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jaidev]]
[[Category:1977 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1977 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Stroke

2026-03-24T14:45:08Z

MartiHaight78: add information per standard format

{{short description|Death of a region of brain cells due to poor blood flow}}
{{Other uses}}{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=6}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name = Stroke
| image = MCA Territory Infarct.svg
| caption = [[CT scan]] of the brain showing a massive, prior right-sided [[ischemic]] stroke from blockage of an artery. Changes on a CT may not be visible early on.<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Gaillard F |title=Ischaemic stroke |url=https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ischaemic-stroke |website=radiopaedia.org |date=11 April 2011 |access-date=3 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
| field = [[Neurology]], [[neurosurgery]], [[emergency medicine]]
| synonyms = Cerebrovascular accident (CVA), cerebrovascular insult (CVI), cerebrovascular lesion (CVL), brain attack, cerebral infarction
| symptoms = [[central facial palsy|Facial drooping]], [[hemiplegia|inability to walk, move or feel]] on one side of the body, [[receptive aphasia|problems understanding]] or [[expressive aphasia|speaking]], [[dizziness]], [[Homonymous hemianopsia|loss of vision to one side]]<ref name=Donnan2008/><ref name=HLB2014S/>
| complications = [[Persistent vegetative state]]<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Martin G |title=Palliative Care Nursing: Quality Care to the End of Life, Third Edition|date=2009|publisher=Springer Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-8261-5792-8|page=290|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rTexGiX5bqoC&pg=PA290|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803132127/https://books.google.com/books?id=rTexGiX5bqoC&pg=PA290|archive-date=2017-08-03}}</ref>
| onset =
| duration =
| causes = [[brain ischemia|Ischemic]] (blockage) and [[intracranial hemorrhage|hemorrhagic]] (bleeding)<ref name=HLB2014W/>
| risks = Age,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/stroke/causes/ | title=Stroke - Causes | date=24 October 2017 }}</ref> [[hypertension|high blood pressure]], [[tobacco smoking]], [[obesity]], [[hypercholesterolemia|high blood cholesterol]], [[diabetes mellitus]], [[sleep apnea]], previous [[Transient ischemic attack|TIA]], [[end-stage kidney disease]], [[atrial fibrillation]]<ref name=Donnan2008/><ref name=HLB2014C/><ref name="Hu2018"/>
| diagnosis = Based on symptoms with [[medical imaging]] typically used to rule out bleeding<ref name=HLB2014D/><ref name=AFP2009/>
| differential = [[Low blood sugar]]<ref name=HLB2014D/>
| prevention =
| treatment = Based on the type<ref name=Donnan2008/>
| medication =
| prognosis = Average life expectancy 1 year<ref name=Donnan2008/>
| frequency = 42.4 million (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Pre/>
| deaths = 6.3 million (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De/>
}}


'''Stroke''' is a medical condition in which poor [[Cerebral circulation|blood flow]] to a part of the [[brain]] causes [[cell death]].<ref name=HLB2014W/> There are two main types of stroke: [[Brain ischemia|ischemic]], due to lack of blood flow, and [[Intracranial hemorrhage|hemorrhagic]], due to [[bleeding]].<ref name="HLB2014W" /> Both cause parts of the brain to stop functioning properly.<ref name="HLB2014W">{{cite web|title=What Is a Stroke?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov/|access-date=26 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218230259/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/|archive-date=18 February 2015}}</ref>

[[Signs and symptoms]] of stroke may include [[Central facial palsy|facial drooping]], [[Hemiplegia|inability to walk, move or feel on one side of the body]], [[Receptive aphasia|problems understanding]] or [[Expressive aphasia|speaking]], [[dizziness]], or [[Homonymous hemianopsia|loss of vision to one side]].<ref name="Donnan2008" /><ref name="HLB2014S" /> Signs and symptoms often appear soon after the stroke has occurred.<ref name="HLB2014S" /> If symptoms last less than 24 hours, the stroke is a [[transient ischemic attack]] (TIA), also called a mini-stroke.<ref name="HLB2014S">{{cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of a Stroke?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/stroke/symptoms|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227083736/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/signs|archive-date=27 February 2015}}</ref> [[subarachnoid hemorrhage|Hemorrhagic stroke]] may also be associated with a [[Thunderclap headache|severe headache]].<ref name="HLB2014S" /> The symptoms of stroke can be permanent.<ref name="HLB2014W" /> Long-term complications may include [[pneumonia]] and [[Urinary incontinence|loss of bladder control]].<ref name="HLB2014S" />


The most significant [[risk factor]] for stroke is [[Hypertension|high blood pressure]].<ref name=HLB2014C>{{cite web|title=Who Is at Risk for a Stroke?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/stroke/causes|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227085058/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/atrisk|archive-date=27 February 2015}}</ref> Other risk factors include [[hypercholesterolemia|high blood cholesterol]], [[tobacco smoking]], [[obesity]], [[diabetes mellitus]], a previous [[transient ischemic attack|TIA]], [[end-stage kidney disease]], and [[atrial fibrillation]].<ref name=Donnan2008/><ref name=HLB2014C/><ref name="Hu2018">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hu A, Niu J, Winkelmayer WC | title = Oral Anticoagulation in Patients With End-Stage Kidney Disease on Dialysis and Atrial Fibrillation | journal = Seminars in Nephrology | volume = 38 | issue = 6 | pages = 618–628 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30413255 | pmc = 6233322 | doi = 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2018.08.006 }}</ref> Ischemic stroke is typically caused by blockage of a blood vessel, though there are also less common causes.<ref name=HLB2014T/><ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Roos KL |title=Emergency Neurology |date=2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-0-387-88584-1 |page=360 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0jH7TZW8WVAC&pg=PA360 |language=en|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170108190342/https://books.google.com/books?id=0jH7TZW8WVAC&pg=PA360 |archive-date=2017-01-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Wityk RJ, Llinas RH |title=Stroke|date=2007|publisher=ACP Press|isbn=978-1-930513-70-9|page=296|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ispt6JRBgU4C&pg=PA296|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108185918/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ispt6JRBgU4C&pg=PA296|archive-date=2017-01-08}}</ref> Hemorrhagic stroke is caused by either [[intracerebral hemorrhage|bleeding directly into the brain]] or [[subarachnoid hemorrhage|into the space between]] the [[meninges|brain's membranes]].<ref name=HLB2014T>{{cite web|title=Types of Stroke|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/types|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319163549/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/types|archive-date=19 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=Feigin05>{{cite journal | vauthors = Feigin VL, Rinkel GJ, Lawes CM, Algra A, Bennett DA, van Gijn J, Anderson CS | title = Risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage: an updated systematic review of epidemiological studies | journal = Stroke | volume = 36 | issue = 12 | pages = 2773–80 | date = December 2005 | pmid = 16282541 | doi = 10.1161/01.STR.0000190838.02954.e8 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Bleeding may occur due to a ruptured [[intracranial aneurysm|brain aneurysm]].<ref name=HLB2014T/> Diagnosis is typically based on a [[physical exam]] and supported by [[medical imaging]] such as a [[CT scan]] or [[magnetic resonance imaging|MRI scan]].<ref name=HLB2014D/> A CT scan can rule out bleeding, but may not necessarily rule out ischemia, which early on typically does not show up on a CT scan.<ref name=AFP2009>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yew KS, Cheng E | title = Acute stroke diagnosis | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 80 | issue = 1 | pages = 33–40 | date = July 2009 | pmid = 19621844 | pmc = 2722757 }}</ref> Other tests such as an [[electrocardiogram]] (ECG) and [[blood test]]s are done to determine risk factors and possible causes.<ref name=HLB2014D/> [[Low blood sugar]] may cause similar symptoms.<ref name=HLB2014D>{{cite web|title=How Is a Stroke Diagnosed?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/stroke/diagnosis|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227083640/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/diagnosis|archive-date=27 February 2015}}</ref>


Prevention includes decreasing risk factors, [[carotid endarterectomy|surgery to open up the arteries to the brain]] in those with problematic [[carotid stenosis|carotid narrowing]], and [[anticoagulant]] medication in people with [[atrial fibrillation]].<ref name=Donnan2008/> [[Aspirin]] or [[statin]]s may be recommended by physicians for prevention.<ref name=Donnan2008/> Stroke is a medical emergency.<ref name=HLB2014W/> Ischemic strokes, if detected within three to four-and-a-half hours, may be treatable with [[thrombolytic drug|medication]] that can [[thrombolysis|break down the clot]],<ref name=Donnan2008/> while hemorrhagic strokes sometimes benefit from [[neurosurgery|surgery]].<ref name=Donnan2008/> Treatment to attempt recovery of lost function is called [[stroke rehabilitation]], and ideally takes place in a stroke unit; however, these are not available in much of the world.<ref name=Donnan2008>{{cite journal | vauthors = Donnan GA, Fisher M, Macleod M, Davis SM | title = Stroke | journal = Lancet | volume = 371 | issue = 9624 | pages = 1612–23 | date = May 2008 | pmid = 18468545 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60694-7 | s2cid = 208787942 }}{{subscription required}}</ref>


In 2023, 15 million people worldwide had a stroke.<ref name="who24">{{cite web |title=Stroke, cerebrovascular accident |url=https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/stroke-cerebrovascular-accident/index.html |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=12 March 2024 |date=2024}}</ref> In 2021, strokes were the third biggest cause of death, responsible for approximately 10% of total deaths.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The top 10 causes of death |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> In 2015, there were about 42.4 million people who had previously had a stroke and were still alive.<ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | author = ((GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators)) | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 }}</ref> Between 1990 and 2010 the annual incidence of stroke decreased by approximately 10% in the [[developed world]], but increased by 10% in the developing world.<ref name=Fei2013/> In 2015, stroke was the second most [[List of causes of death by rate|frequent cause of death]] after [[coronary artery disease]], accounting for 6.3 million deaths (11% of the total).<ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal | author = ((GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators)) | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1 }}</ref> About 3.0 million deaths resulted from ischemic stroke while 3.3 million deaths resulted from hemorrhagic stroke.<ref name=GBD2015De/> About half of people who have had a stroke live less than one year.<ref name=Donnan2008/> Overall, two thirds of cases of stroke occurred in those over 65 years old.<ref name=Fei2013>{{cite journal | vauthors = Feigin VL, Forouzanfar MH, Krishnamurthi R, Mensah GA, Connor M, Bennett DA, Moran AE, Sacco RL, Anderson L, Truelsen T, O'Donnell M, Venketasubramanian N, Barker-Collo S, Lawes CM, Wang W, Shinohara Y, Witt E, Ezzati M, Naghavi M, Murray C | title = Global and regional burden of stroke during 1990-2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 | journal = Lancet | volume = 383 | issue = 9913 | pages = 245–54 | date = January 2014 | pmid = 24449944 | pmc = 4181600 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61953-4 | bibcode = 2014Lanc..383..245F }}</ref>
{{TOC limit|3}}

==Classification==
[[File:Ischemic Stroke.svg|thumb|There are two main categories of stroke. Ischemic (top), typically caused by a blood clot in an artery (1a) resulting in brain death to the affected area (2a). Hemorrhagic (bottom), caused by blood leaking into or around the brain from a ruptured blood vessel (1b) allowing blood to pool in the affected area (2b) thus increasing the pressure on the brain.]]
[[File:MCA-Stroke-Brain-Human-1.JPG|thumb|A slice of brain from the autopsy of a person who had an acute [[Middle cerebral artery|middle cerebral artery (MCA)]] stroke]]
Stroke can be classified into two major categories: [[ischemia|ischemic]] and [[bleeding|hemorrhagic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/stroke/preventing_stroke.htm|title=Brain Basics: Preventing Stroke|publisher=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|access-date=2009-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008203200/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/stroke/preventing_stroke.htm|archive-date=2009-10-08}}</ref> Ischemic stroke is caused by [[Perfusion#Malperfusion|interruption of the blood supply]] to the brain, while hemorrhagic stroke results from the rupture of a [[blood vessel]] or an [[cerebral arteriovenous malformation|abnormal vascular structure]].

About 87% of stroke is ischemic, with the rest being hemorrhagic. Bleeding can develop inside areas of ischemia, a condition known as "[[hemorrhagic transformation]]." It is unknown how many cases of hemorrhagic stroke actually start as ischemic stroke.<ref name="Donnan2008" />

===Definition===
In the 1970s the [[World Health Organization]] defined "stroke" as a "neurological deficit of cerebrovascular cause that persists beyond 24 hours or is interrupted by death within 24 hours",<ref>{{cite book |author=World Health Organisation|title=Cerebrovascular Disorders (Offset Publications) |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |location=Geneva |year= 1978|isbn=978-92-4-170043-6 |oclc= 4757533}}</ref> although the word "stroke" is centuries old. This definition was supposed to reflect the reversibility of tissue damage and was devised for the purpose, with the time frame of 24 hours being chosen arbitrarily. The 24-hour limit divides stroke from [[transient ischemic attack]], which is a related syndrome of stroke symptoms that resolve completely within 24 hours.<ref name=Donnan2008/> With the availability of treatments that can reduce stroke severity when given early, many now prefer alternative terminology, such as "brain attack" and "acute ischemic cerebrovascular syndrome" (modeled after [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] and [[acute coronary syndrome]], respectively), to reflect the urgency of stroke symptoms and the need to act swiftly.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kidwell CS, Warach S | title = Acute ischemic cerebrovascular syndrome: diagnostic criteria | journal = Stroke | volume = 34 | issue = 12 | pages = 2995–8 | date = December 2003 | pmid = 14605325 | doi = 10.1161/01.STR.0000098902.69855.A9 | doi-access = | s2cid = 16083887 }}</ref>

===Ischemic===
{{Main|Cerebral infarction|Brain ischemia}}

During ischemic stroke, blood supply to part of the brain is decreased, leading to dysfunction of the brain tissue in that area. There are four reasons why this might happen:

# [[Thrombosis]] (obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot forming locally)
# [[Embolism]] (obstruction due to an [[embolus]] from elsewhere in the body),<ref name=Donnan2008/>
# Systemic [[hypoperfusion]] (general decrease in blood supply, e.g., in [[Shock (circulatory)|shock]])<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shuaib A, Hachinski VC | title = Mechanisms and management of stroke in the elderly | journal = CMAJ | volume = 145 | issue = 5 | pages = 433–43 | date = September 1991 | pmid = 1878825 | pmc = 1335826 }}</ref>
# [[Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis]].<ref name=Stam2005>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stam J | title = Thrombosis of the cerebral veins and sinuses | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 352 | issue = 17 | pages = 1791–8 | date = April 2005 | pmid = 15858188 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMra042354 | s2cid = 42126852 | url = https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/3830901/45867_208116y.pdf }}</ref>

Stroke without an obvious explanation is termed '''cryptogenic stroke''' ([[idiopathic disease|idiopathic]]); this constitutes 30–40% of all cases of ischemic stroke.<ref name=Donnan2008/><ref name=Guercini>{{cite journal | vauthors = Guercini F, Acciarresi M, Agnelli G, Paciaroni M | title = Cryptogenic stroke: time to determine aetiology | journal = Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis | volume = 6 | issue = 4 | pages = 549–54 | date = April 2008 | pmid = 18208534 | doi = 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2008.02903.x | s2cid = 20211745 | doi-access =free }}</ref>

There are classification systems for acute ischemic stroke. The Oxford Community Stroke Project classification (OCSP, also known as the Bamford or Oxford classification) relies primarily on the initial symptoms; based on the extent of the symptoms, the stroke episode is classified as [[total anterior circulation infarct]] (TACI), [[partial anterior circulation infarct]] (PACI), [[lacunar infarct]] (LACI) or [[posterior circulation infarct]] (POCI). These four entities predict the extent of the stroke, the area of the brain that is affected, the underlying cause, and the prognosis.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bamford J, Sandercock P, Dennis M, Burn J, Warlow C | title = Classification and natural history of clinically identifiable subtypes of cerebral infarction | journal = Lancet | volume = 337 | issue = 8756 | pages = 1521–6 | date = June 1991 | pmid = 1675378 | doi = 10.1016/0140-6736(91)93206-O | s2cid = 21784682 }} Later publications distinguish between "syndrome" and "infarct", based on evidence from imaging. "Syndrome" may be replaced by "hemorrhage" if imaging demonstrates a bleed. See {{cite web |url=http://www.strokecenter.org/trials/scales/oxford.html |title=Oxford Stroke Scale |author=Internet Stroke Center |access-date=2008-11-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025134133/http://www.strokecenter.org/trials/scales/oxford.html |archive-date=2008-10-25 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bamford JM | title = The role of the clinical examination in the subclassification of stroke | journal = Cerebrovascular Diseases | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = 2–4 | year = 2000 | pmid = 11070389 | doi = 10.1159/000047582 | s2cid = 29493084 }}</ref>

The TOAST (Trial of [[Danaparoid|Org 10172]] in Acute Stroke Treatment) classification is based on clinical symptoms as well as results of further investigations; on this basis, stroke is classified as being due to

(1) thrombosis or embolism due to [[atherosclerosis]] of a large artery,

(2) an embolism originating in the [[heart]],

(3) complete blockage of a small blood vessel,

(4) other determined cause,

(5) undetermined cause (two possible causes, no cause identified, or incomplete investigation).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Adams HP, Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ, Biller J, Love BB, Gordon DL, Marsh EE | title = Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment | journal = Stroke | volume = 24 | issue = 1 | pages = 35–41 | date = January 1993 | pmid = 7678184 | doi = 10.1161/01.STR.24.1.35 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

[[Recreational drug use|Users]] of [[stimulant]]s such as [[cocaine]] and [[methamphetamine]] are at a high risk for ischemic stroke.<ref>{{cite news | vauthors = Osterweil N |title=Methamphetamine May Trigger Ischemic Stroke |url=https://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/strokes/4761 |work=Medpage Today |date=26 December 2006 }}</ref>

===Hemorrhagic===
{{Main|Intracerebral hemorrhage|Subarachnoid hemorrhage}}

[[File:Parachemableedwithedema.png|thumb|[[CT scan]] of an intraparenchymal bleed (bottom arrow) with surrounding edema (top arrow)]]

There are two main types of hemorrhagic stroke:<ref>{{cite web|last1=Anonymous|title=Hemorrhagic stroke|url=http://www.stroke.org/understand-stroke/what-stroke/hemorrhagic-stroke|publisher=National Stroke Association|access-date=30 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627175524/http://www.stroke.org/understand-stroke/what-stroke/hemorrhagic-stroke|archive-date=27 June 2016|date=2014-07-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Anonymous|title=Types of Stroke|url=https://www.cdc.gov/stroke/types_of_stroke.htm|website=www.cdc.gov|publisher=Centers of Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=30 June 2016|date=6 December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627061518/http://www.cdc.gov/stroke/types_of_stroke.htm|archive-date=27 June 2016}}</ref>
* [[Intracerebral hemorrhage]], which is bleeding within the brain itself (when an artery in the brain bursts, flooding the surrounding tissue with blood), due to either [[intraparenchymal hemorrhage]] (bleeding within the brain tissue) or [[intraventricular hemorrhage]] (bleeding within the brain's [[ventricular system]]).
* [[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]], which is bleeding that occurs outside of the brain tissue but still within the skull, and precisely between the [[arachnoid mater]] and [[pia mater]] (the delicate ''innermost'' layer of the three layers of the [[meninges]] that surround the brain).
The above two main types of hemorrhagic stroke are also two different forms of [[intracranial hemorrhage]], which is the accumulation of blood anywhere within the [[cranial vault]]; but the other forms of intracranial hemorrhage, such as [[epidural hematoma]] (bleeding between the skull and the [[dura mater]], which is the thick ''outermost'' layer of the meninges that surround the brain) and [[subdural hematoma]] (bleeding in the [[subdural space]]), are not considered "hemorrhagic stroke".<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Al-Shahi Salman R, Labovitz DL, Stapf C | title = Spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage | journal = BMJ | volume = 339 | issue = jul24 1 | article-number = b2586 | date = July 2009 | pmid = 19633038 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.b2586 | s2cid = 206891608 }}</ref>

Hemorrhagic stroke may occur on the background of alterations to the blood vessels in the brain, such as [[cerebral amyloid angiopathy]], [[cerebral arteriovenous malformation]] and an [[intracranial aneurysm]], which can cause intraparenchymal or subarachnoid hemorrhage.<ref name="Articles">{{Cite web |title=Articles |url=https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/articles.html |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=Cedars-Sinai |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530132825/https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/articles.html }}</ref>

In addition to neurological impairment, hemorrhagic stroke usually causes specific symptoms (for instance, subarachnoid hemorrhage classically causes a severe [[headache]] known as a [[thunderclap headache]]) or reveal evidence of a previous [[head injury]].

==Signs and symptoms==

===Early recognition===
{{main|FAST (stroke)}}

[[File:Act FAST.svg|thumb|A [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] [[infographic]] describing the FAST mnemonic for early recognition of stroke]]
Systems have been proposed to increase recognition of stroke. Sudden-onset face weakness, arm drift (i.e., if a person, when asked to raise both arms, involuntarily lets one arm drift downward) and abnormal speech are the findings most likely to lead to the correct identification of a case of stroke, increasing the likelihood by 5.5 when at least one of these is present. Similarly, when all three of these are absent, the likelihood of stroke is decreased (– [[likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing|likelihood ratio]] of 0.39).<ref name="pmid15900010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Goldstein LB, Simel DL | title = Is this patient having a stroke? | journal = JAMA | volume = 293 | issue = 19 | pages = 2391–402 | date = May 2005 | pmid = 15900010 | doi = 10.1001/jama.293.19.2391 | s2cid = 20408776 }}</ref> While these findings are not perfect for diagnosing stroke, the fact that they can be evaluated relatively rapidly and easily make them very valuable in the acute setting.

A mnemonic to remember the warning signs of stroke is [[FAST (stroke)|FAST]] (facial droop, arm weakness, speech difficulty, and time to call emergency services),<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Harbison J, Massey A, Barnett L, Hodge D, Ford GA | title = Rapid ambulance protocol for acute stroke | journal = Lancet | volume = 353 | issue = 9168 | page = 1935 | date = June 1999 | pmid = 10371574 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)00966-6 | s2cid = 36692451 }}</ref> as advocated by the [[Department of Health (United Kingdom)]] and the [[Stroke Association]], the [[American Stroke Association]], and the [[National Stroke Association]] (US). FAST is less reliable in the recognition of posterior circulation stroke.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Merwick Á, Werring D | title = Posterior circulation ischaemic stroke | journal = BMJ | volume = 348 | issue = may19 33 | article-number = g3175 | date = May 2014 | pmid = 24842277 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.g3175 | doi-access = free | url = http://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/348/bmj.g3175.full.pdf }}</ref> The revised mnemonic ''BE FAST'', which adds balance (sudden trouble keeping balance while walking or standing) and eyesight (new onset of blurry or double vision or sudden, painless loss of sight) to the assessment, has been proposed to address this shortcoming and improve early detection of stroke even further.<ref name=BEFAST>{{cite journal |vauthors=Aroor S, Singh R, Goldstein LB |title=BE-FAST (Balance, Eyes, Face, Arm, Speech, Time): Reducing the Proportion of Strokes Missed Using the FAST Mnemonic |journal=Stroke |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=479–481 |date=February 2017 |pmid=28082668 |doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.015169}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen X, Zhao X, Xu F, Guo M, Yang Y, Zhong L, Weng X, Liu X |title=A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Comparing FAST and BEFAST in Acute Stroke Patients |journal=Front Neurol |volume=12 |issue= |article-number=765069 |date=2021 |pmid=35153975 |pmc=8837419 |doi=10.3389/fneur.2021.765069|doi-access=free }}</ref> Other scales for prehospital detection of stroke include the [[Los Angeles Prehospital Stroke Screen (LAPSS)]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kidwell CS, Saver JL, Schubert GB, Eckstein M, Starkman S | title = Design and retrospective analysis of the Los Angeles Prehospital Stroke Screen (LAPSS) | journal = Prehospital Emergency Care | volume = 2 | issue = 4 | pages = 267–73 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9799012 | doi = 10.1080/10903129808958878 }}</ref> and the [[Cincinnati Stroke Scale|Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale]] (CPSS),<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kothari RU, Pancioli A, Liu T, Brott T, Broderick J | title = Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale: reproducibility and validity | journal = Annals of Emergency Medicine | volume = 33 | issue = 4 | pages = 373–8 | date = April 1999 | pmid = 10092713 | doi = 10.1016/S0196-0644(99)70299-4 }}</ref> on which the FAST method was based.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Harbison J, Hossain O, Jenkinson D, Davis J, Louw SJ, Ford GA |title=Diagnostic accuracy of stroke referrals from primary care, emergency room physicians, and ambulance staff using the face arm speech test |journal=Stroke |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=71–6 |date=January 2003 |pmid=12511753 |doi=10.1161/01.str.0000044170.46643.5e}}</ref> Use of these scales is recommended by professional guidelines.<ref name=NICECG68>{{NICE|68|Stroke|2008}}</ref>

For people referred to the [[emergency room]], early recognition of stroke is deemed important as this can expedite diagnostic tests and treatments. A scoring system called ROSIER (recognition of stroke in the emergency room) is recommended for this purpose; it is based on features from the medical history and physical examination.<ref name=NICECG68/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nor AM, Davis J, Sen B, Shipsey D, Louw SJ, Dyker AG, Davis M, Ford GA | title = The Recognition of Stroke in the Emergency Room (ROSIER) scale: development and validation of a stroke recognition instrument | journal = The Lancet. Neurology | volume = 4 | issue = 11 | pages = 727–34 | date = November 2005 | pmid = 16239179 | doi = 10.1016/S1474-4422(05)70201-5 | s2cid = 2744751 }}</ref>

===Associated symptoms===
[[Unconsciousness|Loss of consciousness]], [[headache]], and [[vomiting]] usually occur more often in hemorrhagic stroke than in thrombosis because of the increased [[intracranial pressure]] from the leaking blood compressing the brain.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Unnithan |first1=Ajaya Kumar A. |title=Hemorrhagic Stroke |date=2025 |work=StatPearls |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559173/ |access-date=2025-09-05 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=32644599 |last2=Das |first2=Joe M. |last3=Mehta |first3=Parth}}</ref>

If symptoms are maximal at onset, the cause is more likely to be a subarachnoid hemorrhage or an embolic stroke.

===Subtypes===
If the area of the brain affected includes one of the three prominent [[Neural pathway|central nervous system pathways]]—the [[spinothalamic tract]], [[corticospinal tract]], and the [[dorsal column–medial lemniscus pathway]], symptoms may include:
* [[hemiplegia]] and [[central facial palsy|muscle weakness of the face]]
* [[numbness]]
* reduction in sensory or vibratory sensation
* initial [[flaccidity]] (reduced muscle tone), replaced by [[spasticity]] (increased muscle tone), [[hyperreflexia|excessive reflexes]], and obligatory synergies.<ref name=OSul07_719>{{cite book | vauthors = O'Sullivan SB | title = Physical Rehabilitation | chapter = Stroke | volume = 5 | veditors = O'Sullivan SB, Schmitz TJ | publisher = F.A. Davis Company | year = 2007 | location = Philadelphia | page = 719 }}</ref>

In most cases, the symptoms affect only one side of the body (unilateral). The defect in the brain is ''usually'' on the [[contralateral|opposite side]] of the body. However, since these pathways also travel in the [[spinal cord]] and any lesion there can also produce these symptoms, the presence of any one of these symptoms does not necessarily indicate stroke. In addition to the above central nervous system pathways, the [[brainstem]] gives rise to most of the twelve [[cranial nerves]]. A [[brainstem stroke syndrome|brainstem stroke]] affecting the brainstem and brain, therefore, can produce symptoms relating to deficits in these cranial nerves:{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}
* altered smell, taste, hearing, or vision (total or partial)
* drooping of eyelid ([[ptosis (eyelid)|ptosis]]) and weakness of [[Extraocular muscles|ocular muscles]]
* decreased [[reflex]]es: gag, swallow, pupil reactivity to light
* decreased sensation and muscle weakness of the face
* [[Balance disorder|balance problems]] and [[nystagmus]]
* altered breathing and heart rate
* weakness in [[sternocleidomastoid muscle]] with inability to turn head to one side
* weakness in tongue (inability to stick out the tongue or move it from side to side)

If the ''[[cerebral cortex]]'' is involved, the central nervous system pathways can again be affected, but can also produce the following symptoms:
* [[aphasia]] (difficulty with verbal expression, auditory comprehension, [[Alexia (condition)|reading]] and [[Agraphia|writing]]; [[Broca's area|Broca's]] or [[Wernicke's area]] typically involved)
* [[dysarthria]] ([[motor speech disorders|motor speech disorder]] resulting from neurological injury)
* [[apraxia]] (altered voluntary movements)
* [[visual field]] defect
* memory deficits (involvement of [[temporal lobe]])
* [[hemineglect]] (involvement of [[parietal lobe]])
* disorganized thinking, confusion, [[hypersexual]] gestures (with involvement of frontal lobe)
* [[anosognosia|lack of insight]] of his or her, usually stroke-related, disability

If the ''[[cerebellum]]'' is involved, [[Ataxia#Cerebellar|ataxia]] might be present and this includes:
* altered walking [[Gait abnormality|gait]]
* altered [[motor coordination|movement coordination]]
* [[Vertigo (medical)|vertigo]] and or disequilibrium

=== Preceding signs and symptoms ===
In the days before a stroke (generally in the previous 7 days, even the previous one), a considerable proportion of patients have a "sentinel headache": a severe and unusual headache that indicates a problem.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lebedeva ER, Ushenin AV, Gurary NM, Gilev DV, Olesen J | title = Diagnostic criteria for acute headache attributed to ischemic stroke and for sentinel headache before ischemic stroke | journal = The Journal of Headache and Pain | volume = 23 | issue = 1 | article-number = 11 | date = January 2022 | pmid = 35057731 | pmc = 8903596 | doi = 10.1186/s10194-021-01372-x | doi-access = free }}</ref> Its appearance makes it advisable to seek medical review and to consider [[Stroke#Prevention|prevention against stroke]].

==Causes==

===Thrombotic stroke===
[[File:Blausen 0836 Stroke.png|thumb|Illustration of an embolic stroke, showing a blockage lodged in a blood vessel]]
In thrombotic stroke, a thrombus<ref>{{MedlinePlusEncyclopedia|18120|Thrombus}}</ref> (blood clot) usually forms around [[atherosclerosis|atherosclerotic]] plaques. Since blockage of the artery is gradual, onset of symptomatic thrombotic stroke is slower than that of hemorrhagic stroke. A thrombus itself (even if it does not completely block the blood vessel) can lead to an embolic stroke (see below) if the thrombus breaks off and travels in the bloodstream, at which point it is called an [[embolus]]. Two types of thrombosis can cause stroke:
* ''Large vessel disease'' involves the [[Common carotid artery|common]] and [[internal carotid artery|internal carotid arteries]], the [[vertebral artery]], and the [[Circle of Willis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.strokecenter.org/professionals/brain-anatomy/blood-vessels-of-the-brain/|publisher=The Internet Stroke Center|title=Circle of Willis|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205102902/http://www.strokecenter.org/professionals/brain-anatomy/blood-vessels-of-the-brain/|archive-date=2016-02-05}}</ref> Diseases that may form [[thrombi]] in the large vessels include (in descending incidence): atherosclerosis, [[vasoconstriction]] (tightening of the artery), [[Aortic dissection|aortic]], [[carotid artery dissection|carotid]] or [[vertebral artery dissection]], inflammatory diseases of the blood vessel wall ([[Takayasu arteritis]], [[giant cell arteritis]], [[vasculitis]]), noninflammatory vasculopathy, [[Moyamoya disease]] and [[fibromuscular dysplasia]]. Strokes caused by artery dissections are in the strictest sense not always caused by a 'defined disease state', such events can occur in very young people and can be caused by physical injury such as hyperextension of the neck area or often by other forms of trauma.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Correia PN, Meyer IA, Eskandari A, Michel P | title = Beauty parlor stroke revisited: An 11-year single-center consecutive series | journal = International Journal of Stroke | volume = 11 | issue = 3 | pages = 356–360 | date = April 2016 | pmid = 26763920 | doi = 10.1177/1747493015620809 | s2cid = 36985608 }}</ref>
* ''[[Small vessel disease]]'' involves the smaller arteries inside the brain: branches of the [[circle of Willis]], middle cerebral artery, stem, and arteries arising from the distal vertebral and [[basilar artery]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/aneurysm/Pages/Introduction.aspx|publisher=[[National Health Service|NHS]] Choices|title=Brain anaurysm – Introduction|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208185638/http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/aneurysm/Pages/Introduction.aspx|archive-date=2016-02-08|date=2017-10-19}}</ref> Diseases that may form thrombi in the small vessels include (in descending incidence): [[lipohyalinosis]] (build-up of fatty hyaline matter in the blood vessel as a result of high blood pressure and aging) and [[Fibrinoid necrosis|fibrinoid degeneration]] (stroke involving these vessels is known as a [[lacunar stroke]]) and microatheroma (small atherosclerotic plaques).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fisher CM | title = The arterial lesions underlying lacunes | journal = Acta Neuropathologica | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–15 | date = December 1968 | pmid = 5708546 | doi = 10.1007/BF00685305 | s2cid = 6942826 }}</ref>

Anemia causes increase blood flow in the blood circulatory system. This causes the endothelial cells of the blood vessels to express adhesion factors which encourages the clotting of blood and formation of thrombus.<ref name="pmid34207841">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heo J, Youk TM, Seo KD |title=Anemia Is a Risk Factor for the Development of Ischemic Stroke and Post-Stroke Mortality |journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine |volume=10 |issue=12 |date=June 2021 |page=2556 |pmid=34207841 |pmc=8226740 |doi=10.3390/jcm10122556 |url=|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Sickle-cell disease|Sickle-cell anemia]], which can cause [[blood cell]]s to clump up and block blood vessels, can also lead to stroke. Stroke is the second leading cause of death in people under 20 with sickle-cell anemia.<ref name="NINDS1999"/>

===Embolic stroke===
An embolic stroke refers to an [[arterial embolism]] (a blockage of an artery) by an [[embolus]], a traveling particle or debris in the arterial bloodstream originating from elsewhere. An embolus is most frequently a thrombus, but it can also be a number of other substances including [[fat embolism|fat]] (e.g., from [[bone marrow]] in a [[Bone fracture|broken bone]]), air, [[cancer]] cells or clumps of [[bacteria]] (usually from infectious [[endocarditis]]).<ref name=Robbins/>

Because an embolus arises from elsewhere, local therapy solves the problem only temporarily. Thus, the source of the embolus must be identified. Because the embolic blockage is sudden in onset, symptoms are usually maximal at the start. Also, symptoms may be transient as the embolus is partially resorbed and moves to a different location or dissipates altogether.

Emboli most commonly arise from the [[heart]] (especially in [[atrial fibrillation]]) but may originate from elsewhere in the arterial tree. In [[paradoxical embolism]], a [[deep vein thrombosis]] embolizes through an [[atrial septal defect|atrial]] or [[ventricular septal defect]] in the heart into the brain.<ref name=Robbins>{{cite book| vauthors = Kumar V |title=Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, Professional Edition.|year=2009|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-4377-0792-2|edition=8th}}</ref>

Causes of stroke related to the heart can be distinguished between high- and low-risk:<ref name="ay">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ay H, Furie KL, Singhal A, Smith WS, Sorensen AG, Koroshetz WJ | title = An evidence-based causative classification system for acute ischemic stroke | journal = Annals of Neurology | volume = 58 | issue = 5 | pages = 688–97 | date = November 2005 | pmid = 16240340 | doi = 10.1002/ana.20617 | s2cid = 28798146 }}</ref>
* High risk: atrial fibrillation and [[paroxysmal atrial fibrillation]], [[Rheumatic fever|rheumatic disease]] of the [[mitral valve|mitral]] or [[aortic valve]] disease, [[artificial heart valve]]s, known cardiac thrombus of the atrium or ventricle, [[sick sinus syndrome]], sustained [[atrial flutter]], recent myocardial infarction, chronic myocardial infarction together with [[ejection fraction]] <28 percent, symptomatic [[congestive heart failure]] with ejection fraction <30 percent, [[dilated cardiomyopathy]], [[Libman-Sacks endocarditis]], [[Marantic endocarditis]], [[infective endocarditis]], [[papillary fibroelastoma]], [[atrial myxoma|left atrial myxoma]], and [[coronary artery bypass graft]] (CABG) surgery.
* Low risk/potential: calcification of the annulus (ring) of the mitral valve, patent foramen ovale (PFO), atrial septal aneurysm, atrial septal aneurysm ''with'' patent foramen ovale, left ventricular aneurysm without thrombus, isolated left atrial "smoke" on [[echocardiography]] (no [[mitral stenosis]] or atrial fibrillation), and complex atheroma in the [[ascending aorta]] or proximal arch

Among those who have a complete blockage of one of the carotid arteries, the risk of stroke on that side is about one percent per year.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hackam DG | title = Prognosis of Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Occlusion: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis | journal = Stroke | volume = 47 | issue = 5 | pages = 1253–7 | date = May 2016 | pmid = 27073237 | doi = 10.1161/strokeaha.116.012760 | s2cid = 3669224 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

A special form of embolic stroke is the [[embolic stroke of undetermined source]] (ESUS). This subset of cryptogenic stroke is defined as a non-lacunar brain infarct without proximal arterial stenosis or cardioembolic sources. About one out of six cases of ischemic stroke could be classified as ESUS.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hart RG, Catanese L, Perera KS, Ntaios G, Connolly SJ | title = Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source: A Systematic Review and Clinical Update | journal = Stroke | volume = 48 | issue = 4 | pages = 867–872 | date = April 2017 | pmid = 28265016 | doi = 10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.016414 | s2cid = 3679562 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

===Cerebral hypoperfusion===
[[Shock (circulatory)|Cerebral hypoperfusion]] is the reduction of blood flow to all parts of the brain. The reduction could be to a particular part of the brain depending on the cause. It is most commonly due to [[heart failure]] from [[cardiac arrest]] or [[arrhythmia]]s, or from reduced [[cardiac output]] as a result of [[myocardial infarction]], [[pulmonary embolism]], [[pericardial effusion]], or bleeding.{{citation needed|date=October 2012}} [[Hypoxia (medical)|Hypoxemia]] (low blood oxygen content) may precipitate the hypoperfusion. Because the reduction in blood flow is global, all parts of the brain may be affected, especially vulnerable "watershed" areas—border zone regions supplied by the major cerebral arteries. A [[watershed stroke]] refers to the condition when the blood supply to these areas is compromised. Blood flow to these areas does not necessarily stop, but instead it may lessen to the point where brain damage can occur.

===Venous thrombosis===
[[Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis]] leads to stroke due to locally increased venous pressure, which exceeds the pressure generated by the arteries. Infarcts are more likely to undergo hemorrhagic transformation (leaking of blood into the damaged area) than other types of ischemic stroke.<ref name=Stam2005/>

===Intracerebral hemorrhage===
It generally occurs in small arteries or arterioles and is commonly due to hypertension,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Strandgaard S | title = Hypertension and stroke | journal = Journal of Hypertension Supplement | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = S23-7 | date = October 1996 | pmid = 9120662 | doi = 10.1097/00004872-199610003-00005 | s2cid = 11817729 }}</ref> intracranial vascular malformations (including [[cavernous angioma]]s or [[arteriovenous malformation]]s), cerebral [[amyloid angiopathy]], or infarcts into which secondary hemorrhage has occurred.<ref name=Donnan2008/> Other potential causes are trauma, [[Hemophilia|bleeding disorders]], [[amyloid angiopathy]], [[Recreational drug use|illicit drug use]] (e.g., amphetamines or [[cocaine]]). The hematoma enlarges until pressure from surrounding tissue limits its growth, or until it decompresses by emptying into the [[ventricular system]], [[cerebrospinal fluid|CSF]] or the pial surface. A third of intracerebral bleed is into the brain's ventricles. ICH has a [[mortality rate]] of 44 percent after 30 days, higher than ischemic stroke or [[subarachnoid hemorrhage]] (which technically may also be classified as a type of stroke<ref name=Donnan2008/>).

===Other===
Other causes may include spasm of an artery. This may occur due to [[cocaine]].<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Harrigan MR, Deveikis JP |title=Handbook of Cerebrovascular Disease and Neurointerventional Technique|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-61779-945-7 |page=692 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=aUh1JA82zCMC&pg=PA692 |language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109020750/https://books.google.com/books?id=aUh1JA82zCMC&pg=PA692|archive-date=2017-01-09}}</ref> [[Cancer]] is also another well recognized potential cause of stroke. Although, malignancy in general can increase the risk of stroke, certain types of cancer such as pancreatic, lung and gastric are typically associated with a higher thromboembolism risk. The mechanism with which cancer increases stroke risk is thought to be secondary to an acquired [[Thrombophilia|hypercoagulability]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Navi BB, Iadecola C | title = Ischemic stroke in cancer patients: A review of an underappreciated pathology | journal = Annals of Neurology | volume = 83 | issue = 5 | pages = 873–883 | date = May 2018 | pmid = 29633334 | pmc = 6021225 | doi = 10.1002/ana.25227 }}</ref> [[Air pollution]] is responsible for around 27% of deaths from strokes worldwide, according to the [[Global Burden of Disease Study]].<ref name="HEI_2024_p3-4">{{Cite book |last1=Health Effects Institute |author-link1=Health Effects Institute |url=https://www.stateofglobalair.org/resources/report/state-global-air-report-2024 |title=State of Global Air Report 2024: A Special Report on Global Exposure to Air Pollution and its Health Impacts with a Focus on Children's Health. |last2=Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation |author-link2=Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation |last3=UNICEF |author-link3=UNICEF |date=2024 |publisher=Health Effects Institute |page=27 |issn=2578-6873}}</ref>

===Silent stroke===
[[Silent stroke]] is stroke that does not have any outward symptoms, and people are typically unaware they had experienced stroke. Despite not causing identifiable symptoms, silent stroke still damages the brain and places the person at increased risk for both [[transient ischemic attack]] and major stroke in the future. Conversely, those who have had major stroke are also at risk of having silent stroke.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Miwa K, Hoshi T, Hougaku H, Tanaka M, Furukado S, Abe Y, Okazaki S, Sakaguchi M, Sakoda S, Kitagawa K | title = Silent cerebral infarction is associated with incident stroke and TIA independent of carotid intima-media thickness | journal = Internal Medicine | volume = 49 | issue = 9 | pages = 817–22 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20453400 | doi = 10.2169/internalmedicine.49.3211 | doi-access = free }}</ref> In a broad study in 1998, more than 11 million people were estimated to have experienced stroke in the United States. Approximately 770,000 of these were symptomatic and 11 million were first-ever silent MRI infarcts or [[hemorrhage]]s. Silent stroke typically causes [[lesion]]s which are detected via the use of neuroimaging such as [[MRI]]. Silent stroke is estimated to occur at five times the rate of symptomatic stroke.<ref name=Dutch_TIA92>{{cite journal | vauthors = Herderscheê D, Hijdra A, Algra A, Koudstaal PJ, Kappelle LJ, van Gijn J | title = Silent stroke in patients with transient ischemic attack or minor ischemic stroke. The Dutch TIA Trial Study Group | journal = Stroke | volume = 23 | issue = 9 | pages = 1220–4 | date = September 1992 | pmid = 1519274 | doi = 10.1161/01.STR.23.9.1220 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Leary MC, Saver JL | title = Annual incidence of first silent stroke in the United States: a preliminary estimate | journal = Cerebrovascular Diseases | volume = 16 | issue = 3 | pages = 280–5 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12865617 | doi = 10.1159/000071128 | s2cid = 33095581 }}</ref> The risk of silent stroke increases with age, but they may also affect younger adults and children, especially those with acute [[anemia]].<ref name=Dutch_TIA92/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vermeer SE, Koudstaal PJ, Oudkerk M, Hofman A, Breteler MM | title = Prevalence and risk factors of silent brain infarcts in the population-based Rotterdam Scan Study | journal = Stroke | volume = 33 | issue = 1 | pages = 21–5 | date = January 2002 | pmid = 11779883 | doi = 10.1161/hs0102.101629 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

==Pathophysiology==

===Ischemic===
[[File:Histopathology of thalamus infarction at approximately 24 hours, high magnification, annotated.jpg|thumb|Histopathology at high magnification of a normal neuron, and ischemic stroke at approximately 24 hours on [[H&E stain]]: The neurons become hypereosinophilic and there is an infiltrate of [[neutrophil]]s. There is slight edema and loss of normal architecture in the surrounding [[neuropil]].]]
{{more medical citations needed|section|date=June 2022}}

Ischemic stroke occurs because of a loss of blood supply to part of the brain, initiating the [[ischemic cascade]].<ref name=Deb>{{cite journal | vauthors = Deb P, Sharma S, Hassan KM | title = Pathophysiologic mechanisms of acute ischemic stroke: An overview with emphasis on therapeutic significance beyond thrombolysis | journal = Pathophysiology | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | pages = 197–218 | date = June 2010 | pmid = 20074922 | doi = 10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.12.001 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Atherosclerosis may disrupt the blood supply by narrowing the lumen of blood vessels leading to a reduction of blood flow by causing the formation of blood clots within the vessel or by releasing showers of small [[emboli]] through the disintegration of atherosclerotic plaques.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Snell RS |title= Clinical neuroanatomy, 6. ed |publisher= Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia|pages= 478–85|isbn= 978-963-226-293-2 |year=2006}}</ref> Embolic infarction occurs when emboli formed elsewhere in the circulatory system, typically in the heart as a consequence of atrial fibrillation, or in the carotid arteries, break off, enter the cerebral circulation, then lodge in and block brain blood vessels. Since blood vessels in the brain are now blocked, the brain becomes low in energy, and thus it resorts to using [[anaerobic metabolism]] within the region of brain tissue affected by ischemia. Anaerobic metabolism produces less [[adenosine triphosphate]] (ATP) but releases a by-product called [[lactic acid]]. Lactic acid is an irritant which could potentially destroy cells since it is an acid and disrupts the normal acid-base balance in the brain. The ischemia area is referred to as the "ischemic [[penumbra (medicine)|penumbra]]".<ref>Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook on Medical-Surgical Nursing, 11th Edition</ref> After the initial ischemic event the penumbra transitions from a [[tissue remodeling]] characterized by damage to a remodeling characterized by repair.<ref name="pmid18463660">{{cite journal | author= Lo EH | title=A new penumbra: transitioning from injury into repair after stroke | journal=[[Nature Medicine]] | volume=14 | issue=5| pages=497–500 | year=2008 | doi = 10.1038/nm1735 | pmid=18463660| s2cid=205385488 }}</ref>
[[File:Molecular pathways outlining the role of glutamate in excitoxicity following stroke.png|thumb|300px|right|Molecular pathways outlining the role of glutamate excitoxicity following stroke]]
As oxygen or glucose becomes depleted in ischemic brain tissue, the production of [[high energy phosphate]] compounds such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) fails, leading to failure of energy-dependent processes (such as ion pumping) necessary for tissue cell survival. This sets off a series of interrelated events that result in cellular injury and death. A major cause of neuronal injury is the release of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. The concentration of glutamate outside the cells of the nervous system is normally kept low by so-called uptake carriers, which are powered by the concentration gradients of ions (mainly Na+) across the cell membrane. However, stroke cuts off the supply of oxygen and glucose which powers the ion pumps maintaining these gradients. As a result, the transmembrane ion gradients run down, and glutamate transporters reverse their direction, releasing glutamate into the extracellular space. Glutamate acts on receptors in nerve cells (especially NMDA receptors), producing an influx of calcium which activates enzymes that digest the cells' proteins, lipids, and nuclear material. Calcium influx can also lead to the failure of [[mitochondria]], which can lead further toward energy depletion and may trigger cell death due to [[apoptosis|programmed cell death]].<ref name="PMID8761323">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kristián T, Siesjö BK | title = Calcium-related damage in ischemia | journal = Life Sciences | volume = 59 | issue = 5–6 | pages = 357–67 | date = 1996 | pmid = 8761323 | doi = 10.1016/0024-3205(96)00314-1 }}</ref>

Ischemia also induces production of [[Radical (chemistry)|oxygen free radicals]] and other [[reactive oxygen species]]. These react with and damage a number of cellular and extracellular elements. Damage to the blood vessel lining or endothelium may occur. These processes are the same for any type of ischemic tissue and are referred to collectively as the ''ischemic cascade''. However, brain tissue is especially vulnerable to ischemia since it has little respiratory reserve and is completely dependent on [[aerobic metabolism]], unlike most other organs.

==== Collateral flow ====
[[File:Impact of collateral flow on clot lysis and reperfusion. % 28a% 29 Schematic drawing of the collateral network showing anastomoses between the middle cerebral artery converted to svg by hariadhi.svg|thumb|400px|Impact of collateral flow on [[clot lysis]] and [[Reperfusion therapy|reperfusion]]]]
The brain can compensate inadequate blood flow in a single artery by the collateral system. This system relies on the efficient connection between the carotid and [[vertebral arteries]] through the [[circle of Willis]] and, to a lesser extent, the major arteries supplying the [[cerebral hemisphere]]s. However, variations in the circle of Willis, caliber of collateral vessels, and acquired [[Atheroma|arterial lesions]] such as atherosclerosis can disrupt this compensatory mechanism, increasing the risk of brain ischemia resulting from artery blockage.<ref name="MSD-2023">{{Cite web |title=Ischemic Stroke - Neurologic Disorders |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/stroke/ischemic-stroke |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=MSD Manual Professional Edition |language=en}}</ref>

The extent of damage depends on the duration and severity of the ischemia. If ischemia persists for more than 5 minutes with [[perfusion]] below 5% of normal, some neurons will die. However, if ischemia is mild, the damage will occur slowly and may take up to 6 hours to completely destroy the brain tissue. In case of severe ischemia lasting more than 15 to 30 minutes, all of the affected tissue will die, leading to infarction. The rate of damage is affected by temperature, with [[hyperthermia]] accelerating damage and [[hypothermia]] slowing it down and other factors. Prompt restoration of blood flow to ischemic tissues can reduce or reverse injury, especially if the tissues are not yet irreversibly damaged. This is particularly important for the moderately ischemic areas (penumbras) surrounding areas of severe ischemia, which may still be salvageable due to collateral flow.<ref name="MSD-2023" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Iwasawa E, Ichijo M, Ishibashi S, Yokota T | title = Acute development of collateral circulation and therapeutic prospects in ischemic stroke | journal = Neural Regeneration Research | volume = 11 | issue = 3 | pages = 368–371 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 27127459 | pmc = 4828985 | doi = 10.4103/1673-5374.179033 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu L, Ding J, Leng X, Pu Y, Huang LA, Xu A, Wong KS, Wang X, Wang Y | title = Guidelines for evaluation and management of cerebral collateral circulation in ischaemic stroke 2017 | journal = Stroke and Vascular Neurology | volume = 3 | issue = 3 | pages = 117–130 | date = September 2018 | pmid = 30294467 | doi = 10.1136/svn-2017-000135 | pmc = 6169613 }}</ref>

===Hemorrhagic===
Hemorrhagic stroke is classified based on their underlying pathology. Some causes of hemorrhagic stroke are [[Hypertensive|hypertensive hemorrhage]], ruptured [[aneurysm]], ruptured [[AV fistula]], transformation of prior ischemic infarction, and drug-induced [[bleeding]].<ref name="Harrison's" /> They result in tissue injury by causing compression of tissue from an expanding [[hematoma]] or hematomas. In addition, the pressure may lead to a loss of blood supply to affected tissue with resulting [[infarction]], and the blood released by brain hemorrhage appears to have direct toxic effects on brain tissue and [[vasculature]].<ref name="NINDS1999"/><ref name="Wang 2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang J | title = Preclinical and clinical research on inflammation after intracerebral hemorrhage | journal = Progress in Neurobiology | volume = 92 | issue = 4 | pages = 463–77 | date = December 2010 | pmid = 20713126 | pmc = 2991407 | doi = 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.08.001 }}</ref> [[Inflammation]] contributes to the [[secondary brain injury]] after hemorrhage.<ref name="Wang 2010"/>

==Diagnosis==

[[File:StrokeMCA overlay.png|thumb|A CT showing early signs of a middle cerebral artery stroke with loss of definition of the gyri and grey white boundary]]
[[File:Dens media sign mit Mediainfarkt - CCT 001.jpg|thumb|Dense artery sign in a patient with [[middle cerebral artery]] infarction shown on the left. Right image after 7 hours.]]
Stroke is diagnosed through several techniques: a neurological examination (such as the [[NIHSS]]), CT scans (most often without contrast enhancements) or [[MRI scan]]s, [[Doppler ultrasound]], and [[arteriography]]. The diagnosis of stroke itself is clinical, with assistance from the imaging techniques. Imaging techniques also assist in determining the subtypes and cause of stroke. There is yet no commonly used [[blood test]] for the stroke diagnosis itself, though blood tests may be of help in finding out the likely cause of stroke.<ref name="hill2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hill MD | title = Diagnostic biomarkers for stroke: a stroke neurologist's perspective | journal = Clinical Chemistry | volume = 51 | issue = 11 | pages = 2001–2 | date = November 2005 | pmid = 16244286 | doi = 10.1373/clinchem.2005.056382 | doi-access = free }}</ref> In deceased people, an [[autopsy of stroke]] may help establishing the time between stroke onset and death.

===Physical examination===
A [[physical examination]], including taking a [[medical history]] of the symptoms and a neurological status, helps giving an evaluation of the location and severity of stroke. It can give a standard score on e.g., the [[NIH stroke scale]].

===Imaging===
For diagnosing ischemic (blockage) stroke in the emergency setting:<ref name="pmid17258669">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chalela JA, Kidwell CS, Nentwich LM, Luby M, Butman JA, Demchuk AM, Hill MD, Patronas N, Latour L, Warach S | title = Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in emergency assessment of patients with suspected acute stroke: a prospective comparison | journal = Lancet | volume = 369 | issue = 9558 | pages = 293–8 | date = January 2007 | pmid = 17258669 | pmc = 1859855 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60151-2 }}</ref>
* CT scans (''without'' contrast enhancements)
** [[sensitivity (tests)|sensitivity]]= 16% (less than 10% within first 3 hours of symptom onset)
** [[specificity (tests)|specificity]]= 96%
* MRI scan
** sensitivity= 83%
** specificity= 98%
For diagnosing hemorrhagic stroke in the emergency setting:
* CT scans (''without'' contrast enhancements)
** sensitivity= 89%
** specificity= 100%
* MRI scan
** sensitivity= 81%
** specificity= 100%
For detecting chronic hemorrhages, an MRI scan is more sensitive.<ref name="pmid15494579">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kidwell CS, Chalela JA, Saver JL, Starkman S, Hill MD, Demchuk AM, Butman JA, Patronas N, Alger JR, Latour LL, Luby ML, Baird AE, Leary MC, Tremwel M, Ovbiagele B, Fredieu A, Suzuki S, Villablanca JP, Davis S, Dunn B, Todd JW, Ezzeddine MA, Haymore J, Lynch JK, Davis L, Warach S | title = Comparison of MRI and CT for detection of acute intracerebral hemorrhage | journal = JAMA | volume = 292 | issue = 15 | pages = 1823–30 | date = October 2004 | pmid = 15494579 | doi = 10.1001/jama.292.15.1823 | doi-access = }}</ref>

For the assessment of stable stroke, nuclear medicine scans such as [[single-photon emission computed tomography]] (SPECT) and [[positron emission tomography–computed tomography]] (PET/CT) may be helpful. SPECT documents cerebral blood flow, whereas PET with an FDG isotope shows cerebral glucose metabolism.

CT scans may not detect ischemic stroke, especially if it is small, of recent onset,<ref name=AFP2009/> or in the brainstem or cerebellum areas ([[posterior circulation infarct]]). MRI is better at detecting a posterior circulation infarct with [[Diffusion MRI|diffusion-weighted imaging]].<ref name="pmid24778625">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nouh A, Remke J, Ruland S | title = Ischemic posterior circulation stroke: a review of anatomy, clinical presentations, diagnosis, and current management | journal = Frontiers in Neurology | volume = 5 | issue = | page = 30 | date = 2014 | pmid = 24778625 | pmc = 3985033 | doi = 10.3389/fneur.2014.00030 | url = | doi-access = free }}</ref> A CT scan is used more to ''rule out'' certain stroke mimics and detect bleeding.<ref name=AFP2009/> The presence of [[leptomeningeal collateral circulation]] in the brain is associated with better clinical outcomes after recanalization treatment.<ref name="pmid28864854">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tong E, Patrie J, Tong S, Evans A, Michel P, Eskandari A, Wintermark M |title=Time-resolved CT assessment of collaterals as imaging biomarkers to predict clinical outcomes in acute ischemic stroke |journal=Neuroradiology |volume=59 |issue=11 |pages=1101–1109 |date=November 2017 |pmid=28864854 |doi=10.1007/s00234-017-1914-z |s2cid=19070631 |url=}}</ref> Cerebrovascular reserve capacity is another factor that affects stroke outcome {{ndash}} it is the amount of increase in cerebral blood flow after a purposeful stimulation of blood flow by the physician, such as by giving inhaled carbon dioxide or [[intravenous]] [[acetazolamide]]. The increase in blood flow can be measured by PET scan or transcranial doppler sonography.<ref name="pmid12242957">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stoll M, Hamann GF |title=[Cerebrovascular reserve capacity] |language=German |journal=Der Nervenarzt |volume=73 |issue=8 |pages=711–8 |date=August 2002 |pmid=12242957 |doi=10.1007/s00115-002-1313-4 |s2cid=34870086 |url=}}</ref> However, in people with obstruction of the [[internal carotid artery]] of one side, the presence of leptomeningeal collateral circulation is associated with reduced cerebral reserve capacity.<ref name="pmid34112002">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sebök M, Niftrik BV, Lohaus N, Esposito G, Amki ME, Winklhofer S, Wegener S, Regli L, Fierstra J |title=Leptomeningeal collateral activation indicates severely impaired cerebrovascular reserve capacity in patients with symptomatic unilateral carotid artery occlusion |journal=Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism |volume=41 |issue=11 |pages=3039–3051 |date=November 2021 |pmid=34112002 |pmc=8545056 |doi=10.1177/0271678X211024373 |url=}}</ref>

===Underlying cause===
[[File:Left MCA Stroke.png|thumb|12-lead ECG of a patient with stroke, showing large deeply inverted [[T wave|T-waves]]. ECG changes may occur in people with stroke and other brain disorders.]]
When stroke has been diagnosed, other studies may be performed to determine the underlying cause. With the treatment and diagnosis options available, it is of particular importance to determine whether there is a peripheral source of emboli. Test selection may vary since the cause of stroke varies with age, [[comorbidity]] and the clinical presentation. The following are commonly used techniques:{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}
* an [[medical ultrasonography|ultrasound/doppler study]] of the [[carotid artery|carotid arteries]] (to detect [[carotid stenosis]]) or dissection of the precerebral arteries;
* an [[electrocardiogram]] (ECG) and [[echocardiogram]] (to identify [[cardiac arrhythmia|arrhythmias]] and resultant clots in the heart which may spread to the brain vessels through the bloodstream);
* a [[Holter monitor]] study to identify intermittent [[Heart arrhythmia|abnormal heart rhythms]];
* an [[angiogram]] of the cerebral vasculature (if a bleed is thought to have originated from an [[aneurysm]] or [[arteriovenous malformation]]);
* blood tests to determine if [[hypercholesterolemia|blood cholesterol is high]], if there is an abnormal [[bleeding diathesis|tendency to bleed]], and if some rarer processes such as [[homocysteinuria|homocystinuria]] might be involved.

For hemorrhagic stroke, a [[Computed tomography angiography|CT]] or [[Magnetic resonance angiography|MRI scan with intravascular contrast]] may be able to identify abnormalities in the brain arteries (such as aneurysms) or other sources of bleeding, and structural MRI if this shows no cause. If this too does not identify an underlying reason for the bleeding, invasive [[cerebral angiography]] could be performed but this requires access to the bloodstream with an intravascular catheter and can cause further stroke as well as complications at the insertion site and this investigation is therefore reserved for specific situations.<ref name=Wilson2015>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wilson D, Adams ME, Robertson F, Murphy M, Werring DJ | title = Investigating intracerebral haemorrhage | journal = BMJ | volume = 350 | issue = may20 10 | article-number = h2484 | date = May 2015 | pmid = 25994363 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.h2484 | s2cid = 26908106 }}</ref> If there are symptoms suggesting that the hemorrhage might have occurred as a result of [[cerebral venous sinus thrombosis|venous thrombosis]], CT or MRI venography can be used to examine the cerebral veins.<ref name=Wilson2015/>

===Silent Strokes===

Silent strokes are cerebrovascular events that have no identifiable symptoms. This leaves individuals usually unaware that they have occurred. Despite the absence of immediate clinical signs, silent strokes cause long term damage to the brain and significantly increase the risk of future TIAs and major symptomatic strokes. The risk of silence strokes increases with age, but they can also affect children and young adults. <ref name=Fanning2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Andrew W, John F | title = The epidemiology of silent brain infarction: a systematic review of population-based cohorts | journal = BMC medicine | volume = 12 | date = July 2014 | pmid = 25012298 | doi = 10.1186/s12916-014-0119-0 | doi-access = free}}</ref>

===Misdiagnosis===

Among people with ischemic stroke, misdiagnosis occurs 2 to 26% of the time.<ref name=Bak2018/> A "stroke chameleon" (SC) is stroke which is diagnosed as something else.<ref name=Bak2018>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bakradze E, Liberman AL | title = Diagnostic Error in Stroke-Reasons and Proposed Solutions | journal = Current Atherosclerosis Reports | volume = 20 | issue = 2 | article-number = 11 | date = February 2018 | pmid = 29441421 | doi = 10.1007/s11883-018-0712-3 | s2cid = 3335617 }}</ref><ref name="Stroke chameleons, Dupre et. al, 2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dupre CM, Libman R, Dupre SI, Katz JM, Rybinnik I, Kwiatkowski T | title = Stroke chameleons | journal = Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases | volume = 23 | issue = 2 | pages = 374–8 | date = February 2014 | pmid = 23954604 | doi = 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.07.015 | orig-date = Available online 15 August 2013 }}</ref>

People not having stroke may also be misdiagnosed with the condition. Giving thrombolytics (clot-busting) in such cases causes intracerebral bleeding 1 to 2% of the time, which is less than that of people with stroke. This unnecessary treatment adds to health care costs. Even so, the AHA/ASA guidelines state that starting intravenous tPA in possible mimics is preferred to delaying treatment for additional testing.<ref name=Bak2018/>

Women, African-Americans, Hispanic-Americans, Asian and Pacific Islanders are more often misdiagnosed for a condition other than stroke when in fact having stroke. In addition, adults under 44 years of age are seven times more likely to have stroke missed than are adults over 75 years of age. This is especially the case for younger people with posterior circulation infarcts.<ref name=Bak2018/> Some medical centers have used hyperacute MRI in experimental studies for people initially thought to have a low likelihood of stroke, and in some of these people, stroke has been found which were then treated with thrombolytic medication.<ref name=Bak2018/>

==Prevention==
Given the disease burden of stroke, [[Prevention (medical)|prevention]] is an important [[public health]] concern.<ref name="pmid12234233">{{cite journal | vauthors = Straus SE, Majumdar SR, McAlister FA | title = New evidence for stroke prevention: scientific review | journal = JAMA | volume = 288 | issue = 11 | pages = 1388–95 | date = September 2002 | pmid = 12234233 | doi = 10.1001/jama.288.11.1388 | doi-access = }}</ref> [[Primary prevention]] is less effective than secondary prevention (as judged by the [[number needed to treat]] to prevent one stroke per year).<ref name="pmid12234233"/> Recent guidelines detail the evidence for primary prevention in stroke.<ref name="PreventionGuidelines">{{cite journal | vauthors = Goldstein LB, Adams R, Alberts MJ, Appel LJ, Brass LM, Bushnell CD, Culebras A, Degraba TJ, Gorelick PB, Guyton JR, Hart RG, Howard G, Kelly-Hayes M, Nixon JV, Sacco RL | title = Primary prevention of ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council: cosponsored by the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Interdisciplinary Working Group; Cardiovascular Nursing Council; Clinical Cardiology Council; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Council; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: the American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline | journal = Stroke | volume = 37 | issue = 6 | pages = 1583–633 | date = June 2006 | pmid = 16675728 | doi = 10.1161/01.STR.0000223048.70103.F1 | doi-access = free }}</ref> About the use of aspirin as a preventive medication for stroke, in healthy people aspirin does not appear beneficial and thus is not recommended,<ref>{{Cite web|title = Information for Consumers (Drugs) - Use of Aspirin for Primary Prevention of Heart Attack and Stroke|url = https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/ucm390574.htm|website = www.fda.gov|access-date = 2015-11-16| author = Center for Drug Evaluation and Research |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151117063135/https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/ucm390574.htm|archive-date = 2015-11-17}}</ref> but in people with high cardiovascular risk, or those who have had a myocardial infarction, it provides some protection against a first stroke.<ref name="AP01">{{Cite web |date=2012-04-07 |title=Stroke prevention - Antiplatelets and anticoagulants: NPS - Better choices, Better health |url=https://www.nps.org.au/health_professionals/publications/prescribing_practice_review/current/nps_prescribing_practice_review_44 |access-date=2024-01-29 |archive-date=2012-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407044139/https://www.nps.org.au/health_professionals/publications/prescribing_practice_review/current/nps_prescribing_practice_review_44 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref name="BMJ2002">{{cite journal | author = Antithrombotic Trialists' Collaboration | title = Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients | journal = BMJ | volume = 324 | issue = 7329 | pages = 71–86 | date = January 2002 | pmid = 11786451 | pmc = 64503 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.324.7329.71 }}</ref> In those who have previously had stroke, treatment with medications such as [[aspirin]], [[clopidogrel]], and [[dipyridamole]] may be beneficial.<ref name="AP01" /> The [[U.S. Preventive Services Task Force]] (USPSTF) recommends against [[Screening (medicine)|screening]] for [[carotid artery stenosis]] in those without symptoms.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jonas DE, Feltner C, Amick HR, Sheridan S, Zheng ZJ, Watford DJ, Carter JL, Rowe CJ, Harris R | title = Screening for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 161 | issue = 5 | pages = 336–46 | date = September 2014 | pmid = 25004169 | doi = 10.7326/M14-0530 | s2cid = 8741746 }}</ref>

===Risk factors===
The most important modifiable risk factors for stroke are chronic uncontrolled [[hypertension]] and [[atrial fibrillation]], although the size of the effect is small; 833 people have to be treated for 1 year to prevent one stroke.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Medical Research Council Working Party | title = MRC trial of treatment of mild hypertension: principal results. Medical Research Council Working Party | journal = British Medical Journal | volume = 291 | issue = 6488 | pages = 97–104 | date = July 1985 | pmid = 2861880 | pmc = 1416260 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.291.6488.97 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Thomson R | title = Evidence based implementation of complex interventions | journal = BMJ | volume = 339 | article-number = b3124 | date = August 2009 | pmid = 19675081 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.b3124 | s2cid = 692596 }}</ref> Other modifiable risk factors include high blood cholesterol levels, [[diabetes mellitus]], [[end-stage kidney disease]],<ref name="Hu2018"/> cigarette smoking<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hankey GJ | title = Smoking and risk of stroke | journal = Journal of Cardiovascular Risk | volume = 6 | issue = 4 | pages = 207–11 | date = August 1999 | pmid = 10501270 | doi = 10.1177/204748739900600403 | s2cid = 43819614 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid7596004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Whincup PH, Walker M | title = Smoking cessation and the risk of stroke in middle-aged men | journal = JAMA | volume = 274 | issue = 2 | pages = 155–60 | date = July 1995 | pmid = 7596004 | doi = 10.1001/jama.274.2.155 }}</ref> (active and passive), heavy [[Alcohol consumption and health|alcohol]] use,<ref name="pmid12578491">{{cite journal | vauthors = Reynolds K, Lewis B, Nolen JD, Kinney GL, Sathya B, He J, Lewis BL | title = Alcohol consumption and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis | journal = JAMA | volume = 289 | issue = 5 | pages = 579–88 | date = February 2003 | pmid = 12578491 | doi = 10.1001/jama.289.5.579 | s2cid = 28076015 }}</ref> drug use,<ref name="pmid1891081">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sloan MA, Kittner SJ, Rigamonti D, Price TR | title = Occurrence of stroke associated with use/abuse of drugs | journal = Neurology | volume = 41 | issue = 9 | pages = 1358–64 | date = September 1991 | pmid = 1891081 | doi = 10.1212/WNL.41.9.1358 | s2cid = 26670239 }}</ref> lack of [[physical activity]], [[obesity]], processed [[red meat]] consumption,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Larsson SC, Virtamo J, Wolk A | title = Red meat consumption and risk of stroke in Swedish men | journal = The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | volume = 94 | issue = 2 | pages = 417–21 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21653800 | doi = 10.3945/ajcn.111.015115 | doi-access = free }}</ref> and unhealthy diet.<ref name="American heart risk">{{cite web |url=http://www.AmericanHeart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4716 |title= Stroke Risk Factors |publisher= [[American Heart Association]] |year=2007 |access-date=January 22, 2007}}</ref> Smoking just one cigarette per day increases the risk more than 30%.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hackshaw A, Morris JK, Boniface S, Tang JL, Milenković D | title = Low cigarette consumption and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: meta-analysis of 141 cohort studies in 55 study reports | journal = BMJ | volume = 360 | article-number = j5855 | date = January 2018 | pmid = 29367388 | pmc = 5781309 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.j5855 }}</ref> Alcohol use could predispose to ischemic stroke, as well as intracerebral and [[subarachnoid hemorrhage]] via multiple mechanisms (for example, via hypertension, atrial fibrillation, rebound [[thrombocytosis]] and [[platelet aggregation]] and [[clotting]] disturbances).<ref name="pmid3810763">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gorelick PB | title = Alcohol and stroke | journal = Stroke | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | pages = 268–71 | year = 1987 | pmid = 3810763 | doi = 10.1161/01.STR.18.1.268 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Drugs, most commonly amphetamines and cocaine, can induce stroke through damage to the blood vessels in the brain and acute hypertension.<ref name="Harrison's">{{cite book| vauthors = Smith WS, English JD, Johnston SC | chapter = Chapter 370: Cerebrovascular Diseases | pages = 3270–3299 | veditors = Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J |title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine. |year=2012 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York |isbn=978-0-07-174889-6 |edition=18th}}</ref><ref name="pmid17404126">{{cite journal | vauthors = Westover AN, McBride S, Haley RW | title = Stroke in young adults who abuse amphetamines or cocaine: a population-based study of hospitalized patients | journal = Archives of General Psychiatry | volume = 64 | issue = 4 | pages = 495–502 | date = April 2007 | pmid = 17404126 | doi = 10.1001/archpsyc.64.4.495 | doi-access = }}</ref>{{quotation needed|reason=amphetamines do not normally cause any of this (hypertension or stroke) without pre-existing abnormalities, see DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1110212 and related adult study, esp hazard ratio supplements|date=November 2024}} [[Migraine]] with [[aura (symptom)|aura]] doubles a person's risk for ischemic stroke.<ref name=Stroke2009>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schürks M, Rist PM, Bigal ME, Buring JE, Lipton RB, Kurth T | title = Migraine and cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = BMJ | volume = 339 | issue = oct27 1 | article-number = b3914 | date = October 2009 | pmid = 19861375 | pmc = 2768778 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.b3914 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kurth T, Chabriat H, Bousser MG | title = Migraine and stroke: a complex association with clinical implications | journal = The Lancet. Neurology | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 92–100 | date = January 2012 | pmid = 22172624 | doi = 10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70266-6 | s2cid = 31939284 }}</ref> Untreated, [[celiac disease]] regardless of the presence of symptoms can be an underlying cause of stroke, both in children and adults.<ref name="CiaccioLewis2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ciaccio EJ, Lewis SK, Biviano AB, Iyer V, Garan H, Green PH | title = Cardiovascular involvement in celiac disease | journal = World Journal of Cardiology | volume = 9 | issue = 8 | pages = 652–666 | date = August 2017 | pmid = 28932354 | pmc = 5583538 | doi = 10.4330/wjc.v9.i8.652 | type = Review | doi-access = free }}</ref> According to a 2021 WHO study, working 55+ hours a week raises the risk of stroke by 35% and the risk of dying from heart conditions by 17%, when compared to a 35-40-hour week.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pega F, Náfrádi B, Momen NC, Ujita Y, Streicher KN, Prüss-Üstün AM, Descatha A, Driscoll T, Fischer FM, Godderis L, Kiiver HM, Li J, Magnusson Hanson LL, Rugulies R, Sørensen K, Woodruff TJ | title = Global, regional, and national burdens of ischemic heart disease and stroke attributable to exposure to long working hours for 194 countries, 2000-2016: A systematic analysis from the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury | journal = Environment International | volume = 154 | article-number = 106595 | date = September 2021 | pmid = 34011457 | pmc = 8204267 | doi = 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106595 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2021EnInt.15406595P }}</ref>

High levels of physical activity reduce the risk of stroke by about 26%.<ref name=BMJ2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kyu HH, Bachman VF, Alexander LT, Mumford JE, Afshin A, Estep K, Veerman JL, Delwiche K, Iannarone ML, Moyer ML, Cercy K, Vos T, Murray CJ, Forouzanfar MH | title = Physical activity and risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke events: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 | journal = BMJ | volume = 354 | article-number = i3857 | date = August 2016 | pmid = 27510511 | pmc = 4979358 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.i3857 }}</ref> There is a lack of high quality studies looking at promotional efforts to improve lifestyle factors.<ref name="pmid14705756">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ezekowitz JA, Straus SE, Majumdar SR, McAlister FA | title = Stroke: strategies for primary prevention | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 68 | issue = 12 | pages = 2379–86 | date = December 2003 | pmid = 14705756 }}</ref> Nonetheless, given the large body of circumstantial evidence, best medical management for stroke includes advice on diet, exercise, smoking and alcohol use.<ref name="endart-review">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ederle J, Brown MM | title = The evidence for medicine versus surgery for carotid stenosis | journal = European Journal of Radiology | volume = 60 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–7 | date = October 2006 | pmid = 16920313 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejrad.2006.05.021 }}</ref> Medication is the most common method of stroke prevention; [[carotid endarterectomy]] can be a useful surgical method of preventing stroke.

A recent 2025 reports that women under 50 with a history of [[Complications of pregnancy|pregnancy complications]] face a higher risk of ischemic stroke.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Verburgt |first1=Esmée |last2=Hilkens |first2=Nina A. |last3=Verhoeven |first3=Jamie I. |last4=Schellekens |first4=Mijntje M.I. |last5=Ekker |first5=Merel S. |last6=Boot |first6=Esther M. |last7=van Alebeek |first7=Mayte E. |last8=Brouwers |first8=Paul J.A.M. |last9=Arntz |first9=Renate M. |last10=Van Dijk |first10=Gert |last11=Gons |first11=Rob A.R. |last12=Van Uden |first12=Ingeborg W.M. |last13=Den Heijer |first13=Tom |last14=van Tuijl |first14=Julia |last15=de Laat |first15=Karlijn F. |date=2025-09-09 |title=History of Pregnancy Complications and the Risk of Ischemic Stroke in Young Women |journal=Neurology |volume=105 |issue=5 |article-number=e214009 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0000000000214009|pmid=40768689 |pmc=12334341 }}</ref> Conditions such as [[hypertensive disorders]] of pregnancy, [[gestational diabetes]], [[preterm birth]], [[Small for gestational age|small-for-gestational-age]] infants, stillbirth, and miscarriage were more common among stroke patients than those without stroke.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-08 |title=History of Pregnancy Complications Associated With Increased Ischemic Stroke Risk |url=https://www.neurologyadvisor.com/news/history-pregnancy-complications-increased-ischemic-stroke-risk/ |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=Neurology Advisor |language=en-US}}</ref> The risk was especially elevated for strokes linked to large artery disease in women with prior [[hypertensive disorders]], [[Preterm birth|preterm births]] or [[Small for gestational age|small-for-gestational-age]] deliveries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-08 |title=History of Pregnancy Complications Associated With Increased Ischemic Stroke Risk |url=https://www.endocrinologyadvisor.com/news/history-of-pregnancy-complications-associated-with-increased-ischemic-stroke-risk/ |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=Endocrinology Advisor |language=en-US}}</ref>

====Blood pressure====
[[Hypertension|High blood pressure]] accounts for 35–50% of stroke risk.<ref name="pmid8614485">{{cite journal | vauthors = Whisnant JP | title = Effectiveness versus efficacy of treatment of hypertension for stroke prevention | journal = Neurology | volume = 46 | issue = 2 | pages = 301–7 | date = February 1996 | pmid = 8614485 | doi = 10.1212/WNL.46.2.301 | s2cid = 28985425 }}</ref> Blood pressure reduction of 10 mmHg systolic or 5 mmHg diastolic reduces the risk of stroke by ~40%.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Law MR, Morris JK, Wald NJ | title = Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies | journal = BMJ | volume = 338 | article-number = b1665 | date = May 2009 | pmid = 19454737 | pmc = 2684577 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.b1665 }}</ref> Lowering blood pressure has been conclusively shown to prevent both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke.<ref name="Psaty2003">{{cite journal | vauthors = Psaty BM, Lumley T, Furberg CD, Schellenbaum G, Pahor M, Alderman MH, Weiss NS | title = Health outcomes associated with various antihypertensive therapies used as first-line agents: a network meta-analysis | journal = JAMA | volume = 289 | issue = 19 | pages = 2534–44 | date = May 2003 | pmid = 12759325 | doi = 10.1001/jama.289.19.2534 | s2cid = 123289 }}</ref><ref name="pmid8551820">{{cite journal | vauthors = | title = Cholesterol, diastolic blood pressure, and stroke: 13,000 strokes in 450,000 people in 45 prospective cohorts. Prospective studies collaboration | journal = Lancet | volume = 346 | issue = 8991–8992 | pages = 1647–53 | year = 1995 | pmid = 8551820 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)92836-7 | s2cid = 12043767 }}</ref> It is equally important in secondary prevention.<ref name="pmid9412649">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gueyffier F, Boissel JP, Boutitie F, Pocock S, Coope J, Cutler J, Ekbom T, Fagard R, Friedman L, Kerlikowske K, Perry M, Prineas R, Schron E | title = Effect of antihypertensive treatment in patients having already suffered from stroke. Gathering the evidence. The INDANA (INdividual Data ANalysis of Antihypertensive intervention trials) Project Collaborators | journal = Stroke | volume = 28 | issue = 12 | pages = 2557–62 | date = December 1997 | pmid = 9412649 | doi = 10.1161/01.STR.28.12.2557 }}</ref> Even people older than 80 years and those with [[isolated systolic hypertension]] benefit from antihypertensive therapy.<ref name="INDANAsub">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gueyffier F, Bulpitt C, Boissel JP, Schron E, Ekbom T, Fagard R, Casiglia E, Kerlikowske K, Coope J | title = Antihypertensive drugs in very old people: a subgroup meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. INDANA Group | journal = Lancet | volume = 353 | issue = 9155 | pages = 793–6 | date = March 1999 | pmid = 10459960 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)08127-6 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/891425 | s2cid = 43858004 }}</ref><ref name="Staessen2000">{{cite journal | vauthors = Staessen JA, Gasowski J, Wang JG, Thijs L, Den Hond E, Boissel JP, Coope J, Ekbom T, Gueyffier F, Liu L, Kerlikowske K, Pocock S, Fagard RH | title = Risks of untreated and treated isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly: meta-analysis of outcome trials | journal = Lancet | volume = 355 | issue = 9207 | pages = 865–72 | date = March 2000 | pmid = 10752701 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)07330-4 | s2cid = 31403774 }}</ref><ref name="HYVET-NEJM2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Beckett NS, Peters R, Fletcher AE, Staessen JA, Liu L, Dumitrascu D, Stoyanovsky V, Antikainen RL, Nikitin Y, Anderson C, Belhani A, Forette F, Rajkumar C, Thijs L, Banya W, Bulpitt CJ | title = Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 358 | issue = 18 | pages = 1887–98 | date = May 2008 | pmid = 18378519 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa0801369 | url = http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/7818/1/nejmoa0801369.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108002951/http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/7818/1/nejmoa0801369.pdf | archive-date=November 8, 2023 | url-status=live }}</ref> The available evidence does not show large differences in stroke prevention between antihypertensive drugs—therefore, other factors such as protection against other forms of cardiovascular disease and cost should be considered.<ref name="BPLT">{{cite journal | vauthors = Neal B, MacMahon S, Chapman N | title = Effects of ACE inhibitors, calcium antagonists, and other blood-pressure-lowering drugs: results of prospectively designed overviews of randomised trials. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration | journal = Lancet | volume = 356 | issue = 9246 | pages = 1955–64 | date = December 2000 | pmid = 11130523 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03307-9 | s2cid = 46148907 }}</ref><ref name="pmid12479763">{{cite journal | author = The Allhat Officers and Coordinators for the Allhat Collaborative Research Group | title = Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) | journal = JAMA | volume = 288 | issue = 23 | pages = 2981–97 | date = December 2002 | pmid = 12479763 | doi = 10.1001/jama.288.23.2981 | doi-access = }}</ref> The routine use of [[beta-blocker]]s following stroke or TIA has not been shown to result in benefits.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = De Lima LG, Saconato H, Atallah AN, da Silva EM | title = Beta-blockers for preventing stroke recurrence | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2014 | issue = 10 | article-number = CD007890 | date = October 2014 | pmid = 25317988 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD007890.pub3 | pmc = 10590202 }}</ref>

====Blood lipids====
High cholesterol levels have been inconsistently associated with (ischemic) stroke.<ref name="pmid8551820"/><ref name="NEJM1989">{{cite journal | vauthors = Iso H, Jacobs DR, Wentworth D, Neaton JD, Cohen JD | title = Serum cholesterol levels and six-year mortality from stroke in 350,977 men screened for the multiple risk factor intervention trial | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 320 | issue = 14 | pages = 904–10 | date = April 1989 | pmid = 2619783 | doi = 10.1056/NEJM198904063201405 }}</ref> [[Statins]] have been shown to reduce the risk of stroke by about 15%.<ref name="Statins2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = O'Regan C, Wu P, Arora P, Perri D, Mills EJ | title = Statin therapy in stroke prevention: a meta-analysis involving 121,000 patients | journal = The American Journal of Medicine | volume = 121 | issue = 1 | pages = 24–33 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 18187070 | doi = 10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.06.033 }}</ref> Since earlier meta-analyses of other [[lipid-lowering drugs]] did not show a decreased risk,<ref name="pmid7802520">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hebert PR, Gaziano JM, Hennekens CH | title = An overview of trials of cholesterol lowering and risk of stroke | journal = Archives of Internal Medicine | volume = 155 | issue = 1 | pages = 50–5 | date = January 1995 | pmid = 7802520 | doi = 10.1001/archinte.155.1.50 }}</ref> statins might exert their effect through mechanisms other than their lipid-lowering effects.<ref name="Statins2008"/>

====Diabetes mellitus====
[[Diabetes mellitus]] increases the risk of stroke by 2 to 3 times.{{clarify|date=September 2021}}{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} While intensive blood sugar control has been shown to reduce small blood vessel complications such as [[Diabetic nephropathy|kidney damage]] and [[Diabetic retinopathy|damage to the retina of the eye]] it has not been shown to reduce large blood vessel complications such as stroke.<ref name="UKPDS">{{cite journal | vauthors = | title = Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group | journal = Lancet | volume = 352 | issue = 9131 | pages = 837–53 | date = September 1998 | pmid = 9742976 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07019-6 | s2cid = 7019505 }}</ref><ref name="ProACTIVE">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dormandy JA, Charbonnel B, Eckland DJ, Erdmann E, Massi-Benedetti M, Moules IK, Skene AM, Tan MH, Lefèbvre PJ, Murray GD, Standl E, Wilcox RG, Wilhelmsen L, Betteridge J, Birkeland K, Golay A, Heine RJ, Korányi L, Laakso M, Mokán M, Norkus A, Pirags V, Podar T, Scheen A, Scherbaum W, Schernthaner G, Schmitz O, Skrha J, Smith U, Taton J | title = Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events): a randomised controlled trial | journal = Lancet | volume = 366 | issue = 9493 | pages = 1279–89 | date = October 2005 | pmid = 16214598 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67528-9 | url = http://orbi.ulg.ac.be/handle/2268/6536 | s2cid = 11825315 | hdl = 2268/6536 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>

====Anticoagulant drugs====
Oral anticoagulants such as [[warfarin]] have been the mainstay of stroke prevention for over 50 years. However, several studies have shown that aspirin and other [[antiplatelet drug|antiplatelets]] are highly effective in [[secondary prevention]] after stroke or transient ischemic attack.<ref name="AP01" /> Low doses of aspirin (for example 75–150 mg) are as effective as high doses but have fewer side effects; the lowest effective dose remains unknown.<ref name="pmid10371234">{{cite journal | vauthors = Johnson ES, Lanes SF, Wentworth CE, Satterfield MH, Abebe BL, Dicker LW | title = A metaregression analysis of the dose-response effect of aspirin on stroke | journal = Archives of Internal Medicine | volume = 159 | issue = 11 | pages = 1248–53 | date = June 1999 | pmid = 10371234 | doi = 10.1001/archinte.159.11.1248 | doi-access = }}</ref> [[Thienopyridine]]s ([[clopidogrel]], [[ticlopidine]]) might be slightly more effective than aspirin and have a decreased risk of [[gastrointestinal bleeding]] but are more expensive.<ref name="CochraneThienopyridines">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sudlow CL, Mason G, Maurice JB, Wedderburn CJ, Hankey GJ | title = Thienopyridine derivatives versus aspirin for preventing stroke and other serious vascular events in high vascular risk patients | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 4 | article-number = CD001246 | date = October 2009 | volume = 2009 | pmid = 19821273 | pmc = 7055203 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001246.pub2 | s2cid = 205162946 }}</ref> Both aspirin and clopidogrel may be useful in the first few weeks after a minor stroke or high-risk TIA.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hao Q, Tampi M, O'Donnell M, Foroutan F, Siemieniuk RA, Guyatt G | title = Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus aspirin alone for acute minor ischaemic stroke or high risk transient ischaemic attack: systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = BMJ | volume = 363 | article-number = k5108 | date = December 2018 | pmid = 30563866 | pmc = 6298178 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.k5108 }}</ref> Clopidogrel has less side effects than ticlopidine.<ref name="CochraneThienopyridines"/> [[Dipyridamole]] can be added to aspirin therapy to provide a small additional benefit, even though headache is a common side effect.<ref name="ESPRIT">{{cite journal | vauthors = Halkes PH, van Gijn J, Kappelle LJ, Koudstaal PJ, Algra A | title = Aspirin plus dipyridamole versus aspirin alone after cerebral ischaemia of arterial origin (ESPRIT): randomised controlled trial | journal = Lancet | volume = 367 | issue = 9523 | pages = 1665–73 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16714187 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68734-5 | s2cid = 10691264 }}</ref> Low-dose aspirin is also effective for stroke prevention after having a myocardial infarction.<ref name="BMJ2002"/>

Those with [[atrial fibrillation]] have a 5% a year risk of stroke, and those with valvular atrial fibrillation have an even higher risk.<ref name="AFIB">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB | title = Atrial fibrillation: a major contributor to stroke in the elderly. The Framingham Study | journal = Archives of Internal Medicine | volume = 147 | issue = 9 | pages = 1561–4 | date = September 1987 | pmid = 3632164 | doi = 10.1001/archinte.147.9.1561 }}</ref> Depending on the stroke risk, anticoagulation with medications such as [[warfarin]] or aspirin is useful for prevention with various levels of [[Comparative effectiveness research|comparative effectiveness]] depending on the type of treatment used.<ref name="AFib-guidelines">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA, Halperin JL, Le Heuzey JY, Kay GN, Lowe JE, Olsson SB, Prystowsky EN, Tamargo JL, Wann S, Smith SC, Jacobs AK, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Antman EM, Halperin JL, Hunt SA, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B, Priori SG, Blanc JJ, Budaj A, Camm AJ, Dean V, Deckers JW, Despres C, Dickstein K, Lekakis J, McGregor K, Metra M, Morais J, Osterspey A, Tamargo JL, Zamorano JL | title = ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society | journal = Circulation | volume = 114 | issue = 7 | pages = e257-354 | date = August 2006 | pmid = 16908781 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.177292 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite report | vauthors = Sanders GD, Lowenstern A, Borre E, Chatterjee R, Goode A, Sharan L, Lapointe NA, Raitz G, Shah B, Yapa R, Davis JK |url=https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/topics/stroke-afib-update/research-2018 |title=Stroke Prevention in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review Update |date=2018-10-30 |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) |doi=10.23970/ahrqepccer214 |doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |doi-access=free |access-date=2023-08-20 |archive-date=2019-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329195137/https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/topics/stroke-afib-update/research-2018 }}</ref>

[[Oral anticoagulants]], especially Xa ([[apixaban]]) and thrombin ([[dabigatran]]) inhibitors, have been shown to be superior to warfarin in stroke reduction and have a lower or similar bleeding risk in patients with atrial fibrillation.<ref name=":1" /> Except in people with atrial fibrillation, [[oral anticoagulants]] are not advised for stroke prevention—any benefit is offset by bleeding risk.<ref name="pmid17239798">{{cite journal | vauthors = Halkes PH, van Gijn J, Kappelle LJ, Koudstaal PJ, Algra A | title = Medium intensity oral anticoagulants versus aspirin after cerebral ischaemia of arterial origin (ESPRIT): a randomised controlled trial | journal = The Lancet. Neurology | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 115–24 | date = February 2007 | pmid = 17239798 | doi = 10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70685-8 | s2cid = 21982861 }}</ref>

In primary prevention, however, antiplatelet drugs did not reduce the risk of ischemic stroke but increased the risk of major bleeding.<ref name="aspirin">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hart RG, Halperin JL, McBride R, Benavente O, Man-Son-Hing M, Kronmal RA | title = Aspirin for the primary prevention of stroke and other major vascular events: meta-analysis and hypotheses | journal = Archives of Neurology | volume = 57 | issue = 3 | pages = 326–32 | date = March 2000 | pmid = 10714657 | doi = 10.1001/archneur.57.3.326 | author-link2 = Jonathan L. Halperin | doi-access = }}</ref><ref name="aspirin-meta">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bartolucci AA, Howard G | title = Meta-analysis of data from the six primary prevention trials of cardiovascular events using aspirin | journal = The American Journal of Cardiology | volume = 98 | issue = 6 | pages = 746–50 | date = September 2006 | pmid = 16950176 | doi = 10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.04.012 | url = http://www.ajconline.org/article/S000291490601068X/pdf | doi-access = free }}</ref> Further studies are needed to investigate a possible protective effect of aspirin against ischemic stroke in women.<ref name="aspirin-women">{{cite journal | vauthors = Berger JS, Roncaglioni MC, Avanzini F, Pangrazzi I, Tognoni G, Brown DL | title = Aspirin for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events in women and men: a sex-specific meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | journal = JAMA | volume = 295 | issue = 3 | pages = 306–13 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 16418466 | doi = 10.1001/jama.295.3.306 | s2cid = 11952921 }}</ref><ref name="gender">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yerman T, Gan WQ, Sin DD | title = The influence of gender on the effects of aspirin in preventing myocardial infarction | journal = BMC Medicine | volume = 5 | article-number = 29 | date = October 2007 | pmid = 17949479 | pmc = 2131749 | doi = 10.1186/1741-7015-5-29 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

====Surgery====
[[Carotid endarterectomy]] or carotid [[angioplasty]] can be used to remove atherosclerotic narrowing of the [[carotid artery]]. There is evidence supporting this procedure in selected cases.<ref name="endart-review"/> Endarterectomy for a significant stenosis has been shown to be useful in preventing further stroke in those who have already had the condition.<ref name="pmid12531577">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rothwell PM, Eliasziw M, Gutnikov SA, Fox AJ, Taylor DW, Mayberg MR, Warlow CP, Barnett HJ | title = Analysis of pooled data from the randomised controlled trials of endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis | journal = Lancet | volume = 361 | issue = 9352 | pages = 107–16 | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12531577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12228-3 | s2cid = 2484664 }}</ref> Carotid artery stenting has not been shown to be equally useful.<ref name="endarterectomy-meta">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ringleb PA, Chatellier G, Hacke W, Favre JP, Bartoli JM, Eckstein HH, Mas JL | title = Safety of endovascular treatment of carotid artery stenosis compared with surgical treatment: a meta-analysis | journal = Journal of Vascular Surgery | volume = 47 | issue = 2 | pages = 350–5 | date = February 2008 | pmid = 18241759 | doi = 10.1016/j.jvs.2007.10.035 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Müller MD, Lyrer P, Brown MM, Bonati LH | title = Carotid artery stenting versus endarterectomy for treatment of carotid artery stenosis | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2020 | article-number = CD000515 | date = February 2020 | issue = 2 | pmid = 32096559 | pmc = 7041119 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD000515.pub5 }}</ref> People are selected for surgery based on age, gender, degree of stenosis, time since symptoms and the person's preferences.<ref name="endart-review"/> Surgery is most efficient when not delayed too long—the risk of recurrent stroke in a person who has a 50% or greater stenosis is up to 20% after 5 years, but endarterectomy reduces this risk to around 5%. The number of procedures needed to cure one person was 5 for early surgery (within two weeks after the initial stroke), but 125 if delayed longer than 12 weeks.<ref name="pmid15043958">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rothwell PM, Eliasziw M, Gutnikov SA, Warlow CP, Barnett HJ | title = Endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis in relation to clinical subgroups and timing of surgery | journal = Lancet | volume = 363 | issue = 9413 | pages = 915–24 | date = March 2004 | pmid = 15043958 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15785-1 | s2cid = 3916408 }}</ref><ref name="pmid16087900">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fairhead JF, Mehta Z, Rothwell PM | title = Population-based study of delays in carotid imaging and surgery and the risk of recurrent stroke | journal = Neurology | volume = 65 | issue = 3 | pages = 371–5 | date = August 2005 | pmid = 16087900 | doi = 10.1212/01.wnl.0000170368.82460.b4 | s2cid = 24829283 }}</ref>

[[Screening (medicine)|Screening]] for carotid artery narrowing has not been shown to be a useful test in the general population.<ref name="USPSTF-carotidUS">{{cite journal | author = U.S. Preventive Services Task Force | title = Screening for carotid artery stenosis: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 147 | issue = 12 | pages = 854–9 | date = December 2007 | pmid = 18087056 | doi = 10.7326/0003-4819-147-12-200712180-00005 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Studies of surgical intervention for carotid artery stenosis without symptoms have shown only a small decrease in the risk of stroke.<ref name="pmid15135594">{{cite journal | vauthors = Halliday A, Mansfield A, Marro J, Peto C, Peto R, Potter J, Thomas D | title = Prevention of disabling and fatal strokes by successful carotid endarterectomy in patients without recent neurological symptoms: randomised controlled trial | journal = Lancet | volume = 363 | issue = 9420 | pages = 1491–502 | date = May 2004 | pmid = 15135594 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16146-1 | s2cid = 22814764 | hdl = 11379/640485 | hdl-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid16235289">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chambers BR, Donnan GA | title = Carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 4 | article-number = CD001923 | date = October 2005 | volume = 2008 | pmid = 16235289 | pmc = 6669257 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001923.pub2 }}</ref> To be beneficial, the complication rate of the surgery should be kept below 4%. Even then, for 100 surgeries, 5 people will benefit by avoiding stroke, 3 will develop stroke despite surgery, 3 will develop stroke or die due to the surgery itself, and 89 will remain stroke-free but would also have done so without intervention.<ref name="endart-review"/>

====Diet====
Nutrition, specifically the [[Mediterranean diet|Mediterranean-style diet]], has the potential to decrease the risk of having a stroke by more than half.<ref name=strokenutrition>{{cite journal | vauthors = Spence JD | title = Nutrition and stroke prevention | journal = Stroke | volume = 37 | issue = 9 | pages = 2430–5 | date = September 2006 | pmid = 16873712 | doi = 10.1161/01.STR.0000236633.40160.ee | doi-access = free | citeseerx = 10.1.1.326.6681 }}</ref> It does not appear that lowering levels of [[homocysteine]] with [[folic acid]] affects the risk of stroke.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhou YH, Tang JY, Wu MJ, Lu J, Wei X, Qin YY, Wang C, Xu JF, He J | title = Effect of folic acid supplementation on cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 6 | issue = 9 | article-number = e25142 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21980387 | pmc = 3182189 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0025142 | bibcode = 2011PLoSO...625142Z | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Clarke R, Halsey J, Lewington S, Lonn E, Armitage J, Manson JE, Bønaa KH, Spence JD, Nygård O, Jamison R, Gaziano JM, Guarino P, Bennett D, Mir F, Peto R, Collins R | title = Effects of lowering homocysteine levels with B vitamins on cardiovascular disease, cancer, and cause-specific mortality: Meta-analysis of 8 randomized trials involving 37 485 individuals | journal = Archives of Internal Medicine | volume = 170 | issue = 18 | pages = 1622–31 | date = October 2010 | pmid = 20937919 | doi = 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.348 | doi-access = | s2cid = 204988253 }}</ref>

[[File:CDC video about stroke 2.ogg|thumb|A [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] public service announcement about a woman who had stroke after pregnancy]]

===Women===
A number of specific recommendations have been made for women including taking aspirin after the 11th week of pregnancy if there is a history of previous chronic high blood pressure and taking blood pressure medications during pregnancy if the blood pressure is greater than 150 mmHg systolic or greater than 100 mmHg diastolic. In those who have previously had [[preeclampsia]], other risk factors should be treated more aggressively.<ref name=Bush2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bushnell C, McCullough LD, Awad IA, Chireau MV, Fedder WN, Furie KL, Howard VJ, Lichtman JH, Lisabeth LD, Piña IL, Reeves MJ, Rexrode KM, Saposnik G, Singh V, Towfighi A, Vaccarino V, Walters MR | title = Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in women: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association | journal = Stroke | volume = 45 | issue = 5 | pages = 1545–88 | date = May 2014 | pmid = 24503673 | doi = 10.1161/01.str.0000442009.06663.48 | pmc = 10152977 | author-link2 = Louise McCullough | doi-access = free }}</ref>

===Previous stroke or TIA===
Keeping blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg is recommended.<ref name=AHA2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kernan WN, Ovbiagele B, Black HR, Bravata DM, Chimowitz MI, Ezekowitz MD, Fang MC, Fisher M, Furie KL, Heck DV, Johnston SC, Kasner SE, Kittner SJ, Mitchell PH, Rich MW, Richardson D, Schwamm LH, Wilson JA | title = Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association | journal = Stroke | volume = 45 | issue = 7 | pages = 2160–236 | date = July 2014 | pmid = 24788967 | doi = 10.1161/STR.0000000000000024 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Anticoagulation can prevent recurrent ischemic stroke. Among people with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, anticoagulation can reduce stroke by 60% while antiplatelet agents can reduce stroke by 20%.<ref name="pmid17577005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hart RG, Pearce LA, Aguilar MI | title = Meta-analysis: antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 146 | issue = 12 | pages = 857–67 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17577005 | doi = 10.7326/0003-4819-146-12-200706190-00007 | s2cid = 25505238 }}</ref> However, a recent meta-analysis suggests harm from anticoagulation started early after an embolic stroke.<ref name="pmid17204681">{{cite journal | vauthors = Paciaroni M, Agnelli G, Micheli S, Caso V | title = Efficacy and safety of anticoagulant treatment in acute cardioembolic stroke: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | journal = Stroke | volume = 38 | issue = 2 | pages = 423–30 | date = February 2007 | pmid = 17204681 | doi = 10.1161/01.STR.0000254600.92975.1f | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Johnston SC | title = Review: anticoagulants increase intracerebral bleeding and do not reduce death or disability in acute cardioembolic stroke | journal = ACP Journal Club | volume = 147 | issue = 1 | page = 17 | date = 1 July 2007 | pmid = 17608382 | doi = 10.7326/ACPJC-2007-147-1-017 }}</ref> Stroke prevention treatment for atrial fibrillation is determined according to the [[CHA2DS2–VASc score]]. The most widely used anticoagulant to prevent thromboembolic stroke in people with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation is the oral agent [[warfarin]] while a number of newer agents including [[dabigatran]] are alternatives which do not require [[prothrombin time]] monitoring.<ref name=AHA2014/>

Anticoagulants, when used following stroke, should not be stopped for dental procedures.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Armstrong MJ, Gronseth G, Anderson DC, Biller J, Cucchiara B, Dafer R, Goldstein LB, Schneck M, Messé SR | title = Summary of evidence-based guideline: periprocedural management of antithrombotic medications in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease: report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology | journal = Neurology | volume = 80 | issue = 22 | pages = 2065–9 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23713086 | pmc = 3716407 | doi = 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318294b32d }}</ref>

If studies show carotid artery stenosis, and the person has a degree of residual function on the affected side, carotid endarterectomy (surgical removal of the stenosis) may decrease the risk of recurrence if performed rapidly after stroke.

==Management==
Stroke, whether ischemic or hemorrhagic, is an emergency that warrants immediate medical attention.<ref name=HLB2014W/><ref name=HLB2023T>{{cite web|title=Stroke Treatment|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/stroke/treatment|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=18 March 2024|date=26 May 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229131247/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/stroke/treatment|archive-date=29 February 2024}}</ref> The specific treatment will depend on the type of stroke, the time elapsed since the onset of symptoms, and the underlying cause or presence of [[comorbidity|comorbidities]].<ref name=HLB2023T/>

===Ischemic stroke===
[[Aspirin]] reduces the overall risk of recurrence by 13% with greater benefit early on.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rothwell PM, Algra A, Chen Z, Diener HC, Norrving B, Mehta Z | title = Effects of aspirin on risk and severity of early recurrent stroke after transient ischaemic attack and ischaemic stroke: time-course analysis of randomised trials | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10042 | pages = 365–375 | date = July 2016 | pmid = 27209146 | pmc = 5321490 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30468-8 }}</ref> Definitive therapy within the first few hours is aimed at removing the blockage by breaking the clot down ([[thrombolysis]]), or by removing it mechanically ([[thrombectomy]]). The philosophical premise underlying the importance of rapid stroke intervention was summed up as ''Time is Brain!''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saver |first=Jeffrey L. |date=January 2006 |title=Time Is Brain—Quantified |url=https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/01.STR.0000196957.55928.ab |journal=Stroke |language=EN |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=263–266 |doi=10.1161/01.str.0000196957.55928.ab |issn=0039-2499 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250607145741/https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/01.STR.0000196957.55928.ab |archive-date=2025-06-07|url-access=subscription }}</ref> in the early 1990s.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gomez CR | title = Editorial: Time is brain! | journal = Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–2 | date = 1993 | pmid = 26487071 | doi = 10.1016/S1052-3057(10)80125-9 }}</ref> Years later, that same idea, that rapid cerebral blood flow restoration results in fewer brain cells dying, has been proved and quantified.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Saver JL | title = Time is brain--quantified | journal = Stroke | volume = 37 | issue = 1 | pages = 263–6 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 16339467 | doi = 10.1161/01.STR.0000196957.55928.ab | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Tight blood sugar control in the first few hours does not improve outcomes and may cause harm.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bellolio MF, Gilmore RM, Ganti L | title = Insulin for glycaemic control in acute ischaemic stroke | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | article-number = CD005346 | date = January 2014 | pmid = 24453023 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD005346.pub4 | pmc = 10770823 }}</ref> High blood pressure is also not typically lowered as this has not been found to be helpful.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bath PM, Krishnan K | title = Interventions for deliberately altering blood pressure in acute stroke | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2014 | issue = 10 | article-number = CD000039 | date = October 2014 | pmid = 25353321 | pmc = 7052738 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD000039.pub3 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee M, Ovbiagele B, Hong KS, Wu YL, Lee JE, Rao NM, Feng W, Saver JL | title = Effect of Blood Pressure Lowering in Early Ischemic Stroke: Meta-Analysis | journal = Stroke | volume = 46 | issue = 7 | pages = 1883–9 | date = July 2015 | pmid = 26022636 | doi = 10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.009552 | doi-access = | s2cid = 16136213 }}</ref> [[Cerebrolysin]], a mixture of pig brain-derived [[neurotrophic factors]] used widely to treat acute ischemic stroke in China, Eastern Europe, Russia, post-Soviet countries, and other Asian countries, does not improve outcomes or prevent death and may increase the risk of severe adverse events.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ziganshina LE, Abakumova T, Nurkhametova D, Ivanchenko K | title = Cerebrolysin for acute ischaemic stroke | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2023 | issue = 10 | article-number = CD007026 | date = October 2023 | pmid = 37818733 | pmc = 10565895 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD007026.pub7 | collaboration = Cochrane Stroke Group }}</ref> There is also no evidence that cerebrolysin‐like peptide mixtures which are extracted from cattle brain is helpful in treating acute ischemic stroke.<ref name=":0" />

====Thrombolysis====
[[File:CDC video about stroke emergency treatment.ogg|thumb|A [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] public service announcement on emergency medical treatment after or during stroke from 2021]]

[[Thrombolysis]], such as with [[recombinant tissue plasminogen activator]] (rtPA), in acute ischemic stroke, when given within three hours of symptom onset, results in an overall benefit of 10% with respect to living without disability.<ref name=Ward2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wardlaw JM, Murray V, Berge E, del Zoppo GJ | title = Thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 7 | issue = 7 | article-number = CD000213 | date = July 2014 | pmid = 25072528 | pmc = 4153726 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD000213.pub3 | author1-link = Joanna Wardlaw }}</ref><ref name="Lancet2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Emberson J, Lees KR, Lyden P, Blackwell L, Albers G, Bluhmki E, Brott T, Cohen G, Davis S, Donnan G, Grotta J, Howard G, Kaste M, Koga M, von Kummer R, Lansberg M, Lindley RI, Murray G, Olivot JM, Parsons M, Tilley B, Toni D, Toyoda K, Wahlgren N, Wardlaw J, Whiteley W, del Zoppo GJ, Baigent C, Sandercock P, Hacke W | title = Effect of treatment delay, age, and stroke severity on the effects of intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase for acute ischaemic stroke: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomised trials | journal = Lancet | volume = 384 | issue = 9958 | pages = 1929–35 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25106063 | pmc = 4441266 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60584-5 }}</ref> It does not, however, improve chances of survival.<ref name=Ward2014/> Benefit is greater the earlier it is used.<ref name=Ward2014 /> Between three and four and a half hours the effects are less clear.<ref name=Dyna2014>{{cite journal |title=Thrombolytics for acute stroke |journal=Dynamed |date=Sep 15, 2014 |quote=at 3–4.5 hours after stroke onset t-PA increases risk of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage but effect on functional outcomes is inconsistent }}{{verify source|date=September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Alper BS, Malone-Moses M, McLellan JS, Prasad K, Manheimer E | title = Thrombolysis in acute ischaemic stroke: time for a rethink? | journal = BMJ | volume = 350 | article-number = h1075 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 25786912 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.h1075 | s2cid = 38909467 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians Position Statement on Acute Ischemic Stroke|url=http://caep.ca/sites/caep.ca/files/caep/PositionStatments/caep_ps_stroke_2015_eng.pdf|website=caep.ca|access-date=7 April 2015|date=March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918203805/http://www.caep.ca/sites/caep.ca/files/caep/PositionStatments/caep_ps_stroke_2015_eng.pdf|archive-date=2015-09-18}}</ref> The AHA/ASA recommend it for certain people in this time frame.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/ten-points-to-remember/2018/01/29/12/45/2018-guidelines-for-the-early-management-of-stroke|title=10 points to remember|date=2018|website=American College of Cardiology|access-date=March 27, 2020}}</ref> A 2014 review found a 5% increase in the number of people living without disability at three to six months; however, there was a 2% increased risk of death in the short term.<ref name=Lancet2014/> After four and a half hours thrombolysis worsens outcomes.<ref name=Dyna2014/> These benefits or lack of benefits occurred regardless of the age of the person treated.<ref name=Lancet2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wardlaw JM, Murray V, Berge E, del Zoppo G, Sandercock P, Lindley RL, Cohen G | title = Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischaemic stroke: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Lancet | volume = 379 | issue = 9834 | pages = 2364–72 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22632907 | pmc = 3386494 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60738-7 }}</ref> There is no reliable way to determine who will have an intracranial bleed post-treatment versus who will not.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Whiteley WN, Slot KB, Fernandes P, Sandercock P, Wardlaw J | title = Risk factors for intracranial hemorrhage in acute ischemic stroke patients treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 55 studies | journal = Stroke | volume = 43 | issue = 11 | pages = 2904–9 | date = November 2012 | pmid = 22996959 | doi = 10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.665331 | doi-access = free }}</ref> In those with findings of savable tissue on medical imaging between 4.5 hours and 9 hours or who wake up with stroke, [[alteplase]] results in some benefit.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Campbell BC, Ma H, Ringleb PA, Parsons MW, Churilov L, Bendszus M, Levi CR, Hsu C, Kleinig TJ, Fatar M, Leys D, Molina C, Wijeratne T, Curtze S, Dewey HM, Barber PA, Butcher KS, De Silva DA, Bladin CF, Yassi N, Pfaff JA, Sharma G, Bivard A, Desmond PM, Schwab S, Schellinger PD, Yan B, Mitchell PJ, Serena J, Toni D, Thijs V, Hacke W, Davis SM, Donnan GA | title = Extending thrombolysis to 4·5-9 h and wake-up stroke using perfusion imaging: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data | journal = Lancet | volume = 394 | issue = 10193 | pages = 139–147 | date = July 2019 | pmid = 31128925 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31053-0 | hdl-access = free | s2cid = 205990717 | hdl = 10138/312914 }}</ref>

Its use is endorsed by the [[American Heart Association]], the [[American College of Emergency Physicians]] and the [[American Academy of Neurology]] as the recommended treatment for acute stroke within three hours of onset of symptoms as long as there are no other contraindications (such as abnormal lab values, high blood pressure, or recent surgery). This position for tPA is based upon the findings of two studies by one group of investigators<ref>{{cite journal | author = The National Institute Of Neurological Disorders And Stroke Rt-Pa Stroke Study Group | title = Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 333 | issue = 24 | pages = 1581–7 | date = December 1995 | pmid = 7477192 | doi = 10.1056/NEJM199512143332401 | doi-access = free }}</ref> which showed that tPA improves the chances for a good neurological outcome. When administered within the first three hours thrombolysis improves functional outcome without affecting mortality.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wardlaw JM, Murray V, Berge E, del Zoppo GJ | title = Thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 7 | issue = 7 | article-number = CD000213 | date = July 2014 | pmid = 25072528 | pmc = 4153726 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD000213.pub3 }}</ref> 6.4% of people with large stroke developed substantial brain bleeding as a complication from being given tPA thus part of the reason for increased short term mortality.<ref name="Dubinsky06">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dubinsky R, Lai SM | title = Mortality of stroke patients treated with thrombolysis: analysis of nationwide inpatient sample | journal = Neurology | volume = 66 | issue = 11 | pages = 1742–4 | date = June 2006 | pmid = 16769953 | doi = 10.1212/01.wnl.0000218306.35681.38 | s2cid = 13610719 }}</ref> The [[American Academy of Emergency Medicine]] had previously stated that objective evidence regarding the applicability of tPA for acute ischemic stroke was insufficient.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aaem.org/positionstatements/thrombolytictherapy.shtml |title=Position Statement on the Use of Intravenous Thrombolytic Therapy in the Treatment of Stroke |publisher=American Academy of Emergency Medicine |access-date=2008-01-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004184429/http://www.aaem.org/positionstatements/thrombolytictherapy.shtml |archive-date=2006-10-04 }}</ref> In 2013 the American College of Emergency Medicine refuted this position,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chapman SN, Mehndiratta P, Johansen MC, McMurry TL, Johnston KC, Southerland AM | title = Current perspectives on the use of intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) for treatment of acute ischemic stroke | journal = Vascular Health and Risk Management | volume = 10 | pages = 75–87 | date = 2014-02-24 | pmid = 24591838 | pmc = 3938499 | doi = 10.2147/VHRM.S39213 | doi-access = free }}</ref> acknowledging the body of evidence for the use of tPA in ischemic stroke;<ref>{{cite journal | title = Clinical Policy: Use of intravenous tPA for the management of acute ischemic stroke in the emergency department | journal = Annals of Emergency Medicine | volume = 61 | issue = 2 | pages = 225–43 | date = February 2013 | pmid = 23331647 | doi = 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2012.11.005 | author1 = American College of Emergency Physicians }}</ref> but debate continues.<ref>{{cite news | vauthors = Kolata G |title=For Many Strokes, There's an Effective Treatment. Why Aren't Some Doctors Offering It? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/26/health/stroke-clot-buster.html |work=The New York Times |date=26 March 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | vauthors = Mandrola JM |title=The Case Against Thrombolytic Therapy in Stroke |url=https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/895159 |work=Medscape |date=13 April 2018 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Intra-arterial fibrinolysis]], where a catheter is passed up an artery into the brain and the medication is injected at the site of thrombosis, has been found to improve outcomes in people with acute ischemic stroke.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee M, Hong KS, Saver JL | title = Efficacy of intra-arterial fibrinolysis for acute ischemic stroke: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | journal = Stroke | volume = 41 | issue = 5 | pages = 932–7 | date = May 2010 | pmid = 20360549 | doi = 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.574335 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

====Endovascular treatment====
Mechanical removal of the blood clot causing the ischemic stroke, called [[Thrombectomy|mechanical thrombectomy]], is a potential treatment for occlusion of a large artery, such as the [[middle cerebral artery]]. In 2015, one review demonstrated the safety and efficacy of this procedure if performed within 12 hours of the onset of symptoms.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sardar P, Chatterjee S, Giri J, Kundu A, Tandar A, Sen P, Nairooz R, Huston J, Ryan JJ, Bashir R, Parikh SA, White CJ, Meyers PM, Mukherjee D, Majersik JJ, Gray WA | title = Endovascular therapy for acute ischaemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials | journal = European Heart Journal | volume = 36 | issue = 35 | pages = 2373–80 | date = September 2015 | pmid = 26071599 | doi = 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv270 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Saver JL, Goyal M, van der Lugt A, Menon BK, Majoie CB, Dippel DW, Campbell BC, Nogueira RG, Demchuk AM, Tomasello A, Cardona P, Devlin TG, Frei DF, du Mesnil de Rochemont R, Berkhemer OA, Jovin TG, Siddiqui AH, van Zwam WH, Davis SM, Castaño C, Sapkota BL, Fransen PS, Molina C, van Oostenbrugge RJ, Chamorro Á, Lingsma H, Silver FL, Donnan GA, Shuaib A, Brown S, Stouch B, Mitchell PJ, Davalos A, Roos YB, Hill MD | title = Time to Treatment With Endovascular Thrombectomy and Outcomes From Ischemic Stroke: A Meta-analysis | journal = JAMA | volume = 316 | issue = 12 | pages = 1279–88 | date = September 2016 | pmid = 27673305 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2016.13647 }}</ref> It did not change the risk of death but did reduce disability compared to the use of intravenous thrombolysis, which is generally used in people evaluated for mechanical thrombectomy.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Goyal M, Menon BK, van Zwam WH, Dippel DW, Mitchell PJ, Demchuk AM, Dávalos A, Majoie CB, van der Lugt A, de Miquel MA, Donnan GA, Roos YB, Bonafe A, Jahan R, Diener HC, van den Berg LA, Levy EI, Berkhemer OA, Pereira VM, Rempel J, Millán M, Davis SM, Roy D, Thornton J, Román LS, Ribó M, Beumer D, Stouch B, Brown S, Campbell BC, van Oostenbrugge RJ, Saver JL, Hill MD, Jovin TG | title = Endovascular thrombectomy after large-vessel ischaemic stroke: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from five randomised trials | journal = Lancet | volume = 387 | issue = 10029 | pages = 1723–31 | date = April 2016 | pmid = 26898852 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)00163-x | s2cid = 34799180 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mistry EA, Mistry AM, Nakawah MO, Chitale RV, James RF, Volpi JJ, Fusco MR | title = Mechanical Thrombectomy Outcomes With and Without Intravenous Thrombolysis in Stroke Patients: A Meta-Analysis | journal = Stroke | volume = 48 | issue = 9 | pages = 2450–2456 | date = September 2017 | pmid = 28747462 | doi = 10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.017320 | s2cid = 3751956 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Certain cases may benefit from thrombectomy up to 24 hours after the onset of symptoms.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, Adeoye OM, Bambakidis NC, Becker K, Biller J, Brown M, Demaerschalk BM, Hoh B, Jauch EC, Kidwell CS, Leslie-Mazwi TM, Ovbiagele B, Scott PA, Sheth KN, Southerland AM, Summers DV, Tirschwell DL | title = 2018 Guidelines for the Early Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association | journal = Stroke | volume = 49 | issue = 3 | pages = e46–e110 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29367334 | doi = 10.1161/STR.0000000000000158 | s2cid = 4972922 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

==== Craniectomy ====
Stroke affecting large portions of the brain can cause significant brain swelling with secondary brain injury in surrounding tissue. This phenomenon is mainly encountered in stroke affecting brain tissue dependent upon the middle cerebral artery for blood supply and is also called "malignant cerebral infarction" because it carries a dismal prognosis. Relief of the pressure may be attempted with medication, but some require [[hemicraniectomy]], the temporary surgical removal of the skull on one side of the head. This decreases the risk of death, although some people – who would otherwise have died – survive with disability.<ref name="pmid21190097">{{cite journal | vauthors = Simard JM, Sahuquillo J, Sheth KN, Kahle KT, Walcott BP | title = Managing malignant cerebral infarction | journal = Current Treatment Options in Neurology | volume = 13 | issue = 2 | pages = 217–229 | date = April 2011 | pmid = 21190097 | pmc = 3243953 | doi = 10.1007/s11940-010-0110-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jüttler E, Unterberg A, Woitzik J, Bösel J, Amiri H, Sakowitz OW, Gondan M, Schiller P, Limprecht R, Luntz S, Schneider H, Pinzer T, Hobohm C, Meixensberger J, Hacke W | title = Hemicraniectomy in older patients with extensive middle-cerebral-artery stroke | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 370 | issue = 12 | pages = 1091–1100 | date = March 2014 | pmid = 24645942 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa1311367 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

===Hemorrhagic stroke===
People with [[intracerebral hemorrhage]] require supportive care, including blood pressure control if required. People are monitored for changes in the level of consciousness, and their blood sugar and oxygenation are kept at optimum levels. Anticoagulants and antithrombotics can make bleeding worse and are generally discontinued (and reversed if possible).{{citation needed|date=June 2016}} A proportion may benefit from [[neurosurgery|neurosurgical]] intervention to remove the blood and treat the underlying cause, but this depends on the location and the size of the hemorrhage as well as patient-related factors, and ongoing research is being conducted into the question as to which people with intracerebral hemorrhage may benefit.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vespa PM, Martin N, Zuccarello M, Awad I, Hanley DF | title = Surgical trials in intracerebral hemorrhage | journal = Stroke | volume = 44 | issue = 6 Suppl 1 | pages = S79-82 | date = June 2013 | pmid = 23709739 | pmc = 6778724 | doi = 10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.001494 }}</ref>

In [[subarachnoid hemorrhage]], early treatment for underlying cerebral aneurysms may reduce the risk of further hemorrhages. Depending on the site of the aneurysm this may be by [[craniotomy|surgery that involves opening the skull]] or [[Interventional neuroradiology|endovascularly]] (through the blood vessels).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steiner T, Juvela S, Unterberg A, Jung C, Forsting M, Rinkel G | title = European Stroke Organization guidelines for the management of intracranial aneurysms and subarachnoid haemorrhage | journal = Cerebrovascular Diseases | volume = 35 | issue = 2 | pages = 93–112 | date = 2013 | pmid = 23406828 | doi = 10.1159/000346087 | s2cid = 3526670 | doi-access = free | url = http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/27044/1/346087.pdf }}</ref>

===Stroke unit===
Ideally, people who have had stroke are admitted to a "stroke unit", a ward or dedicated area in a hospital staffed by nurses and therapists with experience in stroke treatment. It has been shown that people admitted to stroke units have a higher chance of surviving than those admitted elsewhere in hospital, even if they are being cared for by doctors without experience in stroke.<ref name=Donnan2008/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Langhorne P, Ramachandra S | title = Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care for stroke: network meta-analysis | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2020 | article-number = CD000197 | date = April 2020 | issue = 4 | pmid = 32324916 | pmc = 7197653 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD000197.pub4 }}</ref> [[Nursing care]] is fundamental in maintaining [[Skin|skin care]], feeding, hydration, positioning, and monitoring [[vital signs]] such as temperature, pulse, and blood pressure.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Clarke DJ | title = Nursing practice in stroke rehabilitation: systematic review and meta-ethnography | journal = Journal of Clinical Nursing | volume = 23 | issue = 9–10 | pages = 1201–26 | date = May 2014 | pmid = 24102924 | doi = 10.1111/jocn.12334 }}</ref>

== Rehabilitation ==
[[Stroke rehabilitation]] is the process by which those with disabling stroke undergo treatment to help them return to normal life as much as possible by regaining and relearning the skills of everyday living. It also aims to help the survivor understand and adapt to difficulties, prevent secondary complications, and educate family members to play a supporting role. Stroke rehabilitation should begin almost immediately with a multidisciplinary approach. The rehabilitation team may involve physicians trained in rehabilitation medicine, [[neurologist]]s, [[clinical pharmacist]]s, nursing staff, [[physiotherapist]]s, [[occupational therapist]]s, [[Speech-language pathology|speech-language pathologist]]s, and [[orthotist]]s. Some teams may also include [[psychologists]] and [[social work]]ers, since at least one-third of affected people manifests [[post stroke depression]]. Validated instruments such as the [[Barthel scale]] may be used to assess the likelihood of a person who has had stroke being able to manage at home with or without support subsequent to discharge from a hospital.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Duffy L, Gajree S, Langhorne P, Stott DJ, Quinn TJ | title = Reliability (inter-rater agreement) of the Barthel Index for assessment of stroke survivors: systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Stroke | volume = 44 | issue = 2 | pages = 462–8 | date = February 2013 | pmid = 23299497 | doi = 10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.678615 | s2cid = 9499113 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

[[Stroke rehabilitation]] should be started as quickly as possible and can last anywhere from a few days to over a year. Most return of function is seen in the first few months, and then improvement falls off with the "window" considered officially by [[U.S. state]] rehabilitation units and others to be closed after six months, with little chance of further improvement.{{Medical citation needed|date=August 2020}} However, some people have reported that they continue to improve for years, regaining and strengthening abilities like writing, walking, running, and talking.{{Medical citation needed|date=August 2020}} Daily rehabilitation exercises should continue to be part of the daily routine for people who have had stroke. Complete recovery is unusual but not impossible and most people will improve to some extent: proper diet and exercise are known to help the brain to recover.

=== Spatial neglect ===

The body of evidence is uncertain on the efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation for reducing the disabling effects of neglect and increasing independence remains unproven.<ref name="Longley Hazelton Heal et al 2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Longley V, Hazelton C, Heal C, Pollock A, Woodward-Nutt K, Mitchell C, Pobric G, Vail A, Bowen A | title = Non-pharmacological interventions for spatial neglect or inattention following stroke and other non-progressive brain injury | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2021 | issue = 7 | article-number = CD003586 | date = July 2021 | pmid = 34196963 | pmc = 8247630 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD003586.pub4 }}</ref> However, there is limited evidence that cognitive rehabilitation may have an immediate beneficial effect on tests of neglect.<ref name="Longley Hazelton Heal et al 2021"/> Overall, no rehabilitation approach can be supported by evidence for spatial neglect.

=== Automobile driving ===

The body of evidence is uncertain whether the use of rehabilitation can improve on-road driving skills following stroke.<ref name="George-2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = George S, Crotty M, Gelinas I, Devos H | title = Rehabilitation for improving automobile driving after stroke | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2014 | issue = 2 | article-number = CD008357 | date = February 2014 | pmid = 24567028 | pmc = 6464773 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD008357.pub2 }}</ref> There is limited evidence that training on a driving simulator will improve performance on recognizing road signs after training.<ref name="George-2014" /> The findings are based on low-quality evidence as further research is needed involving large numbers of participants.

=== Yoga ===

Based on low quality evidence, it is uncertain whether yoga has a significant benefit for stroke rehabilitation on measures of quality of life, balance, strength, endurance, pain, and disability scores.<ref name="Lawrence-2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lawrence M, Celestino Junior FT, Matozinho HH, Govan L, Booth J, Beecher J | title = Yoga for stroke rehabilitation | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2017 | issue = 12 | article-number = CD011483 | date = December 2017 | pmid = 29220541 | pmc = 6486003 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD011483.pub2 }}</ref> Yoga may reduce anxiety and could be included as part of patient-centred stroke rehabilitation.<ref name="Lawrence-2017" /> Further research is needed assessing the benefits and safety of yoga in stroke rehabilitation.

=== Action observation physical therapy for upper limbs ===

Low-quality evidence suggests that action observation (a type of physiotherapy that is meant to improve neural plasticity through the mirror-neuronal system) may be of some benefit and has no significant adverse effects, however this benefit may not be clinically significant and further research is suggested.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Borges LR, Fernandes AB, Oliveira Dos Passos J, Rego IA, Campos TF | title = Action observation for upper limb rehabilitation after stroke | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2022 | issue = 8 | article-number = CD011887 | date = August 2022 | pmid = 35930301 | pmc = 9354942 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD011887.pub3 }}</ref>

=== Cognitive rehabilitation for attention deficits ===

The body of scientific evidence is uncertain on the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation for attention deficits in patients following stroke.<ref name="Loetscher-2019">{{cite journal | vauthors = Loetscher T, Potter KJ, Wong D, das Nair R | title = Cognitive rehabilitation for attention deficits following stroke | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2019 | issue = 11 | date = November 2019 | pmid = 31706263 | pmc = 6953353 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD002842.pub3 }}</ref> While there may be an immediate effect after treatment on attention, the findings are based on low to moderate quality and small number of studies.<ref name="Loetscher-2019" /> Further research is needed to assess whether the effect can be sustained in day-to-day tasks requiring attention.

=== Motor imagery for gait rehabilitation ===

The latest evidence supports the short-term benefits of motor imagery (MI) on walking speed in individuals who have had stroke, in comparison to other therapies.<ref name="Silva-2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Silva S, Borges LR, Santiago L, Lucena L, Lindquist AR, Ribeiro T | title = Motor imagery for gait rehabilitation after stroke | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2020 | issue = 9 | article-number = CD013019 | date = September 2020 | pmid = 32970328 | pmc = 8094749 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD013019.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Stroke Group }}</ref> MI does not improve motor function after stroke and does not seem to cause significant adverse events.<ref name="Silva-2020" /> The findings are based on low-quality evidence as further research is needed to estimate the effect of MI on walking endurance and the dependence on personal assistance.

=== Physical and occupational therapy ===
Physical and occupational therapy have overlapping areas of expertise; however, physical therapy focuses on joint range of motion and strength by performing exercises and relearning functional tasks such as bed mobility, transferring, walking and other gross motor functions. Physiotherapists can also work with people who have had stroke to improve awareness and use of the [[hemiplegic]] side. Rehabilitation involves working on the ability to produce strong movements or the ability to perform tasks using normal patterns. Emphasis is often concentrated on functional tasks and people's goals. One example physiotherapists employ to promote [[motor learning]] involves [[constraint-induced movement therapy]]. Through continuous practice the person relearns to use and adapt the hemiplegic limb during functional activities to create lasting permanent changes.<ref>{{harvnb|O'Sullivan|2007|pp=471, 484, 737, 740}}</ref> Physical therapy is effective for recovery of function and mobility after stroke.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Todhunter-Brown |first1=Alex |last2=Sellers |first2=Ceri E. |last3=Baer |first3=Gillian D. |last4=Choo |first4=Pei Ling |last5=Cowie |first5=Julie |last6=Cheyne |first6=Joshua D. |last7=Langhorne |first7=Peter |last8=Brown |first8=Julie |last9=Morris |first9=Jacqui |last10=Campbell |first10=Pauline |date=2025-02-11 |title=Physical rehabilitation approaches for the recovery of function and mobility following stroke |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2025 |issue=2 |article-number=CD001920 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001920.pub4 |issn=1469-493X |pmc=11812092 |pmid=39932103}}</ref> Occupational therapy is involved in training to help relearn everyday activities known as the [[activities of daily living]] (ADLs) such as eating, drinking, dressing, bathing, cooking, [[Alexia (condition)|reading]] and [[agraphia|writing]], and toileting. Many times stroke survivors suffer from a motor decline on both arms, although one is usually more impaired. The question of whether to focus on the more impaired arm or instead strengthen the arm that is less impaired is being studied.

Approaches to helping people with urinary incontinence include physical therapy, cognitive therapy, and specialized interventions with experienced medical professionals, however, it is not clear how effective these approaches are at improving urinary incontinence following stroke.<ref name="Thomas-2019">{{cite journal | vauthors = Thomas LH, Coupe J, Cross LD, Tan AL, Watkins CL | title = Interventions for treating urinary incontinence after stroke in adults | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2019 | issue = 2 | article-number = CD004462 | date = February 2019 | pmid = 30706461 | pmc = 6355973 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD004462.pub4 }}</ref>

Treatment of spasticity related to stroke often involves early mobilizations, commonly performed by a physiotherapist, combined with elongation of spastic muscles and sustained stretching through different positions.<ref name="OSul07_719" /> Gaining initial improvement in range of motion is often achieved through rhythmic rotational patterns associated with the affected limb.<ref name="OSul07_719" /> After full range has been achieved by the therapist, the limb should be positioned in the lengthened positions to prevent against further contractures, skin breakdown, and disuse of the limb with the use of splints or other tools to stabilize the joint.<ref name="OSul07_719" /> Cold ice wraps or ice packs may briefly relieve spasticity by temporarily reducing neural firing rates.<ref name="OSul07_719" /> Physical therapy is sometimes suggested for people who experience sexual dysfunction following stroke.<ref name="Stratton-2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Stratton H, Sansom J, Brown-Major A, Anderson P, Ng L | title = Interventions for sexual dysfunction following stroke | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2020 | issue = 5 | article-number = CD011189 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32356377 | pmc = 7197697 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD011189.pub2 }}</ref>

[[Sensory stimulation therapy#Coactivation|Electrical stimulation]] to the [[Antagonist muscle|antagonist muscles]] or vibrations has also been used with some success.<ref name="OSul07_719" /> Evidence suggests that electrical stimulation can improve muscle strength after stroke. Cyclical electrical stimulation has shown moderate benefits for increasing strength compared with no treatment, while [[functional electrical stimulation]] may provide only small additional benefits when added to [[Physical fitness#Task-specific training|task practice]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Scrivener |first1=Katharine |last2=Ada |first2=Louise |last3=Glinsky |first3=Joanne V |last4=Dorsch |first4=Simone |last5=Jamieson |first5=Serena |last6=Brighton-Hall |first6=Sarah M |last7=McCedie |first7=Laura |last8=Hanekom |first8=Ashleigh |last9=Lannin |first9=Natasha A |date=2025-12-15 |title=Electrical stimulation of the motor system after stroke |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/14651858.CD015338.pub2 |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=12 |issue=12 |article-number=CD015338 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD015338.pub2 |pmid=41395710 |pmc=12703829 |pmc-embargo-date=December 15, 2026 }}</ref>

==== Interventions for age-related visual problems in patients with stroke ====
With the prevalence of vision problems increasing with age in stroke patients, the overall effect of interventions for age-related visual problems is uncertain. It is also not sure whether people with stroke respond differently from the general population when treating eye problems.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pollock A, Hazelton C, Henderson CA, Angilley J, Dhillon B, Langhorne P, Livingstone K, Munro FA, Orr H, Rowe FJ, Shahani U | title = Interventions for age-related visual problems in patients with stroke | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 3 | article-number = CD008390 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 22419333 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.cd008390.pub2 | pmc = 11569885 }}</ref> Further research in this area is needed as the body of evidence is very low quality.

=== Speech and language therapy ===
[[Speech and language therapy]] is appropriate for people with the speech production disorders: [[dysarthria]]<ref name="Mackenzie 2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mackenzie C | title = Dysarthria in stroke: a narrative review of its description and the outcome of intervention | journal = International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology | volume = 13 | issue = 2 | pages = 125–36 | date = April 2011 | pmid = 21480809 | doi = 10.3109/17549507.2011.524940 | s2cid = 39377646 | url = https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/28413/1/Mackenzie---IJSLP---penultimate1.doc }}</ref> and [[apraxia of speech]],<ref name="West 2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = West C, Hesketh A, Vail A, Bowen A | title = Interventions for apraxia of speech following stroke | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 4 | article-number = CD004298 | date = October 2005 | volume = 2010 | pmid = 16235357 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD004298.pub2 | pmc = 8769681 }}</ref> [[aphasia]],<ref name="Brady2016"/> cognitive-communication impairments, and [[dysphagia|problems with swallowing]].

Speech and language therapy for aphasia following stroke improves functional communication, reading, writing and expressive language. Speech and language therapy that is higher intensity, higher dose or provided over a long duration of time leads to significantly better functional communication but people might be more likely to drop out of high intensity treatment (up to 15 hours per week).<ref name="Brady2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Brady MC, Kelly H, Godwin J, Enderby P, Campbell P | title = Speech and language therapy for aphasia following stroke | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2016 | issue = 6 | article-number = CD000425 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 27245310 | pmc = 8078645 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD000425.pub4 | hdl-access = free | hdl = 1893/26112 }}</ref> A total of 20–50 hours of speech and language therapy is necessary for the best recovery. The most improvement happens when 2–5 hours of therapy is provided each week over 4–5 days. Recovery is further improved when besides the therapy people practice tasks at home.<ref name="Brady-2022a">{{cite journal | title = Complex speech-language therapy interventions for stroke-related aphasia: the RELEASE study incorporating a systematic review and individual participant data network meta-analysis | journal = Health and Social Care Delivery Research | volume = 10 | issue = 28 | pages = 1–272 | date = October 2022 | pmid = 36223438 | doi = 10.3310/RTLH7522 | hdl-access = free | s2cid = 252707680 | doi-access = free | hdl = 10072/419101 | vauthors = Brady MC, Ali M, Vandenberg K, Williams LJ, Williams LR, Abo M, Becker F, Bowen A, Brandenburg C, Breitenstein C, Bruehl S, Copland DA, Cranfill TB, Di Pietro-Bachmann M, Enderby P, Fillingham J, Galli FL, Gandolfi M, Glize B, Godecke E, Hawkins N, Hilari K, Hinckley J, Horton S, Howard D, Jaecks P, Jefferies E, Jesus LM, Kambanaros M, Kang EK }}</ref><ref name="NIHR-2023a">{{Cite journal |date=2023-09-01 |title=Speech and language therapy for aphasia after a stroke |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/therapy-for-language-problems-after-a-stroke-is-most-effective-when-given-early-and-intensively/ |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=NIHR Evidence |publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Research |language=en-GB |type=Plain English summary |doi=10.3310/nihrevidence_59653|s2cid= 261470072|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}</ref> Speech and language therapy is also effective if it is [[Telerehabilitation|delivered online through video]] or by a family member who has been trained by a professional therapist.<ref name="Brady-2022a" /><ref name="NIHR-2023a" />

Recovery with therapy for aphasia is also dependent on the recency of stroke and the age of the person. Receiving therapy within a month after the stroke leads to the greatest improvements. 3 or 6 months after the stroke more therapy will be needed but symptoms can still be improved. People with aphasia who are younger than 55 years are the most likely to improve but people older than 75 years can still get better with therapy.<ref name="Brady-2022a"/><ref name="NIHR-2023a"/>

People who have had stroke may have particular problems, such as [[dysphagia]], which can cause swallowed material to pass into the lungs and cause [[aspiration pneumonia]]. The condition may improve with time, but in the interim, a [[Nasogastric intubation|nasogastric tube]] may be inserted, enabling liquid food to be given directly into the stomach. If swallowing is still deemed unsafe, then a [[percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy]] (PEG) tube is passed and this can remain indefinitely. Swallowing therapy has mixed results as of 2018.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bath PM, Lee HS, Everton LF | title = Swallowing therapy for dysphagia in acute and subacute stroke | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2018 | article-number = CD000323 | date = October 2018 | issue = 10 | pmid = 30376602 | pmc = 6516809 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD000323.pub3 }}</ref>

=== Devices ===
Often, [[assistive technology]] such as [[wheelchairs]], walkers and canes may be beneficial. Many mobility problems can be improved by the use of [[Orthotics|ankle foot orthoses]].<ref>{{cite web|title=NHS Scotland – SHOW|url=http://www.stroke.scot.nhs.uk/docs/UseOfAnkle-FootOrthosesFollowingStroke.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516181844/http://www.stroke.scot.nhs.uk/docs/UseOfAnkle-FootOrthosesFollowingStroke.pdf|archive-date=2013-05-16|access-date=2012-11-09}}</ref>

=== Physical fitness ===
Stroke can also reduce people's general fitness.<ref name="Saunders-2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Saunders DH, Sanderson M, Hayes S, Johnson L, Kramer S, Carter DD, Jarvis H, Brazzelli M, Mead GE | title = Physical fitness training for stroke patients | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2020 | article-number = CD003316 | date = March 2020 | issue = 3 | pmid = 32196635 | pmc = 7083515 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD003316.pub7 }}</ref> Reduced fitness can reduce capacity for rehabilitation as well as general health.<ref name="IQWiG-Fitness">{{cite web|last=Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG)|title=After a stroke: Does fitness training improve overall health and mobility?|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279215/|access-date=20 June 2013|work=Informed Health Online|publisher=Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG)}}</ref> Physical exercises as part of a rehabilitation program following stroke appear safe.<ref name="Saunders-2020" /> Cardiorespiratory fitness training that involves walking in rehabilitation can improve speed, tolerance and independence during walking, and may improve balance.<ref name="Saunders-2020" /> There are inadequate long-term data about the effects of exercise and training on death, dependence and disability after stroke.<ref name="Saunders-2020" /> The future areas of research may concentrate on the optimal exercise prescription and long-term health benefits of exercise. The effect of physical training on cognition also may be studied further.

The ability to walk independently in their community, indoors or outdoors, is important following stroke. Although no negative effects have been reported, it is unclear if outcomes can improve with these walking programs when compared to usual treatment.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Barclay RE, Stevenson TJ, Poluha W, Ripat J, Nett C, Srikesavan CS | title = Interventions for improving community ambulation in individuals with stroke | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2015 | issue = 3 | article-number = CD010200 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 25767912 | pmc = 6465042 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD010200.pub2 }}</ref>

=== Other therapy methods ===
Some current and future therapy methods include the use of [[virtual reality]] and video games for rehabilitation. These forms of rehabilitation offer potential for motivating people to perform specific therapy tasks that many other forms do not.<ref name="Lange">{{cite journal| vauthors = Lange B, Flynn S, Rizzo A |title=Initial usability assessment of off-the-shelf video game consoles for clinical game-based motor rehabilitation|journal=Physical Therapy Reviews|year=2009|volume=14|issue=5|pages=355–62|doi=10.1179/108331909X12488667117258 |s2cid=14767181 }}</ref> Recently updated systematic reviews (2025) have found moderate to low-certainty evidence supporting the benefits of virtual reality and interactive video gaming on improving gait speed, balance, participation and quality of life.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Laver |first1=Kate E. |last2=Lange |first2=Belinda |last3=George |first3=Stacey |last4=Deutsch |first4=Judith E. |last5=Saposnik |first5=Gustavo |last6=Chapman |first6=Madison |last7=Crotty |first7=Maria |date=2025-06-20 |title=Virtual reality for stroke rehabilitation |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2025 |issue=6 |article-number=CD008349 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008349.pub5 |issn=1469-493X |pmc=12178777 |pmid=40537150}}</ref> Many clinics and hospitals are adopting the use of these off-the-shelf devices for exercise, social interaction, and rehabilitation because they are affordable, accessible and can be used within the clinic and home.<ref name="Lange" />

[[Mirror therapy]] is associated with improved motor function of the upper extremity in people who have had stroke.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Thieme H, Mehrholz J, Pohl M, Behrens J, Dohle C | title = Mirror therapy for improving motor function after stroke | journal = Stroke | volume = 44 | issue = 1 | pages = e1-2 | date = January 2013 | pmid = 23390640 | doi = 10.1161/strokeaha.112.673087 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Other non-invasive rehabilitation methods used to augment physical therapy of motor function in people recovering from stroke include [[neurotherapy]] as [[transcranial magnetic stimulation]] and [[transcranial direct-current stimulation]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fregni F, Pascual-Leone A | title = Technology insight: noninvasive brain stimulation in neurology-perspectives on the therapeutic potential of rTMS and tDCS | journal = Nature Clinical Practice. Neurology | volume = 3 | issue = 7 | pages = 383–93 | date = July 2007 | pmid = 17611487 | doi = 10.1038/ncpneuro0530 | s2cid = 11365968 }}</ref> and [[Rehabilitation robotics|robotic therapies]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Balasubramanian S, Klein J, Burdet E | title = Robot-assisted rehabilitation of hand function | journal = Current Opinion in Neurology | volume = 23 | issue = 6 | pages = 661–70 | date = December 2010 | pmid = 20852421 | doi = 10.1097/WCO.0b013e32833e99a4 }}</ref> Constraint‐induced movement therapy (CIMT), mental practice, mirror therapy, interventions for sensory impairment, virtual reality and a relatively high dose of repetitive task practice may be effective in improving upper limb function. However, further primary research, specifically of CIMT, mental practice, mirror therapy and virtual reality is needed.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pollock A, Farmer SE, Brady MC, Langhorne P, Mead GE, Mehrholz J, van Wijck F | title = Interventions for improving upper limb function after stroke | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 11 | article-number = CD010820 | date = November 2014 | volume = 2014 | pmid = 25387001 | pmc = 6469541 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD010820.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Stroke Group }}</ref>

=== Orthotics ===
[[File:Gehen mit Orthese nach Schlaganfall 220.jpg|thumb|Walking with an [[Orthotics#Stroke|orthosis after stroke]]]]
Clinical studies confirm the importance of [[Orthotics|orthoses]] in stroke rehabilitation.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Falso M, Cattaneo E, Foglia E, Zucchini M, Zucchini F |title=How does a Personalized Rehabilitative Model influence the Functional Response of Different Ankle Foot Orthoses in a Cohort of Patients Affected by Neurological Gait Pattern? |journal=Journal of Novel Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation |date=2017 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=072–092 |doi=10.29328/journal.jnpr.1001010 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Bowers R |date=2004 |title=Report of a Consensus Conference on the Orthotic Management of Stroke Patients, Non-Articulated Ankle-Foot Ortheses |url= https://pure.strath.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/35599006/Consensus_Conference_On_The_Orthotic_Management_Of_Stroke_Patients_Netherlands_2003.pdf |publisher=International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics|pages=87–94}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| vauthors = Condie E, Bowers RJ |url=https://musculoskeletalkey.com/lower-limb-orthoses-for-persons-who-have-had-a-stroke/|title=Lower limb orthoses for persons who have had a stroke| veditors = Hsu JD, Michael JW, Fisk JR |year=2008|isbn=978-0-323-03931-4|series=AAOS Atlas of Orthoses and Assistive Devices|location=Philadelphia | publisher = Elsevier Health Sciences |pages=433–440}}</ref> The orthosis supports the therapeutic applications and also helps to mobilize the patient at an early stage. With the help of an orthosis, physiological standing and walking can be learned again, and late health consequences caused by a wrong gait pattern can be prevented. A treatment with an orthosis can therefore be used to support the therapy.

=== Self-management ===
Stroke can affect the ability to live independently and with quality. Self-management programs are a special training that educates stroke survivors about stroke and its consequences, helps them acquire skills to cope with their challenges, and helps them set and meet their own goals during their recovery process. These programs are tailored to the target audience, and led by someone trained and expert in stroke and its consequences (most commonly professionals, but also stroke survivors and peers). A 2016 review reported that these programs improve the quality of life after stroke, without negative effects. People with stroke felt more empowered, happy and satisfied with life after participating in this training.<ref name="Fryer-2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fryer CE, Luker JA, McDonnell MN, Hillier SL | title = Self management programmes for quality of life in people with stroke | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2016 | issue = 8 | article-number = CD010442 | date = August 2016 | pmid = 27545611 | pmc = 6450423 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD010442.pub2 }}</ref>

==Prognosis==
Disability affects 75% of stroke survivors enough to decrease their ability to work.<ref name="Coffey2000">{{cite book | vauthors = Coffey CE, Cummings JL, Starkstein S, Robinson R | title=Stroke – the American Psychiatric Press Textbook of Geriatric Neuropsychiatry | url = https://archive.org/details/americanpsychiat00coff | url-access = limited | year=2000 | edition=Second | pages=[https://archive.org/details/americanpsychiat00coff/page/n619 601]–17 | location=Washington DC | publisher=American Psychiatric Press| isbn = 978-0-88048-841-9 }}</ref>
Stroke can affect people physically, mentally, emotionally, or a combination of the three. The results of stroke vary widely depending on size and location of the lesion.<ref name="Stanford2005">{{cite web|author=Stanford Hospital & Clinics |title=Cardiovascular Diseases: Effects of Stroke |url= http://www.stanfordhospital.com/healthLib/atoz/cardiac/effects.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210050456/http://www.stanfordhospital.com/healthLib/atoz/cardiac/effects.html |archive-date=2009-02-10 }}</ref>

=== Physical effects ===
Some of the physical disabilities that can result from stroke include muscle weakness, numbness, [[pressure sore]]s, [[pneumonia]], [[Urinary incontinence|incontinence]], [[apraxia]] (inability to perform learned movements), difficulties carrying out [[activities of daily living|daily activities]], appetite loss, [[aphasia|speech loss]], [[vision loss]] and [[pain]]. If the stroke is severe enough, or in a certain location such as parts of the brainstem, [[coma]] or death can result. Up to 10% of people following stroke develop [[seizure]]s, most commonly in the week subsequent to the event; the severity of the stroke increases the likelihood of a seizure.<ref name="Reith1997">{{cite journal | vauthors = Reith J, Jørgensen HS, Nakayama H, Raaschou HO, Olsen TS | title = Seizures in acute stroke: predictors and prognostic significance. The Copenhagen Stroke Study | journal = Stroke | volume = 28 | issue = 8 | pages = 1585–9 | date = August 1997 | pmid = 9259753 | doi = 10.1161/01.STR.28.8.1585 }}</ref><ref name="Burn1997">{{cite journal | vauthors = Burn J, Dennis M, Bamford J, Sandercock P, Wade D, Warlow C | title = Epileptic seizures after a first stroke: the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project | journal = BMJ | volume = 315 | issue = 7122 | pages = 1582–7 | date = December 1997 | pmid = 9437276 | pmc = 2127973 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.315.7122.1582 }}</ref> An estimated 15% of people experience urinary incontinence for more than a year following stroke.<ref name="Thomas-2019" /> 50% of people have a decline in sexual function ([[sexual dysfunction]]) following stroke.<ref name="Stratton-2020" />

=== Emotional and mental effects ===
Emotional and mental dysfunctions correspond to areas in the brain that have been damaged. Emotional problems following stroke can be due to direct damage to emotional centers in the brain or from frustration and difficulty adapting to new limitations. Post-stroke emotional difficulties include [[anxiety]], [[panic attack]]s, [[flat affect]] (failure to express emotions), [[mania]], [[apathy]] and [[psychosis]]. Other difficulties may include a decreased ability to communicate emotions through facial expression, body language and voice.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Heilman KM | title = The Behavioral Consequences of Stroke | chapter = Disorders of Emotional Communication After Stroke | veditors = Schweizer TA, Macdonald RL |date=2014 |publisher=Springer |location=New York [u.a.] | doi = 10.1007/978-1-4614-7672-6_7 |isbn=978-1-4614-7671-9 |pages=119–33 }}</ref>

Disruption in self-identity, relationships with others, and emotional well-being can lead to social consequences after stroke due to the lack of ability to communicate. Many people who experience communication impairments after stroke find it more difficult to cope with the social issues rather than physical impairments. Broader aspects of care must address the emotional impact speech impairment has on those who experience difficulties with speech after stroke.<ref name="Mackenzie 2011"/> Those who experience a stroke are at risk of [[paralysis]], which could result in a self-disturbed body image, which may also lead to other social issues.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Ackley B, Ladwig GB, Kelley H |title=Nursing diagnosis handbook: an evidence-based guide to planning care|date=2010|publisher=Mosby|location=Maryland Heights, MO.|edition=9th}}</ref>

30 to 50% of stroke survivors develop [[post-stroke depression]], which is characterized by lethargy, irritability, [[Sleep disorder|sleep disturbances]], lowered [[self-esteem]] and withdrawal.<ref name="Senelick1994">{{cite book | vauthors = Senelick RC, Rossi PW, Dougherty K | title=Living with Stroke: A Guide for Families | year=1994 | publisher=Contemporary Books, Chicago | isbn=978-0-8092-2607-8 | oclc=40856888 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/livingwithstroke00sene }}</ref> It is most common in those with a stroke affecting the anterior parts of the brain or the [[basal ganglia]], particularly on the left side.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ropper |first1=Allan H. |title=Adams and Victor's principles of neurology |last2=Samuels |first2=Martin A. |last3=Klein |first3=Joshua P. |last4=Prasad |first4=Sashank |date=2023 |publisher=McGraw Hill |isbn=978-1-264-26452-0 |edition=12th |location=New York Chicago San Francisco Athens London}}</ref> [[Clinical depression|Depression]] can reduce motivation and worsen outcome, but can be treated with social and family support, [[psychotherapy]] and, in severe cases, [[antidepressant]]s. Psychotherapy sessions may have a small effect on improving mood and preventing depression after stroke.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Allida SM, Hsieh CF, Cox KL, Patel K, Rouncefield-Swales A, Lightbody CE, House A, Hackett ML | title = Pharmacological, non-invasive brain stimulation and psychological interventions, and their combination, for treating depression after stroke | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2023 | issue = 7 | article-number = CD003437 | date = July 2023 | pmid = 37417452 | pmc = 10327406 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD003437.pub5 }}</ref> Antidepressant medications may be useful for treating depression after stroke but are associated with central nervous system and gastrointestinal adverse events.<ref name=":2" />

[[Emotional lability]], another consequence of stroke, causes the person to switch quickly between emotional highs and lows and to express emotions inappropriately, for instance with an excess of laughing or crying with little or no provocation. While these expressions of emotion usually correspond to the person's actual emotions, a more severe form of emotional lability causes the affected person to laugh and cry pathologically, without regard to context or emotion.<ref name="Coffey2000"/> Some people show the opposite of what they feel, for example crying when they are happy.<ref name="Villarosa1993">{{cite book | vauthors = Villarosa L, Singleton L, Johnson KA | title = The Black health library guide to stroke | publisher = Henry Holt and Co | location = New York | year = 1993 | isbn = 978-0-8050-2289-6 | oclc = 26929500 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/blackhealthlibra00sing }}</ref> Emotional lability occurs in about 20% of those who have had stroke. Those with a right hemisphere stroke are more likely to have empathy problems which can make communication harder.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Leigh R, Oishi K, Hsu J, Lindquist M, Gottesman RF, Jarso S, Crainiceanu C, Mori S, Hillis AE | title = Acute lesions that impair affective empathy | journal = Brain | volume = 136 | issue = Pt 8 | pages = 2539–49 | date = August 2013 | pmid = 23824490 | pmc = 3722353 | doi = 10.1093/brain/awt177 }}</ref>

Cognitive deficits resulting from stroke include perceptual disorders, [[aphasia]],<ref name="Hamilton 2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hamilton RH, Chrysikou EG, Coslett B | title = Mechanisms of aphasia recovery after stroke and the role of noninvasive brain stimulation | journal = Brain and Language | volume = 118 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 40–50 | date = July 2011 | pmid = 21459427 | pmc = 3109088 | doi = 10.1016/j.bandl.2011.02.005 }}</ref> [[dementia]],<ref name="Leys 2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Leys D, Hénon H, Mackowiak-Cordoliani MA, Pasquier F | title = Poststroke dementia | journal = The Lancet. Neurology | volume = 4 | issue = 11 | pages = 752–9 | date = November 2005 | pmid = 16239182 | doi = 10.1016/S1474-4422(05)70221-0 | s2cid = 1129308 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kuźma E, Lourida I, Moore SF, Levine DA, Ukoumunne OC, Llewellyn DJ | title = Stroke and dementia risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Alzheimer's & Dementia | volume = 14 | issue = 11 | pages = 1416–1426 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30177276 | pmc = 6231970 | doi = 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.06.3061 }}</ref> and problems with attention<ref name="Coulthard 2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Coulthard E, Singh-Curry V, Husain M | title = Treatment of attention deficits in neurological disorders | journal = Current Opinion in Neurology | volume = 19 | issue = 6 | pages = 613–8 | date = December 2006 | pmid = 17102702 | doi = 10.1097/01.wco.0000247605.57567.9a | s2cid = 24315173 }}</ref> and memory.<ref name="Lim 2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lim C, Alexander MP | title = Stroke and episodic memory disorders | journal = Neuropsychologia | volume = 47 | issue = 14 | pages = 3045–58 | date = December 2009 | pmid = 19666037 | doi = 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.08.002 | s2cid = 9056952 }}</ref> Stroke survivors may be unaware of their own disabilities, a condition called [[anosognosia]]. In a condition called [[hemispatial neglect]], the affected person is unable to attend to anything on the side of space opposite to the damaged hemisphere. Cognitive and psychological outcome after stroke can be affected by the age at which the stroke happened, pre-stroke baseline intellectual functioning, psychiatric history and whether there is pre-existing brain pathology.<ref>{{cite book|title=Bradley's neurology in clinical practice.|year=2012|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-4377-0434-1|vauthors=Murray ED, Buttner N, Price BH |volume=1|edition=6th|pages=100–01|veditors=Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic J |chapter=Depression and Psychosis in Neurological Practice}}</ref>

==Epidemiology==
{{owidslider
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Stroke was the second most frequent cause of death worldwide in 2011, accounting for 6.2 million deaths (~11% of the total).<ref name="The top 10 causes of death">{{cite web|title=The top 10 causes of death|url=http://who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/|publisher=WHO|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221848/http://who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/|archive-date=2013-12-02}}</ref> Approximately 17 million people had stroke in 2010 and 33 million people have previously had stroke and were still alive.<ref name=Fei2013/> Between 1990 and 2010 the incidence of stroke decreased by approximately 10% in the developed world and increased by 10% in the developing world.<ref name=Fei2013/> Overall, two-thirds of stroke occurred in those over 65 years old.<ref name=Fei2013 /> South Asians are at particularly high risk of stroke, accounting for 40% of global stroke deaths.<ref name="Indian Stroke Association">{{cite web |work=Indian Heart Association |title=Why South Asians Facts |access-date=May 8, 2015 |url=http://indianheartassociation.org/why-indians-why-south-asians/overview/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518111218/http://indianheartassociation.org/why-indians-why-south-asians/overview/ |archive-date=May 18, 2015 }}</ref> Incidence of ischemic stroke is ten times more frequent than haemorrhagic stroke.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Andersen KK, Olsen TS, Dehlendorff C, Kammersgaard LP | title = Hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes compared: stroke severity, mortality, and risk factors | journal = Stroke | volume = 40 | issue = 6 | pages = 2068–2072 | date = June 2009 | pmid = 19359645 | doi = 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.540112 | s2cid = 1506706 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

It is ranked after heart disease and before cancer.<ref name=Donnan2008/> In the United States stroke is a leading cause of disability, and recently declined from the third leading to the fourth leading cause of death.<ref name="pmid21778445">{{cite journal | vauthors = Towfighi A, Saver JL | title = Stroke declines from third to fourth leading cause of death in the United States: historical perspective and challenges ahead | journal = Stroke | volume = 42 | issue = 8 | pages = 2351–5 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21778445 | doi = 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.621904 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Geographic disparities in stroke incidence have been observed, including the existence of a "[[stroke belt]]" in the [[southeastern United States]], but causes of these disparities have not been explained.

The risk of stroke [[Exponential growth|increases exponentially]] from 30 years of age, and the cause varies by age.<ref name="ellekjaer1997">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ellekjaer H, Holmen J, Indredavik B, Terent A | title = Epidemiology of stroke in Innherred, Norway, 1994 to 1996. Incidence and 30-day case-fatality rate | journal = Stroke | volume = 28 | issue = 11 | pages = 2180–4 | date = November 1997 | pmid = 9368561 | doi = 10.1161/01.STR.28.11.2180 }}</ref> Advanced age is one of the most significant stroke risk factors. 95% of stroke occurs in people age 45 and older, and two-thirds of stroke occurs in those over the age of 65.<ref name="NINDS1999">{{cite web | author=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) | author-link=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke | year=1999 | title=Stroke: Hope Through Research | url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/stroke/detail_stroke.htm | publisher=National Institutes of Health | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004193735/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/stroke/detail_stroke.htm | archive-date=2015-10-04 }}</ref><ref name="Senelick1994"/>

A person's risk of dying with stroke also increases with age. However, stroke can occur at any age, including in childhood.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

Family members may have a genetic tendency for stroke or share a lifestyle that contributes to stroke. Higher levels of [[Von Willebrand factor]] are more common amongst people who have had ischemic stroke for the first time.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bongers TN, de Maat MP, van Goor ML, Bhagwanbali V, van Vliet HH, Gómez García EB, Dippel DW, Leebeek FW | title = High von Willebrand factor levels increase the risk of first ischemic stroke: influence of ADAMTS13, inflammation, and genetic variability | journal = Stroke | volume = 37 | issue = 11 | pages = 2672–7 | date = November 2006 | pmid = 16990571 | doi = 10.1161/01.STR.0000244767.39962.f7 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The results of this study found that the only significant genetic factor was the person's [[blood type]]. Having stroke in the past greatly increases one's risk of future stroke.

Men are 25% more likely to develop stroke than women,<ref name="NINDS1999"/> yet 60% of deaths from stroke occur in women.<ref name="Villarosa1993"/> Since women live longer, they are older on average when they have stroke and thus more often killed.<ref name="NINDS1999"/> Some risk factors for stroke apply only to women. Primary among these are pregnancy, childbirth, [[menopause]], and the treatment thereof ([[Hormone replacement therapy (menopause)|HRT]]).

==History==
[[File:Hippocrates.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Hippocrates]] first described the sudden paralysis that is often associated with stroke.]]

Episodes of stroke and familial stroke have been reported from the 2nd millennium BC onward in ancient Mesopotamia and Persia.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ashrafian H | title = Familial stroke 2700 years ago | journal = Stroke | volume = 41 | issue = 4 | pages = e187; author reply e188 | date = April 2010 | pmid = 20185778 | doi = 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.573170 | doi-access = }}</ref> [[Hippocrates]] (460 to 370 BC) was first to describe the phenomenon of sudden [[paralysis]] that is often associated with [[ischemia]]. [[Apoplexy]], from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word meaning "struck down with violence", first appeared in Hippocratic writings to describe this phenomenon.<ref name="Stroke1996-Thompson">{{cite journal | vauthors = Thompson JE | title = The evolution of surgery for the treatment and prevention of stroke. The Willis Lecture | journal = Stroke | volume = 27 | issue = 8 | pages = 1427–34 | date = August 1996 | pmid = 8711815 | doi = 10.1161/01.STR.27.8.1427 }}</ref><ref name="Merginet2001-Kopito">{{cite journal | vauthors=Kopito J | title=A Stroke in Time | url=http://www.webasx.com/articles/strokeintime.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050829110720/http://www.webasx.com/articles/strokeintime.html | archive-date=2005-08-29 | website=MERGINET.com | date=September 2001 | volume=6 | issue=9 | access-date=2005-10-28 }}</ref>
The word ''stroke'' was used as a synonym for apoplectic [[seizure]] as early as 1599,<ref>{{cite book | veditors = Barnhart RK |title=The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology |date=1995 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers |location=New York |isbn=978-0-06-270084-1 |edition=1st}}</ref> and is a fairly literal translation of the Greek term. The term ''apoplectic stroke'' is an archaic, nonspecific term, for a cerebrovascular accident accompanied by haemorrhage or haemorrhagic stroke.<ref>{{cite web |title=Apoplectic Stroke |url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/apoplectic+stroke |website=TheFreeDictionary.com |access-date=13 December 2020}}</ref> [[Martin Luther]] was described as having an ''apoplectic stroke'' that deprived him of his speech shortly before his death in 1546.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Brecht M | author-link1 = Martin Brecht | translator = Schaaf JL |title=Martin Luther: The Preservation of the Church, 1532-1546 | volume = 3 | pages = 369–79 |date=1999 |location=Minneapolis | publisher = Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-2815-4}}</ref>

In 1658, in his ''Apoplexia'', [[Johann Jakob Wepfer|Johann Jacob Wepfer]] (1620–1695) identified the cause of [[hemorrhagic]] stroke when he suggested that people who had [[died]] of apoplexy had bleeding in their brains.<ref name="NINDS1999"/><ref name="Stroke1996-Thompson"/>
Wepfer also identified the main [[arteries]] supplying the brain, the [[vertebral]] and [[carotid]] arteries, and identified the cause of a type of [[ischemic]] stroke known as a [[cerebral infarction]] when he suggested that [[apoplexy]] might be caused by a blockage to those vessels.<ref name="NINDS1999"/> [[Rudolf Virchow]] first described the mechanism of [[thromboembolism]] as a major factor.<ref name="pmid4914683">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schiller F | title = Concepts of stroke before and after Virchow | journal = Medical History | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 115–31 | date = April 1970 | pmid = 4914683 | pmc = 1034034 | doi = 10.1017/S0025727300015325 }}</ref>

The term ''cerebrovascular accident'' was introduced in 1927, reflecting a "growing awareness and acceptance of vascular theories and (...) recognition of the consequences of a sudden disruption in the vascular supply of the brain".<ref name="FingerBoller2010">{{cite book| vauthors = Finger S, Boller F, Tyler KL |title=Handbook of Clinical Neurology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bggTAQAAMAAJ|access-date=1 October 2013|year=2010|publisher=North-Holland Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-444-52009-8|page=401|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012220445/http://books.google.com/books?id=bggTAQAAMAAJ|archive-date=12 October 2013}}</ref> Its use is now discouraged by a number of neurology textbooks, reasoning that the connotation of fortuitousness carried by the word ''accident'' insufficiently highlights the modifiability of the underlying risk factors.<ref name="Scadding2011">{{cite book | vauthors = Scadding JW |title=Clinical Neurology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdkIPE-xpYYC&pg=PA488|access-date=1 October 2013|date=2011|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-340-99070-4|page=488|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012213853/http://books.google.com/books?id=PdkIPE-xpYYC&pg=PA488|archive-date=12 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="SirvenMalamut2008">{{cite book| vauthors = Sirven JI, Malamut BL |title=Clinical Neurology of the Older Adult|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c1tL8C9ryMQC&pg=PA243|access-date=1 October 2013|year=2008|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-0-7817-6947-1|page=243|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012213727/http://books.google.com/books?id=c1tL8C9ryMQC&pg=PA243|archive-date=12 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="KaufmanMilstein2012">{{cite book| vauthors = Kaufman DM, Milstein MJ |title=Kaufman's Clinical Neurology for Psychiatrists|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7fXzaAT_pwkC&pg=PT892|access-date=1 October 2013|date=5 December 2012|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1-4557-4004-8|page=892|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012220403/http://books.google.com/books?id=7fXzaAT_pwkC&pg=PT892|archive-date=12 October 2013}}</ref> ''Cerebrovascular insult'' may be used interchangeably.<ref name=Mosby>{{cite book|title=Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition|year=2009|publisher=Elsevier}}</ref>

The term ''brain attack'' was introduced for use to underline the acute nature of stroke according to the [[American Stroke Association]],<ref name=Mosby/> which has used the term since 1990,<ref name="NSA Brain Attack">{{cite web|title=What is a Stroke/Brain Attack?|url=http://www.stroke.org/site/DocServer/NSA_complete_guide.pdf|work=National Stroke Association|access-date=27 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019161334/http://www.stroke.org/site/DocServer/NSA_complete_guide.pdf|archive-date=19 October 2013}}</ref> and is used colloquially to refer to both ischemic as well as hemorrhagic stroke.<ref>{{cite book|title=Segen's Medical Dictionary.|year=2010|publisher=Farlex, Inc}}</ref>

==Research==
As of 2017, [[angioplasty]] and [[stent]]s were under preliminary [[clinical research]] to determine the possible therapeutic advantages of these procedures in comparison to therapy with [[statin]]s, [[antithrombotic]]s, or [[antihypertensive drug]]s.<ref name="Morris">{{cite journal | vauthors = Morris DR, Ayabe K, Inoue T, Sakai N, Bulbulia R, Halliday A, Goto S | title = Evidence-Based Carotid Interventions for Stroke Prevention: State-of-the-art Review | journal = Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis | volume = 24 | issue = 4 | pages = 373–387 | date = April 2017 | pmid = 28260723 | pmc = 5392474 | doi = 10.5551/jat.38745 }}</ref>

Animal models indicate that administration of low-dose [[amphetamine]] facilitates behavioural recovery following ischemic stroke, when administered several days after the ischemic event.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Hua-Shan |last2=Shen |first2=Hui |last3=Harvey |first3=Brandon K. |last4=Castillo |first4=Priscila |last5=Lu |first5=Hanbing |last6=Yang |first6=Yihong |last7=Wang |first7=Yun |date=2011-05-01 |title=Post-treatment with amphetamine enhances reinnervation of the ipsilateral side cortex in stroke rats |journal=NeuroImage |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=280–289 |doi=10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.02.049 |issn=1095-9572 |pmc=3070415 |pmid=21349337}}</ref> This is accompanied by reductions in volumes of tissue lost, increases in fractional anisotropy ratio on the affected side, and increases in [[Brain-derived neurotrophic factor|BDNF]] expression, [[matrix metalloproteinase]] activity, and expression of [[synaptophysin]].
{{clear|left}}

== See also ==
{{col div|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Anoxic depolarization in the brain]]
* [[CADASIL]]
* [[Cerebrovascular disease]]
* [[Cerebral palsy]]
* [[Dejerine–Roussy syndrome]]
* [[Functional Independence Measure]]
* [[Lipoprotein(a)]]
* [[Mobile Stroke Unit]]
* [[Spinal cord stroke]], a rare type of stroke that doesn't typically affect blood flow to the brain
* [[Ultrasound-enhanced systemic thrombolysis]]
* [[Weber's syndrome]]
* [[World Stroke Day]]
{{colend}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Bushnell |first1=Cheryl |last2=Kernan |first2=Walter N. |last3=Sharrief |first3=Anjail Z. |last4=Chaturvedi |first4=Seemant |last5=Cole |first5=John W. |last6=Cornwell |first6=William K. |last7=Cosby-Gaither |first7=Christine |last8=Doyle |first8=Sarah |last9=Goldstein |first9=Larry B. |last10=Lennon |first10=Olive |last11=Levine |first11=Deborah A. |last12=Love |first12=Mary |last13=Miller |first13=Eliza |last14=Nguyen-Huynh |first14=Mai |last15=Rasmussen-Winkler |first15=Jennifer |last16=Rexrode |first16=Kathryn M. |last17=Rosendale |first17=Nicole |last18=Sarma |first18=Satyam |last19=Shimbo |first19=Daichi |last20=Simpkins |first20=Alexis N. |last21=Spatz |first21=Erica S. |last22=Sun |first22=Lisa R. |last23=Tangpricha |first23=Vin |last24=Turnage |first24=Dawn |last25=Velazquez |first25=Gabriela |last26=Whelton |first26=Paul |title=2024 Guideline for the Primary Prevention of Stroke: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association |date=21 October 2024 |journal=Stroke |volume=55 |issue=12 |pages=e344–e424 |doi=10.1161/STR.0000000000000475|pmid=39429201 }}
* Gijn, Jan van (2023). Stroke: A History of Ideas. ''Cambridge University Press''. ISBN 978-1-108-83254-0.
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Stroke}}
* [http://www.mdcalc.com/dragon-score-post-tpa-stroke-outcome/ DRAGON Score for Post-Thrombolysis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027101249/https://www.mdcalc.com/dragon-score-post-tpa-stroke-outcome |date=2020-10-27 }}
* [http://www.mdcalc.com/thrive-score-for-stroke-outcome/ THRIVE score for stroke outcome] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913041433/http://www.mdcalc.com/thrive-score-for-stroke-outcome/ |date=2016-09-13 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161221102343/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/all-disorders National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke]

{{Medical condition classification and resources
| DiseasesDB = 2247
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|I|61||i|60}}-{{ICD10|I|64||i|60}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|434.91}}
| OMIM = 601367
| MedlinePlus = 000726
| eMedicineSubj = neuro
| eMedicineTopic = 9
| eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|emerg|558}} {{eMedicine2|emerg|557}} {{eMedicine2|pmr|187}}
| MeshID = D020521
}}
{{Cerebrovascular diseases}}
{{CNS diseases of the nervous system}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Stroke| ]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Causes of death]]
[[Category:Bharatpedia medicine articles ready to translate]]
[[Category:Bharatpedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate]]

Qasmi Cemetery

2026-03-24T12:12:38Z

MartiHaight78: put up initial article initial version.

{{short description|Islamic cemetery}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox cemetery
| name = Qasmi Cemetery
| native_name = قاسمی قبرستان
| native_name_lang = ur
| image = Entrance to Mazar-e-Qasmi, Darul Uloom Deoband.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Entrance to the Qasmi Cemetery
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| established =
| country = Present-day [[India]]
| location = [[Deoband]], [[Saharanpur]]
| coordinates =
| type = [[Muslim]]
| owner = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
| size =
| graves =
| website =
| style =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| findagrave =
| political =
}}
'''Qasmi Cemetery''' ({{langx|ur|قاسمی قبرستان}}) is a cemetery located in the premises of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] where notable Deobandi scholars are buried.

==Notable interments==
{{moresources|section|date=January 2023}}
* [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi]] (died 1880)
* [[Zulfiqar Ali Deobandi]] (died 1904)<ref name="Miftahi">{{cite book |last=Miftahi|first=Zafeeruddin|author-link=Zafeeruddin Miftahi |title=Mashaheer-e-Ulama-e-Darul Uloom Deoband |trans-title=Notable Scholars of Darul Uloom Deoband |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/mashaheer-e-ulama-e-darul-uloom-deoband-mohammad-zafeeruddin-ebooks#14 |publisher=Daftar Ijalas-e-Sad Sala |location= Deoband |edition=first |year=1980 |pages=13–14 |language=ur}}</ref>
* [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]] (died 1920)
* [[Aziz-ul-Rahman Usmani]] (died 1928)
* [[Izaz Ali Amrohi]] (died 1955)
* [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]] (died 1957)
* [[Wahiduzzaman Kairanawi]] (died 1995)
* [[Asad Madni]] (died 2006)
* [[Kafilur Rahman Nishat Usmani]] (died 2006)
* [[Marghubur Rahman Bijnori]] (died 2010)
* [[Abdul Haq Azmi]] (died 2016)
* [[Ghulam Nabi Kashmiri]] (died 2019)
* [[Muhammad Salim Qasmi]] (died 2018).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Verma |first1=Lokesh |title=दारुल उलूम देवबंद के मोहतमिम हजरत मौलाना मोहम्मद सालिम कासमी सुपुर्द-ए-खाक, जनाजे में उमड़ा जनसैलाब |trans-title=Rector of Deoband seminary buried, crowd emerges in funeral|url=https://www.patrika.com/saharanpur-news/maulana-salim-qasmi-dies-in-darul-uloom-deoband-2649958/ |access-date=3 December 2020 |work=[[Rajasthan Patrika]] |date=15 April 2018 |language=Hindi}}</ref>
* [[Noor Alam Khalil Amini]] (died 2021)<ref>{{cite news |title=Maulana Noor Alam Khalil Amini, a senior maestro of the Islamic educational institution Darul Uloom and a great scholar of Arabic language, died after a long illness |url=https://thenewscaravan.com/maulana-noor-alam-khalil-amini-a-senior-maestro-of-the-islamic-educational-institution-darul-uloom-and-a-great-scholar-of-arabic-language-died-after-a-long-illness-he-was-70-the-news-of-his-death/ |access-date=5 May 2021 |work=The News Caravan |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506152407/https://thenewscaravan.com/maulana-noor-alam-khalil-amini-a-senior-maestro-of-the-islamic-educational-institution-darul-uloom-and-a-great-scholar-of-arabic-language-died-after-a-long-illness-he-was-70-the-news-of-his-death/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Abdul Khaliq Sambhali]] (died 2021)<ref>{{cite news |title=دارالعلوم دیوبند کے نائب مہتمم مولانا عبدالخالق سنبھلی کا انتقال |trans-title=The vice-rector of Deoband seminary, Maulana Abdul Khaliq Sambhali passes away|url=https://www.roznamakhabrein.com/maulana-abdul-khaliq-sanbhali-deputy-superintendent-of-darul-uloom-deoband-passed-away/ |access-date=31 July 2021 |work=Roznama Khabrein |date=30 July 2021 |language=ur}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Darul Uloom Deoband}}

[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband]]
[[Category:Cemeteries in India]]
[[Category:Muslim cemeteries]]

Tajuddin Muhammad Badruddin

2026-03-22T11:03:28Z

MartiHaight78: Improved article clarity and structure

{{EngvarB|date=May 2015}}
{{Short description|Sufi saint}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox philosopher
| region = [[Islamic philosophy]]
| era = Modern era
| image = Tajuddin Baba.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| signature =
| name = Syed Tajuddin Mohammad Badruddin Hasni Wal Hussaini Q.s.a
| birth_date = January 27, 1861
| birth_place = [[Kamthi]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1925
|8|17|1861|1|27}}
| death_place = [[Nagpur]], India
| school_tradition = [[Hanafi]]
| main_interests = [[Muraqaba]]
}}

'''Syed Tajuddin Mohammad Badruddin Chishti''' (January 27, 1861 – August 17, 1925), also known as '''Tajuddin Baba''', was an Indian [[Sufism|Sufi]] Master who is considered as the Shensha Haft Aqleem (Emperor of the Seven Realms) by his followers. His shrine is in [[Nagpur]], India.<ref name="Kalchuri 46">Kalchuri, Bhau: ''Meher Prabhu: Lord Meher'', Volume One, Manifestation, Inc., 1986, p. 46</ref>

==Birth==
Tajuddin Baba was born in 1861 (1277 [[Hijri year|AH]]). He belongs to the family of [[Husayn ibn Ali|Imam Husayn]], being a tenth-generation descendant of the founder of the world Sufi [[Naqshbandi]] order, [[Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari]], and a 22nd-generation descendant of the eleventh imam, [[Hasan al-Askari]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-08-03|title=Maqolalar|url=http://www.shajara.info/maqolalar|access-date=2021-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803171037/http://www.shajara.info/maqolalar|archive-date=3 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-08-03|title=Tasavvuf Ahli|url=http://www.shajara.info/tasavvuf-ahli|access-date=2021-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803171152/http://www.shajara.info/tasavvuf-ahli|archive-date=3 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Taji|first=Taj|date=2012-02-05|title=lineage|url=https://tajbaba.com/lineage|access-date=2021-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Shajara-e-nasab lineages of descendants of Imam Hasan al-Askari r.a.-Shajara.org|url=https://shajara.org/2020/06/29/1426/|access-date=2020-06-29|language=en-EN}}</ref> Baba's forefathers had migrated from [[Mecca]] and settled down in [[Madras]], India. His father was an employee in military.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bharucha|first=Ruzbeh N.|url=|title=The Perfect Ones|date=2015-04-01|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=|language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Baba Tajuddin was orphaned at a young age and raised by his maternal grandmother and uncle Abdul Rahman. He attended a [[madrasah]] in [[Kamthi]], Nagpur.<ref>Kalchuri, Bhau: ''Meher Prabhu: Lord Meher'', Volume One, Manifestation, Inc., 1986, p. 47</ref> There he met Abdulla Shah Naushahi who initiated him into the spiritual path.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Khurshid|first=Zahiruddin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Hmsg104ROEC&q=abdullah+shah+baba+nagpur&pg=PT25|title=From Kamptee to Dallas: One Information Professional's Journey Across Cultural Boundaries (India, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and United States)|date=2013-06-28|publisher=Xlibris Corporation |isbn=978-1-4836-3724-2|language=en}}</ref> and Hazrat Dawood Makki Chishti RA

Abdullah Shah Hussaini Qadri Shuttari Sahib{{Clarification needed|date=May 2021}} who was a Majzoob Salik saint from Qadri Shuttari Sufi order commented (about Baba) to his teacher that "There is no need of teaching this boy, he is already a learned person." He also gave young Tajuddin Baba some dried fruits and nuts as his blessings for Baba, which is said to put the young boy into an ongoing spiritual trance-like state. Baba completed his education and studied Urdu, English, Arabic and Persian.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Taji|first1=Zaheen Shah|title=Tajul Auliya|date=1956|publisher=Taj Company|location=Karachi|page=43|edition=2nd}}</ref>

==Successors==
Baba Tajuddin had several caliphs whom he had appointed to serve others over the course of his lifetime. However, his key successor was Molana Abdul Kareem Shah, who Baba Tajuddin named "Yousuf Shah" and called him his son, and [[Muhammad Azeem Barkhiya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sufi Saints – Khizria Sufi Order |url=https://khizriasufiorder.org/sufi-saints/ |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=khizriasufiorder.org}}</ref> This is also the point where Taji Silsila (Sufi Chain) came into existence. Baba Yousuf Shah's body is buried in Mewashah Darga, Karachi, Pakistan in October 1947. And much before his own passing away, he had named, his only son, Aftab Kareem as the next successor (Jaan Nasheen). Aftab Kareem became known as "Baba Aftab Kareem Yousufi Taji urf Kallu Pasha", and [[Baba Imran Yousufi Taji (son and inheritor to Baba Aftab Kareem)]] was named as the successor (Jaan Nasheen) of the Yousufia Tajia order (silsila). Among the several caliphs of Hazrat Baba Tajuddin another famous name is Hazrat Ghulam Mustafa, To whom Baba Tajuddin gave a title of ”Miskeen Shah”. Hazrat Ghulam Mustafa (Baba Miskeen Shah) shrine located in Sikandrabad, District Bulandshahar, Uttar Pradesh.{{cn|date=June 2025}}

==Names and titles==
According to author Bhau Kalchuri, baba Badruddin was born Tajuddin Muhammad Badruddin.<ref name="Kalchuri 46"/> Tajuddin says his real name is Syed Muhammad Tajuddin, and he is also known as Chiragh din (The light of religion). He is also known as Baba Tajuddin of Nagpur, Sayyad Mohammad Tajuddin, and Syed Mohammed Baba Tajuddin Aulia.

==Gallery==
Images of the shrine of Tajuddin in Nagpur.
<gallery widths="120" heights="120" showfilename="yes" caption="Taj Bagh">
File:Tajdin.jpg
File:Taj 1.jpg
File:Taj 2.jpg
File:Taj 3.jpg
File:Taj 4.jpg
File:Taj 5.jpg
File:Taj 6.jpg
File:Taj 7.jpg
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://tajulauliyabooks.online Official website related to Hazrat Baba Tajuddin Dargah]

==External links==
{{Commons category|Tajuddin Baba}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tajuddin}}
[[Category:Indian Islamic religious leaders]]
[[Category:People from Nagpur]]
[[Category:Husaynids]]
[[Category:Indian Sufi saints]]
[[Category:1861 births]]
[[Category:1925 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian scholars]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]

Battle of Kasserine Pass

2026-03-21T15:29:20Z

MartiHaight78: added info

{{Short description|Part of the Tunisia Campaign of World War II}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Kasserine Pass
| partof = the [[Tunisian campaign]] of [[World War II]]
| image = File:Kasserine Pass.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Men of the 2nd Battalion, [[16th Infantry Regiment (United States)|16th Infantry Regiment]] of the [[U.S. 1st Infantry Division]] march through the Kasserine Pass and on to Kasserine and Farriana, Tunisia February 26, 1943.
| date = February 19–24, 1943
| place = Kasserine Pass, [[Kasserine]], [[French protectorate of Tunisia|Tunisia]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|35.2596|N|8.7424|E|source:dewiki_region:TN_type:event|format=dms|display=title,inline}}
|mapframe = no
| result = See [[#Aftermath|Aftermath]] section
| combatant1 = {{flagu|United States|1912}} {{flag|United Kingdom}} {{flag|Free France|1943}}
| combatant2 = {{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}} {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy}}
| commander1 = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Kenneth Anderson (British Army officer)|Kenneth Anderson]] {{flagicon|United States|1912}} [[Lloyd Fredendall]] {{flagicon|Free France}} [[Alphonse Juin]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Erwin Rommel]] {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Hans-Jürgen von Arnim]]}} {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Giorgio Calvi di Bergolo|Giorgio Carlo Calvi]]
| units1 = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[First Army (United Kingdom)|First Army]]
*{{flagicon|United States|1912}} [[II Corps (United States)|II Corps]]
*{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[6th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|6th Armoured Division]]
| units2 = {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[5th Panzer Army]]
* {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[21st Panzer Division]]
* {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[10th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)|10th Panzer Division]]
{{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[131st Armored Division "Centauro"]]
| strength1 = 30,000 infantry{{sfn|Rottmann|2008|p=74}}
| strength2 = 22,000 infantry{{sfn|Rottmann|2008|p=74}} 212 tanks{{sfn|Murphy|2006}}
| casualties1 = {{flag|United States|1912}} 3,300 killed and wounded<ref name="Calhoun p. 20">{{harvnb|Calhoun|2015|p=20}}</ref> 3,000 POWs<ref name="Calhoun p. 20">{{harvnb|Calhoun|2015|p=20}}</ref> 183 tanks lost 616 vehicles lost 208 guns lost{{sfn|Rottmann|2008|p=74}}{{sfn|Heller|1986|p=261}}<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.europa1939.com/ww2/1943/kasserine.html| work= Portal Militar y Panzertruppen| title= Historia de las Fuerzas Armadas alemanas. Kasserine 1943| location= Columbia| access-date= January 19, 2008| language= es| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080212040409/http://www.europa1939.com/ww2/1943/kasserine.html| archive-date= February 12, 2008| url-status= dead| df= mdy-all}}</ref> {{flag|Free France|1943}} 500 killed and wounded{{sfn|Blumenson|1986|p=261}} {{flag|United Kingdom}} ~2–3,000 killed, wounded or captured Total: 10,000 casualties{{sfn|Rottmann|2008|p=74}}
| casualties2 = 989 killed or wounded<ref>[https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-MTO-NWA/USA-MTO-NWA-24.html Northwest Africa - Chapter XXIV]</ref> 608 captured{{sfn|Blumenson|1986|p=261}} 20 tanks lost{{sfn|Blumenson|1986|p=261}} 67 vehicles lost{{sfn|Blumenson|1986|p=261}} 14 guns lost{{sfn|Blumenson|1986|p=261}} 
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Tunisia Campaign}}
{{Campaignbox North Africa}}
}}

The '''Battle of Kasserine Pass''' was a series of engagements which took place from 19–24 February 1943 around Kasserine Pass, a {{convert |2|mi|km|adj=mid|-wide}} gap in the Grand Dorsal chain of the [[Atlas Mountains]] in west central [[French protectorate of Tunisia|Tunisia]]. It was a part of the [[Tunisian campaign]] of [[World War II]].

The [[Axis forces]], led by ''[[Generalfeldmarschall]]'' [[Erwin Rommel]], were primarily from the ''[[Afrika Korps]]'' Assault Group, the Italian ''[[131st Armored Division "Centauro"|Centauro]]'' Armored Division and two [[Panzer division]]s detached from the [[5th Panzer Army]]. The [[Allies of World War II|Allied forces]] were from the U.S. [[II Corps (United States)|II Corps]] ([[Major general (United States)|Major General]] [[Lloyd Fredendall]]),<ref name=milhist>{{cite web |last=Hickman |first=Kennedy |url=http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/worldwarii/p/kasserine.htm |title=World War II: Battle of Kasserine Pass – North Africa |publisher=Militaryhistory.about.com |access-date=2016-07-31 |archive-date=August 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816032124/http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/worldwarii/p/kasserine.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> the British [[6th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|6th Armoured Division]] ([[Major General (United Kingdom)|Major General]] [[Charles Keightley]]) and other parts of the [[First Army (United Kingdom)|First Army]] ([[Lieutenant General (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant General]] [[Kenneth Anderson (British Army officer)|Kenneth Anderson]]).

The battle was the first major engagement between U.S. and Axis forces in Africa. The participating American battalions suffered many casualties and were successively pushed back over {{convert|50|mi}} from their original positions west of Faïd Pass, until they met an advancing brigade of the U.S. [[1st Armored Division (United States)|1st Armored Division]].<ref name=milhist/> British forces were also driven back, losing all 11 of their tanks in the process.{{sfn|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004|p=297}} After these reverses, Allied reinforcements backed by strong artillery support halted the Axis offensive at Djebel el Ahma and Thala. By this point, Rommel was overextended and low on reserves, fuel and ammunition. Faced with such logistical problems alongside Allied counterattacks, Axis forces relinquished all their territorial gains and withdrew under heavy bombardment from the Kasserine Pass by 24 February.

Anderson was subsequently criticised by his contemporaries for, among other things, dispersing the three combat commands of the 1st Armored Division, despite the objections of the divisional commander, Major General [[Orlando Ward]].<ref name="Calhoun p. 73-75">{{harvnb|Calhoun|2015|pp=73–75}}</ref><ref name="Calhoun p. 27">{{harvnb|Calhoun|2015|p=27}}</ref><ref name="Calhoun p. 69-70">{{harvnb|Calhoun|2015|pp=69–70}}</ref><ref name="Calhoun p. 83-85">{{harvnb|Calhoun|2015|pp=83–85}}</ref> As a result of lessons learned in this battle, the [[U.S. Army]] instituted sweeping changes in unit organization and tactics, and replaced some commanders<ref name=milhist/> and some types of equipment.
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== Background ==
U.S. and British forces landed at several points along the coast of [[French Morocco]] and [[Algeria]] on November 8, 1942, during [[Operation Torch]]. This came only days after the breakthrough of the British [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|Eighth Army]] ([[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]] [[Bernard Montgomery]]) following the [[Second Battle of El Alamein]]. In response, German and [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|Italian]] troops were ferried in from [[Sicily]] to occupy Tunisia, one of the few easily defended areas of North Africa and only one night's sail from bases in Sicily. This short passage made it very difficult for [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] naval vessels to intercept [[Axis powers|Axis]] transports, and air interdiction proved equally difficult, because the nearest Allied airbase to Tunisia, at [[Malta]], was over {{cvt|200|mi}} away.{{sfn|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004|p=204}}

[[File:Tunisia1942-1943.svg|thumb|Sketch map of Tunisia during the [[Tunisian campaign|1942–43 campaign]]]]
The [[Run for Tunis]] in November and December 1942 is the term for an attempt to reach [[Tunis]] before German and Italian reinforcements could arrive. Because of the poor road and rail communications, only a small, [[Division (military)|division]]-sized Allied force could be supplied and due to the excellent defensive terrain, small numbers of German and Italian troops were sufficient to defeat the attempt. The Allied build-up continued, more aircraft became available and new airfields in eastern Algeria and Tunisia were built. The Allies reduced the flow of Axis troops and equipment into Tunis and [[Bizerta]], but a sizable Axis force was already ashore.{{sfn|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004|p=210}}

On January 23, 1943, the Allied Eighth Army took [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]], [[Erwin Rommel]]'s main supply base. Rommel had anticipated this, switching his line of supply to Tunis with the goal of blocking the southern approach to Tunisia from Tripoli at [[Gabès]]. The [[Mareth Line]], which the French had built to protect against an Italian attack from [[Libya]], was
{{Quote|... a line of antiquated French blockhouses, which in no way measured up to the standards required by modern warfare....|Rommel{{sfn|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004|p=229}}}}

Allied troops had already crossed the Atlas Mountains and set up a forward base at [[Faïd]], in the foothills on the eastern arm of the mountains, an excellent position to thrust east to the coast, split the Axis forces in southern Tunisia from the forces further north, and cut the line of supply to Tunis.{{sfn|Watson|2007|p=73}}

== Prelude ==

=== Faïd Pass ===
[[File:Tunisia30Janto10Apr1943.jpg|thumb|Tunisia, January 30 – April 10, 1943]]
Elements of the 5th Panzer Army, headed by General [[Hans-Jürgen von Arnim]], reached the Allied positions on the eastern foot of the Atlas Mountains on January 30. The [[21st Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)|21st Panzer Division]] met French troops at Faïd, and, despite excellent use of the French [[Canon de 75 modèle 1897|{{cvt|75|mm|2}} guns]], which caused heavy casualties among the German infantry, the defenders were easily forced back.{{efn|Poorly equipped and supplied with World War I-era light artillery and ammunition, including outmoded shrapnel rounds, the French were nonetheless expert artillerymen and occasionally hammered German patrols and infantry attempting to negotiate the narrow passes.{{sfn|Westrate|1944|pp=38–39}}}}

U.S. artillery and tanks of the [[1st Armored Division (United States)|1st Armored Division]] then entered the battle, destroying some enemy tanks and forcing the remainder into what appeared to be a headlong retreat.{{sfn|Westrate|1944|pp=109–117}} This was, however, a trap, and when the 1st Armored Division gave chase it was engaged by a screen of German anti-tank guns, and sustained heavy casualties. A U.S. forward artillery observer whose radio and landlines had been cut by shellfire recalled,
{{Quote|It was murder. They rolled right into the muzzles of the concealed eighty-eights and all I could do was stand by and watch tank after tank blown to bits or burst into flames or just stop, wrecked. Those in the rear tried to turn back but the eighty-eights seemed to be everywhere.|Westrate, 1944{{sfn|Westrate|1944|pp=109-117}}}}

The 21st Panzer Division resumed its advance towards Faïd. American infantry casualties were exacerbated by the practice of digging shallow [[shell scrape]]s instead of [[Defensive fighting position|foxholes]], as German tank drivers could easily crush a man inside a scrape by driving into it and simultaneously making a half-turn.{{sfn|Westrate|1944|pp=109-117}} Several attempts were made by the 1st Armored Division to stop the German advance, but all three [[combat command]]s found that each defensive position they tried to occupy had already been overrun, and they were attacked by German troops with heavy losses.{{sfn|Westrate|1944|pp=109-117}} On February 2, the 1st Armored Division was ordered to end its attacks and concentrate to form a reserve.{{sfn|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004|p=204}} The Germans captured most of Tunisia, and the entrances into the coastal lowlands were blocked. The Allies held the interior of the roughly triangular Atlas range, but with the exits blocked this was of little advantage to the Allies. For the next two weeks, Rommel and the Axis commanders further north debated what to do next.{{citation needed|date=February 2012}}

=== Sidi Bou Zid ===
{{Main|Battle of Sidi Bou Zid}}

Rommel did not consider the Eighth Army a serious threat because, until Tripoli was open, Montgomery could maintain only a small force in south Tunisia. Ships commenced unloading on February 9 but the port was not fully operational until the end of the month.{{sfn|Watson|2007|p=72}} Rommel made a proposal in early February to ''[[Comando Supremo]]'' (Italian High Command in Rome) to attack with two battlegroups, including detachments from the 5th Panzer Army, toward two U.S. supply bases just to the west of the western arm of the mountains in Algeria. A quick thrust could capture the supplies and disrupt a U.S. attempt to concentrate forces near [[Tébessa]]. Arnim objected and the attack was delayed for a week until agreement was reached to mount Operation ''Frühlingswind'', a thrust by the 5th Panzer Army through the U.S. communications and supply center of Sidi Bou Zid. Rommel's forces, {{convert|60|mi}} to the south-west, would conduct Operation ''Morgenluft'' to capture [[Gafsa]] and advance on [[Tozeur]].{{sfn|Watson|2007|pp=73–74}}

On February 14 the [[10th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)|10th]] and 21st Panzer divisions began the [[Battle of Sidi Bou Zid]], about {{cvt|10|mi}} west of Faïd, in the interior plain of the Atlas Mountains.{{sfn|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004|p=287}} The U.S. tanks were defeated and the infantry, poorly sited on three hills and unable to give mutual support, was isolated. A counterattack the next day was easily repulsed and on February 16 the Germans advanced towards [[Sbeitla]].{{sfn|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004|p=293}} After the success at Sidi Bou Zid, Rommel ordered the ''Afrika Korps'' Assault Group to attack Gafsa on February 15, but the night before, Anderson ordered the defenders to evacuate Gafsa and make the main defence line the hills around [[Fériana|Feriana]], as he believed Gafsa should not be defended against a large attack.{{sfn|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004|p=287}} The next day, because of the threat to the southern flank, Anderson obtained Eisenhower's agreement and ordered a withdrawal from the Eastern Dorsale, to the line of the Western Dorsale from Feriana northwards.{{sfn|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004|p=292}} Early on February 17, Fredendall ordered a withdrawal from Sbeitla and Feriana.{{sfn|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004|p=294}} The U.S. II Corps was able to concentrate at the Kasserine and Sbiba Passes, on the western arm of the mountains. U.S. casualties were 2,546 men, 103 tanks, 280 vehicles, 18 field guns, three anti-tank guns and an [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft battery]].{{sfn|Anderson|1993|p=16}}

=== Axis plan of attack ===
At this point, there was some argument in the Axis camp about what to do next; all of Tunisia was under Axis control, and there was little to do until the Eighth Army arrived at Mareth. Rommel decided to attack through the Kasserine Pass into the main force of the U.S. II Corps at Tébessa to capture U.S. supplies on the Algerian side of the western arm of the mountains, eliminate the Allied ability to attack the coastal corridor linking Mareth and Tunis and threaten the southern flank of the First Army. On February 18, Rommel submitted his proposals to [[Albert Kesselring]], who forwarded them with his blessing to the ''Comando Supremo'' in Rome.{{sfn|Watson|2007|p=80}}

At 13:30 on February 19, Rommel received the ''Comando Supremo''{{'}}s agreement to a revised plan. He was to have 10th and 21st Panzer Divisions transferred from Arnim's 5th Panzer Army to his command and attack through the Kasserine and Sbiba passes toward [[Thala, Tunisia|Thala]] and [[Le Kef]] to the north, clearing the Western Dorsale and threatening the 1st Army's flank.{{sfn|Watson|2007|pp=80–81}}{{efn|Arnim only released a battlegroup under Felix von Broich.{{sfn|Watson|2007|p=90}}}} Rommel was appalled; the plan dispersed Axis forces and, through the passes, would expose their flanks. A concentrated attack on Tébessa, while entailing some risk, could yield badly needed supplies, destroy Allied potential for operations into central Tunisia and capture [[Youks-les-Bains Airfield]], west of Tébessa.{{sfn|Watson|2007|p=81}}

==Battle==
[[File:Bataille Kasserine.jpg|thumb|Battle of Kasserine Pass]]
In the early hours of February 19, Rommel ordered the ''Afrika Korps'' Assault Group from Feriana to attack the Kasserine Pass. The 21st Panzer Division at Sbeitla was ordered to attack northward through the Sbiba Gap (east of Kasserine) toward Ksour. ''Kampfgruppe von Broich'', the battlegroup released by von Arnim from 10th Panzer Division, was ordered to concentrate at Sbeitla, where it would be ready to exploit success in either pass.{{sfn|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004|p=295}}

===Sbiba===
The Sbiba area was attacked by Battle Groups Stenkhoff and Schuette, remnants of the 21st Panzer Division. Facing the German armored advance was the British [[6th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|6th Armoured Division]] (less the [[26th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)|26th Armoured Brigade]] which except for the tanks of the [[16th/5th The Queen's Royal Lancers|16/5th Lancers]] had been sent to Thala). Also in the line was the U.S. [[18th Infantry Regiment (United States)|18th Regimental Combat Team]] from the [[1st Infantry Division (United States)|1st Infantry Division]]; and three battalions of infantry from the [[34th Infantry Division (United States)|34th Infantry Division]]. There were also three U.S. Field Artillery battalions, elements of two British anti-tank regiments and some French detachments. The Germans made little progress against the combined firepower of the defending force which had also laid minefields.{{sfn|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004|p=296}} The 21st Panzer Division was checked and then driven back by February 20.{{sfn|Rutherford|1971|p=111}}

===Kasserine===
[[File:1stArmorDivKasserineTunisia1943.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|An [[M3 Lee]] tank of U.S. 1st Armored Division advancing to support American forces during the battle at Kasserine Pass]]
Defending the pass was a force consisting of the U.S. 1st Battalion, [[26th Infantry Regiment (United States)|26th Regimental Combat Team]], the U.S. 19th Combat Engineer Regiment, the [[6th Field Artillery Regiment|6th Field Artillery Battalion]], a tank destroyer battalion and a battery of French artillery. On the hills to their west was French General Welvert's ''Task Force Welvert'' comprising a U.S. [[United States Army Rangers|Ranger]] and infantry battalion, three French infantry battalions, two U.S. field artillery battalions, four French artillery batteries and engineer and anti-aircraft detachments. Furthest west was ''Task Force Bowen'' (consisting of the 3rd Battalion of the 26th Regimental Combat Team), blocking the track from Feriana towards Tebessa. Between ''Task Force Bowen'' and Tebessa to the north was the regrouping 1st Armored Division although only Combat Command B was fit for combat.{{sfn|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004|p=294}} The positions in the pass had been placed under Colonel Alexander Stark, commander of the 26th RCT, on the night of February 18 and the command named ''Stark Force''.{{sfn|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004|p=296}}

On the morning of the 19th an attempt by the 33rd Reconnaissance Unit to surprise the Kasserine defenses into the pass failed. A battalion of Panzer grenadiers was then ordered into the floor of the pass and another onto Djebel Semmama (the hill on its eastern flank), and slow progress was made against artillery fire. The tanks of 1/8th Panzer Regiment were committed at noon but little further progress resulted against stubborn defense.{{sfn|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004|pp=296–297}} Rommel decided to commit his units from the 10th Panzer to the Kasserine Pass the next morning in a coordinated attack with the ''Afrika Korps'' Assault Group, which was to be joined by elements of the Italian [[131st Armored Division "Centauro"|131st Armored Division ''Centauro'']].{{sfn|Watson|2007|p=90}} British reinforcements from the 26th Armoured Brigade had been assembling at Thala and Brigadier [[Charles Anderson Lane Dunphie|Charles Dunphie]], making forward reconnaissance, decided to intervene. The First Army headquarters restricted him to sending ''Gore Force'', a small combined-arms group of a company of infantry, a squadron of 11 tanks, an artillery battery and an anti-tank troop.{{sfn|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004|p=297}} Brigadier [[Cameron Nicholson]] (6th Armoured Division) was given command of ''[[Nickforce]]'', all units north-west of the pass.{{sfn|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004|p=298}}

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-557-1002-10, Tunesien, amerikanische Kriegsgefangene.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|U.S. troops taken prisoner during the battle march through a Tunisian village]]
During the night, the American positions on the two mountain shoulders overlooking the pass were overrun and at 8:30 am on February 20 German panzer grenadiers and Italian [[Bersaglieri]] resumed the attack. At 10:00 Dunphie judged that ''Stark Force'' was about to give way and ordered ''Gore Force'' to the Thala side of the pass, as elements of the ''Centauro'' Division launched their attack towards Tebessa and continued it during the afternoon.{{sfn|Walker|2006|pp=186–187}} During the opening attack on key American positions at Djebel Chambi, the 5th Bersaglieri Regiment had made a frontal assault on U.S. positions that lasted most of the morning and finally carried the position, losing the regimental commander Colonel Bonfatti in the process. This action cracked open the Allied defenses, opening the road to Thala and Tebessa. By midday the accompanying combined Axis armored units poured through the pass routing U.S. forces of the 1st Armored Division in one of the worst U.S. defeats of the Tunisian Campaign. The Italian regiment was complimented by General [[Karl Bülowius|Bülowius]], commander of the DAK Assault Group, who cited their action as the instrumental event of the Axis victory. At 13:00 Rommel committed two battalions from 10th Panzer Division, which overcame the northern wing of the Allied defense.{{sfn|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004|p=297}} Tanks and Bersaglieri from the ''Centauro'' Division advanced along Highway 13 and overran the 19th Combat Engineer Regiment.{{sfn|Tucker|2012|p=1,575}}{{sfn|Atkinson|2002|p=372}} The U.S. survivors made a disorganized retreat up the western exit from the pass to Djebel el Hamra, where Combat Command B of the 1st Armored Division was arriving. On the exit to Thala, ''Gore Force'' slowly leapfrogged back, losing all its tanks in the process, to rejoin the 26th Armoured Brigade some {{convert|10|mi}} further back.{{sfn|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004|p=297}}

===Djebel el Ahmar===
The ''Afrika Korps'' Assault Group began moving along the Hatab River valley towards Haidra and Tebessa in the early afternoon of February 21 and advanced until they met defenders consisting of the U.S. 16th Infantry Regiment of the 1st Infantry Division and Combat Command B of the U.S. 1st Armored Division at Djebel el Hamra. The German–Italian force was halted and, despite heavy pressure including air attacks, failed to dislodge the American defenders.{{sfn|Rutherford|1971|p=124}} Having brought the Axis drive towards Tebessa to a halt, General [[Paul McDonald Robinett|Paul Robinett]] and General [[Terry de la Mesa Allen Sr.|Terry Allen]] now turned their attention to planning a counterattack that was to take place the next day, February 22. Plans made by both sides were upset by the battle, and the Axis forces (5th ''Bersaglieri,'' a ''Semovente'' group from ''Centauro'' and 15 Panzer) launched another assault on the U.S. position on the morning of February 22 toward Bou Chebka Pass. Although the American defenders were pressed hard the line held and, by mid-afternoon, the U.S. infantry and tanks launched a counterattack that broke the combined German and Italian force. More than 400 Axis prisoners were taken as the counterattack was pressed into the ''Afrika Korps'' position.{{sfn|Kelly|2002|p=244}}

===Thala===
[[File:The British Army in Tunisia 1943 NA880.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|British soldiers of the 2nd Battalion, [[Grenadier Guards]] establishing positions on difficult terrain at Thala, February 24, 1943]]
Rommel had stayed with the main group of the 10th Panzer Division on the route north toward Thala, where the 26th Armoured Brigade and remnants of the U.S. 26th Infantry Regiment had dug in on ridges. If the town fell and the southern of two roads from Thala to Tebessa was cut, the U.S. [[9th Infantry Division (United States)|9th Infantry Division]] to the north would be cut off and Combat Command B of the 1st Armored Division would be trapped between the 10th Panzer Division and its supporting units moving north along the second road to Tebessa. The combined force fought a costly delaying action in front of Thala, retreating ridge by ridge to the north until by dark, the force stopped the German attack just south of the town in the evening of February 21.{{sfn|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004|pp=297–298}} The divisional artillery (48 guns) of the 9th Infantry Division and anti-tank platoons, that had moved from Morocco on February 17, {{cvt|800|mi}} west, dug in that night.

Next day, the front was held mostly by British infantry, with exceptionally strong backing by unified U.S. and British artillery, under [[Brigadier general (United States)|brigadier general]] [[Stafford LeRoy Irwin]], the U.S. artillery commander. The British had 36 guns, supported by armoured cars of the [[Derbyshire Yeomanry]] and Valentine and Crusader tanks of the [[17th/21st Lancers]].{{sfn|Watson|2007|p=104}}{{sfn|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004|p=300}} Anderson had ordered the 9th Infantry Division and its artillery support to Le Kef to meet an expected German attack but U.S. Major General [[Ernest N. Harmon]], who had been sent by Eisenhower to report on the battle and the Allied command, instructed the 9th divisional artillery to stay behind.{{sfn|Murphy|2006|pp=28–35}} On the morning of February 22 an intense artillery barrage from the massed Allied guns forestalled the resumption of the 10th Panzer Division attack, destroying armor and vehicles and disrupting communications. Broich, the battle group commander, decided to pause and regroup, but Allied reinforcements continued to arrive.{{sfn|Murphy|2006|pp=28–35}}{{sfn|Watson|2007|pp=104–105}} Under constant fire, 10th Panzer waited until dark to retire from the battlefield.{{sfn|Murphy|2006|pp=28-35}}

===Withdrawal===
[[File:Italian semoventes in action.jpg|thumb|Italian ''[[Semovente da 75/18|Semovente]]'' assault guns]]
Overextended and with supplies dwindling, pinned down by the Allied artillery in the pass in front of Thala and now facing U.S. counterattacks along the Hatab River, Rommel realized his strength was spent. At Sbiba, along the Hatab River and now at Thala, the efforts of the German and Italian forces had failed to make a decisive break in the Allied line. With little prospect of further success, Rommel judged that it would be wiser to break off to concentrate in South Tunisia and strike a blow at the Eighth Army, catching them off balance while still assembling its forces. He at least had the consolation that he had inflicted heavy losses on his enemy and that the Allied concentrations in the Gafsa – Sbeitla area had been destroyed.{{sfn|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004|p=301}} At a meeting at Rommel's Kasserine HQ on February 23, Kesselring and his Chief of Staff [[Siegfried Westphal]] tried to change Rommel's mind, arguing that there were still possibilities for success. Rommel was adamant; Kesselring finally agreed and formal orders from the ''Comando Supremo'' in Rome were issued that evening calling off the offensive and directing all Axis units to return to their start positions.{{sfn|Watson|2007|pp=109–110}} On February 23 a massive American air attack on the pass hastened the German retreat and by late February 24 the pass had been reoccupied, Feriana was in Allied hands; Sidi Bou Zid and Sbeitla followed soon after.{{sfn|Rutherford|1971|p=147}}

==Aftermath==
The initial handful of American battalions suffered many casualties and were successively pushed back over {{convert|50|mi}} from their original positions west of Faïd Pass, until they met an advancing brigade of the U.S. [[1st Armored Division (United States)|1st Armored Division]].<ref name=milhist/><ref>{{cite book |last=Blumenson |first=Martin |title=Rommel's Last Victory: The Battle of Kasserine Pass |location=London |publisher=George Allen & Unwin |year=1968 |isbn=004940024X |page=3 |quote=And suddenly there was a disastrous defeat..The blow sent the Americans reeling back in Tunisia, more than fifty miles across the parched plain of Sbeitla between the mountain passes of Faid and Kasserine.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Blumenson |first=Martin |title=Rommel's Last Victory: The Battle of Kasserine Pass |location=London |publisher=George Allen & Unwin |year=1968 |isbn=004940024X |page=6 |quote=The crushing defeat swept aside the illusions of a time of innocence.}}</ref> British forces were also driven back, losing all 11 of their tanks in the process.{{sfn|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004|p=297}} After such reversals, Allied reinforcements with strong artillery support stopped the Axis advance. By the 22nd, the Axis force was low on fuel, ammunition and reserves, and the Allies were reinforcing their lines. Rommel wanted to concentrate in Southern Tunisia, to strike against the 8th Army. Rommel told Kesselring that continuing the offensive would have no chance of success, and Rommel was authorised to withdraw.<ref>{{cite book |title= The Mediterranean and Middle East Volume 4; The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa |publisher= Her Majesty’s Stationery Office|year=1966|page=300-301 |quote=The field formations had fuel for about 180 miles and not much ammunition; and reserves for Rommel Group were low. During the afternoon Rommel and Kesselring again conferred near Kasserine. Rommel said that there was no chance of success in continuing the offensive. The enemy was heavily reinforcing his southern sector, but apparently not at the expense of his northern sector.}}</ref> On 23-24 February, the retreating Axis forces were subjected to "hammer-blow air attacks by the U.S. air force" in the Feriana—Kasserine area.<ref>{{cite book |title= The Mediterranean and Middle East Volume 4; The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa |publisher= Her Majesty’s Stationery Office|year=1966|page=302 |quote=During the 23rd and 24th, in pursuit of the retreating ground forces, U.S. XII Air Support Command got back into its stride and Fortesses added a heavy attack on Kasserine on the 23rd and on Kairouan airfield the next day. Rommel, referring to the 23rd, later recorded that ‘The bad weather now ended and from midday onward we were subjected to hammer-blow air attacks by the U.S. air force in the Feriana—Kasserine area, of a weight and concentration hardly surpassed by those we had suffered at Alamein.’ }}</ref> By the end of the battle on February 24, the Kasserine Pass had been reoccupied by the Allies.{{sfn|Rutherford|1971|p=147}}

===Casualties and losses===
Shortly before his death in 1981, General Omar Bradley wrote that the series of battles were "the worst performance of the U.S. army in their whole proud history."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/02/20/books/the-soldier-s-general.html|title=The Soldier's General}}</ref> American losses totalled 300 killed, 3,000 wounded, and 3,000 captured, and 7,000 replacements were needed to recover units to their original strength. The French losses of the {{ill|34e Division|fr|34e division d'infanterie (France)}} totalled 50 killed, 200 wounded and 250 missing.{{sfn|Blumenson|1986|p=261}} Regarding Allied personnel captured, Rommel and Ziegler claimed 3,721 prisoners captured but in a consolidated report of February 24 they reported 4,026 Allied prisoners of war.<ref name="NWAfrica"/>

Materiel losses of the US II Corps were 183 tanks, 104 half-tracks, 208 guns and 512 trucks and motor vehicles were lost, some of them captured by the Germans. The Allies also lost supplies and fuel,{{sfn|Blumenson|1986|p=261}} since over {{cvt|215|m3|USgal}} of gasoline and lubricants were seized along with 45 tons of ammunition.<ref name="NWAfrica"/>

German losses at Kasserine were 201 killed, 536 wounded and 252 missing, totalling 989 casualties. In [[materiel]], Germans lost 20 tanks, 67 vehicles and 14 guns.<ref name="NWAfrica">{{cite web|url=https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-MTO-NWA/USA-MTO-NWA-24.html#fn44|title=North West Africa: Seizing the Initiative in the West|author= George F. Howe}}</ref> Allied forces captured 73 German and 535 Italian soldiers.{{sfn|Blumenson|1986|p=260}}

===Rommel===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1990-071-31, Nordafrika, Rommel, Bayerlein.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Rommel]] in Tunisia speaking with troops riding a captured American-built [[M3 half-track]]]]
Rommel had hoped to take advantage of the inexperience of the new Allied commanders but was opposed by von Arnim who, wanting to conserve strength in his sector, ignored Kesselring's orders and withheld the attached heavy tank unit of 10th Panzer.{{sfn|Lewin|2004|p=205}} Rommel felt that most U.S. units and commanders had shown their inexperience, losing sight of the broader picture.{{sfn|Lewin|2004|p=202}} Rommel was later impressed with how quickly U.S. commanders came to understand and implement mobile warfare and also praised U.S. equipment: "British experience has been put to good use in American equipment".{{sfn|Lewin|2004|p=205}} Of particular interest to the Germans was the sturdy [[M3 half-track|M3 armored half-track]], and for some time after the battle, German units deployed large numbers of captured U.S. vehicles.

The Allies studied the results equally seriously. Positioned by senior commanders who had not personally reconnoitered the ground, U.S. forces were often located too far from each other for mutual support. It was also noted that U.S. soldiers tended to become careless about digging in, exposing their positions, bunching in groups when in open view of enemy artillery observers, and positioning units on topographic crests, where their silhouettes made them perfect targets. Too many soldiers, exasperated by the rocky soil of Tunisia, were still digging shallow slit trenches instead of deep foxholes.{{sfn|Westrate|1944|pp=91–92}}

The 1st Armored Division was on the receiving end of German anti-tank and screening tactics and had not learned about those tactics from experienced British armored units. Others in the U.S. Army were well aware of the German deception tactics.{{sfn|Westrate|1944|p=110}} The Allies were also unable to prevent the Germans from attaining air superiority over the battlefield, limiting effective Allied air reconnaissance and allowing relentless German bombing and strafing attacks that disrupted Allied attempts at deployment and organization. Attacks by the ''Luftwaffe'' in close support of German ground offensives often neutralized U.S. attempts to organize effective defensive artillery fire.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}

===Eisenhower===
[[General (United States)|General]] [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] began restructuring the Allied command, creating the [[18th Army Group]], commanded by [[General (United Kingdom)|General]] Sir [[Harold R. L. G. Alexander]], to tighten the operational control of the three Allied nations involved and improve their coordination.{{sfn|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004|pp=282, 386}} [[Major general (United States)|Major General]] [[Lloyd Fredendall]] was relieved by Eisenhower and sent to the U.S. to lead the [[Central Defense Command]], responsible for forces in the midwestern states.<ref name=milhist/> Training programs at home had contributed to U.S. Army units in North Africa being saddled with disgraced commanders who had failed in battle and were reluctant to advocate radical changes.<ref name="ReferenceA">Ossad, Steven L., ''Command Failures: Lessons Learned from Lloyd R. Fredendall'', Army Magazine, March 2003</ref> Eisenhower found through Major General [[Omar Bradley]] and others, that Fredendall's subordinates had lost confidence in him and Alexander told U.S. commanders, "I'm sure you must have better men than that".{{sfn|D'Este|2003|p=}}{{sfn|Murphy|2006|pp=28-35}} Major General [[Ernest N. Harmon]], called Fredendall both a moral and physical coward and later said he was "a son of a bitch".<ref>D'Este, Carlo, ''Patton: A Genius for War'', Harper/Collins (1996), {{ISBN|0-06-092762-3}}, {{ISBN|978-0-06-092762-2}}, p. 460.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.historynet.com/fredendalls-art-of-war|title=Fredendall’s Art of War}}</ref>

Fredendall took the blame but Anderson, the [[First Army (United Kingdom)|First Army]] commander, was judged to be at fault for the failure to concentrate Allied armored units and keep forces concentrated, that later disintegrated into individual units.<ref name="Calhoun p. 27">{{harvnb|Calhoun|2015|p=27}}</ref><ref name="Calhoun p. 69-70">{{harvnb|Calhoun|2015|pp=69–70}}</ref><ref name="Calhoun p. 83-85">{{harvnb|Calhoun|2015|pp=83–85}}</ref> When Fredendall disclaimed all responsibility for the poorly equipped French [[19th Army Corps (France)|XIX Corps]] and denied French requests for support, notably when under pressure at Faïd, Anderson allowed the request to go unfulfilled. Anderson was also blamed for dispersing the three combat commands of the U.S. 1st Armored Division, despite the objections of Major General [[Orlando Ward]], the divisional commander.<ref name="Calhoun p. 73-75">{{harvnb|Calhoun|2015|pp=73–75}}</ref>{{efn|Harmon reported that Ward was "hopping mad" at Anderson for dispersing his division and at Fredendall for allowing it.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>}} U.S. Brigadier General Irwin later became commander of the [[5th Infantry Division (United States)|5th Infantry Division]] in Europe and went on to higher command, as did British Brigadier Nicholson, who later commanded the [[2nd Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|2nd Infantry Division]] in India. Allied commanders were given greater scope for initiative and to keep forces concentrated. They were also urged to lead their units from the front and to keep command posts well forward, unlike Fredendall who had rarely visited the front line. (Ward was sent home, where he trained troops and then commanded the [[20th Armored Division (United States)|20th Armored Division]] in Europe.){{sfn|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004|p=377}}

On 6 March, Major General [[George Patton]] was temporarily removed from planning for the [[Allied invasion of Sicily]] to command the [[II Corps (United States)|II Corps]]. Bradley was appointed assistant corps commander and moved up to command of II Corps when Patton returned to planning for Sicily. Fredendall was reassigned to the United States and several other commanders were removed or promoted out of the way. Patton was not known for hesitancy and did not bother to request permission when taking action to support his command or other units requesting assistance. During the advance from [[Gafsa]], Alexander, the 18th Army Group commander, had given detailed orders to Patton, afterwards changing II Corps' mission several times. Once beyond Maknassy, Alexander again gave orders Patton considered excessively detailed. From then on, Patton simply ignored those parts of mission orders he considered ill-advised on grounds of military expediency and/or a rapidly evolving tactical situation.{{sfn|Atkinson|2002|p=435}}

Efforts were made to improve the integration of immediate artillery and air support, which had been poorly coordinated; in one division, 95 percent of air attacks were concentrated on its artillery.<ref>Hamilton (2005), p. 42</ref> While U.S. artillery response times improved dramatically, coordinating close air support was not achieved until [[Operation Overlord]] over a year later. American anti-aircraft artillery began reforms, having learned that, while [[Stuka]] dive bombers were vulnerable to [[.50 BMG]] rounds fired from vehicles, field units needed dedicated [[autocannon]] to protect them from aerial attack.

== See also ==
* [[List of equipment of the United States Army during World War II]]
* [[List of British military equipment of World War II]]
* [[List of French military equipment of World War II]]
* [[List of German military equipment of World War II]]
* [[List of Italian Army equipment in World War II]]
* [[List of World War II battles]]
* [[North African campaign timeline]]
* [[Panzer Army Africa]]

== Notes ==

=== Footnotes ===
{{Notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|22em}}

== References ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|first=Martin|last=Blumenson|url=https://history.army.mil/books/Staff-Rides/kasserine/Vol-I-Part_1.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608084141/http://www.history.army.mil/books/Staff-Rides/kasserine/Vol-I-Part_1.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 8, 2010|series=U.S. Army Center of Military History|title=Kasserine Pass Battles|publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]]|year=1986}}
* {{Cite book|first=Charles R.|last=Anderson|url=http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/tunisia/tunisia.htm|series=U.S. Army Campaigns of WWII|title=Tunisia November 17, 1942 to May 13, 1943|publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]]|year=1993|id=CMH Pub 72-12|isbn=0-16-038106-1|access-date=July 12, 2010|archive-date=September 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917183639/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/tunisia/tunisia.htm|url-status=dead}}
* [[Kenneth Anderson (British Army officer)|Anderson, Lt.-General Kenneth]] (1946). ''Official despatch by Kenneth Anderson, GOC-in-C [[First Army (United Kingdom)|First Army]] covering events in NW Africa, November 8, 1942 – May 13, 1943'' published in {{London Gazette|issue=37779 |supp=y|pages=5449–5464|date=November 5, 1946 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book|last=Atkinson|first=Rick|author-link=Rick Atkinson|title=An Army at Dawn: The War in North Africa, 1942–1943|year=2002|publisher=Henry Holt and Company|location=New York|isbn=0-8050-6288-2|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/armyatdawnwarinn00atki}}
* {{Cite book|first=Martin|last=Blumenson|title=Kasserine Pass|location=Boston|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|year=1966|oclc=3947767}}
* {{cite book |last=Calhoun|first=Mark T. |location=Ft. Leavenworth, KS | title = Defeat at Kasserine: American Armor Doctrine, Training, and Battle Command in Northwest Africa, World War II|year=2015| publisher = Pickle Partners Publishing| isbn= 978-1-78625-030-8 }} - Total pages: 80 
* {{cite book |last=D'Este |first=Carlo |title=Eisenhower: A Soldier's Life |publisher=Orion |year=2003 |isbn=0-304-36658-7 }}
* {{Cite journal |first=John |last=Hamilton |journal=Air Defense Artillery Journal |issue=April–June 2005 |url=http://www.airdefenseartillery.com/online/2010/ADA%20In%20Action/WWII/WWII/Kasserine.pdf |title=Kasserine Pass |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331110914/http://www.airdefenseartillery.com/online/2010/ADA%20In%20Action/WWII/WWII/Kasserine.pdf |archive-date=March 31, 2012 |df=mdy }}
* {{Cite book|last=Heller|first=Charles|title=America's First Battles, 1776–1965|year=1986|publisher=University Press of Kansas|isbn=0-7006-0277-1}}
* {{Cite book |title=Stauffenberg: A Family History, 1905–1944 |first=Peter |last=Hoffmann |year=2003 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |location=Montreal |isbn=0-7735-2595-5}}
* {{cite book |first=Orr |last=Kelly |title=Meeting the Fox |location=Philadelphia |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2002 |isbn=0-471-41429-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/meetingfoxallied0000kell }}
* {{cite book |last=Lewin |first=Ronald |year=2004 |orig-year=1968 |title=Rommel as Military Commander |location=Barnsley, South Yorkshire |publisher=Pen & Sword |isbn=1-84415-040-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/rommelasmilitary0000lewi_e9y5 }}
* {{Cite journal |journal=America in WWII Magazine |last=Murphy |first=Brian John |title=Facing the Fox |date=April 2006 |url=http://www.americainwwii.com/stories/facingthefox.htm |access-date=December 23, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928101834/http://www.americainwwii.com/stories/facingthefox.htm |archive-date=September 28, 2007 |pages=28–35 }}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004}}
|first1=Major-General I. S. O. |last1=Playfair |first2=Brigadier C. J. C. |last2=and Molony |first3=Captain F. C. |last3=with Flynn R.N. |first4=Group Captain T. P. |last4=Gleave |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |title=The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa |volume=IV |series=History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series |orig-year=HMSO 1966 |year=2004 |location=Uckfield, UK |publisher=Naval & Military Press |isbn=1-84574-068-8 |name-list-style=amp}}
* {{Cite book|title=M3 Medium Tank vs Panzer III – Kasserine Pass 1943|first=Gordon|last=Rottmann|year=2008| publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1-84603-261-5}}
* {{cite book|first=Ward|last=Rutherford|title=Kasserine, Baptism of Fire|location=London|publisher=MacDonald and Co.|year=1971|isbn= 0-345-02098-7 |oclc=104309}}
* {{Cite journal|journal=Air Defense Artillery Magazine|title=THE HAMMER OF HELL: The Coming of Age of Antiaircraft Artillery in WW II|first=Paul|last=Semmens}}
* {{cite book |last=Tucker |first=Spencer |title=Almanac of American Military History |volume=I |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, California |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-59884-530-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Walker |first=Ian |title=Iron Hulls, Iron Hearts: Mussolini's Elite Armoured Divisions in North Africa |publisher=Crowood Press |location=Ramsbury |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-86126-839-6}}
* {{Cite book |last=Watson |first=Bruce Allen |title=Exit Rommel: The Tunisian Campaign, 1942–43 |location=Mechanicsburg, PA |publisher=Stackpole Books |year=2007 |series=Stackpole Military History Series |orig-year=1999 |isbn=978-0-8117-3381-6 |oclc=40595324}}
* {{Cite book |last=Westrate |first=Edwin V. |title=Forward Observer |location=Philadelphia |publisher= Blakiston |year=1944 |oclc=13163146}}
* {{cite book |last=Whiting |first=Charles |title=Kasserine: Anatomy of a Slaughter |publisher=Stein and Day |year=1984 |isbn=0-8128-2954-9}}
* {{Cite book |title=Kasserine Pass 1943 – Rommel's Last Victory |first=Steven |last=Zaloga |year=2005 |publisher=Osprey |location=Oxford |isbn=1-84176-914-2 |oclc=60793211}}
* {{cite book |last=Blumenson |first=Martin |title=Rommel's Last Victory: The Battle of Kasserine Pass |location=London |publisher=George Allen & Unwin |year=1968 |isbn=004940024X}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |first=G. F. |last=Howe |title=Northwest Africa: Seizing the Initiative in the West |series=United States Army in World War II: Mediterranean Theatre of Operations |publisher=Department of the Army |location=Washington, DC |year=1957 |edition=1991 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-MTO-NWA/USA-MTO-NWA-24.html |access-date=2 June 2015 |isbn=0-16-001911-7 |oclc=23304011}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.americainwwii.com/stories/facingthefox.html Facing The Fox In The Kasserine Pass]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030910054005/http://www.lbdb.com/TMDisplayBattle.cfm?BID=116&WID=5 Entry in the Leaders & Battles Database]
* [http://www.history.army.mil/books/Staff-Rides/kasserine/kasserine.htm Kasserine Pass Battles: Staff Rides Background Materials] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029175640/http://www.history.army.mil/books/Staff-Rides/kasserine/kasserine.htm |date=October 29, 2010 }} – Collection Primary Sources and Analysis of the Battle compiled by the [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
* {{cite journal| title=Battle for Kasserine Pass: 1st Armored Division Were Ambushed by the Afrika Corps at Sidi Bou Zid| journal=World War II Magazine| date=June 12, 2006| issue=September 2002| url=http://www.historynet.com/battle-for-kasserine-pass-1st-armored-division-were-ambushed-by-the-afrika-corps-at-sidi-bou-zid.htm| publisher=Weider History Group| access-date=February 12, 2012}}

{{World War II}}
{{Tank battles|style=wide}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kasserine Pass, Battle of}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1943]]
[[Category:1943 in Tunisia]]
[[Category:Tunisian campaign]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving Italy|Kasserine 1943]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving the United States|Kasserine 1943]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving Germany|Kasserine 1943]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom|Kasserine 1943]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving France|Kasserine 1943]]
[[Category:Tank battles of World War II]]
[[Category:Tank battles involving Germany]]
[[Category:Tank battles involving the United States]]
[[Category:Erwin Rommel]]
[[Category:February 1943 in Africa]]
[[Category:Mountain warfare in Africa]]

Mann (1999 film)

2026-03-14T07:23:04Z

MartiHaight78: Added new info

{{Short description|1999 film by Indra Kumar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mann
| image = Mann poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Indra Kumar]]
| producer = Indra Kumar Ashok Thakeria
| writer = Aatish Kapadia

| based_on = [[An Affair to Remember]] by [[Leo McCarey]]
| starring = [[Aamir Khan]] [[Manisha Koirala]] [[Anil Kapoor]] [[Sharmila Tagore]] [[Neeraj Vora]]
| music = [[Sanjeev–Darshan]]
| cinematography = Basha Lal
| editing = Hussain Burmawala
| studio = Maruti International
| distributor = [[Shemaroo Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|1999|07|09|df=y}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}14 crore<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2389|title=Mann – Movie|work=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=21 June 2022|archive-date=21 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621002159/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2389|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}35.45 crore<ref name="auto" />
}}

'''''Mann''''' ({{translation|The Psyche}}) is a 1999 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic drama]] film written and directed by [[Indra Kumar]]. The film starred [[Aamir Khan]] and [[Manisha Koirala]], pairing them for the second time, and also features [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Sharmila Tagore]] and [[Neeraj Vora]] with [[Rani Mukerji]] in a special appearance. This is the second collaboration between Khan and Koirala since ''[[Akele Hum Akele Tum]]'' (1995). The film is mainly based on the 1957 American film ''[[An Affair to Remember|An Affair To Remember]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Suparn |date=9 July 1999 |title=Easy on the eye |url=https://imsports.rediff.com/movies/1999/jul/09man.htm |url-status=live |access-date=25 June 2019 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |archive-date=18 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918222835/https://imsports.rediff.com/movies/1999/jul/09man.htm }}</ref> ''Mann'' received positive reviews upon release. The soundtrack by [[Sanjeev–Darshan]] has been well received but criticised for allegedly [[music plagiarism|plagiarising]] other songs.<ref name="filmcompanion" />

== Plot ==
Dev Karan Singh ([[Aamir Khan]]), a [[promiscuity|Casanova]] and ambitious painter deep in debt, agrees to marry Anita ([[Deepti Bhatnagar]]), the daughter of Singhania ([[Dalip Tahil]]), a rich [[tycoon]]. Priya ([[Manisha Koirala]]), a music teacher for children, is engaged to Raj ([[Anil Kapoor]]), She has agreed to marry him because he helped her when she was in need. Priya and Dev meet on a cruise. Dev becomes fond of Priya. He is a fun-loving, flamboyant Casanova. He tries to get close to her. Initially unimpressed, she later falls in love with him. However, as they were both already engaged to other people, they agreed to sort things out and meet on Valentine's Day in six months' time to get married.

Over the next six months, Dev calls off his engagement to Anita and starts working hard. Driven by his love for her, he creates and auctions off beautiful paintings, becoming very successful with the support of his friend Natu ([[Neeraj Vora]]). Meanwhile, Priya realises that leaving Raj would be wrong, and sadly writes a letter to Dev explaining everything. However, Raj receives the letter instead and supports Priya, convincing her to go to Dev. However, things take a turn for the worse when Priya is hit by a car on her way to meet Dev and has to have her legs amputated. Dev, who has been waiting all night for Priya, believes that she has rejected him because he does not know about the accident. Priya forbids Raj from telling Dev the truth, not wanting to become a burden to him. Now, Priya runs a music academy for young children.

Although heartbroken, Dev continues his career as a painter and goes on to become famous. One day, Priya attends one of his art exhibitions and wishes to buy a painting, a sentimental picture of her speaking to his beloved grandmother, whom Dev had introduced her to during the cruise. Dev said that he wouldn't sell the painting because it was intended for Priya. However, upon hearing that the girl who wanted it understood the emotion behind the picture and was disabled, he told the exhibition host to give the painting to her for free.

One day, he meets Priya and Raj at a theatre gathering, but Priya again forbids Raj from telling the truth. He visits Priya to give her an anklet that his recently deceased grandmother had wanted her to have when she became Dev's bride. Initially unaware of Priya's condition, Dev realises the truth when he remembers giving the painting to a disabled girl, only to find the same painting in another room. The two embrace tearfully, and Dev assures Priya that he will love her no matter what. Raj then marries Dev and Priya, and Dev carries Priya around the wedding ceremony in front of Nattu and the children from the Music Academy.

== Cast ==
*[[Aamir Khan]] as Dev Karan Singh
*[[Manisha Koirala]] as Priya Verma
*[[Anil Kapoor]] as Raj
*[[Sharmila Tagore]] as Suhana Devi Singh
*[[Rani Mukerji]] in song "Kali Nagin Ke Jaisi" (guest appearance)
*[[Neeraj Vora]] as Nattu
*[[Deepti Bhatnagar]] as Anita Singhania
*[[Dalip Tahil]] as Pratap Rai Singhania
*[[Shama Sikander]] as Kamini
*[[Satyen Kappu]] as Raj's uncle
*[[Anant Mahadevan]]
*[[Mushtaq Khan]] as TV Reporter
*[[Paresh Ganatra]]
*[[Sheela Sharma]]
*[[Pappu Polyester]] as Dev's friend
*[[Sanjay Goradia]]
*[[Ketki Dave]] as Madhu
*[[Sumona Chakravarti]] as Neha
*[[Zoya Afroz]] as school child

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was "composed" by the duo [[Sanjeev–Darshan]], while the lyrics were by [[Sameer Anjaan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mann |url=https://gaana.com/album/mann-hindi |access-date=26 September 2019 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |archive-date=26 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926060409/https://gaana.com/album/mann-hindi |url-status=live }}</ref> Most of the tracks were allegedly [[Music plagiarism|plagiarised]] from other artists' songs without crediting them. "Nasha Yeh Pyar Ka" is based on the melody of "[[L'Italiano]]" by the Italian singer [[Toto Cutugno]],<ref name="filmcompanion" /> "Tinak Tin Tana" is lifted from "Yang Sedang Sedang Saja" by the Malaysian singer [[:ms:Iwan Syahman|Iwan]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Launching of an Album For Iwan |url=http://www.xsmusic.com.my/whatsup/june2000/xwrit/iwan.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050507185357/http://www.xsmusic.com.my/whatsup/june2000/xwrit/iwan.htm |archive-date=7 May 2005 |access-date=9 February 2024 |website=xsmusic.com |language=Malay}}</ref> "Chaha Hai Tujhko" is based on the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] song "Edho Oru Paatu" composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]] from ''[[Unnidathil Ennai Koduthen]]'' (1998), "Khushiyan Aur Gham" was lifted from "Come Vorrei" by the Italian pop group [[Ricchi e Poveri]], and "Kali Nagin Ke Jaisi" was lifted from "Ya Rayah" by the Algerian singer [[Dahmane El Harrachi]]. The first 40 seconds of "Kehna Hai Tumse" were sampled from "Liquid" by [[Jars of Clay]].<ref name="filmcompanion">{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=25 September 2018 |title=How 6 Out Of 8 Songs In A 90s Aamir Khan Film Were Lifted From World Music |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/how-6-out-of-8-songs-in-a-90s-aamir-khan-film-were-lifted-from-world-music |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401105359/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/how-6-out-of-8-songs-in-a-90s-aamir-khan-film-were-lifted-from-world-music |archive-date=1 April 2023 |access-date=25 September 2018 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> According to the Indian trade website [[Box Office India]], with around 2,800,000 units sold the soundtrack became the sixth highest-selling album of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-02 |title=BoxOffice India.com |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=284&catName=MTk5MC0xOTk5 |access-date=2024-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102010439/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=284&catName=MTk5MC0xOTk5 |archive-date=2 January 2010 }}</ref>

Vocals for Khan were supplied by [[Udit Narayan]].

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 42:19
| title1 = Mera Mann
| extra1 = [[Udit Narayan]] & [[Alka Yagnik]]
| length1 = 4:40
| title2 = Chaaha Hai Tujhko
| extra2 = Udit Narayan & [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
| length2 = 4:25
| title3 = Nasha Yeh Pyar Ka
| extra3 = Udit Narayan
| length3 = 5:24
| title4 = Tinak Tin Tana
| extra4 = Udit Narayan & Alka Yagnik
| length4 = 4:19
| title5 = Kehna Hai Tumse
| extra5 = Udit Narayan & [[Hema Sardesai]]
| length5 = 4:40
| title6 = Kyun Chupate Ho
| extra6 = Udit Narayan & Anuradha Paudwal
| length6 = 4:58
| title7 = Khushiyan Aur Gham
| extra7 = Udit Narayan & Anuradha Paudwal
| length7 = 5:11
| title8 = Kali Nagin Ke Jaisi
| extra8 = Udit Narayan & [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| length8 = 4:44
| title9 = Tumhare Bagair Jeena Kya
| extra9 = [[Aamir Khan]]
| note9 = Dialogue
| length9 = 1:47
| title10 = Dance Music
| extra10 = Instrumental
| length10 = 2:46
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0206921|title=Mann}}

{{Films directed by Indra Kumar}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1999 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:1999 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Indra Kumar]]
[[Category:Films distributed by Yash Raj Films]]
[[Category:Films involved in plagiarism controversies]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sanjeev Darshan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Sampling (music) controversies]]
[[Category:Films about people with paraplegia or tetraplegia]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films set in the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Films set on ships]]
[[Category:Films about disability in India]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]
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Pataliputra

2026-03-13T22:57:59Z

MartiHaight78: small fix

{{short description|Historical city in Bihar, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Pataliputra
| alternate_name = Pātaliputtā (Pāli)
| image = Pataliputra6.jpg
| caption = Plan of Pataliputra, compared to present-day [[Patna]]
| map_type = India#India Bihar
| relief = yes
| altitude_m = 53
| coordinates = {{coord|25|36|45|N|85|7|42|E|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Patna district]], [[Bihar]], India
| region = [[India]]
| length = {{convert|14.5|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|2.4|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| builder = [[Ajatashatru]]
| built = 490 BCE
| abandoned = Became modern Patna
| occupants = [[Haryanka dynasty|Haryankas]], [[Shishunaga dynasty|Shishunagas]], [[Nanda dynasty|Nandas]], [[Maurya Empire|Mauryans]], [[Shunga dynasty|Shungas]], [[Gupta dynasty|Guptas]], [[Pala Empire|Palas]]
| management = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
}}
{{History of Bihar}}
{{BuddhasHolySites}}

'''Pataliputra''' ([[IAST]]: {{IAST|Pāṭaliputra}}), adjacent to modern-day [[Patna]], [[Bihar]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/unravelling-pataliputra/articleshow/99702402.cms?from=mdr|title=Unravelling Pataliputra|newspaper=The Times of India |date=23 April 2023 }}</ref> was a city in [[ancient India]], originally built by [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] ruler [[Ajatashatru]] in 490 BCE, as a small fort ({{IAST|Pāṭaligrāma}}) near the [[Ganges]] river.<ref name="A History of India">{{Citation|last1 = Kulke |first1= Hermann|last2= Rothermund|first2= Dietmar|year= 2004|title= A History of India|publisher= 4th edition. Routledge, Pp. xii, 448|isbn= 978-0-415-32920-0}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/it-took-40-yrs-to-find-first-traces-of-ashokas-pataliputra-now-we-must-find-the-rest/1766398/|title=It took 40 yrs to find first traces of Ashoka's Pataliputra. Now, we must find the rest|website=[[ThePrint]] |date=18 September 2023 }}</ref> [[Udayin]] laid the foundation of the city of Pataliputra at the confluence of two rivers, the [[Son River|Son]] and the [[Ganges]]. He shifted his capital from [[Rajgir|Rajgriha]] to Pataliputra due to the latter's central location in the empire.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1fXR99iIUuEC&q=Rajgriha+to+Pataliputra+due+to+the+latter's+central+location+in+the+empire |title=Census of India, 1981: District census handbook. A. Village & town directory ; B. Village & townwise primary census abstract |date=1984 |publisher=Controller of Publications |pages=2 |language=en}}</ref>

It became the capital of major powers in ancient India, such as the [[Shaishunaga dynasty|Shishunaga Empire]] ({{Circa|413}}–345 BCE), [[Nanda Empire]] ({{Circa|460 or 420|325 BCE}}), the [[Maurya Empire]] ({{Circa|320}}–180 BCE), the [[Gupta Empire]] ({{Circa|320}}–550 CE), and the [[Pala Empire]] ({{Circa|750}}–1200 CE). During the Maurya period (see below), it became one of the [[List of largest cities throughout history|largest cities in the world]]. As per the Greek diplomat, traveler and historian [[Megasthenes]], during the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan Empire]] ({{Circa|320}}–180 BCE) it was among the first cities in the world to have a highly efficient form of [[Self-Government|local self government]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwanbeck |first1=E.A. |title=Ancient India as described by Megasthenes and Arrian (First published 1657) |date=4 October 2008 |publisher=Bibliolife |edition=23 }}</ref>
The location of the site was first identified in modern times in 1892 by [[Laurence Waddell]], published as ''Discovery of the Exact Site of Asoka's Classic Capital''.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.70450/page/n7/mode/2up Discovery Of The Exact Site Of Asoka's Classic Capital], 1892</ref> Extensive archaeological excavations have been made in the vicinity of modern Patna.<ref>"Patna". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 13 Dec. 2013 <{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/446536/Patna |title=Patna | India |access-date=2011-01-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130062709/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/446536/Patna |archive-date=30 November 2011}}>.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160204/jsp/bihar/story_67304.jsp|title=Heritage wall for Metro corridor plan|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122154335/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160204/jsp/bihar/story_67304.jsp|archive-date=22 November 2016}}</ref> Excavations early in the 20th century around Patna revealed clear evidence of large fortification walls, including reinforcing wooden trusses.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/A-relic-of-Mauryan-era/articleshow/14035973.cms|title=A relic of Mauryan era|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 June 2012 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127032306/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/A-relic-of-Mauryan-era/articleshow/14035973.cms|archive-date=27 November 2017}}</ref><ref>[[Valerie Hansen]] ''Voyages in World History, Volume 1 to 1600, 2e, Volume 1'' pp. 69 [[Cengage Learning]], 2012</ref>

==Etymology==
In the [[Sanskrit]] language, "Pāṭali-" refers to the ''pāṭalī ''tree (''[[Stereospermum chelonoides|Bignonia suaveolens]]''),<ref name=MW2011>{{cite book|vauthors=|title=A Sanskrit English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged|edition=16th Reprint|chapter=Pāṭali|pages=615|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House|location=New Delhi|year=2011|isbn=978-8120831056|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8KFPBl9lLRcC&pg=PA615}}</ref> while "-putrá" (पुत्र) means "son".

One traditional etymology<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HT0TAAAAYAAJ&dq=etymology&pg=PA677 Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, p.677]</ref> holds that the city was named after the plant.<ref>''Folklore'', Vol. 19, No. 3 (30 September 1908), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1254534?seq=3 pp. 349–350] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510201750/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1254534?seq=3 |date=10 May 2018 }}</ref> Indeed, according to the ''[[Mahāparinibbāṇa Sutta]]'' ([[Sutra|Sutta]] 16 of the ''[[Dīgha Nikāya]]''), Pāṭaliputta was the place "where the seedpods of the Pāṭali plant break open".<ref name=DN16>{{cite web|title=Mahāparinibbāṇa Sutta (DN 16), translated from the Pali by Ṭhānissaro Bhikkhu|work=[[Dīgha Nikāya]] of the [[Pali Canon]]|publisher=dhammatalks.org|year=2022|url=https://www.dhammatalks.org/suttas/DN/DN16.html|accessdate=9 October 2022}}</ref> Another tradition says that {{IAST|Pāṭaliputra}} means the son of {{IAST|Pāṭali}}, who was the daughter of a certain Raja Sudarsan.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=CbsidphI1LMC&pg=PA182 Journal of Francis Buchanan (1812), p.182]</ref> As it was originally known as {{IAST|Pāṭali-grāma}} ("{{IAST|Pāṭali}} village"), some scholars believe that {{IAST|Pāṭaliputra}} is a transformation of {{IAST|Pāṭalipura}}, "{{IAST|Pāṭali}} town".<ref>''Language'', Vol. 4, No. 2 (June, 1928), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/408792 pp. 101–105] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510201750/https://www.jstor.org/stable/408792 |date=10 May 2018 }}</ref> Pataliputra was also called ''Kusumapura'' (city of flowers).

==History==
The Pataliputra is mentioned in early Buddhist text [[Mahaparinibbana Sutta]]<ref name="DN16"/> but no mention of Pataliputra in written sources prior to the early [[Jain]] and Buddhist texts (the [[Pali Canon]] and [[Āgama (Buddhism)|Āgamas]]), where it appears as the village of Pataligrama and is omitted from a list of major cities in the region.<ref name="Early_Buddhist_Texts">{{Citation
|last1 = Sujato
|first1 = Bhikkhu
|author-link1 = Bhante Sujato
|first2 = Brahmali
|last2 = Bhikkhu
|publisher = Oxford Center for Buddhist Studies
|title = The Authenticity of the Early Buddhist Texts
|url = https://ocbs.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/authenticity.pdf
|section = 1.1.5
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171120102236/https://ocbs.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/authenticity.pdf
|archive-date = 20 November 2017}}.
</ref> Early Buddhist sources report a city being built in the vicinity of the village towards the end of the Buddha's life; this generally agrees with archaeological evidence showing urban development occurring in the area no earlier than the 3rd or 4th Century BCE.<ref name="Early_Buddhist_Texts"/> In 303 BCE, Greek historian and ambassador [[Megasthenes]] mentioned Pataliputra as a city in his work Indika.<ref>{{cite news |last=Tripathi |first=Piyush Kumar |date=16 July 2015 |title=Realty to broaden horizon |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150716/jsp/bihar/story_31789.jsp |location=Calcutta |newspaper=The Telegraph |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716095624/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150716/jsp/bihar/story_31789.jsp |archive-date=16 July 2015}}</ref> [[Diodorus]], quoting [[Iambulus]] mention that the king of Pataliputra was "friendly to the Greeks".<ref>[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/2B*.html#55 DIODORUS SICULUS -LIBRARY OF HISTORY-Book II, 60]</ref>

The city of Pataliputra was formed by fortification of a village by [[Haryanka]] ruler [[Ajatashatru]], son of [[Bimbisara]].{{sfn|Sastri|1988|p=11}}

Its central location in [[North India|north eastern India]] led rulers of successive dynasties to base their administrative [[Capital city|capital]] here, from the [[Nanda dynasty|Nandas]], [[Maurya dynasty|Mauryans]], [[Shunga dynasty|Shungas]] and the [[Gupta dynasty|Guptas]] down to the [[Pala Empire|Palas]].<ref>{{Citation
|last1=Thapar
|first1=Romilak
|author-link=Romila Thapar
|year=1990
|title=A History of India, Volume 1
|publisher=New Delhi and London: Penguin Books. Pp. 384
|isbn=978-0-14-013835-1
}}.
</ref>{{page needed|date=August 2016}} Situated at the confluence of the [[Ganges]], [[Gandaki River|Gandhaka]] and [[Son River|Son]] rivers, Pataliputra formed a "water fort, or ''jaldurga''".<ref>The Pearson Indian History Manual, Pearson Education India, A94.</ref> Its position helped it dominate the riverine trade of the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] during [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]'s early imperial period. It was a great centre of trade and commerce and attracted merchants and intellectuals, such as the famed [[Chanakya]], from all over India.

Two important early Buddhist councils are recorded in early Buddhist texts as being held here, the second session of the [[Second Buddhist council]] in the [[Ashoka|reign of Ashoka]], 35 years after the first session held in [[Vaisali]] and the [[Third Buddhist council]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Lwin, Phyu Mar| title=The Buddhist Councils: The Movement to Great Schism|journal=The Journal of International Association of Buddhist Universities |volume=11|year=2018| issue=2| pages=303–314|url=https://so06.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/Jiabu/article/download/219925/152151 |access-date=28 August 2022}}</ref>

Jain and Hindu sources identify [[Haryanka dynasty#Udayabhadra|Udayabhadra]], son of [[Ajatashatru]], as the king who first established Pataliputra as the capital of Magadha.<ref name="Early_Buddhist_Texts"/> The Sangam Tamil epic [[Akanaṉūṟu]] mentions Nanda kings ruling Pataliputra.<ref name="SangaIlakkiyam_3">{{cite book
| last = Kowmareeshwari (Ed.)
| first = S.
| title = Agananuru, Purananuru
| publisher = Saradha Pathippagam
| series = Sanga Ilakkiyam
| volume = 3
| edition = 1
| date = August 2012
| location = Chennai
| pages = 251
| language = ta
}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=9TULZX3SY18C&dq=pataliputra+akananooru&pg=PA99 The Song of Songs and Ancient Tamil Love Poems: Poetry and Symbolism By Abraham Mariaselvam]</ref><ref>Akanaṉūṟu Verses 261 and 265</ref>

===Capital of the Maurya Empire===
Girnar fifth [[Major Rock Edicts|Major Rock Edict]] of Ashoka mention Patliputra:
{{blockquote|(M).They are occupied everywhere, both in '''Pățaliputra''' and in the outlying [......] and whatever other relatives of mine (there are). (N). These Mahamatras of morality [......] whether one is eager for morality [......]. (0). For the following purpose has this rescript on morality been written [......].

-Major Rock Edict No.5, Girnar, [[E. Hultzsch]] translation<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.25989/page/n146/mode/1up|title=Inscriptions of Asoka, Vol. I|page=11|last=Hultzsch|first=E.|date=1989|publisher=Indological Book House, Varanasi}}</ref>}}

[[File:Mauryan ruins of pillared hall at Kumrahar site of Pataliputra ASIEC 1912-13.jpg|thumb|left|Ruins of the pillared hall at [[Kumrahar]] site at Pataliputra]]
[[File:Pataliputra_capital._Department_of_Archaeology,_Government_of_India.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Pataliputra capital]], discovered at the [[Bulandi Bagh]] site. 4th-3rd c. BCE]]
[[File:Mauryan remains of a wooden palissade at Bulandi Bagh site of Pataliputra ASI 1926-27.jpg|thumb|left|Mauryan remains of a wooden palissade at Bulandi Bagh site]]
During the reign of Emperor [[Ashoka]] in the 3rd century BCE, it was one of the world's largest cities, with a population of about 150,000–400,000.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Rise of Man in the Gardens of Sumeria: A Biography of L.A. Waddell |first=Christine |last=Preston |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |year=2009 |page=49 |isbn=9781845193157 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ujn2fPCwaUAC&pg=PA49 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The city is estimated to have had a surface of 25.5 square kilometers, and a circumference of 33.8 kilometers, and was in the shape of a parallelogram and had 64 gates (that is, approximately one gate every 500 meters).<ref>{{cite book |title=Fortified Cities of Ancient India: A Comparative Study |first=Dieter |last=Schlingloff |publisher=Anthem Press |year=2014 |page=49 |isbn=9781783083497 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nVeWBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA49 }}</ref> Pataliputra reached the pinnacle of prosperity when it was the capital of the great [[Maurya dynasty|Mauryan Emperors]], [[Chandragupta Maurya]] and Ashoka.

{{blockquote|They surpass in power and glory every other people, not only in this quarter, but one may say in all India, their capital being Palibothra, a very large and wealthy city, after which some call the people itself the Palibothri, - nay, even the whole tract along the Ganges. Their king has in his pay a standing army of 600,000 foot-soldiers, 30,000 cavalry, and 9000 elephants : whence may be formed some conjecture as to the vastness of his resources. [[Megasthenes]], in [[Indica (Megasthenes)|Indica]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Ancient India as Described by Megasthenês and Arrian |date=1877 |publisher=Thacker, Spink |page=139 |language=en}}</ref>}}

The city prospered under the [[Maurya]]s and a Greek ambassador, [[Megasthenes]], resided there and left a detailed account of its splendour, referring to it as "Palibothra":

{{blockquote|[[Megasthenes]] says that on one side where it is longest this city extends ten miles in length, and that its breadth is one and threequarters miles; that the city has been surrounded with a ditch in breadth 600 feet, and in depth 45 feet; and that its wall has 570 towers and 64 gates. - [[Arrian]] "The Indica"<ref>[http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Indica.html Arrian, "The Indica"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525151841/http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Indica.html |date=25 May 2012 }}</ref>}}
[[File:Mauryan remains of wooden palissade at Bulandi Bagh site of Pataliputra ASIEC 1912-13.jpg|thumb|Mauryan remains of a wooden palisade discovered at the [[Bulandi Bagh]] site of Pataliputra]]
[[File:Fa Hsien at the ruins of Asoka's palace.jpg|thumb|[[Fa-Hien]] at the ruins of Ashoka's palace in Pataliputra in the 4th century CE (artist impression)]]
[[Strabo]] in his [[Geographia]] adds that the city walls were made of wood. These are thought to be the wooden palisades identified during the excavation of Patna.{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|p=42}}
{{blockquote|At the confluence of the Ganges and of another river is situated Palibothra, in length 80, and in breadth 15 [[Stadion (unit)|stadia]]. It is in the shape of a parallelogram, surrounded by a wooden wall pierced with openings through which arrows may be discharged. In front is a ditch, which serves the purpose of defence and of a sewer for the city. - [[Strabo]], "Geographia"<ref>[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44886/44886-h/44886-h.htm Strabo Geographia Vol 3 Paragraph 36] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141116055802/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44886/44886-h/44886-h.htm |date=16 November 2014 }}</ref>}}

[[Claudius Aelianus|Aelian]], although not expressly quoting Megasthenes nor mentioning Pataliputra, described Indian palaces as superior in splendor to [[Persia]]'s [[Susa]] or [[Ecbatana]]:
{{blockquote|In the royal residences in India where the greatest of the kings of that country live, there are so many objects for admiration that neither [[Memnon (mythology)|Memnon]]'s city of [[Susa]] with all its extravagance, nor the magnificence of [[Ecbatana]] is to be compared with them. (...) In the parks, tame peacocks and pheasants are kept. - [[Claudius Aelianus|Aelian]] in "''[[Claudius Aelianus#De Natura Animalium|De Natura Animalium]]''"<ref>[https://archive.org/details/L449AelianCharacteristicsOfAnimalsIII1217 Aelian, Characteristics of animals, book XIII, Chapter 18], also quoted in The Cambridge History of India, Volume 1, p411</ref>}}

Under Ashoka, most of wooden structure of Pataliputra palace may have been gradually replaced by stone.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uXyftdtE1ygC&pg=PA96 |title=Asoka Mookerji Radhakumud |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishing |year=1995 |page=96 |isbn=9788120805828 }}</ref> Ashoka was known to be a great builder, who may have even imported craftsmen from abroad to build royal monuments.<ref>{{cite book |title=Monuments, Power and Poverty in India: From Ashoka to the Raj |first=A. S. |last=Bhalla |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=2015 |page=18 |isbn=9781784530877 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=emATBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 }}</ref> Pataliputra palace shows decorative influences of the Achaemenid palaces and Persepolis and may have used the help of foreign craftmen.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://jsr.usb.ac.ir/article_1659_265.html |title=The Analysis of Indian Muria Empire affected from Achaemenid's architecture art |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402144452/http://jsr.usb.ac.ir/article_1659_265.html |journal=Journal of Subcontinent Researches |volume=6 |issue=19 |year=2014 |pages=149–174 }}</ref> Which may be the result of the formative influence of craftsmen employed from Persia following the disintegration of the [[Achaemenid Empire]] after the conquests of [[Alexander the Great]].<ref name="auto1">{{cite book |title=The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c.6500 BCE–200 CE |first1=Robin |last1=Coningham |first2=Ruth |last2=Young |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |page=414 |isbn=9780521846974 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hB5TCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA414 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/reportonexcavat01waddgoog |title=Report on the excavations at Pātaliputra (Patna); the Palibothra of the Greeks |last=Waddell |first=L. A. (Laurence Austine) |year=1903 |publisher=Calcutta, Bengal secretariat press }}</ref>

===Capital of later dynasties===
The city also became a flourishing Buddhist centre boasting a number of important monasteries. It remained the capital of the [[Gupta dynasty]] (3rd–6th centuries) and the [[Pala Dynasty]] (8th-12th centuries). When [[Faxian]] visited the city in 400 A.D, he found the people to be rich and prosperous; they practised virtue and justice.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Beal|first=Samuel|title=Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World|publisher=Trubner & Co|year=1884|location=London}}</ref> He found that the nobles and householders of the city had constructed several hospitals in which the poor of all countries, the destitute, the crippled and the diseased can get treatment. They could receive every kind of help gratuitously. Physicians would inspect the diseases, and order them food, drink, and medicines.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Beal|first=Samuel|title=Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World|year=1884|location=London}}</ref>

===Decline===
When [[Xuanzang]] visited Pataliputra in the year 637, he found the city in ruins. He wrote that the old city had been completely deserted for many years, and all that was left was a small walled town by the bank of the Ganges, home to no more than about 1,000 people. According to Rajeshwar Prasad Singh, this small town had probably been built after the old city's destruction, as opposed to being a surviving part of the old town. Xuanzang wrote that most of the city's old historic buildings had been destroyed, and only their foundation walls remained. One building he noted in particular was an old stupa that was said to be the first of the 84,000 stupas built by Ashoka. Its foundation had sunken into the ground so that only the ornamental top of the dome was visible, and even that was in precarious condition, he wrote. Of the [[Kukkutarama|Kukkuṭārāma]] monastery on the southeast side of the city, only the foundation remained.<ref name="Altekar and Mishra 1959">{{cite book |last1=Altekar |first1=A. S. |last2=Mishra |first2=Vijayakanta |author1-link=Anant Sadashiv Altekar |title=Report on Kumrahar Excavations: 1951-1955 |date=1959 |publisher=K. P. Jayaswal Research Institute |location=Patna |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.105374 |access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref>{{rp|12}}<ref name="Singh 1975">{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Rajeshwar Prasad |title=The Decline of Pātaliputra with Special Reference to Geographic Factors |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1975 |volume=36 |pages=51–62 |jstor=44138834 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44138834 |access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref>{{rp|53–4}}<ref name="Sinha and Narain 1970">{{cite book |last1=Sinha |first1=B. P. |last2=Narain |first2=Lala Aditya |author1-link=Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha |title=Pāṭaliputra Excavation, 1955-56 |date=1970 |publisher=Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Bihar |location=Patna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6RRuAAAAMAAJ |access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref>{{rp|4}}

Pataliputra's decline had probably begun well before Xuanzang's time. At least at Kumrahar, archaeological evidence seems to suggest a gradual decline beginning in the 300s, with fewer and less elaborate structures between this period and {{circa}} 600. After that, there are no traces of human activity for a thousand years, and the site seems to have been abandoned.<ref name="Singh 1975"/>{{rp|53}}

One likely contributing factor was a shift in the course of the Ganges. As early as Faxian's visit around the year 400, he wrote that Pataliputra was one [[yojana]] (about 10 km) south of the Ganges. The ''[[Varaha Purana|Varāha Purāṇa]]'', from post-Gupta times, indicates that the confluence of the Gandak and the Ganges was then about 10 km north of the present location. Since Pataliputra derived a lot of its prosperity from river-based commerce, being separated from the river probably dampened its economy. A general decline in international trade toward the end of the Gupta period would have had a similar effect.<ref name="Singh 1975"/>{{rp|56}}

A catastrophic flood likely also devastated the city at some point in the late 500s. A later Jain work, the ''[[Titlhogali Painniya]]'', records a traditional account of a disastrous flood on the Son River destroying Pataliputra at some point. This account describes this flood as happening during the month of [[Bhadra (Hindu calendar)|Bhādrapada]], or September, after 17 days and nights of heavy rain. The flooding on the Son apparently caused the Ganges to overflow as well, and Pataliputra was inundated on multiple sides. The account describes widespread destruction in Pataliputra, although it also says that the city was rebuilt afterwards.<ref name="Altekar and Mishra 1959"/>{{rp|12}}<ref name="Singh 1975"/>{{rp|56–7}}

A third possible contributing factor is deliberate destruction by invading [[Huna people|Hunas]] in the early 500s. A thick layer of ashes found at the 80-pillar hall at Kumrahar suggests that the building may have been destroyed by fire, possibly corroborating this theory.<ref name="Singh 1975"/>{{rp|54, 57}}

===Pala dynasty===
Pataliputra seems to have recovered somewhat by the early Pala period. The [[Dharmapala (emperor)#epigraphs|Khalimpur plate]] of [[Dharmapala (emperor)|Dharmapala]], from the early 800s, gives a vivid description of Pataliputra as a river port and royal encampment. It describes the crowds of boats, elephants, horses, and "limitless foot-soldiers of all the kings of [[Jambudvīpa]] assembled to render homage" to Dharmapala. [[Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha|B. P. Sinha]] interpreted this inscription to mean that Pataliputra was Dharmapala's capital, but [[Anant Sadashiv Altekar|A. S. Altekar]] disputed this, saying that the inscription only refers to Pataliputra as a ''skandhāvāra'', or camp, where Dharmapala stayed while on a campaign or tour.<ref name="Altekar and Mishra 1959"/>{{rp|13}}

While Pataliputra is mentioned in contemporary sources, archaeologists have not found any evidence from the Pala period at Pataliputra. At least at Kumrahar, there are no traces of human settlement until the 1600s.<ref name="Sinha and Narain 1970"/>{{rp|5, 8}}

===1500s===
In a fanciful 1559 book about world geography, the Italian Caius Julius Solinus briefly mentions a powerful Indian kingdom of ''Prasia'' with a capital at Palibotra.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=iz1OAAAAcAAJ Delle cose maravigliose del mondo Tradotto da Giovan Vincenzo Belprato, Count of Antwerp], by Caius Julius Solinus (Solino), 1559, page 209.</ref> Afterwards, [[Sher Shah Suri]] made Pataliputra his capital and changed the name to modern Patna.

==Structure==
[[File:Ruins of Patliputra at Kumhrar.JPG|thumb|left|Ruins of Pataliputra at [[Kumhrar]]]]
Though parts of the ancient city have been excavated, much of it still lies buried beneath modern Patna. Various locations have been excavated, including [[Kumhrar]], [[Bulandi Bagh]] and [[Agam Kuan]].

During the Mauryan period, the city was described as being shaped as parallelogram, approximately 2.5 kilometers (1.5 miles) wide and 15 kilometers (9 miles) long. Its wooden walls were pierced by 64 gates. Archaeological research has found remaining portions of the wooden palisade over several kilometers, but stone fortifications have not been found.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_bihar.asp|title=Excavation sites in Bihar|publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]|access-date=13 September 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028011257/http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_bihar.asp|archive-date=28 October 2009}}.</ref>

===Excavated sites of Pataliputra===
* [[Kumhrar]]
* [[Bulandi Bagh]]
* [[Agam Kuan]]

==As dynastic capital==
{{Anchor|Pataliputra served as the capital under various Indian dynasties}}
<gallery class="center" widths="180" heights="145" caption="Pataliputra served as the capital under various Indian dynasties">
File:Magadha Expansion (6th-4th centuries BCE).png|Pataliputra served as the capital of the [[Haryanka dynasty]] and the [[Shishunaga dynasty]] of Magadha
File:Nanda Empire, c.325 BCE.png|Pataliputra served as the capital of the [[Nanda Empire]]
File:Maurya Empire, c.250 BCE 2.png|Pataliputra served as the capital of the [[Maurya Empire]]
File:Sunga map.jpg|Pataliputra served as the capital of the [[Shunga Empire]]
File:GuptaEmpire300-550.png|Pataliputra served as the capital of the [[Gupta Empire]]
File:Asia 800ad.jpg|Pataliputra served as the capital of the [[Pala Empire]]
</gallery>

==Main recovered artifacts==
<gallery class="center">
File:Masarh_lion_sculpture.jpg|The [[Masarh lion]], 3rd century BCE
Lohanipur torso.jpg|[[Lohanipur torso]].
File:Portion of Asokan pillar, found in Pataliputra, Modern Bihar - 3 A.D..JPG|Portion of pillar, found in Pataliputra.
Patna griffin.jpg|Pataliputra [[griffin]] statuette.
Winged Griffin - Chunar Sandstone - Circa 3rd Century BCE - Kumhrar - Patna - ACCN 5583-A25303 - Indian Museum - Kolkata 2014-02-14 9264.JPG|Winged griffin.
Patna Yakshas.jpg|Pataliputra [[Yakshas]], with Mauryan inscriptions.
File:Pataliputra Kumrahar coping stone with vines.jpg|Kumrahar coping stone with vines.
File:Pataliputra lotus motif.jpg|Pataliputra lotus motifs.
File:Mauryan Hall pillar.jpg|Polished pillar from Pataliputra.
File:Pataliputra pillar mason marks with rubbing.jpg|Mason marks at the base of a pillar.<ref>Foreign Influence on Ancient India, de Krishna Chandra Sagar [https://books.google.com/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC&pg=PA41 p.41]</ref>
Charriot wheel Bulandi Bagh Pataliputra Mauryan period.jpg|Charriot wheel, Bulandi Bagh, Mauryan period.
Bulandi Bagh female figure Sunga period.jpg|Bulandi Bagh female statuette, Sunga period.
Pataliputra Buddhist railing with coping stone.jpg|Buddhist railing, Sunga period.
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Azimabad]]
* [[Names of Patna]]
* [[History of Patna]]
* [[Pataliputra Lok Sabha constituency]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{Cite book |last=Kosmin |first=Paul J. |author-link=Paul J. Kosmin |title=The Land of the Elephant Kings: Space, Territory, and Ideology in Seleucid Empire |date=2014 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9UWdAwAAQBAJ |isbn=978-0-674-72882-0}}
* {{citation |editor-last=Sastri |editor-first=Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta |editor-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |title=Age of the Nandas and Mauryas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC |date=1988 |orig-year=1967 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-208-0465-4 |edition=Second }}

==Further reading==
* Bernstein, Richard (2001). ''Ultimate Journey: Retracing the Path of an Ancient Buddhist Monk (Xuanzang) who crossed Asia in Search of Enlightenment''. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. {{ISBN|0-375-40009-5}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=yes|d= Q389755}}

{{Authority control|qid= Q389755}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Patna}}
{{Patna Division topics}}

[[Category:History of Patna]]
[[Category:Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Former populated places in India]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan archaeological sites]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian cities]]
[[Category:Maurya Empire]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian archaeological sites]]

Mleccha

2026-03-13T15:44:27Z

MartiHaight78: quick update

{{short description|Pre-modern Sanskrit term referring to outsiders, foreigners, barbarians and invaders}}
{{for|the dynasty of Kamarupa|Mleccha dynasty}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
'''Mleccha''' ({{Langx|sa|म्लेच्छ|translit=mlecchá}}) is a [[Sanskrit]] term referring to those of an incomprehensible speech, foreigners or invaders deemed distinct and separate from the [[List of ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes|Vedic tribes]].<ref name="A Sanskrit-English Dictionary">Monier-Williams, Monier. ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.31959 A Sanskrit-English Dictionary]''. Clarendon Press, 1899, p. 841.</ref><ref>Macdonell, Arthur Anthony. ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.101571 A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary]''. Longmans, Green, & Co., 1897.</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Parasher|first=Aloka|title=The Designation Mleccha for Foreigners in Early India|date=1979|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141948|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=40|pages=109–120|jstor=44141948|issn=2249-1937|quote=Mlecchas as a reference group in early India included certain outsiders who did not conform to the values and ideas and consequently to the norms of the society accepted by vedic people.|access-date=5 February 2022|archive-date=5 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205214723/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141948|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=br>{{Cite web|title=mlechchha {{!}} ancient Indian class |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/mlechchha|access-date=2022-01-13|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> In Vedic Brahmanical discourse, the term is used to refer to foreigners (anārya-s) who were considered outside the realms of [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic dharma]].<ref>Witzel, Michael. “[https://www.ms.uky.edu/~sohum/sanskrit/vedica.pdf The Development of the Vedic Canon and Its Schools: The Social and Political Milieu].” In: ''Inside the Texts, Beyond the Texts: New Approaches to the Study of the Vedas''. Harvard Oriental Series, 1997.</ref><ref>Parpola, Asko. ''[https://academic.oup.com/book/27664 The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization]''. Oxford University Press, 2015.</ref><ref name=rnd>Dandekar, R. N. ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.21757 Vedic Bibliography, Volume 1]''. Ramakrishna Publishing House, 1947.</ref><ref name="mleccha">{{Cite web |title=mleccha |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100202609 |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=Oxford Reference |language=en }}</ref>

''Mleccha'' was traditionally applied to denote foreigners or outsiders who did not belong to the Vedic cultural milieu, regardless of their race or skin colour.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Thapar|first=Romila|title=Ancient Indian Social History: Some Interpretations|year=1978|publisher=Orient BlackSwan|pages=62–64|isbn=9788125008088|quote=Mleccha was a designation used for those outside the cultural norms of the Vedic people, irrespective of their ethnicity or color.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Parasher|first=Aloka|title=The Designation Mleccha for Foreigners in Early India|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=40|pages=109–120|year=1979|jstor=44141948 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141948|access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="A Sanskrit-English Dictionary"/> These individuals were considered outside the [[Varna (Hinduism)|Varna system]] and the ritualistic framework of [[Vedas|Vedic society]]. Historical sources identify various groups as mlecchas, including the [[Saka|Śākas]], [[Huna people|Huns]], [[Chinas|Chinese]], [[Yavana|Greeks]], [[Kambojas]], [[Pahlavas]], [[Bahlikas]], [[Rishikas]], and [[Daradas]].<ref name="ReferenceA">National geographer, 1977, p 60, Allahabad Geographical Society – History.</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">Mahabharata 6.51, 6.118, 7.20, 7.90, 7.116, 7.118, 8.73 etc</ref> Other groups designated as mlecchas include the [[Barbaras]], [[Kiratas]], [[Parada kingdom|Paradas]], [[Parasika kingdom]], [[Indo-Greek kingdom|Indo-Greeks]], [[Pulinda]]s, [[Gurjars]]<ref>"Whereas the gakas and Yavanas were denounced as vratya ksatryas and the Andhras were described as mleccha kings, the kings of this period, some of whom came from mleccha stock such as the Gonds and Gurjaras" in Thapar, R. (1971). [http://www.jstor.org/stable/178208 The Image of the Barbarian in Early India.] Comparative Studies in Society and History, 13(4), 408–436. </ref> and [[Scythians]].<ref name="books.google.com">{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ipNNDwAAQBAJ&q=Mleccha+greek&pg=PT55|title = The Language Of History: Sanskrit Narratives Of A Muslim Past|first1 = Audrey |last1 = Truschke|year = 2021|publisher = Penguin Random House India Private Limited| isbn=978-93-5305-000-9 |access-date = 5 May 2024}}</ref> Further identifications include the [[Yuezhi|Kushans]]<ref name=rnd/><ref>"Language multiplicity and ancient races in India"</ref> and [[Kinnara kingdom|Kinnaras]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/kinnara-kingdom |title=Kinnara Kingdom: 1 definition |date=31 January 2015 |access-date=26 April 2024 }}</ref><ref name="mleccha"/>

The word Mleccha was commonly used for foreign non vedic people of whatever race or colour.<ref>[[A. L. Basham|Basham, A. L.]] (1954) [[The Wonder That was India|The wonder that was India]], pages 145–146, [[Sidgwick & Jackson|Sidgwick and Jackson]], London.</ref>{{verify source|date=February 2023}} As a ''mleccha'' is any foreigner who stood outside the [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna system]] and the ritual ambience.The Baudhayana sutras define a mleccha as someone who eats beef or indulges in self-contradictory statements or is devoid of righteousness and purity of conduct. The Mleccha people were [[Saka|Śākas]], [[Huna people|Huns]], [[Chinas|Chinese]], [[Yavana|Greek]]s, [[Kambojas]], [[Pahlavas]], [[Bahlikas]], [[Rishikas]] and [[Daradas]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="ReferenceB"/> The [[Barbaras]], [[Kiratas]], [[Parada kingdom|Paradas]], [[Parasika kingdom|Saka-Greeks]], [[Indo-Greek kingdom|Indo-Greeks]], [[Pulinda]]s, [[Scythians]],<ref name="books.google.com"/> [[Yuezhi|Kushans]],<ref>Language multiplicity and ancient races in India</ref> [[Kinnara kingdom|Kinnaras]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/kinnara-kingdom |title=Kinnara Kingdom: 1 definition |date=31 January 2015 |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=8 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308091152/https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/kinnara-kingdom |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tushara kingdom|Tusharas]],<ref>''MBH'' 12.65.13-15</ref> [[Nishadas]],<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZI5hGgAACAAJ |title=Indian Society: Historical Probings |isbn=978-81-7007-176-1 |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=26 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426192606/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ZI5hGgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y |url-status=live |last1=Sharma |first1=R. S. |date=1993 |publisher=People's Publishing House }}</ref> [[Turkic peoples|Türks]], [[Mongols]], [[Roman people|Romans]], [[Baloch people|Balochs]]{{sfn|Bhandarkar|1929|p=30}} and [[Arabs]] were also mlecchas.<ref name="books Romila Thapar">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fK3VTUrWsD0C|title=Ancient Indian Social History: Some Interpretations|last=Thapar|first=Romila|date=1978-01-01|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=9788125008088|language=en}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The Sanskrit word ''mleccha'' does not have a standard Indo-European etymology and has no counterpart in Iranian languages.{{sfnp|Parpola|Parpola|1975|pp=208–209}} However, it has cognates in Middle Indo-Aryan languages: [[Pali]] ''milakkha'', and [[Prakrit]] ''mliccha'', from the latter of which originate [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] ''milis'', [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] ''milech'', [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] ''brichun'' (weep or lament), [[Western Pahari]] ''melech'' (dirty), [[Odia language|Odia]] ''mḷecha'', [[Bengali language|Bengali]] ''myaloch (dirty)''.{{sfnp|Witzel|1999|p=25}} The Sanskrit word occurs as a verb ''mlecchati'' for the first time in the later Vedic text ''[[Shatapatha Brahmana|Śathapatha‐Brāhmaṇa]]'' dated to around 700 BCE. It is taken to mean to speak indistinctly or barbarously.{{sfnp|Witzel|1999|p=25}} Brahmins are prohibited from speaking in this fashion.{{sfnp|Parpola|Parpola|1975|p=213}}

As ''mleccha'' does not have an Indo-European etymology, scholars infer that it must have been a self-designation of a non-Aryan people within India. Based on the geographic references to the ''Mleccha deśa'' (Mleccha country) to the west, the term is identified with the [[Indus Valley civilisation|Indus]] people, whose land is known from the Sumerian texts as [[Meluhha|Meluḫḫa]].<ref>{{harvp|Witzel|1999|p=25}}; {{harvp|Parpola|Parpola|1975}}</ref> [[Asko Parpola]] has proposed a [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] derivation for "Meluḫḫa", as ''mel-akam'' ("high country", a possible etymological relationship and reference to [[Balochistan]] from where originated the Indus Valley Civilization).{{sfnp|Parpola|Parpola|1975}}{{sfnp|Witzel|1999}} [[Franklin Southworth]] suggests that mleccha comes from ''mizi'' meaning 'speak', or 'one's speech' derived from [[Proto-Dravidian language|Proto-Dravidian]] for language.<ref name=S>{{citation | last=Southworth | first=Franklin C. | title=On the Origin of the word tamiz | year=1998 | journal=International Journal of Dravidial Linguistics | volume=27 | issue=1 | pages=129–132}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Southworth |first=Franklin |title=Linguistic Archaeology of South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hTwuFUW5aEgC&pg=PA74 |year=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-31777-6 |page=74 |access-date=12 February 2021 |archive-date=17 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417184137/https://books.google.com/books?id=hTwuFUW5aEgC&pg=PA74 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|See Southworth's etymological [[Tamil language#Etymology|derivation of Tamil]].}}

[[Pali]], the older [[Prakrit]] used by [[Theravada]] Buddhism, uses the term ''milakkha''. It also employs ''milakkhu'', a borrowing from a [[Dramatic Prakrit]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/search3advanced?dbname=pali&query=milak&matchtype=contain&display=utf8|website=Pali-English Dictionary|publisher=Pali Text Society|access-date=24 July 2015|title=Archived copy|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227091256/http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/search3advanced?dbname=pali&query=milak&matchtype=contain&display=utf8|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Language==
Some explanations of the name ''mleccha'' suggest that the word was derived from the [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] perception of the speech of the indigenous peoples. Namely, ''mlech'' was a word that meant 'to speak indistinctly'. As such, some suggest that the Indo-Aryans used an onomatopoeic sound to imitate the harshness of an alien tongue and to indicate incomprehension, thus coming up with ''mleccha''.{{sfnp|Thapar|1971|pp=409–410}}

Early Indo-Aryans spoke Sanskrit, which evolved into the various local modern Sanskrit-derived languages. Sanskrit was believed to include all the sounds necessary for communication. Early Indo-Aryans would therefore dismiss other languages as foreign tongue ''mleccha bhasha''. As the Sanskrit word itself suggests, mlecchas were those whose speech was alien.{{sfnp|Thapar|1971|pp=408–409}} Correct speech was a crucial component of being able to take part in the appropriate ''[[yajna|yajña]]s'' (religious rituals and sacrifices). Thus, without correct speech, one could not hope to practice correct religion, either.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

The notion of being Arya suggested a knowledge of Sanskrit in order to effectively perform ritual hymns; thus suggesting the importance of language. Parasher discusses the importance of knowing the ''correct speech'' in order to perform sacrifice and ritual in the religion of the ''[[Brahmanism|brahmanas]]''. Parasher continued, "The best experts of the sacrificial art were undoubtedly the various families of the Brahmins who, placed in a hierarchy within the Indo-Aryan social system, became the upholders of pure and best speech".{{sfnp|Parasher|1991|pp=48–49}}

Historians note that early Indo-Aryans believed Sanskrit to be the superior language over all other forms of speech. As such, mleccha or barbarian speech was said to have meant any of the following:
# a language which was not necessarily alien, but the speech of the person or persons was improper because it was either hostile or vulgar
# a language, and here most probably Sanskrit, that was mispronounced and, thereby, incomprehensible
# finally, any foreign tongue, which was naturally incomprehensible.{{sfnp|Parasher|1991|pp=80–81}}

==Territory==
Historians have stated that the notion of foreigners in ancient India – those living outside of the Indian subcontinent – was often accompanied by the idea that one was a barbarian. Still, it seemed that groups who did not come from outside of these areas, as well as foreigners, were designated by the term ''mleccha'', which carried with it a barbarian connotation.<ref>{{cite book|last=Parasher-Sen|first=Aloka|title=Subordinate and Marginal Groups in Early India|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|pages=276–277}}</ref>

Thus another distinction that was made between the mlecchas and non-mlecchas was area of habitation. Though they were considered a marginal group, the area characterize as the mleccha-desa (the natural border that separated their lands from that of the Aryans) was never permanent. Instead, it was defined by the changing ideas about the [[Āryāvarta]]. Parasher noted that the only consistent areas dubbed as ''mleccha desa'' were those regions inhabited by [[Adivasi|primitive tribes]] who for long periods of time did not come under the sway of the [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic]], [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] or [[Jainism|Jain]] influence.{{sfnp|Parasher|1991|p=90}}

Though the area of the Aryas expanded with time, the notion that was held over all of the land was that of purity. As Vedic literature refers only to the places and territories that were familiar to the Indo-Aryans, these lands eventually became part of the Āryāvarta. Parasher thus indicates that the Āryāvarta was designated as the region where the River [[Sarasvati River|Sarasvati]] disappears is the [[Patiala district]] in [[Punjab]]. The [[Pariyatra Mountains]] belong to the [[Vindhya Range]], probably the hills of [[Malwa]]. The Kalakavana is identified with a tract somewhere near [[Prayagraj|Prayag]]. Still, other interpretations of the Āryāvarta refer to those areas where the [[Indian antelope|black antelope]] roams, for these areas are fit for the performance of [[Vedic sacrifice|sacrifice]]. Early Vedic literature focused on defining the area of habitation of the Aryas for this land was considered pure; yet there is no actual reference to the mleccha country or behavior. Wherever the territory, though, the implications of naming such lands as the Āryāvarta is that any lands excluded from that area were considered impure.{{sfnp|Parasher|1991|pp=94–96}}

Further, there is evidence that Indians of the Vedic period actually had contact with people outside of the [[Indian subcontinent]], namely the [[Persians]]. The [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid Persian Empire]], which ruled over the [[Hindush|Indus River Valley]] during this time (522–486 BC) was not designated as mleccha, perhaps because they did not interfere with the Brahminical way of life.<ref>{{cite book|last=Parasher-Sen|first=Aloka|title=Subordinate and Marginal Groups in Early India|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|pages=279}}</ref>

Later Vedic literature speaks of the western Anava tribes as mlecchas and occupying northern [[Punjab]], [[History of Sindh|Sindh]] and eastern [[Rajputana]]. The tribes of the north were mlecchas either because they were located on the frontiers such as [[Gandhara]], [[Kashmira|Kasmira]], [[Kambojas]], [[Khasas]] {{sfn|Grierson|1916|p=17}}{{sfn|Saksena|2019|pp=108-109}} and therefore both their speech and culture had become contaminated and differed from that of Āryāvarta, or else, as in the case of southern India, they were once Aryas but having forsaken the Vedic rituals were regarded to mleccha status.<ref>{{cite book|last=Thapar|first=Romila|author-link=Romila Thapar|title=Ancient Indian Social History: Some Interpretations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fK3VTUrWsD0C&pg=PA158|year=1978|pages=279|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-0808-8}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=November 2016}}

==Cultural behavior==
{{See also|Yona}}
The word ''mleccha'' emerged as a way for the ancient Indo-Aryans to classify those who did not subscribe to the traditional value system, though the characteristics of this system were ambiguous. In sum, though, the idea was that the mlecchas were peoples who did not conform to what was culturally acceptable.{{sfnp|Parasher|1991|pp=76–77}}

=== Relations with mlecchas ===
{{See also|Kala pani (taboo)}}
Early writings refer to these foreign peoples as half-civilized, unconverted people who rise or eat at improper times. They stated that monks and nuns should avoid certain areas of habitation because they were unsafe. Namely, that the ignorant populace might beat, harass or rob them under the impression that they were spies from hostile villages. Further, while some of these non-mlecchas, such as those of the Jain faith, had established contact with people of the forest tribes, they were automatically designated as mlecchas. This was the typical attitude of people from the plains who took pride in their norms of settled agricultural and urban lifestyles.{{sfnp|Parasher|1991|pp=101–102}}

Historians note that there were also systems in place to determine the validity – or purity – of certain customs, which would ultimately be judged by the [[Hindu priest|priest]]. As such there were intricate rules in place to define purity from impurity, laws of behavior, as well as rituals and customs, in an effort to educate the members of the Brahmanical system. Namely, these advisors took great pains to ensure that peoples of the Brahmanical system did not subscribe to any mleccha customs or rituals.{{sfnp|Parasher|1991|p=114}}

The [[Sanskritisation]] of names was a common feature among both indigenous and foreign mlecchas who slowly tried to move away from their status of mleccha. Very often, in the case of ruling families, it took one to two generations to make a transition. One of the most direct forms of the expression of the Brahmanical ritual purity was the form and type of food which a Brahmin could eat. He was forbidden to accept cooked food from any unclean person. Thus when the [[Punjab region]] became a mleccha area conquered by Muslims, the staple food was given a lower place in the food-ranking. By the twelfth century CE, [[wheat]] was described in one lexicon as food of the mlecchas, and [[rice]] became the pure cereal. [[Onions]] and [[garlic]] was also regarded as the food of the mlecchas and therefore prohibited to the priestly intellectual class of [[Brahmin]]s. Mlecchas drank [[Alcoholic beverage|alcohol]], ate [[Beef|cow flesh]], which was strictly forbidden to a follower of Hindu orthopraxy, and followed spiritual practices which were foreign to the Indian subcontinent.<ref name="books Romila Thapar"/><ref>Ancient Indian Social History: Some Interpretations By [[Romila Thapar]]</ref>

==Literature describing the Mleccha==
In the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', some Mleccha warriors are described as having heads completely shaved or half-shaved or covered with [[Dreadlocks|matted locks]], as being impure in habits, and of crooked faces and noses<ref>"Mlecchas in early India: a study in attitudes towards outsiders up to AD 600</ref> They are dwellers of hills and denizens of mountain-caves. Mlecchas were born of the [[Indian cow|cow]] (belonging to [[Vasishtha]]), of fierce eyes, accomplished in smiting, looking like [[Yamaduta|messengers]] of [[Yama|Death]], and all conversant with the deceptive powers of the [[Asura]]s.<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m07/m07089.htm Mahabharata, Drona Parva, Section 92] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929082820/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m07/m07089.htm |date=29 September 2007 }}.</ref>

Swami Parmeshwaranand states the mleccha tribe was born from the tail of the celestial cow Nandini, kept by Vashishta for sacrificial purposes when there was a fight between [[Vishvamitra]] and [[Vasistha]]. The ''Mahabharata'' gives the following information regarding them:
* Mleccha who sprang up from the tail of the celestial cow Nandini sent the army of [[Vishvamitra]] flying in terror.
* [[Bhagadatta]] was the king of mlecchas.
* [[Pandava]]s, like [[Bhima]], [[Nakula]] and [[Sahadeva]] once defeated them.
* [[Karna]] during his world campaign conquered many mleccha countries.
* The wealth that remained in the [[yaga-shala]] of [[Yudhishthira]] after the distribution as gifts to [[Brahmin]]s was taken away by the mlecchas.
* The mlecchas drove angered [[War elephant|elephants]] on the army of the Pandavas.
* This shows mlecchas were against Pandavas.<ref>Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas: (A-C); 2.(D-H); 3.(I-L); 4.(M-R); 5 ... By Swami Parmeshwaranand</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_6F0ZIBIL2ZAC|title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas|last=Parmeshwaranand|first=Swami|date=2001-01-01|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=9788176252263|language=en}}</ref>

The term is not attested in the [[Vedas]], but occurs for the first time in the late Vedic text the ''[[Shatapatha Brahmana]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pillai |first=Madhavan Arjunan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0o9AAAAMAAJ |title=Ancient Indian History |date=1988 |publisher=Ashish Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7024-188-1 |page=36 |language=en}}</ref> The ''[[Baudhayana sutras]]'' define a mleccha as someone who eats beef or indulges in self-contradictory statements or is devoid of righteousness and purity of conduct.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goshen-Gottstein |first=Alon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3VcXEAAAQBAJ |title=Interreligious Reflections, Six Volume Set: Six Volume Set Constituting Friendship Across Religions (Vol 1), Memory and Hope (Vol 2), Sharing Wisdom (Vol 3), The Crisis of the Holy (Vol 4), The Future of Religious Leadership (Vol 5), and The Religious Other (Vol 6) |date=2018-08-08 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-5326-7152-4 |language=en |access-date=6 April 2021 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407103339/https://books.google.com/books?id=3VcXEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Medieval Hindu literature, such as that of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]], also uses the term to refer to those of larger groups of other religions, especially [[Muslim]]s.<ref>[http://vedabase.net/m/mleccha Vedabase] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116141554/http://vedabase.net/m/mleccha |date=16 November 2007 }}.</ref> In [[medieval India]], a foreign visitor [[al-Biruni|Al Birūnī]] (died 1048) noted that foreigners were regarded as unclean or Mleccha and [[Hindus]] were forbidden any social or matrimonial contact with them.<ref>Rizvi, S.A.A. (1987), The wonder that was India, volume II, pages 252–253, Sidgwick and Jackson, London</ref>

According to the [[Gwalior]] inscription of his descendant [[Mihira Bhoja]], the [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Gurjara Pratihara]] King [[Nagabhata I]] repulsed a mleccha invasion. These mlechchhas are identified with the [[Caliphate campaigns in India|Arab Muslim invaders]].{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=37}}{{Citation not found|date=October 2021}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Barbarian]]
* [[Gweilo]]
* [[Nemtsy]], a name for Germany similarly meaning "mute" or "unable to speak [our language]"
* [[Meluhha]]
* [[Dasa]], [[Dahae]], [[Dahiya (surname)]]
* [[Mlechchha dynasty]]
* [[Massagetae]], Mleccha

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
;

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |author=Baij Nath Puri |authorlink=Baij Nath Puri |title=The History of the Gurjara-Pratiharas |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |location=Delhi |year=1957 |oclc=2491084 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Bhandarkar |first=D. R. |author-link=D. R. Bhandarkar |title=Indian Studies No. I: Slow Progress of Islam Power in Ancient India |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=10 |number=1/2 |year=1929 |pages=25–44 |jstor=41682407 }}
* {{cite book |last=Parasher |first=Aloka |title=Mlecchas in Early India: A Study in Attitudes toward Outsiders up to AD 600 |year=1991 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharial Publishers Pvt. Ltd. |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-215-0529-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oAtuAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{citation |last1=Parpola |first1=Asko |authorlink1=Asko Parpola |first2=Simo |last2=Parpola |title=On the relationship of the Sumerian toponym Meluhha and Sanskrit mleccha |journal=Studia Orientalia |volume=46 |year=1975 |pages=205–238 |url=http://ojs.tsv.fi/index.php/StOrE/article/view/49874/14912}}
* {{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Tej Ram |title=Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions |url=https://archive.org/details/personalgeograph00sharuoft |year=1978 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn= |location= |pages= |via=RYD56P78DL9.}}
* {{citation |last=Southworth |first=Franklin |title=Linguistic Archaeology of South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hTwuFUW5aEgC |year=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-31777-6 |ref={{sfnref|Southworth, Linguistic Archaeology of South Asia|2004}}}}
* {{cite journal |last=Thapar |first=Romila |authorlink=Romila Thapar |title=The Image of the Barbarian in Early India |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |date=October 1971 |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=409–410 |doi=10.1017/s0010417500006393|s2cid=143480731 }}
* {{Citation |last=Witzel |first=Michael |author-link=Michael E. J. Witzel |title=Substrate Languages in Old Indo-Aryan (Ṛgvedic, Middle and Late Vedic) |periodical=Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies |volume=5 |issue=1 |year=1999 |url=https://crossasia-journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/ejvs/article/viewFile/828/806 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206073939/http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0501/ejvs0501article.pdf |archive-date=6 February 2012 |url-status=live }}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}

{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata |state=collapsed}}
{{Hinduism footer small}}

[[Category:Ethnic and religious slurs]]
[[Category:Ethno-cultural designations]]
[[Category:Religious exonyms]]
[[Category:Pejorative terms for strangers and foreigners]]

Shivaji (Malayalam actor)

2026-03-13T11:10:11Z

MartiHaight78: added lead as per guidelines and updated info

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shivaji
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1957|05|12|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2004|09|30|1957|05|12|df=yes}} | occupation = [[Actor|Film actor]]
| parents = A.K. Warrier, Kamala Varasyar
| spouse = Jayasree
| children = Unnimaya
| years_active = 1982–2004
}}

'''Shivaji''' (12 May 1957 - 30 September 2004) was an Indian actor, most popular for his [[Malayalam films]] during the 1980s and 1990s. He mainly did villain roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movieslist.php?tot=55&a=6934&p=6 |title=List of Malayalam Movies acted by Shivaji |publisher=Malayalachalachithram.com |date= |accessdate=2016-12-01}}</ref>

==Background==
Shivaji was born at Sankaramangalam [[Pattambi]], [[Palakkad]] as the fourth child of (both late) Dr. A.K. Warrier (Panjal Ayyappankavu Variam) and Kamalam Varasyar (Manissery Thekkeppattu Variam).<ref name="hindu2004">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/01/stories/2004100113800300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050118035048/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/01/stories/2004100113800300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2005-01-18 |title=Kerala / Thiruvananthapuram News : Actor Shivaji dead |date=2004-10-01 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2016-12-01}}</ref> His debut movie was ''Kaaliyamarddanam'' in 1982. He did many notable roles in [[TV drama]]s and [[Indian soap opera|soap operas]]. He acted in more than 100 films. He died on 30 September 2004 following [[cardiac arrest]] at [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref name="hindu2004"/> He is survived by his daughter Unnimaya, his mother (who died on 9 August 2010) and his wife (who died in 2017).{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

==Filmography==

=== 1980s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1982 || ''[[Kaaliya Mardhanam]]'' || Venus Raju ||
|-
|| ''[[Enikkum Oru Divasam]]'' || Salim ||
|-
|| ''[[Irattimadhuram]]'' || Balan ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1985 || ''[[Nayakan (1985 film)|Nayakan]]'' || Shivaji ||
|-
|| ''[[Archana Aaradhana]]'' || Ramakrishnan ||
|-
|| ''[[Nulli Novikkathe]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Akalathe Ambili]]'' || Thomas Kariya ||
|-
|| ''[[Ee Sabdam Innathe Sabdam]]'' || Chandru ||
|-
|| ''Thozhil Allengil Jail'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1986 || ''[[Ilanjippookkal]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Hello My Dear Wrong Number]]'' || Jayan ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1987 || ''Swargam'' || ||
|-
|| ''Kaanan Kothichu'' || ||
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Mukthi]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1989 || ''[[Peruvannapurathe Visheshangal]]'' || Kurup ||
|-
|| ''Agnipravesham'' || ||
|-
|| ''Pooram'' || ||
|-
|| ''Aazhikkoru Muthu'' || ||
|-
|}

=== 1990s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1990 || ''[[Randam Varavu]]'' || SI Daniel ||
|-
|| ''[[Mukham]]'' || CI Narayana Swamy ||
|-
|| ''[[Vachanam]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Cheriya Lokavum Valiya Manushyarum]]'' || Sunny ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1991 || ''[[Kakkathollayiram]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Koodikazhcha]]'' || Gopinatha Panikkar ||
|-
|| ''[[Neelagiri (film)|Neelagiri]]'' || Ani's father ||
|-
|| ''[[Mimics Parade]]'' || Frederick Cherian ||
|-
|| ''[[Kuttapathram]]'' || SI Aravindan ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1992 || ''[[Mahanagaram]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''Kaazhchakkappuram'' || ||
|-
|| ''Radhachakram'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Aardram]]'' || Padmanabhan ||
|-
|| ''Gouri'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1993 || ''[[Kalippattam]]'' || Chandran ||
|-
|| ''Kanyakumariyil Oru Kavitha'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Samooham]]'' || Doctor Chandran Menon ||
|-
|| ''[[Chenkol]]'' || Diwakaran ||
|-
|| ''[[Aagneyam]]'' || Krishnadas ||
|-
|| ''Thalamura'' || Velappan ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1994 || ''Paavam IA Ivachan'' || ||
|-
|| ''Bhaarya'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Sukrutham]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Vendor Daniel State Licency]]'' || SI Abdullah ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1995 || ''Maanthrikante Praavukal'' || ||
|-
|| ''Arabikkadaloram'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Kalyanji Anandji (film)|Kalyanji Anandji]]'' || Seetharaman ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1996 || ''[[Kalyana Sougandhikam (1996 film)|Kalyana Sougandhikam]]'' || Bhargavan ||
|-
|| ''Sulthan Hyderali'' || Thompsonkunju ||
|-
|| ''[[Rajaputhran]]'' || Ex-Minister Thomas Kurian ||
|-
|| ''Hitlist'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1997 || ''[[Mayaponman]]'' || Cheriyammavan ||
|-
|| ''Kalyaana Unnikal'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Kilukil Pambaram]]'' || Nandana Varma ||
|-
|| ''Niyogam'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Janathipathyam]]'' || Thirumulpadu ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1998 || ''[[Sooryavanam]]'' || DIG Vinod Kumar ||
|-
|| ''[[Ennu Swantham Janakikutty]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan= 5 | 1999 || ''[[Aakasha Ganga]]'' || Panicker ||
|-
|| ''Indulekha'' || ||
|-
|| ''Varum Varathirikkilla Unni'' || Unni's father ||
|-
|| ''[[Stalin Sivadas]]'' || Thankachan||
|-
|| ''[[Pallavur Devanarayanan]]'' || Chandrabhanu ||
|-
|}

=== 2000s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2000 || ''[[Susanna (2000 film)|Susanna]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''Thottam'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Dada Sahib]]'' || Dr. John ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2001 || ''[[Naranathu Thampuran]]'' || Chakochan ||
|-
|| ''[[Meghamalhar]]'' || Santhosh ||
|-
|| ''Sraavu'' || ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Kattuchembakam]]'' || IG Vishwanathan ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2003 || ''[[Nizhalkuthu]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Manassinakkare]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2004 || ''[[Perumazhakkalam]]'' || Vishnu ||
|-
|| ''Govindankutty Thirakkilaanu'' || Veerabhadra Kuruppu ||
|-
|| ''[[Kadhavaseshan]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Vajram (2004 film)|Vajram]]'' || Thorappan Avaran ||
|-
|| ''Thudakkam'' || ||
|-
|}

==Television==
*Chila Kudumba Chithrangal ([[Kairali TV]])

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0803334}}
* [http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Shivaji&limit=32 Shivaji at MSI]

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Palakkad]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Palakkad district]]

Yerphal Caves

2026-03-12T18:59:39Z

MartiHaight78: cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox Cave
| name = Yerphal Caves
| photo =Yerphale stupa.jpg
| photo_caption =Remains of a stupa in Yerphal caves.
| location =
| depth =
| length =
| map = India#India Maharashtra
|relief=yes
| map_width =
| map_caption =
| label = Yerphal Caves
| map_alt =
| coords = {{coord|17.382077|73.942973|display=inline, title|region:IN_type:landmark}}
| survey =
| survey_format =
| discovery =
| geology =
| entrance_count =
| entrance_list =
| difficulty =
| hazards =
| access =
| translation =
| language =
| pronunciation =
}}
'''Yerphal Caves''', also '''Yerphale Caves''', are a small group of Buddhist caves located near Umbraj, [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. The caves were only discovered recently, in 1979.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Qureshi |first1=Dulari |title=The Rock-cut Temples of Western India |date=2010 |publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan |isbn=9788180902024 |page=346 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7GVEAQAAIAAJ |language=en}}</ref> It is located not far from the [[Karad Caves]] (about 25 km).

The group contains a small [[chaitya]] hall with an [[apsidal]] plan with a [[stupa]] inside.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rujivacharakul |first1=Vimalin |last2=Hahn |first2=H. Hazel |last3=Oshima |first3=Ken Tadashi |last4=Christensen |first4=Peter |title=Architecturalized Asia: Mapping a Continent through History |date=2013 |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |isbn=9789888208050 |page=141 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FCoWAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA141 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=MA/> There are also two cells, and an unfinished cave. The caves can be dated to the first half of the 2nd century CE.<ref name=MA>{{cite web |title=Yerphal monastery, (towards) Umbraj, Maharashtra, IN - Mapping Buddhist Monasteries |url=http://monastic-asia.wikidot.com/yerphal |website=monastic-asia.wikidot.com |language=en}}</ref>

Yerphale caves was in dense forest area where wild animals lived.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cultural history of Maharashtra]]

Somangalam

2026-03-12T01:05:18Z

MartiHaight78: details

{{Short description|Neighbourhood in Kanchipuram district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Somangalam
|native_name_lang = ta
|settlement_type = Neighbourhood
|pushpin_map = Tamil Nadu
|pushpin_label_position = left
|pushpin_map_caption = Somangalam, [[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|coordinates = {{coord|12.9524|N|80.0409|E|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and Territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[File: TamilNadu Logo.svg|23x16px|border|alt=Tamil Nadu]] [[Tamil Nadu]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]]
|established_title = <! -- Established -->
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_rank =
|area_total_km2 =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 42.95
|elevation_ft =
|population_total =
|population_as_of =
|population_rank =
|population_density_km2 =
|demographics_type1 = [[Language]]s
|demographics1_title1 = [[Office|Official]]
|demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
|demographics1_title2 = [[Speech]]
|demographics1_info2 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
|timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset1 = +5:30
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 600133
|area_code_type = [[Telephone|Telephone code]]
|area_code = +9144********
|blank1_name_sec1 = [[Neighbourhood|Other Neighbourhoods]]
|blank1_info_sec1 = [[Thandalam, Chennai|Thandalam]], Sirukalathur, Naduveerapattu, [[Kundrathur]], Poonthandalam, [[Nandambakkam]]
|blank2_name_sec1 = [[Corporation]]
|blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kancheepuram City Municipal Corporation]]
|blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha|LS]]
|blank3_info_sec1 = [[Sriperumbudur Lok Sabha constituency|Sriperumbudur]]
|blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|VS]]
|blank4_info_sec1 = [[Sriperumbudur Assembly constituency|Sriperumbudur]]
|footnotes =
}}

'''Somangalam''' is a neighbourhood in [[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Somangalam Pin Code - 600069, All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search kanchipuram Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/tamil-nadu/kanchipuram/somangalam-pincode-600069.html |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> of [[Tamil Nadu]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=Online Desk |date=27 July 2024 |title=Massive fire breaks out at spray paint factory in Kancheepuram |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/massive-fire-breaks-out-at-spray-paint-factory-in-kancheepuram-796932 |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Location ==
Somangalam is located with the [[Geographic coordinate system|coordinates]] of ({{coord|12.9524|N|80.0409|E}}) near [[Kundrathur]] with two temples viz., Somanatheeswarar Temple and Sundararaja Perumal Temple.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2014 |title=Village named after Soma |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/a-visit-to-somangalam-temples/article6594634.ece |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

{{Location map many | India Tamil Nadu
| width = 200
| float = middle
| label1 = Somangalam
| pos1 = left
| bg1 = pink
| label1_width = 8
| mark1size = 6
| coordinates1 = {{coord|12.9524|N|80.0409|E}}
}}
== Demographics ==
As per 2011 census of India, the total population of Somangalam neighbourhood is 4376, out of which 2199 are males and 2177 are females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Somangalam Village Population - Sriperumbudur - Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/629242-somangalam-tamil-nadu.html |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=census2011.co.in}}</ref>
== Religion ==
[[Somangalam Somanatheeswarar Temple|Somanatheeswarar Temple]] is situated here at Somangalam.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vy0KAQAAMAAJ&q=Sri%2520Somanatheeswarar%2520and%2520Sri%2520Sundararaja%2520Perumal |title=Temples of Tamilnadu Kancheepuram District |date=2003 |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Tamil Nadu |language=en}}</ref> Also a [[Hindu temple|Perumal temple]] viz., [[Somangalam Sundararaja Perumal Temple|Sundararaja Perumal Temple]] is situated at Somangalam.

== Politics ==
Somangalam area falls under the [[Sriperumbudur Assembly constituency]]. Also, this area belongs to [[Sriperumbudur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SOMANGALAM Village in KANCHEEPURAM |url=https://www.etamilnadu.org/somangalam-village-268.html |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=etamilnadu.org}}</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kanchipuram district]]
[[Category:Villages in Kanchipuram district]]

{{Kanchipuram-geo-stub}}

Bilaspur State (princely state)

2026-03-09T13:14:23Z

MartiHaight78: cleanup

{{Short description|Princely state of British India}}
{{Redirect|Bilaspur State|the post-independence administrative division|Bilaspur State (1950–1954)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Bilaspur State
| native_name =
| status =
| empire = [[British Indian Empire]]
| government_type = Monarchy
| year_start = 697
| year_end = 1948
| s1 = Bilaspur State (1950–1954)
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
| image_flag = Bilaspur_flag.svg
| image_coat = Bilaspur State CoA.png
| image_map = Chamba Kangra Bilaspur Mandi Kulu 1911.jpeg
| image_map_caption = Princely States of the Shimla Hills, Bilaspur in the south straddling the Sutlej (1911)
| capital = [[Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]]
| today = [[Himachal Pradesh]], India
}}
[[File:Mandawa-Havelî 320-Maharajahs' room-20131007.jpg|thumb|260px|Raja '''Bijai Chand''' with other Rajput chiefs.]]
[[File:Dan Chand, prince of Bilaspur (6125127594).jpg|thumb|260px|Dan Chand, prince of Bilaspur. Last quarter of the 18th century.]]
'''Bilaspur State''' (or '''Kahlur State''') was a kingdom (697–1815) and later a [[princely state]] (1815–1948) under the [[Punjab States Agency]] of [[British Raj|British India]]. The state was earlier known as '''[[Kahlur Fort|Kahlur]]''' and was later renamed '''[[Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]]'''.<ref name="a">[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_A-J.html States before 1947 A-J]</ref> It covered an area of {{cvt|1173|sqkm|sqmi}} and had a population of 100,994 according to the [[1931 Census of India]]. The last ruler of Bilaspur State acceded to the [[Dominion of India|Indian Union]] on 12 October 1948. Bilaspur State remained [[Bilaspur Province]] in independent India until 1950 when the province was briefly renamed "Bilaspur State" before it was merged with [[Himachal Pradesh]] [[States and territories of India|state]] as a [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|district]] in 1954.<ref name="c">[https://books.google.com/books?id=tG0fnF0VRk0C&pg=PA35 Social, cultural, and economic history of Himachal Pradesh By Manjit Singh Ahluwalia]</ref>

==History==
According to local oral tradition and records during the reign of [[Raja]] Harihar Chand, a new state was founded around 697 CE by his son First Ruler Raja Bir Chand (697–730). He was born in the [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]] [[List of Rajput dynasties and states|Rajput dynasty]], who claimed to be a descendant of Sisupala from the [[Chandravansha]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brentnall |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&dq=kahlur+chandel&pg=PA50 |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |date=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-163-4 |language=en}}</ref> After Raja Kahal Chand (890–930) had built [[Kahlur Fort]] the state was named Kahlur (probably from Kahal[[-pur]]) and the ruling Chandel dynasty of Kahlur was also known as Kahluria.
Initially the capital of the state was at a place named Jandbari (now in [[Punjab, India]]) and then it was transferred to Kahlur Fort, but was later moved permanently to present town [[Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]] by Dip Chand, the 32nd [[Raja]] of Kahlur ({{Reign|1663|1665|show=lword}}).<ref name=a/>

Raja [[Bhim Chand (Kahlur)|Bhim Chand]] who succeeded Raja Deep Chand fought [[Battle of Nadaun]] against [[Mughals]] and came out victorious. Mughals under Alif Khan were supported by Raja of [[Kangra State|Kangra]] and Raja [[Dayal of Bijarwal|Dayal]] of Bijarwal<ref>{{cite book
| last = Singh
| first = Kartar
| title = Guru Gobind Singh and the Mughals
| publisher = Guru Gobind Singh Foundation
| location = [[Chandigarh]]
| year = 1967
| oclc = 49259
| pages = 55
}}</ref>
When Raja Bhim Chand abdicated in 1692 to lead a life of [[Sannyasa|sanyasi]] the state was at previously unknown heights.
The reign of Bhim Chand's son Ajmer Chand was of conquest as well. By the end of his forty years reign the number of states paying tribute was considerable: [[Baghal State]], [[Baghat]], [[Keonthal]], Beja, [[Mangal State|Mangal]], [[Bhajji State|Bhajji]], Mahlog, [[Dhami State|Dhami]], [[Kuthar]], [[Kotkhai]], [[Kunihar]], Balsan, and Nehra among others. All continued to pay tribute until Mahan Chand (1778) but by 1790 only Mangal State continued to acknowledge Bilaspur's suzerainty.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&pg=PA50 |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |author=Mark Brentnall |publisher=Indus |year=2005 |isbn=9788173871634 |page=52 }}</ref>
Since the 18th century the rulers of Bilaspur State patronised artists of the [[Kangra painting]] style.<ref>[http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/asia/asia_features/sikhism/art/hindu/index.html Hindu Hill Kingdoms] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330034200/http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/asia/asia_features/sikhism/art/hindu/index.html |date=30 March 2010 }} ''[[V&A Museum]]''.</ref>
[[File:Detail of the main, continuous tract of territory of Kahlur (Bilaspur) State from a map of the various Hill States of the Punjab Hills region, copied in 1852.jpg|thumb|Detail of the territory of Kahlur (Bilaspur) State from a map of the various Hill States of the Punjab Hills region, copied in 1852.]]
Bilaspur State came under [[British protectorate|British protection]] in 1815 under Raja Mahan Chand and became one of the [[Simla Hill States]].<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Kahlur |volume=15 |page=634}}</ref> Raja [[Anand Chand]] was the last ruler of the princely state and Pandit Sant Ram was the last Home Minister. As Bilaspur acceded to India on 28 October 1948, from 26 January 1950 Bilaspur retained an independent identity as a separate province and as a [[Part C State|part-C State]] of India named [[Bilaspur State (1950–1954)|Bilaspur State]]. The Raja was appointed commissioner of the State. In following years after Raja resigned, his deputy Chhabra was appointed by govt of India and helped run the temporary government of Bilaspur while the territory of the princely state was politically integrated into the Indian Union.<ref name="c" />

== Demographics ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religious groups in Bilaspur State ([[British Punjab province|British Punjab]] era)
! rowspan="2" |[[Religion in India|Religious]] group
! colspan="2" |1921<ref name="Census1921">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25430165 |jstor=saoa.crl.25430165 |access-date=30 March 2024 |title=Census of India 1921. Vol. 15, Punjab and Delhi. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1921 |pages=29}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1931<ref name="Census1931">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25793242 |jstor=saoa.crl.25793242 |access-date=30 March 2024 |title=Census of India 1931. Vol. 17, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1931 |pages=277}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1941<ref name="Census1941">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215541 |jstor=saoa.crl.28215541 |access-date=30 March 2024 |title=Census of India, 1941. Vol. 6, Punjab |year=1941 |pages=42 |author1=India Census Commissioner |volume=6 }}</ref>
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
! [[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]{{efn|name=ad-dharmi|1931-1941: Including [[Ad-Dharmi]]s}}
| 96,000
| {{Percentage | 96000 | 98000 | 2 }}
| 99,023
| {{Percentage | 99023 | 100994 | 2 }}
| 108,375
| {{Percentage | 108375 | 110336 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
| 1,559
| {{Percentage | 1559 | 98000 | 2 }}
| 1,458
| {{Percentage | 1458 | 100994 | 2 }}
| 1,498
| {{Percentage | 1498 | 110336 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
| 437
| {{Percentage | 437 | 98000 | 2 }}
| 507
| {{Percentage | 507 | 100994 | 2 }}
| 453
| {{Percentage | 453 | 110336 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
| 4
| {{Percentage | 4 | 98000 | 2 }}
| 6
| {{Percentage | 6 | 100994 | 2 }}
| 7
| {{Percentage | 7 | 110336 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Jainism]] [[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 98000 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 100994 | 2 }}
| 3
| {{Percentage | 3 | 110336 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Zoroastrianism]] [[File:Faravahar.svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 98000 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 100994 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 110336 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Buddhism]] [[File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 98000 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 100994 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 110336 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Judaism]] [[File:Star_of_David.svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 98000 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 100994 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 110336 | 2 }}
|-
! Others
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 98000 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 100994 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 110336 | 2 }}
|-
! Total population
! 98,000
! {{Percentage | 98000 | 98000 | 2 }}
! 100,994
! {{Percentage | 100994 | 100994 | 2 }}
! 110,336
! {{Percentage | 110336 | 110336 | 2 }}
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="7" | {{small|Note: [[British Punjab province]] era district borders are not an exact match in the present-day due to various bifurcations to district borders — which since created new districts — throughout the historic [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province region]] during the post-independence era that have taken into account population increases.}}
|}

==Ruling dynasty==
[[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]] in Bilaspur belong to different branches of the ruling family. These families are numerous, and all enjoyed [[jagir]] [[pension]]s from state amounting in aggregate to Rs. 40,000 a year in 1933. The chief names are:
*Ajmerchandia
*Kaliyanchandia
*Tarachandia
*Sultanchandia

===Rajas===

{{Div col}}
#Bir Chand, founder; ({{reign|697|730}})
#Udhran Chand
#Jaskarn Chand
#Madanbrahm Chand
#Ahl Chand
#Kahal Chand, 6th Raja;({{reign|890|930}})
#Slar Chand
#Men Chand
#Sen Chand
#Sulkhan Chand
#Kahn Chand, 11th Raja. Conquered [[Hindur]], which he created as a separate realm for his second son.
#Ajit Chand, 12th Raja (son of Khan Chand)
#Gokul Chand
#Udai Chand, ({{reign|1133|1143}})
#Gen Chand
#Pruthvi Chand
#Sangar Chand, ({{reign|1197|1220}})
#Megh Chand, ({{reign|1220|1251}})
#Dev Chand
#Ahim Chand
#Abhisand Chand, ({{reign|1302|1317}})
#Sampurn Chand ({{reign|1317|1355}})
#Rattan Chand ({{reign|1355|1406}})
#Narandar Chand
#Fath Chand
#Pahar Chand
#Ram Chand
#Uttam Chand
#Gyan Chand ({{reign|1518|1555}})
#Bikram Chand ({{reign|1555|1593}})
#Sultan Chand ({{reign|1593|1600}})
#Kalyan Chand ({{reign|1600|1636}})
#Tara Chand ({{reign|1636|1653}})
#Dip Chand ({{reign|1653|1665}})
#[[Bhim Chand (Kahlur)]] ({{reign|1665|1692}})
#Ajmer Chand ({{reign|1692|1728}})
#Devi Chand ({{reign|1738|1778}})
#Mahan Chand ({{reign|1778|1824}})
#Kharak Chand ({{reign|1824|March 1839}})
#Jagat Chand ({{reign|March 1839|1850}})
#Hira Chand ({{reign|March 1850|January 1883}})
#Amar Chand ({{reign|January 1883|January 1889}})
#Bijai Chand ({{reign|3 February 1889|18 February 1927}})
#[[Anand Chand]] ({{reign|18 February 1927|12 October 1983}})
{{div col end}}

==Currency==
No coins from Bilaspur State have been found, and the state may have simply been too small and remote, with little demand for currency, to mint its own. There was little long-distance trade that required currency. Any coins that did circulate in the area were probably originally from elsewhere, such as the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. After the British gained influence in the region in the mid-1800s, the [[Coins of British India|British system based on the rupee]] predominated. For everyday transactions, though, [[barter]] was the main way that most people exchanged goods and services.<ref name="Gazetteer 1975">{{cite book |last1=Mamgain |first1=M.D. |title=Himachal Pradesh District Gazetteers: Bilaspur |date=1975 |publisher=Chandigarh, Greater Punjab Press |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3138 |access-date=8 April 2023}}</ref>{{rp|37, 222}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Hutchinson, J. & J. PH Vogel (1933). ''History of the Panjab Hill States'', Vol. II. 1st edition: Govt. Printing, Pujab, Lahore, 1933. Reprint 2000. Department of Language and Culture, Himachal Pradesh. Chapter XIII Bilaspur State, pp. 494–518.
*{{Commons category-inline|Bilaspur State}}

{{Princely states of India}}
{{Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh}}
{{Princely states of the Punjab and Simla Hills}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|31|19|N|76|50|E|source:kolossus-nowiki|display=title}}

[[Category:States and territories established in 1815]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1948]]
[[Category:Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajput history]]
[[Category:Princely states of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:7th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:697 establishments]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]

Pellakur

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#REDIRECT [[Pellakur mandal]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Abhirami (1992 film)

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MartiHaight78: started initial pg w/ infobox

{{More citations needed|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Abhirami film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Dilip Kumar
| writer = Dilip Kumar
| producer = [[R. B. Choudary]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]]|[[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]]|[[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]]}}
| cinematography = K. Ramsingh
| editing = B. Baskaren
| music = Mano Ranjan
| studio = [[Super Good Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1992|11|27}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Abhirami''''' is a 1992 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil-language]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]], directed by Dilip Kumar in his directorial debut and produced by [[R. B. Choudary]]. The film stars [[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]], [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]], and [[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]], with the supporting cast including [[Anju (actress)|Anju]], [[Vinodhini]], [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]], [[Goundamani]], and [[Senthil]]. It was released on 27 November 1992.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 November 1992 |title=Abirami |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19921127&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=5 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=4 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Abhirami has five daughters, including Dhanam, Rajeshwari, and Maheshwari. The eldest Dhanam is a soft-spoken woman who worked as typist, while Rajeshwari is a short-tempered woman, Maheshwari is a carefree teenager, and the last two are little girls.

Saravanan is an orphan and a jobless youth who is in love with Dhanam. He lives in a small hotel with his new friend Ramkanth. Saravanan finally finds a decent job in a clothing store. He then moves with his friend Ramkanth near Dhanam's house. Saravanan slowly becomes one of their well-wishers but Saravanan learns that Dhanam will get married soon to someone else. The heartbroken Saravanan doesn't reveal his love and vacates the house.

On the wedding day, Abhirami has an accident and their jewels get stolen. Saravanan rushes Abhirami to the hospital, and then takes jewels from his boss' daughter Vasanthi who is a widow. Afterwards, the wedding takes place. After the wedding, Saravanan reveals that Abhirami had died on the way to the hospital. Saravanan doesn't tell the truth for fear that the wedding would stop.

Now, the remaining four girls accept Saravanan as their brother and he decides to live with them. Saravanan and Vasanthi get married soon after.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]] as Saravanan
*[[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] as Abhirami
*[[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]] as Dhanam
*[[Anju (actress)|Anju]] as Rajeshwari
*[[Vinodhini]] as Maheshwari
*[[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] as Vasanthi
*[[Goundamani]] as Singaram
*[[Senthil]] as Ramkanth (Ramasamy)
*[[Vadivukkarasi]] as Lakshmi
*[[C. R. Saraswathi]] as Saroja
*Vijaya Chandrika
*[[Shanmugasundari]]
*Indira Devi
*[[Ra. Sankaran]]
*[[Kumarimuthu]] as conductor
*[[Loose Mohan]]
*Rajavelu
*[[M. R. Krishnamurthy]]
*Haja Shareef
*Chitra Guptan as Ramkanth's uncle
*[[Bayilvan Ranganathan]] as Ponnusamy
*[[Swaminathan]]
*[[Omakuchi Narasimhan]] as Arogyam
*[[Pasi Narayanan]]
*Thayir Vadai Desigan as Bheemarajan
*[[Karuppu Subbiah]] as Ramkanth's father
*Marthandan
*Kottai Perumal
*Baby Bhanu
*Baby Bhavani
*[[Nalinikanth]]
*[[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] as doctor
*[[Kanal Kannan]]
*[[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]] as Mr. Dhilip Kumar in a guest appearance
*Siva in a guest appearance
*[[Ramesh Khanna]] in a guest appearance
*Dilip Kumar in a cameo appearance
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by Mano Ranjan, with lyrics written by Kalidasan, [[Vairamuthu]] and Dilip Kumar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhirami (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/abhirami-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1600435035 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806071701/https://music.apple.com/us/album/abhirami-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1600435035 |archive-date=6 August 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Aathadi Chinna Ponnu" || [[Minmini]], Chorus || 4:12
|-
| "Avasarama Romba" || [[S. P. Sailaja]], Chorus || 4:18
|-
| "Ezhai Veetil" (female) || [[Vani Jairam]] || 4:24
|-
| "Ezhai Veetil" (male) || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || 0:47
|-
| "Kalaikalin Thaaye" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], Sakthi Shanmugam, [[K. S. Chithra]] || 4:50
|-
| "Kanni Thamizho Kamban Kaviyo" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || 3:33
|-
| "Naam Irukkom" || S. P. Sailaja, Chorus || 2:42
|}

== Reception ==
Ayyappa Prasad of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film a positive review: "Dilip Kumar has handled the story with finesse" and praised the lead actors.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prasad |first=Ayyappa |date=11 December 1992 |title=A brother in need |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=B39lAAAAIBAJ&pg=999%2C755114 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806071701/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=B39lAAAAIBAJ&pg=999%2C755114 |archive-date=6 August 2022 |access-date=23 December 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> The film was also reviewed by ''[[New Straits Times]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. |date=9 January 1993 |title=Comedy loses steam midway |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=75kWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VBQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4106%2C3204539 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516082734/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=75kWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VBQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4106%2C3204539 |archive-date=16 May 2024 |access-date=16 May 2024 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=25 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1992 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1992 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1992 drama films]]
[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films produced by R. B. Choudary]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Super Good Films films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Meghalaya Legislative Assembly

2026-02-19T20:15:10Z

MartiHaight78:

{{Short description|Unicameral legislature of the Indian state of Meghalaya}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Meghalaya Legislative Assembly
| legislature = [[11th Meghalaya Assembly]]
| coa_pic = Meghalaya Legislative Assembly logo.png
| coa_res = 250
| house_type = [[Unicameral]]
| term_limits = 5 years
| leader1_type = [[List of governors of Meghalaya|Governor]]
| leader1 = ''[[C. H. Vijayashankar]]''
| leader2_type = [[List of speakers of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
| leader2 = [[Thomas A. Sangma]]
| party2 = [[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]
| election2 = [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|9 March 2023]]
| leader3_type = Deputy Speaker
| leader3 = [[Limison D. Sangma]]
| party3 = [[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]
| election3 = [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|12 September 2025]]
| leader4_type = [[List of Chief Ministers of Meghalaya|Chief Minister]] (Leader of the House)
| leader4 = [[Conrad Sangma]]
| party4 = [[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]
| election4 = 6 March 2018
| leader5_type = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Meghalaya|Deputy Chief Minister]]
| leader5 = [[Prestone Tynsong]], [[Sniawbhalang Dhar]]
| party5 = [[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]
| election5 = [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|7 March 2023]]
| leader6_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader6 = [[Mukul Sangma]]
| party6 = [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| election6 = [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|August 28 2024]]
| seats = '''60'''
| structure1 = {{Switcher|[[File:India Meghalaya Legislative Assembly 2025.svg|300px]]|By party|[[File:India Meghalaya Legislative Assembly Alliance Wise 2025.svg|300px]]|By alliance}}
| structure1_res = 300px
| political_groups1 = 
'''[[Government of Meghalaya|Government]] (51)''' 
: {{Color box|{{Party color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance}}}} [[Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018–present)|MDA]] (51)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-06 |title=Meghalaya: 45 MLAs in Conrad Sagma's coalition as 2 more parties extend support |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/meghalaya/news/meghalaya-45-mlas-in-conrad-sagmas-coalition-as-2-more-parties-extend-support/articleshow/98438750.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-14 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-06 |title=Meghalaya: Two more parties offer support to NPP as coalition tally touches 45 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/meghalaya-two-more-parties-offer-support-to-npp-as-coalition-tally-touches-45-101678075565273.html |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=UDP wins Sohiong adjourned poll in Meghalaya |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/udp-candidate-synshar-kupar-roy-thabah-wins-sohiong-assembly-seat-in-meghalaya-1218530.html |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
:*{{colorbox|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}}} [[National People's Party (India)|NPP]] (33)
:*{{colorbox|{{Party color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}}} [[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|UDP]] (12)
:*{{colorbox|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (2)
:*{{colorbox|{{Party color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}}} [[Hill State People's Democratic Party|HSPDP]] (2)
:*{{colorbox|#B2B2B2}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (2)
'''[[Parliamentary opposition| Opposition]] (9)'''
 
:*{{colorbox|{{Party color|Trinamool Congress}}}} [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]] (5)
:*{{colorbox|{{Party color|Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)}}}} [[Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)|VPP]] (4)


| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First past the post]]
| last_election1 = [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|27 February 2023]]
| next_election1 = [[Next Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2028]]
| session_room =
| session_res =
| meeting_place = Vidhana Bhavan, [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]], [[India]]
| website = http://megassembly.gov.in/
}}

The '''Meghalaya Legislative Assembly''' is the [[unicameral]] [[legislature]] of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Meghalaya]].<ref name="LA">{{cite web|title=Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|url=http://legislativebodiesinindia.gov.in/States/meghalaya/meghalaya-w.htm|publisher=National Informatics Centre}}</ref>

Constituted as a directly elected body in 1972, it has 60 members, filled through direct elections held every five years.<ref name="LA"/> Like other Indian states, Meghalaya has a [[parliamentary system of government]]. The executive branch of the Meghalaya Government is derived from the Legislative Assembly.

==History==
In independent India, the areas now constituting the state of Meghalaya were part of the state of [[Assam]] and represented in the Assam Legislative Assembly. The [[Indian Parliament]] passed the Assam Reorganisation (Meghalaya) Act in 1969, which led to the establishment of an autonomous state of Meghalaya within Assam on 2 April 1970.<ref name="LA"/><ref name="E">{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Meghalaya|author=Hamlet Bareh|publisher=Mittal Publications|pages=9–12|year=2001|isbn=978-81-7099-791-7}}</ref> A legislature of 37 members for the new autonomous state was established, with representatives elected indirectly by the autonomous direct councils.<ref name="LA"/><ref name="E"/> The first sitting of the assembly took place in Tura on 14 April 1970. In 1971, the Indian Parliament passed the [[North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971|North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act]], which converted Meghalaya from an autonomous state within Assam to a full member state of the Indian Union.<ref name="LA"/> The State of Meghalaya was officially formed on 21 January 1972.<ref name="LA"/> The Legislative Assembly was then reconstituted as a directly elected body.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}

The regions of Meghalaya are represented in the Assembly, with 29 members elected from Khasi Hills, 7 from Jaintia Hills and 24 from Garo Hills.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/|title=Homepage: Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Government of Meghalaya|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Government of Meghalaya}}</ref>

==List of Assemblies==
The following is the list of all the Meghalaya Legislative Assemblies:<ref name="lbi">{{cite web|url=http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/STATISTICAL/Meghalaya.pdf|title=Meghalaya Legislature, Mumbai|publisher=Legislative Bodies in India website|access-date=13 November 2010}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Assembly
! colspan=2 align=center| Term of Assembly
! Speaker
! colspan=2 align=center| Term of Speaker
! Leader of House {{small|(Chief Minister)}}
! colspan=2 align=center| Term of Leader of House
! colspan=2 align=center| Party of Leader of House{{efn|This column only names the chief minister's party. The state government he headed may have been a complex coalition of several parties and independents; these are not listed here.}}
! Remarks
|-
| rowspan=2|1st Assembly
| rowspan=2|1972
| rowspan=2|1978
| rowspan=2|[[R. S. Lyngdoh]]
| rowspan=2|25 March 1972
| rowspan=2|1978
| rowspan=2|[[Williamson A. Sangma]]
| 18 March 1972
| 21 November 1976
| [[All Party Hill Leaders Conference]] (APHLC)
| width="4px" style="background-color: yellow" |
| rowspan=2|---
|- align=center style="height: 60px;"
| 22 November 1976
| 3 March 1978
| [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
| rowspan=3|2nd Assembly
| rowspan=3|1978
| rowspan=3|1983
| rowspan=3|[[W. Syiemiong]]
| rowspan=3|20 March 1978
| rowspan=3|1983
| [[Darwin Diengdoh Pugh|D. D. Pugh]]
| 10 March 1978
| 6 May 1979
| [[All Party Hill Leaders Conference|APHLC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: yellow" |
| rowspan=3|---
|-
| [[B. B. Lyngdoh]]
| 7 May 1979
| 7 May 1981
| [[All Party Hill Leaders Conference|APHLC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: yellow" |
|-
| [[Williamson A. Sangma]]
| 7 May 1981
| 24 February 1983
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
| rowspan=2|3rd Assembly
| rowspan=2|1983
| rowspan=2|1988
| rowspan=2|[[E. K. Mawlong]]
| rowspan=2|9 March 1983
| rowspan=2|12 December 1988
| [[B. B. Lyngdoh]]
| 2 March 1983
| 31 March 1983
| [[All Party Hill Leaders Conference|APHLC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: yellow" |
| rowspan=2|---
|-
| [[Williamson A. Sangma]]
| 2 April 1983
| 5 February 1988
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
| rowspan=4|4th Assembly
| rowspan=4|1988
| rowspan=4|1993
| [[P. G. Marbaniang]]
| 24 February 1988
| 15 December 1989
| [[Purno A. Sangma]]
| 6 February 1988
| 25 March 1990
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan=4|---
|-
| [[P. R. Kyndiah]]
| 20 December 1989
| 1993
| [[B. B. Lyngdoh]]
| 26 March 1990
| 10 October 1991
| [[Hill People's Union]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: green" |
|-
| colspan=4|President's Rule{{efn|name=PR|[[President's rule]] may be imposed when the "government in a state is not able to function as per the Constitution", which often happens because no party or coalition has a majority in the assembly. When President's rule is in force in a state, its council of ministers stands dissolved. The office of chief minister thus lies vacant, and the administration is taken over by the governor, who functions on behalf of the central government. At times, the legislative assembly also stands dissolved.<ref>Amberish K. Diwanji. "[http://www.rediff.co.in/news/2005/mar/15spec1.htm A dummy's guide to President's rule]". Rediff.com. 15 March 2005.</ref>}}
| 11 October 1991
| 5 February 1992
| NA
| width="4px" style="background-color: white" |
|-
| [[P. R. Kyndiah]]
| 20 December 1989
| 1993
| [[D.D. Lapang]]
| 5 February 1992
| 19 February 1993
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
| rowspan=2|5th Assembly
| rowspan=2|1993
| rowspan=2|1998
| [[J. D. Rymbai]]
| 12 October 1993
| 17 April 1997
| rowspan=2|[[S. C. Marak]]
| rowspan=2|19 February 1993
| rowspan=2|27 February 1998
| rowspan=2|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| rowspan=2 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan=2|---
|-
| [[Monindra Rava]]
| 22 July 1997
| 6 March 1998
|-
| rowspan=6|6th Assembly
| rowspan=6|1998
| rowspan=6|2003
| rowspan=3|[[E. K. Mawlong]]
| rowspan=3|10 March 1998
| rowspan=3|8 March 2000
| [[S. C. Marak]]
| 27 February 1998
| 10 March 1998
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan=6| Though the Leader was an Independent, the government was a coalition of NCP, etc. Khonglam became the first independent Chief Minister of an Indian state in history.
|-
| [[B. B. Lyngdoh]]
| 10 March 1998
| 14 October 1999
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
| [[B. B. Lyngdoh]]
| 14 October 1999
| 8 March 2000
| [[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]] (UDP)
| width="4px" style="background-color: blue" |
|-
| rowspan=3|[[Elstone D Marak|E. D. Marak]]
| rowspan=3|20 July 2000
| rowspan=3|2 March 2003
|-
| [[E. K. Mawlong]]
| 8 March 2000
| 8 December 2001
| [[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]] (UDP)
| width="4px" style="background-color: blue" |
|-
| [[Flinder Anderson Khonglam|F. A. Khonglam]]
| 8 December 2001
| 4 March 2003
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: grey" |
|-
| rowspan=3|7th Assembly
| rowspan=3|2003
| rowspan=3|2008
| rowspan=3|[[Martin Danggo|M. M. Danggo]]
| rowspan=3|12 March 2003
| rowspan=3|7 March 2008
| [[D.D. Lapang]]
| 4 March 2003
| 15 June 2006
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan=3| ---
|-
| [[J. D. Rymbai]]
| 15 June 2006
| 10 March 2007
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
| [[D.D. Lapang]]
| 10 March 2007
| 7 March 2008
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
| rowspan=5|8th Assembly
| rowspan=5|2008
| rowspan=5|2013
| rowspan=2|[[Bindo Lanong]]
| rowspan=2|20 March 2008
| rowspan=2|15 May 2009
| [[D. D. Lapang]]
| 10 March 2008
| 19 March 2008
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan=5|INC got the highest number of seats (25) but since no majority could be secured by it even after gaining 3 Independents' support, Lapang resigned as Chief Minister in less than 10 days. Then a coalition called [[Meghalaya Progressive Alliance]] was formed, comprising all non-Congress parties like [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] (15), UDP (11), [[Hill State People's Democratic Party|HSPDP]] (2), [[Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement|KHNAM]] (1) and Independents (3), thus 33 in total, to form the government under Roy. However, the coalition barely survived a year and collapsed leading to promulgation of President's Rule. After a month, several parties of the Alliance left and supported Congress to form the government with Lapang again being sworn in as the Chief Minister.
|-
| [[Donkupar Roy]]
| 19 March 2008
| 19 March 2009
| [[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]] (UDP)
| width="4px" style="background-color: blue" |
|-
| colspan=4|President's Rule{{efn|name=PR}}
| 19 March 2009
| 13 April 2009
| NA
| width="4px" style="background-color: white" |
|-
| rowspan=2|[[Charles Pyngrope]]
| rowspan=2|25 May 2009
| rowspan=2|?
| [[D. D. Lapang]]
| 13 April 2009
| 18 April 2010
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
| [[Mukul Sangma]]
| 20 April 2010
| 5 March 2013
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
| 9th Assembly
| 2013
| 2018
| [[A. T. Mondal]]
| March 2013
| March 2018
| [[Mukul Sangma]]
| 5 March 2013
| 6 March 2018
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| ---
|-
| [[10th Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|10th Assembly]]
| 2018
| 2023
| [[Donkupar Roy]] [[Metbah Lyngdoh]]
| 6 March 2018
| 5 March 2023
| [[Conrad Sangma]]
| 6 March 2018
| 4 March 2023
| [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]] (NPP)
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|National People's Party (India)}}" |
| The [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]] government was formed by the coalition of 39 MLA's including [[National People's Party (India)|NPP]] (20), [[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|UDP]] (8), [[People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya)|PDF]] (4), [[Hill State People's Democratic Party|HSPDP]] (2), [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (2) and [[Independent politician|(2)Independents]] with [[Conrad Sangma]] as Leader of the House.<ref name="Firstpost">{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/meghalaya-bypolls-mda-ties-up-with-npp-udp-after-parties-win-by-elections-increases-tally-to-39-seats-5056101.html|title=Meghalaya bypolls: MDA ties up with NPP, UDP after parties win by-elections, increases tally to 39 seats|work=Firstpost|date=27 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
|[[11th Meghalaya Assembly|11th Assembly]]
|2023
|Present
|[[Thomas A. Sangma]]
|9 March 2023
|Present
|[[Conrad Sangma]]
|7 March 2023
|Present
|[[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]] (NPP)
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|National People's Party (India)}}" |
|The [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]] government was formed by the coalition of 45 MLA's including [[National People's Party (India)|NPP]] (26), [[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|UDP]] (11), [[People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya)|PDF]] (2), [[Hill State People's Democratic Party|HSPDP]] (2), [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (2) and [[Independent politician|(2)Independents]] with [[Conrad Sangma]] as Leader of the House.
|-
|}

==Committees==
There are 15 committees in the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya:<ref name="LA3">{{cite web|title=Meghalaya Legislative Assembly Committees|url=http://megassembly.gov.in/committees.htm|publisher=National Informatics Centre}}</ref>

#Business Advisory Committee: decides the time-table for assembly functions and for evaluation of legislation.
#Committee on Petitions: responsible for examining petitions submitted to the assembly, collecting evidence and preparing reports.
#Committee on Public Accounts: examines the budget, appropriations and auditing of state agencies, programmes and government.
#Committee on Public Undertakings: responsible for monitoring and improving the workings of [[public sector undertaking]]s such as government corporations, housing programmes and economic development schemes.
#Committee on Estimates: evaluates statistics and estimates to improve the efficiency and administration of various government functions, agencies and programmes.
#Committee Welfare of the Scheduled Tribes & Scheduled Castes: responsible for monitoring programmes aimed for the economic and social development of the scheduled castes, tribes and backward classes residing in the state of Meghalaya.
#Committee of Privileges: examines any issues and violations of the privileges, conduct and benefits given to members of the assembly.
#Committee on Subordinate Legislation: monitors if the state government's functions and legislation comply with the state constitution.
#Committee on Government Assurances: monitors the reliability and fulfillment of targets and promises made by the chief minister and cabinet ministers.
#Rules Committee: maintains the rules of business and code of conduct for members of the assembly.
#House Committee: oversees the amenities for members of the assembly such as housing, food, health-care and transport.
#Library Committee: is responsible for the maintenance and development of the state government and assembly library.
#Select Committee: is charged with the examination and development of specific legislation, preparing it for final passage.
#Committee on the Empowerment of Women: oversees schemes and programmes aimed to increase representation of women in society and economic sectors.
#Budget Committee: examines budget proposals for various organs and departments of the state government.

== Members of Legislative Assembly==
{{transcluded section|source=11th Meghalaya Assembly}}
{{trim|{{#Section-h:11th Meghalaya Assembly|Members of Legislative Assembly}}}}
== List of Leaders of Opposition ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Assembly
!Portrait
!Name
![[List of constituencies of the Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]
! colspan="2" |Tenure
!Chief Minister
!Party
|-
|[[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|[[2nd Meghalaya Assembly|2nd]]
|[[File:P. R. Kyndiah (cropped).jpg|thumb]]
|[[Paty Ripple Kyndiah]]
|[[Jaiaw Assembly constituency|Jaiaw]]
|1979
|1981
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| rowspan="5" |[[8th Meghalaya Assembly|8th]]
|
|
|
|
|
|[[D. D. Lapang]]
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|[[Donkupar Roy]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Meghalaya, Shri Conrad Sangma.JPG|thumb]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Conrad Sangma]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Selsella Assembly constituency|Selsella]]
| rowspan="3" |2009
| rowspan="3" |2013
|[[President's rule]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|[[D D Lapang]]
|-
|[[Mukul Sangma]]
|-
|[[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|[[9th Meghalaya Assembly|9th]]
|[[File:The Meghalaya Deputy Chief Minister , Dr. Donkupar Roy , at the 52nd National Development Council Meeting , at Vigyan Bhawan in New Delhi on December 9, 2006.jpg|thumb]]
|[[Donkupar Roy]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Donkupar Roy is Leader of Opposition {{!}} The Shillong Times |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2013/06/18/donkupar-roy-is-leader-of-opposition/ |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=theshillongtimes.com}}</ref>
|[[Shella Assembly constituency|Shella Assembly]]
|18 June 2013
|5 March 2018
|[[Mukul Sangma]]
|[[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| rowspan="3" |[[10th Meghalaya Assembly|10th]]
|[[File:Mukul Sangma 2014.jpg|thumb]]
|[[Mukul Sangma]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Press Trust of India |title=Mukul Sangma leader of opposition in Meghalaya |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/mukul-sangma-leader-of-opposition-in-meghalaya-118032001068_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320170308/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/mukul-sangma-leader-of-opposition-in-meghalaya-118032001068_1.html |archive-date=2018-03-20 |access-date=2025-02-20 |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Songsak Assembly constituency|Songsak]]
|14 March 2018
|24 November 2021
| rowspan="5" |[[Conrad Sangma]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| colspan="3" |Vacant
|24 November 2021
|13 January 2022
|N/A
|-
|[[File:Mukul Sangma.jpg|thumb]]
|[[Mukul Sangma]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mukul made leader of opposition {{!}} The Shillong Times |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2022/01/14/mukul-made-leader-of-opposition/ |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=theshillongtimes.com}}</ref>
|[[Songsak Assembly constituency|Songsak]]
|13 January 2022
|4 March 2023
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| rowspan="2" |[[11th Meghalaya Assembly|11th]]
|
|[[Ronnie V. Lyngdoh]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congress' Ronnie V Lyngdoh leader of opposition in Meghalaya assembly |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/congress-ronnie-v-lyngdoh-leader-of-opposition-in-meghalaya-assembly-1226171.html |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Mylliem Assembly constituency|Mylliem]]
|09 June 2023
|28 August 2024
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[File:The Union Minister for Statistics and Programme Implementation, Shri D.V. Sadananda Gowda calling on the Chief Minister of Meghalaya, Dr. Mukul Sangma, in Shillong on August 24, 2017.jpg|thumb]]
|[[Mukul Sangma]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mukul Sangma Appointed As Leader Of Opposition In Meghalaya Assembly |url=https://m.guwahatiplus.com/article/mukul-sangma-appointed-as-leader-of-opposition-in-meghalaya-assembly/34246 |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=guwahatiplus.com |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Songsak Assembly constituency|Songsak]]
|28 August 2024
|Incumbent
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== See also ==

* [[11th Meghalaya Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Chief Ministers of Meghalaya}}
{{Meghalaya elections}}
{{Legislatures of India}}
{{Current Indian assemblies}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Meghalaya Legislative Assembly| ]]
[[Category:State lower houses in India]]
[[Category:Unicameral legislatures]]

L.J. Institute of Pharmacy

2026-02-18T02:48:45Z

MartiHaight78: Stub.

{{Short description|Pharmacy institute in Gujarat, India}}
{{mi|{{refimprove|date=February 2026}}{{primarysources|date=February 2026}}{{notability|date=February 2026}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = L.J. Institute of Pharmacy
| image = LJIP Ahmedabad.jpg
| established = 2004
| type = Self-Finance College
| director = Dr. Shreeraj Shah
| city = L.J. Campus, [[Ahmedabad]]
| coor = {{Coord|22.990141|72.487887|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| state = [[Gujarat]]
| country = [[India]]
| undergrad = |
| postgrad =
| faculty =
| free_label = Acronym
| free = LJIP
| affiliations = LJ University
| website = https://ljku.edu.in/program/pharmacy-b-pharm-m-pharm-18
}}

'''L.J. Institute of Pharmacy''', commonly referred as '''LJIP''', is a private management institute located in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], India. The institute is approved by [[All India Council for Technical Education]] (AICTE) and [[Pharmacy Council of India]] (PCI). The institute is affiliated to LJ University. The institute is approved by [[Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (India)|Department of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (DSIR), Ministry of Science and Technology, Govt. of India as Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (SIRO).

==Academic programmes<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-15 |title=LJ Institute of Pharmacy |url=http://ljku.edu.in/program/pharmacy-b-pharm-m-pharm-18 |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=ljku.edu.in |language=en-US}}</ref>==

The Institute runs B.Pharm., M.Pharm. (in Pharmaceutical Technology, Quality Assurance, Regulatory affairs and Pharmacology) and Ph.D. courses.

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.ljinstitutes.org/ L.J. Group of Institute's Official website]
* [http://gtu.ac.in/ Gujarat Technological University]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081201152747/http://www.aicte.ernet.in/ All India Council For Technical Education]
* [http://www.pci.nic.in/ Pharmacy Council of India]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:L.J. Institute of Engineering and Technology}}
[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]
[[Category:Pharmacy schools in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Ahmedabad]]

Peppers TV

2026-02-12T23:14:34Z

MartiHaight78: put up some post first draft

{{Short description|Indian Tamil-language TV channel}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=December 2016}}
{{notability|General|date=October 2015}}
}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Peppers TV
| logo = Logo_of_Peppers_TV.jpg
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| image =
| launch_date = 9 Oct 2011
| closed_date =
| picture_format = [[576i]] ([[SDTV]]), [[HDTV]]
| network =
| owner = Peppers Media Pvt Ltd
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| area = India, Asia, USA, UK, UAE,
| affiliates =
| headquarters = No.5, Nandanam Extension, 1st Street, First floor, Nandanam, [[Chennai]], [[India]]
| former_names =
| replaced =
| replaced_by =
| sister_channels =
| timeshift_service =
| terr_serv_1 = DD Free dish
| terr_chan_1 = 58
| sat_radio_chan_1 =
| adsl serv 1 =
| adsl chan 1 =
| 3gmobile serv 1 =
}}

'''Peppers TV''' is an Indian Tamil language general entertainment private broadcast television network that is owned by the Peppers Media Pvt Ltd. The channel currently broadcast from Peppers TV House, Nandanam, Chennai.

== Satellite ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Satellite<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pepperstv.com/downlink.html|title = Peppers entertainment television - turn on the heat!}}</ref>
| IS-17-(66.0E)
|-
| Modulation
| 8PSK
|-
| Downlink polarization
| Horizontal
|-
| FEC
| 3/4
|-
| Downlink frequency
|3932 MHz
|-
| Symbol rate
|18333 KSPS
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2015]]
[[Category:Television stations in Chennai]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

{{India-tv-stub}}

Isaac Vanmalsawma

2026-01-25T07:59:15Z

MartiHaight78:

{{short description|Indian footballer (born 1996)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Isaac Vanmalsawma
| image =
| fullname = Issac Vanmalsawma Chhakchhuak
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|9|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Lunglei]], [[Mizoram]], India
| height = {{height|m=1.69}}
| currentclub = [[SC Delhi]]
| clubnumber = 28
| position = [[Midfielder#Central midfielder|Central midfielder]]
| youthyears1 = 2012–2014
| youthclubs1 = [[AIFF Elite Academy]]
| years1 = 2014–2017
| clubs1 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| caps1 = 24
| goals1 = 3
| years2 = 2017–2018
| clubs2 = [[FC Pune City|Pune City]]
| caps2 = 12
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2018–2019
| clubs3 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| caps3 = 13
| goals3 = 1
| years4 = 2019–2021
| clubs4 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| caps4 = 25
| goals4 = 1
| years5 = 2021–2024
| clubs5 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| caps5 = 40
| goals5 = 1
| years6 = 2024
| clubs6 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| caps6 = 0
| goals6 = 0
| years7 = 2024–2025
| clubs7 = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| caps7 = 6
| goals7 = 0
| clubs8 = [[SC Delhi]]
| years8 = 2025–
| caps8 = 0
| goals8 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2013
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-20 football team|India U19]]
| nationalcaps1 = 3
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| nationalyears2 = 2016–
| nationalteam2 = [[India national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps2 = 1
| nationalgoals2 = 0
| club-update = 17:24, 6 December 2024 (IST)
| ntupdate =
}}

'''Issac Vanmalsawma Chhakchhuak''' (born 15 September 1996) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Midfielder#Central midfielder|central midfielder]]. He currently plays for [[SC Delhi]] in [[Indian Super League]].

==Club career==
===Shillong Lajong===
In 2014, Isaac signed on the dotted lines for Shillong lajong. In [[2015–16 I-League]] season he was registered with senior team and there he has played 5 matches in entire season.

====2016–17 season====
In [[2016–17 I-League]] season, Lajong coach [[Thangboi Singto]] used Isaac as offensive midfielder and sometimes as a right winger. He played all matches and scored on two occasions. Isaac was instrumental part of Shillong Lajong squad which showed decent performance throughout 2016–17 season.

===Pune City===
On 23 July 2017, Isaac has been picked up by FC Pune City for 2017–18 ISL season.

===Chennaiyin===
In June 2018, Isaac has signed with [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]] for two year deal. Issac scored his maiden goal in ISL with the Marina Machans against [[ATK FC|ATK]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://footballexpress.in/odisha-fc-to-sign-isaac-vanmalsawma-from-jamshedpur-fc-isl/|title=Odisha FC to sign Isaac Vanmalsawma from Jamshedpur FC|access-date=6 June 2021|website=Football Express|language=en|archive-date=7 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607082344/https://footballexpress.in/odisha-fc-to-sign-isaac-vanmalsawma-from-jamshedpur-fc-isl/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==International career==
===Youth===
In October 2013, Isaac went to Qatar to represent India U19 in AFC U19 Championship Qualifiers. Where he played all 3 matches under coach Colm Toal.

===Senior===
Isaac has been included in the national team setup since a very young age and is a very versatile player, playing either on the wing or as offensive midfielder. He made his India debut against Bhutan. Isaac was called for India senior team camp for [[2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification – third round|AFC Asian Cup Qualifiers]] match against Kyrgyzstan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/national-team-preparatory-camp-kicks-off-in-mumbai|title=NATIONAL TEAM PREPARATORY CAMP KICKS-OFF IN MUMBAI|website=the-aiff.com|access-date=23 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204414/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/national-team-preparatory-camp-kicks-off-in-mumbai|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career statistics ==
=== Club ===
{{updated|13 April 2023}}<ref>{{soccerway|issac-vanmalsawma/431823}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|[[2015–16 I-League|2015–16]]
| rowspan="2" |[[I-League]]
|6||1||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||6||1
|-
|[[2016-17 I-League|2016–17]]
|18||2||2{{efn|name=FedCup|Appearance(s) in [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |–||20||2
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!24!!3!!2!!0!!0!!0!!26!!3
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[FC Pune City|Pune City]]
|[[2017–18 Indian Super League|2017–18]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian Super League]]
|12||0||1{{efn|name=SuperCup|Appearance(s) in [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |–||13||0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|[[2018–19 Chennaiyin FC season|2018–19]]
|13||1||1{{efn|name=SuperCup}}||0||6{{efn|name=statsAFCC|Appearance(s) in [[AFC Cup]]}}||1||20||2
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|[[2019–20 Indian Super League|2019–20]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian Super League]]
|9||1|| colspan="2" |–|| colspan="2" |–||9||1
|-
|[[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020–21]]
|16||0|| colspan="2" |–|| colspan="2" |–||16||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!25!!1!!0!!0!!0!!0!!25!!1
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|[[2021–22 Indian Super League|2021–22]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian Super League]]
|20||0|| colspan="2" |–|| colspan="2" |–||20||0
|-
|[[2022–23 Indian Super League|2022–23]]
|20||1||4{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}{{efn|name=SuperCup}}||1|| colspan="2" |–||24||1
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!40!!1!!4!!1!!0!!0!!44!!2
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|[[2023–24 Indian Super League|2023–24]]
|[[Indian Super League]]
| colspan="2" |–|| colspan="2" |–|| colspan="2" |–|| colspan="2" |–
|-
|[[Hyderabad FC]]
|[[2024–25 Indian Super League|2024-25]]
|[[Indian Super League]]
|6
|0
| colspan="2" |–
| colspan="2" |–
|6
|0
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!120!!6!!7!!1!!6!!1!!133!!8
|}
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vanmalsawma, Isaac}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Lunglei]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Shillong Lajong FC players]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Footballers from Mizoram]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:AIFF Academy players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:FC Pune City players]]
[[Category:Chennaiyin FC players]]
[[Category:Jamshedpur FC players]]
[[Category:Odisha FC players]]
[[Category:Punjab FC players]]

Ek Jagah Apni

2026-01-25T06:01:15Z

MartiHaight78: starting post

{{italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
'''''Ek Jagah Apni''''' (एक जगह अपनी, ''A Place of Our Own'') is an [[Indian film]] in [[Hindi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=India chosen as first Country of Honour ever at Cannes Film Market |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1822689 |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> about two trans women, Laila and Roshni, who are evicted and looking for a new home. The pair of characters were portrayed by the trans actresses Manisha Soni and Muskan in their acting debut. The film was produced by Ektara Collective, which is based in [[Bhopal]], India.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Five Indian films to feature in 'Goes to Cannes' section - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/five-indian-films-to-feature-in-goes-to-cannes-section/articleshow/91498740.cms |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=The Times of India |language=en|last1=Lal |first1=Niharika }}</ref> It was screened at the [[Cannes Film Market]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kakade |first=Niraj |date=2022-06-23 |title=Cannes 2022: How Ektara Collective's 'Ek Jagah Apni' Made It From Bhopal To Cannes |url=https://www.mansworldindia.com/entertainment/from-bhopal-to-cannes-how-a-movie-about-trans-women-starring-trans-actors-made-it-to-the-top/ |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=Man's World India |language=en-GB}}</ref> and later premiered at the [[International Film Festival of Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=27th IFFK to screen 184 movies from around 70 countries - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/27th-iffk-to-screen-184-movies-from-around-70-countries/articleshow/95907145.cms |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:Films about transgender women]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:2022 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2020s LGBTQ-related drama films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]

Afghan–Sikh Wars

2026-01-24T18:28:38Z

MartiHaight78: rework article as per guidelines

{{Short description|1748–1837 wars between the Afghan and Sikh empires}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Afghan–Sikh wars
| date = 1748–1837 (Intermittent)
| place = [[Punjab]], [[Kashmir]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
| result =
| combatant1 = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Herat until 1842.svg}} [[Durrani Empire]] (1747–1823)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Afghanistan (1880–1901).svg}} [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Emirate of Kabul]] (1823–1837)
*'''Supported by:'''
*{{flagicon image|FlagofKalat.svg}} [[Khanate of Kalat]]
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Mankera State.png}} [[Nawabs of Mankera|Kingdom of Mankera]]
*[[Principality of Qandahar]]
*[[Sultan Mohammad Khan|Peshawar Sardars]]
}}
| combatant2 = {{plainlist|
*[[File:Sikh Akali flag.svg|24px]] [[Dal Khalsa (Sikh Empire)|Dal Khalsa]] (1748–1765)
*[[File:Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg|24px|link=]] [[Sikh Confederacy]] (1765–1799)
*[[File:Sikh Empire flag.svg|24px|link=]] [[Sikh Empire]] (1799–1837)
}}
| commander1 = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Herat until 1842.svg}} [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]]
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Herat until 1842.svg}} [[Jahan Khan (Afghan general)|Jahan Khan]]
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Herat until 1842.svg}} [[Timur Shah Durrani]]
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Herat until 1842.svg}} [[Mir Mannu|Moin-ul-Mulk]]
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Herat until 1842.svg}} [[Zaman Shah Durrani]]
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Herat until 1842.svg}} [[Fateh Khan Barakzai]]
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Herat until 1842.svg}} [[Zain Khan Sirhindi|Zain Khan]]{{Executed}}
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Herat until 1842.svg}} Abdus khan{{POW}}
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Herat until 1842.svg}} Jangbaz khan{{POW}}
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Herat until 1842.svg}} Usman Khan{{KIA}}
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Herat until 1842.svg}} Muhiuddin Khan{{KIA}}
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Herat until 1842.svg}} Hamid Khan{{POW}}
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Herat until 1842.svg}} Buland Khan{{KIA}}
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Herat until 1842.svg}} Jamal Shah{{KIA}}
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Herat until 1842.svg}} Mir Nimat Khan{{KIA}}
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Herat until 1842.svg}} Ataullah Khan{{KIA}}
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Herat until 1842.svg}} [[Nawab Muzaffar Khan]]{{KIA}}
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Afghanistan (1880–1901).svg}} [[Dost Mohammad Khan]]
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Afghanistan (1880–1901).svg}} [[Sultan Mohammad Khan]]
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Afghanistan (1880–1901).svg}} [[Azim Khan]]
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Afghanistan (1880–1901).svg}} [[Wazir Akbar Khan]]
*{{flagicon image|FlagofKalat.svg}} [[Mir Nasir Khan I]]
}}
| commander2 = {{plainlist|
*[[File:Sikh Akali flag.svg|24px]] [[Deep Singh|Akali Baba Deep Singh]]{{KIA}}
*[[File:Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg|24px|link=]] [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]]
*[[File:Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg|25px]] [[Jassa Singh Ramgarhia|Jassa Singh Ramgharia]]
*[[File:Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg|24px|link=]] [[Hari Singh Dhillon]]
*[[File:Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg|24px|link=]] [[Charat Singh]]
*[[File:Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg|24px|link=]] [[Jai Singh Kanhaiya]]
*[[File:Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg|24px|link=]] [[Maha Singh]]
*[[File:Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg|24px|link=]] [[Sukha Singh]]{{KIA}}<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SoNXuXIkfS4C&dq=Sukha+Singh+killed&pg=PA474 | isbn=9788126019991 | title=Sant Singh Sekhon: Selected Writings | year=2005 | publisher=Sahitya Akademi }}</ref>
*[[File:Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg|24px|link=]] [[Baba Gurbaksh Singh]]{{KIA}}<ref name="Harbans Singh">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Harbans |title=The Encycl opedia of Sikhism Volume II E-L |date=2011 |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala |isbn=978-81-7380-204-1 |pages=131–132 |edition=3rd |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiE-l/page/131/mode/2up |access-date=13 January 2023}}</ref>
*[[File:Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg|24px|link=]] [[Ala Singh]]
*[[File:Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg|24px|link=]] [[Jhanda Singh Dhillon]]
*[[File:Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg|24px|link=]] [[Baghel Singh]]
*[[File:Sikh Empire flag.jpg|25px]][[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]
*[[File:Sikh Empire flag.jpg|25px]] [[Datar Kaur|Maharani Datar Kaur]]
*[[File:Sikh Empire flag.jpg|25px]] [[Dewan Mokham Chand]]
*[[File:Sikh Empire flag.jpg|25px]] [[Misr Diwan Chand]]
*[[File:Sikh Empire flag.jpg|25px]] [[Hari Singh Nalwa]]{{KIA}}
*[[File:Sikh Empire flag.jpg|25px]] [[Jodh Singh Ramgarhia]]
*[[File:Sikh Empire flag.jpg|25px]][[Kharak Singh]]
*[[File:Sikh Empire flag.jpg|25px]] [[Tej Singh]]
*[[File:Sikh Empire flag.jpg|25px]] [[Mahan Singh Mirpuri]]
*[[File:Sikh Empire flag.jpg|25px]] [[Khushal Singh Jamadar]]
*[[File:Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg|24px|link=]] [[Akali Phula Singh]]{{KIA}}
*[[File:Sikh Empire flag.jpg|25px]] [[Amar Singh Majithia]]{{KIA}}
*[[File:Sikh Empire flag.jpg|25px]] [[Balbhadra Kunwar]]{{KIA}}
*[[File:Sikh Empire flag.jpg|25px]][[Sher Singh]]
}}
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Afghan-Sikh Wars}}
| territory = Sikhs seize [[Multan]], [[Kashmir]], [[Peshawar]] and the [[Khyber Pass]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Jonathan L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=asR9DwAAQBAJ |title=Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present |date=2022-03-08 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-78914-019-4 |language=en|page=142}}</ref>
| image = Afghan-Sikh Wars depiction.jpg
| caption = Historical Sikh depiction of a battle between the Sikhs and the Durranis.
| image_size =
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}

The '''Afghan–Sikh wars''' spanned from 1748 to 1837 in the [[Indian subcontinent]], and saw multiple phases of fighting between the [[Durrani Empire]] and the [[Sikh Empire]] (and its predecessors), mainly in and around [[Punjab region]]. The conflict's origins stemmed from the days of the [[Dal Khalsa (Sikh Army)|Dal Khalsa]], and continued after the [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Emirate of Kabul]] succeeded the Durrani Empire.

__TOC__

== Background ==
The [[Sikh Confederacy]] had effectively achieved independence from the [[Mughal Empire]] in 1716,{{Dubious|date=January 2026|reason=Dubious claim about the Sikh achieving independence from the Mughals in 1716. Banda Singh Bahadur's rebellion had been crushed in December 1715. It would take the Sikhs over a decade after retreating to jungles, deserts, and mountains to relaunch concerted military campaigns, starting with Tara Singh Wan in 1726.}} and expanded at its expense in the following decades, despite the [[Chhota Ghallughara]]. The [[Afsharid dynasty|Afsharid]] [[Persians|Persian]] emperor [[Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire]] (1738–40) dealt a heavy blow to the Mughals, but after [[Nader Shah]]'s death in 1747, [[Ahmed Shah Abdali]], the founder of the [[Durrani Empire]] declared independence from [[Iran|Persia]]. Four years later, this new Afghan state came into conflict with the Sikh alliance.

==Campaigns of Ahmad Shah Abdali==
{{multiple image
| caption_align = center
| header_align = center
| align = right
| total_width = 350
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Portrait of Ahmad Shah Durrani.jpg
| footer = [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] (left) and [[Baba Deep Singh]] (right)
| image2 = Baba Deep Singh mural fresco.jpg
}}
{{Further information|Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani}}

On 12 January 1748, [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] invaded and occupied [[Lahore]],{{sfn|Lansford|2017|p=20}} after the Mughal governor of Lahore, Shah Nawaz Khan, fled to Delhi.<ref name="dupree">{{Cite book|title=Afghanistan|last1=Dupree|first1=Louis|year=2014|publisher= Princeton University Press|isbn= 9781400858910|page=335|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yvr_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA335}}</ref> Establishing a governor over Lahore, Ahmad marched his army east taking more territory,{{sfn|Lansford|2017|p=20}} but was defeated at the [[Battle of Manupur (1748)|Battle of Manupur]] by Mughals in alliance with Sikhs<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/BabaAlaSingh/page/44/mode/2up|title=Baba Ala Singh|year=2005}}</ref> and fled back to Kandahar.<ref name="dupree" /> Sikh bands under [[Charat Singh]], [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]] and [[Ala Singh]] continued to harass Durrani forces as they retreated. Thus, the first invasion of Shah proved a failure but it gave an opportunity to the Sikhs to organize themselves into the [[Dal Khalsa (Sikh Army)|Dal Khalsa]], an army of the Sikh Confederacy, at [[Amritsar]] in March 1748.<ref name="Mehta">{{Cite book|title=Advanced study in the history of modern India 1707–1813|last1=Mehta|first1=J. L.|year=2005|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-1-932705-54-6|page=251|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA250 |access-date=2010-09-23}}</ref> The Sikhs retook Lahore only to lose it to the Afghans by 12 April 1752.{{sfn|Lansford|2017|p=20}}

The Sikhs used [[guerilla warfare]] to try to oust the Afghans from Punjab.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=126}} In November 1757, the Sikhs were defeated by the Afghan army at [[Battle of Amritsar (1757)|Battle of Amritsar]] (also known as the Battle of Gohalwar), under the command of [[Timur Shah Durrani|Timur Shah]] Durrani, son of Ahmad Shah Durrani.{{sfn|Grewal|2008|p=91}} After witnessing the fall of Lahore, the Durrani commander-in-chief Jahan Khan and Timur Shah fled the city, and while trying to cross the [[Chenab River|Chenab]] and [[Ravi River|Ravi]] rivers, thousands of Afghan soldiers were drowned and much of the soldiers' baggage abandoned.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=126}} Sikhs took the captured Afghan prisoners to Amritsar to clean the sacred pool in Amritsar that was desecrated by the Afghans.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=126}} In 1758, the Sikhs defeated the Afghan [[faujdar]] (military officer) Sa‘adat Khan Afridi, who fled from [[Jalandhar]], followed with the defeat of Afghan army from all direction. Though the Sikhs captured and plundered Lahore,<ref name="grewal" /> the Afghans recaptured Lahore in 1761, but just within a couple of months, in May 1761, the Sikh army defeated the Afghan army, led by Ahmad Shah's governor of the Chahar Mahal, followed with defeat and surrender of relief party sent from [[Kandahar]].{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=128}} Thereafter, Sikhs captured Lahore.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=128}} In September 1761, near [[Gujranwala]], Ahmad Shah Durrani's governor of the province of Lahore, was defeated by the Sikhs, continued with the defeat and ousting of the remaining commanders of Durrani's, eventually bringing the entire territories from the Satluj to the Indus, under Sikh occupation, along with Bist Jalandhar Doab, Sarhind, Rachna and the Chaj Doabs.<ref name="grewal" /> Ahmad Shah lost most of the Punjab to Sikhs.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=128}}

In October 1762, Ahmad Shah Durrani attacked Amritsar.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=129}} At Gujranwala, Jahan Khan was heavily defeated by the Sikhs, who then continued their victory by sacking the towns of Malerkotla and Morinda,{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=129}} followed with the defeat of the commander of Rohtas Fortress, Sarbaland Khan Saddozai, who was captured and imprisoned but later released after consenting to the Sikh sovereignty.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=129}} The reports of catastrophe enraged Ahmad Shah and wrote to Nasir Khan, beglar begi of Khalat, to join him in jihad (holy war) against the Sikhs, to destroy them and to enslave their women and children, but Ahmad Shah's march to Punjab in 1764, resulted in failure of Jihad with the defeat, ambush and ousting of advance guards by the Sikhs outside of Lahore.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=129}} In 1765, Ahmad Shah marched again to Punjab with Qazi Mur Muhammad but his authority was only restricted within his camp as he remained on the defensive side with Sikhs swarming around the camp, which eventually resulted in Ahmad Shah's return to Kabul without pursuing even a single battle, where the Qazi noticed with disappointment that the country from Sirhind to Derajat was divided amongst the Sikhs with their sovereignty<ref name="grewal">{{Cite book|title=The Sikhs of the Punjab Volumes 2-3|last1=Grewal|first1=J. S.|year=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=91–93|isbn=9780521637640|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC&pg=PA91}}</ref> The Sikh sovereignty was further acknowledged in Lahore by striking a coin which pierced the same inscription that fifty five years ago was used by Banda Singh Bahadur on his seal, followed with re-establishment of 13 Sikh rule.<ref name="grewal" />

The Sikhs would also capture [[Multan]] in 1772.<ref name="pak">{{Cite book|title=Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society Volume 39|author=Pakistan Historical Society|year=1991|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|page=146|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPdtAAAAMAAJ|quote=During the life time of Ahmad Shāh Abdali, the Sikhs under Jhanda Singh and Lahna Singh succeeded in capturing Multan on 5th January 1772}}</ref><ref name="Sughra">{{cite journal |last1=Sughra |first1=Bibi |title=Peshawar under the AFGHANS (1753-1819) |journal=PRR |date=1994 |page=162 |url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5209/1/188.pdf |access-date=4 October 2021}}</ref> The period after this would be known as the "Sikh Interlude Period", from 1772 to 1780.{{sfn|Sughra|1994|page=162}}

==Campaigns of Timur Shah==
{{main|Battle of Rohtas (1779)|Battle of Shujabad (1780)|Siege of Multan (1780)|}}
[[File:Afghan royal soldiers of the Durrani Empire.jpg|thumb|Depiction of [[Durrani Empire|Durrani]] Soldiers by [[James Rattray]]. {{circa|1847}}]]
Timur Shah ascended to the throne of the [[Durrani Empire]] after his father, [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]]'s death.<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Khan Malik |first1=Ajmal |title=UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR, PAKISTAN |date=1993 |volume=01 |page=158 |publisher=University of Peshawar, Pakistan |url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/6261 |access-date=4 December 2021|type=Thesis }}</ref> Timur Shah consolidated his rule through multiple attempts, and also attempted an earlier campaign in 1775, however realizing the weakness of his army in view of smaller in number, Timur Shah retired to [[Peshawar]] which proceeded with rebellion by Faizullah Khan,{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=236}} who plotted to assassinate Timur Shah but was cunningly executed.{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=237}} In late 1779, Timur Shah decided to conquer [[Multan]].{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=238}} Due to Sikhs having been in possession of the provinces of [[Lahore]] and Multan, these provinces served as a barrier for any attempt by Timur Shah to invade, many chiefs and nobility, dependencies of Durranis, paid no respect to the Durrani sovereignty, such as [[Sindh|Sind]] which reduced the amount of tribute and hardly paid it, mostly due to its concurrent civil war between the [[Talpur]]s, and the [[Kalhora dynasty|Kalhoras]]; [[Nasir I of Kalat|Nasir Khan Balouch]], the ruler of the Khanate of Kalat under Timur Shah did not acknowledge the authority of Afghan monarch, as a result, inducing other Durrani chiefdoms to do the same, including the chief of [[Bahawalpur]], who treated the authority of Timur Shah with no respect.<ref name="gupta">{{Cite book|last=Gupta|first=Hari Ram|title= Studies In Later Mughal History Of The Punjab 1707-1793|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.73329/page/n261/mode/2up|publisher= Sang-e-Meel Publications|isbn=9789693507560|pages=237–240|date=2000}}</ref> Timur Shah thereupon tried to recover Multan by diplomacy and therefore sent Haji Ali Khan, as his agent, along with companions, to the Bhangi Sikh Chiefs to negotiate, with advice to behave and be polite, but instead, Haji Ali Khan threatened the Bhangi Chiefs to retire from Multan or face the royal wrath. The Bhangis tied Haji to the tree and shot him dead whereas his companions were left unharmed and sent back to report to Timur.<ref name="gupta" /> Upon the news of death of his agent, Timur Shah detached a force of 18,000 men that included [[Yusufzai|Yusafzais]], [[Durrani]]s, [[Army of the Mughal Empire|Mughals]] and [[Qizilbash|Qizalbashes]] under general Zangi Khan,<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Muhammad Khan |first1=Ashiq |title=THE LAST PHASE OF MUSLIM RULE IN MULTAN (1752 - 1818) |date=1998 |issue=1 |page=157 |publisher=University of Multan, MULTAN |url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/5209 |access-date=4 December 2021|type=Thesis }}</ref> with orders to march by less known routes and fall upon the Sikhs unaware and Zangi Khan gave strict orders to his army to keep the movement secret. Zangi Khan halted 25 km from the Sikh camps with orders to imprison anyone who goes in the direction of the Sikh camp to make the Sikhs aware of their presence. Timur Shah positioned himself in the centre, at the head of 5,000 Yusafzai men.<ref name="har">{{Cite book|author=Hari Ram Gupta|title= History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Commonwealth|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhsVol.IvTheSikhCommonwealthOrRiseAndFallOfSikh/page/n445/mode/2up|publisher= Munshirm Manoharlal Pub Pvt Ltd|isbn=9788121501651|pages=432–435|date=2001}}</ref> Little before daybreak, early morning, the Sikhs completely unaware of Afghan army's presence, were attacked, and though unorganized, the Sikhs gave tough resistance but were eventually overwhelmed. About 3000 Sikhs were killed, and 500 others drowned in river [[Jhelum]] in trying to cross it during the Sikh retreat, while 2000 escaped by successfully reaching the opposite bank of the river.{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=240}} Following the victory, Timur Shah Durrani captured Multan after meeting the relieving Sikh force in [[Shujabad]] where a severe battle was fought on 8 February 1780. The Sikhs lost 2,000 men in killed and wounded and proceeded to flee towards Lahore. Timur sent a large army in pursuit of them and managed to overtake them at Hujra Muqim Khan, 64 km south west of Lahore. After this successful juncture, Timur hurried from Shujabad to Multan and ordered a general massacre in the city and besieged the fort in which the Sikh army was residing.<ref name="har" /> Negotiations were held and with the acceptance of conditions, Timur took over the fort on 18 February 1780, following which Timur Shah appointed Muzaffar Khan as the [[Subahdar|Nazim]] of Multan and Abdul Karim Khan Babar, a defected Muslim general of the Sikh army was appointed as Naib (Chief officer) of Muzaffar Khan.{{sfn|Muhammad Khan|1998|p=158}} Multan would remain under Afghan rule until its loss in 1818 to the Sikh Empire, during the [[Siege of Multan (1818)|Siege of Multan]].

This phase ended with the death of Timur Shah on 20 May 1793, leading his successor, [[Zaman Shah Durrani]] to ascend to the [[Durrani Empire|Durrani]] throne.

==Campaigns of Zaman Shah==
[[File:Emperor Zaman Shah Durrani of Afghanistan.jpg|left|thumb|[[Zaman Shah Durrani]]]]
[[Zaman Shah Durrani]] ascended to the [[Durrani Empire|Durrani]] throne after his father, Timur Shah died on 20 May 1793. Zaman Shah lead multiple campaigns of Punjab against the Sikhs. His first campaign was in November 1796.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=159}}

=== First campaign of Punjab ===
Zaman Shah's campaign of Punjab in 1796 against the Sikhs, led to capture of [[Lahore]] in January 1797,{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=160}} without any opposition as the Sikh chiefs retired to Amritsar to protect the holy city.<ref name="jas">{{cite book |author=Jaswant Lal Mehta|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813|date=2005 |page=680|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA680|publisher= New Dawn Press, Incorporated|isbn=9781932705546}}</ref> Zaman Shah progressed towards Amritsar on 13 January 1797, where he was defeated by the Sikhs, 10 km away from the city.<ref name="ton">{{cite book |author=Tony Jaques|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O|date=2007 |page=419|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh6jydKXikoC&pg=PA419|publisher= Greenwood Press|isbn= 9780313335389}}</ref> As intelligence from Kabul had warned of a possible Persian invasion of main [[Afghanistan]], Zaman Shah was forced to abandon his first Punjab campaign and return home to mobilize an army to combat this threat, headed by his own brother, [[Mahmud Shah Durrani]]. The Sikhs recaptured Lahore as he left.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=160}} After retreat, he left his deputy general, Ahmad Khan Shahanchi-bashi in charge, along with Afghan soldiers but he too was defeated and killed by the Sikhs.<ref name="jean">{{cite book |author=Jean Marie Lafont|title= Maharaja Ranjit Singh|date=2002 |page=17|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YrG_aJTgnw0C&pg=PA17|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>

===Second campaign of Punjab===
Having dealt with [[Mahmud Shah Durrani]] for the time being, Zaman Shah returned to [[Punjab]] and resumed his campaign once again, occupying [[Lahore]]{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=161}} in autumn of 1798, without opposition, as it was strategy of Ranjit Singh to drive them into Lahore and then lay siege to the city.<ref name="jan">{{cite book |author=Jann Tibbets|title=50 Great Military Leaders of All Time|date=2016 |page=460|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lsHLDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT460|publisher= Vij Books India Private Limited|isbn=9789385505669}}</ref> Zaman Shah intended to march on Delhi but the Sikhs laid waste around 150 km of his camp to stop supplies and engaged in skirmishes. Facing determined foe who could cut off his communication with Kabul, Shah Zaman exercised discretion and returned to Afghanistan with his troops on 4 January 1799.<ref name="jas" /> Bhangi Sikh Misl recaptured Lahore.<ref name="pat">{{cite book |author=Patwant Singh|title=The Sikhs|date=2007 |page=95|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=27XYeylUzWwC&pg=PT95|publisher=Crown Publishing Group|isbn=9780307429339}}</ref> Zaman Shah then appointed 19 yr old [[Ranjit Singh]] as governor of Lahore to try to divide the Sikhs and returned to Peshawar where Sikhs all along harried the Afghans to river Jhelum. While crossing the river, Zaman Shah lost most men, supplies and heavy artillery due to upsurge. Eventually, Shah Zaman and his remaining army reached [[Kandahar]] in late 1799, exhausted from the campaign.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=161}}

===Third campaign of Punjab===
Zaman Shah set out his third campaign of [[Punjab]] in the spring of 1800, plotted to deal with a rebellious [[Ranjit Singh]]. However, having civil strife in Afghanistan, he was forced to cut his campaign short, having to deal with his brother, [[Mahmud Shah Durrani]] once again. Shah Zaman would not return to Punjab, and he would be deposed by Mahmud Shah.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=162}}

==Campaigns of Maharaja Ranjit Singh==
{{main|Battle of Attock}}

{{multiple image
| caption_align = center
| header_align = center
| align = right
| total_width = 350
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Painting of Maharaja Ranjit Singh seated and wearing red robe with natural scenery in background.jpg
| footer = [[Ranjit Singh]] (left) and [[Dost Mohammad Khan]] (right)
| image2 = Amir-Dost-Muhammad-Khan.jpg
}}

[[File:Oil painting of Hari Singh Nalwa displayed in the Lahore Museum.jpg|thumb|[[Hari Singh Nalwa]]]]
In 1813, after demanding the return of the fort at Attock, the Durrani prime minister Wazir Fateh Khan besieged Attock.{{sfn|Singh|1999|p=235}} A Punjabi relief force arrived and for three months the two armies faced each other, neither side moving.{{sfn|Singh|1999|p=235}} As the heat from summer started to affect the armies, [[Dewan Mokham Chand]] marched his army to block the Afghans from getting water from the river.{{sfn|Singh|1999|p=235}} Without water the Afghan troops began to suffer dehydration, so they launched attack after attack towards the river, but were unable to break through.{{sfn|Singh|1999|p=235}} Chand, realizing the Afghans were weakened, charged his cavalry at the Afghans who broke and ran, losing two thousand men.{{sfn|Singh|1999|p=235}}

Accusing Ranjit Singh of treachery, Fateh Khan set off from Kashmir at the head of 15,000 [[cavalry]]<ref>{{harvnb|Prakash|2002|page=329}}</ref> in April 1813 and [[Investment (military)|invested]] Attock Fort.<ref name="Griffin192">{{harvnb|Griffin|1892|page=192}}</ref> At the same time Ranjit Singh rushed Dewan Mokham Chand and Karam Chand Chahal from [[Burhan, Pakistan|Burhan]] with a force of cavalry, artillery, and a [[battalion]] of infantry to meet the Afghans.<ref name="Prakash330">{{harvnb|Prakash|2002|page=330}}</ref>

[[Dewan Mokham Chand]] Nayyar encamped {{convert|8|mi|km}} from the Afghan camp,<ref name="MGregor170">{{harvnb|M'Gregor|1846|page=170}}</ref> unwilling to risk a decisive engagement, although both sides engaged in numerous skirmishes and took losses. On 12 July 1813, the Afghans' supplies were exhausted and Dewan Mokham Chand Nayyar marched {{convert|8|km|mi}} from Attock to Haidaru, on the banks of the Indus River, to offer battle. On 13 July 1813, Dewan Mokham Chand Nayyar split the cavalry into four divisions, giving command of one division to Hari Singh Nalwa and taking command of one division himself. The lone battalion of infantry formed an [[infantry square]] protecting the artillery, with Gouse Khan commanding the artillery.<ref name="Prakash330" /> The Afghans took up positions opposite the Sikhs, with a portion of their cavalry under the command of [[Dost Mohammad Khan]].

Fateh Khan opened the battle by sending his [[Pathans]] on a [[cavalry charge]] which was repulsed by heavy fire from the Sikh artillery.<ref name="Prakash330" /> The Afghans rallied under Dost Mohammad Khan, who led the Ghazis on another cavalry charge which threw one wing of the Sikh army into disarray and captured some artillery.<ref name="Griffin192" /> When it appeared the Sikhs had lost the battle, Dewan Mokham Chand led a cavalry charge atop a [[war elephant]] that repulsed the Afghans "at all points",<ref name="MGregor170" /> and [[rout]]ed the remaining Afghan troops.<ref name="Jaques81">{{harvnb|Jaques|2006|page=81}}</ref> Fateh Khan, fearing his brother, Dost Mohammad Khan, had died, escaped to Kabul and the Sikhs captured the Afghan camp, including the lost artillery pieces.<ref>{{harvnb|Prakash|2002|pp=330–331}}</ref>

Two months after the victory at Attock, Ranjit Singh decided to capitalize on instability in the Durrani Kingdom, and launched a campaign to take [[Kashmir]] from the Durrani Empire.{{sfn|Singh|1999|p=238}} A late Autumn start postponed the campaign until the next spring.{{sfn|Singh|1999|p=238}} By June, an army of 30,000 men under the command of Ram Dyal, grandson of [[Dewan Mokham Chand]], marched toward Baramulla, with a pincer attack of 20,000 men led by Ranjit Singh marching to Poonch.{{sfn|Singh|1999|p=238}}

Ranjit's force was delayed by torrential rains, while Ram Dyal's army took the fortress of Baramulla on 20 July 1814.{{sfn|Singh|1999|p=238}} When Dyal's army reached Shupaiyan, the governor of Kashmir, [[Azim Khan]] blocked his advance.{{sfn|Singh|1999|p=238-239}} Fighting a delaying action, Dyal waited on a reinforcement of 5,000 men from Ranjit.{{sfn|Singh|1999|p=239}} These reinforcements were forced to a standstill by Afghan snipers.{{sfn|Singh|1999|p=239}}

Ranjit Singh's force made little progress.{{sfn|Singh|1999|p=239}} Faced with a scorched earth from the fleeing populace, food supplies became a major issue for his army, followed by a cholera outbreak.{{sfn|Singh|1999|p=239}} Meanwhile, Ram Dyal, who was entrenched near [[Srinagar]], received a proposal from Azim Khan for a negotiated peace and was able to extricate himself from a difficult situation.{{sfn|Singh|1999|p=239}} Ranjit Singh's campaign ended in failure.{{sfn|Singh|1999|p=239}}

[[Amritsar]], Lahore, and other large cities across the Sikh Empire were illuminated for two months afterwards in rejoicing over the victory.<ref>{{harvnb|M'Gregor|1846|page=171}}</ref> After his defeat at Attock, Fateh Khan fought off an attempt by [[Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar|Ali Shah]], the ruler of [[Persia]], and his son [[Dowlatshah|Ali Mirza]] to capture the [[Durrani Empire|Durrani]] province of [[Herat]], which left their newly captured province of Kashmir open to attack.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The English in Afghanistan |journal=The North American Review |volume=277–230 |issue=2 |pages=54 |publisher=University of Northern Iowa |location=Cedar Falls, Iowa |year=1929 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UX4FAAAAQAAJ&q=battle%20of%20attock&pg=PA54}}
</ref>

===Siege of Multan===
{{main|Siege of Multan (1818)}}

[[File:Raja Fateh Singh Ahluwalia of Kapurthala.jpg|thumb|[[Raja]] [[Fateh Singh Ahluwalia]] of Kapurthala]]
In early January the Sikh force began their campaign with the capture of [[Nawab Muzaffar Khan]]'s forts at [[Muzaffargarh]] and [[Khangarh, Punjab|Khangarh]]. In February, the Sikh force under [[Kharak Singh]] reached Multan and ordered Muzaffar to pay the large [[tribute]] he owed and to surrender the fort, but Muzaffar refused. The Sikh forces won an engagement near the city but were unable to capture Muzaffar before he retreated into the fort. The Sikh army asked for more artillery and Ranjit Singh sent them the [[Zamzama]] and other large artillery pieces, which commenced fire on the walls of the fort. In early June, Sadhu Singh and a small band of other [[Nihang|Akalis]] attacked the fort walls and discovered a breach in the wall. As they ran in to battle the unaware garrison the larger Sikh army was alerted and entered the fort through the breach. Muzaffar and his sons attempted a [[sortie]] to defend the fort but were killed in the battle.

The siege of Multan ended significant [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] influence in the [[Peshawar]] region and led to multiple Sikh attempts at capturing and the final capture of Peshawar.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sandhu|first=Autar Singh|title=General Hari Singh Nalwa 1791–1837|year=1935|pages=10}}</ref>

===Battle of Shopian===
{{main|Battle of Shopian}}
The battle took place in the [[Shopian district|Shopian]] region in the [[Kashmir]] region. This battle included the 1819 Kashmir expedition, which led to Kashmir being annexed to the [[Sikh Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chopra|first=Gulshan Lall|title=The Panjab as a Sovereign State, Lahore: Uttar Chand Kapur and Sons|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=26}}</ref>

When the Sikh army entered the city of [[Srinagar]] after the battle, Prince Kharak Singh guaranteed the personal safety of every citizen and ensured the city was not plundered. The peaceful capture of Srinagar was important as Srinagar, besides having a large [[Shawl]]-making industry, was also the center of trade between [[Punjab region|Panjab]], [[Tibet]], [[Skardu|Iskardo]], and [[Ladakh]].<ref name="Chopra26">{{harvp|Chopra|1928|page=26}}</ref>

After taking Srinagar, the Sikh army faced no major opposition in conquering [[Kashmir]]. However, when Ranjit Singh installed Moti Ram, the son of Dewan Mokham Chand, as the new governor of Kashmir, he also sent a "large body of troops" with him to ensure tribute from strongholds within Kashmir that might attempt to resist Sikh rule.<ref name="Prinsep53">{{harvp|Prinsep|Prinsep|1846|p=53}}</ref> The capture of Kashmir set the boundaries and borders of the Sikh Empire with [[Tibet]]. The conquest of Kashmir marked an "extensive addition" to the Sikh Empire and "significantly" increased the empire's revenue and landmass.<ref name="Chopra26" />

===Battle of Nowshera===
{{main|Battle of Nowshera}} The battle took place on 14 March 1823, in the bloody battle of Nowshera, Ranjit Singh led Sikh force's defeated [[Yusufzai]] Afghan supported by the Peshawar sardars. [[Azim Khan]] [[Barakzai]] died shortly after the battle from [[cholera]].{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=185}}

===Battle of Jamrud===
{{main|Battle of Jamrud}}The [[Battle of Jamrud]] was the foremost battle within the third Afghan–Sikh war. The result of the battle is disputed amongst historians. Some contend the failure of the Afghans to take the fort and the city of [[Peshawar]] or town of [[Jamrud]] as a victory for the Sikhs. On the other hand, some state that the killing of [[Hari Singh Nalwa]] resulted in an Afghan victory. James Norris, Professor of Political Science at Texas A&M International University, states that the battle's outcome was inconclusive.<ref name="Lafont">{{cite book |author=Jean Marie Lafont |title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YrG_aJTgnw0C&dq=battle+of+jamrud&pg=PA43 |year=2002 |page=43|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri }}</ref><ref name="Vanit1">{{citation |last1=Nalwa |first1=Vanit |title=Hari Singh Nalwa, "champion of the Khalsaji" (1791-1837) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ULhgNexD92QC |year=2009 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=9788173047855 |pages=177–317}}</ref>
[[File:Maharajah Sher Singh receiving Dost Muhammad Khan-Amir of Kabul in Lahore, Punjab, circa 1850 painting.jpg|center|thumb|300x300px|[[Maharaja]] [[Sher Singh]] receives [[Emir]] [[Dost Mohammad Khan]] ]]

==See also==
* [[List of battles involving the Sikh Empire]]
* [[Pashtun tribes]]
* [[Nepal–Sikh war]]
* [[Sino-Sikh war]]
* [[First Anglo-Sikh war]]
* [[Second Anglo-Sikh war]]

==References==
<ref>[http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5209/1/188.pdf The last phase of Muslim phase in Multan]</ref>
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{citation |last=Chopra |first=Gulshan Lall |title=The Panjab as a Sovereign State |year=1928 |publisher=Uttar Chand Kapur and Sons |location=Lahore}}
*{{cite book |last=Dupree |first=Louis |title=Afghanistan |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1980 }}
*{{cite book |last=Glover |first=William J. |title=Making Lahore Modern: Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |year=2008 }}
*{{cite book |last=Grewal |first=J.S. |year=1990 |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC&q=%22jamadar+khushal+singh%22&pg=PA91 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=91 |isbn=0-521-63764-3 |access-date=15 April 2014 |ref=none }}
*{{Cite book |last=Griffin |first=Lepel Henry |author-link=Lepel Henry Griffin |title=Ranjit Singh |publisher=[[Clarendon Press]] |year=1892 |location=Oxford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNxGAAAAIAAJ}}
*{{cite book |last= Jaques |first= Tony |title= Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A-E |year=2006 |publisher= [[Greenwood Press]] |isbn= 978-0-313-33537-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3amnMPTPP5MC&q=attock }}
*{{Cite book|last=Lansford|first=Tom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxwIDgAAQBAJ&q=kasur+pashtun&pg=PA21|title=Afghanistan at War: From the 18th-Century Durrani Dynasty to the 21st Century|year=2017 |publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781598847604|language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last =M'Gregor |first=William Lewis |title=The history of the Sikhs; containing the lives of the Gooroos; the history of the independent Sirdars, or Missuls, and the life of the great founder of the Sikh monarchy, Maharajah Runjeet Singh |publisher=J. Madden |year=1846 |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/historysikhscon01gregoog}}
*{{cite book |last=Mehta|first=Jaswant Lal |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813 |publisher=New Dawn Press, Inc. |year=2005 }}
*{{cite book |last=Prakash |first=Om |title=Encyclopaedic History of Indian Freedom Movement |year=2002 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-261-0938-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=biAogtjmemYC&pg=PA328 }}
*{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Khushwant |title=A History of the Sikhs |volume= 1, 1469–1839 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999}}
*{{citation |last1=Prinsep |first1=Henry Thoby |author-link1=Henry Thoby Prinsep |last2=Prinsep |first2=James |year=1846 |title=History of the Punjab: And of the Rise, Progress, and Present Condition of the Sect and Nation of the Sikhs (Volume II) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2yO3iqjEdOcC&q=History%20of%20the%20Punjab%20(Volume%202)%20Thoby%20Prinsep%2C%20James%20Prinsep&pg=RA1-PR3 |publisher=Wm. H. Allen and Co. |isbn=978-1-142-34278-4 }}
{{Sikh Empire|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Afghan-Sikh wars}}
[[Category:Wars involving Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Wars involving India]]
[[Category:History of the Durrani Empire]]
[[Category:Sikh military]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Sikhs]]

Chang La

2025-12-27T15:30:04Z

MartiHaight78: update structure additionally and added references

{{Short description|Mountain pass in Ladakh, India}}
{{About|the mountain pass in India|the mountain on the China–Nepal border|Changla}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox mountain pass
| name = Chang La
| photo = ChanglaPass.jpg
| photo_caption =
| map = India Ladakh#India
| map_caption = Location of Chang La in Ladakh
| elevation_m = 5360
| elevation_ref =
| traversed = Road from Indus Valley to [[Pangong Lake]]
| location = [[Ladakh]], [[India]]
| range = [[Himalayas]]
| coordinates = {{coord|34.04704|77.93054|region:IN_type:pass|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| topo =
}}

'''Chang La''' is a high [[mountain pass]] in [[Ladakh]] at an elevation of {{convert|5360|m|ft|abbr=on}} in the [[Great Himalayas|Greater Himalaya]] between [[Leh]] and the [[Shyok River]] valley.<ref name=geonames>{{cite web |url= http://www.geonames.org/1274656/chang-la.html |title= Chang La Pass |author=GeoNames |author-link=GeoNames |access-date=2009-06-17}}</ref><ref name="Jina">{{cite book |last = Jina |first = Prem Singh |location = India |title = Ladakh: The Land & The People |publisher = Indus Publishing |pages = 25–26 |date = 31 August 1998 |url = https://www.holidaymoods.in/leh-ladakh-tour-package |isbn = 978-81-7387-057-6 }} </ref> The Chang La, on [[Leh]] to [[Pangong Lake]] road,<ref name=new2/> lies on the Leh-[[Karu, Ladakh|Karu]]-[[Sakti, Ladakh|Sakti]]-[[Zingral]]-Chang La-[[Durbuk]]-[[Tangtse]]-[[Pangong Lake]] motorable road. Karu, which lies on Leh-[[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]] [[National Highway 3 (India)|NH-3]], connects Chang La and Pangong Lake to Leh and the rest of India. In September 2021, [[Border Roads Organisation|BRO]] opened another alternate motorable asphalt road between Zingral and Tangtse via [[Ke La]] pass ({{convert|5669.28|m|ft|disp=or|abbr=on}}) and [[Taruk]] (also spelled Tharuk).<ref name=new1>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/worlds-highest-motorable-road-18600-ft-inaugurated-ladakh-154665|title=World's highest motorable road at 18600 ft inaugurated in Ladakh|publisher=The News Minute|date=31 August 2021|access-date=21 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=AUTL>{{cite web|url=https://ladakh.nic.in/mp-ladakh-inaugurates-road-connecting-zingral-to-tharuk-tangtse/|title=MP Ladakh inaugurates road connecting Zingral to Tharuk, Tangtse|work=Administration of Union Territory of Ladakh|publisher=Govt of Ladakh|date=September 1, 2021|access-date=September 1, 2021|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203123648/https://ladakh.nic.in/mp-ladakh-inaugurates-road-connecting-zingral-to-tharuk-tangtse/|archive-date=2024-12-03}}</ref>

Chang La is approached from Zingral village by a steeply climbing asphalt road which requires careful driving. The stretch of 10–15 km road on either side of Chang La becomes loose dirt and slush after the winter and requires regular maintenance. During the summer months specifically the tourist season, small streams appear across the road, making the climb a challenge for bikers. The descent from Chang La towards Tangtse or Darbuk is again very steep. Doctors advise not staying at the top for more than 20–25 minutes as it may cause [[altitude sickness]].

== Etymology ==
''Chang La'' literally means "Southern Pass" ("Chang" = South, "La" = Pass) in the [[Tibetic languages|Tibetic language]] of [[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Changla Pass |url=https://www.jktdc.co.in/changla-pass.aspx |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=www.jktdc.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chang La – Gateway to Pangong and Guardian of the Cold → History of Chang La – Gateway to Pangong and Guardian of the Cold |url=https://www.colorstays.in/place/chang-la-pass-ladakh#HowToReach |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=ColorStays |language=en}}</ref>

== Geography ==
The Changla pass is the main gateway for the [[Nubra]] region. The small town of [[Tangste]] is one of the nearest settlements.<ref name=new2/> Zingral is the nearest habitation.

== DRDO research station ==
{{anchor | DRDO | RS | DRDORS | DRDO RS | Research | DRDO Research Station | DRDO research station | Research station | Research Station }}

The [[Defence Institute of High Altitude Research|world's highest research station]], established by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] is functional at Chang La situated at the height of {{convert|17664|ft|m|order=flip}}.<ref name=new2>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/at-17-500-ft-worlds-highest-research-station-becomes-functional-in-ladakh-141003|title=At 17,500 ft, world's highest research station becomes functional in Ladakh|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref>

==Gallery==

<gallery>
File:Chang La prayer flag.jpg|Chang La with prayer flags
File:Chang La, Tea Point.jpg|Chang La, Tea Point, everyone is welcome
File:Chang La pass, Ladakh.JPG|Chang La, Ladakh in 2013
</gallery>

==See also ==
* [[India-China Border Roads]]
* [[Tourism_in_Ladakh#Transport|Transport and tourism in Ladakh]]
* [[List of mountain passes of India]]
* [[List of mountains in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://twitter.com/Ieshan_W/status/1463822067707510789 Video clip of road on Chang La]

{{Ladakh}}
{{Mountain passes of India}}

[[Category:Mountain passes of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Mountain passes of the Himalayas]]
[[Category:Mountain passes of India]]

{{Ladakh-geo-stub}}

Vita, Maharashtra

2025-12-23T12:04:15Z

MartiHaight78:

{{more citations needed|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vita
| other_name = Vite
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17|16|16|N|74|32|16|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sangli district|Sangli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Khanapur (Vita)]]
| governing_body = Vita Municipal Council Mayor - Kajal Sanjay Mhetre
| leader_title = MLA
| leader_name = [[Suhas Babar]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 55.3
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 560
| population_total = 48,289
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census"/>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=26 September 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 415311
| area_code = 91(2347)
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = MH-10
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Sangli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sangli]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MH]]
| footnotes =
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Khanapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Khanapur-Atpadi]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Vita Municipal Corporation
}}

'''Vita''', also known as '''Vite''', is a town and a [[municipal council]] in [[Sangli district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. Vita is also taluka headquarters of Khanapur taluka.<ref>{{cite web|title=State Elections 2004 Candidates Details for 274-Khanapur|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/Sep2004/pollupd/ac/states/S13/Acnstcand274.htm|website=nic.in|access-date=27 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=COMMODITY - Agmarknet|url=http://agmarknet.nic.in/cmm3_home.asp?comm=She%20Buffalo&dt=04/08/2014|website=nic.in|access-date=27 September 2014}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As of the 2011 Indian census, Vita had a population of 48,289, of which 24,692 were males and 23,597 were females. The population in the age group of 0 to 6 years was 5,321. The average literacy rate was 77.65% of which male literacy was 81.58% and the female literacy rate was 73.57%. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] have a population of 6,628 and 402 respectively. There were 10328 households in Vita in 2011.<ref name="Census">{{cite web |title=Census 2011 - Vita (M Cl) |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=642007 |website=Census of India |access-date=26 September 2019}}</ref>

===Languages===
[[Marathi language|Marathi]] is the most commonly spoken language. [[Hindi]] and [[English language|English]] were also spoken, in addition to some community-specific languages.<ref>{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |work=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=14 April 2021}}</ref>

==Tourist attractions==
* [[Revansiddha Temple]]
* Dargoba Mandir, Pare{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}
* [[Yashwantrao Chavan Sagareshwar Wildlife Sanctuary]]
* Sulkai Temple{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

==Transport==
===By Road===
Vita is connected to urban settlements like [[Palus, Maharashtra|Palus]] (27km), [[Tasgaon]] (32km) and [[Karad]] (42km) by road network.

===By Railway===

Nearest District HQ railway station [[Sangli]] is 53 km from Vita. Plenty of rikshas and private taxis are available from Vita to Sangli railway station.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/sangli-sli/79 |title=49 Departures from Sangli CR/Central Zone - Railway Enquiry }}</ref>[[Sangli]] station is the nearest major railway station, about {{convert|53|km|abbr=on}} away on the Mumbai–Bangalore main line. Sangli railway station is also connected to the city via bus services. From Sangli railway station, there are several trains to Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Pune, Goa, Mysuru, Hubli, Belgaum, Surat, Vadodara, Ahmedabad, Jodhpur, Udaipur, Bikaner, Ajmer, Agra, Gwalior, Jhansi, Puducherry, Tirunelveli(Kanyakumari), Guntakal, Tiruchirapali, Ratlam, Kota, Nagpur, Itarsi, Chitaurgarh, Abu Road, Gandhidham etc. Sangli station is convenient to reach from

==Swachh survekshan awards==
Vita was ranked 9th in both the [[Western India|west zone]] and the state for Best City in 'Innovation & Best Practices' in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Swachh Survekshan 2020 |url=https://www.swachhsurvekshan2020.org/Scores/Index/802893 |website=www.swachhsurvekshan2020.org |access-date=20 September 2020}}</ref>

In the Swachh Survekshan Awards 2021, Vita ranked top in the cleanest city (in less than one lakh population category) of the India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Swachh Survekshan 2021: Chhattisgarh retains title of cleanest state, Indore, Surat cleanest cities |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/swachh-survekshan-2021-awards-list-cleanest-state-city-in-india-1878992-2021-11-20 |access-date=20 March 2022 |work=India Today |date=20 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Portal|India}}
{{reflist}}
{{Sangli district topics}}
{{Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Sangli district]]

Rabindra Parishad

2025-12-20T17:22:35Z

MartiHaight78: improved article

{{Short description|Building in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox Theatre
|name = Rabindra Parishad
|native_name = रबिन्द्र परिषद
|image =
|caption =
|address = [[Beer Chand Patel Path]], [[Patna]] - 800001
|city =
|country = India
|designation =
|latitude =
|longitude =
|architect =
|owner =
|capacity = 1000 seats (Ravindra Bhavan)
|type =
|opened = 1948
|rebuilt =
|closed =
|other_names =
|production =
|current_use =
|website = {{url|rabindraparishadpatna.org}}
}}
The '''Rabindra Parishad''' is a multi-purpose cultural centre on [[Beer Chand Patel Path]] in [[Patna]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110510/jsp/bihar/story_13959249.jsp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140427204158/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110510/jsp/bihar/story_13959249.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 April 2014 |title=The Telegraph - Calcutta (Kolkata) | Bihar | Morning march to pay tribute to Tagore |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |date=2011-05-10 |access-date=2014-04-27}}</ref>

==Overview==
Named after [[Rabindranath Tagore]], it was established in 1948.<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Rabindra-Bhawan-gets-a-new-auditorium/articleshow/7438263.cms?referral=PM |title=Rabindra Bhawan gets a new auditorium - The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2011-02-06 |access-date=2014-04-27}}</ref> The building contains a musical school (known as Geet Bhawan),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Acclaimed-artists-to-perform-in-Patna/articleshow/25398026.cms |title=Acclaimed artists to perform in Patna - The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2013-11-08 |access-date=2014-04-27}}</ref> a library with books on and by Tagore,<ref name="official">{{cite web | url=http://rabindraparishadpatna.org/aboutus.htm | title=RABINDRA PARISHAD :: Patna - Bihar - India | publisher=Rabindraparishadpatna.org | access-date=2014-04-27 | archive-date=28 May 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528194213/http://rabindraparishadpatna.org/aboutus.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> and an auditorium, known as Rabindra Bhavan, which is an important theater in Patna where cultural and theatrical activities takes place.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120507/jsp/bihar/story_15458447.jsp#.U11j0YGDkTA |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140427204205/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120507/jsp/bihar/story_15458447.jsp%23.U11j0YGDkTA |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 April 2014 |title=Chandalika finale to Tagore festivity |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |date=2012-05-07 |access-date=2014-04-27}}</ref> The programme of performances ranges from theatre, to live music, comedy, dance, visual art, spoken word and children's events.

During 2008 to 2010, the theater went a major renovation and suspension. The overall renovation cost was estimated about {{INR}}1.5 crore. After renovation, the auditorium's seating capacity was increased from 655<ref name="official" /> to 1,000 and the theater’s structure were improved, too. In February 2011, the state-of-the-art auditorium was inaugurated by the Chief Minister of Bihar, [[Nitish Kumar]].<ref name="indiatimes1"/>

==See also==
* [[Kalidas Rangalaya]]
* [[Bhartiya Nritya Kala Mandir]]
* [[Premchand Rangshala]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Theatres in Patna]]
[[Category:1948 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Arts organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Music schools in India]]
[[Category:Memorials to Rabindranath Tagore]]
[[Category:Convention centres in Patna]]
[[Category:Auditoriums in India]]

Mohkam Singh (ruler)

2025-11-13T21:38:05Z

MartiHaight78: Added a bio

{{short description|Maharaja of Kishangarh (1839 - 1841)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{infobox royalty
| title = Umdai Rajhai Buland Makan
| succession = [[Maharaja]] of [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]]
| reign = {{circa|1839}} – {{circa|1841}}
| predecessor = [[Kalyan Singh (ruler)|Kalyan Singh]]
| successor = [[Prithwi Singh|Prithvi Singh]]
| birth_date = {{circa|1816}}
| death_date = {{circa|1841}}
| house = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Kishangarh.svg}} [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]]
}}
'''Mohkam Singh''' (or '''Mokham Singh''') was the [[Maharaja]] of [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]] from 1839 until his death in 1841.
==Early life==
He was born in 1816 to [[Kalyan Singh (ruler)|Kalyan Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=KISHANGARH |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/kishangarh.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515223816/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/kishangarh.html |archive-date=2017-05-15 |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> When, in 1832, affairs in [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]] fell into serious disorder, his father abdicated in his favour but retained his styles, titles, and status as ruler.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Cotton |first1=James Sutherland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yIxDAAAAYAAJ |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India |last2=Burn |first2=Sir Richard |last3=Meyer |first3=Sir William Stevenson |date=1908 |publisher=Clarendon Press |pages=312 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Solomon |first1=R. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Bond |first2=J. W. |date=2006 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |pages=346 |language=en}}</ref>

He married a daughter of Maharajkumar Amar Singh of [[Kingdom of Mewar|Udaipur]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bayley |first=C. S. |url=http://archive.org/details/chiefsleadingfam00csba |title=Chiefs and leading families in Rajputana |date=2004 |publisher=New Delhi : Asian Educational Services |others=Public Resource |isbn=978-81-206-1066-8 |pages=20}}</ref>

== Reign ==
When his father died in [[Delhi]] in 1839, he succeeded him as the [[Maharaja]] of [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mathur |first=Vijay Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tfjqAAAAMAAJ |title=Marvels of Kishangarh Paintings: From the Collection of the National Museum, New Delhi |date=2000 |publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan |isbn=978-81-86050-43-9 |pages=16 |language=en}}</ref>

== Death ==
He died in 1841 and was succeeded by [[Prithwi Singh|Prithvi Singh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |title=A History of Rajasthan |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-0890-6 |pages=853 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
<references />
[[Category: 1816 births]]
[[Category: 1841 deaths]]
[[Category: People from British India]]
[[Category:People from Rajasthan]]
[[Category: Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category: Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Kishangarh]]
[[Category: Rathore (clan)]]

Haryana State Information Commission

2025-11-13T18:28:39Z

MartiHaight78: Done.

{{Short description|Indian statutory body}}
{{Infobox high court
| court_name = Haryana State Information Commission
|| native_name =
| established = 2 March 2006
| location = Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose
Suchana Bhawan, IP-8, Sector-3
Panchkula, Haryana-134112.
<ref name="hic ref1">{{cite web |title=Haryana State Information Commission |url=https://cicharyana.gov.in/ |website=Haryana State Information Commission |access-date=18 January 2022}}</ref>
| appeals =
| terms = 3 years from the date of entering office or up to 65 years of age (whichever is earlier)
| authority = [[Right to Information Act, 2005]]
| website = https://cicharyana.gov.in/
| motto = सूचना जनाधिकार:॥ ''(Soochna Janadhikaraha) Information is the right of the people.'' ([[Sanskrit]])
| chiefjudgetitle = State Chief Information Commissioner
| chiefjudgename = [[T. V. S. N. Prasad]], IAS(Retd)
| chiefjudgetitle2 =
| chiefjudgename2 =
}}

'''Haryana State Information Commission''' is an [[Autonomy|autonomous]] and [[Statute|statutory]] body constituted as per the [[Right to Information Act, 2005]], of the Indian state government of [[Haryana]] through a notification in the [[Government gazette|official gazette]]. The commission has one state chief information commissioner (CIC) and no more than ten state information commissioners (IC), to be appointed by the [[Governor (India)|governor]] on the recommendation of the committee consisting of the [[Chief minister (India)|chief minister]] as chairperson, the [[leader of the opposition]] in the [[Legislative assembly|Legislative Assembly]], and a state [[Minister (government)|cabinet minister]] nominated by the chief minister.

== History and objective ==

Haryana State Information Commission has to be constituted as per The Right to Information Act, 2005 by the State Governments in India through a notification in official Gazette.<ref name="sic ref1">{{cite news |title=State Information Commission: Composition, Power and Functions |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/state-information-commission-1438319829-1 |access-date=15 January 2022 |publisher=jagranjosh.com |date=30 March 2019}}</ref>

Haryana State Information Commission is formed to take up the following:<ref name="sic ref12">{{cite news |title=The decline of India's right to information regime, in four charts |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/the-decline-of-india-s-right-to-information-regime-in-four-charts-11604385637705.html |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=livemint |date=4 November 2020}}</ref>

* Appeals on the information shared by various government entities under the Right to Information Act.<ref name="hic ref2">{{cite news |title=Demanding id, reason for RTI plea illegal:Haryana information commission |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/demanding-id-reason-for-rti-plea-illegal-haryana-information-commission-101628535917206.html |access-date=18 January 2022 |publisher=hindustantimes.com |date=10 August 2021}}</ref>
* Complaints on refusal to give information or in relation to inability to file Right to Information Act.
* Commission should get annual report from various departments working in the state about complaints received under Right to Information Act, 2005 and their responses on the same.

Haryana Information Commission occasionally conducts awareness programmes on implementation of the Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005 effectively by general public.

== Composition ==

Haryana State Information Commission members should consist of a:<ref name="sic ref3">{{cite news |last1=M |first1=Parita |title=State Information Commission |url=http://kanoon.nearlaw.com/2017/12/22/state-information-commission/ |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=kanoon.nearlaw.com |archive-date=16 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116012610/http://kanoon.nearlaw.com/2017/12/22/state-information-commission/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

1. State Chief Information commissioner and

2. Not more than ten State Information Commissioners.<ref name="hic ref3">{{cite news |title=This Haryana information commissioner is striking terror in the hearts of govt officers |url=https://theprint.in/statedraft/this-haryana-information-commissioner-is-striking-terror-in-the-hearts-of-govt-officers/155639/ |access-date=18 January 2022 |publisher=The Print |date=28 November 2018}}</ref>

The Chief and other members of State Information Commission are appointed by the Governor on the recommendation of the committee consisting of the Chief Minister as Chairperson, the Leader of the Opposition in the Legislative Assembly and a state Cabinet Minister.

The members of State Information Commission should be of eminence in public life<ref name="sic ref7" /> and are not permitted to hold any other office of profit or any position which is connected with any political party and are also barred from carrying on any business or continuing any profession in any field.

Shri Yash Pal Singal, IPS(Retd) is the current Chief Information commissioner of Haryana Information Commission.<ref name="hic ref4">{{cite news |last1=Siwach |first1=Sukhbir |title=RTI Act amended in Haryana Demanding ID proof from applicants aimed at blocking information, say RTI activists |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/rti-act-amended-in-haryana-demanding-id-proof-from-applicants-aimed-at-blocking-information-say-rti-activists-7626645/ |access-date=18 January 2022 |publisher=indianexpress.com |date=17 November 2021}}</ref>

== Tenure and service ==

The tenure of the Haryana State Chief Information Commissioner and a State Information Commissioner for holding office will be a term of 3 years or until they attain the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier and will not be eligible for reappointment on completion of tenure.<ref name="sic ref2">{{cite news |title=Information Commissioners' Tenures, Salaries Now Firmly in Centre's Hands |url=https://thewire.in/government/centre-rti-act-information-commissioners-tenure-salary-retirement-benefits |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=The Wire |date=25 October 2019}}</ref>
Any vacancy in the State Information Commission has to be filled within six months from the date of vacancy.<ref name="sic ref7">{{cite news |title=SC Asks States for Updates on Vacancies, Pendency in Information Commissions |url=https://thewire.in/government/sc-orders-state-to-file-status-reports-on-information-commissions |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=The Wire |date=19 August 2021}}</ref>

Haryana Chief Information Commissioner (CIC), Information Commissioner (IC) and State Information Commissioner's salaries, allowances and other service terms and conditions are equivalent to a Judge of the Supreme Court.<ref name="sic ref10">{{cite news |title=RTI Bill 2019: Undermining autonomy of information commissions and transparency in governance |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rti-bill-2019-undermining-autonomy-of-information-commissions-and-transparency-in-governance-1571439-2019-07-19 |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=indiatoday.in |date=19 July 2019}}</ref>

== Powers and functions ==

Haryana State Information Commission prepares report on the implementation of the provisions of State Information Commission act and submits an annual report to the state government which is placed by the later before the state legislature.<ref name="sic ref9">{{cite news |title=Over 2.5 Lakh RTI Appeals, Plaints Pending with 26 Information Commissions across India |url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/over-25-lakh-rti-appeals-plaints-pending-with-26-information-commissions-across-india/65422.html |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=moneylife.in |date=21 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="sic ref1" /><ref name="sic ref13">{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh Only State To File Annual Reports Under RTI Act |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chhattisgarh-only-state-to-file-annual-reports-under-rti-act-uttar-pradesh-does-none-2115539 |access-date=18 January 2022 |publisher=ndtv.com |date=12 October 2019}}</ref>

The commission on reasonable grounds can order inquiry into any matter related to the Act.

The commission under powers granted to it can secure from the public authorities compliance of any of its decisions.

Commission is duty bound to receive and conduct enquiry into any complaint received from any person.
The commission can call for and examine any record which it considers necessary and is under the possession of the public authority and any such record should not be withheld from it on any grounds during the inquiry of a complaint.

The commission has the power of the civil court during the course of enquiry and in respect of the following matters:

Any complaint which requires the discovery and inspection of documents relating to it.

Powers exercised for issuing summons requiring examination of any witnesses or related documents or any other prescribed matters relating to complaint.

Any provision under which summons were issued and as per which attendance is required of persons and requires them to give written or oral evidence under an oath and producing documents or other details relevant to it.

Provision requiring evidence on stamped affidavit.

Powers relating to request from any court or office of any public record.

Commission under the powers can recommend steps which can be taken for confirming to the provisions of the act if any public authority fails to do so.

== Challenges ==

Haryana State Information Commission are overburdened with backlog cases, similar to [[Central Vigilance Commission]].<ref name="sic ref8">{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Soni |title=Central Information Commission headless for 5th time in 6 years |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/08/27/central-information-commission-headless-for-5th-time-in-6-years.html |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=the week |date=27 August 2020}}</ref> Due to shortage of available staff and vacancies not being filled, there is backlog of cases filed.<ref name="sic ref4">{{cite news |last1=sharma |first1=nidhi |title=Info commissions have a waiting time of over one year for an applicant seeking information under RTI Act: Report |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/info-commissions-have-a-waiting-time-of-over-one-year-for-an-applicant-seeking-information-under-rti-act-report/articleshow/86946016.cms?from=mdr |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=economictimes |date=11 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="sic ref5">{{cite news |title=Over 32,000 RTI appeals pending with Central Information Commission: Govt. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/over-32000-rti-appeals-pending-with-central-information-commission-govt/article37969462.ece |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=thehindu.com |date=16 December 2021}}</ref> The maximum number of appeals and complaints pending as per October 2014 records were in state of Uttar Pradesh. However, some states like Mizoram, Sikkim and Tripura didn't have pending complaints<ref name="sic ref6">{{cite news |title=21 of 29 state information commissions did not hold any RTI hearings during lockdown |url=https://theprint.in/india/21-of-29-state-information-commissions-did-not-hold-any-rti-hearings-during-lockdown/426103/ |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=The Print |date=21 May 2020}}</ref>.State Information Commission as per the provision has limited to provide information and cannot take any action.

In spite of above limitation, Haryana State Information Commissions plays a crucial role in ensuring transparency in public life and supports in greater way in checking corruption, combating oppression, preventing nepotism and misuse of the public authority.

A survey conducted by [[Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative]], showed that most State Information Commission in India were inactive during Covid pandemic.<ref name="sic ref11">{{cite news |title=State information commissions inactive during COVID-19: Survey |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/state-information-commissions-inactive-during-covid-19-survey-70736 |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=downtoearth |date=28 April 2020}}</ref>

== Related articles ==

[[Central Information Commission]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://cicharyana.gov.in/ Official Website]
* [https://chandigarh.gov.in/citizen_right.htm RTI Link]



[[Category:Indian commissions and inquiries]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption measures in India]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption agencies]]

Gujarat Airways

2025-09-24T14:26:11Z

MartiHaight78: add layout for clarity

{{Short description|Defunct Indian airline}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox airline
| airline = Gujarat Airways
| image = Gujarat_Airways_logo.png
| image_size = 150px
| alt =
| IATA = G8<ref name="fg1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1999/1999%20-%200797.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-09-18 |archive-date=2017-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812100532/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1999/1999%20-%200797.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| ICAO = GUJ<ref name="fg1"/>
| callsign = GUJARATI<ref>Retrieved 2 Mar 2013</ref>
| founded = February 1994
| commenced = July 1995
| ceased = 2001
| aoc = |
| hubs =
| focus_cities =
| frequent_flyer =
| subsidiaries =
| fleet_size =
| destinations = 17
| parent =
| num_employees =
| headquarters = [[Vadodara]]
| key_people = Richard G Koszarek (Chairman)<ref>{{cite web|title=The Rediff Business Interview/ Richard G Koszarek|url=https://in.rediff.com/money/1999/feb/04gujair.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date= 4 February 1999 |access-date= 26 January 2021}}</ref>
| revenue =
| assets =
| equity =
| website =
}}
'''Gujarat Airways''' was a private airline headquartered in [[Vadodara]],<ref>{{cite web|title=World Airline Directory|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1999/1999%20-%200797.html |publisher=[[FlightGlobal]] |date= 31 March 1999 |access-date= 3 August 2014}}</ref> India that operated from 1995 to 2001. It operated a fleet Beech 1900 aircraft<ref>{{cite web|title=Continental contracts for 25 beech 1900Ds|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1995/1995%20-%201455.html |publisher=[[FlightGlobal]] |date= 24 May 1995 |access-date= 3 August 2014}}</ref> on feeder routes in West and South India. The company slogan was ''Wings of Comfort.''

==Destinations==
*[[Andhra Pradesh]]
**[[Hyderabad (India)|Hyderabad]] – [[Begumpet Airport]]
*[[Diu district|Diu]]
**[[Diu Airport]]
*[[Gujarat]]
**[[Ahmedabad]] – [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport]]
**[[Bhavnagar]] – [[Bhavnagar Airport]]
**[[Bhuj]] – [[Bhuj Airport]]
**[[Jamnagar]] – [[Jamnagar Airport]]
**[[Kandla]] – [[Kandla Airport]]
**[[Keshod]] – [[Keshod Airport]]
**[[Porbandar]] – [[Porbandar Airport]]
**[[Rajkot]] – [[Rajkot Airport]]
**[[Vadodara]] - [[Vadodara Airport]], base
*[[Karnataka]]
**[[Bangalore]] – [[HAL Airport]]
**[[Belgaum]] - [[Belgaum Airport]]
*[[Madhya Pradesh]]
**[[Indore]] – [[Devi Ahilyabai Holkar Airport]]
*[[Maharashtra]]
**[[Mumbai]] – [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport]]
**[[Nagpur]] – [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport]]
**[[Pune]] – [[Pune Airport]]
*[[Tamil Nadu]]
**[[Coimbatore]] – [[Coimbatore International Airport]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/g8.htm Gujarat Airways Time-Table in 1996]

{{Portalbar|India|Companies|Aviation}}
{{Airlines of India}}

[[Category:Defunct airlines of India]]
[[Category:Airlines established in 1995]]
[[Category:Airlines disestablished in 2001]]
[[Category:Companies based in Vadodara]]
[[Category:Transport in Vadodara]]
[[Category:Indian companies disestablished in 2001]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1995]]
[[Category:1995 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:2001 disestablishments in India]]

Mormugao taluka

2025-09-19T21:03:30Z

MartiHaight78: updated page

{{Short description|Tehsil in Goa, India}}

{{Infobox settlement
|name = Morumugao
|native_name =
|settlement_type = [[Tehsil|''Taluka'']]
|image_map = Morumugão_taluka_in_South_Goa_district.png
|map_caption = Location of Morumugão in [[South Goa district]], [[Goa]]
|coordinates = {{Coord|15.386878|N|73.812971|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Goa]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[South Goa district|South Goa]]
|seat_type = Headquarters
|seat = [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco da Gama]]
|parts_type = Settlements (as of 2011)
|parts_style = para
|p1 = 1 city 3 towns 10 villages
|leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
|leader_name = N/A
|leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]
|leader_name1 = N/A
|area_total_km2 =
|population_total = 154,561
|population_as_of = 2011
|population_footnotes =
|population_density_km2 = auto
|population_urban = 85.62%
|demographics_type1 = Demographics
|demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy rate]]
|blank_name_sec1 = Rain
|blank_info_sec1 = N/A
|website =
|footnotes =
|leader_title2 = [[State legislative assemblies of India|Assembly constituency]]
|leader_name2 = N/A
|leader_title3 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
|leader_name3 = N/A
|demographics1_info1 = N/A
|demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
|demographics1_info2 = N/A
|registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#GA—Goa|GA]]-06
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 4032XX, 4037XX, 4038XX
}}

'''Morumugao''' '''''taluka''''' is an administrative subdivision of [[South Goa district]], [[Goa]] state, [[India]], headquartered at [[Mormugao]] city. It is the state's only subdistrict to have all four modes of transport—air, road, rail, and sea.

==History==
Morumugão was one of the first places to be conquered and incorporated into the ''[[Velhas Conquistas]]'' of the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese Empire in the East]].

==Demographics==
At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], Mormugao had a population of 154,561 with sex ratio of 905 females to 1000 males. Mormugao Taluka has an average literacy rate of 89.30%, higher than the national average of 74.04%: male literacy is 93.33% and female literacy is 84.84%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 1.66% and 4.44% of the population respectively. 85.62% of the population lives in urban areas.<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – South Goa |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/370/download/1128/DH_2011_3002_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH_GOA.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{bar box
| title = Religion in Mormugao Taluka (2011)<ref name="Religion"/>
| titlebar = #Fcd116
| left1 = Religion
| right1 = Percent
| float = left
| bars =
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Goa|Hinduism]]|darkorange|64.85}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Goa|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|21.54}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|12.76}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.85}}
| caption =
}}

[[Hinduism]] is followed by the majority of population of Mormugao Taluka. [[Christians]] form a significant minority. At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]] 64.85% of the population of the Taluka followed Hinduism, 21.54% Christianity, 12.76% Islam and 0.19% of the population followed other religions or did not state their religious affiliation.<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Goa |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11372/download/14485/DDW30C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

===Languages===

Konkani, Hindi and Kannada are among the most commonly spoken languages in Mormugao Taluka.

{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages of Mormugao Taluka (2011)<ref name="langs"/>
|label1 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]] |value1 = 42.68 |color1 = salmon
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 16.68 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Kannada]] |value3 = 12.37 |color3 = darkslateblue
|label4 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value4 = 7.90 |color4 = red
|label5 = [[Urdu]] |value5 = 6.00 |color5 = green
|label6 = [[Malayalam]] |value6 = 2.32 |color6 = cornflowerblue
|label7 = [[Lambadi]] |value7 = 2.31 |color7 = khaki
|label8 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value8 = 2.05 |color8 = steelblue
|label9 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value9 = 1.55 |color9 = gold
|label10 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value10 = 1.07 |color10 = orchid
|label11 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] |value11 = 1.05 |color11 = royalblue
|label12 = Others |value12 = 4.02 |color12 = grey
}}

At the time of 2011 Census of India, 42.68% of the population of Mormugao Taluka spoke [[Konkani language|Konkani]], 16.68% [[Hindi]], 12.37% [[Kannada]], 7.90% [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 6.00% [[Urdu]], 2.32% [[Malayalam]], 2.31% [[Lambadi]], 2.05% [[Telugu language|Telugu]], 1.55% [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], 1.07% [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and 1.05% [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as their first language.<ref name="langs">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Goa |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10202/download/13314/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-3000.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Settlements==
===City===
Morumugão has one city: [[Mormugao|Morumugão]]-[[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco]].

===Towns===
Morumugão has three towns: [[Sancoale]], [[Cortalim]], and [[Chicalim]].

===Villages===
Morumugão has ten villages: [[Arossim]], [[Cansaulim]], [[Chicolna]], [[Cuelim]], [[Dabolim]], [[Issorcim]], [[Pale, South Goa|Pale]], [[Quelossim]], [[São Jacinto Island]], and [[Velsao]].

===Islands===
Morumugão has four islands: [[Ilha de São Jacinto]], [[Ilha de Pequeno]] (Bat Island), [[Ilha Grande, Goa|Ilha Grande]], and [[Ilha de São Jorge, Goa|Ilha de São Jorge]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.indiastudychannel.com/india/cities/Taluks-622-Mormugao.aspx Cities and villages in Mormugao Taluk]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Morumugão
|North = [[Tiswadi|Ilhas de Goa]]
|Northeast = [[Ponda taluk|Ponda Sub-Division]]
|East = [[Ponda taluk|Ponda Sub-Division]]
|Southeast = [[Salcette taluk|Salcete Sub-Division]]
|South = [[Canacona taluk|Canacona Sub-Division]]
|Southwest = [[Arabian Sea]]
|West = [[Arabian Sea]]
|Northwest = [[Arabian Sea]]
}}

[[Category:Talukas of Goa]]
[[Category:Geography of South Goa district]]

Shivcharan Prajapati

2025-09-13T22:25:21Z

MartiHaight78: starting

{{Short description|Indian Politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
'''Shivcharan Prajapati''' is an Indian politician from [[Samajwadi Party]]. He was elected as the MLA from Hamirpur in Uttar Pradesh in 1996 from Bahujan Samaj Party.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hamirpur Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/hamirpur-uttar-pradesh-uttar-pradesh-assembly-constituency|access-date=2021-03-25|website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> In 2012, he moved to Samajwadi Party but lost the election to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] Candidate.<ref>{{Cite web|title=hamirpur Election Results 2012{{!}} 2017 UTTARPRADESH Assembly Election Result Prediction {{!}} hamirpur Candidates Votes|url=http://electionanalytics.in/uttarpradesh/hamirpur-results/2012|access-date=2021-03-25|website=electionanalytics.in}}</ref> He got into controversy by making a statement where he blamed women for rapes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UP shocker: SP MLA Shiv Charan Prajapati blames women for rapes|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/up-shocker-sp-mla-shiv-charan-prajapati-blames-women-for-rapes-429645-2015-04-01|access-date=2021-03-25|website=India Today|date=April 2015 |language=en}}</ref> His son, Alok Prajapti had also been in controversy to get in conflict with district officials for not willing to pay toll at a road.<ref>{{Cite web|title=सपा विधायक के बेटे की गुंडागर्दी, लोगों को पीटकर किया अधमरा|url=https://www.aajtak.in/crime/story/sp-mla-shiv-charan-prajapati-son-hooliganism-in-hamirpur-322334-2015-12-30|access-date=2021-03-25|website=Aaj Tak|date=30 December 2015 |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Bangladeshi cricket team against Afghanistan in India in 2018

2025-08-06T00:18:40Z

MartiHaight78: added article

{{short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = Bangladeshi cricket team against Afghanistan in 2018
| team1_image = Flag of Afghanistan (2013–2021).svg
| team1_name = Afghanistan
| team2_image = Flag of Bangladesh.svg
| team2_name = Bangladesh
| from_date = 1
| to_date = 7 June 2018
| team1_captain = [[Asghar Afghan|Asghar Stanikzai]]
| team2_captain = [[Shakib Al Hasan]]
| no_of_twenty20s = 3
| team1_twenty20s_won = 3
| team2_twenty20s_won = 0
| team1_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Samiullah Shinwari]] (118)
| team2_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Mahmudullah]] (88) [[Mushfiqur Rahim]] (88)
| team1_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Rashid Khan]] (8)
| team2_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Abu Jayed]] (3)
| player_of_twenty20_series = [[Rashid Khan]] (Afg)
}}
The [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh cricket team]] toured India to play three [[Twenty20 International]]s (T20Is) against the [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan cricket team]] in [[Dehradun]].<ref name="HT">{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/afghanistan-to-play-three-match-t20-series-against-bangladesh-in-dehradun/story-dXgU91duXKGrYPjQWoqlRP.html |title=Afghanistan to play three-match T20 series against Bangladesh in Dehradun |access-date=8 May 2018 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

Afghanistan won the first two matches of the series, therefore giving them an unassailable lead.<ref name="two">{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/703927 |title=Rashid & Nabi hand Afghanistan series win over Bangladesh |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=5 June 2018}}</ref> This gave them their first bilateral T20I series win against another [[Test cricket|Test]] team other than [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]].<ref name="first1">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18544/preview/1145983/afghanistan-vs-bangladesh-2nd-t20i-bangladesh-tour-india-2018 |title=Can Afghanistan land knockout blow? |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=5 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="first2">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18544/report/1145983/afghanistan-vs-bangladesh-2nd-t20i-bangladesh-tour-india-2018 |title=Rashid, Nabi wrap up historic series win for Afghanistan |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=5 June 2018}}</ref> Afghanistan went on to win the series 3–0.<ref name="result">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/23723173/afghanistan-bat,-bangladesh-make-three-changes |title=Rashid defends eight off the last over to seal 3–0 whitewash |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=7 June 2018}}</ref>

==Background==
Originally the matches were scheduled to be played as [[One Day International]]s (ODIs),<ref name="TN">{{cite web |url=https://www.tolonews.com/sport/afghanistan%C2%A0-play-three-match-odi-series-against-bangladesh |title=Afghanistan To Play Three-Match ODI Series Against Bangladesh |access-date=8 May 2018 |work=Tolo News}}</ref> but the [[Bangladesh Cricket Board]] (BCB) agreed to change the fixtures to T20Is in preparation for the [[2020 ICC World Twenty20]] tournament.<ref name="HT"/> In May 2018, the [[Afghanistan Cricket Board]] (ACB) confirmed that all three matches will be played at the [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Dehradun|Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]].<ref name="ACB">{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/683458 |title=Afghanistan announce first bilateral T20I series against Bangladesh |access-date=9 May 2018 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref> These were the first international cricket matches to be played at the venue.<ref name="first">{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/694141 |title=Courtney Walsh to continue as head coach for Afghanistan T20Is |access-date=27 May 2018 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref>

Ahead of the T20Is, Bangladesh played a practice match against [[Afghanistan A cricket team|Afghanistan A]].<ref name="practice">{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/686681 |title='Afghanistan hold advantage in T20I series' – Mushfiqur Rahim |access-date=12 May 2018 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref>

Prior to this series, Afghanistan and Bangladesh had only played each other once before in a T20I, in the group stage of the [[2014 ICC World Twenty20]] tournament, with Bangladesh winning by nine wickets.<ref name="2014WT20">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/23451454/afghanistan-host-bangladesh-t20is-india |title=Afghanistan to host Bangladesh for T20Is in India |access-date=9 May 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto"
|-
! scope=col| {{cr|AFG|2013}}<ref name="AfgSquad">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1148128.html |title=Afghanistan pick four spinners for inaugural Test |access-date=29 May 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
! scope=col| {{cr|BAN}}<ref name="BanSquad">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1147147.html |title=Mosaddek Hossain back in Bangladesh T20 squad |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 May 2018}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Asghar Afghan|Asghar Stanikzai]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Sharafuddin Ashraf]]
* [[Aftab Alam (Afghan cricketer)|Aftab Alam]]
* [[Usman Ghani]]
* [[Karim Janat]]
* [[Rashid Khan]]
* [[Mohammad Nabi]]
* [[Gulbadin Naib]]
* [[Darwish Rasooli]]
* [[Shafiqullah (cricketer)|Shafiqullah]]
* [[Mohammad Shahzad]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Samiullah Shinwari]]
* [[Najeeb Tarakai]]
* [[Mujeeb Ur Rahman]]
* [[Najibullah Zadran]]
* [[Shapoor Zadran]]
* [[Hazratullah Zazai]]
|
* [[Shakib Al Hasan]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Litton Das]]
* [[Ariful Haque (cricketer)|Ariful Haque]]
* [[Abul Hasan (cricketer)|Abul Hasan]]
* [[Mehedi Hasan]]
* [[Abu Hider]]
* [[Mosaddek Hossain]]
* [[Rubel Hossain]]
* [[Tamim Iqbal]]
* [[Nazmul Islam]]
* [[Abu Jayed]]
* [[Mahmudullah]]
* [[Mushfiqur Rahim]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* <s>[[Mustafizur Rahman]]</s>
* [[Sabbir Rahman]]
* [[Soumya Sarkar]]
|}

Ahead of the series, [[Mustafizur Rahman]] was ruled out of Bangladesh's squad due to injury.<ref name="Mustafizur">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/23633275/mustafizur-rahman-ruled-t20i-series-afghanistan |title=Mustafizur Rahman ruled out of T20I series against Afghanistan |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=29 May 2018}}</ref> [[Abul Hasan (cricketer)|Abul Hasan]] was named as his replacement.<ref name="AHasan">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/23648205/abul-hasan-replaces-injured-mustafizur-rahman-bangladesh-squad-t20s-afghanistan |title=Abul Hasan replaces injured Mustafizur Rahman in Bangladesh squad for T20s against Afghanistan |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 May 2018}}</ref> [[Hazratullah Zazai]] was added to Afghanistan's squad ahead of the first T20I.<ref name="HZazai">{{cite web |url=http://www.bdcrictime.com/2018/06/afghanistan-make-sudden-new-call-ahead-of-first-t20i/ |title=Afghanistan make sudden new call ahead of first T20I |work=BDCrictime |access-date=3 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605122854/http://www.bdcrictime.com/2018/06/afghanistan-make-sudden-new-call-ahead-of-first-t20i/ |archive-date=2018-06-05}}</ref>

==Tour match==
===Practice match:Afghanistan A vs Bangladesh===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 1 June 2018
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| team2 = {{flagicon|AFG|2013}} [[Afghanistan A cricket team|Afghanistan A]]
| score1 = 145/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 = 147/2 (17.2 overs)
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result = Afghanistan A won by 8 wickets
| report =
| venue =
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss =
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==T20I Series==
===1st T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 3 June 2018
| time = 20:00
| night = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AFG|2013}}
| team2 = {{cr|BAN}}
| score1 = 167/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mohammad Shahzad]] 40 (37)
| wickets1 = [[Mahmudullah]] 2/1 (1 over)
| score2 = 122 (19 overs)
| runs2 = [[Litton Das]] 30 (20)
| wickets2 = [[Rashid Khan]] 3/13 (3 overs)
| result = Afghanistan won by 45 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1145982.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Dehradun|Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], Dehradun
| umpires = [[Ahmed Shah Pakteen]] (Afg) and [[Bismillah Jan Shinwari]] (Afg)
| motm = [[Rashid Khan]] (Afg)
| toss = Bangladesh won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = The venue hosted its first [[List of Twenty20 International cricket grounds|international cricket match]].<ref name="first"/>
* [[Rashid Khan]] (Afg) became the fastest bowler, in terms of time, to take 50 wickets in T20Is (2 years and 220 days).<ref name="Khan50">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1148392.html |title=Advantage Afghanistan in spin-friendly Dehradun |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 June 2018}}</ref>
}}

===2nd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 5 June 2018
| time = 20:00
| night = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| team2 = {{cr|AFG|2013}}
| score1 = 134/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Tamim Iqbal]] 43 (48)
| wickets1 = [[Rashid Khan]] 4/12 (4 overs)
| score2 = 135/4 (18.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Samiullah Shinwari]] 49 (41)
| wickets2 = [[Mosaddek Hossain]] 2/21 (3 overs)
| result = Afghanistan won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1145983.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Dehradun|Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], Dehradun
| umpires = [[Izatullah Safi]] (Afg) and [[Bismillah Jan Shinwari]] (Afg)
| motm = [[Rashid Khan]] (Afg)
| toss = Bangladesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===3rd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 7 June 2018
| time = 20:00
| night = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AFG|2013}}
| team2 = {{cr|BAN}}
| score1 = 145/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Samiullah Shinwari]] 33[[not out|*]] (28)
| wickets1 = [[Nazmul Islam]] 2/18 (4 overs)
| score2 = 144/6 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mushfiqur Rahim]] 46 (37)
| wickets2 = [[Rashid Khan]] 1/24 (4 overs)
| result = Afghanistan won by 1 run
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1145984.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Dehradun|Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], Dehradun
| umpires = [[Ahmed Shah Pakteen]] (Afg) and [[Izatullah Safi]] (Afg)
| motm = [[Mushfiqur Rahim]] (Ban)
| toss = Afghanistan won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Shakib Al Hasan]] became the quickest Bangladesh player and third overall to score 10,000 runs and take 500 wickets in international cricket.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/sport/cricket/2018/06/07/shakib-fastest-to-500-international-wickets |title=Shakib fastest to 500 wickets, 10,000 runs |work=Dhaka Tribune |access-date=9 June 2018}}</ref>
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/1145980.html Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{International cricket in 2018}}
{{International cricket tours of Afghanistan}}
{{International cricket tours of India}}

[[Category:2018 in Afghan cricket]]
[[Category:2018 in Bangladeshi cricket]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2018]]
[[Category:International cricket tours of India]]
[[Category:Afghan cricket tours of India]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi cricket tours of India]]
[[Category:Afghanistan–Bangladesh sports relations|2018]]

Mishriwala

2025-07-09T22:26:21Z

MartiHaight78: Added a post

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mishriwala
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.733304|N|74.838447|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[ Faridkot district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 1
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91-
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest cities
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank1_name_sec2 =
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| blank2_name_sec2 =
| blank2_info_sec2 = No
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mishriwala''' is a village located in [[Faridkot district]], [[Punjab, India]].

== Demographics ==
The population of this village is 659 according to the [[2011 Indian census|2011 census]]. The population of women is lesser than that of men.<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 2010|title=Prevalence of stroke in Kashmiri migrant community|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286689983}}</ref>

==Education==
The village has a primary, secondary and nursery (known as aanganvari) level schools all located jointly. Bharat Bhushan is the principal of the primary school. The primary school has a staff of two who handle all the five classes.

==Transportation==
[[File:Anglo-Sikh War Memorial at Mishriwala.jpg|thumb|The Anglo-Sikh War Memorial at Mishriwala]]
The village is well-connected to its neighboring villages Moran Wali, Mandwala, Ghumiara and Chandbaja.
It is connected to the following [[cities]] and [[villages]] by [[road]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name of the place
! Distance (in km)
|-
|Ghumiara
|2 km
|-
|Chandbaja
|2 km
|-
|Moran Wali
|3.2 km
|-
|[[National Highway 15]]
|1.5 km
|-
|Kaler
|4 km
|-
|[[Faridkot, Punjab|Faridkot]]
|15 km
|}

There are two buses which come after every 30 minutes. The village is not connected to other villages by [[tempos]].

==Sports and health==
The village has a [[gym]] located near the Sath of the village. It has exercise machines, [[weight training|weights]] and [[dumbbells]]. The village organizes a volleyball tournament each year. It has a very well-operating volleyball ground. The players from nearby villages daily come to play here and also participate in the [[volleyball]] tournament. it has many interested children.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

# 1Sunil Kumar Raina MD, 2Sushil Razdan DM (Neurology), 3KK Pandita MD 211 [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286689983_Prevalence_of_stroke_in_Kashmiri_migrant_community Prevalence of stroke in Kashmiri migrant community]

{{Faridkot district}}

[[Category:Villages in Faridkot district]]

4th Jharkhand Assembly

2025-07-09T11:48:25Z

MartiHaight78: added new details

{{short description|Unicameral legislature of the India state of Jharkhand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Jharkhand Legislative Assembly
| native_name =
| coa_pic =
| coa_res =
| legislature =
| house_type = Unicameral
| term_length = 5 years
| body =
| houses = [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| foundation =2014
| disbanded =
| preceded_by = [[3rd Jharkhand Assembly]]
| succeeded_by = [[5th Jharkhand Assembly]]
| term_limits = 2014-2019
| leader1_type = Speaker
| leader1 = [[Dinesh Oraon]]
| party1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election1 =
| leader2_type = Deputy Speaker
| leader2 =
| party2 =
| election2 =
| leader3_type = Leader of the House (Chief Minister)
| leader3 = [[Raghubar Das]]
| party3 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election3 =
| leader4_type = Leader of the Opposition
| leader4 = [[Hemant Soren]]
| party4 = [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]
| election4 =
| members = '''81'''
| structure1 = 4th Legislative Assembly of Jharkhand.svg
| structure1_res = 300px
| political_groups1 =
'''[[Government of Jharkhand|Government]] (47)'''
*{{legend|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (44)}}
*{{legend|#FF00FF|[[All Jharkhand Students Union|AJSU]] (3)}}

'''Opposition (22)'''
*{{legend|#354030|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]] (16)}}
*{{legend|#00bfff|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (6)}}
'''Others (5)'''
*{{legend|#006B3C|[[Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)|JVM(P)]] (2)}}
*{{legend|#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)]] (1)}}
*{{legend|#0000ff|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] (1)}}
*{{legend|#D1A5A5|[[Marxist Co-ordination Committee|MCC]] (1)}}

'''Vacant (7)'''
*{{legend|#FFFFFF|Vacant (7)}}

|| last_election1 = [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|November - December 2014]]
| next_election1 = [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|November - December 2019]]
| meeting_place = Vidhan Bhawan, [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]]
| session_room =
| session_res =
| website = {{URL|jharkhandvidhansabha.nic.in}}
}}

The '''4th Jharkhand Assembly''' was constituted after the [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]

The [[unicameral]] state legislature of [[Jharkhand]] [[States and territories of India|state]] in [[India]]. The seat of the [[Vidhan Sabha]] is at [[Ranchi]], the capital of the state. The [[Vidhan Sabha]] comprises 81 [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|Members of Legislative Assembly]], directly elected from single-seat constituencies.

==Major laws passed==

===Pathalgadi movement against tribal land law amendments===
{{Main|Pathalgadi movement}}
In 2016–2017, the Raghubar Das government was seeking amendments to the ''Chhotanagpur Tenancy Act, 1908'', and the ''Santhal Pargana Tenancy Act, 1949.'' These two original laws had safeguarded the rights of the tribal communities on their land. According to the existing laws the land transactions could only be done between the tribals. The new amendments gave the tribals the right to allow the government to make commercial use of the tribal land and to take the tribal land on lease. The proposed bill amending the existing law had been approved by the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]. The bills were sent to Murmu for approval in November 2016.<ref name="Telegraph Tribal">{{cite news |title=Tribal activists expect Droupadi Murmu to be assertive as President |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/tribal-activists-expect-droupadi-murmu-to-be-assertive-as-president/cid/1871370 |access-date=21 July 2022 |work=www.telegraphindia.com |date=23 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="Express Pathalgadi">{{cite news |title=Explained: What is the Pathalgadi movement, and what is JMM govt's stand on it? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-pathalgadi-movement-and-what-is-the-jmm-govts-stand-on-this-7114979/ |access-date=21 July 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=23 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

The tribal people had strongly objected to the proposed law. During the Pathalgardi rebellion, protests were held against the proposed amendments to the tenancy acts.<ref name="Tewary" /> In one incident the protests turned violent and the tribals abducted the security detail of the BJP MP [[Karia Munda]]. Police responded with a violent crackdown on the tribals that caused the death of a tribal man. Criminal cases were filed against more than 200 people including the tribal rights activist Father [[Stan Swamy]]. Governor [[Droupadi Murmu]], was criticized for her soft stand on police aggression against tribals during the movement. According to woman tribal rights activist Aloka Kujur she was expected to speak up to the government in support of the tribals but it did not happen, and instead she appealed to the Pathalgarhi agitation leaders to repose faith in the constitution.<ref name="Telegraph Tribal" />

Murmu had received total of 192 memorandums against the amendments in the bill.<ref name="Telegraph Tribal" /> Then opposition leader [[Hemant Soren]] had said that the BJP government wanted to acquire tribal land through the two amendment Bills for the benefit of corporates. Opposition parties Jharkhand Mukti Morcha, the Congress, the Jharkhand Vikas Morcha and others had put intense pressure against the bill.<ref name="Tewary">{{cite news |last1=Tewary |first1=Amarnath |title=The Pathalgadi rebellion |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/the-pathalgadi-rebellion/article23530998.ece |access-date=21 July 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=13 April 2018 |language=en-IN}}</ref> On 24 May 2017, Murmu relented and refused to give assent to the bills and returned the bill to the state government along with the memorandums she had received. The bill was later withdrawn in August 2017.<ref name="Telegraph Tribal" />

===Religion and land bill===
In 2017, the ministry approved the Freedom of Religion Bill, 2017, and the bill to amend the Land Acquisition 2013 Act passed by the Jharkhand Assembly.<ref name="Guv approves" />

The new religion bill makes it an offence subject to a penalty of three years in prison, to coerce or lure a person to convert their religion. If the person coerced is a member of a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste or tribe]], a minor, or female, the prison term increases to four years. Fines can be levied in any case. The bill also made it mandatory for voluntary converts, to inform the Deputy Commissioner about their conversion, and to give full details about the circumstances.<ref name="Guv approves" />

The amendments in the Land Acquisition Act, 2013, involved changes in the compensation duration and requirements for social impacts assessment. According to the passed law, monetary compensation for government acquisition of tribal land must be paid within six months of acquisition. The requirement for [[social impact assessment]]s was dropped for some types of infrastructure projects.<ref name="Guv approves">{{cite news |title=Jharkhand Guv approves Freedom of Religion bill, land act; BJP welcomes move |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jharkhand-guv-approves-freedom-of-religion-bill-land-act-bjp-welcomes-move/ |access-date=23 July 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=6 September 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

== Composition ==
After the [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]].
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" width="150" |Parties and Coalitions
!Seats
|-
! Won
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|'''37'''
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}" |
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|19
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)}}"|
|[[Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)]]
|8
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|6
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}"|
|[[All Jharkhand Students Union]]
|5
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}"|
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|1
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]
|1
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Jharkhand Party}}" |
|[[Jharkhand Party]]
|1
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Marxist Co-ordination Committee}}"|
|[[Marxist Co-ordination Committee]]
|1
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Jai Bharat Samanta Party}}"|
|[[Jai Bharat Samanta Party]]
|1
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Jan Surajya Shakti}}"|
|Nav Jawan Sangharsh Morcha
|1
|-
|}

Composition at the end of the Assembly session

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Party
! Seats
|-
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align=center | 44
|-
| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| align=center | 16
|-
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| align=center | 6
|-
| [[All Jharkhand Students Union]]
| align=center | 3
|-
| [[Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (P)]]
| align=center | 2
|-
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|Communist Party of India (ML)]]
| align=center | 1
|-
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| align=center | 1
|-
| [[Marxist Co-ordination Committee]]
| align=center | 1
|-
| Vacant
| align=center | 7
|-
|+ Source:<ref name="Jharkhand State Assembly Elections 2014">{{cite web|title=Jharkhand State Assembly Elections 2014|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/assembly-elections-2014/|access-date=2022-07-22|archive-date=2015-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508094129/http://ibnlive.in.com/assembly-elections-2014/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|+ Member of Legislative Assembly (Jharkhand)
! colspan="2" |Assembly Constituency
! colspan="3" |Member
|-
!#
!Name
!MLA Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
| [[Rajmahal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajmahal]]
|[[Anant Kumar Ojha]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 2
| [[Borio (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Borio]]
|[[Tala Marandi]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 3
| [[Barhait (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barhait]]
|[[Hemant Soren]]
|bgcolor=#215B30|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|-
| 4
| [[Litipara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Litipara]]
|Anil Murmu
|bgcolor=#215B30|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|-
| 5
| [[Pakaur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pakaur]]
|[[Alamgir Alam]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 6
| [[Maheshpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Maheshpur]]
|[[Stephen Marandi]]
|bgcolor=#215B30|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|-
| 7
| [[Sikaripara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shikaripara]]
|[[Nalin Soren]]
|bgcolor=#215B30|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|-
| 8
| [[Nala (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nala]]
|[[Rabindra Nath Mahato]]
|bgcolor=#215B30|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|-
| 9
| [[Jamtara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jamtara]]
|[[Irfan Ansari]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 10
| [[Dumka (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dumka]]
|[[Louis Marandi]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 11
| [[Jama (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jama]]
|[[Sita Soren]]
|bgcolor=#215B30|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|-
| 12
| [[Jarmundi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jarmundi]]
|[[Badal Patralekh]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 13
| [[Madhupur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Madhupur]]
|[[Raj Paliwar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 14
| [[Sarath (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sarath]]
|[[Randhir Kumar Singh]]
|bgcolor=#EDFB06|
|[[Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (P)]]
|-
| 15
| [[Deoghar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Deoghar]]
|[[Narayan Das (Jharkhand politician)|Narayan Das]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 16
| [[Poreyahat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Poreyahat]]
|[[Pradeep Yadav (Indian politician)|Pradeep Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#EDFB06|
|[[Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (P)]]
|-
| 17
| [[Godda (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Godda]]
|[[Raghu Nandan Mandal]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 18
| [[Mahagama (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahagama]]
|[[:hi:अशोक कुमार (राजनीतिज्ञ)|Ashok Kumar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 19
| [[Kodarma (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kodarma]]
|[[Neera Yadav (politician)|Neera Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 20
| [[Barkatha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barkatha]]
|Janki Prasad Yadav
|bgcolor=#EDFB06|
|[[Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (P)]]
|-
| 21
| [[Barhi Assembly constituency|Barhi]]
| [[Manoj Kumar Yadav (Jharkhand politician)|Manoj Kumar Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 22
| [[Barkagaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barkagaon]]
|Nirmala Devi
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 23
| [[Ramgarh (Jharkhand Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ramgarh]]
|[[Chandra Prakash Choudhary]]
|bgcolor=#FF33FF|
|[[All Jharkhand Students Union]]
|-
| 24
| [[Mandu (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mandu]]
|[[Jai Prakash Bhai Patel]]
|bgcolor=#215B30|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|-
| 25
| [[Hazaribagh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hazaribagh]]
|[[Manish Jaiswal]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 26
| [[Simaria (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Simaria]]
|[[Ganesh Ganjhu]]
|bgcolor=#EDFB06|
|[[Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (P)]]
|-
| 27
| [[Chatra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chatra]]
|[[Jay Prakash Singh Bhogta]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 28
| [[Dhanwar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhanwar]]
|[[Raj Kumar Yadav (politician)|Raj Kumar Yadav]]
|Bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]
|-
| 29
| [[Bagodar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bagodar]]
|[[Nagendra Mahto]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 30
| [[Jamua (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jamua]]
|[[Kedar Hazra]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 31
| [[Gandey (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gandey]]
|[[Jai Prakash Verma]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 32
| [[Giridih (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Giridih]]
|Nirbhay Kumar Shahabadi
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 33
| [[Dumri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dumri]]
|[[Jagarnath Mahto]]
|bgcolor=#215B30|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|-
| 34
| [[Gomia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gomia]]
|Yogendra Prasad
|bgcolor=#215B30|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|-
| 35
| [[Bermo (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bermo]]
|[[Yogeshwar Mahto]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 36
| [[Bokaro (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bokaro]]
|[[Biranchi Narayan]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 37
| [[Chandankiyari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chandankiyari]]
|[[Amar Kumar Bauri]]
|bgcolor=#EDFB06|
|[[Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (P)]]
|-
| 38
| [[Sindri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sindri]]
|Fulchand Mandal
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 39
| [[Nirsa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nirsa]]
|Arup Chatterjee
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Marxist Co-ordination Committee]]
|-
| 40
|[[Dhanbad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhanbad]]
|[[Raj Sinha]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 41
|[[Jharia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jharia]]
|[[Sanjeev Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 42
|[[Tundi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tundi]]
|[[Raj Kishore Mahato]]
|bgcolor=#FF33FF|
|[[All Jharkhand Students Union]]
|-
| 43
|[[Baghmara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baghmara]]
|[[Dulu Mahato]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 44
|[[Baharagora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baharagora]]
|[[Kunal Sarangi]]
|bgcolor=#215B30|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|-
| 45
|[[Ghatsila (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ghatsila]]
|[[Laxman Tudu]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 46
|[[Potka (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Potka]]
|[[Maneka Sardar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 47
|[[Jugsalai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jugsalai]]
|[[Ram Chandra Sahis]]
|bgcolor=#FF33FF|
|[[All Jharkhand Students Union]]
|-
| 48
|[[Jamshedpur East (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jamshedpur East]]
|[[Raghubar Das]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 49
|[[Jamshedpur West (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jamshedpur West]]
|[[Saryu Roy (Politician)|Saryu Roy]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 50
|[[Ichagarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ichaghar]]
|[[Sadhu Charan Mahato]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 51
|[[Seraikella (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Seraikella]]
|[[Champai Soren]]
|bgcolor=#215B30|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|-
| 52
|[[Chaibasa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chaibasa]]
|[[Deepak Birua]]
|bgcolor=#215B30|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|-
| 53
|[[Majhgaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Majhgaon]]
|[[Niral Purty]]
|bgcolor=#215B30|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|-
| 54
|[[Jaganathpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jaganathpur]]
|[[Geeta Koda]]
|bgcolor=#FFC000|
|[[Jai Bharat Samanta Party]]
|-
| 55
|[[Manoharpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Manoharpur]]
|[[Joba Majhi]]
|bgcolor=#215B30|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|-
| 56
|[[Chakradharpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chakradharpur]]
|[[Shashibhushan Samad]]
|bgcolor=#215B30|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|-
| 57
|[[Kharsawan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kharsawan]]
|[[Dashrath Gagrai]]
|bgcolor=#215B30|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|-
| 58
|[[Tamar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tamar]]
|[[Vikash Kumar Munda]]
|bgcolor=#FF33FF|
|[[All Jharkhand Students Union]]
|-
| 59
|[[Torpa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Torpa]]
|[[Paulus Surin]]
|bgcolor=#215B30|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|-
| 60
|[[Khunti (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khunti]]
|[[Nilkanth Singh Munda]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 61
|[[Silli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Silli]]
|[[Amit Mahto|Amit Kumar]]
|bgcolor=#215B30|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|-
| 62
|[[Khijri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khijri]]
|[[Ram Kumar Pahan]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 63
|[[Ranchi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ranchi]]
|[[C.P.Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 64
|[[Hatia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hatia]]
|[[Navin Jaiswal]]
|bgcolor=#EDFB06|
|[[Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (P)]]
|-
| 65
|[[Kanke (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kanke]]
|[[Jitu Charan Ram]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 66
|[[Mandar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mandar]]
|[[Gangotri Kujur]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 67
|[[Sisai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sisai]]
|[[Dinesh Oraon]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 68
|[[Gumla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gumla]]
|[[Shivshankar Oraon]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 69
|[[Bishunpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bishunpur]]
|[[Chamra Linda]]
|bgcolor=#215B30|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|-
| 70
|[[Simdega (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Simdega]]
|[[Vimla Pradhan]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 71
|[[Kolebira (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kolebira]]
|[[Anosh Ekka]]
|bgcolor=green|
|[[Jharkhand Party]]
|-
| 72
|[[Lohardaga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lohardaga]]
|[[Kamal Kishore Bhagat]]
|bgcolor=#FF33FF|
|[[All Jharkhand Students Union]]
|-
| 73
|[[Manika (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Manika]]
|[[Harikrishna Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 74
|[[Latehar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Latehar]]
|[[Prakash Ram]]
|bgcolor=#EDFB06|
|[[Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (P)]]
|-
| 75
|[[Panki (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Panki]]
|[[Bidesh Singh]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 76
|[[Daltonganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Daltonganj]]
|[[Alok Kumar Chaurasiya]]
|bgcolor=#EDFB06|
|[[Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (P)]]
|-
| 77
|[[Bishrampur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bishrampur]]
|[[Ramchandra Chandravanshi]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 78
|[[Chhatarpur (Jharkhand Assembly constituency)|Chhatarpur]]
|[[Radha Krishna Kishore]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 79
|[[Hussainabad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hussainabad]]
|[[Kushwaha Shivpujan Mehta]]
|bgcolor=#22409A|
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
| 80
|[[Garhwa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Garhwa]]
|[[Satyendra Nath Tiwari]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 81
|[[Bhawanathpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhawanathpur]]
|[[Bhanu Pratap Sahi]]
|bgcolor=#CEF6EC|
|Nav Jawan Sangharsh Morcha
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Jharkhand Legislative Assembly}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Terms of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|4th]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2014–2019|2014]]

Bash Mohammed

2025-06-28T20:25:16Z

MartiHaight78: started a stub first draft

{{short description|Indian film director and writer}}
{{POV|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox director
| name = Bash Mohammed
| image =
| birth_place = Brahmakulam, Kerala, India
| alma_mater = [[College of Fine Arts, Thrissur]]
| occupation = [[Film director|Director]], [[Screenwriter]], [[Film producer|Producer]]
| years_active = 2015 - present
| spouse = Sheeja Bash
| children = 2
}}

'''Bash Mohammed''' is an Indian movie writer, director, and producer born in [[Brahmakulam]], near Guruvayur, Kerala, India. He primarily works in [[Malayalam cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ലുക്കാചുപ്പിയിൽ നിന്നും അളിയനിലേക്ക്: ബാഷ് മുഹമ്മദ് അഭിമുഖം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2023/01/17/interview-with-bash-mohammed.html |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=ലുക്കാചുപ്പിയിൽ നിന്നും അളിയനിലേക്ക്: ബാഷ് മുഹമ്മദ് അഭിമുഖം |language=ml |archive-date=2024-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806115101/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2023/01/17/interview-with-bash-mohammed.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-04 |title=Director Bash Mohammed on 'Love Jihad': Suraj Venjaramoodu will be playing an insurance agent - EXCLUSIVE |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/director-bash-mohammed-on-love-jihad-suraj-venjarammoodu-will-be-playing-an-insurance-agent-exclusive/articleshow/88691540.cms |access-date=2024-08-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901100031/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/director-bash-mohammed-on-love-jihad-suraj-venjarammoodu-will-be-playing-an-insurance-agent-exclusive/articleshow/88691540.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Bash began his artistic journey as a student at the College of Fine Art, which laid the foundation for his creative pursuits. He began his career in advertising, working as a [[Creative director|Creative Director]] for prestigious brands across the world, before venturing into [[filmmaking]].

== Films ==

=== Lukka Chuppi (2015) ===
{{Main|Lukka Chuppi}}
[[File:The Directors, Kaushik Ganguly, Bash Mohammed and the Film Sound Designer, Resul Pookutty at a press conference, during the 46th International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2015), in Panaji, Goa on November 29, 2015.jpg|thumb|The Directors, Kaushik Ganguly, Bash Mohammed and the Film Sound Designer, Resul Pookutty at a press conference, during the Goa International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2015), in Panaji, Goa on 29 November 2015.]]
Bash made his directorial debut with the feature film Lukka Chuppi in 2015 which received rave reviews from critics and was selected for screening at prestigious events, including the 47th International Film Festival of India in Goa and the New York Indian Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Lukka Chuppi' to be screened at IFFI today |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/in-depth/iffi-2015-film-festival-goa/news/lukka-chuppi-malayalam-movie-iffi-goa-jayaraj-humphrey-dixon.html |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=OnManorama |archive-date=2024-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807071842/https://www.onmanorama.com/in-depth/iffi-2015-film-festival-goa/news/lukka-chuppi-malayalam-movie-iffi-goa-jayaraj-humphrey-dixon.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-11-04 |title=Lukka Chuppi selected for Indian Panorama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/lukka-chuppi-selected-for-indian-panorama/articleshow/49654014.cms |access-date=2024-08-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807071843/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/lukka-chuppi-selected-for-indian-panorama/articleshow/49654014.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-04-13 |title=Lukka Chuppi selected for New York Indian Film Fest |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/lukka-chuppi-selected-for-new-york-indian-film-fest/articleshow/51791983.cms |access-date=2024-08-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807071844/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/lukka-chuppi-selected-for-new-york-indian-film-fest/articleshow/51791983.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Lukka Chuppi has achieved cult status among Malayali audiences for its poignant portrayal of relationships.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-11 |title=National Film Awards: It's my Oscar, says Malayalam actor Jayasurya - The Hindu |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/National-Film-Awards-It%E2%80%99s-my-Oscar-says-Malayalam-actor-Jayasurya/article59820529.ece |access-date=2024-08-07 |archive-date=2022-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111084908/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/National-Film-Awards-It%E2%80%99s-my-Oscar-says-Malayalam-actor-Jayasurya/article59820529.ece |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-05-13 |title=Lukka Chuppi explores friendships |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Lukka-Chuppi-explores-friendships/articleshow/47264433.cms |access-date=2024-08-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807071842/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Lukka-Chuppi-explores-friendships/articleshow/47264433.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=46th Kerala State Film Awards |date=2024-04-03 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=46th_Kerala_State_Film_Awards&oldid=1217032901 |access-date=2024-08-07 |language=en |archive-date=2024-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901100030/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=46th_Kerala_State_Film_Awards&oldid=1217032901 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Prakasan (2017) ===
{{Main|Prakasan}}
Bash directed his second film, Prakasan, which continued his exploration of strong interpersonal dynamics. The film premiered at the prestigious MAMI Mumbai Film Festival and was subsequently screened at the Museum of the Moving Image in New York, the Indian Film Festival in Los Angeles, and the Toulouse Indian Film Festival in France. It was also selected for Film Bazaar at IFFI Goa, further establishing Bash as a filmmaker of international repute.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gauri |first=Deepa |title=Dubai-based Bash Mohammed casts Dinesh Prabhakar |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/city-times/dubai-based-bash-mohammed-casts-dinesh-prabhakar |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en |archive-date=2024-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807080350/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/city-times/dubai-based-bash-mohammed-casts-dinesh-prabhakar |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-20 |title='Prakasan': Film Review {{!}} Mumbai 2017 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/prakasan-1050683/ |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |archive-date=2024-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807075125/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/prakasan-1050683/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-13 |title=PRAKASAN {{!}} IFFLA |url=http://www.indianfilmfestival.org/films/prakasan/ |access-date=2024-08-07 |archive-date=2019-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213222416/http://www.indianfilmfestival.org/films/prakasan/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

=== Ennalum Ente Aliya (2023) ===
{{Main|Ennalum Ente Aliya}}His third feature, a comedy titled Enaalum Ente Aliya, is a comedy available for streaming on Amazon Prime. His work is known for its focus on intricate narratives and relatable characters, often exploring themes of relationships and societal norms.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2022-11-24 |title=First look of Suraj Venjaramoodu's 'Ennalum Entaliya' out |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/Nov/24/first-look-of-suraj-venjaramoodus-ennalum-entaliya-out-2521656.html |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2024-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807071842/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/Nov/24/first-look-of-suraj-venjaramoodus-ennalum-entaliya-out-2521656.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ലുക്ക ചുപ്പിയ്ക്ക് ശേഷം ബാഷ് മുഹമ്മദ് സംവിധാനം ചെയ്യുന്ന ചിത്രത്തില്‍ സുരാജ് നായകന്‍ |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/suraj-venjaramoodus-next-film-with-luka-chuppi-fame-director-bash-mohammed/articleshow/86555523.cms |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml |archive-date=2024-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807071842/https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/suraj-venjaramoodus-next-film-with-luka-chuppi-fame-director-bash-mohammed/articleshow/86555523.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-11-16 |title=Suraj Venjaramoodu to lead in 'Lukka Chuppi' director's next project |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/suraj-venjaramoodu-to-lead-in-lukka-chuppi-directors-next-project/articleshow/87732866.cms |access-date=2024-08-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807071845/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/suraj-venjaramoodu-to-lead-in-lukka-chuppi-directors-next-project/articleshow/87732866.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Title
! colspan="3" |Credited as
! rowspan="2" |Language
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
! Director
! Writer
! Producer
|-
|2015
|''[[Lukka Chuppi]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Malayalam
|[[Jayasurya]] won the special jury award at the [[Kerala State Film Awards]].
|-
|2017
|''[[Prakasan]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Malayalam
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Ennalum Ente Aliya]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Malayalam
|[[Amazon Prime Video]] film
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|7380843|Bash Mohammed}}

__FORCETOC__
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohammed, Bash}}

[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Indian film producers]]
[[Category:Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]