Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Vavval Pasanga

2026-05-06T21:20:46Z

MartiAshley1795: Put Up Entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Vavval Pasanga.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Suresh (director)|Suresh]]
| producer = A. K. R.
| writer = Suresh
| starring = Rahul [[Utthara Unni]]
| music = Jerome Pushparaj
| cinematography = Y. N. Murali
| editing = [[Gopi Krishna (film editor)|Gopi Krishna]]
| studio = Sree Raji Movies
| released = {{Film date|2012|10|26|df=yes|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2012 |title=Friday Fury – October 26 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-oct-26-news-tamil-mk0muRfdfbj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028221444/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-oct-26-news-tamil-mk0muRfdfbj.html |archive-date=28 October 2012 |access-date=28 April 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Vavval Pasanga''''' is a 2012 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romance film|romantic]] [[crime film]] written and directed by [[Suresh (director)|Suresh]]. The film stars Rahul and [[Utthara Unni]] in the lead roles.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=October 2024}}
A youngster is compelled to choose an unfavorable path because of societal pressure and turns into a cold-blooded gangster. However, his life starts to change when he falls in love.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*Rahul as Kasiraman a.k.a. Vavval
*[[Utthara Unni]]
*[[L. Raja|Raja]] as Kasi's father
*[[Rama (actress)|Rama]]
*Muruganandam
*Ramesh
*Saadhika
*Paranthaman
*Kaaka
*Jayan
*Vijayaraj
*Rajeswari
*Neelakandan
*Jyothi
*Mahendran
*Bhagat Singh
*Manoharan
}}

== Production ==
This film marks the film debut of [[Utthara Unni]], daughter of Malayalam actress [[Urmila Unni]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 February 2012 |title=Uthara Unni sets foot in K'town |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/uthara-unni-sets-foot-in-ktown/articleshow/11752840.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727084003/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/uthara-unni-sets-foot-in-ktown/articleshow/11752840.cms |archive-date=27 July 2022 |access-date=27 July 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music is composed by Jerome Pushparaj, who previously composed for ''[[Thodakkam]]'' (2008). The film's music was praised by [[Kamal Haasan]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 September 2012 |title=Kamal praises composer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kamal-praises-composer/articleshow/16513712.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727083650/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kamal-praises-composer/articleshow/16513712.cms |archive-date=27 July 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 July 2022 }}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Songs
| all_lyrics = [[Kabilan Vairamuthu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v5GLfeHOp9o|title=Vawval Pasanga - Trailer|date=10 September 2012|via=YouTube}}</ref>
| all_music =
| extra_column = Playback
| title1 = Aanantha Thandavam
| length1 = 1:20
| extra1 = José Ernesto Monzón
| title2 = Earuna Earuvenda
| length2 = 4:37
| extra2 = Naveen
| title3 = Kanne En Kannil
| length3 = 4:44
| extra3 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| title4 = Poo Methu Vazhum
| length4 = 1:08
| extra4 = [[Suchitra]]
| title5 = Vaa Machi
| length5 = 4:30
| extra5 = Suchitra
| title6 = Vannanda Vannanda
| length6 = 4:34
| extra6 = [[Rahul Nambiar]]
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2 out of 5 and said that "Vavwal Pasanga has emotions, romance, comedy and action but the problem is that there is no common thread connecting them".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vavwal Pasanga Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/vavwal-pasanga/movie-review/16992498.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727082914/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/vavwal-pasanga/movie-review/16992498.cms |archive-date=27 July 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 July 2022 }}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' called the screenplay "insipid" and "meandering".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=30 October 2012 |title='Vavvaal Pasanga' (Tamil) |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2012/oct/30/vavvaal-pasanga-tamil-420256.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727083659/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2012/oct/30/vavvaal-pasanga-tamil-420256.html |archive-date=27 July 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=27 July 2022 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2010s gangster films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:2012 romance films]]
[[Category:2012 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2012 crime films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Suresh (director)]]
[[Category:Indian crime films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Romantic crime films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance films]]

National Highway 87 (India)

2026-05-04T18:39:07Z

MartiAshley1795: stub.

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{For|the old National Highway 87|National Highway 109 (India)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 87
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|id=Q24238723| stroke-width=3|title=National Highway 87}}
| map_custom = yes
| map_notes = Map of the National Highway in red
| image =
| image_notes =
| spur_type = NH
| spur_of =
| ahn = {{Jct|country=IND|AH|43}} 
| maint = [[National Highways Authority of India|NHAI]]
| length_km = 174
| length_notes = 
| established =
| allocation =
| direction_a = West
| terminus_a = {{jct|NH|85|country=IND}} in [[Thirupuvanam, Sivaganga|Tiruppuvanam]] 
| junction = {{plainlist| 
* {{jct|NH|36|country=IND}}, [[Manamadurai]]
* {{jct|NH|32|country=IND}}, [[Ramanathapuram]]
}}
| direction_b = East
| terminus_b = [[Dhanushkodi]] 
| states = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| destinations = [[Madurai]] - [[Paramakudi]] -[[Ramanathapuram]]- [[Rameswaram]] - [[Dhanushkodi]]
| previous_type = NH
| previous_route = 785 
| next_type = NH
| next_route = 1 
}}

'''National Highway 87''' (or '''NH 87''') is a [[National Highway (India)|National Highway]] in southern [[India]]. It crosses the [[Pamban Bridge]] (Annai Indira Gandhi Bridge) before entering into [[Pamban Island]]. The total length runs up to {{convert|154|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.nhai.org/nh.asp | title =National Highways and their lengths | access-date =2009-02-12 | publisher =National Highways Authority of India | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100210021118/http://www.nhai.org/nh.asp | archive-date =10 February 2010 | url-status =dead }}</ref> The 5 km road between Mukundarayar Chathiram and Dhanuskodi was destroyed during the 1964 cyclone. Then the Government of India has started construction of the new stretch of road on 2015 and opened to vehicles with some restrictions on Feb'2017 at a cost of ₹ 250 million. At the same time, the road between Madurai and Rameswaram was converted from a two lane road to a four-lane highway. Then [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Union minister for road transport and shipping]] Shri.[[Nitin Gadkari]] laid the foundation stone for the Rs 1,387-crore project in Madurai on 17 July 2015.
An initial outlay of Rs 927 crore was made {May 2019} and the project has been sanctioned for Rs 1,387 crore. Then the first 75km stretch from [[Madurai]] to [[Paramakudi]] was proposed to be converted into a proper four-lane road which is a Green Highway, while the remaining 39km stretch from [[Paramakudi]] to [[Ramanathapuram]] was widened as a two-lane road with paved shoulders. This road includes bypass from Madurai (Viraganoor Ring road) to Manalur which is a newly constructed route skipping the old route(which runs through Puliyankulam and Silaiman), and has bypasses at several places like Thiruppuvanam, Thiruppachethi, Rajagambiram, [[Paramakudi]] (a 9.4-km-long stretch connecting Thelichathanallur and Vendhoni(near kalayur)) and [[Ramanathapuram]] (a nine-km-long bypass connecting Achunthanvayal and East Coast Road near Devipattinam) which would substantially ease traffic congestion in these towns and also saves time for those tourists who are going to Rameswaram. Falling under the[[National Highway 49| Old NH 49]] and [[AH43|AH 43]], this project is one of the largest completed green corridor in Tamil Nadu by the [[National Highways Authority of India]] in the recent times.

== Route ==
NH 85 via [[Thirupuvanam, Sivaganga|Tiruppuvanam]], Thiruppachethi, [[Manamadurai]], [[Paramakudi]], [[Ramanathapuram]], [[Rameswaram]], [[Dhanushkodi]].

==Expansion==
The Union Cabinet on July 1, 2025 approved the construction of a 46.7 km long 4-lane highway on National Highway 87 (NH 87) between Paramakudi and Ramanathapuram in Tamil Nadu. The project, estimated at ₹1,853 crore, will be developed under Hybrid Annual Mode (HAM).<ref>{{Cite web | title=Press Release: Press Information Bureau | url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2141137 | access-date=2025-07-29 | website=www.pib.gov.in}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web | title=Union Cabinet approves Rs 1,853 crore 4-lane highway project in Tamil Nadu | url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/union-cabinet-approves-rs-1853-crore-4-lane-highway-project-in-tamil-nadu/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703024738/https://ddnews.gov.in/en/union-cabinet-approves-rs-1853-crore-4-lane-highway-project-in-tamil-nadu/ | access-date=2025-07-29 | archive-date=2025-07-03}}</ref>

This part of NH 87 was upgraded to a two-lane road with paved shoulder in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Madurai - Paramakudi and 2 lane with paved shoulders of Paramakudi - Ramanathapuram section of NH-49 in Madurai , Ramanathapuram , Sivagangai (Tamil Nadu): Project Updates & Investment Details {{!}} IIG | url=https://indiainvestmentgrid.gov.in/opportunities/nip-project/616461 | access-date=2025-07-29 | website=indiainvestmentgrid.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Madurai-Ramnad four lane to be ready in 30 months {{!}} Madurai News - Times of India | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/madurai-ramnad-four-lane-to-be-ready-in-30-months/articleshow/48027240.cms | access-date=2025-07-29 | website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[National Highways Development Project]]

== References ==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.mapsofindia.com/driving-directions-maps/nh49-driving-directions-map.html] NH 85 on MapsofIndia.com

 
{{Indian Highways Network}}

[[Category:National highways in Tamil Nadu|49]]
[[Category:National highways in Kerala|49]]
[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:Roads in Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Roads in Idukki district]]
[[Category:Transport in Rameswaram]]
[[Category:Transport in Kochi]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

Edgar Ribeiro

2026-04-30T07:18:58Z

MartiAshley1795: Added a post

{{Short description|Indian urban planner (1929/1930–2026)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Edgar Ribeiro
| image = Prominent Indian town planner Edgar Ribeiro- Goanetters' Meet 2015 Dec (Fundacao Oriente).jpg
| caption = Ribeiro in 2015
| birth_name = Edgar F. N. Ribeiro
| birth_date = {{Birth based on age at death|96|2026|4|26}}
| birth_place = [[Poona]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2026|4|24|1930|4|24|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Porvorim]], Goa, India
| occupation = Architect, urban planner, educationist
| alma_mater = {{ubl|
* [[Sir J. J. College of Architecture]]
* [[University of Manchester]]
}}
| relatives = [[Julio Ribeiro (police officer)|Julio Ribeiro]] (brother)
}}
'''Edgar F. N. Ribeiro''' (1929/1930 – 24 April 2026) was an Indian architect and urban planner who was the former Chief Town Planner of India and an advisor to the [[Planning Commission of India]]. He was also the Director of [[School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi|SPA, New Delhi]].

==Early life==
Edgar F. N. Ribeiro<ref name="HeraldPeople26">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-26 |title=‘People’s planner’ Edgar Ribeiro no more |work=O Heraldo |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/peoples-planner-edgar-ribeiro-no-more/472976/ |access-date=2026-04-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> was born in Poona. He studied architecture at [[Sir J. J. College of Architecture]], [[Bombay]], in the 1950s. He then went to the [[University of Manchester]] to pursue higher education in the field of town planning.<ref name="TOITrees26">{{Cite news |date=2026-04-26 |first=Misha |last=Britto |title=Edgar Ribeiro, the town planner who saw trees, pavements and people first |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/edgar-ribeiro-the-town-planner-who-saw-trees-pavements-and-people-first/articleshow/130522500.cms |access-date=2026-04-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="IEGreen26">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-26 |first=Pavneet |last=Singh Chadha|title=The man who saved ‘much of the greenery we have left in Goa’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/edgar-ribeiro-dies-at-96-veteran-town-planner-helped-save-goas-green-cover-10656050/ |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Ribeiro began his career by working with a [[municipal borough]] and a [[county council]] within the [[Unitary state|unitary system of developmental governance]] of the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name="IEGreen26" />

Ribeiro then returned to India in 1962 and joined the Town and Country Planning Organisation (TCPO) of the Government of India.<ref name="IEGreen26" />

Between 1964 and 1967, he was responsible for setting up the Town and Country Planning Department for [[Goa, Daman and Diu]]. In the early 1970s, he was part of a central ministry responsible for proposing urban design guidelines for the city of [[New Delhi]]. Between 1979 and 1983, he served as Commissioner (Planning) at the [[Delhi Development Authority]], as part of which he led efforts for integrated development of transport, services and land use.<ref name="IEGreen26" />

He later got promoted to Chief of the TCPO in 1988.<ref name="IEGreen26" />

Ribeiro was also the Director of the [[School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi]], and later became the first Chairman of [[School of Planning and Architecture, Bhopal]]. He also served as an Advisor (Spatial Planning) to the Planning Commission of India.<ref name="HeraldPeople26" />

After his retirement, he helped set up the Goenkarancho Ekvott ({{Translation|United Goans}}), a registered organisation of Goans living in Delhi. As part of their efforts, they realised the flaws in the planning for Goa.<ref name="TOITrees26" /> In 2009, he was chosen by the Government of Goa to draft the Regional Plan 2021. However, he resigned from the committee within a few months due to disagreements.<ref name="IEGreen26" />

==Personal life==
Edgar Ribeiro was the brother of noted police commissioner [[Julio Ribeiro (police officer)|Julio Ribeiro]]. Edgar was married and had two sons and a daughter.<ref name="TOITrees26" />

==Death==
Ribeiro died in [[Porvorim]], Goa, on 24 April 2026, at the age of 96. The funeral was held at the Our Lady of Perpetual Succour Church, Socorro, on 27 April.<ref name="TOITrees26" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ribeiro, Edgar}}
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:People from North Goa district]]
[[Category:People from Portuguese India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian architects]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Manchester]]
[[Category:People from Pune]]

Qawwal Bachchon ka Gharana

2026-04-30T05:38:21Z

MartiAshley1795: starting a info

{{Short description|Oldest khayal gharana of Hindustani Classical music tradition}}

[[File:Amir Khusrow 1975 stamp of India.jpg | thumb | 220x124px | right |[[Amir Khusrau]], founder of the Qawwal Bachchon ka Gharana]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
The '''Qawwal Bacchon Ka Gharana''' or '''Dilli Gharana''' is the oldest [[Qawwal]] [[gharana]] of the [[Hindustani Classical music]] tradition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/QQISyf_exzdwJQ|title=Dilli Gharana|website=Google Arts & Culture}}</ref> It was founded by [[Amir Khusrau]] (1253-1325) and his students in the 13th century.

==History==
The members of this gharana have lived in [[Delhi]] for many generations. The gharana was founded by the disciples of [[Amir Khusrau]], a pioneer of [[qawwali]], [[tarana]] and khayal. As a result, this gharana specializes in these genres.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ranade |first1=Ashok Da. |title=Music Contexts: A Concise Dictionary of Hindustani Music |date=2006 |publisher=Promila & Co. Publishers |isbn=81-85002-63-0 |pages=54–114}}</ref>

==Pedagogical genealogy==
{{tree chart/start|style=font-size:85%;line-height:100%;}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart|AMIRK|AMIRK=[[Amir Khusrau|'''Hazrat Amir Khusrau''']] (progenitor)}}
{{tree chart| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart|QAWWA|QAWWA=''Qawwal Bacchon (12 Disciples)''}}
{{tree chart| |:| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart| |:| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart|ZAINU| |SHAKK|ZAINU=Zainulabdin Khan

|SHAKK=[[Shakkar Khan]]}}
{{tree chart| |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart|ACHPA| |MANAR| | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |ACHPA='''[[Achapal Miyan]]''' (founder)
|MANAR="[[Manarang]]"}}
{{tree chart| |!| | | | | | |BADEM|BADEM=[[Bade Muhammad Khan|'''Bade Muhammad Khan''']] (luminary)}}
{{tree chart|TANRA| | | | | | |!| |TANRA=[[Tanrus Khan|Meer Qutub Baksh "Tanras Khan"]]}}
{{tree chart| |)|-|-|-|v|-|.| |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|v|-|v|-|v|-|.| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart|UMRAO| |GGAUS|!|MUBAR| |MURAD| |WARIS|!|MUNNA|!|KUTUB| | | | | | | |UMRAO=[[Umrao Khan|Umrao Khan]]
|GGAUS=Ghulam Ghaus Khan
|MUBAR=[[Bade Mubarak Ali Khan|Bade Mubarak Ali Khan]]
|MURAD=[[Bade Murad Ali Khan|Bade Murad Ali Khan]]
|WARIS=[[Waris Ali Khan|Waris Ali Khan]]
|MUNNA=[[Bade Munnawar Ali Khan|Bade Munnawar Ali Khan]]
|KUTUB=[[Kutub Ali Khan|Kutub Ali Khan]]}}
{{tree chart| |!| | | |!| |`|-|(| | | | | | | |`|-|(| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart|SANGH| | |!| | |ALIFA| | | | | | | |GHAGG| |WAHID|SANGH=Sanghi Khan
|ALIFA=[[Patiala Gharana|Ali Baksh Khan & Fateh Ali Khan]]
|GHAGG=[[Mewati gharana#Ghagge Nazir Khan|Ghagge Nazir Khan]]
|WAHID=[[Mewati gharana#Wahid Khan (beenkar)|Wahid Khan]] [[Veena|(beenkar)]]}}
{{tree chart| |!| | |RAHKA| | |!| | | | | | | | | |`|-|v|-|'| | |RAHKA=Abdul Rahim & Abdul Karim Khan}}
{{tree chart| |!| | | | | | |PATIA| | | | | | | | | |MEWAT| |PATIA=[[Patiala Gharana|''Patiala Gharana Parampara'']]
|MEWAT=[[Mewati Gharana|''Mewati Gharana Parampara'']]}}
{{tree chart| |)|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart|MAMMA| | | | | | | | | | | | | |SAMMA| |SUGRA| |KALEY| | | | | | |MAMMA=Mamman Khan (founder)
|SAMMA=Samman Khan
|SUGRA=Sugra Khan
|KALEY=Kaley Khan}}
{{tree chart| |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart|JOHAN| |CHAND| |BUNDU| |USMAN| | | | | |RAMZA| |MAMMU|JOHAN=Johan Khan (violin)
|CHAND=[[Chand Khan|Chand Khan]]
|BUNDU=[[Bundu Khan]] [[Sarangi|(sarangiya)]]
|USMAN=[[Usman Khan (musician)|Usman Khan]]
|RAMZA=[[Ramzan Khan|Ramzan Khan]]
|MAMMU=Mammu Khan}}
{{tree chart| |!| | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart|ZAHOO| |HILAL| |ZAFAR| |SHAKI| |NASIR| | | | | |MOHAM|ZAHOO=Zahoor Ahmed Khan [[Violin|(violinist)]]
|HILAL=Hilal Ahmed Khan
|ZAFAR=Zafar Ahmed Khan [[Sitar|(sitarist)]]
|SHAKI=Shakil Ahmed Khan [[tabla|(tabalist)]]
|NASIR=[[Nasir Ahmed Khan|Nasir Ahmed Khan]]
|MOHAM=Mohammed Ali Khan [[Sursagar|(sursagarist)]]}}
{{tree chart| |!| | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart|IQBAL| | | | | |KAMRA| |IMRAN| |TANVI|IQBAL=[[Iqbal Ahmad Khan|Iqbal Ahmad Khan]]
|KAMRA=Kamran Ahmed Khan
|IMRAN=Imran Ahmed Khan
|TANVI=Tanvir Ahmed Khan}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart/end}}

==Style==
Members of this gharana approach [[Raga (music)|raagdari]] with more freedom than the dhrupad-informed gharanas, like [[Gwalior gharana|Gwalior]], [[Jaipur-Atrauli gharana|Jaipur]], and [[Agra gharana|Agra]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Te Nijenhuis |first1=Emmie |author-link=Emmie te Nijenhuis |title=Indian Music: History and Structure |date=1974 |location=Belgium |page=90}}</ref> Emphasis on [[bhav]] and exposition are the hallmarks of this style.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-music/hindustani-gharanas.html|title=Gharanas Of Hindustani Music - Hindustani Classical Gharanas - Hindustani Music Gharanas|website=www.culturalindia.net|access-date=2 July 2019|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629081612/https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-music/hindustani-gharanas.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Repertoire===
In addition to extensive khayal compositions, the gharana is known for its [[qawwali|qawwals]].<ref name=Herald>{{Cite news|url=https://herald.dawn.com/news/1153223|title=Qawwal Gali: The street that never sleeps|first=Alifiyah|last=Imani|date=20 August 2015|newspaper=Herald Magazine (Dawn Group of Newspapers)|archive-date=22 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822022729/https://herald.dawn.com/news/1153223|access-date=16 December 2024|url-status=live|quote="This street is so alive at night, especially during Ramzan, that you might think that no one ever sleeps here".}}</ref>

==Controversy==
Some orthodox members of [[Indian classical]] music world do not regard the Delhi gharana as an "authentic" one because its members include a number of [[tabla]] and [[sarangi]] players. Some believe these members do not represent a truly unique musical style. Scholars note the individual quality of each generation's leading singer. Though, this tradition is a gharana in familial terms.{{fact|date=January 2023}}

It is strictly forbidden to play Sarangi in the tradition of the original Qawwal Bacche.{{fact|date=January 2023}}

==Exponents==
{{Div col}}
* [[Amir Khusrau]]
* [[Ghagge Nazir Khan]]
* [[Wahid Khan (beenkar)|Wahid Khan]]
* [[Munshi Raziuddin]]
* [[Naseeruddin Saami|Ustad Naseeruddin Saami]]
* [[Manzoor Niazi Qawwal | Manzoor Ahmed Khan Niazi ]]
* [[Fareed Ayaz]]
* [[Abdullah Niazi Qawwal]]
* [[Qawal Bahauddin Khan| Bahauddin Khan]]
* [[Tanras Khan]]
* [[Warsi Brothers]]
* [[Fateh Ali Khan (Qawwali singer) | Fateh Ali Khan]]
* [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/1988-interview/282000|title=1988 Interview|website=Outlook (India)}}</ref>
* [[Farrukh Fateh Ali Khan]]
* [[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]]
* [[Sher Miandad ]]
{{Div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Delhi]]
[[Category:Culture of Delhi]]
[[Category:Qawwal Bacchon gharana| ]]

Fazilka Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-30T02:17:56Z

MartiAshley1795: Added entry

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Punjab}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Fazilka
| type = LS
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district =
| division =
| constituency_no =
| established = 1967
| reservation =
| abolished = 1977
| electors =
}}
'''Fazilka''' was a [[Lok Sabha]] [[constituency]] in Punjab from 1967 to 1977. It was the successor of '''Fazilka-Sirsa''' constituency which existed from 1952 to 1957. Post the 1976 delimitation, parts of it came under the [[Firozpur Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of Parliament==
{{Pie chart|value1=75|value2=25|label1=[[Indian National Congress|'''INC '''(3 Times)]]|label2=[[Shiromani Akali Dal|'''SAD''' (1 Time)]]|color1={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|color2={{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}|caption=Most Successful parties from Fazilka Sahib Lok Sabha}}''As Fazilka-Sirsa [[Lok Sabha]] constituency''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
| Atma Singh Namdhari<ref name="ls1">{{cite web|url=https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/statedetailar.aspx?state_name=Punjab&lsno=1|title=List of MPs from Punjab in 1st Lok Sabha|publisher=loksabha.nic.in}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 1954^
| [[Iqbal Singh (Lok Sabha member)|Iqbal Singh]]<ref name="ls1" />
|}

''As Fazilka [[Lok Sabha]] constituency''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| [[Iqbal Singh (Lok Sabha member)|Iqbal Singh]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/statedetailar.aspx?state_name=Punjab&lsno=4|title=List of MPs from Punjab in 4th Lok Sabha|publisher=loksabha.nic.in}}</ref>
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
| Gurdas Singh Badal<ref>{{cite web|url=https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/statedetailar.aspx?state_name=Punjab&lsno=5|title=List of MPs from Punjab in 5th Lok Sabha|publisher=loksabha.nic.in}}</ref>
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}" |
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|}
^bypoll

For post-1977 results, see [[Firozpur Lok Sabha constituency]]

==See also==
* [[Fazilka]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Firozpur Lok Sabha constituency]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|30.4|74.0|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fazilka Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:1971 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

Smile (2003 film)

2026-04-29T06:19:08Z

MartiAshley1795: Put Up Details

{{short description|2003 Kannada film starring Shivarajkumar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date = August 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Smile
| image = Smile (2003 film).jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = Seetharam Karanth
| producer = N. K. Prakash Babu
| writer = Seetharam Karanth S. Kumar (dialogues)
| story =
| screenplay =
| starring = {{plainlist|* [[Shiva Rajkumar]]
* [[Neha (actress)|Neha]]
}}
| music = [[V. Manohar]]
| cinematography = P. Rajan
| editing = T. Goverdhan
| studio = Sri Matha Pictures
| runtime = 2 hours 39 minutes
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2003|07|25}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}
''''' Smile ''''' is a 2003 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by Seetharam Karanth and starring [[Shiva Rajkumar]] and [[Neha (actress)|Neha]]. The music was composed by [[V. Manohar]].

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Shiva Rajkumar]]
* [[Neha (actress)|Neha]]
* [[M. P. Shankar]]
* [[Lokanath]]
* [[M. S. Umesh]]
* [[Ravishankar Gowda|Ravishankar]]
* M. S. Karanth
* Shankar Bhat
* M. N. Suresh
* Venkatesh Prasad
* Suresh R. Anchan
* Ramanand
* [[Vaijanath Biradar]]
* Nagesh Mayya
* Harish Raay
* [[Dinesh Mangaluru|Dinesh Mangalore]]
* M. D. Kaushik
* Shilpa
* [[Kishori Ballal]]
}}

== Production ==
The film began production in early 2002.<ref name="V">{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_smile.asp|title=Smile - film of Shivarajkumar getting ready|work=Viggy|access-date=12 December 2023|archive-date=28 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328182355/http://www.viggy.com/english/current_smile.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> Shilpa worked on this film alongside ''[[Ninagagi]]'' (2002) and ''Dumbee'' (2003); however, both those films ended up releasing before this film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/jayashri-raj-weds-atlanta-engineer/articleshow/8000800.cms|title=A gift from Gonikoppa |date=26 April 2002|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=27 September 2023|archive-date=29 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729044054/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Jayashri-Raj-weds-Atlanta-engineer/articleshow/8000800.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Smile
| image =
| caption =
| type = soundtrack
| artist = V. Manohar
| released = 25 May 2003
| recorded =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 40:17
| label = Anand Audio
}}
{{External media
| audio1 = {{Youtube|id=VxdLtOf3yHs|title=Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}
The songs were composed and had its lyrics penned by [[V. Manohar]]. The music rights was bagged by Anand Audio.
{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Sundari Sundari
| extra1 = Badri, Nagachandrika, Mangala
| title2 = Osama Osama
| extra2 = [[Shiva Rajkumar]]
| title3 = Hey Kan Kan Camera
| extra3 = [[K. S. Chitra]]
| title4 = Din Din Thara
| extra4 = Badri
| title5 = Kamala Mukha
| extra5 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Nagachandrika
| title6 = Chile Chilepele
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra
| title7 = Jagavidi Jagamaga
| extra7 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Nanditha]]
| title8 = Kaarirulige
| extra8 = K. S. Chitra
}}

== Release ==
After the success of ''[[Thavarige Baa Thangi]]'', producer N. K. Prakash expressed interest in releasing this film.<ref name="V"/> The film was initially supposed to release on 11 July 2003,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/producers-to-stall-films-release-till-service-tax-impasse-ends/articleshow/68324.cms|title=Producers to stall films release till service tax impasse ends|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 July 2003|access-date=12 December 2023|archive-date=12 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212083110/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/producers-to-stall-films-release-till-service-tax-impasse-ends/articleshow/68324.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> but was postponed to 28 July 2003 along with ''Vikram'' (2003).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/wings_smile.asp|title=Smile and Vikram releasing this week|work=Viggy|access-date=12 December 2023|archive-date=23 August 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030823232047/http://viggy.com/english/wings_smile.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''indiainfo.com'' wrote that "I feel that you have cheated the audiences. You may be wondering why this accusation in the very first sentence. But what am I to do when I feel so very let down. My disappointment is because of your [Seetharam Karanth's] film ''SMILE''".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/reviews/style.html|title=SMILE - Review|website=indiainfo.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031004023143/http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/reviews/style.html|archive-date=4 October 2003|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|14565230}}

[[Category:2003 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2003 Indian films]]
[[Category:2003 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]

Khargram (community development block)

2026-04-28T23:16:02Z

MartiAshley1795: improved article

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khargram
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline = File:Khargram in Murshidabad.svg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.0362700|N|87.9932710|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 378.80
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 27
| population_total = 273,332
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics_type2 = Literacy
| demographics2_title2 = [[Literacy]] (2011)
| demographics2_info2 = 63.56%
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 742159 (Khargram)
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 03484
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-57, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-58
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jangipur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Khargram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khargram]]
| website = {{URL|murshidbad.nic.in/}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Khargram''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in the [[Kandi subdivision]] of [[Murshidabad district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
Khargram is located at {{coord|24.0362700|N|87.9932710|E|format=dms|}}

Khargram CD block is bounded by [[Nabagram (community development block)|Nabagram]] CD block in the north, In the east [[Kandi (community development block)|Kandi]], In the South [[Burwan (community development block)|Burwan]] and [[Rampurhat II]] CD block in the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/murshidabad.html |title = Tehsil Map of Murshidabad |work = CD Block/ Tehsil | publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 6 August 2017}}</ref>

Khargram CD block lies in the Mayurakshi Dwaraka plain in the south-eastern corner of [[Rarh]] region in Murshidabad district. The [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi River]] splits the district into two natural physiographic regions – Rarh on the west and Bagri on the east. The Rarh region is undulating and contains mostly [[clay]] and [[laterite|lateritic]] clay based soil.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Physiography, Page 13 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 24 July 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url= http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx#2 | title= Murshidabad | work= Geography | publisher= Murshidabad district authorities | access-date= 24 July 2017 | archive-date= 29 August 2017 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170829154116/http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx#2 | url-status= dead }}</ref>

The Rarh region or the western part of the district is drained by the right bank tributaries of the Bhagirathi, flowing down from the hilly / plateau region of [[Santhal Pargana division]] in neighbouring Jharkhand. The [[Farakka Barrage]] regulates the flow of water into the Bhagirathi through the feeder canal. Thereafter, it is fed with the discharge from the Mayurakshi system. About 1,800 km2 of area in the neighbourhood of [[Kandi, Murshidabad|Kandi]] town is flooded by the combined discharge of the [[Mayurakshi River|Mayurakshi]], [[Dwarka River|Dwarka]], [[Brahmani River (Birbhum)|Brahmani]], Gambhira, [[Kopai River|Kopai]] and [[Bakreshwar River|Bakreshwar]] – the main contributor being the Mayurakshi. Certain other areas in the western sector also get flooded.<ref name=river>{{cite web | url = http://gangawaterway.in/assets/7-murshidabad.pdf | title = Types and sources of floods in Murshidabad, West Bengal | work = Swati Mollah | publisher = Indian Journal of Applied Research, February 2013 | access-date = 15 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170820073737/http://gangawaterway.in/assets/7-murshidabad.pdf | archive-date = 20 August 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Khargram CD block has an area of 318.45 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 12 [[gram panchayat]]s, 186 gram sansads (village councils), 160 [[mouza]]s and 155 inhabited villages. [[Khargram#Police station|Khargram]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad, Tables 2.1, 2.2 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 21 November 2018 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at [[Nagar, Murshidabad|Nagar]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Map of Murshidabad with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 24 July 2017 }}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s in Khargram block/ panchayat samiti are: Balia, Eroali, Indrani, Jhilli, Joypur, Khargram, Kirtipur, Margram, Mohisar, Padamkandi, Parulia and Sadal.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Murshidabad - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 August 2017}}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Khargram CD block had a total population of 273,332, all of which were rural. There were 139,533 (51%) males and 133,799 (49%) females. The population in the age range 0-6 years was 37,804. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 59,929 (21.93%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 2,442 (0.89%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 14 October 2015}}</ref>

As per 2001 census, Khargram block has a total population of 234,715, out of which 120,352 were males and 114,363 were females. Khargram block registered a population growth of 16.04 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the district was 23.70 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url= http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_7.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date= 8 June 2016 |work=Census of India 2001 – Mushidabad district |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928205646/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_7.htm |archive-date=September 28, 2011 }}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2012-04-12 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref>

The decadal growth of population in Khargram CD block in 2001-2011 was 16.42%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Brief Analysis of Inset Tables based on Primary Census Abstract 2011 (Inset Tables 1-35), Table I: Decadal change in population of Tahsils (Sub-district) by Residence, 2001-2011, Page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 24 July 2017 }}</ref>

===Villages===
Large villages in Khargram CD block were (2011 population figures in brackets): Jhilli (5,162), Indrani (7,018), Rahigram (4,395), Sankarpur (10,124), Asalpur (5,010), Parulia (4,400), [[Nagar, Murshidabad|Nagar]] (11,882), Sahapur (5,409), Jatarpur (4,098), [[Khargram]] (11,209) and Mahisar (4,325).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census, the total number of literate persons in Khargram CD block was 149,700 (63.56% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 83,797 (69.69% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 65,903 (57.16% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 12.53%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Murshidabad district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Khargram CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|54.22}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|45.53}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.25}}
}}

In the 2011 census, Muslims numbered 148,206 and formed 54.22% of the population in Khargram CD block. Hindus numbered 124,440 and formed 45.53% of the population. Others numbered 686 and formed 0.25% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> In Khargram CD block while the proportion of Muslims increased from 47.31% in 1991 to 51.35% in 2001, the proportion of Hindus declined from 52.63% in 1991 to 48.48% in 2001.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad | work = Table 17.1, Population by religion in the blocks of Murshidabad | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 21 November 2018 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Murshidabad district had 4,707,573 Muslims who formed 66.27% of the population, 2,359,061 Hindus who formed 33.21% of the population, and 37, 173 persons belonging to other religions who formed 0.52% of the population, in the 2011 census. While the proportion of Muslim population in the district increased from 61.40% in 1991 to 63.67% in 2001, the proportion of Hindu population declined from 38.39% in 1991 to 35.92% in 2001.<ref name=censusreligion2011>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html |title = C1 Population by Religious Community | work= West Bengal |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 20 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad | work = Table 2.10, Population by religion in the district of Murshidabad, 1991 and 2001 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 21 November 2018 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bengal-beats-India-in-Muslim-growth-rate/articleshow/48675987.cms |title = Bengal beats India in Muslim growth rate|publisher= The Times of India, 26 August 2015 | access-date = 23 July 2017}}</ref>

[[Bengali language|Bengali]] is the predominant language, spoken by 99.51% of the population.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
As per the Human Development Report 2004 for West Bengal, the [[rural poverty]] ratio in Murshidabad district was 46.12%. Purulia, Bankura and Birbhum districts had higher rural poverty ratios. These estimates were based on Central Sample data of NSS 55th round 1999-2000.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.planningcommission.gov.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_pdf/shdr_wb04.pdf| title = West Bengal Human Development Report 2004| work = Page 80: Table 4.5 Per capita consumption in rural and urban areas by district| publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal| access-date = 20 November 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120501201321/http://planningcommission.gov.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_pdf/shdr_wb04.pdf| archive-date = 1 May 2012| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
In Khargram CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators formed 20.68%, agricultural labourers 53.69%, household industry workers 7.32% and other workers 18.31%.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad | work = Tables 2.7, 17.2, 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 21 November 2018 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 138 inhabited villages in Khargram CD block. 100% villages have power supply. 137 villages (99.28%) have drinking water supply. 30 villages (21.74%) have post offices. 132 villages (95.65%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 35 villages (25.36%) have a pucca approach road and 54 villages (39.14%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 17 villages (12.32%) have agricultural credit societies and 9 villages (6.52%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 96-97 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 4 August 2017}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Persons engaged in agriculture in Khargram CD block'''
|value1 = 7.12
|label1 = Bargadars
|value2 = 10.56
|label2 = Patta holders
|value3 = 4.42
|label3 = Small farmers
|value4 = 27.36
|label4 = Marginal farmers
|value5 = 50.53
|label5= Agricultural labourers}}

From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Following [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013-14, persons engaged in agriculture in Khargram CD block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 6,816 (7.12%,) patta (document) holders 10,104 (10.56%), small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 4,230 (4.42%), marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 26,180 (27.36%) and agricultural labourers 48,349 (50.53%).<ref name=handbook2014/>

Khargram CD block had 114 fertiliser depots, 2 seed stores and 63 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in 2013-14.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013-14, Khargram CD block produced 72,974 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop from 25,198 hectares, 51,158 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 14,290 hectares, 125 tonnes of wheat from 24 hectares, 41 tonnes of jute from 4 hectares, 6,741 tonnes of potatoes from 225 hectares and 4,845 tonnes of sugar cane from 60 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in Khargram CD block was 13,447 hectares, out of which 7,089 hectares were irrigated by canal water, 2,187 hectares with tank water, 118 hectares by river lift irrigation, 40 hectares by deep tube wells, and 4,013 hectares by other means.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Silk and handicrafts===
Murshidabad is famous for its silk industry since the Middle Ages. There are three distinct categories in this industry, namely (i) [[Mulberry]] cultivation and silkworm rearing (ii) Peeling of raw silk (iii) Weaving of silk fabrics.<ref name=handicrafts>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 22-23: Industry | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 4 August 2017}}</ref> Prime locations for weaving (silk and cotton) are: Khargram, Raghunathganj I, Nabagram, Beldanga I, Beldanga II and Raninagar-I CD blocks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/28080/6/06_chapter%201.pdf| title = Child workers in household industry: a study of beedi industry in Murshidabad district of West Bengal | first= Sunirmal| last= Kar| work = Viswa Bharati University thesis, page 5 | publisher = Shodhganga | access-date = 28 August 2017}}</ref>

Ivory carving is an important cottage industry from the era of the Nawabs. The main areas where this industry has flourished are Khagra and Jiaganj. 99% of ivory craft production is exported. In more recent years sandalwood etching has become more popular than ivory carving. Bell metal and Brass utensils are manufactured in large quantities at Khagra, Berhampore, Kandi and Jangipur. [[Beedi]] making has flourished in the Jangipur subdivision.<ref name=handicrafts/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx#4 | title = Egiye Bangla Murshidabad district | work = Handicrafts and Silk Industry | publisher = Murshidabad district administration | access-date = 17 August 2017 | archive-date = 29 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170829154116/http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx#4 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Banking===
In 2013-14, Khargram CD block had offices of 11 commercial banks and 1 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin bank]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
Murshidabad district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 3 November 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 26 November 2018}}</ref>

==Transport==
Khargram CD block has 9 ferry services and 11 originating/ terminating bus routes. The nearest railway station is 45 km from the CD block headquarters.<ref name=handbook2014/>

[[State Highway 7 (West Bengal)|SH 7]] running from Rajgram (in Birbhum district) to Midnapore (in Paschim Medinipur district) passes through this CD block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 5 February 2017}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2013-14, Khargram CD block had 148 primary schools with 16,885 students, 14 middle schools with 1,610 students, 14 high school with 9,603 students and 15 higher secondary schools with 15,179 students. Khargram CD block had 1 general college with 1,676 students, and 421 institutions for special and non-formal education with 19,862 students.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Nagar College was established in 1998 at [[Nagar, Murshidabad|Nagar]]. Affiliated to the [[University of Kalyani]], it offers honours courses in Bengali, English, Sanskrit, Arabic, philosophy, political science, history, geography and mathematics.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://nagarcollege.in/courses%20Offered.html | title = Nagar College | publisher = NC | access-date = 12 September 2017 | archive-date = 17 September 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170917124510/http://nagarcollege.in/courses%20Offered.html | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In Khargram CD block, amongst the 138 inhabited villages, 6 villages do not have a school, 64 villages have more than 1 primary school, 55 villages have at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 29 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 901-902, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 4 August 2017}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Khargram CD block had 1 rural hospital, 4 [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] and 1 private nursing home with total 92 beds and 6 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 38 family welfare subcentres. 10,450 patients were treated indoor and 135,786 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Khargram CD block has Khargram Rural Hospital at [[Khargram]] (with 50 beds), Margram [[Primary Health Centre (India)|Primary Health Centre]] (with 10 beds), Jhili PHC at Nonadanga (with 10 beds), Parulia PHC at Debiparulia (with 10 beds) and Indrani PHC (with 2 beds)<ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 19 September 2017 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Khargram CD block is one of the areas of Murshidabad district where ground water is affected by moderate level of [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|arsenic contamination]]. The [[World Health Organization|WHO]] guideline for arsenic in drinking water is 10 mg/ litre, and the Indian Standard value is 50 mg/ litre. All but one of the 26 blocks of Murshidabad district have arsenic contamination above the WHO level, all but two of the blocks have arsenic concentration above the Indian Standard value and 17 blocks have arsenic concentration above 300 mg/litre. The maximum concentration in Khargram CD block is 75 mg/litre.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb1.htm| title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (20 years study )| publisher = SOES| work = Murshidabad| access-date = 4 August 2017| archive-date = 22 July 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110722092741/http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb1.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage-inline|Murshidabad}}

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Murshidabad topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Murshidabad district]]

Rabindra Prasad Panda

2026-04-27T16:38:42Z

MartiAshley1795: starting a article

{{Short description|Indian Odia-language writer}}
{{Orphan|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Rabindra Prasad Panda
| native_name = ରବୀନ୍ଦ୍ର ପ୍ରସାଦ ପଣ୍ଡା
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1937|11|21|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Chhatrapada, [[Bhadrak district|Bhadrak]], [[Odisha]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2026|04|15|1937|11|21}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| resting_place =
| occupation = Writer
| language = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notablework = ''Madhyabitta Atmabichara''
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
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| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = [[Odisha Sahitya Academi Award]], 2007
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| portaldisp =
}}

'''Rabindra Prasad Panda''' (21 November 1937 – 15 April 2026) was an Odia-language writer from Odisha, India.। In 2007, he got the Odisha Sahitya Academi Award for this book ''Madhyabitta Atmabichara''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://odishasahityaakademi.org/English/sahitya-award11.php |title=Odisha Sahitya Akademi Awards |access-date=13 December 2024 |archive-date=23 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923123002/http://odishasahityaakademi.org/English/sahitya-award11.php |url-status=dead |website=Odisha Sahitya Akademi}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Panda was born on 21 November 1937 at Chhatrapada in Bhadrak district of Odisha. He completed his high school education from Chandbali Ghulam Muhammad School and then studied from Bhadrak High School, later in Ravenshaw College and completed his higher education from Lucknow and joined the civil service as an OES officer. He retired in 1995. During his student days, he edited the magazine ''Jagran'' and the front page of the Students' Union, ''Aagami'', and later the quarterly magazine ''Kabita''.<ref>{{cite book |last=ମହାରଣା |first=ସୁରେନ୍ଦ୍ର କୁମାର |title=ଓଡ଼ିଆ ସାହିତ୍ୟର ଇତିହାସ |publisher=ଓଡ଼ିଶା ବୁକ୍ ଷ୍ଟୋର |year=2015 |isbn=81-7400-331-2 |location=କଟକ |pages=୫୨୧, ୫୯୭,୮୮୩}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=ମହାନ୍ତି |first=ନଗେନ୍ଦ୍ର ନାଥ |title=ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଚରିତ କୋଷ, ୧ମ ଭାଗ |publisher=ପ୍ରତିମା ନାଥ ଟ୍ରଷ୍ଟ |year=2012 |isbn= |location=ନୂଆଦିଲ୍ଲୀ |pages=୧୪୦୨}}</ref>

=== Controversies ===
He was arrested on March 14, 2008, in Kolkata for alleged inappropriate content and a picture published on the cover page of the book ''Hazrat Muhammad''.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 March 2008 |title=Jail stay stretches |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/jail-stay-stretches/cid/603922 |url-status=live |access-date=23 April 2026 |work=The Telegraph (India) |location=Cuttack |language=en-IN}}</ref> Police booked him under [[Section 295A of the Indian Penal Code|section 295-A]] (Deliberate and malicious acts, intended to outrage religious feelings or any class by insulting its religion or religious beliefs) of [[Indian Penal Code|IPC]] following an FIR filed on basis of allegations by an organisation of Cuttack Dewan Baazar on March 11, 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=2008-03-15 |title=Author arrested for portraying Prophet Mohammed in book |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2008/03/14/author-arrested-for-portraying-prophet-mohammed-in-book-1205521308.html |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=4 February 2010 |title=Court relief for author |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/court-relief-for-author/cid/546829 |url-status=live |access-date=23 April 2026 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)]] |location=[[Cuttack]] |language=en-IN}}</ref>

After his bail was rejected by Cuttack SDJM, he was sent to Choudwar jail. Later, he was granted bail and he moved the high court filing a petition against the case. Meanwhile, the publisher Bidyapuri withdrew the controversial book from the market. The [[Orissa High Court|Odisha High Court]] has turned down the criminal case filed against Panda over this book adopting the petition filed by Panda in the high court, a bench of Justice BR Sarangi quashed the case that was in the Cuttack SDJM court.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2017-09-16 |title=Hazrat Muhammad book controversy: Odisha author gets justice after nine yrs |url=https://sambadenglish.com/hazrat-muhammad-book-controversy-odisha-author-gets-justice-after-nine-yrs/ |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=Sambad English |language=en}}</ref>

=== Death ===
He died on 15 April 2026 at 88.

=== Published books ===
* ''Madhyabitta Atmabichara''
* ''Choudwara Jailre Pancharati''
* ''Bata Hudi Bata Khoji''
* ''Aristotle''
* ''Darwin''
* ''Hazrat Muhammad''<ref name="j898">{{cite web | title=Book trouble | website=Telegraph India | date=2008-03-15 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/book-trouble/cid/605958 | access-date=2026-04-20}}</ref><ref name="x352">{{cite web | title=Court relief for author | website=Telegraph India | date=2010-02-04 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/court-relief-for-author/cid/546829 | access-date=2026-04-20}}</ref><ref>https://www.oneindia.com/2008/03/14/author-arrested-for-portraying-prophet-mohammed-in-book-1205521308.html</ref>
* ''Niyati Sahita Abhisara''
* ''Plato''
* ''Udara Mudara Tara''
* ''Samayara Chhai'' (poem)
* ''Antarjali Iswara o Kabira Antyesti''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://library.suniv.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=5143 |title=ଆର୍କାଇଭ୍ କପି |access-date=2024-12-13 |archive-date=2024-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222120829/http://library.suniv.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=5143 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Translated books ===
* Yogesh Chandra Ray Bidyanidhi, ''Ja Manepade''
* ''Rabindranathanka Gora''<ref>https://opac.cuo.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=18940&query_desc=su%3A%22Odia%20novel%22</ref>
* ''Rabindranathanka Galpaguchha''

== Awards ==
* [[Odisha Sahitya Academi Award]], 2007<ref name="x074">{{cite web | title=ODISHA SAHITYA ACADEMY AWARDED BOOKS AND WRITERS | website=ODISHA REFERENCE ANNUAL - 2011 | url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/92-99.pdf | access-date=2026-04-20}}</ref> – [[Essays]]–[[Criticism]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panda, Rabindra Prasad}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Bhadrak district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Odisha Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Odia-language writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]

Badaun Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-27T15:49:06Z

MartiAshley1795: created new stub

{{short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Badaun {{Small|UP-23}}
|established = 1952
|reservation =None
|party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
|mp =[[Aditya Yadav (politician)|Aditya Yadav]]
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Badaun.map}}
|map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Badaun Lok Sabha constituency
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
|state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|assembly_cons =[[Gunnaur Assembly constituency|Gunnaur]] [[Bisauli Assembly constituency|Bisauli]] [[Sahaswan Assembly constituency|Sahaswan]] [[Bilsi Assembly constituency|Bilsi]] [[Badaun Assembly constituency|Badaun]]
}}

'''Badaun Lok Sabha constituency''' ({{IPA|hi|bəd̪aːjũː}}) is one of the 80 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in [[India]].

== Assembly segments ==
Presently, Badaun Lok Sabha constituency comprises five [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/023_PC_Statistics_English.aspx|title=Information and Statistics-Parliamentary Constituencies-23-Badaun|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh website}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2"| Party
!colspan="2"| 2024 Lead
|-
| 111
|[[Gunnaur Assembly constituency|Gunnaur]]
|[[Sambhal district|Sambhal]]
|[[Ramkhiladi Singh Yadav]]
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=3}}
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|112
|[[Bisauli Assembly constituency|Bisauli]] (SC)
|rowspan="4"| [[Budaun district|Budaun]]
|[[Ashutosh Maurya]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|113
|[[Sahaswan Assembly constituency|Sahaswan]]
|[[Brajesh Yadav]]
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|114
|[[Bilsi Assembly constituency|Bilsi]]
|[[Harish Shakya]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|115
|[[Badaun Assembly constituency|Badaun]]
|[[Mahesh Chandra Gupta]]
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Badan Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[Raghubir Sahai]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Onkar Singh (politician)|Onkar Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1967|1967]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1971|1971]]
|[[Karan Singh Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1977|1977]]
|[[Onkar Singh (politician)|Onkar Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1980|1980]]
|Mohammad Asrar Ahmad
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1984|1984]]
|[[Saleem Iqbal Shervani]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1989|1989]]
|[[Sharad Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1991|1991]]
|[[Chinmayanand (politician)|Swami Chinmayanand]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Saleem Iqbal Shervani]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1998|1998]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1999|1999]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2004|2004]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2009|2009]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Dharmendra Yadav]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2014|2014]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2019|2019]]
|[[Sanghmitra Maurya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Aditya Yadav (politician)|Aditya Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|}

==Election results==

=== General election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Badaun]]<ref name="Badaun Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2014- 2024">{{cite news |title=Badaun Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2014- 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/badaun |access-date=1 July 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250701073212/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/badaun |archive-date=1 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=[[Aditya Yadav]] |votes=5,01,855|percentage=45.97|change={{up}}0.38}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Durvijay Sakya |party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=4,66,864|percentage=42.76|change={{down}}4.54}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate =Muslim Khan
|votes =97,751
|percentage = 8.95
|change ={{up}}8.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=8,562|percentage=0.78|change={{decrease}}0.02}}
{{Election box majority||votes=34,991|percentage= 3.21 |change={{increase}}1.50}}
{{Election box turnout||votes= 10,91,764 |percentage=54.05|change={{decrease}}3.12}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janta Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Badaun]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Sanghmitra Maurya]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=5,11,352|percentage=47.30|change=+14.99}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=[[Dharmendra Yadav]]|votes=4,92,898|percentage=45.59|change=-18.18}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Saleem Iqbal Shervani]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=51,947 |percentage=4.80 |change=+4.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=8,606|percentage=0.80|change=+0.19}}
{{Election box majority||votes=18,454|percentage=1.71|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,81,474|percentage=57.17|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Badaun]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Dharmendra Yadav]]
|votes = 4,98,378
|percentage = 48.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Vagish Pathak
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 3,32,031
|percentage = 32.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Akmal Khan (Chaman)
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,56,973
|percentage = 15.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Paglanand
|party = [[Mahan Dal]]
|votes = 5,748
|percentage = 0.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Munshi Lal
|votes = 5,651
|percentage = 0.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 6,286
|percentage = 0.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,66,347
|percentage = 16.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,27,669
|percentage = 58.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Badaun]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Dharmendra Yadav]]
|votes = 2,33,744
|percentage = 31.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[D. P. Yadav|Dharam Yadav (D. P.)]]
|votes = 2,01,202
|percentage = 27.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Saleem Iqbal Shervani]]
| votes = 1,93,834
| percentage = 26.29
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal (United)
| candidate = D. K. Bhardwaj
| votes = 74,079
| percentage = 10.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Bhagwan Singh
|votes = 11,819
|percentage = 1.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Dharmendra Yadav
|votes = 10,368
|percentage = 1.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 32,542
| percentage = 4.41
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 7,37,308
| percentage = 52.45
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Samajwadi Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Badaun district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
* [https://resultuniversity.com/election/badaun-lok-sabha Badaun] : Lok Sabha Election Results from 1971

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Bareilly division topics}}

{{Coord|28.03|79.13|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Budaun district]]

Double fish hook strategy

2026-04-27T07:40:50Z

MartiAshley1795: Added a stub...

{{Short description|Indian geo-political strategy}}

'''{{'}}Double fish hook' strategy''' is a speculated [[maritime strategy]] which [[India]] adopts to counter the [[String of Pearls (Indian Ocean)|String of Pearls]] strategy by the [[China|People's Republic of China]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Jha|first=Prof Pankaj|date=2020-08-08|title=Countering Chinese String of Pearls, India's 'double Fish Hook' Strategy|url=https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2020/08/08/countering-chinese-string-of-pearls-indias-double-fish-hook-strategy/|access-date=2020-08-11|website=Modern Diplomacy|language=en-US}}</ref> This 'fish hook' strategy of India is expected to complement the 'fish hook' strategy undertaken by the [[United States|US]] along with its allies in the Pacific Ocean.

The 'double fish hook' involves a string of port developments and alliances that India has entered into. The eastern 'fish hook' covers the eastern Indian Ocean and begins in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] and ends at the US military base (Diego Garcia) in the [[Chagos Archipelago]].<ref name=":0" /> The Andaman and Nicobar Islands constitute the endpoint of the US 'fish hook' strategy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Has India activated its 'Fish Hook' strategy in the Indian Ocean?|url=https://www.cescube.com/vp-has-india-activated-its-fish-hook-strategy-in-the-indian-ocean|access-date=2020-12-30|website=www.cescube.com}}</ref> The western 'fish hook' begins at the [[Al Duqm Port & Drydock|Duqm port]] through India's Maritime Transport Agreement with [[Oman]] and traverses [[Mauritius]], [[Seychelles]], and [[Madagascar]].<ref name=":0" /> India also develops maritime linkages with [[France]], which has security interests for its territories in the Indian Ocean region.<ref name=":0" />

==See also==

* [[Island chain strategy]]
* [[Necklace of Diamonds]]

==References==
{{reflist|}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Double Fish Hook Strategy}}
[[Category:Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Geopolitical terminology]]
[[Category:Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Indian Overseas Military bases]]
[[Category:Theories]]
[[Category:Military strategy]]
[[Category:India–United States military relations]]
[[Category:China–India military relations]]

{{Mil-stub}}
{{geopolitics-term-stub}}

Vijay Kumar Hansdak

2026-04-22T02:16:14Z

MartiAshley1795: Put Up A Biography

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| name = Vijay Kumar Hansdak
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1982|10|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = Kalitalla, [[Barharwa]], [[Jharkhand]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| father = [[Thomas Hansda]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Rajmahal (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Rajmahal]]
| term_start = 16 May 2014
| predecessor = [[Devidhan Besra]]
| successor =
| party = [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = 15 December
| year = 2016
| source = http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4866
| image_size = 200
}}

'''Vijay Kumar Hansdak''' ({{IPA|hi|ʋɪd͡ʒəj kʊmaːɾ ɦə̃s.d̪ək}}) is an Indian politician and a member of the [[17th Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha]].<ref name="32 newly elected under-35 MPs & what they intend to do for their constituencies">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=25 May 2014 |title=32 newly elected under-35 MPs & what they intend to do for their constituencies |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/32-newly-elected-under-35-mps-what-they-intend-to-do-for-their-constituencies/articleshow/35569860.cms |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720133857/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/32-newly-elected-under-35-mps-what-they-intend-to-do-for-their-constituencies/articleshow/35569860.cms |archivedate=20 July 2025 |accessdate=20 July 2025 |publisher=The Economic Times}}</ref> He represents the [[Rajmahal (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Rajmahal]] constituency of [[Jharkhand]] and a member of the [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]].<ref>{{cite web|title=GENERAL ELECTION TO LOK SABHA TRENDS & RESULT 2014 -JH-Rajmahal |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS271.htm?ac=1 |access-date=28 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528030021/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS271.htm?ac=1 |archive-date=28 May 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-18 |title=rajmahal lok sabha election vijay hansdak thomas hansda |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/top-stories/rajmahal-lok-sabha-vijay-hansdak-son-of-thomas-hansda-congress-wins-for-jmm-interesting-story-of-friendship-mtj |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref> Vijay is son of former [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] MP and former [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] State (Jharkhand) President Late [[Thomas Hansda]] from the same seat. Vijay joined the [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]] fold just before the poll dates were announced.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140421/jsp/jharkhand/story_18261380.jsp#.U-9JzF2t-o8 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102825/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140421/jsp/jharkhand/story_18261380.jsp#.U-9JzF2t-o8 | url-status=dead | archive-date=19 August 2014 |title = JMM fights odds in own backyard - Hemant spearheads hectic campaigns in Dumka, Rajmahal constituencies}}</ref>

== Notable works==
Mr Hansdak along with [[Lobin Hembrom]] played a crucial role in establishing Shibu Soren Janjatiya Degree College, Borio, for the people residing the foot hills of the [[Rajmahal Hills]], which has been dedicated to an eminent leader of [[Jharkhand]] Sri [[Shibu Soren]]. Currently, he is also the president of Shibu Soren Janjatiya Degree College, Borio.<ref>Shibu Soren Janjatiya Degree College, Borio, Source website= https://ssjdegreecollege.in/</ref>

==Positions held==
Vijay Kumar Hansdak was elected to the 18th Lok Sabha in June 2024 and has been serving as a Member of the Committee on Coal, Mines, and Steel since September 26, 2024. He has also been a Member of the Joint Committee on Offices of Profit and the Standing Committee on Coal, Mines, and Steel since September 16, 2019. Additionally, he is a Member of the Consultative Committee for the Ministry of Home Affairs.

He was re-elected to the 17th Lok Sabha in May 2019 (second term) and served as a Member of the Library Committee and the Consultative Committee for the Ministry of Coal from March 12, 2015, to May 25, 2019. From October 7, 2014, to May 25, 2019, he was a Member of the Standing Committee on Rural Development. He was first elected to the 16th Lok Sabha in May 2014.

He also holds the position of Deputy Chairman, Forum for State Forest Conservation.

<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/4866?from=members |title=Profile: Vijay Kumar Hansdak |accessdate=2024-12-10}}</ref>

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060203135734/http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/homepage.asp?mpsno=4117 Home Page on the Parliament of India's. In India]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{16th LS members from Jharkhand}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hansdak, Vijay Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019|S]]
[[Category:Jharkhand Mukti Morcha politicians]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:People from Pakur district]]
[[Category:People from Sahibganj district]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]

{{Jharkhand-politician-stub}}

Tinku Roy

2026-04-22T00:34:09Z

MartiAshley1795: Put Up Data

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Tinku Roy
| image =
| cabinet = [[Government of Tripura|State Government of Tripura]]
| state = [[Tripura]]
| education = Higher Secondary
| birth_date = 1975
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]]
| citizenship = [[India]]
| office = [[Second Saha ministry|Youth Affairs & Sports, Social Welfare & Social Education and Labour]]
| term_start = 2023
| alma_mater =
| parents = Manoranjan Roy
| office1 = Member of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Chandipur, Tripura Assembly constituency|Chandipur]]
| term_start1 = 2023
| predecessor1 = Tapan Chakraborty
}}

'''Tinku Roy''' (born 1 January 1975) <ref>{{cite web |title=About the minister {{!}} Official website of Social Welfare & Social Education Department, Government of Tripura |url=https://socialwelfare.tripura.gov.in/sites/default/files/TR_Bio_v2.pdf |website=socialwelfare.tripura.gov.in/}}</ref> is an Indian Politician from [[Tripura]]. He is currently serving as Minister of Youth Affairs & Sports, Social Welfare & Social Education and Labour in Government of Tripura under [[Second Saha ministry|Second Saha Ministry]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Council of Ministers {{!}} Official website of Tripura State Portal, India |url=https://tripura.gov.in/council-ministers |website=tripura.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Council of Ministers |url=https://www.tripuraassembly.nic.in/Council%20of%20Ministers.pdf |publisher=[[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]}}</ref> He was elected as a member of Tripura Legislative Assembly from [[Chandipur, Tripura Assembly constituency|Chandipur]].<ref>{{cite web |title=General election to Vidhan Sabha trends & result March-2023 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS2352.htm?ac=52 |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Tinku}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Tripura]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Tripura]]
[[Category:1975 births]]

List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (2010–2019)

2026-04-21T19:48:14Z

MartiAshley1795: done.

{{Short description|List of recipients of a civilian award in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox civilian award
| name = Padma Bhushan
| image = Padma Bhushan India IIe Klasse.jpg
| alt = Padma Bhushan medal suspended from its riband
| image_size = 100px
| type = National Civilian
| country = India
| established = 1954
| firstawarded = 1954
| presenter = [[File:Emblem of India.svg|30px|State Emblem of India]] [[Government of India]]
| previous = [[Padma Vibhushan]] "Dusra Varg" (Class II)
| obverse = A centrally located lotus flower is embossed and the text "Padma" written in Devanagari script is placed above and the text "Bhushan" is placed below the lotus.
| reverse = A platinum [[State Emblem of India]] placed in the centre with the national motto of India, "[[Satyameva Jayate]]" (Truth alone triumphs) in Devanagari Script
| ribbon = [[File:Padma Bhushan Ribbon.svg|100px|Padma Bhushan riband]]
| higher = [[File:Padma Vibhushan Ribbon.svg|x15px|Padma Vibhushan riband]] [[Padma Vibhushan]]
| lower = [[File:Padma Shri Ribbon.svg|x15px|Padma Shri riband]] [[Padma Shri]]
| total_awarded = 218
}}

The [[Padma Bhushan]] is the third-highest [[Indian honours system|civilian award]] of the [[India|Republic of India]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/pv-sindhu-recommended-for-padma-bhushan-indias-third-highest-civilian-award-by-sports-ministry-4079101.html|title=PV Sindhu recommended for Padma Bhushan, India's third highest civilian award, by sports ministry|work=Firstpost|date=25 September 2017|access-date=26 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226235920/http://www.firstpost.com/sports/pv-sindhu-recommended-for-padma-bhushan-indias-third-highest-civilian-award-by-sports-ministry-4079101.html|archive-date=26 December 2017}}</ref> Instituted on 2{{nbsp}}January 1954, the award is given for "distinguished service of a high order", without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex.<ref name=award1954>{{cite journal|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1954/E-2233-1954-0001-103507.pdf|title=The Gazette of India—Extraordinary—Part I|last=Lal|first=Shavax A.|year=1954|journal=The Gazette of India|publisher=The President's Secretariat|publication-date=2 January 1954|access-date=31 March 2018|pages=2|quote=The President is pleased to institute an award to be designated 'Padma Vibhushan' in three classes, namely: 'Pahela Varg', 'Dusra Varg' and 'Tisra Varg'|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514155953/http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1954/E-2233-1954-0001-103507.pdf|archive-date=14 May 2014}}</ref> The recipients receive a ''Sanad'', a certificate signed by the [[President of India]] and a circular-shaped medallion with no monetary association. The recipients are announced every year on [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] (26{{nbsp}}January) and registered in ''[[The Gazette of India]]''{{mdash}}a publication used for official government notices and released weekly by the Department of Publication, under the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development]].<ref name="scheme">{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Scheme|url=http://mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/Scheme-PadmaAwards-050514.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|access-date=28 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002803/http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Scheme-PadmaAwards-050514.pdf|archive-date=9 February 2018}}</ref> The conferral of the award is not considered official without its publication in the ''Gazette''. The name of a recipient, whose award has been revoked or restored, both of which require the authority of the President, is archived and they are required to surrender their medal when their name is struck from the register.<ref name=award1955>{{cite journal|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1955/O-2196-1955-0003-100533.pdf|title=The Gazette of India—Extraordinary—Part I|last=Ayyar|first=N. M.|year=1955|journal=The Gazette of India|publisher=The President's Secretariat|publication-date=15 January 1955|access-date=31 March 2018|pages=8|quote=All persons upon whom the decoration of 'Padma Vibhushan' ('Dusra Varg') was conferred under the Regulations issued with Notification No. 2-Pres./54, dated the 2nd January, 1954, shall, for all purposes of these regulations, be deemed to be persons on whom the decoration of Padma Bhushan has been conferred by the President.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518211317/http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1955/O-2196-1955-0003-100533.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2014}}</ref> {{As of|2019}}, none of the conferments of Padma Bhushan during the 2010s have been revoked or restored. The recommendations are received from all the [[State governments of India|state and the union territory governments]], as well as from [[Union Government ministries of India|Ministries of the Government of India]], the [[Bharat Ratna]] and the [[List of Padma Vibhushan award recipients|Padma Vibhushan awardees]], the Institutes of Excellence, the [[Union Council of Ministers#Ministers of State|Ministers]], the [[List of current Indian chief ministers|Chief Ministers]] and the [[List of current Indian governors|Governors of State]], and the [[Member of Parliament (India)|Members of Parliament]] including private individuals.<ref name="scheme" />

When instituted in 1954, the Padma Bhushan was classified as "Dusra Varg" (Class II) under the three-tier [[Padma Vibhushan]] awards, which were preceded by the Bharat Ratna in hierarchy. On 15{{nbsp}}January 1955, the Padma Vibhushan was reclassified into three different awards as the Padma Vibhushan, the Padma Bhushan and the [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="scheme" /> The criteria included "distinguished service of a high order in any field including service rendered by Government servants", but excluded those working with the [[Public sector undertakings in India|public sector undertakings]] with the exception of doctors and scientists. The 1954 statutes did not allow posthumous awards; this was subsequently modified in the January 1955 statute.<ref name=award1955 /> The design was also changed to the form that is currently in use; it portrays a circular-shaped toned bronze medallion {{convert|1+3/4|inch|mm}} in diameter and {{convert|1/8|inch|mm}} thick. The centrally placed pattern made of outer lines of a square of {{convert|1+3/16|inch|mm}} side is embossed with a knob carved within each of the outer angles of the pattern. A raised circular space of diameter {{convert|1+1/16|inch|mm}} is placed at the centre of the decoration. A centrally located lotus flower is embossed on the obverse side of the medal and the text "Padma" is placed above and the text "Bhushan" is placed below the lotus written in [[Devanagari]] script. The [[State Emblem of India]] is displayed in the centre of the reverse side, together with the national motto of India, "[[Satyameva Jayate]]" (Truth alone triumphs) in Devanagari script, which is inscribed on the lower edge. The rim, the edges and all embossing on either side is of standard gold with the text "Padma Bhushan" of gold gilt. The medal is suspended by a pink riband {{convert|1+1/4|inch|mm}} in width with a broad white stripe in the middle.<ref name="scheme" /><ref name=award1955 /> It is ranked fifth in the order of precedence of wearing of medals and decorations of [[Indian honours system|the Indian civilian and military awards]].{{efn|The order of precedence is: [[Bharat Ratna]], [[Param Vir Chakra]], [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]], [[Padma Vibhushan]] and Padma Bhushan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=zCQHR1MODtMw0EJ0MUc5CA==&ParentID=XRRy6fl/Yj1c0bK0sve+Pg==|title=Wearing of Medals: Precedence Of Medals|access-date=22 November 2015|publisher=Indian Army|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220808/http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=zCQHR1MODtMw0EJ0MUc5CA%3D%3D&ParentID=XRRy6fl%2FYj1c0bK0sve+Pg%3D%3D|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>}}

{{As of|2019}}, a total of 218 individuals have been conferred with the award in 2010s{{dash}} forty-three conferments were presented in 2010, followed by thirty-one in 2011, twenty-eight in 2012, twenty-three in 2013, twenty-four in 2014, twenty in 2015, nineteen in 2016, seven in 2017, nine in 2018, and fourteen in 2019. Since 2010, the Padma Bhushan have been conferred upon thirty foreign recipients{{dash}} twenty from the United States, three from the United Kingdom, and one each from Bangladesh, Germany, Ireland, Russia, Singapore, South Africa, and Thailand. Individuals from ten different fields were awarded, which includes sixty artists, thirty-five from literature and education, twenty-four from science and engineering, twenty-one from trade and industry, eighteen from medicine, fifteen civil servants, seventeen from public affairs, ten sportspersons, eight from social work, and eleven from other fields. Most recently on 25 January 2019, the award has been bestowed upon fourteen recipients.<ref name="PadmaAwards">{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2014)|url=http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Year_Wise_main_25042017.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=21 May 2014|access-date=22 March 2016|pages=166–193|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6U68ulwpb?url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf|archive-date=15 November 2014}}
* {{cite web|title=Padma Awards: 2015|url=http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Awards_2015_14042017.PDF|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=25 January 2015|access-date=18 October 2015|pages=1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002859/http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Awards_2015_14042017.PDF|archive-date=9 February 2018}}
* {{cite web|title=Padma Awards: 2016|url=http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Awards_2016_14042017.PDF|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=25 January 2016|access-date=25 January 2016|pages=1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002908/http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Awards_2016_14042017.PDF|archive-date=9 February 2018}}
* {{cite web|title=Padma Awards: 2017|url=http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Awards_2017_14042017.PDF|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=25 January 2017|access-date=25 January 2017|pages=1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002819/http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Awards_2017_14042017.PDF|archive-date=9 February 2018}}
* {{cite web|title=Padma Awards: 2018|url=http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/PadmaAwards2018_E_25012018.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=25 January 2018|access-date=25 January 2018|pages=1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002937/http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/PadmaAwards2018_E_25012018.pdf|archive-date=9 February 2018}}
* {{cite web|title=Padma Awards: 2019|url=https://mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/Padma_Awards_2019.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=25 January 2019|access-date=25 January 2019|pages=1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125171903/https://mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/Padma_Awards_2019.pdf|archive-date=25 January 2019|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Overview ==

{|class="plainrowheaders"
|+
! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top" |
{{Bar graph
| title = Award recipients by year<ref name="PadmaAwards"/>
| float = right
| bar_width = 12
| width_units = em
| data_max = 43
| label_type = Year
| data_type = Number of recipients
| label1 = 2010
| data1 = 43
| label2 = 2011
| data2 = 31
| label3 = 2012
| data3 = 28
| label4 = 2013
| data4 = 23
| label5 = 2014
| data5 = 24
| label6 = 2015
| data6 = 20
| label7 = 2016
| data7 = 19
| label8 = 2017
| data8 = 7
| label9 = 2018
| data9 = 9
| label10 = 2019
| data10 = 14
}}
! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top"|
{{Bar graph
| title = Award recipients by field<ref name="PadmaAwards"/>
| float = right
| bar_width = 12
| width_units = em
| data_max = 60
| label_type = Field
| data_type = Number of recipients
| label1 = Arts
| data1 = 60
| label2 = Civil Service
| data2 = 15
| label3 = Literature & Education
| data3 = 36
| label4 = Medicine
| data4 = 18
| label5 = Others
| data5 = 9
| label6 = Public Affairs
| data6 = 17
| label7 = Science & Engineering
| data7 = 24
| label8 = Social Work
| data8 = 8
| label9 = Sports
| data9 = 10
| label10 = Trade & Industry
| data10 = 21
}}
|}

==Recipients==

{{Table TOC|2010|2011|2012|2013|2014|2015|2016|2017|2018|2019}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Key
|-
|{{legend|#FFECC8| {{asterisk}} Non-citizen recipient|outline=orange|border=1px solid orange}}
|{{legend|#CEE8F0| {{Hash}} Posthumous recipient|outline=blue|border=1px solid blue}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (2010–2019)
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Image
! scope="col" | Laureates
! scope="col" | Field
! scope="col" | State / country<ref name="PadmaAwards" />
|- id="2010"
| 2010
|
! {{sortname|Satya Paul|Agarwal}}
| Medicine
| Delhi
|-
| 2010
|
! {{sortname|Mohammad|Amin|dab=historian}}
| Literature and Education
| Delhi
|-
| 2010
|
! {{sortname|Sailesh Kumar|Bandopadhyay}}
| Public Affairs
| Jharkhand
|-
| 2010
| [[File:Vindi Banga Profile Photo.jpg|70px]]
| align="center" bgcolor="#FFECC8"| '''{{sortname|M. S.|Banga}}'''*
| Trade and Industry
| United Kingdom
|-
| 2010
|
! {{sortname|Anil|Bordia}}
| Literature and Education
| Rajasthan
|-
| 2010
| [[File:Bipan Chander. Chandigarh. 1979.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Bipan|Chandra}}
| Literature and Education
| Delhi
|-
| 2010
| [[File:The Cabinet Secretary, Shri B. K. Chaturvedi delivering Valedictory Address at the Concluding Session of the National Conference on “State of Competition in the Indian Economy”, in New Delhi on March 15, 2007 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|B. K.|Chaturvedi}}
| Civil Service
| Delhi
|-
| 2010
| [[File:Sant Singh Chatwal.jpg|70px]]
| align="center" bgcolor="#FFECC8"| '''{{sortname|Sant Singh|Chatwal}}'''*
| Public Affairs
| United States
|-
| 2010
|
! {{sortname|G. P.|Chopra}}
| Literature and Education
| Delhi
|-
| 2010
|
| align="center" bgcolor="#FFECC8"| '''{{sortname|Tan|Chung}}'''*
| Literature and Education
| United States
|-
| 2010
|
! {{sortname|Madhusudan|Dhaky}}
| Arts
| Gujarat
|-
| 2010
|
! {{sortname|P. R.|Dubhashi}}
| Civil Service
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2010
| [[File:Shree Guru Puttaraj Gawai.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Puttaraj|Gawai}}
| Arts
| Karnataka
|-
| 2010
| [[File:BelleMonappaHegde.JPG|70px]]
! {{sortname|Belle Monappa|Hegde}}
| Medicine
| Karnataka
|-
| 2010
| [[File:Ilaiyaraaja at Merku Thodarchi Malai Press Meet (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname||Ilaiyaraaja}}
| Arts
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 2010
|
! {{sortname|Jagdish Chandra|Kapur}}
| Science and Engineering
| Delhi
|-
| 2010
| [[File:ShrinivasKhale2010-11-18.JPG|70px]]
! {{sortname|Shrinivas|Khale}}
| Arts
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2010
| [[File:Aamir Khan at the success bash of Secret Superstar.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Aamir|Khan}}
| Arts
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2010
| [[File:Sultan Khan 2009 - Still 67757 crop.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Sultan|Khan|dab=musician}}
| Arts
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2010
| [[File:Ram kumar01.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Ram|Kumar|dab=artist}}
| Arts
| Delhi
|-
| 2010
| [[File:Kumudini Lakhia (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Kumudini|Lakhia}}
| Arts
| Gujarat
|-
| 2010
|
! {{sortname|Kuzhur Narayana|Marar}}
| Arts
| Kerala
|-
| 2010
| [[File:Chhannulal Mishra.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Chhannulal|Mishra}}
| Arts
| Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 2010
|
! {{sortname|E. T. Narayanan|Mooss}}
| Medicine
| Kerala
|-
| 2010
| [[File:CP Krishnan Nair.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|C. P. Krishnan|Nair}}
| Trade and Industry
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2010
|
! {{sortname|S. P.|Oswal}}
| Trade and Industry
| Punjab
|-
| 2010
|
! {{sortname|Akbar|Padamsee}}
| Arts
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2010
| [[File:Dr. Ramakanta Panda.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Ramakanta|Panda}}
| Medicine
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2010
| [[File:Balasaheb Vikhe Patil accepting Padma Bhushan (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Balasaheb Vikhe|Patil}}
| Social Work
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2010
|
| align="center" bgcolor="#FFECC8"| '''{{sortname|Arogyaswami|Paulraj}}'''*
| Science and Engineering
| United States
|-
| 2010
| [[File:A. R. Rahman.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|A. R.|Rahman}}
| Arts
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 2010
| [[File:Moosa Raza.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Moosa|Raza}}
| Civil Service
| Delhi
|-
| 2010
| [[File:Mallika Sarabhai.JPG|70px]]
! {{sortname|Mallika|Sarabhai}}
| Arts
| Gujarat
|-
| 2010
| [[File:Nookala.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Nookala Chinna|Satyanarayana}}
| Arts
| Andhra Pradesh
|-
| 2010
| [[File:Prof. Abhijit Sen, in New Delhi on July 27, 2009.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Abhijit|Sen}}
| Public Affairs
| Delhi
|-
| 2010
| [[File:Prof Satya Vrat Shastri in 2013.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Satya Vrat|Shastri}}
| Literature and Education
| Delhi
|-
| 2010
|
! {{sortname|Noshir M.|Shroff}}
| Medicine
| Delhi
|-
| 2010
| [[File:Kushal Pal Singh Latest Image 14th November 2024.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Kushal Pal|Singh}}
| Trade and Industry
| Delhi
|-
| 2010
| [[File:Bikash Sinha 4800.JPG|70px]]
! {{sortname|Bikash|Sinha}}
| Science and Engineering
| West Bengal
|-
| 2010
|
! {{sortname|Balagangadharanatha|Swamiji}}
| Social Work
| Karnataka
|-
| 2010
|
! {{sortname|Narayanan|Vaghul}}
| Trade and Industry
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 2010
|
! {{sortname|P. K.|Warrier}}
| Medicine
| Kerala
|-
| 2010
| [[File:Fareed Zakaria, Peabody Awards (2012) (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| align="center" bgcolor="#FFECC8"| '''{{sortname|Fareed|Zakaria}}'''#
| Literature and Education
| United States
|- id="2011"
| 2011
| [[File:S. P. Balasubrahmanyam at the 'Gurkha' Audio Launch.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|S. P.|Balasubrahmanyam}}
| Arts
| Andhra Pradesh
|-
| 2011
|
! {{sortname|Rajashree|Birla}}
| Social Work
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2011
|
! {{sortname|M. N.|Buch}}
| Civil Service
| Madhya Pradesh
|-
| 2011
|
! {{sortname|C. V.|Chandrasekhar}}
| Arts
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 2011
| [[File:Ajai Chowdhry.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Ajai|Chowdhry}}
| Trade and Industry
| Delhi
|-
| 2011
| [[File:38. St.Gallen Symposium-Yogesh Chander Deveshwar-HSGN 028-01918.JPG|70px]]
! {{sortname|Yogesh Chander|Deveshwar}}
| Trade and Industry
| West Bengal
|-
| 2011
|
! {{sortname|Satyadev|Dubey}}
| Arts
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2011
| [[File:TJS_Kovalam_2014.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|T. J. S.|George}}
| Literature and Education
| Karnataka
|-
| 2011
| [[File:Sankha Ghosh - Kolkata 2011-05-09 3039.JPG|70px]]
! {{sortname|Shankha|Ghosh}}
| Literature and Education
| West Bengal
|-
| 2011
| [[File:Kris Gopalakrishnan - World Economic Forum on India 2012.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Kris|Gopalakrishnan}}
| Trade & Industry || Karnataka
|-
| 2011
|
| align="center" style="background-color:#CEE8F0;" | '''{{sortname|Keki Byramjee|Grant}}'''#{{efn-lr|[[Keki Byramjee Grant]] died on 4 January 2011, at the age of 90.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-pune-s-ruby-hall-clinic-founder-dr-keki-grant-passes-away-1490075|title=Pune's Ruby Hall Clinic founder, Dr Keki Grant, passes away|newspaper=Daily News Analysis|date=4 January 2011|access-date=18 February 2017|author=Sayyed, Nozia|location=Pune|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220005416/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-pune-s-ruby-hall-clinic-founder-dr-keki-grant-passes-away-1490075|archive-date=20 February 2017}}</ref>}}
| Medicine
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2011
| [[File:Shashi Kapoor during a media interaction at 36th IFFI, 2005.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Shashi|Kapoor}}
| Arts
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2011
| [[File:Krishen Khanna.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Krishen|Khanna}}
| Arts
| Haryana
|-
| 2011
| [[File:Mohammed Zahur Khayyam.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Mohammed Zahur|Khayyam}}
| Arts
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2011
| [[File:Chanda Kochhar at the India Economic Summit 2009 cropped.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Chanda|Kochhar}}
| Trade and Industry
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2011
|
! {{sortname|Dwijen|Mukhopadhyay}}
| Arts
| West Bengal
|-
| 2011
| [[File:PadmaBhushan-Madavoor-Vasudevan-Nair.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Madavoor Vasudevan|Nair}}
| Arts
| Kerala
|-
| 2011
| [[File:Ramdas Pai.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Ramdas|Pai}}
| Literature and Education
| Karnataka
|-
| 2011
|
| align="center" style="background-color:#CEE8F0;" | '''{{sortname|Dashrath|Patel}}'''#{{efn-lr|[[Dashrath Patel]] died on 2 December 2010, at the age of 83.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Design-Dada-Dashrath-Patel-is-dead/articleshow/7025673.cms|title=Design Dada Dashrath Patel is dead|newspaper=The Times of India|date=4 January 2011|access-date=18 February 2017|location=Ahmedabad|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220212457/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Design-Dada-Dashrath-Patel-is-dead/articleshow/7025673.cms|archive-date=20 February 2017}}</ref>}}
| Arts || Gujarat
|-
| 2011
| [[File:Rajendra Pawar at the India Economic Summit 2008.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Rajendra Singh|Pawar}}
| Trade and Industry
| Haryana
|-
| 2011
|
! {{sortname|S.|Ramachandran|dab=scientist}}
| Science and Engineering
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 2011
| [[File:Mukesh Ambani and Nita ambani Felicitating Shobhana Ranade with Life Time Achievement Award (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Shobhana|Ranade}}
| Social Work
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2011
| [[File:G V Krishna Reddy (Horasis Global India Business Meeting 2010).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Gunupati Venkata Krishna|Reddy}}
| Trade and Industry
| Andhra Pradesh
|-
| 2011
| [[File:Dr.AnjiReddy.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Kallam Anji|Reddy}}
| Trade and Industry
| Andhra Pradesh
|-
| 2011
| [[File:Waheeda Rehman (cropped) enhanced.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Waheeda|Rehman}}
| Arts
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2011
| [[File:Shyam Saran (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Shyam|Saran}}
| Civil Service
| Delhi
|-
| 2011
|
! {{sortname|Analjit|Singh}}
| Trade and Industry
| Delhi
|-
| 2011
| [[File:The Chairman, Lalit Kala Akademi, Ministry of Culture, Shri K.K. Chakravarty conferring the fellowship on eminent artist Arpita Singh, at a function, in New Delhi on October 10, 2014 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Arpita|Singh}}
| Arts
| Delhi
|-
| 2011
|
! {{sortname|Surendra|Singh|dab=cabinet secretary}}
| Civil Service
| Delhi
|-
| 2011
|
! {{sortname|R. K.|Srikantan}}
| Arts
| Karnataka
|-
| 2011
| [[File:Raghavan Thirumulpad.jpg|70px]]
| align="center" style="background-color:#CEE8F0;" | '''{{sortname|Raghavan|Thirumulpad}}'''#{{efn-lr|[[Raghavan Thirumulpad]] died on 21 November 2010, at the age of 90.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/114698/ayurvedic-exponent-raghavan-thirumulpad-dies.html|title=Ayurvedic exponent Raghavan Thirumulpad dies in Kerala|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=21 November 2010|access-date=18 February 2017|location=Thrissur|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203517/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/114698/ayurvedic-exponent-raghavan-thirumulpad-dies.html|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>}}
| Medicine
| Kerala
|- id="2012"
| 2012
| [[File:Dr. Suresh H. Advani (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Suresh H.|Advani}}
| Medicine
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2012
| [[File:Shabana Azmi SFU honorary degree (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Shabana|Azmi}}
| Arts
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2012
| [[File:Homi K. Bhabha-cropd.jpg|70px]]
| align="center" bgcolor="#FFECC8"| '''{{sortname|Homi K.|Bhabha}}'''*
| Literature and Education
| United Kingdom
|-
| 2012
|
! {{sortname|Shashikumar|Chitre}}
| Science and Engineering
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2012
|
! {{sortname|Khaled|Choudhury}}
| Arts
| West Bengal
|-
| 2012
|
! {{sortname|Jatin|Das|dab=painter}}
| Arts
| Delhi
|-
| 2012
| [[File:Prof. Vidya Dehejia (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| align="center" bgcolor="#FFECC8"| '''{{sortname|Vidya|Dehejia}}'''*
| Literature and Education
| United States
|-
| 2012
| [[File:Dharmendra 2012.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname||Dharmendra}}
| Arts
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2012
|
! {{sortname|S. N.|Goenka}}
| Social Work
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2012
|
! {{sortname|M. S.|Gopalakrishnan}}
| Arts
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 2012
| [[File:Dr. T. V. Gopalakrishna.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|T. V.|Gopalakrishnan}}
| Arts
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 2012
|
! {{sortname|Buddhadev Das|Gupta}}
| Arts
| West Bengal
|-
| 2012
|
| align="center" bgcolor="#FFECC8"| '''{{sortname|Sunil|Janah}}'''*
| Arts
| United States
|-
| 2012
| [[File:Anish Kapoor 2017.jpg|70px]]
| align="center" bgcolor="#FFECC8"| '''{{sortname|Anish|Kapoor}}'''*
| Arts
| United Kingdom
|-
| 2012
|
! {{sortname|S. B.|Mujumdar}}
| Literature and Education
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2012
|
! {{sortname|Balasubramanian|Muthuraman|B. Muthuraman}}
| Trade and Industry
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2012
| [[File:Mira Nair.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Mira|Nair}}
| Arts
| Delhi
|-
| 2012
| [[File:Arvind Panagariya.jpg|70px]]
| align="center" bgcolor="#FFECC8"| '''{{sortname|Arvind|Panagariya}}'''*
| Literature and Education
| United States
|-
| 2012
| [[File:Josee Pereira.jpg|70px]]
| align="center" bgcolor="#FFECC8"| '''{{sortname|José|Pereira|dab=scholar}}'''*
| Literature and Education
| United States
|-
| 2012
|
! {{sortname|Mata|Prasad}}
| Civil Service
| Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 2012
|
! {{sortname|M. S.|Raghunathan}}
| Science and Engineering
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2012
|
| align="center" bgcolor="#FFECC8"| '''{{sortname|P. Chandrasekhara|Rao}}'''*
| Public Affairs
| Germany
|-
| 2012
| [[File:Defense.gov News Photo 070716-D-9880W-084 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Ronen|Sen}}
| Civil Service
| West Bengal
|-
| 2012
| [[File:Devi Prasad Shetty.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Devi|Shetty}}
| Medicine
| Karnataka
|-
| 2012
| [[File:M V Subbiah.png|70px]]
! {{sortname|M. V.|Subbiah}}
| Trade and Industry
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 2012
|
! {{sortname|N.|Vittal}}
| Civil Service
| Kerala
|-
| 2012
|
! {{sortname|N. H.|Wadia}}
| Medicine
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2012
| [[File:George Yeo, 2013 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| align="center" bgcolor="#FFECC8"| '''{{sortname|George|Yeo}}'''*
| Public Affairs
| Singapore
|- id="2013"
| 2013
|
| align="center" bgcolor="#FFECC8"| '''{{sortname|Satya N.|Atluri}}'''*
| Science and Engineering
| United States
|-
| 2013
| [[File:The Secretary, Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of S&T, Dr. M.K. Bhan addressing a Press Conference to apprise on the two significant R&D results emanating from DBT support, in New Delhi on May 31, 2012.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Maharaj Kishan|Bhan}}
| Civil Service
| Delhi
|-
| 2013
| [[File:Jaspal Bhatti.jpg|70px]]
| align="center" style="background-color:#CEE8F0;" | '''{{sortname|Jaspal|Bhatti}}'''#{{efn-lr|[[Jaspal Bhatti]] died on 25 October 2012, at the age of 57.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Jaspal-Bhatti-dies-in-road-accident/articleshow/16947873.cms|title=Jaspal Bhatti dies in road accident|newspaper=The Times of India|date=25 October 2012|access-date=18 February 2017|location=Jalandhar/Chandigarh|last1=Singh |first1=I. P. |last2=Mohan |first2=Vibhor |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220212544/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Jaspal-Bhatti-dies-in-road-accident/articleshow/16947873.cms|archive-date=20 February 2017}}</ref>}}
| Arts
| Punjab
|-
| 2013
| [[File:Rahul Dravid in 2024.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Rahul|Dravid}}
| Sports
| Karnataka
|-
| 2013
| [[File:Adi Godrej 01.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Adi|Godrej}}
| Trade and Industry
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2013
| [[File:Ustad A R Khan.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Abdul Rashid|Khan}}
| Arts
| West Bengal
|-
| 2013
| [[File:Rajesh Khanna 2013 stamp of India (actual crop).jpg|70px]]
| align="center" style="background-color:#CEE8F0;" | '''{{sortname|Rajesh|Khanna}}'''#{{efn-lr|[[Rajesh Khanna]] died on 18 July 2012, at the age of 69.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-18881804|title=Bollywood's 'first superstar' Rajesh Khanna dies aged 69|publisher=BBC|date=18 July 2012|access-date=18 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219181037/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-18881804|archive-date=19 February 2017}}</ref>}}
| Arts || Maharashtra
|-
| 2013
| [[File:Mary Kom with Pranab (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Mary|Kom}}
| Sports
| Manipur
|-
| 2013
|
! {{sortname|Nandkishore Shamrao|Laud}}
| Medicine
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2013
| [[File:Padgaonkar2.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Mangesh|Padgaonkar}}
| Literature and Education
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2013
|
! {{sortname|Hemendra Singh|Panwar}}
| Civil Service
| Madhya Pradesh
|-
| 2013
|
| align="center" bgcolor="#FFECC8"| '''{{sortname|Jogesh|Pati}}'''*
| Science and Engineering
| United States
|-
| 2013
|
! {{sortname|Shivajirao Girdhar|Patil}}
| Public Affairs
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2013
| [[File:A. Sivathanu Pillai (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|A. Sivathanu|Pillai}}
| Science and Engineering
| Delhi
|-
| 2013
| [[File:RamaNaidu.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|D.|Ramanaidu}}
| Arts
| Andhra Pradesh
|-
| 2013
| [[File:KanakRele.jpeg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Kanak|Rele}}
| Arts
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2013
| [[File:Vijay Kumar Saraswat - Kolkata 2018-01-11 7525.JPG|70px]]
! {{sortname|V. K.|Saraswat}}
| Science and Engineering
| Delhi
|-
| 2013
| [[File:Prof. Ashoke Sen.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Ashoke|Sen}}
| Science and Engineering
| Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 2013
| [[File:Gayatri Spivak on Subversive Festival.jpg|70px]]
| align="center" bgcolor="#FFECC8"| '''{{sortname|Gayatri Chakravorty|Spivak}}'''
| Literature and Education
| United States
|-
| 2013
|
! {{sortname|B. N.|Suresh}}
| Science and Engineering
| Karnataka
|-
| 2013
| [[File:Sharmila T Lux-Award 2016.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Sharmila|Tagore}}
| Arts
| Delhi
|-
| 2013
|
! {{sortname|Ramamurthy|Thyagarajan|R. Thyagarajan (industrialist)}}
| Trade and Industry
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 2013
| [[File:Dr. Saroja Vaidyanathan.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Saroja|Vaidyanathan}}
| Arts
| Delhi
|- id="2014"
| 2014
| [[File:Anissuzaman 1 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| align="center" bgcolor="#FFECC8"| '''{{sortname||Anisuzzaman}}'''*
| Literature and Education
| Bangladesh
|-
| 2014
| [[File:Dr. Mrityunjay B. Athreya (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Mrityunjay|Athreya}}
| Literature and Education
| Delhi
|-
| 2014
| [[File:Prof. Padmanabhan Balaram (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Padmanabhan|Balaram}}
| Science and Engineering
| Karnataka
|-
| 2014
| [[File:The Judge of the Supreme Court of India, Justice Dalveer Bhandari delivering the inaugural address at the All India Conference of the Central Administrative Tribunal, in New Delhi on November 06, 2011 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Dalveer|Bhandari}}
| Public Affairs
| Delhi
|-
| 2014
| [[File:Ruskin Bond in Bangalore, India (Jim Ankan Deka photography) (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Ruskin|Bond}}
| Literature and Education
| Uttarakhand
|-
| 2014
|
! {{sortname|Anita|Desai}}
| Literature and Education
| Delhi
|-
| 2014
| [[File:Pullela Gopichand 2016 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Pullela|Gopichand}}
| Sports
| Andhra Pradesh
|-
| 2014
| [[File:Kamal Haasan by Gage Skidmore.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Kamal|Haasan}}
| Arts
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 2014
| [[File:Prof. Jyeshtharaj Bhalchandra Joshi (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Jyeshtharaj|Joshi}}
| Science and Engineering
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2014
|
! {{sortname|Vijayendra Nath|Kaul|V. N. Kaul}}
| Civil Service
| Delhi
|-
| 2014
| [[File:Prof. (Dr.) Neelam Kler.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Neelam|Kler}}
| Medicine
| Delhi
|-
| 2014
| [[File:Prof. Madappa Mahadevappa.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Madappa|Mahadevappa|M. Mahadevappa}}
| Science and Engineering
| Karnataka
|-
| 2014
| [[File:Leander Paes (19209244146).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Leander|Paes}}
| Sports
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2014
| [[File:K Radhakrishnan 2013 2.JPG|70px]]
! {{sortname|K.|Radhakrishnan}}
| Science and Engineering
| Karnataka
|-
| 2014
| [[File:Mr. A Ramakrishna.png|70px]]
| align="center" style="background-color:#CEE8F0;" | '''{{sortname|Anumolu|Ramakrishna}}'''#{{efn-lr|[[Anumolu Ramakrishna]] died on 20 August 2013, at the age of 73.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dfi.org/update/DFI%20of%20India%20Regional%20Report.pdf|title=DFI of India: Regional Report|publisher=Deep Foundations Institute|date=January 2014|access-date=18 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219180823/http://www.dfi.org/update/DFI%20of%20India%20Regional%20Report.pdf|archive-date=19 February 2017}}</ref>}}
| Science and Engineering
| Andhra Pradesh
|-
| 2014
| [[File:Thirumalachari Ramasami - Kolkata 2013-01-07 2682.JPG|70px]]
! {{sortname|Thirumalachari|Ramasami}}
| Science and Engineering
| Delhi
|-
| 2014
|
| align="center" bgcolor="#FFECC8"| '''{{sortname|Lloyd|Rudolph}}'''*
| Literature and Education
| United States
|-
| 2014
|
| align="center" bgcolor="#FFECC8"| '''{{sortname|Susanne Hoeber|Rudolph}}'''*
| Literature and Education
| United States
|-
| 2014
| [[File:Vinod Prakash Sharma.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Vinod Prakash|Sharma}}
| Science and Engineering
| Delhi
|-
| 2014
| [[File:G M Sheikh.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Ghulam Mohammed|Sheikh}}
| Arts
| Gujarat
|-
| 2014
| [[File:Parveen Sultana performing in Arghya 2011.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Begum Parveen|Sultana|Parveen Sultana}}
| Arts
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2014
| [[File:Dr. Dhirubhai Thakar.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Dhirubhai|Thaker}}
| Literature and Education
| Gujarat
|-
| 2014
| [[File:Pratibha_Devisingh_Patil_presenting_the_Rajat_Kamal_Award_to_Shri_Vairamuthu_for_the_Best_Lyrics_(Tamil_Thenmerkku_Paruvakkatru),_at_the_58th_National_Film_Awards_function,_in_New_Delhi_on_September_09,_2011_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname||Vairamuthu}}
| Literature and Education
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 2014
| [[File:Viku Vinayakaram.JPG|70px]]
! {{sortname|T. H.|Vinayakram}}
| Arts
| Tamil Nadu
|- id="2015"
| 2015
| [[File:A Portrait of the Jury Member of 37th International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2006) (Asian – African – Latin American Competition) Jahnu Barua, (Director from Assam, India).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Jahnu|Barua}}
| Arts
| Assam
|-
| 2015
| [[File:Manjul Bhargava FieldsMedal.jpg|70px]]
| align="center" bgcolor="#FFECC8"| '''{{sortname|Manjul|Bhargava}}'''*
| Science and Engineering
| United States
|-
| 2015
| [[File:Vijay Bhatkar Portrait Photo.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Vijay|Bhatkar|Vijay P. Bhatkar}}
| Science and Engineering
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2015
| [[File:Swapan Dasgupta in May 2016 (3x4 cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Swapan|Dasgupta}}
| Literature and Education
| Delhi
|-
| 2015
| [[File:David Frawley.jpg|70px]]
| align="center" bgcolor="#FFECC8"| '''{{sortname|David|Frawley}}'''*
| Literature and Education
| United States
|-
| 2015
| [[File:Bill Gates 2017 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| align="center" bgcolor="#FFECC8"| '''{{sortname|Bill|Gates}}'''*
| Social Work
| United States
|-
| 2015
| [[File:Melinda Gates - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2011.jpg|70px]]
| align="center" bgcolor="#FFECC8"| '''{{sortname|Melinda|Gates}}'''*
| Social Work
| United States
|-
| 2015
|
! {{sortname|Satyamitranand|Giri|Swami Satyamitranand}}
| Others
| Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 2015
| [[File:N. Gopalaswami (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|N.|Gopalaswami}}
| Civil Service
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 2015
| [[File:Subhash C. Kashyap (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Subhash C.|Kashyap}}
| Public Affairs
| Delhi
|-
| 2015
| [[File:Gokulotsavji Maharaj in 2015 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Gokulotsavji|Maharaj}}
| Arts
| Madhya Pradesh
|-
| 2015
|
| align="center" bgcolor="#FFECC8"| '''{{sortname|Saichiro|Misumi}}'''*
| Public Affairs
| Japan
|-
| 2015
| [[File:Ambrish Mittal (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Ambrish|Mithal}}
| Medicine
| Delhi
|-
| 2015
| [[File:Sutha Ragunathan Perth Au 2012.JPG|70px]]
! {{sortname|Sudha|Ragunathan}}
| Arts
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 2015
| [[File:Harish_Salve.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Harish|Salve}}
| Public Affairs
| Delhi
|-
| 2015
| [[File:Ashok Seth (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Ashok|Seth}}
| Medicine
| Delhi
|-
| 2015
| [[File:Rajat Sharma at IndiaTV event.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Rajat|Sharma}}
| Literature and Education
| Delhi
|-
| 2015
| [[File:Satpal_Singh_receives_Dronacharya_Award_in_2009.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Satpal|Singh}}
| Sports
| Delhi
|-
| 2015
| [[File:Shivakumara Swami.png|70px]]
! {{sortname|Shivakumara|Swami}}
| Others
| Karnataka
|-
| 2015
| [[File:Ksvaldiya.png|70px]]
! {{sortname|Khadg Singh|Valdiya}}
| Science and Engineering
| Karnataka
|- id="2016"
| 2016
|
! {{sortname|Ravindra Chandra|Bhargava}}
| Public Affairs
| Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 2016
| [[File:Robert Blackwill.gif|70px]]
| align="center" bgcolor="#FFECC8"| '''{{sortname|Robert|Blackwill}}'''*
| Public Affairs
| United States
|-
| 2016
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Hafeez|Contractor}}
| Others
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2016
| [[File:Indu-jain.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Indu|Jain}}
| Trade and Industry
| Delhi
|-
| 2016
|
! {{sortname|Heisnam|Kanhailal}}
| Arts
| Manipur
|-
| 2016
| [[File:Anupam Kher at the Shirin Morani’s wedding reception (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Anupam|Kher}}
| Arts
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2016
| [[File:Sania Mirza (35449409862).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Sania|Mirza}}
| Sports
| Telangana
|-
| 2016
| [[File:Pallonji Mistry.jpg|70px]]
| align="center" bgcolor="#FFECC8"| '''{{sortname|Pallonji|Mistry}}'''*
| Trade and Industry
| Ireland
|-
| 2016
| [[File:Singer Udit Narayan.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Udit|Narayan}}
| Arts
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2016
| [[File:Saina Nehwal in 2011 (cropped-02).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Saina|Nehwal}}
| Sports
| Haryana
|-
| 2016
| [[File:Yarlagadda_Lakshmi_Prasad_at_2nd_world_telugu_writers'_conference_324.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Yarlagadda Lakshmi|Prasad}}
| Literature and Education
| Andhra Pradesh
|-
| 2016
| [[File:Vinod Rai at the World Economic Forum on India 2012.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Vinod|Rai}}
| Civil Service
| Kerala
|-
| 2016
|
! {{sortname|N. S.|Ramanuja Tatacharya}}
| Literature and Education
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2016
| [[File:Alla Venkata Rama Rao - Kolkata 2011-08-02 4644.JPG|70px]]
! {{sortname|A. V.|Rama Rao}}
| Science and Engineering
| Andhra Pradesh
|-
| 2016
| [[File:Dr. Duvvur Nageshwar Reddy.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|D. Nageshwar|Reddy}}
| Medicine
| Telangana
|-
| 2016
| [[File:Swami_Dayananda_Saraswati.jpg|70px]]
| align="center" style="background-color:#CEE8F0;" | '''{{sortname|Dayananda|Saraswati|dab=Arsha Vidya}}'''#{{efn-lr|[[Dayananda Saraswati (Arsha Vidya)|Dayananda Saraswati]] died on 23 September 2015, at the age of 85.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/swami-dayananda-saraswati-dead/article7682135.ece|title=Swami Dayananda Saraswati passes away|newspaper=The Hindu|date=24 September 2015|access-date=18 February 2017|location=Coimbatore|author=Madhavan, Karthik|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219174759/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/swami-dayananda-saraswati-dead/article7682135.ece|archive-date=19 February 2017}}</ref>}}
| Others
| Uttarakhand
|-
| 2016
| [[File:Dr. Barjinder Singh Hamdard.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Barjinder|Singh Hamdard}}
| Literature and Education
| Punjab
|-
| 2016
| [[File:Shri Ram V. Sutur, at the Dayawati Modi Birth Anniversary Celebration, in New Delhi.JPG|70px]]
! {{sortname|Ram V.|Sutar}}
| Arts
| Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 2016
| [[File:Tejomayananda-cropped.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname||Tejomayananda}}
| Others
| Maharashtra
|- id="2017"
| 2017
| [[File:Pandit Vishv Moohan Bhatt.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Vishwa Mohan|Bhatt}}
| Arts
| Rajasthan
|-
| 2017
| [[File:Devi Prasad Dwivedi Padma Bhushan (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Deviprasad|Dwivedi}}
| Literature and Education
| Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 2017
| [[File:Acharya Ratnasundarsuri Maharaj.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname||Ratnasundarsuri}}
| Others
| Gujarat
|-
| 2017
| [[File:Swami Niranjanananda Saraswati.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Niranjanananda|Saraswati}}
| Others
| Bihar
|-
| 2017
|
| align="center" style="background-color:#CEE8F0;" | '''{{sortname|Cho|Ramaswamy}}'''#{{efn-lr|[[Cho Ramaswamy]] died on 7 December 2016, at the age of 82.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Cho-Ramaswamy-editor-of-Thuglak-dies-at-82/article16771236.ece|title=Cho Ramaswamy, editor of 'Thuglak', dies at 82|newspaper=The Hindu|date=7 December 2016|access-date=18 February 2017|location=Tamil Nadu|author=Kolappan, B.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221204706/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Cho-Ramaswamy-editor-of-Thuglak-dies-at-82/article16771236.ece|archive-date=21 December 2016}}</ref>}}
| Literature and Education
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 2017
| [[File:Princess Sirindhorn 2009-12-7 Royal Thai Government House 2 (Cropped).jpg|70px]]
| align="center" bgcolor="#FFECC8"| '''{{sortname|Maha Chakri|Sirindhorn|Sirindhorn}}'''*
| Literature and Education
| Thailand
|-
| 2017
| [[File:Dr. Tehemton Erach Udwadia (profile).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Tehemton Erach|Udwadia}}
| Medicine
| Maharashtra
|- id="2018"
| 2018
| [[File:Shri Pankaj Advani, in 2018 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Pankaj|Advani|dab=billiards player}}
| Sports
| Karnataka
|-
| 2018
| [[File:Chrysostam Thirumeni.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Philipose Mar|Chrysostom}}
| Others
| Kerala
|-
| 2018
| [[File:Mahendra Singh Dhoni receiving Padma Bhushan.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Mahendra Singh|Dhoni|MS Dhoni}}
| Sports
| Jharkhand
|-
| 2018
|
| align="center" style="background-color:#CEE8F0;"| '''{{sortname|Alexander|Kadakin}}'''#{{efn-lr|[[Alexander Kadakin]] died on 26 January 2017, at the age of 67.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/MC21PasfVxgsjG6UUkNmUP/Alexander-Kadakin-Russian-ambassador-to-India-dies-after-b.html|title=Alexander Kadakin, Russian ambassador to India, dies after brief illness|newspaper=Mint|date=27 January 2017|access-date=26 January 2018|last=Roche|first=Elizabeth|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126185142/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/MC21PasfVxgsjG6UUkNmUP/Alexander-Kadakin-Russian-ambassador-to-India-dies-after-b.html|archive-date=26 January 2018}}</ref>}}
| Public Affairs
| Russia
|-
| 2018
| [[File:Ramachandran Nagaswamy receiving Padma Bhushan (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Ramachandran|Nagaswamy|R. Nagaswamy}}
| Others
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 2018
| [[File:Ved Prakash Nanda (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| align="center" bgcolor="#FFECC8"| '''{{sortname|Ved Prakash|Nanda}}'''*
| Literature and Education
| United States
|-
| 2018
| [[File:PaiImage (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Laxman|Pai}}
| Arts
| Goa
|-
| 2018
| [[File:Pandit Arvind Parikh (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Arvind|Parikh}}
| Arts
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2018
| [[File:Sharda Sinha (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Sharda|Sinha}}
| Arts
| Bihar
|- id="2019"
| 2019
| [[File:John T. Chambers World Economic Forum 2013.jpg|70px]]
| align="center" bgcolor="#FFECC8"| '''{{sortname|John T.|Chambers}}'''*
| Trade and Industry
| United States
|-
| 2019
| [[File:Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Sukhdev Singh|Dhindsa}}
| Public Affairs
| Punjab
|-
| 2019
| [[File:Pravin Gordhan 2015.jpg|70px]]
| align="center" bgcolor="#FFECC8"| '''{{sortname|Pravin|Gordhan}}'''*
| Public Affairs
| South Africa
|-
| 2019
| [[File:Dharampal Gulati.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Mahashay Dharampal|Gulati}}
| Trade and Industry
| Delhi
|-
| 2019
| [[File:Darshan Lal Jain.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Darshan Lal|Jain}}
| Social Work
| Haryana
|-
| 2019
| [[File:Ashok Laxmanrao Kukade.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Ashok Laxmanrao|Kukade}}
| Medicine
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2019
| [[File:Kariya Munda.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Kariya|Munda}}
| Public Affairs
| Jharkhand
|-
| 2019
|
! {{sortname|Budhaditya|Mukherjee}}
| Arts
| West Bengal
|-
| 2019
| [[File:Mohanlal BNC.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname||Mohanlal}}
| Arts
| Kerala
|-
| 2019
| [[File:Nambi Narayanan.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Nambi|Narayanan}}
| Science and Engineering
| Kerala
|-
| 2019
| [[File:Kuldip Nayar-2.jpg|70px]]
| align="center" style="background-color:#CEE8F0;"| '''{{sortname|Kuldip|Nayar}}'''#{{efn-lr|[[Kuldip Nayar]] died on 23 August 2018, at the age of 95.}}
| Literature and Education
| Delhi
|-
| 2019
| [[File:Padma Bhushan Bachendri Pal (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Bachendri|Pal}}
| Sports
| Uttarakhand
|-
| 2019
|
! {{sortname|V. K.|Shunglu}}
| Civil Service
| Delhi
|-
| 2019
| [[File:The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind presenting the Outstanding Parliamentarian Award for the year 2014 to Shri Hukmdev Narayan Yadav, at a function, at Parliament House, in New Delhi (cropped).JPG|70px]]
! {{sortname|Hukmdev Narayan|Yadav}}
| Public Affairs
| Bihar
|-
|}

==Controversies and refusals==

The 2010 conferment on an [[Indian-American]] businessman [[Sant Singh Chatwal]] created much controversy. Awarded in the field of Public Affairs, Chatwal is known for his association with former US President [[Bill Clinton]] and his wife [[Hillary Clinton]] and pled guilty to violating the [[Federal Election Campaign Act]] and witness tampering during the [[United States presidential election]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/padma-bhushan-to-chatwal-us-court-sentence-to-rake-up-controversy-again/story-CM9B1JO3ZkhUi4PScR1n0J.html|title=Padma Bhushan to Chatwal: US court sentence to rake up controversy again|location=Chandigarh|date=20 December 2014|access-date=2 March 2017|newspaper=Hindustan Times|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302194258/http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/padma-bhushan-to-chatwal-us-court-sentence-to-rake-up-controversy-again/story-CM9B1JO3ZkhUi4PScR1n0J.html|archive-date=2 March 2017}}</ref> He was also accused of lobbying for the award by leveraging his contacts in the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]] (PMO) and [[United States Congress]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Chatwal-fiasco-Top-civilian-awards-losing-sheen/articleshow/5541881.cms|title=Chatwal fiasco: Top civilian awards losing sheen|author1=Mukul, Akshaya|author2=Mohan, Vishwa|author3=Dhawan, Himanshi|newspaper=The Times of India|date=6 February 2010|access-date=2 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228104716/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Chatwal-fiasco-Top-civilian-awards-losing-sheen/articleshow/5541881.cms|archive-date=28 December 2016}}</ref> The Government of India, however, issued a press release defending the conferment. The statement mentioned Chatwal as a "tireless advocate" of the country's interest in the United States. It also clarified that out of five [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) registered cases against him between 1992 and 1994, three were closed by CBI itself and in remaining two cases, Chatwal was discharged by the Court and as per the reports that were made available to the selection committee, there was "nothing adverse on record against him".<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/padma-award-to-chatwal-after-due-diligence-govt-65948-2010-01-26|title=Padma award to Chatwal after due diligence: Govt|magazine=India Today|date=27 January 2010|access-date=2 March 2017|location=New Delhi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303043242/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Padma+award+to+Chatwal+after+due+diligence:+Govt/1/81224.html|archive-date=3 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/government-defends-chatwals-padma-bhushan-409858|title=Government defends Chatwal's Padma Bhushan|publisher=NDTV|location=New Delhi|date=27 January 2010|access-date=14 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912235250/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/government-defends-chatwals-padma-bhushan-409858|archive-date=12 September 2015}}</ref> According to media reports, there were several cases filed or registered after April 2009 which includes three criminal complaints with [[Kerala Police]] and four cases in [[Delhi High Court]] and [[Kerala High Court]]. Chatwal also served summons in January 2010. However, the then [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Union Home Secretary]] [[Gopal Krishna Pillai]] said that "no probe has been ordered nor any report sought from anyone".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-centre-trying-to-ascertain-facts-in-award-for-chatwal-case-1344244|title=Centre trying to ascertain facts in award for Chatwal case|newspaper=Daily News Analysis|date=6 February 2010|access-date=2 March 2017|location=New Delhi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303044626/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-centre-trying-to-ascertain-facts-in-award-for-chatwal-case-1344244|archive-date=3 March 2017}}</ref>

Earlier in 2008, Chatwal was considered for the [[Padma Shri]] but the [[Embassy of India, Washington, D.C.|Indian Embassy]] in Washington, D.C. declined to nominate Chatwal when asked by the PMO. [[Ronen Sen]], who was then serving as the [[List of ambassadors of India to the United States|Indian Ambassador to the United States]], had told the PMO that the conferral would not be appropriate because of the controversy associated with Chatwal's financial dealings in two countries. Sen had also mentioned that though positive, Chatwal's contribution are much less compared to other Indian-Americans and the bestowal would not only "demoralise the others who had done much more" but also would create "the impression that India did not regard lack of transparency in financial dealings as a disqualification for its highest honours".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/siddharth-varadarajan/Donrsquot-honour-Chatwal-Indian-envoy-told-PMO/article16814609.ece|title=Don't honour Chatwal, Indian envoy told PMO|newspaper=The Hindu|date=1 February 2010|access-date=2 March 2017|location=New Delhi|author=Varadarajan, Siddharth|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228183537/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/siddharth-varadarajan/Donrsquot-honour-Chatwal-Indian-envoy-told-PMO/article16814609.ece|archive-date=28 February 2018}}</ref>

In 2013, playback singer [[S. Janaki]] refused to accept her award and stated that "the award has come late in her five-and-half-decade long career". The singer also mentioned that she is not against the Government and expressed happiness for the recognition but requested the Government to "show some more consideration to the artists from the [[South India|southern parts of the country]]".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Playback-singer-Janaki-rejects-Padma-Bhushan-award/articleshow/18195865.cms|title=Playback singer Janaki rejects Padma Bhushan award|newspaper=The Times of India|date=26 January 2013|access-date=18 February 2017|location=Palakkad|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611232357/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Playback-singer-Janaki-rejects-Padma-Bhushan-award/articleshow/18195865.cms|archive-date=11 June 2017}}
* {{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/janaki-rejects-award-says-she-deserves-bharat-ratna/article4347888.ece|title=Janaki rejects award, says she deserves Bharat Ratna|newspaper=The Hindu|date=26 January 2013|access-date=18 February 2017|location=Palakkad|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228111034/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/janaki-rejects-award-says-she-deserves-bharat-ratna/article4347888.ece|archive-date=28 December 2016}}</ref> In 2014, family members of [[J. S. Verma]] who served as [[List of Chief Justices of India|27th Chief Justice of India]] refused the posthumous conferral stating that "Verma himself would not have accepted" the honour as he "never hankered or lobbied for any acclaim, reward or favour".{{efn-lr|[[J. S. Verma]] died on 22 April 2013, at the age of 80.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-22260180|title=India's anti-rape law judge JS Verma dies|publisher=BBC|date=23 April 2013|access-date=18 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219174532/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-22260180|archive-date=19 February 2017}}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/j-s-vermas-family-refuses-padma-bhushan/|title=J. S. Verma's family refuses Padma Bhushan|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=31 January 2014|access-date=15 March 2016|location=New Delhi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721153934/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/j-s-vermas-family-refuses-padma-bhushan/|archive-date=21 July 2015}}</ref>

==Explanatory notes==
{{notelist}}

;Non-citizen recipients
{{notelist-ua|2}}

;Posthumous recipients
{{notelist-lr|2}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.padmaawards.gov.in/}}
* {{cite web|title=Awards & Medals|url=http://mha.gov.in/media/awards-medals|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=14 September 2015|access-date=22 October 2015|archive-date=24 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424065106/http://mha.gov.in/media/awards-medals|url-status=live}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–2019}}

{{featured list}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Padma Bhushan Awards (2010-19)}}
[[Category:Lists of Padma Bhushan award recipients|2010-19]]
[[Category:2010s in India]]
[[Category:2010s-related lists]]

Simdega Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:18:33Z

MartiAshley1795: Put Up A Page

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jharkhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| reservation = ST
| name = Simdega
| map_image = Simdega constituency map.svg
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Khunti Lok Sabha constituency|Khunti]]
| established = 2000
| district = [[Simdega district|Simdega]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| mla = [[Bhushan Bara]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
| electors = {{formatnum:226151}}
| constituency_no = 70
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
''' Simdega Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=jhceo>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |title=AC & PC List- Jharkhand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218152343/http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref>
{{Pie chart|caption=Most successful parties after separate [[Jharkhand|Jharkhand state]].|label1=[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|value1=60|color1={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|label2=[[Bharatiya Janta Party|BJP]]|value2=40|color2={{party color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Alfred Uraon
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Marshal Kullu
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Simon Oraon
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|P. Toppo
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Gajadhar Gond
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Simon Tigga
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan=4|Nirmal Kumar Besra
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|rowspan=2|Neil Tirkey
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan=4|[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|Neil Tirkey<ref name=election2005>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Vimla Pradhan]]<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|rowspan=2|[[Bhushan Bara]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Simdega<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bhushan Bara]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=75,392 |percentage=44.13% |change={{increase}}2.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shradhanand Besra |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=66,164 |percentage=38.73% |change={{decrease}}2.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ireen Ekka |party=Jharkhand Party |votes=16,700 |percentage=9.78% |change={{increase}}2.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shanti Bala Kerketta |party=Independent politician |votes=2,037 |percentage=1.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sushil Lakra |party=Independent politician |votes=1,980 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suman Kullu |party=Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha |votes=1,800 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anuj Kundeshwar Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,580 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,839 |percentage=1.08% |change={{decrease}}1.53 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,228 |percentage=5.40% |change= {{increase}}5.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,70,827 |percentage=70.13% |change= {{increase}}5.45 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,43,593 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.71 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}2.67 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Simdega<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bhushan Bara]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=60,651 |percentage=41.47% |change={{increase}}26.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shradhanand Besra |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=60,366 |percentage=41.27% |change={{increase}}7.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rezi Dungdung |party=Jharkhand Party |votes=10,753 |percentage=7.35% |change={{decrease}}23.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Oliver Lakra |party=Rashtriya Sangail Party |votes=2,865 |percentage=1.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohan Baraik |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=2,137 |percentage=1.46% |change={{decrease}}2.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abraham Minj |party=Independent politician |votes=1,666 |percentage=1.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohan Kachhap |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=961 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=3,819 |percentage=2.61% |change={{increase}}0.59 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=285 |percentage=0.19% |change= {{decrease}}2.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,46,270 |percentage=64.68% |change= {{decrease}}1.22 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,26,151 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.69 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}8.09 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Simdega<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vimla Pradhan]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=45,343 |percentage=33.37% |change={{increase}}0.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Menon Ekka |party=Jharkhand Party |votes=42,149 |percentage=31.02% |change={{increase}}15.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Benjamin Lakra |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,601 |percentage=15.16% |change={{decrease}}17.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Neil Tirkey |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=11,385 |percentage=8.38% |change={{increase}}3.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deepa Kumari Baraik |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=4,882 |percentage=3.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Melani Ekka |party=Independent politician |votes=1,680 |percentage=1.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Albinus Kharia |party=Akhil Bhartiya Jharkhand Party |votes=1,554 |percentage=1.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=2,751 |percentage=2.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,194 |percentage=2.35% |change= {{increase}}1.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,35,862 |percentage=65.89% |change= {{increase}}1.05 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,06,181 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.27 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}0.20 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Simdega<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vimla Pradhan]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=38,476 |percentage=33.18% |change={{increase}}7.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Neil Tirkey |party=Indian National Congress |votes=37,363 |percentage=32.22% |change={{increase}}0.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anosh Ekka |party=Jharkhand Party |votes=18,252 |percentage=15.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fujames Dungdung |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=6,189 |percentage=5.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abraham Minj |party=Gondvana Gantantra Party |votes=3,889 |percentage=3.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Biranjan Bara |party=Independent politician |votes=2,814 |percentage=2.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Johan Aind |party=Independent politician |votes=1,375 |percentage=1.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,113 |percentage=0.96% |change= {{decrease}}5.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,15,975 |percentage=64.84% |change= {{increase}}1.79 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,78,863 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}24.63 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.61 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2005===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Simdega<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Neil Tirkey |party=Indian National Congress |votes=47,230 |percentage=31.57% |change={{decrease}}9.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nirmal Kumar Besra |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=38,119 |percentage=25.48% |change={{decrease}}13.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Libnus Tete |party=Independent politician |votes=6,388 |percentage=4.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kondeshwar Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=6,344 |percentage=4.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajit Kiro |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,646 |percentage=4.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arwind Ekka |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=3,468 |percentage=2.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Johan Aind |party=Independent politician |votes=1,816 |percentage=1.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,111 |percentage=6.09% |change= {{increase}}4.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,49,610 |percentage=63.05% |change= {{increase}}14.05 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,37,299 |ref = |change= {{increase}}52.11 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.66 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2000===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Simdega<ref>{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar |access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Niel Tirkey |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,514 |percentage=41.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chatur Baraik |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=30,118 |percentage=39.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kondeshwar Ram |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=6,923 |percentage=9.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishore Ekka |party=Independent politician |votes=2,651 |percentage=3.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arvind Ekka |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=2,352 |percentage=3.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Turtan Mundu |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=999 |percentage=1.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tairas Ekka |party=Jharkhand Party |votes=614 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,396 |percentage=1.83% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=76,435 |percentage=50.24% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,56,000 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Vidhan Sabha]]
*[[List of states of India by type of legislature]]

==References==
*Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the [[Election Commission of India]] [http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf]
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}

{{coord|22.617|84.496|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Simdega district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2000]]

Jabreshwar Mahadev Mandir

2026-04-18T12:46:29Z

MartiAshley1795: added basic data v1!

{{See also-text|[[Parshuram Mandir, Walkeshwar]]}}{{Short description|Lord Shiva temple in Mumbai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Jabreshwar Mahadev Mandir|image=Jabreshwar Mahadev Mandir.jpg|caption=View of Jabreshwar Mahadev Mandir|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]|deity=Lord Shiva|native_name=जब्रेश्वर महादेव मंदिर|coordinates={{Coord|18.9446856|N|72.7941445|E}}|location=Banganga, Walkeshwar|district=Mumbai|state=Maharashtra|country=India|architecture_type=North Indian|architecture_style=[[Nagara Style]]|founded_by=Nathubhai Ramdas|established=1840}}
'''Jabreshwar Mahadev Mandir''' (Marathi: जब्रेश्वर महादेव मंदिर) is a Hindu temple dedicated to [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] in [[Mumbai]]. It is also written as ''Jabreshwar Mahadeo Temple''. It is located at the legendary [[Banganga Tank|Banganga tank]] in the [[Walkeshwar]] area of the [[Malabar Hill]] residencial in the city of Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-04 |title=आरतीच्या वादात राजकीय टाळ; वाळकेश्वरमधील महादेव मंदिरात ठाकरे गटाकडून पूजा |url=https://www.loksatta.com/mumbai/thackeray-group-performs-puja-at-mahadev-temple-in-walkeshwar-zws-70-4927988/ |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Ayodhya Lag Raha Hai': Youths Perform Shiva Aarti At Mumbai Temple, Experience Divine Vibe Like Ram Janmabhoomi (VIDEO) |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/spirituality/ayodhya-lag-raha-hai-youths-perform-shiva-aarti-at-mumbai-temple-experience-divine-vibe-like-ram-janmabhoomi-video |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> It was built in the North Indian [[Nagara Style|Nagara style]] having elegant shikhara that rises above the [[Garbhagriha|garbagriha]] of the temple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Banganga Tank |url=https://exhibits.jioinstitute.edu.in/spotlight/banganga-tank |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=Exhibits@Jio Institute |language=en}}</ref> It was built in the 19th century by ''Nathubhai Ramdas''.

[[File:Inscription board at Jabreshwar Mahadev Mandir, Mumbai.jpg|thumb|Inscription board at the ''Jabreshwar Mahadev Mandir''. Photographed by Santosh Chaudhary ]]

== Etymology ==
According to the inscription board installed at the temple, it was built forcefully. The indic term used for forcefully is ''Jabardasti''. The name of the temple is derived from the Indic term Jabardasti.

== Description ==
The temple of Jabreshwar Mahadev was built in the year 1840.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-03 |title=वाळकेश्वरमधील महादेव मंदिरातील आरतीच्या वादात राजकीय पक्षांची उडी |url=https://www.loksatta.com/mumbai/political-parties-in-the-controversy-over-aarti-at-the-mahadev-temple-in-walkeshwar-mumbai-print-news-amy-95-4927587/ |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref> According to the inscription board at the temple, the founder Nathubhai Ramdas of the temple was the father of the then merchant Mangaldas Nathubhai in the city.
[[File:Jabreshwar Mahadev Mandir Shivling.jpg|thumb|View of the Jabreshwar Mahadev Shivalinga in the temple.]]

== Gallery ==
<gallery class="center" widths="200" heights="150" perrow="4">
File:Jabreshwar Mahadev Temple.jpg|alt=View of the temple|View inside the Garbhgriha of the temple
File:Jabreshwar Mahadev Mandir, Walkeshwar.jpg|Street view at the temple from Banganga
</gallery>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Shiva temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Mumbai]]

Mucheettukalikkarante Makal (film)

2026-04-17T04:37:17Z

MartiAshley1795: stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mucheettukalikkaarante Makal
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Thoppil Bhasi]]
| producer = S. K. Nair
| based_on = "[[Mucheettukalikkarante Makal]]"
| writer = [[Vaikkom Muhammad Basheer]] Thoppil Bhasi (dialogues)
| screenplay = Thoppil Bhasi
| starring = [[Rani Chandra]] [[Bahadoor]] [[KPAC Lalitha]] [[Adoor Bhasi]] [[Manavalan Joseph]] [[Alummoodan]]
| music = [[G. Devarajan]]
| cinematography = U. Rajagopal
| editing = G. Venkittaraman
| studio = Chithrasala
| distributor = Chithrasala
| released = {{Film date|1975|03|14|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Mucheettukalikkarante Makal''''' is a 1975 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film based on [[Vaikom Muhammad Basheer]]'s [[Mucheettukalikkarante Makal|story of the same name]]. The film is directed by [[Thoppil Bhasi]], who also wrote the screenplay, and produced by S. K. Nair. It stars [[Rani Chandra]], [[Bahadoor]], [[KPAC Lalitha]], [[Adoor Bhasi]], [[Manavalan Joseph]] and [[Alummoodan]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[G. Devarajan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=605|title=Mucheettukalikkaarante Makal|accessdate=2014-10-06|publisher=MalayalaChalachithram}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?3089|title=Mucheettukalikkaarante Makal|accessdate=2014-10-06|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/mucheettu-kalikarante-magal-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009031525/http://spicyonion.com/title/mucheettu-kalikarante-magal-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=9 October 2014|title=Mucheettukalikkaarante Makal|accessdate=2014-10-06|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Rani Chandra]] as Sainaba
*[[M. G. Soman]] as Priest
*[[KPAC Lalitha]] as Kochu Thresia
*[[Adoor Bhasi]] as Ponkurishu Thoma
*[[Manavalan Joseph]]
*[[Alummoodan]] as Aanavari Raman Nair
*[[Bahadoor]] as Mandan Muthappa
*[[Bobby Kottarakkara]]
*Chandraji as Ottakannan Pokker
*Krishnamma
*[[Kunchan (actor)|Kunchan]] as Police
*[[Kuthiravattam Pappu]] as Kochu Thirumeni
*[[Paravoor Bharathan]] as Kaduva Mathan
*[[Prathapachandran]] as Police
*[[Oduvil Unnikrishanan]] as Police
*[[Thoppil Bhasi]] as Ettukali Mammoonj
*[[Muthukulam Raghavan Pilla]] as Palunkan
*Kollam GK Pilla
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[G. Devarajan]] and the lyrics were written by [[Vayalar]].
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Kudukudupaandippennu" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || [[Vayalar]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Mucheettukalikkana Mizhi" || [[P. Madhuri]] || Vayalar ||
|-
| 3 || "Muthumethiyadiyitta" || P. Madhuri || Vayalar ||
|-
| 4 || "Sangathiyarinjo" || Ayiroor Sadasivan, Manoharan || Vayalar ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0155888|Mucheettu Kalikarante Magal}}
{{Basheer}}

[[Category:1975 films]]
[[Category:1975 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1975 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Thoppil Bhasi]]
[[Category:Films directed by Thoppil Bhasi]]

{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Rhenock Assembly constituency

2026-04-17T01:00:57Z

MartiAshley1795: starting a post

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Sikkim, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| constituency_no = 19
| name = Rhenock
| state = [[Sikkim]]
| type = SLA
| district = [[Pakyong district|Pakyong]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sikkim Lok Sabha constituency|Sikkim]]
| established = 1979
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Prem Singh Tamang]] {{Small|[[Chief Minister of Sikkim]]}}
|party = {{Party index link|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| incumbent_image = Prem Singh Tamang, Chief Minister of Sikkim.jpg
}}
'''Rhenock''' is one of the 32 [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Sikkim]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceosikkim.nic.in/Files/Assembly_block.htm |title=Assembly constituencies Revenue Blocks |access-date=13 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416060808/http://ceosikkim.nic.in/Files/Assembly_block.htm |archive-date=16 April 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is part of [[Pakyong district]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eastmojo.com/sikkim/2021/06/21/3-sub-divisions-of-east-sikkim-to-form-sikkims-newest-district-pakyong/ |title=3 sub-divisions of East Sikkim to form Sikkim's newest district Pakyong |date=21 June 2021 |author=Pankaj Dhungel |access-date= 20 September 2021}}</ref> Chief minister of state represents this constituency.

It is composed of the following Revenue Blocks: Sajong of Gangtok Sub-Division; Pachak, Kamarey Bhasmey, East Pendam, Dikling, Amba, Tshalumthang, Pacheykhani(Dikling), Losing, Pacheykhani(Losing), Taza, Tarpin and Rhenock in Pakyong Sub-Division.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
| [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1979]] || rowspan=4 | [[Kharananda Upreti]] || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary)}}
|-
| [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || [[Nar Bahadur Bhandari]]
|-
| [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || rowspan=2 | Bhim Prasad Dhungel || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || Hemendra Adhikari || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Bishnu Kumar Sharma]]
|-
| [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Prem Singh Tamang]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]:
Rhenock<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/ConstituencywiseS2119.htm|title=Election Commission of India|website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Prem Singh Tamang]] |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=10,094 |percentage=64.54% |change={{increase}}8.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Somnath Poudyal]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front
|votes=3,050|percentage=19.50% |change={{decrease}}15.27 }}
{{Election box candidate| |candidate=Tikaram Sharma |party=Citizen Action Party – Sikkim<ref>{{Cite web | title=Citizenactionparty.com | url=https://www.citizenactionparty.com/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406004615/http://citizenactionparty.com/ | access-date=2025-02-22 | archive-date=6 April 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> |votes=1171 |percentage=7.49 |change=''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Chhetri |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=852 |percentage=5.45% |change={{increase}}0.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laxmi Sharma |party=Sikkim Republican Party |votes=170 |percentage=1.09% |change={{increase}}0.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[None of the Above]] |party=NOTA|votes=162 |percentage=1.04% |change= {{increase}}0.04}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kapil Prasad Sapkota |party=Indian National Congress |votes=140 |percentage=0.90% |change= {{decrease}}0.45}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,044 |percentage=21.67% |change= {{increase}}14.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,639 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |loser=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |swing= {{increase}}8.10 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Rhenock<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-24|title=Sikkim Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners|url=https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/sikkim-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205926.html|access-date=2020-08-15|website=Zee News|language=en|archive-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106160313/https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/sikkim-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205926.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bishnu Kumar Sharma]] |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=8,039 |percentage=56.44% |change={{increase}}6.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hemendra Adhikari |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=4,953 |percentage=34.77% |change={{decrease}}7.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bharat Kumar Sharma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=649 |percentage=4.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deo Kr Pradhan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=192 |percentage=1.35% |change={{increase}}0.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=142 |percentage=1.00% |change={{decrease}}0.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chakrapani Sharma |party=Sikkim Republican Party |votes=122 |percentage=0.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Biraj Adhikari |party=Hamro Sikkim Party |votes=85 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,086 |percentage=21.67% |change= {{increase}}14.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,244 |percentage=81.88% |change= {{decrease}}2.59 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,396 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.64 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |loser=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |swing= {{increase}}6.39 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Rhenock}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hemendra Adhikari |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=6,415 |percentage=50.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhim Prasad Dhungel |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=5,461 |percentage=42.60% |change={{decrease}}11.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tilak Kumar Pradhan |party=Independent politician |votes=474 |percentage=3.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=139 |percentage=1.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Padam Bahadur Chettri |party=Indian National Congress |votes=138 |percentage=1.08% |change={{decrease}}38.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Prakash Bhandari |party=Independent politician |votes=99 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nawraj Chettri |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=92 |percentage=0.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=954 |percentage=7.44% |change= {{decrease}}6.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,818 |percentage=84.47% |change= {{decrease}}0.50 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,175 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.44 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{decrease}}3.67 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Rhenock<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/Stats_SK_April2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404202702/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/Stats_SK_April2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2014|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhim Prasad Dhungel |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=5,611 |percentage=53.72% |change={{decrease}}21.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kedar Nath Sharma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,168 |percentage=39.90% |change={{increase}}17.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Biraj Adhikari |party=Independent politician |votes=226 |percentage=2.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rudra Khatiwara |party=Sikkim Himali Rajya Parishad |votes=130 |percentage=1.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bedan Kumar Chettri |party=Sikkim Gorkha Party |votes=119 |percentage=1.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Udaya Chandra Ghimiray |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=101 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Atri Ram Chandra Poudyal |party=Independent politician |votes=90 |percentage=0.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,443 |percentage=13.82% |change= {{decrease}}39.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,445 |percentage=84.97% |change= {{increase}}4.00 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,293 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{decrease}}21.73 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Rhenock<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006151710/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhim Prasad Dhungel |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=4,647 |percentage=75.45% |change={{increase}}32.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kharananda Upreti]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,354 |percentage=21.98% |change={{increase}}21.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shanti Chhetri |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=158 |percentage=2.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,293 |percentage=53.47% |change= {{increase}}40.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,159 |percentage=80.96% |change= {{increase}}1.67 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,607 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Rhenock<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007144437/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nar Bahadur Bhandari]] |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=3,364 |percentage=55.97% |change={{increase}}9.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bedu Singh Panth]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=2,576 |percentage=42.86% |change={{increase}}10.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Padam Dhakal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=37 |percentage=0.62% |change={{decrease}}13.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Santosh Kumar Pradhan |party=Independent politician |votes=33 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=788 |percentage=13.11% |change= {{decrease}}0.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,010 |percentage=81.04% |change= {{decrease}}2.48 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,579 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.44 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= {{increase}}9.45 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Rhenock<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007184813/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kharananda Upreti]] |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=2,336 |percentage=46.52% |change={{decrease}}13.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Biraj Adhikari |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=1,645 |percentage=32.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhawani Prasad Dahal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=710 |percentage=14.14% |change={{decrease}}19.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Santosh Kumar Pradhan |party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |votes=297 |percentage=5.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arjun Kumar Chettri |party=Independent politician |votes=33 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=691 |percentage=13.76% |change= {{decrease}}13.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,021 |percentage=83.79% |change= {{increase}}6.70 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,140 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.06 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= {{decrease}}13.74 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Rhenock<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006145759/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kharananda Upreti]] |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=2,295 |percentage=60.27% |change={{increase}}0.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kiran Chettri |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,271 |percentage=33.38% |change={{increase}}9.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bal Krishna Uprety |party=Rising Sun Party |votes=226 |percentage=5.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,024 |percentage=26.89% |change= {{decrease}}9.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,808 |percentage=78.55% |change= {{increase}}8.92 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,072 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.81 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Rhenock<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006223633/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kharananda Upreti|K. N. Upretti]] |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=1,809 |percentage=59.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. P. Dahal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=709 |percentage=23.41% |change={{increase}}7.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. N. Adhikari |party=Independent politician |votes=231 |percentage=7.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Udai Chandra Vasistha |party=Independent politician |votes=163 |percentage=5.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamala Subba |party=Janata Party |votes=90 |percentage=2.97% |change={{decrease}}13.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. B. Mishra |party=Communist Party of India |votes=19 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,100 |percentage=36.33% |change= {{increase}}29.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,028 |percentage=67.58% |change= {{decrease}}1.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,577 |ref = |change= {{increase}}42.41 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary) |swing= {{increase}}36.69 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly election 1979 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Rhenock<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1979 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006104054/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kharananda Upreti]] |party=Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary) |votes=504 |percentage=23.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhuwani Prasad Dahal |party=Janata Party |votes=358 |percentage=16.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunder Kumar Newar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=352 |percentage=16.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishna Bahadur |party=Sikkim Janata Parishad |votes=313 |percentage=14.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kewal Prasad Sharma |party=Sikkim Prajatantra Congress |votes=303 |percentage=13.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Bahadur Chhetri |party=Independent politician |votes=212 |percentage=9.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganga Ram Rai |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=56 |percentage=2.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nanda Lall Dulal |party=Independent politician |votes=48 |percentage=2.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rudra Mani Basnet |party=Independent politician |votes=24 |percentage=1.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laxman Bhujel |party=Independent politician |votes=16 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=146 |percentage=6.68% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,186 |percentage=70.54% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,214 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary) |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Pakyong district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Sikkim}}
{{coord|27.149|88.344|display=title}}

[[Category:Pakyong district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Politics of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1979]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1979]]

Kadwa Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:26:50Z

MartiAshley1795: added a stub from scratch!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Bihar legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kadwa
| type = SLA
| map_image = 64-Kadwa constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = Dulal Chandra Goswami
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| preceded_by = [[Shakeel Ahmad Khan]], {{Small| {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}}}
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Katihar district|Katihar]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Katihar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Katihar]]
| constituency_no = 64
| established = 1951
| electors = 280,637
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| abolished = 
}}
'''Kadwa Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Katihar district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No 64. Kadwa Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Kadwa and Dandkhora [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]].<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Kadwa Assembly constituency is part of No 11 [[Katihar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |title=Kadwa Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/kadwa.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Jiwats Himansu Sharma
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Mohiuddin Mokhtar
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Kamal Nath Jha
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Khwaja Shahid Hussain
| {{Full party name with color|Independent|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Mangan Insan
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Usman Ghani
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Abdul Jalil
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Bhola Ray
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|Himraj Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|rowspan="2" |Abdul Jalil
|style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" rowspan=2 |
|rowspan="2" |[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|Bhola Ray
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Shakeel Ahmad Khan]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=2 |
|rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Dulal Chandra Goswami]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Legislative Assembly Election, 2025]]: Kadwa<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Dulal Chandra Goswami]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:99274}}
|percentage = 46.57
|change = +27.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Shakeel Ahmad Khan]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:80906}}
|percentage = 37.96
|change = -4.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Md Shakir Reza
|votes = {{formatnum:11557}}
|percentage = 5.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Himraj Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:5615}}
|percentage = 2.63
|change = -0.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sadiq Hussain
|votes = {{formatnum:2967}}
|percentage = 1.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3818}}
|percentage = 1.79
|change = +0.96
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:18368}}
|percentage = 8.61
|change = -10.49
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:213155}}
|percentage = 75.95
|change = +15.64
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Kadwa<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Shakeel Ahmad Khan]]
|votes = {{formatnum:71267}}
|percentage = 42.0
|change = +6.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Chandra Bhushan Thakur
|votes = {{formatnum:38865}}
|percentage = 22.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Suraj Prasad Rai
|votes = {{formatnum:31779}}
|percentage = 18.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Himraj Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:5164}}
|percentage = 3.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Minu Kumari
|votes = {{formatnum:3713}}
|percentage = 2.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ranjeet Prasad Das
|votes = {{formatnum:2284}}
|percentage = 1.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Uma Kant Anand
|votes = {{formatnum:1900}}
|percentage = 1.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Manoranjan Prasad Das
|votes = {{formatnum:1721}}
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sajan Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1694}}
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Nizam
|votes = {{formatnum:1638}}
|percentage = 0.97
|change = -13.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Md Anwar Alam
|votes = {{formatnum:1601}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1405}}
|percentage = 0.83
|change = -0.39
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:32402}}
|percentage = 19.1
|change = +15.44
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:169680}}
|percentage = 60.31
|change = -4.47
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Kadwa<ref name="election2015">{{cite web |date=2018-08-20 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Shakeel Ahmad Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:56141}}
|percentage = 35.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Chander Bhushan Thakur
|votes = {{formatnum:50342}}
|percentage = 31.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Himraj Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:23665}}
|percentage = 14.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ashok Kumar Mehta
|votes = {{formatnum:8670}}
|percentage = 5.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Firoz Alam
|votes = {{formatnum:2672}}
|percentage = 1.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sarvajan Kalyan Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Dinesh Insan
|votes = {{formatnum:2439}}
|percentage = 1.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ram Prasad Mahli
|votes = {{formatnum:2056}}
|percentage = 1.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ashish Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1700}}
|percentage = 1.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1925}}
|percentage = 1.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:5799}}
|percentage = 3.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:158361}}
|percentage = 64.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2010===
In the [[2010 Bihar legislative assembly election|2010 state assembly elections]], Bhola Ray of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] won the Kadwa assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Himraj Singh of [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]].<ref name="election2010">{{cite web | url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0464.htm | title = Bihar - Kadwa | work = Bihar Assembly Elections Nov 2010 Results | publisher = Election Commission of India | access-date = 2011-01-10 | archive-date = 27 November 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101127013552/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0464.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners up are being mentioned. Abdul Jalil of NCP defeated [[Himraj Singh]] representing BJP in [[Bihar Assembly Election, Oct 2005|October 2005]] and Bhola Ray of BJP in [[Bihar Assembly Election, Feb 2005|February 2005]]. Himraj Singh, Independent, defeated Abdul Jalil representing [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] in 2000. Bhola Ray of BJP defeated Gulam Asraf of [[Janata Dal|JD]] in 1995. Abdul Jalil, Independent, defeated Bhola Ray of BJP in 1990. Usman Ghani of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] defeated Khaja Shahid, Independent, in 1985. Mangan Insan, Independent, defeated Usman Ghani of Congress in 1980. Khaja Shahid Hussain, Independent, defeated Mangan Insan, Independent, in 1977.<ref name="election1977">{{cite web| url = http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp143.htm
|title =143 - Kadwa Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-01-15 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Purnia Division topics}}
{{coord|25|37|42|N|87|44|04|E|region:IN-BR|display=title}}
{{Bihar elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Katihar district]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

Rajasthan State Commission For Women

2026-04-10T03:29:35Z

MartiAshley1795:

{{Short description|Statutory body for women's rights, India}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Rajasthan State Commission for Women
| nativename =
| nativename_r =
| type = Commission
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| formed = 15 May 1999
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Rajasthan]]
| headquarters = Rajasthan State Commission for Women, Lal Kothi, Tonk Road, Jaipur.<ref name="RW ref1">{{cite web |title=Rajasthan State Commission For Women |url=http://ncw.nic.in/important-links/list-state-women-commissions#Rajasthan |website=Rajasthan State Commission For Women |access-date=15 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="rw ref2">{{cite web |title=Rajasthan State Commission For Women |url=https://rscw.rajasthan.gov.in/ |website=Rajasthan State Commission For Women |access-date=15 January 2022}}</ref>
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name =
| minister1_pfo =
| deputyminister1_name =
| deputyminister1_pfo =
| deputyminister2_name =
| deputyminister2_pfo =
| chief1_name = Rehana rayaz chisti
| chief1_position = Chairperson
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website =[https://rscw.rajasthan.gov.in/ Official Website]
{{Official website|http://ncw.nic.in/important-links/list-state-women-commissions#Rajasthan}}
| footnotes =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
| native_name_a =
| region_code =
| coordinates =
| keydocument1 =
| keydocument2 =
| keydocument3 =
}}

'''Rajasthan State Commission for Women''' is a [[statutory]] body constituted in 1999 to deal with the issues relating to [[Violence against women|crime against women]] in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]]. The commission for welfare of women in the state was set up by [[Government of Rajasthan|Rajasthan Government]] as a [[Quasi-judicial body|quasi-judicial]] body.

== History and Objectives ==

Rajasthan State Commission for Women was formed to investigate specific problems relating to women, as well as to study women's issues in the state.<ref name="scw ref1">{{cite news |last1=Rajagopalan |first1=Swarna |title=Why National and State Women's Commissions are important and should be held accountable |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-why-national-and-state-women-s-commissions-are-important-and-should-be-held-accountable-2217939 |access-date=9 January 2022 |publisher=dnaindia.com |date=30 May 2016}}</ref> The Commission is equipped with powers to safeguard rights of women and ensure their protection and equality against any form of harassment and issues faced in the family and community.

The commission was created with the following objectives:

* Ensuring protection and welfare of women.
* Handle gender-based issues through timely intervention in case of any violation of relevant laws or opportunity denial or depriving the women of any rights.
* Recommending to state government on women-based issues.<ref name="rw ref7">{{cite news |title=Rajasthan women panel proposes 50 per cent quota |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/445092/rajasthan-women-panel-proposes-50.html |access-date=15 January 2022 |publisher=deccan hearald |date=2 December 2014}}</ref>
* The commission occasionally takes steps to create awareness in public regarding the women-based legislation in the state.

== Composition ==

Rajasthan State Commission for Women iwa formed with a chairperson and other members. The social welfare department of the state makes modalities for appointing the Chairman of the State Commission for Women. Their salary and other emoluments are fixed by state government and revised from time to time.

Smt. Rehana Rayaz Chisti is the Chairperson of the Rajasthan State Commission for Women from 11/2/2022 to 10/2/2025
And three members are
1 Suman Yadav
2 Anjana meghwal
3 Sumitra jain

== Activities ==

Rajasthan State Commission for Women was formed in 2006 to perform below activities:

* Commission should ensure that it adheres to the provision and protection guaranteed for women under [[Constitution of India]] and women related legislations.<ref name="rw ref3">{{cite web |title=Rajasthan State Commission For Women |url=http://www.bareactslive.com/Raj/rj1240.htm |website=Rajasthan State Commission For Women |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115033724/http://www.bareactslive.com/Raj/rj1240.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* In case any agency in the state fails to implement protective measures against women, getting the same to the notice of Government.
* Making recommendations for the amendments in any law if it fails on provision of justice to the women of the state.
* Taking up with concerned authorities any issue of violation of women's rights and recommending follow-up action to them.
* Women who have complaints of violation of their rights and non-implementation of their protective measures guaranteed under the Constitution of India can directly approach Women Commission for redressal.<ref name="rw ref5">{{cite news |title=Live-in relationships against our culture, says Rajasthan women's panel chief |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/live-in-relationships-against-our-culture-says-rajasthan-women-s-panel-chief/story-VOlZ72BBw4YRPoHrxoLGeI.html |access-date=15 January 2022 |publisher=hindustantimes |date=13 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="rw ref6">{{cite news |title=Rajasthan Human Rights Commission seeks law against live-in relationships |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/rajasthan-human-rights-commission-seeks-law-against-live-in-relationships/article29339361.ece |access-date=15 January 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=5 September 2019}}</ref>
* Counselling and assisting women who are victims of atrocities and discrimination in the state.
* Financing litigation expenses for any issues involving mass group of women and occasionally make reports to the state government relating to them.
* Inspecting any premises, jail or other remand home where women prisoners are lodged or any other case and bringing them to the notice of respective authorities, in case of need.
* Enquire, study and investigate any specific women-based issues.
* Initiate educational research or undertaking any promotional method and recommend ways for ensuring women representation in all areas and identifying reasons depriving them of their rights.
* To enquire suo-moto or any complaints of any issue which deprives women of their rights or women protection laws not being implemented or noncompliance of any policies relating to them or failure of following instructions relating to women welfare and relief associated with them.

== See also ==
* [[National Commission for Women]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://rscw.rajasthan.gov.in/ Official Website]
* {{Official website|http://ncw.nic.in/important-links/list-state-women-commissions#Rajasthan}}

[[Category:State agencies of India]]
[[Category:Commissions in India]]
[[Category:Women's rights in India]]
[[Category:Women's organisations based in India]]

Nirmala Bhavan Higher Secondary School

2026-03-28T18:04:19Z

MartiAshley1795: basic adjust citations per standard format and corrected details per standard format

{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Nirmala Bhavan Higher Secondary School
| native_name =
| logo =
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| motto = ''Where there is love, there is god''
| motto_translation = ''സ്നേഹമുള്ളിടത്ത് ദൈവമുണ്ട്''
| location =
| address = PMG TTC Road,Opp. Kowdiar,Belhaven Gardens, Nanthancodu, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695003
| region = [[Kowdiar]]
| city = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| postal_code =
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|8.5184|76.9579|display=inline,title}}
| schooltype = [[Secondary school|secondary]]
| fundingtype = [[Private school|private]]
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| principal = Sr.Lins Alackal
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| song = O spotless home of light and peace
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| affiliations = Sisters of the Adoration of the Blessed Sacrament
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'''Nirmala Bhavan Higher Secondary School''', founded in 1964,<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2025 |title=25 Best Schools In Trivandrum For Your Kids |url=https://www.momjunction.com/articles/top-and-best-schools-in-trivandrum_00417938/ |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=www.momjunction.com}}</ref> is a mixed school run by the Sisters of the Adoration of the Blessed Sacrament (S.A.B.S) in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2014 |title=Nirmala Bhavan winners in Varnolsavam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/nirmala-bhavan-winners-in-varnolsavam/article6594274.ece |access-date=28 March 2026 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2018-11-15 |title=A fitting tribute to Kerala’s tumultous times |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/kochi/2018/Nov/14/a-fitting-tribute-to-keralas-tumultous-times-1898241.html |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> This religious congregation was founded in 1908 by the first Bishop of [[Changanacherry]], Mar Thomas Kurialachery.

The school is a minority institution, recognized as such by the [[Government of Kerala]]. It is an unaided English medium School and prepares students for the ten year Secondary School Leaving certificate (S.S.L.C) examination of the Kerala State Educational Board and two years Higher Secondary examination course of Higher Secondary Education Directorate.

==SMART class==
For the first time in [[Kerala]], the school, following the state syllabus, is equipped with SMART CLASS facilities. The program enables the teacher to use digital resources such as graphics, animations, 3D images and video clips in addition to the chalk and talk method of teaching. All class rooms have an Ethernet network, governed by a Knowledge Center within the school campus. The knowledge center is equipped with a library of digital resources mapped to the school syllabus. This program was inaugurated in the school by the Minister for Education, Shri M.A. Baby in June 2006.

== Nymf Fiesta ==
In 2005, the school became the first girls school to conduct an inter-school cultural fest called 'Nymph Fiesta' which is managed by the higher secondary girls. In 2008 the name was changed to 'Nymf Fiesta'.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://nirmalabhavanschool.org/index.php Official website]

[[Category:Catholic secondary schools in India]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Kerala]]
[[Category:Girls' schools in Kerala]]
[[Category:Private schools in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1964]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Kerala]]

{{Kerala-school-stub}}

Chittisinghpura massacre

2026-03-27T13:34:44Z

MartiAshley1795: added references and updated info for accuracy

{{short description|Fatal shooting of 35 Sikhs in India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Chittisinghpura massacre
| image =
| caption =
| location = Chittisinghpura, [[Anantnag district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]
| target = [[Sikh]]s
| date = 20 March 2000
| time =
| timezone =
| type = [[Mass murder]]
| fatalities = 35
}}

The '''Chittisinghpura massacre''' refers to the [[mass murder]] of 35 [[Sikh]] villagers on 20 March 2000 in the village of Chittisinghpura in [[Anantnag district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]] on the eve of the [[U.S. President]] [[Bill Clinton]]'s state visit to India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/684632.stm|title=Kashmir killings overshadow Clinton visit|last=|first=|date=21 March 2000|website=BBC News|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=28 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128015132/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/684632.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30253665.ece|title=The massacre at Chattisinghpora|last=Swami|first=Praveen|date=1 April 2000|website=Frontline|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=7 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307131649/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30253665.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Indian government asserts that the massacre was conducted by the Pakistan-based [[militant Islam|militant]] group [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] (LeT) or [[Hizbul Mujahideen]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Incident Summary |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=200003210002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127115749/https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=200003210002 |archive-date=2024-11-27 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=[[Global Terrorism Database]] |publisher=[[University of Maryland]] |language=en}}</ref> Though the perpetrators have not been apprehended or convicted and their identity remains debated.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Harding|first=Luke|date=22 March 2000|title=Killing of Sikhs clouds Clinton visit to India|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/mar/22/india.kashmir|url-status=live|access-date=20 October 2021|website=The Guardian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824054708/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/mar/22/india.kashmir |archive-date=24 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=25 October 2010|title=Lashkar behind Sikh massacre in Kashmir in 2000, says Headley|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/lashkar-behind-sikh-massacre-in-kashmir-in-2000-says-headley/story-U1HSRGfXRKqZyzgeQoy1OI.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114013820/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Lashkar-behind-Sikh-massacre-in-Kashmir-in-2000-says-Headley/Article1-617459.aspx|archive-date=14 January 2011|access-date=20 March 2020|website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Daiya |first=Kavita |title=Violent Belongings: Partition, Gender, and National Culture in Postcolonial India |publisher=Temple University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P7a-FuiMcTYC |year=2011 |isbn=9781592137442 |page=1 |quote=On March 21, 2000, in the war-torn state of Kashmir in India, Islamic militants massacred thirty-five Sikh men from the village of Chitti Singhpora. It was Holi, the festival of colors. Militants with bright Holi colors on their faces wore Indian military uniforms, arrived in the village, told the villagers they were from the army, and dragged the Sikh men out of their houses on the pretext of an "identification parade." All the Sikh men, young and old, were lined up against two walls in the village, and then shot to death. Since the targeting and subsequent exodus of Hindu Kashmiri Pandits from Kashmir, this was the first time the Sikh community was targeted and brutally massacre. |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116225955/https://books.google.com/books?id=P7a-FuiMcTYC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Gurpreet|date=19 March 2018|title=India Owes Answers For The Killings Of 36 Sikhs And 14 Others In Kashmir|url=https://countercurrents.org/2018/03/india-owes-answers-for-the-killings-of-36-sikhs-and-14-others-in-kashmir|url-status=live|access-date=20 March 2020|website=Countercurrents|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701152436/https://countercurrents.org/2018/03/india-owes-answers-for-the-killings-of-36-sikhs-and-14-others-in-kashmir |archive-date=1 July 2019}}</ref>

==Killings==
{{Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir}}
Wearing Indian Army [[Combat uniform|fatigues]], the unknown gunmen arrived into the village in military vehicles in two groups at opposite ends of the village where the two [[gurdwara]]s were located. The militants marched from home to home, introducing themselves as Indian Army personnel and ordered every male member of the household come out for security checks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://freepresskashmir.news/2018/03/20/chittisinghpora-massacre-when-shadowy-gunners-in-army-fatigues-widowed-30-sikh-women/|title= Chittisinghpora Massacre: When shadowy gunners in army fatigues widowed 30 Sikh women|access-date=27 August 2020|website=Free Press Kashmir}}</ref> They ordered them to line up in front of the gurdwaras and opened fire, killing thirty-five Sikhs and shouted pro-India slogans after the massacre.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/names-of-killers-still-reverberate-in-my-ears-19-years-after-chittisinghpora-massacre-lone-survivor-recounts-night-that-killed-35-sikhs-6299441.html|title='Names of killers still reverberate in my ears': 19 years after Chittisinghpora massacre, lone survivor recounts night that killed 35 Sikhs|website=Firstpost|date=21 March 2019 |access-date=29 October 2019|archive-date=21 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321032519/https://www.firstpost.com/india/names-of-killers-still-reverberate-in-my-ears-19-years-after-chittisinghpora-massacre-lone-survivor-recounts-night-that-killed-35-sikhs-6299441.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bhat |first=Saima |date=26 March 2012 |title=The lone survivor: Nanak Singh |url=https://kashmirlife.net/the-lone-survivor-nanak-singh-2237/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324235427/http://www.kashmirlife.net:80/the-lone-survivor-nanak-singh-2237/ |archive-date=24 March 2017 |access-date=29 October 2019 |website=Kashmir Life}}</ref>

=== Aftermath ===
The massacre was a turning point in the [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]], where Sikhs had usually been spared from militant violence.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dugger|first=Celia W.|date=21 March 2000|title=34 Massacred In Sikh Town In Kashmir|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/21/world/34-massacred-in-sikh-town-in-kashmir.html|url-access=subscription|access-date=20 October 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020140052/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/21/world/34-massacred-in-sikh-town-in-kashmir.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Shortly after the massacre, hundreds of Sikhs gathered in [[Jammu]], shouting anti-Pakistan and anti-Muslim slogans, criticising the Indian government for failing to protect the villagers, and demanding retaliation.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jameel|first=Yusuf|date=3 April 2000|title=Slaughter in Singhpora: A Village Becomes Kashmir's Latest Victim|work=[[Time Asia]]|url=http://www.time.com/time/asia/magazine/2000/0403/india.singhpora.html|access-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010127162800/http://www.time.com/time/asia/magazine/2000/0403/india.singhpora.html|archive-date=27 January 2001}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=16 August 2013|agency=AP|title=Man arrested in connection with Sikh massacre|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/man-arrested-in-connection-with-sikh-massacre-282450.html|url-status=live|access-date=20 October 2021|website=The Independent|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029065324/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/man-arrested-in-connection-with-sikh-massacre-282450.html |archive-date=29 October 2019}}</ref>

==Investigations==
In 2000, Indian authorities announced that Mohammad Suhail Malik, a nephew of Lashkar-e-Taiba co-founder [[Hafiz Muhammad Saeed]], confessed while in Indian custody to participating in the attacks at the direction of Lashkar-e-Taiba. He repeated the claim in an interview with [[Barry Bearak]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' while still in Indian custody.<ref name="Bearak">{{citation|last=Bearak|first=Barry|title=A Kashmiri Mystery|date=31 December 2000|url=https://www.nytimes.com/library/magazine/home/20001231mag-kashmir.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times Magazine]]|quote=The conversation was mostly in Urdu, once again a language I did not speak. I could study his eyes but not his phrasing or inflections, the little clues as to what was being held back in the privacy of his head. When we left, I asked Surinder Oberoi, my journalist friend, if he thought Malik was telling the truth. 'Yes, I think so,' he answered after a pause. Then he added a cautionary shrug and a sentence that stopped after the words 'But you know. ... ' Malik showed no signs of physical abuse, but, as with Wagay, the torture of someone in his situation would not be unusual. Once, over a casual lunch, an Indian intelligence official told me that Malik had been 'intensively interrogated.' I asked him what that usually meant. 'You start with beatings, and from there it can go almost anywhere,' he said. Certainly, I knew what most Pakistanis would say of the confession -- that the teenager would admit to anything after persistent electrical prodding by the Indians. And it left me to surmise that if his interrogators had made productive use of pain, was it to get him to reveal the truth or to repeat their lies?|accessdate=4 November 2009|archive-date=7 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107134356/http://www.nytimes.com/library/magazine/home/20001231mag-kashmir.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Villagers also told Bearak that militants had visited the place weeks prior and had mingled with them, which they now saw as reconnaissance for the massacre. Widows also claimed to recognized the voices of the attackers.<ref name="Bearak" /> According to Indian journalist [[Praveen Swami]], "Few people in the village believe stories claiming that the assailants were Indian Army soldiers."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swami |first=Praveen |author-link=Praveen Swami |date=2000-03-31 |title=The massacre at Chattisinghpora |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30253665.ece |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |language=en}}</ref>

In 2005, Sikh organizations headed by the Bhai Kanahiya Jee Nishkam Seva Society demanded a deeper state inquiry into the details of the massacre<ref name="Tribune">[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051112/j&k.htm#3 Sikhs want CBI probe into Chittisinghpura Massacre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070501182705/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051112/j%26k.htm#3 |date=1 May 2007 }}, ''Tribune India''. 11 November 2005. Accessed on 20 October 2021.</ref> and for the inquiry to be made public. The state government ordered an inquiry into the massacre.

In an introduction to a book written by [[Madeleine Albright]] titled ''The Mighty and the Almighty: Reflections on America, God, and World Affairs'' (2006), [[Bill Clinton]] accused "Hindu militants" of perpetrating the act.<ref name="Times">[http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JTS8yMDA2LzA1LzE5I0FyMDE0MDE=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom "Clinton goofs up on J&K killings"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061009224403/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JTS8yMDA2LzA1LzE5I0FyMDE0MDE=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom |date=9 October 2006 }}, ''The Times of India''.</ref> Clinton's office did not return calls seeking comment or clarification. The publishers, [[HarperCollins]], later acknowledged "a failure in the fact-checking process" but did not offer a retraction.<ref name="Times" />

In 2010, the Lashkar-e-Taiba associate [[David Headley]], who was arrested in connection with the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]], reportedly told the [[National Investigation Agency]] that the LeT carried out the Chittisinghpura massacre.<ref name=hindustantimes>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=25 October 2010|title=Lashkar behind Sikh massacre in Kashmir in 2000, says Headley|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/lashkar-behind-sikh-massacre-in-kashmir-in-2000-says-headley/story-U1HSRGfXRKqZyzgeQoy1OI.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114013820/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Lashkar-behind-Sikh-massacre-in-Kashmir-in-2000-says-Headley/Article1-617459.aspx|archive-date=14 January 2011|access-date=20 March 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> He is said to have identified an LeT militant named Muzzamil as part of the group which carried out the killings apparently to create communal tension just before Clinton's visit.<ref>Jupinderjit Singh (25 October 2010). [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101026/j&k.htm#2 Chittisinghpura Massacre: Obama's proposed visit makes survivors recall tragedy ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116225028/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101026/j%26k.htm#2 |date=16 November 2017 }}. ''The Tribune, Chandigarh''. Accessed 20 October 2021.</ref>

In 2011, a Delhi court cleared Malik of the charges citing insufficient evidence.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 August 2011 |title=Sikhs' massacre in Chattisinghpora: Two Pakistanis acquitted |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Sikhs-massacre-in-Chattisinghpora-Two-Pakistanis-acquitted/articleshow/9556146.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106033915/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-10/india/29871318_1_pakistani-nationals-massacre-sikhs |archive-date=6 November 2012 |access-date=20 October 2021 |work=The Times of India |agency=PTI}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Chattisinghpora, Pathribal, and Barakpora massacres]]
* [[List of terrorist incidents in Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[List of massacres in India]]
* [[Terrorism in Kashmir]]
* [[2002 Qasim Nagar massacre]]
* [[1998 Wandhama massacre]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Cite web |title=Incident Summary |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=200003210002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127115749/https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=200003210002 |archive-date=2024-11-27 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=[[Global Terrorism Database]] |publisher=[[University of Maryland]] |language=en}}

{{Kashmir conflict}}
{{Sikhism}}

{{Coord|33|43|48.12|N|75|14|41.06|E|type:city|display=title}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Chittisinghpura massacre, 2000}}
[[Category:20th-century mass murders in India]]
[[Category:2000 mass murders]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2000]]
[[Category:2000 murders in India]]
[[Category:2000 mass shootings in Asia]]
[[Category:Mass shootings in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Unsolved murders in India]]
[[Category:Massacres in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Massacres of Sikhs]]
[[Category:March 2000 in India]]
[[Category:Massacres in 2000]]
[[Category:Unsolved mass murders]]
[[Category:Anantnag district]]
[[Category:March 2000 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents by unknown perpetrators]]
[[Category:Presidency of Bill Clinton]]
[[Category:Vajpayee administration]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Lashkar-e-Taiba attacks]]
[[Category:Massacres in India]]
[[Category:Violence against men in India]]
[[Category:Mass shootings in India]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents against Sikhs]]

List of first women lawyers and judges in Indiana

2026-03-19T14:07:45Z

MartiAshley1795: Content updated and refined

{{short description|List of American women lawyers and judges in Indiana}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2025}}
This is a list of the '''first women lawyer(s) and judge(s)''' in [[Indiana]]. It includes the year in which the women were admitted to practice law (in parentheses). Also included are women who achieved other distinctions such becoming the first in their state to graduate from law school or become a political figure.

==Firsts in Indiana's history ==

=== Lawyers ===

*First female: [[Elizabeth Eaglesfield]] (1875)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.in.gov/judiciary/citc/museum/female-firsts/|title=Indiana Female "Firsts" In the Legal Profession|website=Judicial Branch of Indiana|access-date=October 6, 2016}}</ref> {{anchor}}
*First female to practice law after appealing to the [[Indiana Supreme Court]]: [[Antoinette Dakin Leach]] (1893)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bg13QcMSsq8C&pg=PA1438|title=The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis|last1=Bodenhamer|first1=David J.|last2=Barrows|first2=Robert G.|date=1994-11-22|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0253112494|language=en}}</ref>
*First all-female law firm owners: [[Adele Ida Storck]] and [[Minnie Elizabeth Mason]] (1921)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Indianapolis |first=Encyclopedia of |date=2025-07-28 |title=Adele Ida Storck |url=https://indyencyclopedia.org/adele-ida-storck/ |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=Encyclopedia of Indianapolis |language=en-US}}</ref>
*First African American female: [[Helen Elsie Austin]] (1930)<ref name="Cayton">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n3Xn7jMx1RYC&dq=indiana%27s+first+black+woman+admitted+to+state+bar&pg=PA1584|title=The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia|last1=Cayton|first1=Andrew R. L.|last2=Sisson|first2=Richard|last3=Zacher|first3=Chris|date=2006-11-08|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0253003490|language=en}}</ref>
*First Asian American female (Filipino descent): Lourdes Dellota Alba (1966)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B_2PAAAAMAAJ&q=first+filipino+to+practice+law+in+indiana|title=Batas at Katarungan|date=1982|publisher=University of the Philippines Law Center|language=en}}</ref>

=== State judges ===

* First female: Ella Groninger in 1919<ref name=":4" />
* First female (elected): V. Sue Shields in 1964<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Selby|first=Myra C.|date=1999|title=EXAMINING RACE AND GENDER BIAS IN THE COURTS: A LEGACY OF INDIFFERENCE OR OPPORTUNITY?|url=https://mckinneylaw.iu.edu/ilr/pdf/vol32p1167.pdf|journal=Indiana Law Review|volume=32|issue=4 }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|date=1939-01-17|title=Vivian Sue (Blodgett) Shields|url=https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/notablealumni/93|journal=Notable Alumni}}</ref><ref name=":6">Elected to the Hamilton County Superior Court. See Seager, p. 18.</ref>
* First female (county court): Linda Lucille Chezem in 1975<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=1946-09-29|title=Linda Lucille Chezem|url=https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/notablealumni/67|journal=Notable Alumni}}</ref>
* First African American female: Phyllis Senegal (1975)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newspapers.library.in.gov/cgi-bin/indiana?a=d&d=INR19751220-01.1.1|title=Indianapolis Recorder 20 December 1975 — Hoosier State Chronicles: Indiana's Digital Historic Newspaper Program|website=newspapers.library.in.gov|access-date=2018-01-09}}</ref>
* First female ([[Indiana Court of Appeals]]): V. Sue Shields in 1978<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />
* First female (circuit court): [[Linda Lucille Chezem]] in 1982<ref name=":0" />
* First (African American) female ([[Indiana Supreme Court]]): [[Myra C. Selby]] (1995)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.in.gov/judiciary/citc/2832.htm|title=Courts in the Classroom: Justice Myra Consetta Selby|website=www.in.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-01-20}}</ref>
* First female (Chief Justice; [[Indiana Supreme Court]]): [[Loretta Rush]] in 2014<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.southbendtribune.com/news/indiana-s-first-female-chief-justice-is-named/article_0cb7049e-1dcd-11e4-99c3-0017a43b2370.html|title=Indiana's first female chief justice is named|agency=Associated Press|website=South Bend Tribune|language=en|access-date=2018-12-27}}</ref>
* First females (Commercial court): Maria Grainger and [[Heather A. Welch]] in 2016<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indiana's Commercial Court Pilot Project – March 2016 Update |url=https://times.courts.in.gov/2016/04/26/indianas-commercial-court-pilot-project-march-2016-update/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=times.courts.in.gov}}</ref>

=== Federal judges ===
*First female ([[United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana|U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Indiana]]): [[Sarah Evans Barker]] (1984)<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newspaperarchive.com/us/indiana/anderson/anderson-herald-bulletin/1984/03-14/page-50?tag=sarah+evans+barker+1984&rtserp=tags/sarah-evans-barker-1984?psb=relevance|title=Barker confirmed as judge|website=newspaperarchive.com|access-date=2018-02-02}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indybar.org/index.cfm?pg=JudicialBios|title=Judicial Bios|website=www.indybar.org|access-date=2019-06-28}}</ref>
*First African American (female) ([[United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana|U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Indiana]]): [[Tanya Walton Pratt]] (2010)<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indianapolisrecorder.com/news/features/article_9dfeb496-b4ed-5505-89c8-215c8588e2e5.html|title=Tanya Walton Pratt named Indiana's first African-American federal judge|last=III|first=AMOS BROWN|work=Indianapolis Recorder Newspaper|access-date=2018-01-09|language=en}}</ref>
*First female (Bankruptcy Court; [[United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana|U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Indiana]]): [[Robyn Moberly]] (2012)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shrake |first=Alexa |date=2024-07-02 |title=First female bankruptcy judge focused on opportunity, not adversity |url=https://www.theindianalawyer.com/articles/first-female-bankruptcy-judge-focused-on-opportunity-not-adversity |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=The Indiana Lawyer |language=en-US}}</ref>
*First African American (female) from Indiana ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit]]): [[Doris Pryor]] (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doris Pryor, IU grad, will be the first Black judge from Indiana to join Seventh Circuit |url=https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/doris-pryor-iu-grad-first-005833876.html |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=www.yahoo.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
*First African American (female) ([[United States District Court for the Northern District of Indiana|U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Indiana]]): [[Cristal C. Brisco]] in 2024<ref>{{Cite web |last=Figueroa |first=Ariana |date=2024-01-29 |title=In milestones, Black women from South Carolina and Indiana confirmed as federal judges |url=https://michiganadvance.com/2024/01/29/in-milestones-black-women-from-south-carolina-and-indiana-confirmed-as-federal-judges/ |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=Michigan Advance |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Attorney General of Indiana ===

* First (African American) female: [[Pamela Carter (Indiana politician)|Pamela Carter]] from 1993 to 1997<ref>[http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbo=1&q=Thurbert+Baker+1952&btnG=Search+Books#sclient=psy&hl=en&tbs=bks:1&q=Carter+was+born+Pamela+Lynn+Fanning+on+August+20%2C+1949&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq=&pbx=1&fp=cc7216a82c53364 ''Contemporary Black Biography'', Volume 67, p. 12.]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=f20v23TpqUQC&q=Pamela+Carter+attorney+1959 Jennifer M. York, ''Who's Who Among African Americans''.] Gale, 2003.</ref>

=== Public Defender ===

* First (African American) female: [[Harriette Bailey Conn]] in 1970<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mckinneylaw.iu.edu/news/releases/2018/02/harriette-vesta-baily-conn-55-was-iu-mckinneys-first-african-american-female-graduate.html|title=Harriette Vesta Baily Conn, '55, Was IU McKinney's First African-American Female Graduate: Law School News: Robert H. McKinney School of Law: IUPUI|website=IU Robert H. McKinney School of Law|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-22}}</ref>

=== United States Attorney ===

* First female ([[United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana|U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Indiana]]; full term): [[Virginia Dill McCarty]] (1977) from 1977 to 1981<ref>{{cite journal|date=March 2018|title=Virginia Dill McCaty Papers, 1824-2003|journal=INPerspective|location=Indianapolis|publisher=Indiana Historical Society|volume=24|issue=2|page=14}}</ref>
* First female ([[United States District Court for the Northern District of Indiana|Northern District of Indiana]]; Acting): [[Tina L. Nommay]] in 2021<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nommay first woman to lead Northern Indiana U.S. Attorney's Office|url=https://www.theindianalawyer.com/articles/nommay-tapped-to-be-top-federal-attorney-in-northern-indiana|access-date=2022-02-05|website=The Indiana Lawyer|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Assistant United States Attorney ===

* First female: [[Sarah Evans Barker]] (1969) in 1972<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

=== Bar Association ===

* First female president ([[Indiana State Bar Association]]): [[Jeanne S. Miller]] in 1988<ref name="Seager18">{{cite journal|author=Seager, Sharon Hannum|date=Summer 2003|title=A Century of Change: Indiana's Women Lawyers|journal=Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History|location=Indianapolis|publisher=Indiana Historical Society|volume=15|issue=3|page=18}}</ref>
* First female president (Indianapolis Bar Association): [[Mary Y. Marsh]] in 1988<ref name="indybar.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indybar.org/index.cfm?pg=OurHistory|title = Our History}}</ref>
* First African American female president (Indianapolis Bar Association): [[Cynthia J. Ayers]] in 2006<ref name="indybar.org"/>

==Firsts in local history==
[[File:Supt. of new Federal Reformatory for Women at Alderson, W. Va. here on Dec. 14., 1939 Miss Helen Hironimus has been appointed by the Attorney General - LCCN2016876764 (cropped).tif|thumb|Helen Hironimus was appointed by the U. S. Attorney General to be Supt. of new Federal Reformatory for Women at Alderson, West Virginia, here on December 14, 1939.]]

* Carina Warrington (1915):<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news-sentinel.com/opinion/2019/09/21/news-sentinel-guest-column-allen-county-courts-history-dates-back-195-years/|title=NEWS-SENTINEL GUEST COLUMN: Allen County courts history dates back 195 years|website=news-sentinel.com/|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-08}}</ref> First female lawyer in Allen County, Indiana
* Karen E. Richards:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.journalgazette.net/news/local/20180202/richards-says-shell-seek-fifth-term-as-prosecutor|title=Richards says she'll seek fifth term as prosecutor {{!}} Local {{!}} Journal Gazette|website=www.journalgazette.net|access-date=2019-06-27}}</ref> First female to serve as the Prosecutor for [[Allen County, Indiana]]
* Lisa Swaim:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pharostribune.com/news/local_news/article_7b62e4b2-2371-11ea-9fca-fb7c69d129b5.html|title=Swaim becomes county's first female judge|last=Wolf|first=James D.|date=December 20, 2019|website=Pharos Tribune}}</ref> First female judge in [[Cass County, Indiana]] (2019)
* Clementine Barthold (1980):<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.whas11.com/news/local/indiana/first-female-clark-co-judge-passes-away/150851693|title=FIrst female Clark Co. judge passes away|last=TEGNA|work=WHAS11|access-date=2018-01-04|language=en-US}}</ref> First female judge in [[Clark County, Indiana]]
* Judith Dwyer (1963):<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washtimesherald.com/news/local_news/former-daviess-county-judge-dies/article_1c95e74c-9d36-5846-9cd5-a433770980d8.html|title=Former Daviess County judge dies|last=Grant|first=Mike|website=Washington Times Herald|language=en|access-date=2018-12-27}}</ref> First female judge in [[Daviess County, Indiana]] (1987)
* Derexa Savage King (1951):<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://duboiscountyherald.com/b/award-recognizes-students-writings|title=Award recognizes students' writings|website=Dubois County Herald|access-date=2019-06-29}}</ref> First female lawyer in [[Dubois County, Indiana]]
* Beth Ann Butsch:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianacourts.us/times/2016/09/hon-beth-ann-butsch/|title=Hon. Beth Ann Butsch {{!}} Indiana Court Times|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-27}}</ref> First female lawyer and judge (2010) in [[Fayette County, Indiana]]
* Susan Orth:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Judge Susan Orth decides not to seek re-election|url=https://www.newsandtribune.com/news/judge-susan-orth-decides-not-to-seek-re-election/article_55d79b66-3e24-11ea-804d-c3461b04bb30.html|last=chris.morris@newsandtribune.com|first=CHRIS MORRIS|website=News and Tribune|language=en|access-date=2020-06-02}}</ref> First female judge in [[Floyd County, Indiana]] (2004)
* Edith Eulalia Hendren (1921):<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ancestry.com/boards/localities.northam.usa.states.indiana.counties.greene/2058/mb.ashx|title=FIRST WOMAN LAWYER IN GREENE COUNTY|date=October 6, 1921|website=www.ancestry.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-11}}</ref> First female lawyer in [[Greene County, Indiana]]
* Dena Benham Martin:<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.gcdailyworld.com/story/1476206.html|title=Martin fulfills dream by becoming county's first female judge|date=2008-11-06|work=Greene County Daily World|access-date=2018-01-06|language=en}}</ref> First female judge in Greene County, Indiana
* AmyMarie Travis:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribtown.com/2018/05/19/governor_appoints_county_prosecutor_to_bench/|title=Governor appoints county prosecutor to bench|last=Richart|first=Jordan|website=Seymour Tribune|date=19 May 2018|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-07}}</ref> First female appointed as a Judge of the Superior Court of Jackson County (2018)
* Cynthia S. Emkes (1985):<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailyjournal.net/2017/10/14/driven_for_justice/|title=Driven for justice|last=Holtkamp|first=Michele|work=Daily Journal|access-date=2018-02-08|language=en-US}}</ref> First female judge in [[Johnson County, Indiana]] (1987)
* Diane Kavadias Schneider:<ref>Writer, S. (1993, September 15). Community. <nowiki>Times, The (Munster, IN)</nowiki>. Available from NewsBank: Access World News: <nowiki>https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=AWNB&docref=news/16A61C1C5FB26910</nowiki>.</ref> First female magistrate in Lake County, Indiana (1993)
* Susan Hemminger:<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|url=https://www.afterlife.co/us/obituary-indianapolis-kimberly-kiner-5557612|title=Kimberly Kiner Obituary - 2017 - Indianapolis, IN - Afterlife|website=afterlife.co|access-date=2018-01-06}}</ref> First female judge in [[LaPorte County, Indiana]]
* Kimberly Kiner:<ref name=":17" /> First African American female judge in LaPorte County, Indiana
* Linda Lucille Chezem:<ref name=":0" /> First female to serve as a Judge of the Lawrence County Court, Indiana (1975)
* Hentietta Trisch Willkie (1897):<ref name="Seager15">Seager, p. 15.</ref> First woman admitted to the bar in Madison County.
* Angela Warner Sims:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heraldbulletin.com/news/local_news/angela-warner-sims-sworn-in-as-judge/article_c5f614c6-6bff-5931-b441-26e79086f1f7.html|title=Angela Warner Sims sworn in as judge|last=Hirsch|first=Stuart|date=2012|website=Herald Bulletin|language=en|access-date=2018-12-27}}</ref> First female circuit judge for Madison County, Indiana (2012)
* Ella Groninger:<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn87055779/1919-10-14/ed-1/seq-12/|title=Woman Special Judge Refuses Man Divorce|newspaper=South Bend News-Times|date=1919-10-14|access-date=2019-02-27|pages=12|issn=2377-7095}}</ref> First female judge in Marion County, Indiana (1919)
* Z. Mae Jimison:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.in.gov/icw/files/2015-03-20_Z_Mae_Jimison.pdf|title=Women's History Month (2015): Z. Mae Jimison (1943–2008)|date=2015|website=Indiana Commission for Women}}</ref> First African American female appointed as a Judge of the Superior Court in [[Marion County, Indiana]] (1988)
* Cynthia J. Ayers:<ref name="Indiana Law Review">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/indianalawreview30197unse|title=Indiana Law Review|date=1997|publisher=Indiana University School of Law|others=IUPUI University Library}}</ref> First African American female elected as a Judge of the Superior Court in Marion County, Indiana (1991)
* [[Heather A. Welch]]:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-25 |title=Judge Heather Welch retiring from Marion County bench, continuing career in the law - THE INDIANA CITIZEN |url=https://indianacitizen.org/judge-heather-welch-retiring-from-marion-county-bench-continuing-career-in-the-law/ |access-date=2024-08-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> First (female) commercial court judge in [[Marion County, Indiana]] (2016)
* Karen E. Bravo:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrate Black History Month with Dean Karen E. Bravo {{!}} Southern District of Indiana {{!}} United States District Court |url=https://www.insd.uscourts.gov/news/celebrate-black-history-month-dean-karen-e-bravo |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=www.insd.uscourts.gov}}</ref> First African American (female) to serve as the Dean of [[Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law]] (2020)
* Janette Surrisi:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-19 |title=Gov. Holcomb announces judicial appointments for Marshall and Grant Counties |url=https://www.theindianalawyer.com/articles/gov-holcomb-announces-judicial-appointments-for-marshall-and-grant-counties |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=The Indiana Lawyer |language=en-US}}</ref> First female judge in Marshall County, Indiana (2024)
* Helen Hironimus:<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/indana2&div=16&id=&page=|title=Legal Directory - 2 Indiana Law Journal 1926–1927|journal=Indiana Law Journal|volume=2|page=215|access-date=2017-10-16}}</ref> First female lawyer in [[Mount Vernon, Indiana|Mount Vernon]], [[Posey County, Indiana]]
* Frances Tilton Weaver (1925):<ref>{{Cite journal|date=January 1, 1994|title=The Amicus: Winter 1994|journal=Alumni Magazine: The Amicus|via=Valparaiso University School of Law}}</ref> First female lawyer in [[Porter County, Indiana]]
* Shelli Wright Johnson (1979):<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shelliwrightjohnson.com/|title=Family Law Attorney {{!}} Portage, IN|website=www.shelliwrightjohnson.com|access-date=2017-09-26}}</ref> First female lawyer in Portage, Indiana [[Porter County, Indiana|[Porter County, Indiana]]]
* Mary Harper:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chestertontribune.com/Porter%20County/commissioners_to_name_courtroom.htm|title=Commissioners to name courtroom after retiring Circuit Court Judge Mary Harper|website=chestertontribune.com|access-date=2020-01-08}}</ref> First female to serve as the Deputy Prosecutor and Chief Deputy Prosecutor (1975–1981), a Superior Court Judge (1984), and a Judge of the Circuit Court (1996) in Porter County, Indiana
* Lisa M. Traylor-Wolff (1986):<ref name="Indiana Law Review" /> First female lawyer in [[Pulaski County, Indiana]]
* [[Maxine E. Ryer Miller]] (1922):<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://stjoebar.org/sjcba-occasional/|title=The SJCBA Occasional|date=2016-05-02|work=Welcome to the St. Joseph County Bar Association|access-date=2017-09-26|language=en-US}}</ref> First female lawyer in [[St. Joseph County, Indiana]]
* [[Elizabeth Fletcher Allen]] (1938):<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://historymuseumsb.org/local-african-american-history/|title=Local African American History|work=The History Museum|access-date=2017-10-14|language=en-US}}</ref> First African American female lawyer in [[St. Joseph County, Indiana]]
* Stephanie Steele:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc57.com/news/woman-of-steele-st-joseph-county-bar-association-set-to-elect-first-black-female-president|title='Woman of Steele': St. Joseph County Bar Association set to elect first black female president|website=ABC57|language=en|access-date=2019-07-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stjoebar.org/|title=St. Joseph County Bar Association|access-date=August 11, 2019}}</ref> First African American female to serve as President of the St. Joseph County Bar Association (2019)
* [[Graciela Olivarez]]:<ref>{{Cite web |title=GRACIELA OLIVAREZ: 1928–1987 |url=https://www.nmhistoricwomen.org/location/graciela-olivarez/ |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=New Mexico Historic Women Marker Initiative |language=en-US}}</ref> First (Latino American) female to graduate from [[Notre Dame Law School]] (1970) [<nowiki/>[[St. Joseph County, Indiana]]]
* [[Helen M. Gougar]] (1895):<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.in.gov/judiciary/citc/files/gouger-teacher-guide.pdf|title=Teacher Guide for "My Place is in the Voting Booth: Hoosier Suffragette Helen M. Gougar"}}</ref> First female lawyer in [[Tippecanoe County, Indiana]]
* Tamar Althouse Scholz (1893):<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://archive.courierpress.com/business/timeline-ep-456077320-324532381.html/|title=Timeline|access-date=2017-09-26|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=1872|title=Tamar (Althouse) Scholz|url=https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/notablealumni/18/|journal=Digital Repository @ Maurer Law|language=en}}</ref><ref>Seager, p. 16.</ref> First woman to practice law in [[Evansville, Indiana|Evansville]], [[Vanderburgh County, Indiana]]. She was also the first woman to graduate (1892) from the [[Indiana University]]'s Department of Law.
* Sue Ann Hartig:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usi.edu/news/releases/2013/04/phenomenal-women-recognized|title=Phenomenal Women recognized - University of Southern Indiana|website=www.usi.edu|access-date=2019-07-17}}</ref> First female judicial officer in [[Vanderburgh County, Indiana]]
* Mary Margaret “Maggie” Lloyd:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://city-countyobserver.com/290177-2/|title=Judge Mary Margaret "Maggie" Lloyd Selected as a CCO "Outstanding Community Service" Award Winner {{!}} City-County Observer|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-08}}</ref> First elected female judge in [[Vanderburgh County, Indiana]] (2000)
* [[Elizabeth Eaglesfield|Elizabeth "Bessie" Jane Eaglesfield]] (1875):<ref name="Seager15" /> First woman in Indiana admitted to the bar, Vigo County Circuit Court, September 8. 1875.
* Barbara Brugnaux:<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tribstar.com/news/local_news/a-place-that-gave-them-so-much-saint-mary-of/article_efc73201-941c-50c0-a2f3-c3103a53456a.html|title=A place that gave them so much: Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College|last=Loughlin|first=Sue|date=October 22, 2015|work=Terre Haute Tribune Star|access-date=2018-01-06|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tribstar.com/news/local_news/judge-brugnaux-seeking-another-term-in-superior-court/article_8b2773be-868d-5df6-ae6a-1b49a9498682.html|title=Judge Brugnaux seeking another term in Superior Court|last=Greninger|first=Howard|work=Terre Haute Tribune Star|access-date=2018-02-09|language=en}}</ref> First female judge in [[Vigo County, Indiana]]
* Amy Catherine Cornell:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yournewslocal.com/amy-catherine-cornell-becomes-third-wabash-county-superior-court-judge-in-history/|title=Your News Local {{!}} Amy Catherine Cornell Becomes Third Wabash County Superior Court Judge in History|last=Weaver|first=Wade|website=Your News Local|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-27}}</ref> First female appointed as a Judge of the Wabash County Superior Court, Indiana (2017)

== See also {{anchor}} ==

* [[List of first women lawyers and judges in the United States]]
* [[Timeline of women lawyers in the United States]]
* [[Women in law]]

==Other topics of interest==

* [[List of first minority male lawyers and judges in the United States]]
* [[List of first minority male lawyers and judges in Indiana]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:First women lawyers and judges in Indiana}}
[[Category:Lists of first women lawyers and judges in the United States|Indiana]]
[[Category:Indiana law-related lists]]
[[Category:History of women in Indiana]]
[[Category:Indiana lawyers]]
[[Category:Lists of people from Indiana|Lawyers and judges]]
[[Category:Legal history of Indiana]]
[[Category:Indiana history-related lists|Law]]

Sarrainodu

2026-03-14T14:57:50Z

MartiAshley1795: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{short description|2016 Indian film by Boyapati Srinu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sarrainodu
| image = Sarrainodu poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Boyapati Srinu]]
| producer = [[Allu Aravind]]
| writer = '''Story''' & '''Screenplay''': Boyapati Srinu '''Dialogues''': M. Rathnam
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Allu Arjun]]
*[[Aadhi Pinisetty]]
*[[Rakul Preet Singh]]
*[[Catherine Tresa]]
*[[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = [[S. Thaman]]
| cinematography = Rishi Punjabi
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateshwara Rao]]
| studio = [[Geetha Arts]]
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=y|2016|04|22}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR|link=yes}}50 [[crore]]
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR}}127.6 crore<ref name="indiatoday">{{Cite web |date=2016-06-10 |title=Sarrainodu collection: Allu Arjun's film emerges big at the box office |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sarrainodu-allu-arjun-starrer-emerges-big-at-the-box-office-13504-2016-06-10 |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''''Sarrainodu''''' ({{Translation|The right guy}}) is a 2016 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[Boyapati Srinu]] and produced by [[Allu Aravind]] under [[Geetha Arts]]. The film stars [[Allu Arjun]], alongside [[Aadhi Pinisetty]], [[Rakul Preet Singh]], [[Catherine Tresa]], [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]], [[Brahmanandam]], [[P. Sai Kumar]], [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]], [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]], [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] and [[Adarsh Balakrishna]]. The music was composed by [[S. Thaman]], while the cinematography and editing were handled by Rishi Punjabi and [[Kotagiri Venkateshwara Rao]].

''Sarrainodu'' was released on 22 April 2016 to positive reviews from critics and became the [[List of Telugu films of 2016|2nd highest grossing Telugu film of 2016]], grossing over ₹127.60 crore at the box office. It was subsequently dubbed into [[Malayalam]] as ''Yodhavu'' and was released in [[Kerala]] a month after the original version.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-29 |title=Allu Arjun's Sarrainodu Malayalam version rocking Kerala box office |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2016-05-29/Allu-Arjuns-Sarrainodu-Malayalam-version-rocking-Kerala-box-office/231202 |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref> The core plot was reported to be loosely based on the 2004 film ''[[Walking Tall (2004 film)|Walking Tall]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/300117/copycats-in-tollywood.html | title=Copycats in Tollywood | date=30 January 2017 | access-date=2 February 2022 | archive-date=3 October 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003064859/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/300117/copycats-in-tollywood.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Plot==
Gana, an ex-[[Indian Army|Indian Army]] [[Major (rank)|Major]], is raised by his paternal uncle Sripathi and is berated by his father Umapathi for leaving the army and not having an aim in life. Gana is sent to a neighboring village to meet his prospective bride Mahalakshmi ''Jaanu'', the daughter of Umapathi's friend Jaya Prakash, an ex-[[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer. However, Gana meets [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] Hansitha Reddy and falls for her. Gana tells an imaginary story to Umapathi that Jaanu rejected him due to his involvement in fights.

Meanwhile, Vairam Dhanush, the son of [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister]] Reddy, meets Paddam Veerendra, a spoilt brat. Veerendra and his rich father seeks Dhanush's help as Veerendra assaulted and killed a girl in a drug overdose. The girl's parents seek Hansitha's help when they file the petition in the court. Due to the lack of evidence and the embarrassment faced in the court, the girl's parents commit suicide. An enraged Gana thrashes Dhanush's lawyer Govindaraju and chops Veerendra's legs, which enrages Dhanush. After learning about his actions, Hansitha falls for Gana and promises to marry him if he swears in the presence of God that he will not indulge in violence.

When Gana is about to take the oath at the temple, a badly injured Jaanu arrives, running from Dhanush's henchmen who are trying to kill her. Gana thrashes the thugs and protects Jaanu. At Gana's house, Jaanu reveals that she did not reject Gana. Gana had arrived at Jaanu's village and had saved her from Obul Reddy, Dhanush's henchmen, and later declined the marriage. Jaanu explains that Dhanush had tried to blackmail Jaya Prakash as he had been protecting farmers so that they would not have to sell their lands for the laying down of [[Pipeline transport|oil pipelines]]. This incident infuriated Dhanush, who killed the farmers, but Jaanu intervened and insulted Dhanush.

Dhanush killed Jaya Prakash and tried to kill Jaanu, but she narrowly escaped and was in search of Gana for days. After learning this, Gana goes to Dhanush's house, where he battles with his henchmen and tries to burn Dhanush alive, but Dhanush escapes. Gana is questioned for the attack, but claims that other people had thrashed Dhanush. Eventually, Obul Reddy reveals the truth about the atrocities that Dhanush had committed in the village, and the media is thrown into an uproar. Dhanush arrives at [[Director General of Police (India)|DGP]] Mallikarjun's office to surrender but ends up shooting Mallikarjun and tries to kill Umapati, but Sripati takes the bullet and is left for dead. Reddy stops Dhanush from shooting anyone and tells Umapati to call Gana and make him surrender to Dhanush.

Gana arrives and is told that Sripati will be saved if he surrenders, Gana does so and is stabbed by Dhanush and his men. Umapathi tells Reddy that if Sripathi is dead, then Reddy and Dhanush will be dead. Reddy tells Dhanush to kill Sripati and an enraged Gana kills Reddy's bodyguards and assasinates Reddy. Gana fights Dhanush and decapitates him with an axe. Later, Gana and Mallikarjun tell a cover story to the media that Reddy and Dhanush were killed while trying to protect Mallikarjun from unknown terrorists. Gana announces Hansitha as a new candidate to become the new [[Chief Minister (India)|CM]].

==Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Allu Arjun]] as Gana / Ganapati
* [[Aadhi Pinisetty]] as Vairam Dhanush
* [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] as Sripathi, Gana's uncle
* [[Rakul Preet Singh]] as Mahalakshmi / Janu
* [[P. Sai Kumar]] as Jaya Prakash 'JP', Janu's father
* [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Umapati 'UP', Gana's father
* [[Catherine Tresa]] as [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] Hansitha Reddy
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Linga Hariharan, Umapati's neighbor
* [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] as Obul Reddy (Voice dubbed by [[P. Ravi Shankar]])
* [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as [[Director General of Police (India)|DGP]] Mallikarjun
* [[Kitty (actor)|Kitty]] as [[Chief Minister (India)|CM]] Reddy, Dhanush's father
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Pedhayya
* [[Vinaya Prasad]] as Lakshmi, Gana's mother
* [[Aadarsh Balakrishna]] as Paddam Veerendra
* [[Devadarshini]] as Gayatri, Sripati's wife
* [[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapoorna]] as Arunamma, Gana's grandmother
* [[Vidyullekha Raman]] as Tamizhselvi, Gana's sister-in-law
* Surekha Vani as Padma
* [[Rajeev Kanakala]] as Lawyer Govindaraju
* [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as Bhoopathi
* [[Bharath Reddy (actor)|Bharath Reddy]] as Bharath
* [[Sameer Hasan]] as a lawyer
* [[Mukul Dev]] as Saketh (Voice dubbed by [[Vedala Hemachandra]])
* [[L. B. Sriram]] as Ramudu, the victim's father
* [[Supreeth Reddy|Supreeth]] as Dhanush's henchmen
* [[Prabhakar (Telugu actor)|Prabhakar]] as Dhanush's henchmen
* Shravan as Ranga, Dhanush's henchman
* [[Prudhviraj (Telugu actor)|Prudhviraj]] as Obul Reddy's henchman
* Anshuman Sahoo as Balangir Baba
* Bharath Raju as Aden Reddy, Obul Reddy's henchman
* [[Priyadarshi Pulikonda|Priyadarshi]] as Prakash
* [[Satya Prakash (actor)|Satya Prakash]]
* [[Chalapathi Rao]] as Naidu
* [[Geetha Singh]] as Seetha
* [[G. V. Sudhakar Naidu]] as Ramaswamy
* [[Rahul Verma (Actor)|Rahul Verma]]
* [[Rajitha]] as Sirisha
* Bhiraj Nath as ram
* [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]] in the song "Blockbuster" (cameo appearance)
}}
*

==Production==
[[Boyapati Srinu]] wrote the script with [[Allu Arjun]] in mind for the lead role. He wanted to cast [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] who acted with Allu Arjun in ''[[S/O Satyamurthy]]'', but it did not happen. [[Rakul Preet Singh]] was cast in the leading role and [[Catherine Tresa]] in a supporting role. It is Rakul Preet Singh's first collaboration with Allu Arjun and Catherine Tresa's third collaboration with Allu Arjun after ''[[Iddarammayilatho]]'' and ''[[Rudhramadevi (film)|Rudhramadevi]]''. [[Aadhi Pinisetty]] was chosen as the main antagonist, while [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]], [[P. Sai Kumar]], [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] and [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] were chosen for important roles. [[Priyamani]], [[Anushka Shetty]] and [[Disha Patani]] were reported to have been approached for a cameo appearance in a song, but it was [[Anjali (film actress)|Anjali]] who made an appearance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://southie.in/category/celebrities/allu-arjun/sarrainodu/ |title=Sarrainodu – Allu Arjun and Boyapati Sreenu Movie. Archives – Southie |access-date=25 August 2016 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225153154/http://southie.in/category/celebrities/allu-arjun/sarrainodu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sarrainodu-promo-watch-allu-arjun-shake-a-leg-with-anjali-for-this-blockbuster-song-314904-2016-03-26 |title=Sarrainodu: Watch Allu Arjun shake a leg with Anjali for this Blockbuster song |date=26 March 2016 |access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2015-11-03/Anjali-not-Anushka-to-shake-leg-with-Bunny-in-Sarainodu/184227 |title=Anjali not Anushka to shake leg with Bunny in Sarainodu |date=3 November 2015 |access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{main|Sarrainodu (soundtrack)}}
The film score and soundtrack album were composed by [[S. Thaman]]. This is Thaman's second collaboration with Allu Arjun after ''[[Race Gurram]]''. [[Lahari Music]] acquired the audio rights of the film for an undisclosed price and it was announced that the audio launch event will take place on 20 March 2016, but it was pushed to April, since the audio launch of ''[[Sardaar Gabbar Singh|Sardar Gabbar Singh]]'' took place on the same day.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Lahari-Music-bags-Sarainodu-audio-rights/articleshow/51177563.cms |title=Lahari Music bags Sarainodu audio rights |website=The Times of India |language=en|access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref> The makers later announced that there will be no audio launch for this film and it was also announced that the album will hit the stores directly on 2 April 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2016/mar/25/no-audio-launch-for-allu-arjuns-sarrainodu-916098.html |title=No Audio Launch for Allu Arjun's Sarrainodu |website=The New Indian Express|date=25 March 2016 |access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref> The film features six songs with lyrics by [[Sri Mani]], [[Ramajogayya Sastry]], [[Ananta Sriram|Anantha Sriram]], [[Krishna Chaitanya (lyricist)|Krishna Chaitanya]] and Bunny Suresh.

=== Critical response ===
The album received positive reviews from critics. ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "The album is peppered with hits and is sure to do well."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Music-Review-Sarrainodu/articleshow/51978914.cms |title=Music Review: Sarrainodu |website=The Times of India |language=en|access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref> The album was well received by audiences, and it has been trending on top in [[Apple Music]] as well as on radio charts.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Sarrainodu-audio-trending/articleshow/51853179.cms |title=Sarrainodu audio trending |website=The Times of India |language=en|access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref> The audio success meet was held on 10 April 2016 at RK Beach in Vishakapatnam, with [[Chiranjeevi (actor)|Chiranjeevi]] attending the event as chief guest.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ritzmagazine.in/sarainodu-audio-success-meet-at-vishakhapatnam/ |title='Sarainodu' Audio Success Meet at Vishakhapatnam {{!}} RITZ|website=RITZ Magazine|date=12 April 2016 |language=en-US|access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref> The song "Blockbuster" was well received and it was later reused as "Vera Level" in Tamil film ''[[Ayogya (2019 film)|Ayogya]]'', which is a Tamil remake of ''[[Temper (film)|Temper]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/vishals-ayogya-to-have-this-special-song-from-an-allu-arjun-film-399989.htm|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190809154913/https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/vishals-ayogya-to-have-this-special-song-from-an-allu-arjun-film-399989.htm|archive-date = 9 August 2019|title = Latest Entertainment News: Celebrity News, Latest News on TV Reality Shows, Breaking News & Trending Stories News18}}</ref>

==Release==
The filmmakers aimed for a [[Sankranthi]] release, but the release date was postponed due to delay in [[principal photography]]. The film was scheduled to release on 8 April 2016 coinciding with Allu Arjun's birthday, but it was postponed again due to post-production delays. The film was released worldwide on 22 April 2016.

The film was later dubbed in [[Hindi]] and released on [[YouTube]] by Goldmines Telefilms on 28 May 2017.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/af_N38HHOCw Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20180928035642/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=af_N38HHOCw&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=af_N38HHOCw| title = Sarrainodu Full Hindi Dubbed Movie {{!}} Allu Arjun, Rakul Preet Singh, Catherine Tresa, Srikanth, Aadhi | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
''Sarrainodu'' received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics with praise for Arjun and Aadhi's performances, action sequences, cinematography and music, but criticized its script and characterizations.

Pranita Jonnalagedda of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "The film has nothing new to narrate and fails to keep you glued to the seats throughout. The hackneyed plot and lack of novelty make this film a regular watch, this film is something for the masses."<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Sarrainodu/movie-review/51940731.cms Sarrainodu Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India]. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com (22 April 2016). Retrieved on 3 July 2016.</ref> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "‘Sarrainodu’ engages in parts and Allu Arjun is its saving grace."<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/sarrainodu-marred-by-a-yawninducing-plot/article8508730.ece Sarrainodu review: Marred by a yawn-inducing plot]. The Hindu (22 April 2016). Retrieved on 3 July 2016.</ref> Suresh Kavirayani of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' felt that the film's core plot is reported to have been inspired by the 2004 film ''[[Walking Tall (2004 film)|Walking Tall]]''.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 January 2017 |title=Copycats in Tollywood |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/300117/copycats-in-tollywood.html |access-date=2 February 2022 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003064859/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/300117/copycats-in-tollywood.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Accolades==

=== [[64th Filmfare Awards South]] ===
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor]] – [[Allu Arjun]] – Nominated
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director]] – [[S. S. Thaman]] – Nominated
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Male Playback Singer]] – Dhanunjay – "You Are My MLA" – Nominated
*[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Critics Best Actor – Telugu]]– Allu Arjun – Won
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer - Telugu|Best Female Playback Singer]] – [[Shreya Ghoshal]]- "Blockbuster" – Nominated

=== [[6th South Indian International Movie Awards]] ===

* [[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actor (Telugu)|Best Supporting Actor (Telugu)]] – [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] - Won
* [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor (Telugu)|Best Actor (Telugu)]]-[[Allu Arjun]] - Nominated
* [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role (Telugu)|Best Actor in a Negative Role (Telugu)]] - [[Aadhi Pinisetty]] - Nominated

=== [[15th Santosham Film Awards]] ===

* [[Santosham Best Director Award|Best Director]] – [[Boyapati Srinu]] - Won
* Best Supporting Actor – [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] - Won
* [[Santosham Best Villain Award|Best Villain]] – [[Aadhi Pinisetty]] -Won
* Best Female Comedian – [[Vidyullekha Raman|Vidyullekha]] -Won

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|5457772}}

{{Boyapati Srinu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarrainodu}}
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2016 action films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:2010s masala films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Boyapati Srinu]]
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]
[[Category:Geetha Arts films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bolivia]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]

Sack of Delhi (1757)

2026-03-09T13:18:55Z

MartiAshley1795: Put Up New Entry

{{Short description|Afghan sacking of Delhi in 1757}}
{{About|the Afghan sacking of Delhi in 1757|the 14th-century Timurid sack of Delhi|Sack of Delhi (1398)}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Sack of Delhi
| partof = the [[Indian Campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani|Indian campaigns of Ahmad Shah Durrani]]
| image =
| caption =
| date = {{start and end dates|1757|1|28|1757|2|22|df=yes}} {{nwr|({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=1|day1=28|year1=1757|month2=2|day2=22|year2=1757}})}}
| place = [[Delhi]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|28|39|24|N|77|13|22|E|type:event_region:IN-DL|display=it}}
| map_type =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory = [[Kashmir]], [[Lahore]], [[Multan]], [[Sirhind-Fategarh|Sirhind]], and all territories west of the [[Indus]] river are annexed by the Durrani Empire.{{sfn|Noelle-Karimi|2014|p=101}}
| result = Durrani victory
| status =
| combatant1 = [[File:Seal of Ahmad Shah Durrani.svg|18px]] [[Durrani Empire]]
| combatant2 = {{tree list}}
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Mughal Empire.png}} [[Mughal Empire]]
** {{flagicon image|Bengal subah flag (Nautical).svg}} [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]]
{{tree list/end}}
| commander1 = [[File:Seal of Ahmad Shah Durrani.svg|18px]] [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] [[Jahan Khan (Afghan general)|Jahan Khan]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the Rampur State.svg}} [[Najib ad-Dawlah|Najib ud-Daula]]
| commander2 = [[Alamgir II]]{{Surrendered}} [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung III|Imad ul-Mulk]]{{Surrendered}} [[Intizam-ud-Daulah]]{{Surrendered}}
| strength1 = 80,000 men{{sfn|Gupta|1961|p=81}}
| strength2 = Unknown
| strength3 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 = '''Civilians:''' Thousands killed{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=124}}
| campaignbox = {{Campaigns of Ahmad Shah Durrani}} {{Indian Campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani}}
}}

The '''sack of Delhi''' occurred from 28 January to 22 February 1757, carried out by the [[Durrani Empire]] under the Afghan king [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]]. Delhi, the capital of the [[Mughal Empire]], experienced [[Indian Campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani|multiple invasions by the Afghans]] during the 18th century.

The [[Decline of the Mughal Empire|decline]] of the Mughal Empire began with the death of [[Mughal emperors|Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]] on 3 March 1707. The Mughals faced numerous invasions from the [[Maratha Empire]] and internal conflicts over succession.{{sfn|Bonakdarian|2004}} The Mughals continued declining under [[Muhammad Shah]], allowing adventurers such as [[Nader Shah]] to [[Nader Shah's invasion of India|invade Mughal territories]] and [[Battle of Karnal|sack Delhi]].{{sfn|Tucker|2006}} Following Nader Shah's death, his eastern domains were taken over by Ahmad Shah Durrani, who formed the Durrani Empire and centered his power base in [[Kandahar]], Afghanistan.{{sfn|Balland|1983}} After [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani|three invasions]] by the Afghans, the Mughals lost numerous territories including [[Kashmir]], Punjab, and [[Sindh]].

Invited to invade India in 1756, Ahmad Shah assembled his forces and overran the Punjab with an army of 80,000 men. After brushing aside light [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha]] resistance, he reached Delhi on 28 January and soon forced the Mughal emperor [[Alamgir II]] to submit to him. The subsequent [[Looting|sack]] of Delhi, which ended on 22 February, yielded immense wealth, with estimates ranging from 30 million to as high as 300 million rupees worth of goods. It marked a significant blow to the already weakened Mughal Empire; months later, the [[Bengal Subah]] was subjugated by the British in the [[Battle of Plassey]].

==Background==
{{main|Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani}}
[[File:Portrait of Ahmad-Shah Durrani. Mughal miniature. ca. 1757, Bibliothèque nationale de France.jpg|thumb|right|Portrait of Afghan emperor Ahmad Shah Durrani c.1757]]
[[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], the ruler of the [[Durrani Empire]], embarked on numerous campaigns into India during his reign. In 1747, he launched his [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani#First Invasion (1747-1748)|first invasion]], seizing [[Kabul]] and [[Peshawar]] from the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] before advancing into the [[Punjab]]. After defeating the Mughals at [[Battle of Lahore (1748)|Lahore]], Ahmad Shah met the Mughals at [[Battle of Manupur|Manupur]], where he was defeated.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=118-122}}{{sfn|Noelle-Karimi|2014|p=111}}

Seeking to avenge his defeat, Ahmad Shah launched his [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani#Second Invasion|second invasion]] in 1749, crossing the [[Indus River]]. [[Moin-ul-Mulk]], the governor of the Punjab, urgently requested aid from the Mughals in Delhi. Opening peace negotiations, Ahmad Shah demanded the revenues of Chahar Mahal, [[Gujrat, Pakistan|Gujrat]], Aurangabad, [[Pasrur]], and [[Sialkot]].{{sfn|Noelle-Karimi|2014|p=111}} Moin-ul-Mulk forwarded the demands to the Mughal emperor [[Ahmad Shah Bahadur]]. Instead of receiving reinforcements, Ahmad Shah Bahadur authorized the concessions to be given to the Afghans. Helpless, Moin-ul-Mulk had no choice but to accept the demands.{{sfn|Gupta|1944|p=166}}{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=122-123}}

In November 1751, Ahmad Shah launched a [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani#Third Invasion|third invasion]] after tribute was withheld.{{sfn|Noelle-Karimi|2014|p=111}}{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=123}} He initially demanded the revenues of Chahar Mahal, and Moin-ul-Mulk, unable to pay the full sum, gave a tribute of 900,000 [[rupees]] and promised more if the Afghans withdrew. Ahmad Shah took the tribute and continued advancing.{{sfn|Gupta|1978|p=108-109}} Moin-ul-Mulk mobilized 50,000 men in response and entrenched himself at Shahdara, near [[Lahore]].{{sfn|Gupta|1978|p=109}} The Afghans bypassed his forces, prompting a Mughal retreat to Lahore, which was then [[Battle of Lahore (1752)|besieged for four months]].{{sfn|Noelle-Karimi|2014|p=111}} In March 1752, while attempting to relocate his camp, Moin-ul-Mulk's forces were defeated, and he was captured. Lahore was sacked, and its population massacred.{{sfn|Gupta|1944|p=167-168}}{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=123}} Ahmad Shah confirmed Moin-ul-Mulk as the governor of Punjab under him, and annexed the region, along with [[Kashmir]], in April 1752.{{sfn|Noelle-Karimi|2014|p=111}}{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=123}} Moin-ul-Mulk governed the Punjab until his death in November 1753, and was succeeded by [[Mughlani Begum]]. In March 1756, [[List of Mughal grand viziers|Mughal vizier]] [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung III|Imad ul-Mulk]] imprisoned and replaced her with [[Adina Beg]]. Mughlani Begum pleaded the Afghans to lead another invasion, promising wealth.{{sfn|Gupta|1944|p=169}}{{sfn|Gupta|1978|p=123-128}}

==Invasion==
[[File:Brooklyn Museum - Emperor Alamgir II - Sukha Luhar.jpg|thumb|right|Portrait of Mughal emperor Alamgir II]]
Due to the tyrannies of Imad ul-Mulk, other nobles such as [[Najib ad-Dawlah|Najib ud-Daula]], a chief of [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand|Rohilkand]], and the new Mughal emperor [[Alamgir II]], also requested Ahmad Shah to invade. Ahmad Shah accepted the invitations and began his [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani#Fourth Invasion|fourth invasion]] in November 1756, leaving [[Peshawar]] on the 15th, and crossing [[Attock]] on the 26th with an army of 80,000 men.{{sfn|Gupta|1961|p=81}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=148-151}}{{sfn|Gupta|1961|p=326}} He reached Lahore on 20 December, seizing the city with little resistance.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=124}} Ahmad Shah garnered tribute from the city before continuing his march, crossing the [[Sutlej]] on 10 January at Ludhiana, while the [[Vanguard|advance guard]] under his general, [[Jahan Khan (Afghan general)|Jahan Khan]], had seized [[Sirhind]], [[Karnal]], and [[Panipat]].{{sfn|Gupta|1961|p=80}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=153}}

The [[Maratha Confederacy|Marathas]], who had signed a treaty to protect the Mughals from foreign invasions in 1752,{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=223}} assembled a contingent of 3,400 men under Antaji Mankeshwar, who skirmished with the Afghans at [[Battle of Narela|Narela]]. The Marathas were however, defeated and forced to withdraw with losses of 100 men.{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=158}}{{sfn|Barua|2005|p=55}} With this, Najib ud-Daula officially defected to the Afghans, and Imad ul-Mulk surrendered not long after. Jahan Khan advanced to Luni and besieged Shahdara following this on 17 January, and the [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]] in Delhi saw Ahmad Shah's name read in the [[Khutbah]] as a [[Khutbah#Sovereign's name|sign of sovereignty]]. The Afghan forces continued advancing on Delhi, arriving before the city on 28 January.{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=163}}{{sfn|Gupta|1978|p=129}}

==Sacking of Delhi==
Meeting with Alamgir at the [[Fatehpuri Mosque]], Ahmad Shah led a grand entry into Delhi, which was marked with a [[gun salute]].{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=164}} However many inhabitants of the city had already fled or hidden, with the streets completely deserted. Many people barricaded themselves in their houses. Ahmad Shah's name was also inserted in the [[Khutbah]] for other mosques. Initially, the Afghan army was ordered not to sack the city.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=124}}

Alamgir was placed under [[house arrest]],{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=226}} and houses outside the city of Delhi were ravaged. On the 29th, bazaars were sacked and Jahan Khan's soldiers extracted tribute from [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], a large fortress in Delhi. On 30 January, Ahmad Shah [[Coining (mint)|minted coins]] in his name, and married his son, [[Timur Shah Durrani]], to a daughter of Alamgir II.{{sfn|Gupta|1961|p=326-327}}

Ahmad Shah then ordered all [[Hindus]] to wear distinctive marks on their head,{{sfn|Gupta|1961|p=327}} as well as forbidding non-Muslims from wearing the [[turban]]. Extortionate demands were also placed upon the Mughal nobility. Upon being refused, Ahmad Shah dispatched his own tax collectors, demanding additional tribute. Those suspected of concealing valuables were subjected to torture, including [[foot whipping]]. Many thousands died or were [[cripple|crippled]] as a result, while others resorted to suicide. Additionally, a tax was imposed on every household in Delhi.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=124}}

During this, a Maratha force under Antaji Mankeshwar roving to the south, west, and north-west of the city, pillaging those who left the city. Antaji did this until his armies were routed on 1 February by the Afghans, compelling his retreat to [[Mathura]].{{sfn|Gupta|1961|p=338}}

Imad ul-Mulk was forced to hand over gold and ornaments valued at 10 million rupees, and another 300,000 gold coins.{{sfn|Gupta|1961|p=81}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=165}} [[Intizam-ud-Daulah]] was summoned, and many of his assets were confiscated, including over 10 million rupees and 100 of his wives. Unable to produce the required wealth, Intizam admitted that his father had buried a fortune and revealed that an elderly woman, Sholapuri Begum, knew its location.{{sfn|Gupta|1961|p=81}}

Sholapuri Begum, under threat of torture with iron pins, eventually revealed the location. After three days of digging, the Afghans recovered over 15 million rupees in cash, along with various goods, including 200 golden candles the size of a man. The wealth also included [[diamonds]], [[rubies]], [[pearls]], and [[emeralds]].{{sfn|Gupta|1961|p=81}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=166}}

==Aftermath==
After the sacking, Ahmad Shah [[Ahmad Shah Durrani#Fourth invasion of India (1756–1757)|campaigned]] against the Marathas and [[Bharatpur State|Jats]] until April 1757 when he began preparing to return to [[Afghanistan]]. Upon his return to Delhi in March, the city was sacked again.{{sfn|Gupta|1961|p=326-328}} The Afghan invasion had dire consequences for the Mughal Empire, as most of their troops, along with some of the best from the Bengal Subah, were forcibly deployed against the Afghans.{{sfn|Gommans|1995|p=261}} Mere months later, the army of the Bengal Subah, weakened due to the Afghan invasion, was completely defeated at the [[Battle of Plassey]], beginning the rise of British power in India.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=130}}

As a result, It has been argued that [[Royal navy|British naval strength]] alone did not account for their success in India, which was also shaped by the disruptions caused by the Afghan invasion, political instability in the region, the consolidation of a base in Bengal, and access to South Asian resources and [[sepoy]] forces.{{sfn|Burnard|Hart|Houllemare|2024|pp=336–337}}

The total loot Ahmad Shah carried back to Afghanistan is disputed. Its been estimated from contemporary writers that the Afghans seized 30 to 300 million rupees worth of goods.{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=186}}{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=126}} Over 28,000 elephants, camels, and [[mules]] carried Ahmad Shah's loot, alongside his 80,000 men, who carried whatever they took, with many of the Afghan cavalry returning on foot, while they loaded loot unto their horses.{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=186}}{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=126}} The massacres done by the Afghans throughout the campaign made the [[Yamuna River]] flow red with blood for two weeks.{{sfn|Barua|2005|p=55}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== References ==
{{refbegin|60em}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=AFGHANISTAN x. Political History |last=Balland |first=D. |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afghanistan-x-political-history |access-date=15 October 2024 |publication-date=15 December 1983}}
* {{Cite book |last=Barua |first=Pradeep |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC |title=The State at War in South Asia |date=1 January 2005 |publisher=U of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0-8032-1344-9 |language=en}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=INDIA vii. RELATIONS: THE AFSHARID AND ZAND PERIODS |last=Bonakdarian |first=Mansour |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afghanistan-x-political-history |access-date=15 October 2024 |publication-date=15 December 2004}}
* {{Cite book |last=Burnard |first=Trevor |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/The_Oxford_Handbook_of_the_Seven_Years_W/8GkTEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Seven Years' War |last2=Hart |first2=Emma |last3=Houllemare |first3=Marie |date=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-762260-5 |language=en}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Gommans |first=Jos |date=1995-08-01 |title=Indian Warfare and Afghan Innovation During the Eighteenth Century |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/025764309501100204 |journal=Studies in History |language=EN |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=261–280 |doi=10.1177/025764309501100204 |issn=0257-6430|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcMBAAAAMAAJ |title=Studies in Later Mughal History of the Panjab, 1707-1793 |date=1944 |publisher=Minerva book shop |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmU9AAAAMAAJ |title=Marathas and Panipat |date=1961 |publisher=Panjab University |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KWTIxwEACAAJ |title=History of the Sikhs: Evolution of Sikh confederacies, 1708-1769 |date=1978 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Jonathan L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSWDDwAAQBAJ |title=Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present |date=15 January 2019 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-78914-010-1 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&q=Narela |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813 |date=1 January 2005 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Noelle-Karimi |first=Christine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kdl9oAEACAAJ |title=The Pearl in Its Midst: Herat and the Mapping of Khurasan (15th-19th Centuries) |date=2014 |publisher=Austrian Academy of Sciences Press |isbn=978-3-7001-7202-4 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ganda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_A8AAAAMAAJ |title=Ahmad Shah Durrani: Father of Modern Afghanistan |date=1959 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |language=en}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=NĀDER SHAH |last=Tucker |first=Ernest |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afghanistan-x-political-history |access-date=15 October 2024 |publication-date=15 August 2006}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Battles involving the Durrani Empire]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1757]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Afghan–Mughal Wars]]

Chakrapani (director)

2026-03-09T13:01:37Z

MartiAshley1795: Added data...

{{Short description|Indian writer, producer and director}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{family name hatnote|Aluri|lang=Telugu}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chakrapani
| image =
| birth_name = Aluri Venkata Subbarao
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1908|8|5}}
| birth_place = [[Tenali]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] (now [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1975|9|24|1908|8|5}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]],[[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Film producer|writer|director}}
}}

'''Aluri Venkata Subbarao''' (5 August 1908 – 24 September 1975), popularly known by his [[pen name]] '''Chakrapani''', was an Indian screenwriter, film producer, studio owner, and director in [[Telugu cinema]]. He received two [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]] and was notable for his association with [[Vijaya Vauhini Studios]], one of Asia's largest studios at the time. Chakrapani was also a partner at Vijaya Productions alongside [[B. Nagi Reddi]] and co-founded [[Chandamama]], the children's magazine.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=MK Raghavendra |date=8 Jul 2017 |title=Mayabazar to Andhra state: Why the 1950s were the golden age for Telugu cinema |url=https://www.dailyo.in/arts/telugu-films-indian-cinema-andhra-mayabazar-malliswari-18241 |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=DailyO |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Chakrapani was born in Ithanagar village near [[Tenali]], [[Guntur]] in present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]], into a Kamma middle-class agricultural family. He initially studied [[Hindi]] under the tutelage of the well-known author Vraj Nandan Sharma<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080806010029/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/40519.html Chakrapani the legend turned hundred - Telugu Movie News]</ref> and later taught himself Tamil, Sanskrit, and English, mastering all three languages.<ref>{{cite web |last=NaChaKi |date=5 August 2008 |title=Chakrapani: 100 years |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/starsprofile/chakrapani.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122074056/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/starsprofile/chakrapani.php |archive-date=22 January 2010 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]}}</ref>

==Literary career==
In 1932, Chakrapani contracted [[tuberculosis]] and was admitted to the [[Madanapalle]] sanatorium for treatment. During his stay, he reportedly learned to read and write [[Bengali language|Bengali]] in just three months from a fellow patient.<ref name=":2" /> This skill led him to translate many Bengali literary works into Telugu, including [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay|Sarat Chandra Chatterji]]'s ''[[Devdas]]'',<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chakrapani |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.331226/mode/2up |title=Devadasu |date=1933 |publisher=Yuva Book Depot |location=Madras |language=Telugu |access-date=18 January 2021}}</ref> which he translated as ''Devadasu'' in 1933. His translations of Bengali novels became immensely popular among Telugu readers.

==Film career==
Chakrapani's film career took off when he became a close friend of [[B. Nagi Reddi]] while working as a writer for [[Vauhini Studios|Vauhini Productions]]' ''[[Swarga Seema]]'' (1945). Well-versed in both Hindi and Bengali, Chakrapani brought a unique literary perspective to Telugu cinema. After joining forces with Nagi Reddi, Chakrapani took on editorial roles for ''[[Andhra Jyothi]]'', ''Yuva'', and ''[[Chandamama]]'' under BNK Press.<ref name=":2" />

When Vijaya Productions was launched, their first film, ''[[Shavukaru]]'' (1950), was based on a story written by Chakrapani. From then on, all Vijaya Productions films credited Nagi Reddi and Chakrapani as producers, a practice that continued until Chakrapani's demise. Within this partnership, Chakrapani handled story, dialogue, and direction-related matters, while Nagi Reddi focused on production and logistics.<ref name=":2" /> Together, they made successful films like ''[[Patala Bhairavi]]'', ''[[Mayabazar|Maya Bazar]]'', ''[[Gundamma Katha]]'', ''[[Missamma]]'', ''[[Shavukaru]]'', and ''[[Appu Chesi Pappu Koodu]]'' that are still popular with Telugu speaking people. Both made 35 films in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]], [[Odia language|Odia]] and [[Hindi]] languages.

==Awards==
*[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada]] – ''Maduve Madinodu'' (1965)
*[[Filmfare Best Film Award (Telugu)]] - [[Maya Bazaar]] (1957)
* Filmfare Best Film Award (Telugu) - [[Gundamma Katha]] (1962)

==Selected filmography==
* [[Dharma Patni|Dharmapatni]] (Telugu, 1941) (dialogue) (debut)
* [[Dharma Patni|Dharmapatni]] (Tamil, 1941) (dialogue)
* [[Swarga Seema|Swargaseema]] (1945) (dialogue) (story)
* [[Shavukaru]] (1950) (writer)
* [[Pelli Chesi Choodu]] (1952) (writer)
* [[Chandraharam]] (1954) (writer)
* [[Guna Sundari]] (1955) (Producer)
* [[Missamma]] (1955) (writer)
* [[Missiamma]] (1955) (writer)
* [[Appu Chesi Pappu Koodu]] (1958) (adaptation)
* [[Rechukka Pagatichukka]] (1959) (screen adaptation)
* [[Gundamma Katha]] (1962) (story)
* [[Manithan Maravillai]] (1962) (screen adaptation)
* [[Julie (1975 film)|Julie]] (1975) (screen adaptation)
* Sri Rajeswari Vilas Coffee Club (1976) (writer)
* Swayamvar (1980) (story)

==Producer==
* Sri Rajeswari Vilas Coffee Club (1976)
* [[Julie (1975 film)|Julie]] (1975) (Nagi Reddi-Chakrapani)
* [[Ganga Manga]] (1973)
* [[Ram Aur Shyam]] (1967)
* [[Maduve Madi Nodu]] (Kannada) (1965)(Nagi Reddi-Chakrapani)
* [[Gundamma Katha]] (1962)
* [[Manithan Maravillai]] (1962)
* [[Appu Chesi Pappu Koodu]] (1958)
* [[Maya Bazaar]] (1957)
* [[Missamma]] (1955)
* [[Chandraharam]] (1954)
* [[Pelli Chesi Choodu]] (1952)
* [[Patala Bhairavi]] (1951)
* [[Shavukaru]] (1950)

==Director==
* Sri Rajeswari Vilas Coffee Club (1976)
* Manithan Maravillai (1962)

==Chandamama==
{{main|Chandamama}}
Both Nagireddy and Aluri came up with the idea of a story book for kids and children, and thus ''[[Chandamama (magazine)|Chandamama]]'' was born.<ref name="rediffLink">{{cite news | title=Investors revive Chandamama | url=http://www.rediff.com/business/1999/sep/22chand1.htm | date=22 September 1999 | publisher=Rediff | first=Shobha | last=Warrier | accessdate=1 July 2018 }}</ref> The first edition of [[Chandamama]] was released in July, 1947. They made [[Chandamama (magazine)|Chandamama]] popular not only in [[Telugu language]] but in ten other Indian languages.<ref name="rediffLink"/> He started in 1934 the monthly publication of Yuva magazine from [[Chennai]] which was later shifted to [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]. Well-known writer [[Kodavatiganti Kutumba Rao]] was a partner in this venture.
Kodavatiganti Kutumba Rao, a very close friend of aluri and a literary colossus in Telugu Literature, edited it for 28 years, till his death in August 1980.

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

==External links==
* http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-story-in-a-road-name/article404360.ece

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakrapani, Aluri}}
[[Category:People from Tenali]]
[[Category:Film people from Guntur district]]
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:1975 deaths]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:Tamil film producers]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]

Panithuli

2026-03-07T03:04:12Z

MartiAshley1795: starting new pg

{{Short description|2012 Indian film by Natty Kumar and Dr. Jay}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Panithuli
| image = Panithuli.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster in Tamil
| director = Natty Kumar Dr. Jay
| producer = Natty Kumar Kalpana Pandit
| story =
| screenplay =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Ganesh Venkatraman]] [[Kalpana Pandit]] Shobana
| music = Agnel Roman Faizan Hussain
| cinematography = Chris Eldridge C.J. Rajkumar
| editing = N. Vasanth N. Ayappan
| studio = Dreams On Frames House of Pandit
| distributor =
| runtime = 143 minutes
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|08|10|Tamil|2014|05|30|Hindi}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil Hindi
}}

'''''Panithuli''''' ({{translation|''Dew Drops''}}) is a 2012 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] directed by Natty Kumar and Dr. Jay, starring [[Ganesh Venkatraman]], [[Kalpana Pandit]] and Shobana. The film was released on 10 August 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Friday Fury-August 10 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-august-10-news-tamil-mikldsjghci.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812001129/http://www.sify.com/movies/Friday-Fury-August-10-news-tamil-mikldsjghci.html |archive-date=12 August 2012 |access-date=28 August 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> It received predominately negative reviews. The film was simulatenously shot in Hindi as '''''Tum Ho Yaara''''', which had a delayed release in 2014.<ref name="Filming">{{Cite web |title=Natty Kumar's 'Pani Thuli' in Hindi too |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-31/news-interviews/31920110_1_hindi-film-malayalam-film-pani-thuli |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103131651/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-31/news-interviews/31920110_1_hindi-film-malayalam-film-pani-thuli |archive-date=3 January 2013 |access-date=28 August 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Ganesh Venkatraman]] as Shiva
* [[Kalpana Pandit]] as Maya
* Shobana as Meera
* Sreedharan Karthikeyan as Balu
* Narayan Sundararajan as Arun
* Thirumudi Thulasiraman as Rajaraman
* Natty Kumar as Veeraswamy
* Cliff Janke as Winston

== Production ==
The film was shot for 30 days in India and 62 days in the United States.<ref name=Filming/>

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack was composed by debutants Agnel Roman, and Faisal, and lyrics were written by Nawin Seetharaman, Thendral Ramkumar, Ashok Subramaniam, and Dr. Jay.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Panithuli {{!}} Musicperk - Trending news, analysis, reviews, ratings and exclusive content for music. |url=http://www.musicperk.com/panithuli/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426131237/http://www.musicperk.com/panithuli/ |archive-date=2012-04-26 |website=www.musicperk.com}}</ref>
*"Azhagu Rakshasa" — Vinaitha Sivakumar
*"Kallakku" — [[Pragathi Guruprasad]]
*"Kan Parpathu" — [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
*"Oru Pudhu Vaanam" — Thendral Ramkumar
*"Pasiyaa Thookkama" - Savi Suresh, [[Naresh Iyer]]
*"Uyirin" — Jayadev, [[Surmukhi Raman]]

==Reception==
''Behindwoods'' wrote, "On the whole, Panithuli is just a less impressive portfolio for Ganesh Venkatraman, who has tried to show us that he can carry the roles of an action hero, a lover boy and a mentally unstable man."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pani Thuli Review - Pani Thuli Movie Review |url=https://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/aug-12-02/pani-thuli-review.html}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Panithuli is an example of how a simple story can be made complicated. To ensure that his film isn’t labelled run-of-the-mill, director Natty Kumar has added several episodes to a simple plot. But instead of making the film interesting, they have only turned it into a long and dreary affair."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Manigandan |first=K. R. |date=11 August 2012 |title=Panithuli - Plot with many loopholes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/panithuli-plot-with-many-loopholes/article3753996.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref> ''[[Rediff]]'' wrote "On the face of it, Panithuli, has the potential to be an edge-of-the-seat thriller. What it is, however, is a mishmash of terribly stereotyped characters trying in vain to mould themselves to suit a surreal landscape. The result leaves you laughing and yawning by turns".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review: Panithuli fails to deliver |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-panithuli-fails-to-deliver/20120810.htm}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote "The romantic thriller is supposed to be full of suspense and twists but at the end it leaves you totally confused and bewildered as the hero character in the film. Kumar and Jay embarked on making a typical [[M. Night Shyamalan|M Night Shyamalan]] movie, but ends up with egg on their face".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160325095951/http://www.sify.com/movies/panithuli-review-tamil-pcma2Vafcccec.html Panithuli]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2012 |title='Panithuli' (Tamil) |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2012/aug/13/panithuli-tamil-396674.html}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=1790799}}
* {{IMDb title|2078757|Tum Ho Yaara}}

[[Category:2012 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:2012 multilingual films]]

Kaliyuga Krishnudu

2026-03-03T19:07:30Z

MartiAshley1795: cleaned up citations for clarity and added references after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kaliyuga Krishnudu
| image = Kaliyuga Krishnudu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = [[Paruchuri Brothers]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = M. D. Sundar
| screenplay = K. Murali Mohana Rao
| producer = A. K. V. Prasad [[Chalapathi Rao]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://telugumovie.co/chalapathi-rao-telugu-actor-biodata/|title= Chalapathi Rao Telugu Actor Biodata|publisher= telugumovie.co|accessdate= 23 February 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150223113239/http://telugumovie.co/chalapathi-rao-telugu-actor-biodata/|archive-date= 23 February 2015|url-status= dead}}</ref>
| director = K. Murali Mohana Rao
| starring = [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] [[Radha (actress)|Radha]]
| music = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| cinematography = Nandamuri Mohana Krishna
| editing = Narasimha Rao
| studio = Viswashanthi Enterprises
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1986|9|19}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Kaliyuga Krishnudu''''' ({{translation|''Krishna of [[Kaliyuga]]''}}) is a 1986 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action film]], produced by [[Chalapathi Rao]], A. K. V. Prasad in the banner of Viswashanthi Enterprises and directed by K. Murali Mohana Rao. Starring [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] and music composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]. The film was recorded as a ''Hit'' at the box office.<ref name="Titles">{{cite web |url=http://www.thecinebay.com/movie/index/id/5925?ed=Tolly |title=Titles |publisher=The Cinebay |access-date=12 January 2015 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125154723/https://www.thecinebay.com/movie/index/id/5925?ed=Tolly |url-status=dead }}</ref> It ran 100 days in 20 centres and is the 5th Hit in Balakrishna’s double hat trick of 1986.

==Plot==
The film begins with a business magnate, Siddeswara Rao, a devious and direful person. Gayatri Devi, his sister, gets back from abroad with her husband Vasudeva Rao and seeks her share of the property, which he denies. Moreover, he brutally kills Vasudeva Rao and craftily penalizes Gayatri. However, she is pregnant at that time and gives birth to a baby boy in prison. So, Siddeswara Rao instructs his allegiant Sambaiah to eliminate the child too. So, he abducts him when a truck driver, Rangaiah, rescues and rears him as Mohana Krishna. Frightened, Sambaiah announces a kid's death when Siddeswara Rao backstabs him, and he escapes. In tandem, Siddeswara Rao ridicules Gayatri when she challenges him to wipe out him.

Years roll by, and Mohana Krishna grows up as a doughty who defies injustice. Unbeknownst, he becomes diehard to Siddeswara Rao, his mischievous son Ramesh, and snobby daughter Anuradha. Meanwhile, Gayatri Devi is released, acquires her share, and declares business warfare against her brother. Destiny makes Rangaiah Gayatri's driver, and she associates with Mohana Krishna. Here, they develop strange relations and, on the verge of collapsing, their adversary. Then, Anuradha conspires and apprehends Mohana Krishna under a trumped-up charge. Hence, he ripostes by marrying her in disguise. Soon after, Mohana Krishna reveals his identity. Consequently, Anuradha, infuriated, tries to kill Gayatri Devi when she learns about the devilish side of her father. Therefore, Anuradha reforms and unites with her husband.

After a while, Rangaiah identifies Sambaiah; it is hard to hold him, but he goes into the clutches of Siddeswara Rao. Discovering the actuality, Siddeswara Rao intrigues by goading Mohana Krishna with his mother through Sambaiah with a fairytale. Despite that, the truth comes forward, which conjoins Mohana Krishna & Gayatri Devi. Knowing it, begrudge Ramesh's moves for vengeance against Sambaiah. He tries to molest his daughter Lakshmi when, by mistake, Sambaiah kills her. At that juncture, Mohana Krishna plays the same old trick and indicts Ramesh. Thus, Siddeswara Rao breaks the bars and absconds his son. At last, Mohana Krishna ceases them. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] as Mohana Krishna
*[[Radha (actress)|Radha]] as Anuradha
*[[Rao Gopal Rao]] as Siddheshwara Rao
*[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] as Gayatri Devi
*[[Allu Rama Lingaiah|Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Kukuteswara Rao / Kuku
*[[Nutan Prasad]] as Rangaiah
*[[Gollapudi Maruthi Rao]] as Sambaiah
*[[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]] as Ramesh
*[[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]] as Vasudeva Rao
*[[Sakshi Ranga Rao]] as Pakir
*Jaya Bhaskar as Police Inspector
*Jagga Rao
*K. K. Sarma as Someswara Rao
*Chidatala Appa Rao
*Potti Veeraiyah
*Dham
*[[Rama Prabha]] as Rangamma
*[[Madhuri (Tamil actress)]] as Lakshmi
*Anitha as Vijaya
*[[Kuyili (actress)|Kuyili]] as [[item number]]
*[[Jayamalini]] as item number
*[[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]] as item number
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kaliyuga Krishnudu
| type = film
| artist = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1986
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 21:27
| label = LEO Audio
| producer = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| prev_title = [[Desoddarakudu]]
| prev_year = 1986
| next_title = [[Apoorva Sahodarudu]]
| next_year = 1986
}}

Music composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]. Lyrics were written by [[Veturi]]. The music released on the LEO Audio Company.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Chuka Chukalaledi"
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|4:18
|-
|2
|"Bangaru Thotalo"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. Janaki]]
|4:14
|-
|3
|"Kongu Kongu Mudipaddaka"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[P. Susheela]]
|4:07
|-
|4
|"Ramba Ramba"
|P. Susheela, S. Janaki
|4:15
|-
|5
|"Jabili Uttikote"
|P. Susheela
|4:33
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1986 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. Chakravarthy]]
[[Category:1986 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1986 Indian films]]

Maithili literature

2026-02-27T19:17:58Z

MartiAshley1795: quick reworked section per sources and added references

{{Short description|Literature in the Maithili language}}
{{Distinguish|Meithei literature}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More footnotes needed|date=July 2020}}
{{Refimprove|date=July 2020}}
}}
{{use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Indian literature}}
'''Maithili literature''' is the entire collection of poetry, novels, short stories, documents and other writings in the [[Maithili language]]. The most famous literary figure in [[Maithili language|Maithili]] is the poet [[Vidyapati]] (1350–1450), who wrote his poems in the language of the people, i.e., Maithili, at a time when state's official language was [[Sanskrit]] and Sanskrit was being used as a literary language. The use of Maithili, instead of Sanskrit, in literature became more common after Vidyapati.

The main characteristics of [[Magadhi Prakrit]] is to mutate 'r' into 's', the 'n' for n, of 'j' for 'y', of 'b' for 'y' In the edicts of [[Ashoka]] the change of 'r' to 'h' is established. [[Mahavira|Mahavir]] and [[The Buddha|Buddha]] delivered their sermons in the eastern languages. The secular use of language came mainly from the east as will be evident from the ''Prakritpainglam'', a comprehensive work on Prakrit and [[Apabhraṃśa|Apabhramsa]]-Avahatta poetry. Jyotirishwar mentions Lorika. Vachaspati II in his ''Tattvachintamani'' and Vidyapati in his ''Danavakyavali'' have profusely used typical Maithili words of daily use.

The Maithili script, Mithilakshara or Tirhuta as it is popularly known, is of a great antiquity. The ''[[Lalitavistara]]'' mentions the Vaidehi script. Early in the latter half of the 7th century A.D., a marked change occurred in the northeastern alphabet, and the inscriptions of Adityasena exhibit this change for the first time. The eastern variety develops and becomes the Maithili script, which comes into use in Assam, Bengal, and Nepal. The earliest recorded epigraphic evidence of the script is found in the [[Mandar Hill]] Stone inscriptions of [[Ādityasena|Adityasena]] in the 7th century A.D., now fixed in the [[Baidyanath Temple|Baidyanath temple]] of [[Deoghar]].<ref>Choudhary, R. (1976). [https://books.google.com/books?lr=&id=C0f898HDLAYC&pg=PA1 ''A survey of Maithili literature'']. Ram Vilas Sahu.</ref>

The language of the Buddhist [[Songs of realization|dohas]] is described as belonging to the mixed Maithili—Kamrupi language.<ref>{{cite book |author=Barua, K. L. |year=1933 |title=Early history of Kamarupa |location=Shillong |publisher=Published by the Author |url=https://archive.org/details/EarlyHistoryOfKamarupa}}</ref>

== Early Maithili Literature (ca. 700–1350 AD) ==

The period was of ballads, songs, and [[Doha (Indian literature)|dohas]]. Some important Maithili writers of this era were:
* [[Jyotirishwar Thakur]] (1290–1350) whose ''[[Varna Ratnakara|Varnartnakar]]'' (1324 AD) is the first prose and encyclopedia in northern Indian language.

== Middle Maithili Literature (ca. 1350–1830 AD) ==

The period was of theatrical writings. Some important Maithili writers of this era were:
* [[Vidyapati]] (1350–1450)
* [[Srimanta Sankardeva]] (1449–1568)
* [[Govindadas (Maithili language poet)|Govindadas]] (late 17th century)

== Modern Maithili Literature (1830 AD to date) ==

Modern Maithili came into its own after [[George Abraham Grierson]], an Irish linguist and civil servant, tirelessly researched Maithili folklore and transcribed its grammar. [[Paul Brass|Paul R. Brass]] wrote that "Grierson judged that Maithili and its dialects could fairly be characterized as the language of the entire population of [[Janakpur]], [[Siraha]], [[Saptari]], [[Sarlahi]],[[Rautahat]], [[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]] and [[Madhubani, Nepal|Madhubani]]".<ref>Brass, P. R. (1974). [https://books.google.com/books?id=SylBHS8IJAUC&pg=PP1 ''Language, Religion and Politics in North India'']. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974. page 64</ref>

In April 2010 a translation of the [[New Testament]] into Maithili was published by the [[Bible Society of India]] under joint copyright with [[Wycliffe Bible Translators|Nepal Wycliffe Bible Translators]].

The development of Maithili in the modern era was due to magazines and journals. Some important writers of this era are:
* [[Baldev Mishra]] (1890–1975)<ref>{{cite book |last = Mishra |first = V. |title = Makers of Indian Literature series (Maithili): Baldev Mishra |publisher = Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi |year=1998 |isbn = 81-260-0465-7}}</ref>
* [[Surendra Jha 'Suman']] (1910–2002) represented Maithili in the Sahitya Akademi
* [[Radha Krishna Choudhary]] (1921–1985)
* [[Jaykant Mishra]] (20 December 1922 – 3 February 2009) represented Maithili in the Sahitya Akademi
* [[Parichay Das]] (1964– )
* [[Gajendra Thakur]] (1971– )
* [[Santosh Kumar Mishra|Santosh Kr. Mishra]] (1980– )

"......Umesh Mishra had expressed his desire to include the literary history of Maithili under a volume on modern Indian Languages, but the biggest impediment to Maithili getting official recognition as a distinct language was its erroneous identification in the colonial imagination either as a dialect of Bengali or Hindi or its construction as a ganweri boli [language of peasants]. In a letter written in
September 1934, Bhola Lal Das, one of the pioneers of Maithili journalism and founder of Maithili Sahitya Parishad, Laheriasarai,
appealed to George Abraham Grierson, who was living in England after his retirement from the Indian Civil Services, to help him revive "the dying Maithili culture” (letter cited in Jha 2013, p. 196).
Das lamented that due to “serious misconception regarding this
language and literature” (p. 196), prevalent mainly among the colonial officials and the intelligentsia, some officials continued to
reject it as a dialect, notwithstanding Grierson’s assertion made in
his various works, including his Linguistic Survey (1903), Grammar (1881)and “A Plea for the People’s Tongue”(1880), that Maithili is not a dialect but a language. Questions of misconception, omission, exclusion, marginalization, dialectization, and above all misidentification are central to the examination of the history of the
Maithili language and literature. The classification of Maithili as a
dialect of either Bengali or Hindi continued in post-Independence period as well, not only in various Census reports
but also in an institution like Sahitya Akademi till 1965, when Maithili was
eventually accorded the status of a distinct modern Indian language.
....................."
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Maithili language}}

[[Category:Maithili literature| ]]
[[Category:Indian literature by language]]
[[Category:Nepalese literature by language]]

Gira Sarabhai

2026-02-23T07:42:17Z

MartiAshley1795: Added new entry...

{{Short description|Indian architect and designer (1923–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gira Sarabhai
| image = Gira Sarabhai Ahmedabad 1951.jpg
| caption = Gira Sarabhai in 1951
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1923|12|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|7|15|1923|12|11|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], India
| occupation = Designer, curator, entrepreneur
| known_for = [[National Institute of Design]], [[Calico Museum of Textiles]], [[Calico Dome]], B. M. Institute of Mental Health
| notable_works =
| movement = [[Modernism]]
| father = [[Ambalal Sarabhai]]
| mother = Saraladevi Sarabhai
| relatives = [[Gautam Sarabhai]] (brother) [[Vikram Sarabhai]] (brother) [[Gita Sarabhai]] Mayor (sister) [[Anasuya Sarabhai]] (aunt) [[Mrinalini Sarabhai]] (sister-in-law)
}}

'''Gira Sarabhai''' (11 December 1923 – 15 July 2021) was an Indian architect, designer, and a design pedagogue. She was born into the [[Sarabhai family]] and was the youngest of eight siblings. She is known for contributing to several industrial and educational projects in [[Gujarat]]. She was the representative of the Sarabhai Foundation, a public charitable trust.<ref name="Sarabhai Foundation - Theft Case; The Hindu">{{Cite news|last=Imranullah|first=Mohamed|date=14 August 2018|title=Vikram Sarabhai's sister wants idol theft case quashed|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/vikram-sarabhais-sister-wants-idol-theft-case-quashed/article24682898.ece|access-date=19 March 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109033001/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/vikram-sarabhais-sister-wants-idol-theft-case-quashed/article24682898.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Gira, along with her brother [[Gautam Sarabhai]] were crucial in establishing and designing the academic curricula of [[National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad]].

== Early life ==
[[File:This luncheon group photo with several members of the Sarabhai family. Baroda, 1951.jpg|thumb|300px|Gira Sarabhai, sitting, extreme right, along with her father [[Ambalal Sarabhai]] 3rd seat from the right, sister [[Gita Sarabhai|Gita Mayor]] sitting on the extreme left and their brother [[Vikram Sarabhai]], seated, 4th from the left.|left]]
Gira Sarabhai was born on 11 December 1923 to industrialist [[Ambalal Sarabhai]] and Reva (later renamed as Saraladevi Sarabhai) in [[Ahmedabad]] and was the youngest of their eight children. She was home schooled along with her siblings, and never had a formal education. In her late teens, she moved to New York with her family. In the United States she went on to train with [[Frank Lloyd Wright]] at his [[Taliesin West|Taliesin West Studio]] in [[Arizona]] from 1947 to 1951.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=National Institute of Design|title=50 Years of the National Institute of Design, 1961-2011|publisher=Research and Publications, National Institute of Design|year=2013|isbn=978-81-86199-71-8|location=Ahmedabad|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhagat |first=Shalini Venugopal |date=2021-09-23 |title=Gira Sarabhai, Designer Who Helped Shape Modern India, Dies at 97 |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/23/world/asia/gira-sarabhai-dead.html |access-date=2022-06-18 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

== Career ==
Gira and her brother, [[Gautam Sarabhai]] worked together in [[Calico Mills]], and also in several other architecture and design projects.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Desai|first=Madhavi|title=Women Architects and Modernism In India|publisher=Routledge|year=2017|isbn=978-1-138-28142-4|pages=59–63}}</ref> She also started Shilpi, a graphic design agency which was the first Indian based advertising agency.<ref name=":0" />

Gira along with her brother Gautam made significant contributions to modern architecture in India, during 1950s and 1960s. Their work was highly influenced by [[Frank Lloyd Wright]].<ref name=":0" /> They sought to create an architectural response to regional concerns by using local materials. They were instrumental in inviting [[Charles and Ray Eames]], [[Buckminster Fuller]], [[Louis Kahn]], and [[Fred Otto|Frei Otto]] to [[Ahmedabad]] in order for those architectural and design luminaries to develop architecture and design education in India. They contributed prominently to the setting up of several leading national institutes in Ahmedabad, such as the [[National Institute of Design]],<ref name=":1" /> [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]], and B. M. Institute of Mental Health.<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Calico Museum of Textiles, Ahmedabad, 1952.jpg|thumb|The Calico Museum of Textiles, as it appeared in its original location at the Calico Mills. (Annotated by Nathan Hughes Hamilton)]]
In 1949, Sarabhai established, designed the building, and curated the [[Calico Museum of Textiles]] which houses a historic collection of Indian fabrics. It is also a centre for design knowledge, resources, research, and publication.<ref name=":0" /> From 1951 to 1955, as [[Le Corbusier]] worked on the design of [[Villa Sarabhai]], he consulted with Gira Sarabhai.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ubbelohde|first=Susan|date=2003|title=The Dance of a Summer Day: Le Corbusier's Sarabhai House in Ahmedabad, India|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41758019|journal=Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review|volume=14|issue=2|pages=65–80|jstor=41758019|issn=1050-2092|access-date=19 March 2021|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506053309/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41758019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Gira and Gautam worked in collaboration with Fuller to develop the experimental [[Calico Dome]]. It was the first space frame structure in India, which lays collapsed.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=29 December 2020|title=Explained: The signature of Kahn and other foreign architects on Indian cities|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/louis-kahn-iim-foreign-architects-7123871/|access-date=24 March 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119053053/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/louis-kahn-iim-foreign-architects-7123871/|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2019, the dome is being reconstructed by the [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]] as a heritage site.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gujarat: Nine years on, no progress on Calico Dome|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/nine-years-on-no-progress-on-calico-dome/articleshow/70709009.cms|access-date=26 March 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506053322/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/nine-years-on-no-progress-on-calico-dome/articleshow/70709009.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Towards the later years of her career she started experimenting with traditional Indian forms, elements, and motifs for her contemporary work.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhagat |first=Shalini Venugopal |date=2021-09-23 |title=Gira Sarabhai, Designer Who Helped Shape Modern India, Dies at 97 |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/23/world/asia/gira-sarabhai-dead.html |access-date=2022-03-14 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

=== National Institute of Design ===
Gira, along with Gautam, had been crucial in establishing the National Institute of Design at Ahmedabad (NID) in the 1960s.<ref name="The timing was fortunate - The Hindu"/> They organized regular consultations at [[Sanskar Kendra|Sanskar Kendra Museum]], with experts such as [[Dashrath Patel]], [[James Prestini]], and Vikram Sarabhai, to brainstorm on the academic model for the institute.<ref name="The timing was fortunate - The Hindu">{{Cite news|last=Lautman|first=Victoria|date=20 April 2013|title=The timing was fortunate|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/the-timing-was-fortunate/article4633621.ece|access-date=20 March 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506104924/https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/the-timing-was-fortunate/article4633621.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Under the mentorship of Gira and Gautam, the first cohort of designers trained in India graduated.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Design education in India: An experiment in modernity|url=https://www.stirworld.com/think-opinions-design-education-in-india-an-experiment-in-modernity|access-date=19 March 2021|website=Stir World|language=English|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506053304/https://www.stirworld.com/think-opinions-design-education-in-india-an-experiment-in-modernity|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sarabhai was also instrumental in designing the main NID building. Kurma Rao, design consultant, educator, and alumni of NID Textile design department, gives Gira Sarabhai credit in shaping the Textile Design Program at NID. She would visit the institute, observe the students and give valuable feedback and make sure the students have full access to the Calico Museum, a privilege not extended to others.<ref name=":1" />

Gira Sarabhai was also instrumental in selecting a wide selection of books, magazines, periodicals from audio-visual material for NID's library (now known as Knowledge Management Centre).<ref>{{Cite web|last=world|first=STIR|title=Gira Sarabhai and her contribution to the creation of an Indian identity|url=https://www.stirworld.com/think-opinions-gira-sarabhai-and-her-contribution-to-the-creation-of-an-indian-identity|access-date=2022-01-11|website=www.stirworld.com|language=English|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111170430/https://www.stirworld.com/think-opinions-gira-sarabhai-and-her-contribution-to-the-creation-of-an-indian-identity|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1964, Gira Sarabhai invited [[George Nakashima]] to the institute, where he designed various furniture articles.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kachru|first=Tanishka|title=Nakashima at NID|publisher=NID Press|year=2017|isbn=978-81-86199-87-9|location=Ahmedabad|pages=4}}</ref> Until Sarabhai stepped down in 1975, production of the designs continued based on the drawings and instructions by Nakashima.<ref>{{Cite web|title=George Nakashima's iconic grass-seated chairs up for auction at Saffronart|url=https://www.theweek.in/leisure/lifestyle/2018/08/08/george-nakashima-exquisite-grass-seated-chairs-display-nid.html|access-date=19 March 2021|website=The Week|language=en|last=Bhura|first=Sneha|date=8 August 2018|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506053322/https://www.theweek.in/leisure/lifestyle/2018/08/08/george-nakashima-exquisite-grass-seated-chairs-display-nid.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Sarabhai invited several people from the [[Royal College of Art]] in London to serve as consultants for NID.<ref name=":1" />

Students at NID recalled that she emphasised discipline and attention to detail in her work.<ref name=":1" />

==Death==
Sarabhai died on 15 July 2021 at her residence in [[Shahibaug]], Ahmedabad.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-07-15|title=Gira Sarabhai, co-founder of NID, passes away at 98|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/gira-sarabhai-co-founder-of-nid-passes-away-at-98/article35351121.ece|access-date=2021-07-17|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716023648/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/gira-sarabhai-co-founder-of-nid-passes-away-at-98/article35351121.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Shastri |first1=Parth |title=Gira Sarabhai: Founder of National Institute of Design, Gira Sarabhai, passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/founder-of-national-institute-of-design-gira-sarabhai-passes-away/articleshow/84461373.cms |access-date=18 July 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=16 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Sarabhai family]]
*[[Achyut Kanvinde]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarabhai, Gira}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian women designers]]
[[Category:Indian women architects]]
[[Category:Sarabhai family]]
[[Category:Artists from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Modernist architects]]
[[Category:Designers at National Institute of Design]]
[[Category:Indian women artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian designers]]

Bigg Boss Kannada season 9

2026-02-17T20:17:35Z

MartiAshley1795: created stub

{{short description|Ninth season of the reality TV series Bigg Boss Kannada}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 9
| image = Bigg Boss Kannada 9 Logo.jpg
| image_upright = 1.1
| image_alt =
| bgcolour = #F6BE00
| caption =
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Sudeep]]
| winner = Roopesh Shetty
| runner_up = Rakesh Adiga
| num_days = 99
| num_housemates = 18
}}
| num_episodes = 98
| network = [[Colors Kannada]] [[Voot|Voot Select]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2022|9|24|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2022|12|31|df=y}}
| prev_series = [[Bigg Boss Kannada season 8|Season 8]]
| next_series = [[Bigg Boss Kannada season 10|Season 10]]
}}
The ninth season of the Indian [[Kannada]]-language reality television game show ''[[Bigg Boss (Kannada TV series)|Bigg Boss]]'' premiered on 24 September 2022. It is produced by [[Endemol Shine Group|Endemol Shine India]] under the control of [[Banijay]] and broadcast on [[Colors Kannada]] along with a 24/7 Live Stream on [[Voot]] with [[Sudeep]] as the host for the ninth consecutive year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Wait is Over: Bigg Boss Kannada Season 9 Premieres Tonight |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/the-wait-is-over-bigg-boss-kannada-season-9-premieres-tonight-6020995.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Telecast==
''Bigg Boss Kannada'' Season 9 is telecasted everyday on [[Colors Kannada]] and 24/7 Live Stream on [[Voot]]. It contains:

*Main Episode (The main episode that is telecasted on Colors Kannada)
*TV Ginta Modalu (Main Episode telecast before the airing on TV, only on Voot Select)
*24/7 Live Channel (Live telecast from Bigg Boss house, on weekdays, only on Voot Select)
*Unseen Kathegalu (Unseen Clips, only on Voot Select)
*Extra Masala (Extra Clips)
*Bigg Inn (Entry Interview)
*Bigg Bang (Exit Interview)
*Voot Weekly (Best Compilations)
*Voot Fryday (Special Friday Tasks)
*Voot Video Vichara (Audience can share their views about the contestants through a video)

==Production==
===Teaser===
The show organizers officially released a teaser using the show's logo on 7 September 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Kannada 9: Kichcha Sudeep Is All Set For The Upcoming Season. Are You? |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bigg-boss-kannada-9-kichcha-sudeep-is-all-set-for-the-upcoming-season-are-you-5921395.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> On 15 September 2022, a new teaser released with host [[Sudeep]] and confirmed that the show would premiere on 24 September 2022 on [[Colors Kannada]] and [[Voot]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Kannada season 9 to premiere on September 24; teaser features previous contestants Deepika Das, Anupama Gowda, and Prashanth Sambargi, watch - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/bigg-boss-kannada-season-9-to-premiere-on-september-24-teaser-features-previous-contestants-deepika-das-anupama-gowda-and-prashanth-sambargi-watch/articleshow/94216453.cms |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

===Contestants===
The show is sticking to the original format of the reality programme and it will only have celebrities who will be entering the house as contestants. ''Bigg Boss Kannada 9'' will have a line up of five former ''Bigg Boss Kannada'' contestants and Top four contestants of [[Bigg Boss OTT (Kannada)|''Bigg Boss OTT'' Season 1]] along with new contestants who will make their ''Bigg Boss'' debut.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kichcha Sudeep Announces New Rules For Bigg Boss Kannada 9 |url=https://menglish.sakshi.com/news/entertainment/kichcha-sudeep-announces-new-rules-bigg-boss-kannada-9-161220 |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en |archive-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924041901/https://menglish.sakshi.com/news/entertainment/kichcha-sudeep-announces-new-rules-bigg-boss-kannada-9-161220 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Inclusions were made from Season [[Bigg Boss Kannada season 1|1]], [[Bigg Boss Kannada season 5|5]], [[Bigg Boss Kannada season 7|7]], [[Bigg Boss Kannada season 8|8]] and [[Bigg Boss OTT Kannada season 1|OTT]] season only.

===Format===
The show follows selected contestants who are isolated from the outside world for 98 days (or 14 weeks) in a custom-built house. The housemates are dictated by an omnipresent entity named ''Bigg Boss''. Each week, one or more of the housemates are evicted by a public vote. The last week, the housemate who gets the most votes, wins the game.

==Housemates status==


{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! scope="col" style="background:#F6BE00; color:#000;" | Sr
! scope="col" style="background:#F6BE00; color:#000;" | Housemate
! scope="col" style="background:#F6BE00; color:#000;" | {{nowrap|Day entered}}
! scope="col" style="background:#F6BE00; color:#000;" | {{nowrap|Day exited}}
! scope="col" style="background:#F6BE00; color:#000;" | Status
|-
| 1
| Roopesh
| Day 1
| Day 98
| {{Won|Winner}}
|-
| 2
| Rakesh
| Day 1
| Day 98
| {{Runner-up|1st runner-up}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 3
| rowspan="2" | Deepika
| Day 1
| Day 56
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| Day 58
| Day 98
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" |{{nowrap|2nd runner-up}}
|-
| 4
| Rupesh
| Day 1
| Day 98
| style="background:#DDA0DD;" |{{nowrap|3rd runner-up}}
|-
| 5
| Divya
| Day 1
| Day 97
| style="background:#FF69B4;" |{{nowrap|4th runner-up}}
|-
| 6
| Aryavardhan
| Day 1
| Day 93
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 7
| Arun
| Day 1
| Day 91
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 8
| Amulya
| Day 1
| Day 91
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 9
| Anupama
| Day 1
| Day 84
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 10
| Prashanth
| Day 1
| Day 77
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 11
| Kavyashree
| Day 1
| Day 70
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 12
| Vinod
| Day 1
| Day 63
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 13
| Saanya
| Day 1
| Day 42
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 14
| Neha
| Day 1
| Day 35
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 15
| Mayuri
| Day 1
| Day 28
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 16
| Darsh
| Day 1
| Day 21
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 17
| Nawaz
| Day 1
| Day 14
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 18
| Aishwarya
| Day 1
| Day 7
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|}

== Housemates ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Sl no
!Name
! Occupation
! Popular from
|-
|1
|Deepika Das
|Actress
|
* ''[[Naagini]]''
* Dance Karnataka Dance
* ''[[Bigg Boss Kannada season 7|Bigg Boss Kannada 7]]''
|-
|2
|Neha Gowda
|Rowspan="4"|Serial Actress
|
* ''[[Lakshmi Baramma]]''
* [[Raja Rani (Kannada TV series)|''Raja Rani'' season 1]]
|-
|3
|Kavyashree Gowda
|[[Mangala Gowri Maduve]]
|-
|4
|Amulya Gowda
|''[[Kamali (TV series)|Kamali]]''
|-
|5
|[[Anupama Gowda]]
|
* Akka
* [[Raja Rani (Kannada TV series)|''Raja Rani'' season 1]]
* ''[[Bigg Boss Kannada season 5|Bigg Boss Kannada 5]]''
|-
|6
|Vinod Gobbaragala
|Reality Show contestant
|''Gicchi Giligili''
|-
|7
|[[Arun Sagar]]
|Actor
|''[[Bigg Boss Kannada season 1|Bigg Boss Kannada 1]]''
|-
|8
|[[Nawaz]]
|Movie Reviewer
|
|-
|9
|Rupesh Rajanna
|Kannada Activist
|
|-
|10
|Darsh Chandrappa
|Actor
|
|-
|11
|Divya Uruduga
|Actress
|rowspan "2"|''[[Bigg Boss Kannada season 8|Bigg Boss Kannada 8]]''
|-
|12
|Prashanth Sambargi
|Media Personality
|
|-
|13
|[[Aishwarya Pissay]]
|Motorcycle Racer
|
|-
|14
|[[Mayuri Kyatari]]
|Actress
|
* Ashwini Nakshatra
* [[Krishna Leela (2015 film)|''Krishna Leela'' (2015 film)]]
* [[Nataraja Service|''Nataraja Service'' (2016 film)]]
|-
|15
|[[Rakesh Adiga]]
|Rowspan="2"|Actor
|
* ''[[Jhossh]]''
* [[Bigg Boss OTT (Kannada)|''Bigg Boss OTT Kannada'' Season 1]]
|-
|16
|[[Roopesh Shetty]]
|
* [[Bigg Boss OTT (Kannada)|''Bigg Boss OTT Kannada'' Season 1]]
|-
|17
|Aryavardhan
|Numerlogist
|[[Bigg Boss OTT (Kannada)|''Bigg Boss OTT Kannada'' Season 1]]
|-
|18
|Saanya Iyer
|Serial Actress
|
* ''[[Mangala Gowri Maduve|Putta Gowri Maduve]]''
* ''[[Dancing Champion]]''
* [[Bigg Boss OTT (Kannada)|''Bigg Boss OTT Kannada'' Season 1]]
|}

== Nomination table ==




<blockquote style="padding: 0em; overflow:auto;">
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:70%; font-size:90%; line-height:15px;"
|+
! colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" |
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 1
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 2
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 3
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 4
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 5
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 6
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 7
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 8
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 9
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 10
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 11
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 12
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 13
! colspan="5" bgcolor="gold" |{{nowrap|Week 14}}
|- style="background:#C2DFFF;"
! colspan="2" |Nominees for Captaincy
| rowspan="3" style="background:#ccc;" |
''No Captain''
|Aishwarya Divya Prashanth Vinod
|Amulya Aryavardhan Darsh Divya 
|Anupama Deepika Roopesh 
|Anupama Arun Mayuri Prashanth Rakesh Sanya Vinod 
|Amulya Anupama Vinod
|Prashanth Rupesh R Roopesh S
|Amulya Anupama Kavyashree
| rowspan="3" style="background:#ccc;" |
''No Captain''
|Anupama Deepika Divya Rakesh
|Amulya Anupama Arun Aryavardhan Deepika Divya Kavyashree Prashanth Rakesh Roopesh S Rupesh
|Anupama Amulya Prashanth Roopesh
| colspan="6" rowspan="3" style="background:#ccc;" |
''No Captain''
|- style="background:#cfc;"
! colspan="2" |House Captain
|'''Vinod'''
|'''Aryavardhan'''
|'''Deepika'''
|'''Sanya'''
|''' Anupama'''
|''' Prashanth'''
|''' Kavyashree'''
|'''Rakesh'''
|'''Rupesh '''
|'''Roopesh '''
|-
! colspan="2" |Captain's Nomination
|Rupesh R (to evict)
|Anupama (to evict)
|Sanya (to evict)
|Aryavardhan (to evict)
|Roopesh S (to evict)
|Amulya (to evict)
|Anupama (to evict)
|Prashanth (to evict)
|Rakesh (to evict)
|Arun (to evict)
|-
| colspan="20" bgcolor="black" |
|-
! colspan="2" |Vote to:
! colspan="18" | ''Evict''
|-
| colspan="20" bgcolor="black" |
|-
| bgcolor="gold" |
!Roopesh
|Aryavardhan Darsh
|Darsh Neha
|Prashanth Rupesh R
|Mayuri Prashanth
|Neha Prashanth
|Aryavardhan Kavyashree
|Anupama Arun
|Anupama Deepika
| bgcolor="#959FFD" |''Direct Nomination''
|Roopesh S
|Arun Anupama
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| bgcolor="#959FFD" |''Direct Nomination''
| bgcolor="#959FFD" |''Nominated''
|bgcolor=gold|''Finalist''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="Lightgreen" |'''Winner''' (Day 98)
|-
| bgcolor="gold" |
!Rakesh
|Aishwarya Divya
|Darsh Mayuri
|Darsh Rupesh R
|Aryavardhan Prashanth
|Deepika Rupesh R
|Rupesh R Sanya
|Arun Rupesh R
|Deepika Vinod
| bgcolor="#959FFD" |''Direct Nomination''
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
|Aryavardhan Divya
|Arun Rupesh R
| bgcolor="#959FFD" |''Direct Nomination''
|bgcolor="#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| bgcolor="gold" |''Finalist''
| colspan="3" style="background:#D1E8EF;" |{{nowrap|'''1st Runner-up'''}} (Day 98)
|-
| bgcolor="cyan" |
!Deepika
|Kavyashree Roopesh S
|Darsh Rupesh R
|Prashanth Rupesh R
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
|Roopesh S Rupesh R
|Roopesh S Sanya
|Aryavardhan Rupesh R
|Divya Roopesh S
| bgcolor="salmon" |''Evicted'' {{nowrap|(Day 56)}}
|Deepika
|Amulya Divya
|Amulya Rupesh R
| bgcolor="#959FFD" |''Direct Nomination''
|bgcolor="#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| bgcolor="gold" |''Finalist''
| colspan="3" style="background:#7FFFD4;" |{{nowrap|'''2nd Runner-up'''}} (Day 98)
|-
| bgcolor="red" |
!Rupesh
|Prashanth Vinod
|Darsh Kavyashree
|Mayuri Vinod
|Mayuri Kavyashree
|Kavyashree Vinod
|Deepika Divya
|Anupama Divya
|Deepika Divya
| bgcolor="#959FFD" |''Direct Nomination''
|Roopesh S
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
|Anupama Divya
| bgcolor="#959FFD" |''Direct Nomination''
|bgcolor="#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| bgcolor="gold" |''Finalist''
| colspan="3" style="background:#DDA0DD; text-align:center;" |{{nowrap|'''3rd Runner-up'''}} (Day 98)
|-
| bgcolor="purple" |
!Divya
|Mayuri Sanya
|Darsh Nawaz
|Prashanth Rupesh R
|Aryavardhan Kavyashree
|Aryavardhan Deepika
|Aryavardhan Sanya
|Deepika Rupesh R
|Arun Deepika
| bgcolor="#959FFD" |''Direct Nomination''
|Divya
|Aryavardhan Prashanth
|Deepika Rupesh R
| bgcolor="#959FFD" |''Direct Nomination''
|bgcolor="#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| bgcolor="gold" |''Finalist''
| colspan="3" style="background:#FF69B4; text-align:center;" |{{nowrap|'''4th Runner-up'''}} (Day 97)
|-
|bgcolor="gold" |
!Aryavardhan
|Aishwarya Divya
|Darsh Mayuri
|style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
|Arun Sanya
|Neha Kavyashree
|Divya Sanya
|Arun Vinod
|Amulya Vinod
| bgcolor="#959FFD" |''Direct Nomination''
|Anupama
|Anupama Arun
|Anupama Divya
| bgcolor="#959FFD" |''Direct Nomination''
|bgcolor="#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| colspan="4" bgcolor="salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 93)
|-
| bgcolor="brown" |
!Arun
|Aryavardhan Darsh
|Darsh Deepika
|Mayuri Sanya
|Aryavardhan Neha
|Neha Rakesh
|Rupesh R Sanya
|Aryavardhan Divya
|Amulya Rakesh
| bgcolor="#959FFD" |''Direct Nomination''
|Kavyashree
|Aryavardhan Divya
|Divya Rupesh R
| bgcolor="#959FFD" |''Direct Nomination''
| colspan="5" bgcolor="salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 91)
|-
| bgcolor="red" |
!Amulya
|Aryavardhan Darsh
|Deepika Mayuri
|Deepika Roopesh S
|Aryavardhan Kavyashree
|Arun Deepika
|Aryavardhan Rupesh R
|Deepika Rupesh R
|Arun Roopesh S
| bgcolor="#959FFD" |''Direct Nomination''
|Amulya
|Aryavardhan Prashanth
|Aryavardhan Deepika
| bgcolor="#959FFD" |''Direct Nomination''
| colspan="5" bgcolor="salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 91)
|-
| bgcolor="teal" |
!Anupama
|Mayuri Sanya
|Darsh Nawaz
|Divya Vinod
|Aryavardhan Kavyashree
|Amulya Roopesh S 
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
|Arun Deepika
|Arun Roopesh S
| bgcolor="#959FFD" |''Direct Nomination''
|Aryavardhan
|Aryavardhan Prashanth
|Aryavardhan Rupesh R
| colspan="6" bgcolor="salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 84)
|-
|bgcolor=purple|
!Prashanth
|Aryavardhan Darsh
|Darsh Nawaz
|Darsh Rupesh R
|Divya Rakesh
|Neha Roopesh S
|Rupesh R Sanya
|style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
|Amulya Rakesh
| bgcolor="#959FFD" |''Direct Nomination''
|Deepika
|Amulya Anupama
| colspan="7" bgcolor="salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 77)
|-
| bgcolor="red" |
!Kavyashree
|Arun Nawaz
|Deepika Mayuri
|Divya Rupesh R
|Amulya Aryavardhan
|Amulya Rupesh R
|Divya Sanya
|Anupama Divya
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| bgcolor="#959FFD" |''Direct Nomination''
|Arun
| colspan="8" bgcolor="salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 70)
|-
|bgcolor=red|
!Vinod
|Aishwarya Divya
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
|Divya Mayuri
|Aryavardhan Divya
|Roopesh S Rakesh
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
|Amulya Aryavardhan
|Amulya Divya
| bgcolor="#959FFD" |''Direct Nomination''
| colspan="9" bgcolor="salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 63)
|-
|bgcolor=gold|
!Sanya
|Amulya Deepika
|Amulya Prashanth
|Darsh Neha
|Aryavardhan Neha
|style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
|Arun Aryavardhan
| colspan="12" bgcolor="salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 42)
|-
|bgcolor=red|
!Neha
|Arun Nawaz
|Darsh Sanya
|Darsh Rupesh R
|Mayuri Kavyashree
|Deepika Prashanth
| colspan="13" bgcolor="salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 35)
|-
|bgcolor=red|
!Mayuri
|Prashanth Vinod
|Amulya Darsh
|Deepika Rupesh R
|Aryavardhan Roopesh R
| colspan="14" bgcolor="salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 28)
|-
|bgcolor=red|
!Darsh
|Prashanth Vinod
|Neha Prashanth
|Prashanth Roopesh S
| colspan="15" bgcolor="salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 21)
|-
|bgcolor=red|
!Nawaz
|Aishwarya Divya
|Amulya Darsh
| colspan="16" bgcolor="salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 14)
|-
|bgcolor=red|
!Aishwarya
|Kavyashree Roopesh S
| colspan="17" bgcolor="salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 7)
|-
| colspan="20" bgcolor="black" |
|- style="background:#B2FFFF"
! colspan="2" |Against Public Voting
|
Aishwarya Arun Aryavardhan Darsh Divya Kavyashree Mayuri Nawaz Prashanth Roopesh S Sanya Vinod
|
Amulya Aryavardhan Darsh Deepika Mayuri Nawaz Neha Prashanth Rupesh R

|
Amulya Anupama Darsh Deepika Divya Mayuri Prashanth Roopesh S Rupesh R Vinod
|
Aryavardhan Divya Kavyashree Mayuri Neha Prashanth Roopesh S Sanya 
|
Amulya Aryavardhan Deepika Kavyashree Neha Prashanth Rakesh Roopesh S Rupesh
|
Aryavardhan Divya Prashanth Roopesh S Rupesh R Sanya
|bgcolor=#ccc|''None''
|
Amulya Anupama Arun Deepika Divya Roopesh S 
|
Amulya Anupama Arun Aryavardhan Deepika Divya Kavyashree Prashanth Rakesh Roopesh S Rupesh R Vinod
|
Amulya Anupama Arun Aryavardhan Deepika Divya Kavyashree Prashanth Roopesh S
|
Amulya Anupama Arun Aryavardhan Deepika Divya Prashanth Rakesh
|
Anupama Arun Aryavardhan Deepika Divya Rupesh R
|
Amulya Aryavardhan Arun Deepika Divya Rakesh Roopesh S Rupesh R
|Aryavardhan Deepika Divya Rakesh Roopesh S Rupesh R
| colspan="4" |'''Deepika Divya Rakesh Roopesh S Rupesh R'''
|-
! colspan="2" |Re-entered
| colspan="8" style="background:#ccc" |''None''
| style="background:#DAFF99" |'''Deepika'''
| colspan="9" bgcolor="#ccc" |''None''
|- style="background:salmon;" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Evicted
| rowspan="3" |'''Aishwarya'''
| rowspan="3" |'''Nawaz'''
| rowspan="3" |'''Darsh'''
| rowspan="3" |'''Mayuri'''
| rowspan="3" |'''Neha'''
| rowspan="3" |'''Sanya '''
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="#ccc" |''No Elimination''
| rowspan="3" |'''Deepika'''
| rowspan="3" | '''Vinod'''
| rowspan="3" |'''Kavyashree'''
| rowspan="3" |'''Prashanth'''
| rowspan="3" |'''Anupama'''
| rowspan="3" |'''Amulya'''
| rowspan="3" |'''Aryavardhan'''
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="salmon" |'''Arun'''
| style="background:#FF69B4; text-align:center;" |'''Divya'''
| colspan="2" style="background:#DDA0DD; text-align:center;" |{{nowrap|'''Rupesh R'''}}
|-
| colspan="3" style="background:#7FFFD4;" |'''Deepika'''
|-
| style="background:#D1E8EF;" |'''Rakesh'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor=lightgreen|'''{{nowrap|Roopesh S}}'''
|}
</blockquote>
: {{Color box|gold}} indicates [[Bigg Boss OTT Kannada|OTT Season 1]] contestant.
: {{Color box|brown}} Indicates [[Bigg Boss Kannada 1|Season 1]] contestant.
: {{Color box|teal}} Indicates [[Bigg Boss Kannada season 5|Season 5]] contestant.
: {{Color box|cyan}} Indicates [[Bigg Boss Kannada season 7|Season 7]] contestant.
: {{Color box|purple}} Indicates [[Bigg Boss Kannada season 8|Season 8]] contestant.
: {{Color box|red}} Indicates New Contestant.
: {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} indicates the House Captain.
: {{Color box|#C2DFFF|border=darkgray}} indicates the Nominees for house captaincy.
: {{Color box|#959FFD|border=darkgray}} indicates that the Housemate was directly nominated for eviction prior to the regular nominations process.
:{{color box|#87CEFA|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate went to secret room.
: {{Color box|#FBF373|border=darkgray}} indicates that the Housemate was granted immunity from nominations.
: {{Color box|#73FB76}} indicates the winner.
: {{Color box|#D1E8EF}} indicates the first runner up.
: {{Color box|#7FFFD4}} indicates the second runner up.
: {{Color box|#DDA0DD}} indicates the third runner up.
: {{Color box|#FF69B4}} indicates the fourth runner up.
: {{Color box|#fcf|}} indicates the contestant has been walked out of the show.
: {{Color box|salmon}} indicates the contestant has been evicted.
: {{Color box|maroon}} indicates the contestant was not eligible.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bigg Boss Kannada}}

[[Category:Bigg Boss Kannada seasons]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Colors Kannada original programming]]
[[Category:Kannada-language television shows]]

Jammu and Kashmir

2026-02-12T07:23:22Z

MartiAshley1795: update lead additionally and updated info

{{pp-move-indef}}
{{wikt|Jammu and Kashmir}}
'''Jammu and Kashmir''' may refer to:

* [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]], a region administered by India as a union territory since 2019
* [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)]], a region administered by India as a state from 1947 to 2019
* [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)]], a princely state of the British Raj extending into the Indian Union between 1846 and 1947
* [[Azad Kashmir]] or Azad Jammu and Kashmir, a region administered by Pakistan as an autonomous administrative division
* [[Kashmir]], the northernmost geographical region of the Indian subcontinent

==See also==
*[[Kashmir conflict]]
*[[Aksai Chin]]
*[[Trans-Karakoram Tract]]
*[[Gilgit-Baltistan]]
*[[Ladakh]]
*[[Jammu (disambiguation)]]
*[[Kashmir (disambiguation)]]
*[[JK (disambiguation)]], common abbreviation

{{place name disambiguation}}

C. J. George

2026-02-06T06:10:58Z

MartiAshley1795: Added details...

{{Indian patronymic|George|Chenayappillil John}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox person
|image = GeojitMD.jpg
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Pothanikkad]], Ernakulam, Kerala, India
| spouse = Shiny George
| children = 2
| occupation =
| known_for =
| website = {{URL|www.geojit.com}}
}}

'''Chenayappillil John George''' is an Indian businessman and philanthropist. He is the founder and managing director of [[Geojit Financial Services]].<ref name="Taking stock">{{cite news |title=Taking stock |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/taking-stock/article4657304.ece |accessdate=11 June 2018 |work=The Hindu |date=26 April 2013}}</ref><ref name="nei5Mar2017" />

== Personal life ==
George was born in [[Pothanikkad]], a suburb of Ernakulam in the south Indian state of [[Kerala]].<ref name="nei5Mar2017">{{cite news |author=Pramod Thomas |date=5 March 2017 |title=C J George: The Accidental Entrepreneur from Kerala|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2017/mar/05/c-j-george-the-accidental-entrepreneur-from-kerala-1577725.html|access-date=16 May 2018|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/GEOFSL:IN|title=Bloomberg Data|website=Bloomberg|accessdate=16 May 2018}}</ref> He is married to Shiny George and the couple has two sons.<ref name="nei5Mar2017" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Brokerage promoters raise own stake in bear market|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/brokerage-promoters-raise-own-stake-in-bear-market-111091400020_1.html|accessdate=16 May 2018|work=Business Standard|issue=21 January 2013}}</ref>

== Career ==
While pursuing a part-time [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]] in Delhi, George began working as an analyst with Batliwala and Karani Securities (B&K Securities). Later George dropped out from his LLM course and moved to [[Cochin]] to join B&K Securities' Cochin office.<ref>{{cite news|title=Handholding women investors|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-life/Handholding-women-investors/article20301774.ece|accessdate=18 May 2018|work=Business Line|issue=4 November 2005}}</ref> George's founding partner, Ranajit Kanjilal, was then a client of B&K. Together, in 1987, they set up the firm Geojit & Co, by combining the names of both partners (''"Geo"'' from George and ''"Jit"'' from Renajit)<ref>{{cite news|title=It is where Kochiites learned greed is good|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/it-is-where-kochiites-learned-greed-is-good/article4591757.ece|accessdate=16 May 2018|work=The Hindu|issue=7 April 2013}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite news|title=How C J George of Geojit BNP Paribas transformed a small company into a big brokerage firm|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/entrepreneurship/how-cj-george-of-geojit-bnp-paribas-transformed-a-small-company-into-a-big-brokerage-firm/articleshow/17056487.cms|accessdate=16 May 2018|work=The Economic Times|date=2 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Deep discount broking is here to stay |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/deep-discount-broking-is-here-to-stay/article24081307.ece |accessdate=11 June 2018 |work=Business Line |date=4 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="Taking stock"/> Kanjilal retired from the firm in 1991 selling his shares to George, thereby bringing Geojit under his sole proprietorship.<ref>{{cite news|title=Success in the backwaters|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/success-in-the-backwaters/articleshow/2549478.cms|accessdate=16 May 2018|work=The Economic Times|issue=19 November 2007}}</ref>

== Associations ==
George is also the executive committee member of the [[National Stock Exchange of India]], [[National Securities Depository Limited]], Managing committee member of [[ASSOCHAM]], Director of [[V-Guard Industries]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Kochouseph Chittilappilly: Founder of V-Guard Industries does 'unconventional' things|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/kochouseph-chittilappilly-founder-of-v-guard-industries-does-unconventional-things/articleshow/8494420.cms|accessdate=16 May 2018|work=The Economic Times|issue=22 May 2011}}</ref> Director of [[Aster DM Healthcare]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Intimation of the proceedings of 12 th Annual General Meeting |url=https://www1.nseindia.com/corporate/ASTERDM_14082020234320_UploadproceedingAGMfinal.pdf |access-date=8 February 2022}}</ref> and former Director of [[Federal Bank]]<ref>{{cite news|title=ICICI Bank gets stay on Federal Bank AGM decisions from CLB|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/icici-bank-gets-stay-on-federal-bank-agm-decisions-from-clb/252341|accessdate=16 May 2018|work=Outlook India|date=28 September 2004}}</ref> and [[Joyalukkas]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Joyalukkas IPO – Will it be a Good Investment Opportunity?|url=http://www.seasonalmagazine.com/2010/08/joyalukkas-ipo-will-it-be-good.html|accessdate=16 May 2018|work=Seasonal Magazine|date=9 August 2010}}</ref> He is also a charter member of the [[Financial Planning Standards Board India]].<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=C J George | website=[[Bloomberg News]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/3142775?leadSource=uverify%20wall }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:George, C J}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]

Kalyanpur, Saran district

2026-02-05T04:29:47Z

MartiAshley1795: added the location basic info!

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kalyanpur village
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
| flag_alt =
| image_seal =
| seal_alt =
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| etymology =
| nickname =
| motto =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type =
| subdivision_name =
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Indian state|State]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type3 = District
| subdivision_name3 = [[Saran district|Saran]]
| subdivision_type4 = Block
| subdivision_name4 = [[Sonpur, Bihar|Sonpur]]
| subdivision_type5 = Gram Panchayat
| subdivision_name5 = Kalyanpur
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type =
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| government_footnotes =
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| unit_pref = Metric


| area_footnotes =
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| area_magnitude = 
| area_note =
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| area_total_km2 = 10
| area_land_km2 =
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| area_total_ha =
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| length_km =
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| dimensions_footnotes =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 43
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 3608
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note =
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| website = 
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kalyanpur''' is a small village located in the [[Sonpur, Bihar|Sonpur]] tehsil (block) of [[Saran district]] of the state of [[Bihar]], [[India]].<ref>[https://www.jagran.com/bihar/vaishali-12462471.html?src=article-on-scroll सोनपुर सोनपुर प्रखंड के कल्याणपुर]</ref> It has an [[altitude]] of 43 meters (141 ft). Kalyanpur village is situated 8 km (4 mi) away from the sub-[[district]] headquarters of Sonpur and 47 km (29 mi) away from the district headquarters of [[Chhapra]]. As per 2009 stats, Kalyanpur is the gram [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]] of Kalyanpur village. Near the [[Gularia Chowk]] is the small market in Kalyanpur village. Sonpur is the nearest town, at approximately 8 km away from Kalyanpur. Kalyanpur village is connected by Sonpur Darihara Rewaghat road to Gandak baandh road.

==Geography==
[[File:Kalyanpur village lands of farms.jpg|250px|thumb|Kalyanpur village farms]]

Kalyanpur village is located about 8 km (4 mi) north of Sonpur city. It has an area of 100 hectares. It is at an altitude of 43 meters (141 ft). Most of the village is [[agricultural]] land, with rice and wheat as the main crop. Due to variations in annual rainfall, local farmers cannot depend on seasonal rain and instead use unlined perennial wells for irrigation. The village is near the [[Gandak river]] used of agriculture and other purposes.

==Demographics==
As of the 2011 India [[census]], Kalyanpur had a population of 3,608. Males constituted 52% of the population and females 48%. Kalyanpur had an average literacy rate of 70%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy was 74%, and female literacy was 62%. In Kalyanpur, 4.5% of the population was under 5 years of age. There were 597 houses in Kalyanpur village.

The nearest village is [[Shikarpur, Sonepur|Shikarpur]].<ref>[http://www.explorebihar.in/shikarpur-sonpur-bihar.htm/ Shikarpur village]{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Transportation and connectivity==
Kalyanpur has good road communications due to development efforts by the government. A [[railway station]] is at Sonpur, about 8 kilometres (4 mi) from the [[village]].

==Infrastructure==

Kalyanpur village has a comprehensive [[electricity]] supply but not a regular power supply. Due to efforts of local governing bodies, [[solar panels]] have been introduced to provide power for street lighting.

==See also==
*[[Sonpur, Bihar|Sonpur]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://villageinfo.in/bihar/saran/sonepur/kaleanpur.html/ Kalyanpur village in saran district, Bihar]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Kalyanpur village of saran. Retrieved 31, July 2016.
* [http://www.explorebihar.in/trains-to-sonpur-bihar.htm/ Sonpur information to trains]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} "Info Trains of sonpur" Retrieved 2, May 2016.

{{coord missing|Bihar}}
{{Sonpur Block, Bihar}}
{{Saran district}}

[[Category:Villages in Saran district]]

Narayana Gowda

2026-02-04T21:16:09Z

MartiAshley1795: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Indian activist and politician (born 1966)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{BLP primary sources|date=March 2008}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dr. Narayana Gowda
| honorific_prefix =
| image = Narayana gowda.jpg
| caption =
| office2 = [[Cabinet Minister]] [[Government of Karnataka]]
| term_start2 = 6 February 2020
|term_end2 = 13 May 2023
| 1blankname2 = {{centre|Ministry}}
| 1namedata2 = {{centre|'''Term'''}}
| 2blankname2 = Minister of Sericulture
| 2namedata2 = 4 August 2021 - 13 May 2023
| 3blankname2 = Minister of Youth Empowerment & Sports
| 3namedata2 = 21 January 2021 - 13 May 2023
| 4blankname2 = Minister of Planning, Programme Monitoring & Statistics
| 4namedata2 = 21 January 2021 - 28 July 2021
| 5blankname2 = Minister of Municipal Administration Minister of Horticulture Minister of Sericulture
| 5namedata2 = 6 February 2020 - 21 January 2021

| office3 = Member of [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start3 = 2013
| term_end3 = 13 May 2023
| constituency3 = [[Krishnarajpete (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Krishnarajpet]]
| predecessor3 = K. B. Chandrasekhar
| successor3 =
| chiefminister2 =

| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|7|21|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Krishnarajpet, Mandya, Karnataka]], India
| residence = [[Krishnarajpet]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata party]] (2019–present)
| otherparty = *[[Janata Dal (Secular)]] (2013-2019)
*[[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (till 2013)
| spouse = Devaki
| website = www.kcn.gov.in
| footnotes =
| year =
| education = Bachelors in hotel management
}}
'''[[Doctor (title)|Dr]]. Chikkegowda Narayanagowda''' is an Indian social activist, politician <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thatskannada.oneindia.in/sahitya/article/100507krv_narayanagowda_interview.html|title=Face to face with Narayana Gowda - thatskannada.com (Kannada)|access-date=20 May 2007|archive-date=30 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930164841/http://thatskannada.oneindia.in/sahitya/article/100507krv_narayanagowda_interview.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> who formerly served as [[Minister (government)|Minister]] of Sericulture, [[Youth empowerment]] and [[sports]] of Karnataka from January 2021 to May 2023.<ref>{{cite web | title=Narayana Gowda confident of place in Karnataka Cabinet | website=The Hindu | date=2020-02-04 | url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/videos/bengaluru/karnataka-cabinet-reshuffle-kc-narayana-gowda-speaks-up-on-being-made-minister-of-youth-empowerment-haj-and-wakf-department/videoshow/80384290.cms| access-date=2021-01-21}}</ref>

==Early life==
Narayana Gowda was born on 21 July 1966 to Chikkegowda and Puttamma in Kaigonahalli, [[Krishnarajpet, Mandya, Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mysuru/self-made-man-k-c-narayana-gowda-becomes-minister-in-yediyurappa-cabinet-802425.html|title=Self-made man K C Narayana Gowda becomes minister in Yediyurappa cabinet|date=7 February 2020|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

Narayana Gowda has three brothers and two sisters. He studied up to seventh standard and was doing some odd jobs. At the age of 17, he left for Mumbai (then Bombay) in search of a livelihood. He started off as a driver in a hotel in Mumbai, like many youths of KR Pet and Nagamangala taluks. He worked even as a server in hotels, later as manager. He then opened a hotel, meanwhile, he completed SSLC and did a diploma in Hotel Management to equip himself better for the hospitality industry.

At present, Narayana Gowda owns three hotels. Besides, he also developed townships in Kolhapur. He is the founding director of Jayalakshmi Cooperative Bank in Mumbai. He is also the president of Horanadu Kannada Sangha in Mumbai.

Following success in business, Narayana Gowda started social service by donating books, uniforms, plates, tumblers and stationery items to students in schools. He used to organise free health camps and established vocational training centres in KR Pet taluk. Women were trained in operating mechanised sewing machines in the centres. Following his popularity in KR Pet taluk, due to his social work, his well-wishers inducted him into politics.

==Political career==
He unsuccessfully contested on a [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] ticket in the [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008 Assembly polls]].<ref>[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3783-karnataka-2008/?do=download&r=8908&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=25bd12655032232266d50a471c3b2e4f]{{dead link|date=February 2021}}</ref> Then, he joined the JD(S) and won the [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] and [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018 Assembly polls]], despite many odds of being ill after filing his nomination and JD(S) Supremo issuing the party's ‘C’ form to another aspirant B.L. Devaraj, who had staged a protest along with his supporters in [[K. R. Pet|Krishnarajpet]] town in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://starofmysore.com/k-r-pet-mla-falls-ill/|title=K.R. Pet MLA falls ill|date=24 April 2018}}</ref> His assets were estimated to be Rs 9 crore and liabilities were around 1 crore in [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]], an increase from 7 crore assets in 2008, which further increased to 12 crores in 2018.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://myneta.info/karnataka2013/candidate.php?candidate_id=1011|title=Narayana Gowda(JD(S)):Constituency- KRISHNARAJPET(MANDYA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|website=myneta.info}}</ref> He resigned (on 6 July 2019) as an MLA in [[2019 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-elections|2019]] and managed to get re-elected on a BJP ticket by defeating B.L. Devaraj of JD(S), who was given ‘C’ form during [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018 Assembly polls]]. This came as a surprise since JD(S) had a strong presence in both Mysuru and Mandya districts, where out of the 11 Assembly segments in Mysuru district, the JD(S) won five and swept all the seven seats in Mandya district in the 2018 Assembly polls.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://starofmysore.com/epicentre-of-political-quake/|title=Epicentre of political quake|date=7 July 2019}}</ref> He accused women from [[H. D. Deve Gowda|Deve Gowda family]] for his decision to resign from his Assembly membership. Further he accused that they constantly interfered in the works of his constituency and supported his opponents and both [[H. D. Deve Gowda|Gowda]] and his son Chief Minister [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]] did not help despite repeated requests, finally accusing that he felt humiliated as the elected representatives like him were made to stand near the place where Deve Gowda's family kept their slippers. Even many other Party insiders of [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] had made similar accusations that Deve Gowda's six children, including daughters and also close aides interfere in the administration and transfers in one way or the other. They have been known to treat MLAs and MLCs with disrespect. Narayanagowda alleged that he suggested Nikhil Kumaraswamy not contest the Lok Sabha elections from Mandya since it will be a tough fight against Sumalatha Ambarish, who finally managed to win the polls. He claimed that a grant of Rs. 6 crore was given to his political opponent for taking up development work in his own constituency and then [[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]] State President A.H. Vishwanath (who also resigned the MLA post) was not given a free hand and remained as JD(S) State Unit President only in name.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://starofmysore.com/women-of-gowda-family-humiliated-me-says-k-r-pet-rebel-mla/|title=Women of Gowda family humiliated me, says K.R. Pet rebel MLA|first=Boregowda|last=Says|date=8 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/nation/2019/jul/24/the-15-mlas-who-brought-down-kumaraswamy-government-102416.html|title=The 15 MLAs who brought down Kumaraswamy government|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=28 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/after-falling-short-of-numbers-bjp-revisits-operation-kamala-of-2008/articleshow/64183422.cms?from=mdr|title=After falling short of numbers, BJP revisits 'Operation Kamala' of 2008|first=Sowmya|last=Aji|date=16 May 2018|work=The Economic Times |accessdate=11 October 2019}}</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/karnataka-election-results-2018-full-list-of-winners-bjp-congress-jds-2696524.html|title=Karnataka MLA's List 2018: Full List of Winners From BJP, Congress, JDS and More|date=15 May 2018|website=Oneindia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/disqualified-karnataka-mlas-barring-roshan-baig-join-bjp/articleshow/72051891.cms|title=Disqualified Karnataka MLAs, barring Roshan Baig, join BJP|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/rebel-karnataka-mlas-barring-roshan-baig-to-join-bjp-after-sc-allows-them-to-contest-bypolls|title=Rebel Karnataka MLAs barring Roshan Baig to join BJP after SC allows them to contest bypolls|website=Free Press Journal}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{twitter|narayanagowdakc}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gowda, Narayana}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Mandya]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (Secular) politicians]]

JioHotstar

2026-02-03T08:59:09Z

MartiAshley1795: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from alternative name}}
{{R from subtopic}}
{{R printworthy}}
{{R with possibilities}}
}}

Rudraneil Sengupta

2026-02-03T02:16:30Z

MartiAshley1795: starting new stub

{{Short description|Indian journalist, author, and sports writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rudraneil Sengupta
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Arakonam]], [[Chennai]], India
| occupation = [[Journalist]], [[Author]]
| yearsactive = 2000–present
| spouse =
| known_for = ''Enter the Dangal: Travels through India's Wrestling Landscape''
| awards = [[Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards|Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Sports Journalism Award]] (2007)
}}

'''Rudraneil Sengupta''' is an Indian journalist, author, and former deputy editor of ''[[Mint Lounge|Lounge]]'', the weekly feature magazine of ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]''. He is best known for his work in sports journalism and his book ''Enter the Dangal: Travels through India's Wrestling Landscape''. His journalistic work has focused on various social and cultural issues, including gender and human rights. He is a recipient of the [[Ramnath Goenka Award]].

== Early life and education ==
Rudraneil Sengupta was born in India and holds a master's degree in English from [[Jadavpur University]], Kolkata.<ref name="auto2">{{cite book |last1=Sengupta |first1=Rudraneil |title=Enter the Dangal: Travels through India's Wrestling Landscape |publisher=HarperCollins India |year=2016 |isbn=9789350297698}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rudraneil Sengupta – Author Profile |url=https://www.harpercollins.com/blogs/authors/rudraneil-sengupta-0009725 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers |accessdate=2024-12-23}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sengupta worked as a sports journalist for TV news channels before joining ''Mint'', a leading Indian business newspaper, in 2010. At ''Mint'', he became the deputy editor of ''Lounge'', the magazine's feature section.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=Rudraneil Sengupta at Mint|url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/|access-date=2024-12-06}}</ref><ref name="auto2" />

His coverage has frequently examined the intersection of sports and social issues, including the challenges faced by women in traditionally male-dominated sports.<ref name="auto1">{{cite press release |title=Rudraneil Sengupta and Sreya Banerjee win One World Media Women's Solutions Reporting Award, supported by the EIB |publisher=[[European Investment Bank]] |url=https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2024-211-rudraneil-sengupta-and-sreya-banerjee-win-one-world-media-women-s-solutions-reporting-award-supported-by-the-eib |access-date=2024-12-06}}</ref>

In 2016, Sengupta published his book ''Enter the Dangal: Travels through India's Wrestling Landscape'', which explores the rise of wrestling in India, particularly focusing on the empowerment of women through the sport. His work in this area won him critical acclaim for shedding light on the unique social and cultural impact of wrestling in India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rudraneil Sengupta on the Rise of Indian Women Wrestlers|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com|website=New Indian Express|access-date=2024-12-06}}</ref><ref name="auto2" />

== Awards ==
Sengupta received the [[Ramnath Goenka Award]] for excellence in sports journalism in 2007.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ramnath Goenka Award for Excellence in Journalism|url=https://rngfoundation.com/awards/pastawards/2007.html|website=rngfoundation.com|access-date=2024-12-06}}</ref>

In 2015, he received the Society of Publishers of Asia (SOPA) Awards for excellence in reporting on [[human rights]] issues for a story he co-wrote with Dhamini Ratnam on [[Genetic testing|gender testing]] of female athletes.<ref name="auto2" />

== Books ==
*{{Cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Rudraneil |title=The Beast Within |date=7 May 2025 |publisher=[[Westland Publications]] |year=2025 |isbn=9789360450472 |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Rudraneil |title=Enter The Dangal (Travels Through India's Wrestling Landscape) |publisher=Harper Collins Publishers |year=2016 |isbn=9789350297698}}

== Activism ==
He continues to write and engage with issues related to sports and culture, particularly gender and human rights.<ref name="auto1"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sengupta, Rudraneil}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Jadavpur University alumni]]

Caroline Valpy

2026-01-30T10:52:51Z

MartiAshley1795: Added new info

{{Short description|New Zealand artist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}

{{Infobox artist
| name = Caroline Valpy
| birth_name = Caroline Penelope Jeffreys
| birth_date = {{birth year|1804}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1884|10|30|1804|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kanpur]], [[India]]
| death_place = [[Mornington, Dunedin]], New Zealand
| children = [[Ellen Jeffreys]], [[Catherine Fulton]], [[Arabella Valpy]], [[Juliet Valpy]], [[William Henry Valpy Jr.]] and Caroline Hensley
| spouse = [[William Henry Valpy]]
}}
'''Caroline Penelope Valpy''' (née '''Jeffreys'''; 1804 – 30 October 1884) was a British-New Zealand artist.

== Biography ==
Caroline Valpy{{refn|group=note|name=first|Erroneously called Mrs Catherine Valpy in Platts (1980)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeffreys, Caroline |url=https://natlib.govt.nz/records/22413530 |access-date=17 February 2023 |website=natlib.govt.nz}}</ref>}} was born Caroline Penelope Jeffreys in [[Kanpur]], India in 1804 to Reverend Richard Jeffreys, chaplain to the [[East India Company]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Platts |first=Una |title=Nineteenth Century New Zealand Artists: A Guide and Handbook |publisher=Avon Fine Prints Limited |year=1980 |pages=239}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Caroline Valpy |url=https://www.geni.com/people/Caroline-Valpy/6000000036029490822 |access-date=17 February 2023 |website=geni_family_tree |date=July 1804 |language=en-US}}</ref> She was sister to Reverend Charles Jeffreys.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Jeffreys, Caroline |url=https://natlib.govt.nz/records/22413530 |access-date=17 February 2023 |website=natlib.govt.nz}}</ref> Valpy married [[William Henry Valpy]] in India.<ref name=":1" /> They had six children: [[Ellen Jeffreys]], [[Catherine Fulton]], [[Arabella Valpy]], [[Juliet Valpy]], [[William Henry Valpy Jr.|William Henry Valpy, Jr.]] and Caroline Hensley.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajax list |url=http://www.ngaiopress.com/ajaxlist.htm |access-date=17 February 2023 |website=www.ngaiopress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Book of New Zealand women = Ko kui ma te kaupapa |date=1991 |publisher=Bridget Williams Books |others=Charlotte Macdonald, Merimeri Penfold, B. R. Williams |isbn=0-908912-04-8 |location=Wellington, N.Z. |pages=702 |oclc=28180678}}</ref>

They moved to England in 1837, before coming to [[Dunedin]], New Zealand aboard the ''Ajax'' in 1849.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=William Valpy |url=http://www.toituosm.com/collections/smith-gallery/wall-1/william-valpy |access-date=17 February 2023 |website=Toitū Otago Settlers Museum Official Website |language=en-nz}}</ref> They lived at [[Forbury, New Zealand|Forbury]], Dunedin,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> close to the current suburban road, Valpy Street.

Valpy and her daughters, especially Ellen, were known to be talented artists.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Entwisle |first=Rosemary |date=1990 |title=Jeffreys, Ellen Penelope |language=en |work=Dictionary of New Zealand Biography |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1j2/jeffreys-ellen-penelope |access-date=17 February 2023}}</ref> They are described as having filled numerous notebooks with drawings and watercolours.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brenssell |first=Angela |date=February 1990 |title=Salute to Otago Artists |url=https://otagosettlers.org.nz/publications/newsletters/view/february-1990- |access-date=17 April 2023 |website=otagosettlers.org.nz |page=3}}</ref> Valpy's artwork is represented in the [[Toitū Otago Settlers Museum|Otago Early Settlers' Association]], Dunedin.<ref name=":0" /> Valpy's artwork, ''Early Dunedin 1851'', is also recorded as being reproduced in a 1948 calendar for July/August 1948.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coulls Somerville Wilkie Ltd: A century of service [the contribution of Coulls Somerville Wilkie Ltd to the Centennial of the Province of Otago]. 1948. |url=https://natlib.govt.nz/records/38446970?search%5Bi%5D%5Bname_authority_id%5D=-128193&search%5Bpath%5D=items |access-date=17 April 2023 |website=natlib.govt.nz}}</ref>

She died on 30 October 1884 in [[Mornington, Dunedin|Mornington]] and is buried in [[Dunedin Southern Cemetery]] with her daughter Arabella Valpy and granddaughter, Jessie Mackworth.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 October 1884 |title=Death |pages=2 |work=Evening Star |issue=6737 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/ESD18841031.2.4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Council |first=Dunedin City |title=Cemeteries search – Dunedin City Council |url=https://www.dunedin.govt.nz/services/cemeteries/cemeteries-search?recordid=99621&type=Burial |access-date=17 February 2023 |website=www.dunedin.govt.nz |language=en}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Valpy, Caroline}}
[[Category:1804 births]]
[[Category:1884 deaths]]
[[Category:Valpy–Fulton–Jeffreys family]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:British emigrants to New Zealand]]
[[Category:19th-century New Zealand artists]]
[[Category:19th-century New Zealand women artists]]
[[Category:Burials at Dunedin Southern Cemetery]]
{{NewZealand-artist-stub}}

Sait Nagjee Trophy

2026-01-23T10:45:06Z

MartiAshley1795: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Sait Nagjee Football Tournament]]

Makner

2026-01-13T17:29:28Z

MartiAshley1795: new.

{{Short description|Village in Malkapur, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2023}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Makner
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| nickname = Tirthkshetra Makner
| image_skyline = Makner.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Shri Sant Maroti Maharaj's Saptah Dindi, Tirthkshetra Makner
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra
| coordinates = {{coord|20.832|N|76.254|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Buldhana district|Buldhana]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Panchayat
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 255
| population_total = 1396
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="COI_2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/528643-makner-maharashtra.html|title=Census India: Makner|page=1}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Varhadi language|Varhadi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 443102
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07267
| registration_plate = MH 28
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1.09 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 83.55%
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Makner''' is a village in [[Malkapur, Buldhana|Malkapur]] tehsil of [[Buldhana district]] in [[Maharashtra]], India. This is regarded as a holy place, with three major temples dedicated to Hindu saints. Nearby towns are Malkapur on west, Nandura on East.<ref>[http://buldhana.nic.in/htmldocs/Attachment/Malkapur.htm Buldhana district website]</ref>

==Description==
The town post office [[Postal Index Number]] ( PIN code) is 443102. It is located 37 km towards North from District headquarters Buldhana. 9 km from Malkapur. 477 km from State capital Mumbai.<ref>[http://www.whereincity.com/india/pincode/maharashtra/buldhana.htm Pin codes of Buldhana district, Buldhana pincodes, Maharashtra zip code] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006153839/http://www.whereincity.com/india/pincode/maharashtra/buldhana.htm |date=6 October 2008 }}</ref>

==Transport==
There is a daily state bus service to and from Malkapur.

The nearest railway station is [[Malkapur railway station]], on the [[Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line]].

==Politics==
*Sarpanch (Makner) : Aashabai Tejrao Wanare
*Member Loksabha (Raver Region) : Raksha Khadse, [[Bharatiya Janta Party|(Bhartiya Janta Party)]]
*Member Vidhansabha (Malkapur and Nandura Region): Shri Rajesh Ekade, ([[Indian National Congress]])

==Schools==
*Zp Mar Pri School, Makner
*Aadarsha Vidyalaya, Umali
*M.S.M English School, [[Malkapur, Buldhana|Malkapur]]
*Navneet English School, [[Malkapur, Buldhana|Malkapur]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Geographic Location
|Centre = Makner
|North =
|Northeast =
|East = [[Nandura]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Motala, Buldhana]]
|Southwest =
|West =[[Malkapur, Buldhana|Malkapur]] [[Bodwad]]([[Jalgaon district]])
|Northwest = [[Muktainagar]]([[Jalgaon district]])
}}

{{Buldhana district}}

[[Category:Villages in Buldhana district]]

Banganapalle (mango)

2026-01-13T02:13:13Z

MartiAshley1795: updated page

{{Short description|Mango cultivar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox cultivar
| name = Banganapalli
| image = Guntur Mango.jpg
| image_caption = Banganpalle mangoes being sold on a bicycle in [[Guntur City]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| species = ''[[Mangifera indica]]''
| cultivar = 'Banganapalli'
| origin = [[Banganapalle]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Banganapalle mangoes
| color =
| logo =
| image = File:Guntur Mango.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Banaganapalle Mango sold on a Bicycle in Guntur
| alternative names =
| description = A Mango variety found in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh
| type = [[Agricultural]]
| area = [[Kurnool district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| registered = 
| material = {{plainlist|[[Agricultural]]
* [[Fruit]]
}}
| official website =
}}
'''Banganapalle mangoes''' (also known as '''Benishan''' and '''Bernisha''') is a mango variety produced in [[Banganapalle]] of [[Nandyal district|Nandyal District]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It alone occupies 70% percent of total mango cultivable area of the state and was first introduced by the farmers of Banaganapalli.<ref name="names">{{cite news|last1=Correspondent|first1=Special|title=Banginapalli mango to get geographical indication|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Banginapalli-mango-to-get-geographical-indication/article16130239.ece|access-date=5 May 2017|work=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref> It was registered as one of the [[geographical indication]] from Andhra Pradesh on 3 May 2017, under [[Horticulture|horticultural products]] by [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indication Registry]].<ref name="GI">{{cite web|title=GIR Search|url=http://ipindiaservices.gov.in/GirPublic/index.aspx|website=ipindiaservices.gov.in|access-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508144957/http://ipindiaservices.gov.in/GirPublic/index.aspx|archive-date=8 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Banaganapalle mangoes finally get GI tag|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/040517/banaganapalle-mangoes-finally-get-gi-tag.html|access-date=5 May 2017|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=4 May 2017|language=en}}</ref> It is also grown in the other parts of [[India]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{citation
| editor-last = Litz
| editor-first = Richard E.
| last1 = Mukherjee
| first1 = S.K.
| last2 = Litz
| first2 = R.E.
| contribution = Introduction: Botany and Importance
| title = The Mango: Botany, Production and Uses
| pages = 1–18
| year = 2009
| publisher = CAB International
| location = Wallingford, Oxon, UK}}</ref><ref name=newsletter>{{citation
| title = The Mango – King of Fruits
| journal = Tropical Fruits Newsletter
| volume = 20
| date = September 1996
| page = 15}}</ref><ref>{{citation
| contribution = Mango Flavor
| last1 = Chauhan
| first1 = O.P.
| last2 = Raju
| first2 = P.S.
| last3 = Bawa
| first3 = A.S.
| title = Handbook of Fruit and Vegetable Flavors
| editor-last = Hui
| editor-first = Y.H.
| publisher = Wiley
| location = Hoboken, NJ, USA
| year = 2010}}</ref> The fruit is described as obliquely oval in shape, around 20cm in length, with yellow flesh and a thin, smooth yellow skin. The flesh is of a firm, meaty texture and is sweet and lacks fibre.<ref name=Hort>{{citation
| pages = 96–97
| title = Management of Horticultural Crops
| last1 = Pradeepkumar
| first1 = T.
| last2 = Suma Jyothibhaskar
| first2 = B.
| last3 = Satheesan
| first3 = K.N.
| year = 2008
| publisher = New India Publishing Agency
| location = New Delhi, India}}</ref><ref name=newsletter /><ref>{{citation
| work = All About Mangoes. Portal of the International Mango Industry.}}</ref> The cultivar is the most sought after in Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Hindu Business Line : Steep fall in mango harvest; prices up |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/bline/2002/04/25/stories/2002042500991700.htm |access-date=20 May 2019 |work=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=25 April 2002}}</ref> It is a very late-season variety that is good for canning.<ref name=Hort />
This cultivar is a source of vitamin A & C and is also called king of Mangoes.

== Etymology ==
It is also known as ''Banganapalli'' as it is cultivated plenty in and around [[Banaganapalle]] village of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. ''Benishan'', ''Chappatai'', ''Safeda (Delhi, UP and other northern states), Badam'' ''Aam (Rajasthan, MP, Malwa, Mewar and other areas of Central India)'' are some other names.

== Cultivation ==
It is mainly cultivated in the mandals of Banaganapalle, [[Panyam]] and [[Nandyal]] of Kurnool district. Also Banginapalli from Ulavapadu village is very popular due to its enhanced flavour and size. Apart from these, Coastal and Rayalaseema areas cultivate it too. The state of Telangana also has its cultivation in some districts of Khammam, Mahabubnagar, Rangareddy, Medak and Adilabad districts of Telangana.<ref>{{cite news|title=Andhra Pradesh's Banaganapalle mango gets GI tag|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/030517/andhra-pradeshs-banaganapalle-mango-gets-gi-tag.html|access-date=5 May 2017|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=3 May 2017|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Kamalapur Red Banana]]
*[[Bangalore Blue]]
*[[Nanjanagud banana]]
*[[Coorg orange]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{mangoes}}

[[Category:Mango cultivars]]
[[Category:Mango cultivars of India]]
[[Category:GI-Tagged Mangoes of India]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Andhra Pradesh]]

Narinder Singh Raina

2026-01-05T13:20:54Z

MartiAshley1795: added.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

'''Narinder Singh Raina''' is an Indian politician from Jammu & Kashmir. He is a [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Member of the Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Ranbir Singh Pora–Jammu South Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the Bharatiya Janta Party.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 October 2024 |title=INC's Raman Bhalla loses to BJP's Dr Narinder Singh Raina by 1966 votes in a neck-to-neck battle for RS Pura- Jammu seat |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jammu-and-kashmir-election-raman-bhalla-inc-candidate-from-rs-pura-jammu-south-101728248544703.html |work=Hindustan TImes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=R. S. Pura–Jammu South, J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Dr. Narinder Singh Raina defeats INC's Raman Bhalla with 1966 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/r-s-pura-jammu-south-jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612952-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0874.htm|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Ranbir Singh Pora–Jammu South|last1=Election Commission of India|date=8 October 2024|access-date=9 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709124713/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0874.htm|archive-date=9 July 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024 Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raina, Narinder Singh}}
[[Category:People from Jammu district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{JammuKashmir-BJP-politician-stub}}

The Better India

2025-12-31T21:30:00Z

MartiAshley1795: expanded content

{{Short description|Indian digital media platform}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Context|date=December 2023}}
{{POV|date=December 2023}}
{{Too few opinions|date=December 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}{{Infobox organization
| formation = 2009
| image = TBI-English.svg
| type = Digital journalisms, Positive journalism
| remarks =
| name = The Better India
| founder = Dhimant Parekh 
Anuradha Kedia
| founding_location = [[Bangalore]], India
| website = {{URL|http://www.thebetterindia.com}}
}}
'''The Better India News''' is an Indian digital media platform focused on positive stories.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=288568836|title=Company Overview of The Better India Pvt Ltd.|website=www.bloomberg.com|access-date=2018-11-25}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.niemanlab.org/2018/03/the-better-india-will-show-you-all-the-positive-news-on-all-the-channels-you-might-want-it/|title=The Better India will show you all the positive news, on all the channels you might want it|work=Nieman Lab|access-date=2018-11-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/495695/feel-good-news-spreads-positivity.html|title=Feel good news that spreads positivity|date=2015-08-17|work=Deccan Herald|access-date=2018-11-26|language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
In 2015, The Better India got {{Indian Rupee}}1 [[crore]] ([[United States dollar|$]]160,000) funding.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/BVZl6ZRo3AeTzINuUzdI6H/News-startup-The-Better-India-gets-Rs1-crore-funding.html|title=News start-up The Better India gets Rs1 crore funding|last=Menezes|first=Beryl|date=2015-03-16|work=Livemint|access-date=2018-11-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/business/news/companies/better-india-raises-rs-1-cr-funding_121037.html|title=Better India raises Rs 1 cr funding|date=2015-03-16|work=Zee News|access-date=2018-11-26|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/the-better-india-raises-rs-1-cr-funding/54258/|title=The Better India raises Rs 1 cr funding - The Financial Express|website=www.financialexpress.com|date=16 March 2015 |access-date=2018-11-26}}</ref> More recently in 2018, The Better India raised an undisclosed amount funding from the Lok Foundation<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/internet/the-better-india-raises-debt-funding-from-lok-foundation/62432038|title=The Better India raises debt funding from Lok Foundation - ETtech|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=9 January 2018 |language=en|access-date=2018-11-26 |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Supraja }}</ref> and also receives financial support from the Independent & Public Spirited Media Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ipsmf.org/|title=IPSMF {{!}} The Independent and Public-Spirited (IPS) Media Foundation|website=ipsmf.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-26}}</ref> The Better India also receives advertisements and sponsorship for content.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/supporting-better-india/|title=Support The Better India|date=26 November 2018|website=The Better India}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/miscellaneous/impact-focused-news-platform-the-better-india-raises-capital-from-lok-foundation/articleshow/62432123.cms|title=Impact focused news platform The Better India raises capital from Lok Foundation|last=Srinivasan|first=Supraja|date=2018|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-11-26}}</ref>

The Better India shares content over various platforms to over 30 million people.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" />

The Better India is run by Vikara Services Pvt Ltd, a company founded in 2008 and is based in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], India led by husband and wife entrepreneurs Dhimant Parekh and wife Anuradha Parekh.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/author/the-better-india/|title=The Better India|website=HuffPost India|language=en|access-date=2018-11-26}}</ref>

About 30 percent of its audience comes from outside of India with a majority of those being from the [[United States]], [[United Kingdom]] and [[Singapore]]. Sponsored stories makes up eighty percent of their revenue.<ref name=":1" />

== Controversies ==
In 2018, [[BBC]] released a research paper titled "Duty, Identity, Credibility: ‘Fake News’ and the ordinary citizen in India". In this, The Better India was accused of sharing [[fake news]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2018/11/23/bbc-non-apology-the-better-india|title=Why the BBC owes a real apology to The Better India|last=Newslaundry|work=Newslaundry|access-date=2018-11-26|language=en-us}}</ref> After The Better India got in touch with BBC, BBC research’s lead author, Sanatanu Chakrabarti, acknowledged the mistake in a private email:<blockquote>"We have looked into your concern and found that we made a human error when scanning a wide range of media for our report on fake news. ''The Better India'' should not have been included and we would like to apologise to you for this mistake. We have now amended the report..."<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://twitter.com/thebetterindia/status/1063654474340855811|title=The Better India on Twitter|work=Twitter|access-date=2018-11-26|language=en}}</ref></blockquote>The Better India criticized BBC for not apologizing publicly and 'maligning years of [their] hard work".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/shorts/bbcs-report-on-fake-news-removed-from-its-website-will-be-re-published-soon|title=BBC's report on fake news removed from its website, will be 're-published soon'|last=Newslaundry|work=Newslaundry|access-date=2018-11-26|language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

== Recognition ==
* [[Manthan Award]] for "Best Alternative News Site" across South Asia.<ref name=":3" />
*2016: Marico Innovation Foundation (MIF) Award for Social Innovation for "showcasing positive news and social development news, showcases unsung heroes, change-makers and grass-root innovations catalyzing significant on-ground impact."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/press-release/the-6th-edition-of-innovation-for-india-awards-2016-recognizes-6-unique-innovations-in-the-business-and-social-sector/806004|title=The 6th edition of Innovation for India Awards 2016 recognizes 6 unique innovations in the business and social sector|website=www.freepressjournal.in|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.maricoinnovationfoundation.org/mif-awards/|title=MIF AWARDS - Marico Foundation|work=Marico Foundation|access-date=2018-11-26|language=en-US|archive-date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419093343/https://www.maricoinnovationfoundation.org/mif-awards/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Solutions journalism]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Media of India}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Better India, The}}
[[Category:Online magazines published in India]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Karnataka]]

Virazouma

2025-11-28T02:29:24Z

MartiAshley1795: Put Up A Stub

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Virazouma
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Village]] and [[Metropolitan area]]
| image =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| image_map1 =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Nagaland#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Kirha
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Administrative divisions of India#Regions|Region]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Northeast India]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nagaland]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima District]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| total_type = 
| area_footnotes =
| area_magnitude = 
| area_total_km2 = 
| area_land_km2 = 
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_urban_km2 =
| area_metro_km2 =
| area_blank1_title =
| area_blank1_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m =
| elevation_min_m =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_rank =
| population_total = 1276<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/nagaland/dimapur/chumukedima/tenyiphe-iii-virazouma-population.html|title=Census of India 2011 – Virazouma data|website=www.censusindia.com|access-date=7 January 2023}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban =
| population_density_urban_km2 =
| population_metro =
| population_density_metro_km2 =
| population_blank1_title = [[Demonym]]
| population_blank1 =
| population_density_blank1_km2 =
| population_blank2_title = Official
| population_blank2 = [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 797113
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website = {{URL|nagaland.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Virazouma''' is a village located in the [[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima District]] of [[Nagaland]] and is a suburb of [[Chümoukedima]], the district headquarters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/govt-notifies-jurisdiction-for-three-new-districts|title=Govt notifies jurisdiction for three new districts|date=20 December 2021|website=[[The Morung Express]]|access-date=10 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mapsofindia.com/villages/nagaland/dimapur/chumukedima/teniphe-iii.html|title=Map of Virazouma|website=www.mapsofindia.com|access-date=4 January 2023}}</ref>

==Demographics==
Virazouma is situated in the Chümoukedima District of Nagaland. As per the Population Census 2011, there are a total 247 households in Virazouma. The total population of Virazouma is 1276.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiagrowing.com/Nagaland/Dimapur/Chumukedima/Tenyiphe_III_(Virazouma)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227074919/https://www.indiagrowing.com/Nagaland/Dimapur/Chumukedima/Tenyiphe_III_(Virazouma)|url-status=usurped|archive-date=December 27, 2022|title=Census of India 2011 – Virazouma data|website=indiagrowing.com|access-date=27 December 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima District]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Chümoukedima district]]

Faraizi movement

2025-11-19T12:01:20Z

MartiAshley1795:

{{Short description|Bengali Islamic movement of 1818}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2013}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox militant organization
| name = Faraizi Movement
| native_name = ফরাজী আন্দোলন
| native_name_lang = bn
| image =
| logo = Flag of Jihad.svg
| caption =
| leader = [[Haji Shariatullah]] (founder) [[Dudu Miyan]] (successor)
| foundation = 1818
| dissolution = c. 1900s (merged into other reformist/anti-colonial movements)
| predecessor =
| successor = [[Indian independence movement]] factions
| headquarters = [[Faridpur District|Faridpur]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| area = Bengal region
| ideology = [[Islamic revivalism]] [[Anti-colonialism]] [[Jihadism]] [[Islamic fundamentalism]] [[Islamism]] [[Reformism]] [[Bengali nationalism]] [[Anti-British sentiment]]
| status = Defunct
| size = Tens of
thousands of followers (at its peak)
| allies = {{flagicon image|Flag of Taliban.svg}} [[Deobandi jihadism|Deobandi rebels]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Tariqah-i-Muhammadiya|Titumir's Forces]]
| opponents = {{flagicon image|British Raj Red Ensign.svg}} [[British Raj]]
* Local [[Zamindars]]
| battles = [[Faraizi uprisings]]
| partof =
}}
[[File:Haji_Shariatullah.jpg|thumb|[[Haji Shariatullah]]]]
{{Islam in Bangladesh}}
The '''Faraizi movement''' ({{langx|bn|ফরায়েজি আন্দোলন|fôrayezi andolôn}}) was an [[Islamic revivalist]], [[Reformist]] [[Militant]] movement led by [[Haji Shariatullah]] in Eastern [[Bengal]] to encourage Muslims to give up [[bidah|un-Islamic practices]] and act upon their duties as Muslims ([[fard|''farāʾiḍ'']]).<ref name="BP-Shariatullah">{{cite book |last=Khan |first=Muin-ud-Din Ahmad |year=2012 |chapter=Shariatullah, Haji |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Shariatullah,_Haji |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Founded in 1818, the movement protected the rights of tenants to a great extent.

== Views ==
The Faraizis adhered to the [[Hanafi]] school with certain differences in practices.
* [[Tawbah]] i.e. to be penitent for past sins as a measure for the purification of soul.
* To observe strictly the obligatory duties of [[fard|Faraiz]].
* Strict adherence to [[Tawhid]]
* India being [[Dar al Harb]], [[Friday prayers]] and [[Eid al-Adha|Eid]] prayers were not obligatory.
* Denouncing all cultural rites and ceremonies, which had no reference to the [[Quran]] and [[Sunnah]], as [[bidah]] or sinful innovations.<ref name=":0" />

The leader of the Faraizis was called ''Ustad'' or teacher, and his disciples ''shaagird'' or students (protégé), instead of using the terms like ''pir'' and ''murid''. A person so initiated into the Faraizi fold was called ''Tawbar Muslim'' or ''Mumin''.<ref name=":0" />
It was a religious revivalist movement founded in rural areas of East Bengal. It was initially peaceful but later turned violent. The basic aim was to discard un Islamic practices.
Its epicentre was in Faridpur.

==Social reform==
The Faraizi movement was widely taken up in the areas of greater [[Dhaka]], [[Barisal]], and [[Comilla]].<ref name="BP-Shariatullah" />

The landlords levied numerous ''abwabs'' (plural form of the Arabic term ''bab'', signifying a door, a section, a chapter, a title). During [[Mughal Empire|Mughal India]], all temporary and conditional taxes and impositions levied by the government over and above regular taxes were referred to as abwabs. More explicitly, abwab stood for all irregular impositions on Raiyats above the established assessment of land in the Pargana. Such abwabs were horribly dishonest in the eye of law. Several abwabs were of a religious nature. Haji Shariatullah then intervened to object to such a practice and commanded his disciples not to pay these dishonest cesses to the landlords. The landlords even inflicted a ban on the slaughter of cows, especially on the occasion of [[Eid al-Adha|Eid]]. The Faraizis ordained their peasant followers not to obey such a ban. All these heated instances added up to tensed and stressed relationships amongst the Faraizis and the landlords, who were all [[Hindus]].<ref name=":0" />{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}

The Islamic-led Faraizi movement could be witnessed in various parts of Bengal, with overwhelming Anglo-Bangla agreement for perhaps the very first time. The outraged landlords built up a propaganda campaign with the British officials, incriminating the Faraizis with a mutinous mood. In 1837, these Hindu landlords indicted Haji Shariatullah of attempting to build up a kingdom of his own. They also brought several lawsuits against the Faraizis, in which they benefitted dynamic co-operation of the European indigo planters. Shariatullah was placed under the detention of the police in more than one instance, for purportedly inciting agrarian turbulence in Faridpur.<ref name=":0" />{{additional citation needed|date=February 2015}}

== Resistance to Colonialism ==
After the death of [[Haji Shariatullah]], his son, [[Dudu Miyan]], led the movement to a more agrarian character. He organised the oppressed peasantry against the oppressive landlords. In retaliation, the landlords and indigo planters tried to contain Dudu Miyan by instituting false cases against him.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last=Khan |first=Muin-ud-Din Ahmed |year=2012 |chapter=Faraizi Movement |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Faraizi_Movement |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> However, he became so popular with the peasantry that in the cases, courts seldom found a witness against Dudu Miyan.

The initial victories of Dudu Miyan captured the imagination of the masses and Haji sahib the great sought Dudu Miyan's protection against the oppressive landlords.

Dudu Miyan died in 1862 and before his death he had appointed a board of guardians to look after his minor sons, Ghiyasuddin Haydar and Abdul Gafur alias Naya Miyan who succeeded him successively. The board, with great difficulty, kept the dwindling movement from falling to pieces. It was not until Naya Miyan attained maturity that it regained some of its lost strength. Nabinchandra Sen, the then sub-divisional officer of [[Madaripur District]], thought it prudent to enter into an alliance of mutual help with the Faraizi leaders, who, in their turn, showed a spirit of co-operation towards the government.<ref name=":0" />

On the death of Naya Miyan in 1884, the third and the youngest son of Dudu Miyan, Syeduddin Ahmad was acclaimed leader by the Faraizis. During this time, the conflict of the Faraizis with the Taiyunis, another reformist group reached the climax and religious debates between the two schools of thought had become a commonplace occurrence in [[East Bengal]]. He was bestowed with the title of ''Khan Bahadur'' by the government. In 1905, on the question of the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|partition of Bengal]], he lent support to [[Nawab Salimullah]] in favour of partition, but he died in 1906.<ref name=":0" />

Khan Bahadur Syeduddin was succeeded by his eldest son Rashiduddin Ahmad alias [[Badshah Miyan]]. During the early years of his leadership, Badshah Miyan maintained the policy of co-operation towards the government. However, the annulment of the partition of Bengal made him anti-British and he took part in the Khilafat and non-co-operation movements. Soon after the establishment of Pakistan he summoned a conference of the Faraizis at Narayanganj and declared Pakistan as ''Dar-ul-Islam'' and gave permission to his followers to hold the congregational prayers of ''Jum'ah'' and ''Eid''.<ref name=":0" />

===List of leaders===
{| width=100% class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#F0DC88" width=20% | Name
! style="background-color:#F0DC88" width=7% | Term
|-
|align="center"|''[[Haji Shariatullah|Ḥājī Sharīʿatullāh Taʿluqdār]]'' {{lang|ar|حاجي شريعة الله تعلقدار}} {{lang|bn|হাজী শরীয়তুল্লাহ তালুকদার}}
|align="center"|1818-1840
|-
|align="center"|''[[Dudu Miyan|Muḥammad Muḥsin ad-Dīn Aḥmad Dudu Miyān]]'' {{lang|ar|محمد محسن الدين أحمد دودو میاں}} {{lang|bn|মুহম্মদ মুহসিনউদ্দীন আহমদ দুদু মিঞা}}
|align="center"|1840-1862
|-
|align="center"|''Ghiyāth ad-Dīn Ḥaydar'' {{lang|ar|غياث الدين حيدر}} {{lang|bn|গিয়াসউদ্দীন হায়দর}}
|align="center"|1862-1864
|-
|align="center"|''ʿAbd al-Ghafūr Nayā Miyān'' {{lang|ar|عبد الغفور نیا میاں}} {{lang|bn|আব্দুল গফূর নয়া মিঞা}}
|align="center"|1864-1884
|-
|align="center"|''Khān Bahādur Saʿīd ad-Dīn Aḥmad'' {{lang|ar|خان بهادر سعيد الدین أحمد}} {{lang|bn|খাঁন বাহাদুর সাঈদউদ্দীন আহমদ}}
|align="center"|1884-1906
|-
|align="center"|''[[Awa Khaled Rashid Uddin Ahmad|Abū Khālid Rashīd ad-Dīn Aḥmad Bādshāh Miyā]]'' {{lang|ar|أبو خالد رشید الدین أحمد بادشاہ میاں}} {{lang|bn|আবু খালেদ রশীদউদ্দীন আহমদ বাদশাহ মিঞা}}
|align="center"|1906-1959
|-
|align="center"|''[[Abul Hafez Mohsen Uddin Ahmad|Muḥsin ad-Dīn Aḥmad Dudu Miyān II]]'' {{lang|ar|محسن الدين أحمد دودو میاں الثاني}} {{lang|bn|দোসরা মুহসিনউদ্দীন আহমদ দুদু মিঞা}}
|align="center"|1959-1997
|-
|align="center"|''Muḥi ad-Dīn Aḥmad Dādan Miyān'' {{lang|ar|محي الدين أحمد دادان میاں}} {{lang|bn|মুহিউদ্দীন আহমদ দাদন মিঞা}}
|align="center"|1997-2005
|-
|align="center"|''Mayeen ad-Dīn Aḥmad Zubayr Miyān'' {{lang|ar|معين الدين أحمد زبير میاں}} {{lang|bn|মঈনউদ্দীন আহমদ জুবায়ের মিঞা}}
|align="center"|2005-2012
|-
|align="center"|''Abd Allāh Muḥammad Ḥasan Miyān'' {{lang|ar|عبدالله محمد حسن میاں}} {{lang|bn|আব্দুল্লাহ মুহাম্মদ হাসান মিঞা}}
|align="center"|2012–present
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Anjuman-i-Ulama-i-Bangala]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}

[[Category:Islamism in India]]
[[Category:Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Protests in British India]]
[[Category:Political history of India]]
[[Category:1818 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1818]]
[[Category:19th-century Islam]]

Kamal Thapa

2025-11-17T06:52:07Z

MartiAshley1795: typo fix

{{Short description|Nepali politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kamal Thapa
| native_name = कमल थापा
| native_name_lang = ne
| image = Kamal Thapa 2015.jpg
| office = Chairman of [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal]]
| term_start = February 2022
| predecessor = Position created
| term_end =
| monarch =
| office1 = [[Deputy Prime Minister of Nepal]]
| term_start1 = 7 June 2017
| term_end1 = 15 February 2018
| primeminister1 = [[Sher Bahadur Deuba]]
| president1 = [[Ram Baran Yadav]]
| predecessor1 = [[Bimalendra Nidhi]]
| successor1 = [[Ishwar Pokhrel]]
| term_start2 = 12 October 2015
| term_end2 = 4 August 2016
| primeminister2 = [[KP Sharma Oli]]
| president2 = Ram Baran Yadav
| predecessor2 = [[Prakash Man Singh]]
| successor2 = Bimalendra Nidhi
| office3 = [[Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation (Nepal)|Minister of Energy]]
| term_start3 = 17 October 2017
| term_end3 = 14 February 2018
| primeminister3 = Sher Bahadur Deuba
| president3 = [[Bidya Devi Bhandari]]
| predecessor3 = [[Mahendra Bahadur Shahi]]
| successor3 = [[Barsaman Pun]]
| office4 = [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Nepal)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
| term_start4 = 12 October 2015
| term_end4 = 4 August 2016
| primeminister4 = KP Sharma Oli
| president4 = Ram Baran Yadav
| successor4 = [[Prakash Sharan Mahat]]
| office5 = [[Minister of Home Affairs (Nepal)| Minister of Home Affairs]]
| term_start5 = 3 March 2006
| term_end5 = 10 June 2006
| monarch5 = [[Gyanendra of Nepal|Gyanendra]]
| successor5 = [[Krishna Prasad Sitaula]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|8|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Makwanpur District]], Nepal
| party = [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal|RPP-Nepal]]
| residence = [[Kathmandu]], Nepal
}}
'''Kamal Thapa''' ({{langx|ne|कमल थापा; born 4 August 1955}}) is a Nepalese politician belonging to [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal]].

Thapa, has served as a [[Deputy Prime Minister of Nepal|Deputy Prime Minister]] and [[Ministry of Federal Affairs and General Administration (Nepal)|Federal Affairs and Local Development]]. Thapa is also the president of [[Nepal]]'s [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] party, the [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-08 |title=Disregarding Nepal’s sovereignty is objectionable: Kamal Thapa |url=https://www.myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/disregarding-nepals-sovereignty-is-objectionable-kamal-thapa-61-66.html |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=www.myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com |language=English}}</ref>

== Ideology ==
He served as a Home Minister during [[Gyanendra of Nepal|King Gyanendra]]'s direct rule in 2006 until the king was forced to handover power to [[Girija Prasad Koirala]] of the [[Nepali Congress|Nepali Congress Party]] and his allies with [[Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)]] and [[Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-30/south-asia/28085106_1_gyanendra-hindu-kingdom-madhav-kumar-nepal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025174415/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-30/south-asia/28085106_1_gyanendra-hindu-kingdom-madhav-kumar-nepal|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 October 2012|title=2009 sees monarchy down but not out in Nepal|date=30 December 2009|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=8 January 2010}}</ref> Thapa claimed that no political parties in Nepal have the courage to safeguard Nepali nationality.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphnepal.com/news_det.php?news_id=5083|title=Nepal monarchy can only safeguard national identity: Kamal Thapa|date=25 March 2009|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=8 January 2010|location=Nepal|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924114021/http://www.telegraphnepal.com/news_det.php?news_id=5083|url-status=dead}}</ref>

He had also challenged the government to re-investigate the royal massacre.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Govt+days+numbered%3A+Thapa&NewsID=229463 |title=You searched for Govt days numbered: Thapa |newspaper=[[The Himalayan Times]] |date=2010-02-24 |accessdate=2016-08-01 |archive-date=24 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224072755/http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Govt+days+numbered:+Thapa&NewsID=229463 |url-status=dead }}</ref> RPP-N organised [[bandh]] (Close Down) on 22 February 2010 as part of its agitation demanding timely promulgation of constitution.<ref>[http://www.nepalnews.com/main/index.php/news-archive/2-political/4309-rpp-n-bandh-cripples-valley-life.html]{{dead link|date=August 2016}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Thapa's younger brother is former President of [[All Nepal Football Association]] [[Ganesh Thapa]], who has been involved in the development of football as a professional sport in Nepal.

==Political career==
[[File:The Deputy Prime Minister of Nepal, Shri Kamal Thapa calls on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on October 19, 2015 (1).jpg|alt=kamal thapa in delhi|thumb|Deputy Prime Minister Shree Kamal Thapa with Indian prime minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on 19 October 2015.|left]]
===Deputy prime minister===
He held the office of deputy prime minister of [[Nepal]] in cabinet of Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli on 12 October 2015.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|author=Binaj Gurubacharya |url=https://news.yahoo.com/nepals-premier-names-protest-group-leaders-deputies-095943171.html |title=Nepal's new premier names protest group leaders as deputies |website=News.yahoo.com |date=2015-10-12 |accessdate=2016-08-01}}</ref>
===Forming of Rastriya Prajatantra Party-Nepal===
RPP held its first general convention in 2050 B.S. in Kathmandu, and unanimously elected former prime-minister [[Surya Bahadur Thapa]] as chairman. Kamal Thapa became spokesman.

The first-ever special general convention of the party took place in 2062 B.S. in Kathmandu. The special general convention passed a vote of no confidence motion against Pashupati Shamsher Rana and elected Kamal Thapa as chairman of the party. Thapa resigned from his post and [[Rabindra Nath Sharma]] became the chairman of the party on 10th Karkik, 2063. Rabindra Nath Sharma resigned from the post of chairman because of his poor health by the second week of Falgun, 2064 and the chairmanship of the party was handed over to Kamal Thapa again.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rppn.org.np/history.html |title=History |accessdate=2010-08-10 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101103074550/http://rppn.org.np/history.html |archivedate= 3 November 2010 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{Hindu Nationalism}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thapa, Kamal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:People from Makwanpur District]]
[[Category:Nepalese Hindus]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Nepal]]
[[Category:Rastriya Prajatantra Party politicians]]
[[Category:Ministers of foreign affairs of Nepal]]
[[Category:Deputy prime ministers of Nepal]]
[[Category:Nepal MPs 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Members of the Rastriya Panchayat]]
[[Category:Members of the 2nd Nepalese Constituent Assembly]]

Kameng River

2025-11-15T16:47:43Z

MartiAshley1795: page fix

{{short description|River in northeast India}}
{{coord|26|38|N|92|53|E|display=title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}

The '''Kameng River''' (previously named Bharali River, now called Kameng in [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and Jiabharali (Jia Bharali) in [[Assam]]) in the eastern [[Himalayan mountains]], originates in [[Tawang district]] from the [[glacial lake]] below snow-capped [[Gori Chen]] mountain {{coord|27|48|36|N|92|26|38|E}},<ref>Alpine Club Library - Himalayan Index - [http://www.alpine-club.org.uk/hi/screen2b_2.php?s=80&np=24 Results of Search by latitude/longitude] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208013316/http://www.alpine-club.org.uk/hi/screen2b_2.php?s=80&np=24 |date=8 February 2012 }}</ref> elevation {{convert|6300|m|ft|0}},<ref>(1997) ThinkQuest team, retrieved 10/1/2007 [http://library.thinkquest.org/10131/arunachal_kangtomassif.html Kangto Massif] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828062004/http://library.thinkquest.org/10131/arunachal_kangtomassif.html |date=2008-08-28 }}</ref><ref>East Kameng District at a glance, retrieved 9/15/07 [http://eastkameng.nic.in/InBrief.htm Brief History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031210045049/http://eastkameng.nic.in/InBrief.htm |date=2003-12-10 }}</ref> on the [[McMahon Line|India-Tibet border]] and flows through [[Bhalukpong]] circle of [[West Kameng District]], Arunachal Pradesh and [[Sonitpur|Sonitpur District]] of Assam, [[India]]. It becomes a [[braided river]] in its lower reaches<ref name="Phukon">{{Cite book|last1=Phukon |first1=P. |last2=Machahary |first2=Ratamali |year=2011 |chapter=Bankline Migration of the Jiabharali River, North Brahmaputra Plain, Assam |title=Geodynamics, sedimenation and biotic response in the context of India-Asia collision |series=Memoir #77 |location=Bangalore |publisher=Geological Society of India |pages=547–557 |isbn=978-81-907636-2-2 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320197202 }}</ref> and is one of the major tributaries of the [[Brahmaputra|Brahmaputra River]], joining it at [[Tezpur]], just east of the [[Kolia Bhomora Setu]] bridge.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.clsp.jhu.edu/people/zak/ramana/wapMiscLogistics.htm#WapLayoutMap |title=Eaglenest Biodiversity Project map of Western Arunachal Pradesh |access-date=1 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018012042/http://www.clsp.jhu.edu/people/zak/ramana/wapMiscLogistics.htm#WapLayoutMap |archive-date=18 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The Kameng forms the boundary between the [[East Kameng|East Kameng]] and [[West Kameng]] districts and is also the boundary between the [[Sessa Orchid Sanctuary]] and [[Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary]] to its west and the [[Pakke Tiger Reserve]] to the east.<ref>[http://www.clsp.jhu.edu/people/zak/ramana/wapLocEaglenest.htm#EaglenestMap Eaglenest Biodiversity Project map of Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070918192235/http://www.clsp.jhu.edu/people/zak/ramana/wapLocEaglenest.htm |date=2007-09-18 }}</ref> The [[Dafla Hills]] are east and the [[Aka Hills]] (home of [[Aka (tribe)|Aka tribe]]) are west of the Kameng River. The entire stretch of forest along the Bhalukpong–[[Bomdila]] highway on the west bank of the river in West Kameng has vanished{{Vague|reason=Brief reason should be mentioned. Has it vanished because of logging (for construction, firewood, etc.) and poor govt response to it? or is there another reason?|date=September 2025}} in the last few years though the forest across the river continues to be in a healthy state.<ref>Athreya, R. (2006) Eaglenest Biodiversity Project − I (2003–2006): Conservation resources for Eaglenest wildlife sanctuary, A report submitted to the Forest Department of the Government of Arunachal Pradesh, India, and the [[Rufford-Maurice-Laing Foundation]] (UK). Kaati Trust, Pune. [http://www.ncra.tifr.res.in/~rathreya/Eaglenest/ebp1reportW.pdf 2.2.2 Geography and Climate, p 23] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602073437/http://ncra.tifr.res.in/~rathreya/Eaglenest/ebp1reportW.pdf |date=2010-06-02 }}</ref>

The Kameng River is about {{convert|264|km}} long with a [[drainage basin]] of about {{convert|11843|km2}}.<ref name="Rao1979">{{cite book|last=Rao|first=K.L.|title=India's Water Wealth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZNrXuA2y3MC&pg=PA78|access-date=1 May 2011|year=1979|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-0704-3|page=78}}</ref>

==History==
The '''Kameng river''' had an important historical significance. During the medieval period i.e. between 13th to early 16th century, it marked the borders between the [[Chutiya kingdom]] and the [[Kamata kingdom]]. Later, in the 16th century, after the annexation of the Chutiya kingdom by the Ahoms and the downfall of Kamata kingdom, it acted as the border between the [[Ahom kingdom]] and [[Baro-Bhuyan]] rule.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}

==Tributaries==
The eastern half of [[Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary|Eaglenest-Sessa Wildlife sanctuaries]] is drained by the Tippi Naala (Tippi River) which joins Kameng River at the village of Tippi on the Bhalukpong-Bomdila Highway. The other major rivers flowing through West Kameng District, the Tenga, Bichom and Dirang Chu, are tributaries of the Kameng.<ref>Nandy S.N. District Profile: [https://web.archive.org/web/20030411130434/http://www.geocities.com/himenvis/vol72/vol72-Nandy.htm West Kameng District], G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora 263643, India
</ref>

== Maps ==
<gallery>
File:Kameng River, source to mouth.jpg
</gallery>

== See also ==

* [[Nyegyi Kansang]]

==Notes==
<references/>

==External links==
* {{Commons-inline}}
*[http://wikimapia.org/4033940/Kameng_River Kameng River on Wikimapia]
* [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040905/spectrum/main4.htm Photo of Gorichen Peak]
{{Hydrography of North-east India}}

[[Category:Rivers of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rivers of Assam]]

Reeth Rishya Tennison

2025-10-19T06:13:51Z

MartiAshley1795: starting new details

{{short description|Indian table tennis player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox table tennis player
| name = Reeth Rishya
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Reeth Rishya Tennison
| nicknames =
| nationality = Indian
| residence =
| playingstyle =
| equipment =
| hrank =
| crank =
| club =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|4|27|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height =
| weight =
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport | Women's [[table tennis]] }}
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
}}
'''Reeth Rishya Tennison''' (born 27 April 1995) is an Indian [[table tennis]] player. As of 2021, she is the second top-ranked female table tennis player in India<ref>{{Cite web| title=Final ranking 2021: women's singles | publisher=Table tennis federation of India | url=http://ttfi.org/app/webroot/pdf/Ranking2021/WS_Final-21R.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925062344/http://ttfi.org/app/webroot/pdf/Ranking2021/WS_Final-21R.pdf | archive-date=2022-09-25}}</ref> and ranked 118th in the world as of March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ITTF - World Ranking |url=https://www.ittf.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/2022_38_SEN_WS.html|website=ittf.com}}</ref> She represented [[India]] in the [[2022 Commonwealth Games]] Birmingham.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/india-at-commonwealth-games-2022-manika-batra-sreeja-akula-reeth-rishya-enter-round-of-16-in-pics-photos-214303|title=India At Commonwealth Games 2022: Manika Batra, Sreeja Akula, Reeth Rishya Enter Round Of 16 - In Pics|website= outlookindia.com/ |date=5 August 2022 }}</ref>

==Early life==
Reeth Rishya born 27 April 1995 in [[Chennai| Chennai, Tamil Nadu]]. She is married to [[Sanil Shetty]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/sanil-and-reeth-keep-up-a-romantic-tradition/article24401148.ece|title=Sanil & Reeth keep up a romantic tradition|first=Amol|last=Karhadkar|work=The Hindu |date=12 July 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Career==
Reeth has won her first international pro tour by winning the ITTF Ecuador Open, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/table-tennis/reeth-rishya-first-woman-win-pro-tour-singles-26515|title=Reeth Rishya becomes first Indian woman to win a pro tour in the singles category|first=Soumya|last=Bontra|date=8 November 2021|website=thebridge.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rishya, Reeth}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female table tennis players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
{{India-tabletennis-bio-stub}}

Dyampur

2025-10-05T20:38:14Z

MartiAshley1795: Added a details...

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name=Dyampur
| settlement_type = village
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position= right
| pushpin_map_caption=Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates= {{coord|15.508061|N|75.966644|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type= Country
| subdivision_name= {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1= [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1= [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2= [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2= [[Koppal]]
| parts_type= [[Taluka]]s
| parts= Koppal
| government_type=
| governing_body= Village Panchayat
| area_total_km2=9.031
| population_total= 1745
| population_as_of= 2011
| population_density_km2= auto
| demographics_type1= Languages
| demographics1_title1= Official
| demographics1_info1= [[Kannada]]
| timezone1= [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1= +5:30
| postal_code_type= [[Postal Index Number]]
| postal_code=583232<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/karnataka/koppal/dyampur|title=Dyampur Pin Code | Postal Code (Zip Code) of Dyampur, Koppal, Karnataka, India|website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref>
| registration_plate=KA
| blank1_name_sec1= Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1= Koppal
| blank2_name_sec1= Civic agency
| blank2_info_sec1= Village Panchayat
|blank3_name_sec1= altitude
| blank3_info_sec1= 1750 feet
| website= {{URL|karnataka.gov.in}}
| iso_code= [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]}}

''' Dyampur ''' is a village in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Yelburga]] taluk of [[Koppal district]], [[Raichur]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eo0JR8nH3I8C&pg=PA305|title = Revolution of the Mystics on the Social Aspects of Virasaivism|isbn = 9788120812383|last1 = Schouten|first1 = Jan Peter|date = 31 December 1995|page=305}}</ref> Previously a part of [[Salar Jung family|Salar Jung]]'s jagir, which included most of Koppal and Yelburga taluks in erstwhile [[Hyderabad state]]. This village was also birthplace of "Kaviratna" Chennakavi, Pandit Kallinathakavi and poet Kavyananda.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kPOV5LGxTYQC&q=Dyampur|title=A Guide to the 1961 Census Publication Programme|first1=India Office of the Registrar|last1=General|first2=India Office of the|last2=Registrar|date=22 August 1965|publisher=Manager of Publications|via=Google Books|page=113}}</ref><ref name="Dyampur">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uNw-AQAAIAAJ&q=Dyampur|title=Karnataka State Gazetteer|date=22 August 1983|publisher=Office of the Chief Editor, Karnataka Gazetteer Department, Government of Karnataka|via=Google Books|page=1347}}</ref>

==Village description==
===Physiography and location===
The villages lies in a dry yet plain and fertile belt between the [[Krishna River|Krishna]]{{efn|flows from the north}} and [[Tungabhadra]]{{efn|flows from the south}} rivers, a region known as [[Raichur Doab]]. The average altitude of the village is 1750 feet, with its exact coordinates being at 76° 10' E longitude and 15° 13' N latitude. It receives 23 inches of rainfall every year, mostly between the period starting from second week of June to October.<ref name="A"/>

It is bordered by villages of Rajur in the north, [[Kuknoor]] in south, Harishankarbandi in the east and Chikenkop in the west. The nearest railway station is located in Bhanapur around 8 miles away. The taluk headquarters at Yelburga is located 9 miles away and district headquarters at Raichur is located 120 Miles away. The village lies in proximity of several historically important cities and towns, most notably [[Hampi]], once the capital of mighty [[Vijayanagara Empire]] lies just 35 miles away from the village. The village covers an area of 2324 acres or 3.6 sq. miles.<ref name="A"/>

===Agriculture===
There are 3 distinct types of soils found in the village:
#The fertile red soil known as Masari
#Black soil known as Yeri
#A mix of above (red and black) known as Garabu <ref name="A"/>

The red soil belt lies in the immediate neighborhood of the village, consisting of 1/3 of the total arable land in the village, used to grow crops like Jowar, groundnut and pulses. While black soil belt is found further outside the village. The Garabu mixture of soil lies in between two soil belts.<ref name="A"/>

The main grown crops in the village are [[pearl millet|Bajra]], [[Jowar]], cotton, Mavare, [[Toor dal|Toor]], Niger seed, horsegram, saltlower, Bengal gram, greengram, sesamum, Jinseed, wheat and oilseeds. The main grown vegetables are lady's fingers, Brinjal, beans gourds, cucumber pulses and leafy vegetables.<ref name="A">{{cite book|title=Census Of India(1961) XI: Mysore Part VI Village survey monographs no 27 Dyampur village |first=K. |last=Balasubramanyam|publisher= The Controller Of Publications|date=1976|url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6047/1/43130_1961_DYA.pdf}}</ref>{{rp|5–21}}

===Fauna===
There are a number of animals which can be seen in the area such as rabbits, jackals, deer, reptiles, rodents and among birds the common ones are parrots, eagles, crows and owls.

==Temples==
There are many temples in the village most important of these are temples of [[Mahamuyi]], [[Hanuman|Maruti]] and Eswara, located in centre of the village. And most of village houses are clustered around these, while being surrounded by a fort wall. The Dyamavva temple is located in the eastern side.<ref name="A"/>

==See also==
* [[Koppal]]
* [[Districts of Karnataka]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{notelist}}

==External links==

{{Settlements in Koppal district}}

[[Category:Villages in Koppal district]]

{{Koppal-geo-stub}}

Phalguni Singh Konsam

2025-08-27T08:37:00Z

MartiAshley1795:

{{short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Western name order|Phalguni Singh Konsam}}
{{Meitei name|Konsam|Phalguni|Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Phalguni Singh
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Phalguni Singh Konsam
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|3|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Manipur]], India
| height = 1.64 m
| currentclub =
| clubnumber =
| position = [[Midfielder#Central midfielder|Central midfielder]]
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = [[North Eastern Sporting Union|NESU Khurai]]
| years1 = 2018–2021
| clubs1 = [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
| caps1 = 32
| goals1 = 4
| years2 = 2021–2023
| clubs2 = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| caps2 = 38
| goals2 = 1
| years3 = 2023–2025
| clubs3 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| caps3 = 24
| goals3 = 3
| club-update = 17:00, 21 February 2025 (UTC)
| ntupdate =
}}

'''Phalguni Singh Konsam''' ({{langx|mni|Konsam Phalguni Singh}}, born 1 March 1995) is an Indian professional [[association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Midfielder#Central midfielder|central midfielder]].

==Club career==
Born in [[Manipur]], Phalguni Singh was a part of [[North Eastern Sporting Union|NESU Khurai]] which plays [[Manipur State League]]. During [[2018–19 I-League 2nd Division]] season he joined [[TRAU FC]].<ref>{{Cite web|title= TRAU gear up for Second Division League|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport1..170318.mar18|website=Epao|access-date=14 May 2021}}</ref> On 14 December 2019, Phalguni Singh made his professional debut in the [[I-League]] for Trau FC, against [[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=I-League 2019-20, East Bengal FC vs TRAU FC: EB ekes out 2-1 win, moves top of table|date=14 December 2019|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/i-league-2019-20-east-bengal-vs-trau-fc-live-score-line-goals-commentary-jaime-santos-colado-alejandro-menendez-juan-mera-marcos-jimenez/article30305104.ece|website= Sportstar|access-date=14 May 2021}}</ref> He scored his first ever goal in I League against [[Sudeva Delhi FC]] on 28 February 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sudeva vs. TRAU FC - Football Match Summary|date=28 February 2021|url=https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/595102|website= espn|access-date=14 May 2021}}</ref> He was awarded the best midfielders award and featured in the team of the season.<ref>{{cite web|title=ATK Mohun Bagan: Deal done for TRAU FC's Konsam Phalguni Singh|url=https://footballexpress.in/atk-mohun-bagan-deal-done-with-trau-fcs-konsam-phalguni-singh-isl/|website=Football Express|date=11 June 2021}}</ref>

===Sreenidi Deccan===
On 8 September 2021, Phalguni signed a two-year contract with [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iftwc.com/i-league-phalguni-singh-signs-two-year-deal-sreenidi-fc/|title=I-League – Phalguni Singh signs a two-year contract with Sreenidi Deccan FC with a release clause at the end of the first year|website=IFTWC|date=8 September 2021}}</ref>

On 27 December 2021, he made his debut for the club against [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]], in a 3–2 loss.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/i-league-sergio-mendi-hat-trick-leads-neroca-to-3-2-win-over-sreenidi-deccan/articleshow/88524313.cms|title=I-League: Sergio Mendi hat-trick leads NEROCA 3-2 win over Sreenidi Deccan|website=Times of India|date=27 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/12/27/india/i-league/neroca/sreenidi-deccan/3706322/|title=NEROCA 3-2 Sreenidi Deccan|website=Soccerway|date=27 December 2021}}</ref> He was awarded his first Hero of the Match of the [[2021–22 I-League|season]], against [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]], on 11 March 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=9967|title=Real Kashmir 1-1 Sreenidi Deccan|website=i-league.org|date=11 March 2022}}</ref>

== Career statistics ==
=== Club ===
{{updated|24 April 2025}}<ref>{{Soccerway|konsam-phalguni-singh/644783}}</ref>

{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|Continental
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
|{{nowrap|[[2017–18 I-League 2nd Division|2017–18]]}}
|[[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]
|11||1||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||11||1
|-
|[[2019–20 I-League|2019–20]]
|[[I-League]]
|6||0||2{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |–||8||0
|-
|[[2020–21 I-League|2020–21]]
|I-League
|15||3||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||15||3
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!32!!4!!2!!0!!0!!0!!34!!4
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
|[[2021–22 I-League|2021–22]]
|I-League
|18||0||5{{efn|name=IFAS|Appearance(s) in [[IFA Shield]]}}||1|| colspan="2" |–||23||1
|-
|[[2022–23 I-League|2022–23]]
|I-League
|20||1||4{{efn|name=SuperCup|Appearance(s) in [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |–||24||1
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!38!!1!!9!!1!!0!!0!!47!!2
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|[[2023–24 Indian Super League|2023–24]]
|Indian Super League
|20||3||7{{efn|name=DurandCup}}{{efn|name=SuperCup}}||2|| colspan="2" |–||27||5
|-
|[[2024–25 Indian Super League|2024–25]]
|Indian Super League
|4||0||3{{efn|name=DurandCup}}{{efn|name=SuperCup}}||0|| colspan="2" |–||7||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!24!!3!!10!!2!!0!!0!!34!!5
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!94!!8!!21!!3!!0!!0!!115!!11
|}
{{notelist}}

==Honours==

'''NorthEast United'''
* [[Durand Cup]]: [[2024 Durand Cup|2024]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/shillong-lajong-vs-northeast-united-live-score-updates-highlights-durand-cup-2024-semifinal-slfc-v-neufc/article68568418.ece|title=SLFC 0–3 NEUFC Highlights, Durand Cup 2024 Semifinal: NorthEast United enters maiden final with win against Shillong United|work=[[Sportstar]]|location=Shillong|first1=Amitabha|last1=Das Sharma|date=26 August 2024|access-date=27 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827143425/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/shillong-lajong-vs-northeast-united-live-score-updates-highlights-durand-cup-2024-semifinal-slfc-v-neufc/article68568418.ece|archive-date=27 August 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{NorthEast United FC squad}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Phalguni Singh, Konsam}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Manipur]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:TRAU FC players]]
[[Category:Sreenidi Deccan FC players]]
[[Category:NorthEast United FC players]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
{{India-footy-midfielder-stub}}

Kolkata Partition Museum

2025-07-28T05:11:48Z

MartiAshley1795: added new data basic info!

{{Short description|Museum in Kolkata, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Kolkata Partition Museum
| established = {{Start date and age|August 2018}}
| type = [[Historical museum]]
| founder = Rituparna Roy
| architect = Aurgho Jyoti
| website = {{URL|https://kolkata-partition-museum.org/}}
}}

The '''Kolkata Partition Museum''' is an initiative dedicated to documenting the [[Partition of India]] from the Bengal perspective. Dissimilar to the Punjabi context, the [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal province]] had been divided twice: once in [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|1905]], and then in [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|1947]]. The aftermath of the second partition, as recorded by many historians, unfolded distinctly in postcolonial Bengal vis-à-vis Punjab.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chatterji |first=Joya |title=The Spoils of Partition: Bengal and India, 1947–1967 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0521515276 |location=United Kingdom}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Bandyopadhyay |first1=Sekhar |title=Caste and Partition in Bengal: The Story of Dalit Refugees, 1946-1961 |last2=Basu Ray Chaudhuri |first2=Anasua |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2022 |location=United Kingdom |asin=B09VH6KMN8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Sekhar |title=From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India |publisher=Orient Longman |year=2006 |isbn=978-8125057239 |location=India}}</ref> Not only was the impact long-drawn and can be witnessed even 75 years after the Partition, its effect can also be seen in the neighbouring states of Bengal and the rest of the country owing to refugee resettlements spread out to as far away states such as [[Maharashtra]] and [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattacharya |first=Isti |date=August 10, 2022 |title=Kolkata and Partition: Between Remembering and Forgetting |work=JSTOR Daily |url=https://daily.jstor.org/kolkata-and-partition-between-remembering-and-forgetting/}}</ref> The idea behind the Kolkata Partition Museum is to preserve and present the vanishing memories of partition, to emphasise both the "rupture and continuities between West Bengal and Bangladesh – in terms of language and literature, food, fabric, and the performing arts – and to encourage collaboration between them."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://kolkata-partition-museum.org/ |website=Kolkata Partition Museum}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chakraborty |first=Udita |date=September 27, 2022 |title=Kolkata Partition Museum founder Rituparna Roy on importance of preserving memories |work=Telegraph India |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/events/kolkata-partition-museum-founder-rituparna-roy-on-importance-of-preserving-memories/cid/1889071?fbclid=IwAR1V3gCbAfc4LGLeso5GtqytlKXHWbWULUJqi8vELd4iQZxc5d7QxJO8HG0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Madhumanti |date=March 8, 2019 |title=স্বাধীনতা উদযাপিত হোক, কিন্তু দেশ ভাগের হাহাকার যেন না ভোলে এই শহর |language=Bengali |work=Bengali Indian Express |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/general-news/kolkata-partition-museum-project-initiated-by-rituparna-roy-81054/}}</ref> The museum aims "to do so by involving public participation in its programs and gearing all its activities in a way that makes it more accessible and interesting to the public at large."<ref name=":1" />

== History ==
The Kolkata Partition Museum Project was envisioned by Rituparna Roy, a Partition scholar and lecturer of [[English literature]], initially in 2007 when she witnessed the [[Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe|Holocaust Memorials of Berlin]] and "wondered why there was no such comparable public memorialisation of the partition in India."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Rituparna Roy |url=https://www.iias.asia/profile/rituparna-roy |website=International Institute for Asian Studies (IIAS)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Desimone |first1=Arturo |last2=Baird |first2=Jon |last3=Khair |first3=Mohammad |date=January 6, 2021 |title=The Healing Power of Art, From a Museum in Kolkata |work=Progressive International |url=https://progressive.international/wire/2021-01-06-the-healing-power-of-art-from-a-museum-in-kolkata/en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dirghangi |first=Arna |date=2019 |title=The Partition of Bengal and Its Silent Aftermath: An Interview with Rituparna Roy |url=https://refugeewatchonline.wordpress.com/2020/11/18/the-partition-of-bengal-and-its-silent-aftermath-an-interview-with-rituparna-roy/ |journal=Refugee Watch Online}}</ref> The Palestine Museum in [[Birzeit]], near [[Jerusalem]], was also one of her early inspirations.<ref name=":2" /> In August 2016, as part of an international conference commemorating 70 years of [[Partition of India|Partition]] at the [[Indian Museum]] in [[Kolkata]], funded by The New Zealand India Research Institute (NZIRI) and [[Ministry of Culture (India)|The Ministry of Culture, Government of India]], which was co-convened by Roy alongside historian [[Sekhar Bandyopadhyay]] and Dr Jayanta Sengupta, this project was formally introduced and later on 20 August 2018 registered as a trust—The Kolkata Partition Museum Trust (KPMT).<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

It is important to note that there are similar initiatives such as [[The 1947 Partition Archive]] founded by Dr Guneeta Singh Bhalla in 2010<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singh Bhalla |first=Guneeta |date=2023 |title=The 1947 Partition Archive: A Living, Evolving Crowdsourced Archive on India's 1947 Partition |url=http://www.thirdtext.org/livingarchives-singhbhalla |journal=Third Text: Critical Perspectives on Contemporary Art and Culture}}</ref> and [[Partition Museum|The Partition Museum, Amritsar]] founded by The Arts and Cultural Heritage Trust (TAACHT) in early 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Partition Museum |url=https://www.lse.ac.uk/south-asia-centre/Collaborations/partition-museum#:~:text=The%20Partition%20Museum%20is%20the,Amritsar%20to%20house%20the%20museum. |website=The London School of Economics and Political Science}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=This museum in Amritsar revisits horrors of Partition |work=The Express Tribune |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1290497/museum-amritsar-revisits-horrors-partition}}</ref> Historian [[Urvashi Butalia]] theorised the idea for a museum chronicling the partition around 2011 and also pointed out some of the pitfalls.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Butalia |first=Urvashi |date=2011 |title=Confronting the Past: Thoughts on a Partition Museum |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1353087551 |journal=Context |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=21–26 |id={{ProQuest|1353087551}} }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Anindya |date=2012 |title=Demanding the impossible: exploring the possibilities of a national partition museum in India |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10350330.2012.665233 |journal=Social Semiotics |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=173–186 |doi=10.1080/10350330.2012.665233 |via=Taylor and Francis Online|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 2010, a few students from several Mumbai schools—Cathedral, JB Petit, Ambani, as well as HR and Jai Hind colleges—had jointly "launched a project titled "Remembering Partition" in collaboration with two organisations, Citizens for Peace in India and Citizens' Archive of Pakistan."<ref name=":3" /> Their goal was "to increase awareness about the partition of India and to honor those who experienced partition."<ref name=":3" /> It is not known what became of this project. However, the characteristic feature of the Kolkata Partition Museum Project is that it seeks to document the Bengali experience of partition, albeit not exclusively. While both the [[The 1947 Partition Archive|Archive]] and the [[Partition Museum|Museum]] in [[Amritsar]] have documented the partition of Bengal, through [[Oral history|oral testimonies]] of individuals who witnessed the partition first-hand or [[Microhistory|microhistories]] of family members, the emphasis on systematically memorialising the specific history of Bengal is lacking. KPM aims to dedicate itself towards filling in this gap and bringing forward the unique trajectory of Bengal, starting with the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|Partition of Bengal in 1905]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Critical Moment |url=https://kolkata-partition-museum.org/critical-moment/ |website=Kolkata Partition Museum}}</ref>

== Plans ==
On August 15, 2022, which marked 75 years of partition, the Kolkata Partition Museum announced the launch of a virtual museum (V-KPM) in collaboration between KPMT and Architecture Urbanism Research (AUR), an architecture firm based in New York and New Delhi, headed by Aurgho Jyoti.<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 24, 2022 |title=Kolkata Partition Museum, a virtual museum on Partition, launched |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/kolkata/story/kolkata-partition-museum-india-partition-launch-1991792-2022-08-24}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Sen |first=Abhijit |date=October 27, 2022 |title=Kolkata Partition Museum: A Virtual Tour |work=The Space Ink |url=https://thespace.ink/chronicles/kolkata-partition-museum/?fbclid=IwAR30-6P5ZUe6K3V4-I-6jm3XOpBngabWzJhdfsad-m0Mx21yA45Xk_gz4TY}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> The primary objective of this virtual museum initiative was to "create a time travel experience to access Bengal’s history: Bengal Partition, Museum, Border, Subaltern space, and Time & Memory."<ref name=":4" /> Notable historical events like the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|Partition of Bengal in 1905]] ordered by viceroy Lord Curzon, the [[Bengal famine of 1943]], the [[Great Calcutta killings|Great Calcutta Killings of 1946]], the [[Independence of India|Independence and Partition in 1947]], the [[Dandakaranya Project|1958 Resettlement project for East Pakistan refugees in Dandakaranya]], the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|Birth of Bangladesh in 1971]], and the [[Marichjhapi massacre|Marichjhapi Massacre of 1979]] were highlighted.<ref name=":4" /> Apart from the launch of a virtual museum, the KPMT has organised film screenings of partition related films, art exhibitions, and conferences regarding history, partition, and memory.<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 14, 2019 |title=Kolkata event will revisit Bengal Partition through films from India, Bangladesh |work=Scroll.in |url=https://scroll.in/reel/933815/kolkata-event-will-revisit-bengal-partition-through-films-from-india-bangladesh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dirghangi |first=Arna |date=August 17, 2020 |title=Artists' Interpretation of the Great Divide and its aftermath - A Report |url=https://refugeewatchonline.wordpress.com/2020/09/28/artists-interpretation-of-the-great-divide-and-its-aftermath-a-report/ |journal=Refugee Watch Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lahiri |first=Isha |date=September 2, 2020 |title=Chronicling the Search for a Home in Post-Partition West Bengal |url=https://bengalgazette.org/2020/09/02/chronicling-the-search-for-a-home-in-post-partition-west-bengal-2/ |journal=The Bengal Gazette}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mitra |first=Debraj |date=2021 |title=Historian slams attempt to recount horrors of Partition to add fuel to fire of divisive politics |work=Telegraph India |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/calcutta/historian-slams-attempt-to-recount-horrors-of-partition-to-add-fuel-to-fire-of-divisive-politics/cid/1826967}}</ref>

As of June 2023, a physical museum is yet to be constructed. However, Roy does plan on launching a physical museum, "house a Partition Public Library, and inaugurate a Partition Walk in the city" in the future.<ref name=":2" />

== See also ==

*[[The 1947 Partition Archive]]
*[[Partition Museum|The Partition Museum, Amritsar]]
*[[Partition Museum, Delhi]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==

# Butalia, Urvashi. (2015). ''Partition: The Long Shadow''. Penguin Random House. ISBN 978-9383074778
# Butalia, Urvashi. (2017). ''The Other Side of Silence: Voices from the Partition of India''. Penguin Random House India. ISBN 978-0140271713
# Halder, Deep. (2019). ''Blood Island: An Oral History of the Marichjhapi Massacre''. HarperCollins India. ISBN 978-9353025878
# Malhotra, Aanchal. (2018). ''Remnants of a Separation: A History of the Partition through Material Memory''. HarperCollins India. ISBN 978-9353022952
# Menon, Ritu; Bhasin, Kamala. (1998). ''Borders and Boundaries: Women in India's Partition''. Kaali for Women. ISBN 978-8186706008
# Pandey, Gyanendra. (2002). ''Remembering Partition: Violence, Nationalism and History in India''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-8175961098
# Schendel, Willem van. (2004). ''The Bengal Borderland: Beyond State and Nation in South Asia''. Anthem Press London. ISBN 9781843311454

== External links ==

* {{Official website|https://kolkata-partition-museum.org/}}
* [https://museumofmaterialmemory.com/ Museum of Material Memory]
* [https://museumofshadowsofpartition.wordpress.com/ Museum of Shadows of Partition]
* [https://www.palmuseum.org/language/english The Palestine Museum, Birzeit]
* [https://www.wgtn.ac.nz/nziri The New Zealand India Research Institute (NZIRI)]

{{coord missing|West Bengal}}

[[Category:Museums in Kolkata]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Museums established in 2018]]
[[Category:History museums in India]]