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Barabani Assembly constituency

2026-05-08T05:23:05Z

Marta694059068: done

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Barabani
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Barabani.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Barabani Assembly Constituency
| mla = [[Bidhan Upadhyay]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Asansol]]
| constituency_no = 283
| established = 1962
| electors = 184,970
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Barabani Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Paschim Bardhaman district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 283 Barabani assembly constituency covers [[Barabani (community development block)|Barabani]] and [[Salanpur (community development block)|Salanpur]] community development blocks.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 |access-date=2010-08-21 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=2010-09-18 }}</ref>

Barabani assembly segment is part of No. 40 [[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name =delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Haridas Chakravarty
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Mihir Upadhyaya
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| rowspan="2"|Sunil Basu Roy
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
| [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Sukumar Bandopadhyaya
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Sunil Basu Roy
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| Ajit Chakrabarty
|-
| [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| Ajit Kumar Chakrabarty
|-
| 1989^
| [[Manik Upadhyay]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| S. R. Das
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Manik Upadhyay]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
| [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[Dilip Sarkar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan="3"|[[Bidhan Upadhyay]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|}

* ^ by-election

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Barabani}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Bidhan Upadhyay]]
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = 80,055
|percentage = 43.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Arijit Roy
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 91,777
|percentage = 49.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Biswajit Bauri
|party = Indian Secular Front
|votes = 5,576
|percentage = 3.01
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Joydev Roy
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 2,621
|percentage = 1.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 2,765
|percentage = 1.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Barabani]]<ref name=vidhansabha2021>{{cite web | url = https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/pandabeswar-west-bengal-election-result-2021| title = Pandabeswar Election Result 2021 | publisher = Times Now News.com |accessdate = 12 May 2021}}</ref> }}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=Bidhan Upadhyay|votes=88,430|percentage=52.26|change=14.15}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Arijit Roy|votes=64,973|percentage=38.40|change=+17.58}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Ranendranath Bagchi|votes=8,962|percentage=5.30|change=-83.22*}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=3,039|percentage=1.80|change=}}
{{Election box candidate||party=[[Independent politician|IND]]|candidate= Paban Nunia |votes=2,156|percentage=1.27|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=23,457|percentage=14.08|change=}}

{{Election box turnout||votes=1,69,620|percentage=75.19|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
*The change percentage is based on votes polled by CPI(M) in the previous election. In this election INC is in alliance with CPI(M) and in the previous election it did not contest from this seat.

===2016===
{{Election box begin || title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Barabani]]<ref name=vidhansabha2016>{{cite web | url = https://www.cnbctv18.com//assembly-election-result-2021/west-bengal-election-result-2021/constituency/barbani-constituency-s25a283/ | title = Barabani | publisher = CNBCTV18 | accessdate = 12 May 2021 | archive-date = 12 May 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210512150224/https://www.cnbctv18.com//assembly-election-result-2021/west-bengal-election-result-2021/constituency/barbani-constituency-s25a283/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate= Bidhan Upadhyay ||votes=77,464||percentage=47.13||change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)||candidate= Shipra Mukherjee||votes=53,415||percentage=32.50||change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party||candidate= Amal Roy ||votes=25,224||percentage= 15.35||change=}}
{{Election box candidate||party= SHS||candidate= Krishnapada Nath Goswami ||votes=3,480||percentage=2.12||change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above||candidate= None of the above||votes=2,761||percentage=1.68||change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=24,049|percentage=14.63|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,64,486|percentage=79.53|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Bidhan Upadhyay of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Abhas Raychaudhuri of CPI(M).

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Barabani]]<ref>{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25283.htm |title = Barabani |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-28 |archive-date = 16 May 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110516060805/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25283.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=283| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120529222820/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=283| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 29 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Barabani| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-09 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |title=West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work=Barabani |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2011-05-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030706/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Bidhan Upadhyay
|votes = 78,628
|percentage = 52.92
|change = +8.03#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Abhas Raychaudhuri
|votes = 58,051
|percentage = 39.07
|change = -12.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Biswanath Roy
|votes = 4,980
|percentage = 3.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = Dinesh Karmakar
|votes = 3,332
|percentage = 2.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Amal Mondal
|votes = 2,623
|percentage = 1.77
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes = 20,577
|percentage = 13.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,48,680
|percentage = 80.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = +20.98#
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages in 2006 taken together.

===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]], Dilip Sarkar of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]] won the Barabani assembly seat defeating [[Manik Upadhyay]] of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. [[Manik Upadhyay]] representing [[Trinamool Congress]] in 2001 and [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996, won the seat twice defeating Rudranath Mukherjee and Paresh Maji, both of CPI (M), respectively. In 1991, S.R.Das of CPI (M) defeated Manik Upadhyay of Congress. In 1989, Manik Upadhyay of Congress won the Barabani seat in a bye election. In 1987 and 1982, Ajit Chakraborty of CPI (M) defeated Manik Upadhyay and Dhiraj Sain, both of Congress, respectively. In 1977, Sunil Basu Roy of CPI (M) defeated Sukumar Bandopadhyay of Congress.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp258.htm | title = 258 - Barabani Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977| publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 2009-08-29}}</ref>

===1962-1972===
Prior to that those who won the Barabani seat were Sukumar Banerjee of Congress in 1972, Sunil Basu Roy of CPI (M) in 1971 and 1969, Mihir Upadhyay of Congress in 1967, and Haridas Chakraborty of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Paschim Bardhaman topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}
{{coord|23.7474294|87.0009552}}
[[Category:Politics of Paschim Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in West Bengal]]

Allur Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T09:55:25Z

Marta694059068: done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh legislative assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Allur
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Nellore district|Nellore]]
| established = 1967
| abolished = 2008
| reservation = None
| type= SLA
}}
'''Allur''' was a constituency of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]] until 2008.<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

==Overview==
It was part of [[Nellore Lok Sabha constituency]] along with other six Vidhan Sabha segments, namely, [[Kandukur (Assembly constituency)|Kandukur]], and [[Kavali (Assembly constituency)|Kavali]], [[Atmakur (Assembly constituency)|Atmakur]], [[Nellore City (Assembly constituency)|Nellore City]], [[Nellore Rural (Assembly constituency)|Nellore Rural]] and [[Udayagiri (Assembly constituency)|Udayagiri]] in [[Nellore district]].

==Members of Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| 1967
| [[Bezawada Papi Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}
|-
| 1972
| Rebala Dasaradha Ramireddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1978
| Giddaluru Sundara Ramaiah
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1983
| Bezawada Papireddy
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| 1985
| Jakka Venkayya<ref name=election1985>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4049-andhra-pradesh-1985/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 1985 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 18 May 2022}}</ref>
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| 1989
| Katamreddy Vishnuvardhan Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1994
| Jakka Venkayya<ref name=election1994/>
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| 1999
| Adala Prabhakar Reddy<ref name=election1999>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4052-andhra-pradesh-1999/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 1999 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 18 May 2022}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| 2004
| Katamreddy Vishnuvardhan Reddy<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4053-andhra-pradesh-2004/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 18 May 2022}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
===1994===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Allur<ref name=election1994>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4051-andhra-pradesh-1994/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 1994 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 18 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Jakka Venkayya
|votes = 42,806
|percentage = 47.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Katamreddy Vishnuvardhan Reddy
|votes = 40,906
|percentage = 45.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Alampati Sitarami Reddy
|votes = 4877
|percentage = 5.38
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,900
|percentage = 2.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 90730
|percentage = 70.56
|change = +0.59
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

{{coord|18.68|79.53|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Nellore district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Visakhapatnam gas leak

2026-05-05T07:58:40Z

Marta694059068: new.

{{short description|2020 gas leak incident in Visakhapatnam, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox event
| title = Visakhapatnam gas leak
| image =
| caption = Gas leakage from the tanks
| date = {{start date|2020|05|7|df=y}}
| time = 3:00 a.m. [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] (21:30 [[UTC+05:30]])
| place = R. R. Venkatapuram, [[Visakhapatnam district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| coordinates = {{Coord|17|45|19|N|83|12|32|E|region:IN-MP_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| also known as =
| cause = Malfunction in the cooling system of [[styrene]] storage tanks (suspected)
| reported deaths = 13<ref name="update"/> 
| reported injuries = 1,000+<ref name="update">{{cite news |title=Visakhapatnam gas leak live updates |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/many-fall-sick-after-gas-leak-at-lg-polymers-plant-in-visakhapatnam/article31523178.ece?homepage=true |access-date=7 May 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=7 May 2020}}</ref>
| reported missing =
| reported property damage =
| burial =
| inquiries =
| inquest =
| coroner =
| suspects =
| accused =
| convicted =
| charges =
| verdict =
| convictions =
| litigation =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 13
| mapframe-marker = industrial
}}
The '''Visakhapatnam gas leak''', also referred to as the '''Vizag gas leak''', was an [[List of industrial disasters|industrial accident]] that occurred at the [[LG Chem|LG Polymers]] chemical plant in the R. R. Venkatapuram village of the [[Gopalapatnam]] neighbourhood, located at the outskirts of [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]], during the early morning of 7 May 2020. The resulting vapour cloud spread over a radius of around {{convert|3.0|km|mi|abbr=on}}, affecting the nearby areas and villages. As per the [[National Disaster Response Force]] (NDRF), the death toll was 13, and more than 1,000 people became sick after being exposed to the gas.

Preliminary investigations concluded that the accident was likely the result of insufficient maintenance of units storing the [[styrene]] monomer, improper storage, and operation errors.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhashkar |first1=Utpal |title=LG Polymers admits leaking vapor from gas storage tank caused Vizag tragedy |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/lg-polymers-admits-leaking-vapor-from-gas-storage-tank-caused-vizag-tragedy-11589009346537.html |access-date=10 May 2020 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|The Livemint]] |date=9 May 2020}}</ref> The [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] announced an [[ex gratia]] of {{INRConvert|1|c|lk=on|to=USD EUR}} for each family of the deceased, as well as funds for the injured. A budget of {{INRConvert|30|c|lk=on|to=USD EUR}} was allocated for the compensation of all those affected.<ref name="Update Kin"/>

== Background ==
The chemical plant of the R. R. Venkatapuram village was originally established in 1961 as Hindustan Polymers.<ref name="history">{{cite web|title=Company History|url=http://www.lgpi.co.in/AboutLGPI.html|publisher=LG Polymers India|access-date=8 May 2020|archive-date=12 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512073952/http://www.lgpi.co.in/AboutLGPI.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1978, it was merged with McDowell Holdings, a subsidiary of [[United Breweries Group]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 10, 2012|title='Mallya's UB group involved in land scam' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Mallyas-UB-group-involved-in-land-scam/articleshow/16745516.cms|access-date=2020-07-03|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> In 1997, it was acquired by the [[South Korea|South Korean]] company [[LG Chem]], which renamed the company to LG Polymers India.<ref name="history" /> LG Chem expanded its operations at the LG Polymers plant five times between 2006 and 2018.<ref name="no EIA clearance" /> The plant manufactures [[polystyrene]], [[Copolymer|co-polymer]] products,<ref name="history" /> and [[engineering plastic]] compounds.<ref name="NHRC sends notice">{{Cite web|date=2020-05-07|title=Thick air, pungent smell: How gas leakage tragedy unfolded at Visakhapatnam's LG Polymers plant|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/visakhapatnam-lg-polymers-gas-leakage-dead-andhra-pradesh-6397976/|access-date=2020-05-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Lack of environment clearance ===
The South Korean parent company, [[LG Chem]], said in its May 2019 affidavit, a part of an application for environment clearance, that the company did not have a legitimate environmental clearance issued by the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] (MoEFCC), after receiving an [[Environmental impact assessment|Environmental Impact Assessment]] (EIA), substantiating the produced quantity and for continuing operations.<ref name="no EIA clearance">{{cite news |title=Indian LG Plant Lacked Environmental Clearance Before Leak |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/business/articles/2020-05-12/indian-lg-plant-lacked-environmental-clearance-before-leak |access-date=14 May 2020 |work=The Associated Press (AP) |publisher=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |date=13 May 2020}}</ref> According to the EIA notification (amendment) of 2006 under the [[Environment Protection Act, 1986|Environment Protection Act of 1986]], LG Chemicals India, which is part of the petrochemical industry, falls into the category 'A' and should get clearance from the MoEFCC every time they expanded their plant or brought a change to their manufactured product after November 2006.<ref name="EIA clearance">{{cite news |title=(Published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part-II, and Section 3, Sub-section (ii) Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi, 14th September, 2006-Notification |url=http://www.environmentwb.gov.in/pdf/EIA%20Notification,%202006.pdf |access-date=14 May 2020 |work=Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC) |date=14 September 2006}}</ref><ref name="IE EIA"/> LG Chem expanded its operations at LG Polymers plant five times between 2006 and 2018 without such clearance. According to the May 2019 affidavit, since 1997, it was instead operating with state permits required for starting a new business with renewals every five years.<ref name="no EIA clearance"/><ref name="IE EIA">{{cite news |last1=Aryan |first1=Ashish |last2=Mukul |first2=Pranav |title=Vizag gas leak: Don't have green nod, company told state last May |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/vizag-gas-leak-lg-polymers-india-green-nod-6399440/ |access-date=15 May 2020 |work=The Indian Express |date=8 May 2020}}</ref>

However, LG Chem spokesperson Choi Sang-kyu told the [[Associated Press]] (AP) that the company had followed Indian laws and operated based on the officials' guidelines at the state and federal level. He said that the affidavit was a pledge of compliance with the law, rather than an admission of violating the law.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vizag gas leak: LG Chem plant operated with state permits since 1997 despite lacking environmental clearance from Centre |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/vizag-gas-leak-lg-chem-plant-operated-with-state-permits-since-1997-despite-lacking-environmental-clearance-from-centre-8361931.html |access-date=14 May 2020 |work=The [[Associated Press]] (AP) |publisher=The Firstpost |date=13 May 2020}}</ref> After the 2006 notification, Choi said that the company consulted the ministry and was told that no clearance was required. However, [[Secretary to the Government of India|Environment Secretary]] C. K. Mishra told the ''AP'' that the plant would have no requirement of clearance in 2006, but a clearance was imperative for any expansion or production change thereafter.<ref name="no EIA clearance"/>

LG Polymers had never asked for a federal clearance until 2017, and as per the [[minutes]] of a meeting between the company and the Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board, the latter denied the former's request for producing engineering plastics at its plant. However, a member of the state pollution board said there was no information regarding any order by the state government to stop the plant's operation. In 2018, the company applied for an environmental clearance for the first time, to expand its manufacturing capacity of [[polystyrene]], a plastic used to make bottles and lids. The Environment Ministry sent the application for a review citing that the company did not have a clearance for the chemicals it was already manufacturing. The company withdrew the application while applying for a retroactive clearance that the ministry offered to companies in 2018 as a one-time amnesty, which remained pending until the fatal leak occurred.<ref name="EIA clearance"/><ref name="IE EIA"/>

According to the AP, officials and legal experts like [[Mahesh Chandra Mehta]], an environment lawyer, indicated that the plant seemed to be operating in a legal [[Loophole|grey area]], with the environmental clearance required under central regulations while the state executives are to look after the enforcement. However, to date{{When|date=May 2020}} there is no indication that the lack of environment clearance played a role in the disaster. Experts are also skeptical, as the plant operated for years without any clearance. Mehta also pointed out that many such industries are operating without a clearance, which shows how weak the environmental laws are in India that has to its credit several of the world's most polluted cities.<ref name="no EIA clearance"/> Mehta also said that each time the company renewed that permit, the state pollution board, which has the power to enforce federal environmental law, would have been able to fine the company or deny a permit until it received federal clearance, which it never did. Dr. B. Sengupta, environmental scientist and former head of [[Central Pollution Control Board]] (CPCB), said that the state permits only consider pollution and do not consider the site safety. In contrast, federal clearance assesses risks concerning the handling and storage of hazardous materials, prevention of potential disasters, and mitigation in cases of disaster.<ref name="clearance EIA">{{cite news |title=Vizag gas tragedy: LG Polymers lacked environmental clearance before styrene gas leak |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/vizag-gas-tragedy-lg-polymers-lacked-environmental-clearance-before-chemical-gas-leak-616707 |access-date=15 May 2020 |work=The India TV news |date=13 May 2020}}</ref>

== Leakage and effects ==
=== Facilities and leakage ===
The plant was re-opened on 7 May 2020 following the nationwide [[COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in India|lockdown]] implemented as a response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name="Hundreds injured">{{Cite news|date=2020-05-07|title=Hundreds injured and eight dead in Indian gas leak|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52569636|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref> The plant stored 2,000 metric tons (1,968 long tons; 2,205 short tons) of [[styrene]] in tanks, which were left unattended.<ref name="Modi Calls">{{Cite web|title=Vizag Gas Leak LIVE Updates: 8 Dead, 300 Hospitalised & Over 5,000 Sick After Leak at LG Polymers Chemical Plant; PM Modi Calls for NDMA Meet at 11am|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/visakhapatnam-gas-leak-live-updates-lg-polymers-vizag-andhra-pradesh-2608889.html|date=2020-05-07|website=News18|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Gettleman|first1=Jeffrey|last2=Raj|first2=Suhasini|last3=Schultz|first3=Kai|last4=Yasir|first4=Sameer|date=2020-05-07|title=Gas Leak in India at LG Factory Kills 11 and Sickens Hundreds|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/07/world/asia/india-lg-gas.html|access-date=2020-05-07|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Styrene [[monomer]] must be stored between {{convert|20|–|22|C|F}} because higher temperatures result in rapid vaporization.<ref name="Styrene prpoerties">{{cite web |title=Safe handling and storage of styrene monomer|url=http://www.cpchem.com/bl/aromatics/en-us/Documents/Safe_Handling_and_Storage_of_Styrene_Monomer.pdf |publisher=[[Chevron Phillips Chemical]] |access-date=8 May 2020}}</ref> It is believed that a computer glitch in the factory's cooling system allowed temperatures in the storage tanks to exceed safe levels, causing the styrene to vaporize.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gas Leak in Vizag: Glitch in refrigeration unit led to Vizag gas leak |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/glitch-in-refrigeration-unit-led-to-vizag-gas-leak-official/articleshow/75604393.cms|date=2020-05-07|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref> Between 2:30 a.m. and 3:00 a.m., when maintenance activity was in progress, the gas leaked from the plant and spread to nearby villages.<ref name="Jagan announces">{{Cite news|date=2020-05-07|title=Visakhapatnam gas leak live updates: Jagan announces Rs. 1 crore relief|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/many-fall-sick-after-gas-leak-at-lg-polymers-plant-in-visakhapatnam/article31523178.ece|access-date=2020-05-07|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="Massive monitoring">{{Cite web|title=Massive gas leak in Visakhapatnam, thousands affected, Centre monitoring situation: 10 points|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/visakhapatnam-gas-leak-at-lg-polymers-chemical-plant-top-10-points-1675298-2020-05-07|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref><ref name="Modi Calls" /><ref name="NHRC sends notice" />

=== Acute effects ===

The fumes spread over a radius of 3km (1.86 mi).<ref name="TOI-death" /><ref name="Modi Calls" /><ref>{{Cite news|first1=Hannah|last1=Ellis-Petersen|first2=Michael|last2=Safi|first3=Amrit|last3=Dhillon|first4=Aruna|last4=Chandrasekhar|date=2020-05-07|title=Gas leak at chemical factory in India kills at least nine and hospitalises hundreds|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/07/gas-leak-at-chemical-factory-in-india-kills-hospitalises-lg-polymers|access-date=2020-05-07|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Five villages (R. R. Venkatapuram including Ajanta Park Colony, Padmapuram, BC Colony, Gopalapatnam, and Kamparapalem) were the most affected areas.<ref name="hindu 2">{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharjee |first1=Sumit |title=Visakhapatnam gas leak claims 11 lives; over 350 in hospitals |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/visakhapatnam-chemical-plant-gas-leak-claims-several-lives-scores-in-hospitals/article31523456.ece |access-date=7 May 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=7 May 2020}}</ref> Hundreds of people were rushed to hospitals following widespread [[Shortness of breath|breathing difficulties]] and sensations of burning eyes.<ref name="Hundreds injured" /> Many had been found lying on the ground, unconscious as a result of gas exposure. The initial estimate noted at least 11 deaths and 20–25 people in critical condition.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Toxic gas leak at Indian chemical plant kills at least 11 and hospitalizes hundreds|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/07/asia/india-gas-leak-death-intl-hnk/index.html|first1=Vedika |last1=Sud |first2=Akanksha |last2=Sharma |first3=Jessie |last3=Yeung |first4=Esha |last4=Mitra |first5=Emma|last5=Reynolds|website=CNN|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref> By the next day, the death toll had risen to thirteen.<ref name="Weather.com">{{Cite web|title=Gas Leak Kills 13, Injures Hundreds in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh|url=https://weather.com/en-IN/india/news/news/2020-05-07-gas-leak-kills-injures-thousands-visakhapatnam-andhra-pradesh|website=The Weather Channel|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-08}}</ref> More than 1,000 people were reportedly exposed to the gas.<ref name="TOI-death">{{Cite news|title=Vizag LG Polymers Gas leak: 11 dead, over 5,000 fall sick after gas leak from LG Polymers|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/vizag-over-1000-fall-sick-after-gas-leak-from-chemical-plant/articleshow/75590112.cms|last1=G|first1=Siva|work=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref>

Late at night on 7 May, police ordered the evacuation of people in a {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on}} radius of the leak. However, police subsequently stated that this evacuation was precautionary and that there had not been a second leak.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vizag Gas Leak News Update: No! There was no second Gas Leak in Vizag|url=https://news.jagatgururampalji.org/vizag-gas-leak-news-update/|date=8 May 2020|website=SA News Channel}}</ref><ref name="Dismiss report">{{Cite web|title='Evacuation precautionary': Vizag police dismiss report of second gas leak|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gas-fumes-leak-again-from-tanker-at-visakhapatnam-site-report/story-E4Dv2tG3OAU0mqIwmvsaxJ.html|date=8 May 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== Probable leakage and removal of chemicals ==
Experts from the central government who inspected the plant said that it would have faced a catastrophe had the violation of safety norms at other storage facilities of the plant gone unnoticed for a few more days. They said those facilities were vulnerable to a leak of vapour on a larger scale and stored in a high-risk condition. An expert said polymerization was noticed in another storage.<ref name="inspection">{{cite news |title=Experts detect more gas leak risks at LG Polymer factory in Vizag |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/120520/experts-detect-more-gas-leak-risks-at-lg-polymer-factory-in-vizag.html |access-date=15 May 2020 |work=The [[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=12 May 2020}}</ref>

According to ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'', two experts from the [[National Disaster Management Authority (India)|National Disaster Management Authority]] (NDMA), Dr. Anjan Ray, director of the [[Indian Institute of Petroleum]], and Shantanu Geete, an industry expert, inspected the storage facilities of the plant, as well as the Vizag port. Dr. Ray, an expert in styrene, recommended that the government immediately remove the materials from the facility. On 11 May 2020, the Andhra Pradesh government directed the company to remove 13,000 metric tonnes (MT) of material out of the country. With the [[Ministry of Shipping (India)|Ministry of Shipping's]] help, the state government arranged two vessels to carry the load, split into portions of 8,000 MT and 5,000 MT, to the company's headquarter in Seoul.<ref name="inspection"/>

[[Mekapati Goutham Reddy]], minister of industries of Andhra Pradesh, said that the preliminary conclusion from the experts' inspections was that the storage facilities were not designed to keep the material for a long duration. However, the plant personnel claimed that the material was emptied every 10 to 15 days and never stored more than the assigned period.<ref name="inspection"/>

== Relief and rescue ==
Nearly 200-250 families were evacuated from villages in a {{convert|5|km|mi|adj=on|spell=in}} radius around the plant. About 300 people were hospitalized, according to a media report.<ref name="Massive monitoring" /><ref name="Airlift neutralise" /> The [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]], [[Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy]], announced an [[ex gratia]] of {{INRConvert|1|c|lk=on}} for each family of those killed as a result of the accident.<ref name="Update Kin">{{Cite web|title=Vizag Gas Leak LIVE Updates: 11 Dead, Over 5,000 Sick After Leak at LG Polymers Plant; CM Announces Rs 1 Crore for Kin of Deceased|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/visakhapatnam-gas-leak-live-updates-lg-polymers-vizag-andhra-pradesh-2608889.html|date=2020-05-07|website=News18|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref> He also announced {{INRConvert|25000}} for those who received primary treatment, {{INRConvert|1|l|lk=on}} for those who received longer treatment, and {{INRConvert|1|m}} for those on ventilator support.<ref name="Airlift neutralise" />

To prevent further dangerous polymerization and self-heating of the styrene, {{convert|500|kg|lb}} of the polymerization inhibitor [[4-tert-Butylcatechol|4-tert-butylcatechol]] (PTBC) was airlifted by the Government of Andhra Pradesh and sent to the crippled factory. Additionally, the [[Central Government of India|central government]] flew in a [[National Disaster Response Force]] (NDRF) specialized CBRN (chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear) team from [[Pune]] to the site.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gujarat to airlift PTBC chemical for Vizag gas leak crisis|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/gujarat-to-airlift-ptbc-chemical-for-vizag-gas-leak-crisis/article31525627.ece|last1=Vora|first1=Rutam|work=[[Business Line]]|date=7 May 2020 |publisher=[[The Hindu]]|language=en|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref><ref name="Airlift neutralise">{{Cite web|title=Vizag gas leak Updates: Andhra govt to airlift 500 kgs of PTBC from Daman to neutralise chemical; special NDRF team to fly in from Pune|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/visakhapatnam-gas-leak-live-updates-lg-polymers-vizag-industry-andhra-pradesh-latest-news-today-8341321.html|website=Firstpost|date=7 May 2020 |access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref>

== Remedial measures by LG ==
LG Chemicals started support measures to eliminate all risk factors in the plant. In its effort, LG brought ACtify 2680, a green [[Retarder (chemistry)|retarder]], and ACtify 2673, a [[polymerisation inhibitor]], from Dorf Ketal Chemicals, a Mumbai-based chemical company. To ensure the site's safety, LG said the retarder and inhibitor would be added into the tanks of the styrene stored at LG Polymers to prevent further polymerization and any future vapor leaks. The ACtify series retarder is a new green polymer retardant that displays thermal stability and protection during unscheduled shutdowns.<ref>{{cite news |title=LG Polymers in Vizag gets 'Styrene inhibitor' to boost safety after gas leak |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lg-polymers-in-vizag-gets-styrene-inhibitor-to-boost-safety-after-gas-leak/story-LmTtyoQt7ppSNm5GYUdI0N.html |access-date=14 May 2020 |work=The Hindustan Times |date=14 May 2020}}</ref>

On 13 May 2020, the LG Chemicals informed media that an eight-member technical team, comprising experts from its Seoul headquarters' departments of production, environment, and safety were sent to investigate the incident and to rehabilitate the victims. LG Polymers India said the team would take prompt rehabilitation and real-time remedial measures. They would meet the victims and affected families to explain support measures in detail and hold meetings with the local State government officials.<ref>{{cite news |title=Visakhapatnam gas leak:LG Chem dispatches technical team from Seoul for investigation, rehabilitation works |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/visakhapatnam-gas-leak-lg-chem-dispatches-technical-team-from-seoul-for-investigation-rehabilitation-works/article31573936.ece |access-date=14 May 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=13 May 2020}}</ref>

== Investigation ==
According to the preliminary investigation, a gas valve malfunction is believed to have caused the leak. The leak was from one of two chemical tanks that had been left unattended since March 2020 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India#lockdownext|COVID-19 lockdown]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Visakhapatnam Gas Leak Updates: Day after tragedy, gas fumes begin leaking again|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/hundreds-fall-ill-after-hazardous-gas-leak-at-polymer-plant-in-visakhapattnam-panic-in-area-1675204-2020-05-07|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref> The malfunctioning of the tank's refrigerating unit led to an increase in temperature, causing the liquid chemical, suspected to be [[styrene]], to evaporate.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pathak |first1=Analiza |title=Technical glitch in refrigeration unit caused Visakhapatnam gas leak: Official |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/vizag-gas-leak-caused-due-to-technical-glitch-in-refrigeration-unit-visakhapatnam-district-collector-615088 |access-date=8 May 2020 |work=India TV News |date=7 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref> However, experts have claimed that other chemicals may have also leaked, as styrene is unlikely to spread over {{convert|4|to|5|km|mi|abbr=|frac=2}} due to its chemical properties.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vizag gas leak: What is styrene and how does it affect the body?|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vizag-gas-leak-what-styrene-and-how-does-it-affect-body-124094|date=7 May 2020|website=The News Minute|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref><ref name="NHRC sends notice" /><ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite web|title=Vizag gas leak live news updates: Toll rises to 11; NHRC sends notice to Andhra Pradesh govt, Centre|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/vizag-lg-polymers-gas-leak-live-updates/liveblog/75591477.cms|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref><ref name="Jagan announces" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Basu |first1=Mohana |title=How styrene, chemical being blamed for Vizag gas leak deaths, affect human body |url=https://theprint.in/health/how-styrene-chemical-being-blamed-for-vizag-gas-leak-deaths-affects-human-body/416192/ |access-date=7 May 2020 |work=ThePrint |date=7 May 2020}}</ref>

=== Legal actions ===
As part of the police investigation following the leak, a [[first information report]] (FIR) was filed against LG Polymers by the local police. The report allowed for possible charges under sections 278 (making the atmosphere noxious to health), 284 (negligent conduct with respect to poisonous substance), 285 (negligent conduct with respect to fire or combustible matter), 337 (causing hurt by act endangering life or personal safety of others), 338 (causing grievous hurt by act endangering life), and 304 (causing death by doing any rash or negligent act not amounting to culpable homicide) of the [[Indian Penal Code]] (IPC).<ref name="hindu 2"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-07-08 |title=LG Polymers: South Korean CEO held over fatal India gas leak |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-53330370 |access-date=2023-03-09}}</ref>

==== National Green Tribunal ====
A petition was filed in the [[National Green Tribunal Act|National Green Tribunal]] (NGT), India's top environmental court, demanding an investigation into the incident by a high-level committee.<ref>{{cite news |title=Plea in NGT seeks judicial probe into Visakhapatnam gas leak incident |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/plea-in-ngt-seeks-judicial-probe-into-visakhapatnam-gas-leak-incident20200507144238/ |access-date=7 May 2020 |work=[[Asian News International]] |date=7 May 2020 |archive-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507211358/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/plea-in-ngt-seeks-judicial-probe-into-visakhapatnam-gas-leak-incident20200507144238/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A bench headed by the NGT chair, Justice [[Adarsh Kumar Goel]], was formed, and the case was scheduled to be heard on 8 May 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=NGT to take up Visakhapatnam gas leak case on Friday |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/ngt-take-visakhapatnam-gas-leak-case-friday-1502885508.html |access-date=7 May 2020 |work=[[The Statesman (India)]] |date=7 May 2020}}</ref>

On 8 May, the bench ordered LG Polymers India to deposit an amount of {{INRConvert|50|c|lk=on}} as an initial amount with the [[District magistrate]] of Vishakapatnam to mitigate the damages caused due to the incident.<ref name="outlook ngt 1">{{cite news |title=Vizag Gas Leak: NGT Issues Notice To Centre, Directs LG Polymers To Deposit Rs 50 Cr |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-vizag-gas-leak-ngt-issues-notice-to-centre-directs-lg-polymers-to-deposit-rs-50-cr-for-damages/352320 |access-date=8 May 2020 |work=[[Press Trust of India]] |publisher=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|The Outlook]]}}</ref> It issued notices to the [[Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board]] (APPCB), the [[Central Pollution Control Board]] (CPCB) and the Union [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] (MOEFCC), in which it sought the responses of the individual boards and the ministry. It also constituted a five-member fact-finding committee to probe the incident and to deliver a report to the bench. The committee would be supervised by former [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]] judge, B. Seshasayana Reddy.<ref name="hindu NGT 1">{{cite news|last1=Ghosh|first1=Shinjini|date=8 May 2020|title=Visakhapatnam gas leak: NGT directs LG Polymers India to deposit ₹50 crore|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/visakhapatnam-gas-leak-ngt-directs-lg-polymers-india-to-deposit-50-crore/article31532759.ece?homepage=true|access-date=8 May 2020}}</ref>

The report of the high-level committee headed by the [[National Green Tribunal Act|NGT]] chair issued on 28 May 2020, accessed and reviewed by [[Associated Press|The Associated Press]], found that the storage tanks were outdated and lacked temperature sensors, allowing the styrene vaporization to go undetected. With factory workers and the overall company inexperienced in storing tanks of such dangerous chemicals, the report blamed the incident on "gross human failure" and a lack of basic safety norms.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Probe blames safety lapses for deadly India gas leak|url=https://apnews.com/fd86f8e724c877744903eb60bed69fb7|date=2020-05-31|website=AP NEWS|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref>

==== Human Rights Commission ====
The same day as the incident, the [[National Human Rights Commission of India]] (NHRC) gave notice to the Andhra Pradesh Government and the central government that it considered the incident a gross violation of India's constitutional [[Fundamental rights in India#Right to life|right to life]]. In their notice, the NHRC was seeking a detailed report from the Andhra Pradesh Government on rescue operations, medical treatment, and rehabilitation. It also asked the Union [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs]] to investigate any possible breaches of workplace health and safety law. Both reports are expected to be delivered within four weeks.<ref>{{cite web|title=NHRC notice to Andhra Pradesh Government and Centre over deaths and sufferings to several people due to styrene gas leakage in Vizag District (07.05.2020)|url=https://nhrc.nic.in/media/press-release/nhrc-notice-andhra-pradesh-government-and-centre-over-deaths-and-sufferings|publisher=[[National Human Rights Commission of India]]|access-date=7 May 2020|ref=7 May 2020}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[2020 Assam gas and oil leak]]
* [[2022 Surat gas leak]]
* [[Bhopal disaster]]
* [[System accident]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*[https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/these-are-the-worst-man-made-disasters-that-have-caused-pain-and-outrage/articleshow/75601519.cms The Vizag gas leak is the most recent of human disasters with the potential to change our lives forever] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511104406/https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/these-are-the-worst-man-made-disasters-that-have-caused-pain-and-outrage/articleshow/75601519.cms |date=11 May 2020 }} by ''The [[Business Insider]]''

{{Disasters in India in 2020}}
{{Visakhapatnam topics}}
{{Toxicology}}
{{LG Corporation}}

[[Category:2020 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2020 industrial disasters]]
[[Category:2020s in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Chemical disasters]]
[[Category:Disasters in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Health disasters in India]]
[[Category:LG Corporation]]
[[Category:Mass poisonings]]
[[Category:May 2020 in India]]
[[Category:Visakhapatnam|Gas leak]]
[[Category:Environmental disasters in India]]
[[Category:Pollution events in 2020]]

Yellareddy Assembly constituency

2026-04-25T08:41:05Z

Marta694059068: done.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = [[Yellareddy]]
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (15-Yellareddy highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Yellareddy Assembly constituency within Telangana
| mla =[[K. Madan Mohan Rao]]
| party = Indian National Congress
| latest_election_year = November 30, 2023
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Kamareddy district|Kamareddy]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Zahirabad Lok Sabha constituency|Zahirabad]]
| established = 1962
| electors = 2,20,000
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 15
}}

'''Yellareddy Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is one of nine constituencies in [[Nizamabad district]]. It is part of [[Zahirabad Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[K. Madan Mohan Rao]] of [[Indian National Congress]] represents the constituency.

==Mandals==
The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following Mandals:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Yellareddy]]
|-
| [[Lingampet]]
|-
| [[Tadwai]]
|-
| [[Sadasivanagar, Kamareddy|Sadasivanagar]]
|-
| [[Nagareddipet]]
|-
| [[Gandhari, Kamareddy|Gandhari]]
|-
| [[Ramareddy]]
|-
| [[Rajampet, Kamareddy|Rajampet]]
|}

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Duration
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|[[T. N. Sadalakshmi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan=2|[[Eshwari Bai|J Eshwari Bai]]
| {{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| [[Tadur Bala Goud]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|rowspan=1| Kisan Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Yerva Srinivas Reddy
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|rowspan=3| Anjaneyulu Nerella
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|rowspan=1| [[Eanugu Ravinder Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=1}}
|-
| 2008
|rowspan=1| Bogudameedhi Janardhan Goud
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=1}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|rowspan=3| [[Eanugu Ravinder Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 2010
|-
| [[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[Jajala Surender]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[K. Madan Mohan Rao]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Yellareddy<ref name="Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023: Yellareddy">{{cite news |title=Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023: Yellareddy |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2915.htm |access-date=3 June 2025 |work=results.eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603165240/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2915.htm |archive-date=3 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[K. Madan Mohan Rao]]
| votes =86,989
| percentage = 47.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[Jajala Surender]]|votes=62,988|percentage=34.08|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Vadepally Subhash Reddy]]|votes=27,000|percentage=14.61|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Jamuna Rathla|votes=1,973|percentage=1.07|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=1,300|percentage=0.7|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=24,001|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,84,800|percentage=83.7|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner =Indian National Congress
|loser =Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Yellareddy<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043820/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=997&cid=15 Yellareddy Results]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Jajala Surender]]
| votes = 91,510
| percentage = 54.31%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[Eanugu Ravinder Reddy]]
| votes = 56,362
| percentage = 33.45%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = [[Talari Balaraju]]
| votes = 9,684
| percentage = 5.75%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Banala Laxman Reddy]]
| votes = 6,357
| percentage = 3.77%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 2,218
| percentage = 1.32%
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 35,148
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,68,481
| percentage = 86.32%
| change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|18.19|78.02|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Nizamabad district]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Mr. Errababu

2026-04-24T01:53:45Z

Marta694059068: starting the info w/ refs

{{Short description|2005 Telugu film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mr. Errababu
| image = Mr - Errababu.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = VCD Cover
| native_name = 
| director = K Kishore
| writer = K Kishore Nandyala Ravi (dialogues)
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Sunil Chalamalasetty
| starring = [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]] [[Roma Asrani|Roma]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = K Dutt
| editing = Baswa Paidi Reddy
| music = [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
| studio = Euro Andhra Entertainment Pvt Ltd
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2005|4|28}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Mr. Errababu''''' is a 2005 Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film directed by K Kishore and starring [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]] and newcomer [[Roma Asrani|Roma]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/mrerrababu-reliance.html|title=Mr. Erra Babu on Reliance Infocomm Showtime - Telugu cinema news|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film follows Mr. Erra Babu (Sivaji) as he falls in love with London girl Pooja (Roma) in [[Lankapalli]]. Pooja's father Chakravarthy wants Pooja to be married to an [[non-resident Indian|NRI]] rich man. How Erra Babu and Pooja reunite form the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
*[[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]] as Erra Babu
*[[Roma Asrani|Roma]] as Pooja
*[[Nagendra Babu]] as Chakravarthy
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]]
*[[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]]
*[[Krishna Bhagavan]]
*[[Raghu Babu]]
*[[Srinivasa Reddy]]
*[[Ahuti Prasad]]
* Sreeram Edida
* Amitha
*[[Rajya Lakshmi]]
*[[Vijayachander]]
*[[Chakravarthy Ramachandra]]
*[[Asha Saini]] (item song)
{{Colend}}

==Production==
Chennai-based model [[Roma Asrani|Roma]] made her debut with this film. The film is produced by [[non-resident Indian|NRI]] Sunil Chalamalasetty and was shot in [[London]] and [[Rajahmundry]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-euroandhra.html|title=Telugu Cinema function - Muhurtam - Euro Andhra Entertainment - Sivaji, Roma|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Music for the film was composed by [[Koti (composer)|Koti]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-mrerrababu.html|title=Mr. Erra Babu - audio function - Telugu Cinema - Sivaji, Roma|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.youtube.com/playlist?list=OLAK5uy_k7-wXh_R9UXQIyGKkZF5GsWGsjLPlEILk|title=Mr.Errababu|work=[[YouTube Music]]}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Khushi Khushiga
| extra1 = Shalini
| length1 = 4:00
| title2 = Yenduko Emoo
| extra2 = [[KK (singer)|KK]]
| length2 = 4:30
| title3 = Mallepuvvula
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Nithya Santhoshini
| length3 = 4:25
| title4 = Chukkallara
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Sunitha (Telugu singer)|Sunitha]]
| length4 = 4:19
| title5 = Neeli Meghala
| extra5 = [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], [[Malavika (singer)|Malavika]]
| length5 = 4:15
| title6 = Maa Ooru Sonthuru
| extra6 = [[Malathy Lakshman|Malathi]]
| length6 = 4:04
| total_length = 25:33
}}

==Reception==
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' wrote that "When we have [[non-resident Indians|NRIs]] producing Telugu films, we expect a minimum quality in terms of storyline, treatment and aesthetics. But Euro Andhra Entertainments banner disappoints with such a mundane film executed in mediocre style".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-mrerrababu.html|title=Mr. Errababu - Telugu cinema Review - Sivaji, Roma|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "On the whole, this film lacks a good script and moves at snail pace. You can predict every other scene and offers little in the way of surprise in the climax".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mr. Erra Babu |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/mr-erra-babu-review-telugu-pclvJggbciddc.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603042427/https://www.sify.com/movies/mr-erra-babu-review-telugu-pclvJggbciddc.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 June 2022 |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=Sify |language=en}}</ref> A critic from ''Indiaglitz'' wrote that "Shivaji's acting passes muster, Roma also acquits herself well. But why such a movie? After seeing the movie, the question rings like [[Jean-Paul Sartre|Satre]]'s existentialist queries".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/mr-erra-babu-review-telugu-movie-7438|title=Mr. Erra Babu review. Mr. Erra Babu Telugu movie review, story, rating|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0487040}}

[[Category:2005 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2005 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

Syriac Christianity

2026-04-22T05:42:48Z

Marta694059068: done

{{Short description|Branch of Eastern Christianity}}
{{Eastern Christianity}}

'''Syriac Christianity''' ({{langx|syr|ܡܫܝܚܝܘܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ}}, ''Mšiḥoyuṯo Suryoyto'' or ''Mšiḥāyūṯā Suryāytā'') is a branch of [[Eastern Christianity]] of which formative [[Christian theology|theological]] writings and traditional [[Christian liturgy|liturgies]] are expressed in the [[Syriac language|Classical Syriac]] language, a [[Variation (linguistics)|variation]] of the old [[Aramaic]] language.{{sfn|Rompay|2008|pp=365–386}}{{sfn|Murre van den Berg|2007|p=249}}{{sfn|Kitchen|2012|pp=66–77}} In a wider sense, the term can also refer to '''Aramaic Christianity''' in general, thus encompassing all Christian traditions that are based on the liturgical uses of the [[Aramaic|Aramaic language]] and its variations, both historical and modern.{{sfn|Simmons|1959|p=13}}{{sfn|Aufrecht|2001|p=149}}{{sfn|Quispel|2008|p=80}}

Along with [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Latin language|Latin]], Classical Syriac was one of the three most important languages of [[Early Christianity]].{{sfn|Brock|2005|pp=5–20}} It became a vessel for the development of a distinctive Syriac form of Christianity which flourished throughout the [[Near East]] and other parts of [[Christianity in Asia|Asia]] during [[late antiquity]] and the [[early medieval]] period, giving rise to various liturgical and denominational traditions, represented in modern times by several churches which continue to uphold the religious and cultural heritage of Syriac Christianity.{{sfn|Winkler|2019|pp=119–133}}{{sfn|Hunter|2019|pp=783–796}}

Syriac Christianity comprises two [[Ritual family|liturgical traditions]]: the [[East Syriac Rite]] and the [[West Syriac Rite]].{{sfn|Varghese|2019|pp=391–404}}

The East Syriac Rite (also known as the Chaldean, Assyrian, or Persian Rite)<ref>{{cite book |author=John Hardon |title=Catholic Dictionary: An Abridged and Updated Edition of Modern Catholic Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1MsufgDEL1oC&pg=PA493 |date=2013 |publisher=Crown Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-307-88635-4 |page=493}}</ref> uses the [[Liturgy of Addai and Mari]]. It is the rite of the churches descended from the [[Church of the East]], including the [[Assyrian Church of the East]], the [[Ancient Church of the East]], the [[Chaldean Syrian Church]], and the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] and the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]].

The West Syriac Rite (also called Antiochian Syriac Rite) uses the [[Liturgy of Saint James]]. It is the rite of the [[Oriental Orthodox]] [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] (including its component the [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]]), [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]], and the [[Malabar Independent Syrian Church]]; and the [[Catholic]] [[Maronite Church]], the [[Syriac Catholic Church]], and [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]]. [[Protestant liturgy|Protestant forms]] of this rite are used by the [[Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church]] and the [[St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India]].

In India, indigenous Eastern Christians ([[Saint Thomas Christians]]) of both liturgical traditions (East and West Syriac) are called Syrian Christians. The traditional East Syriac community is represented by the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church and the Chaldean Syrian Church of India. The West Syriac liturgical tradition was introduced after 1665, and the community associated with it is represented by the [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]] (part of the Syriac Orthodox Church) and the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]], both of which are [[Oriental Orthodox]], in addition to the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]] (an [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern Catholic church]]), the [[Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church]] (part of the [[Anglican Communion]]), and the [[Malabar Independent Syrian Church]] (an independent Oriental Orthodox Church not part of the [[Oriental Orthodox Churches|Oriental Orthodox Communion]]).{{sfn|Perczel|2019|pp=653–697}}

The [[Syriac language]] is a variety of Aramaic language that emerged in [[Edessa]], [[Upper Mesopotamia]], during the first centuries AD.{{sfn|Brock|1998|pp=708–719}} It is related to the [[Aramaic of Jesus]], a Galilean dialect.<ref>Allen C. Myers, ed. (1987), "Aramaic". ''The Eerdmans Bible Dictionary''. Grand Rapids, MI: [[William B. Eerdmans]]. p. 72. {{ISBN|0-8028-2402-1}}. "It is generally agreed that Aramaic was the common language of Palestine in the first century A.D. Jesus and his disciples spoke the Galilean dialect, which was distinguished from that of Jerusalem (Matt. 26:73)."</ref> This relationship added to its prestige for Christians.{{sfn|Montgomery|2002|p=27}} The form of the language in use in [[Edessa]] predominated in Christian writings and was accepted as the standard form, "a convenient vehicle for the spread of Christianity wherever there was a substrate of spoken Aramaic".{{sfn|Rompay|2008|pp=365–386}} The area where Syriac or Aramaic was spoken, an area of contact and conflict between the [[Roman Empire]] and the [[Sasanian Empire]], extended from around [[Antioch]] in the west to [[Seleucia-Ctesiphon]], the Sasanian capital in [[Mesopotamia]] in the east and comprised the whole or parts of present-day [[Syria]], [[Lebanon]], [[Israel-Palestine|Israel/Palestine]], [[Iraq]], and southeastern parts of [[Turkey]] and western parts of [[Iran]], with its speakers being largely [[Semitic people|Semitic]] [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Arameans]], [[Phoenicians]], [[Mandaeans]] and [[Judeans]].{{sfn|Murre van den Berg|2007|p=249}}{{sfn|Rompay|2008|pp=365–386}}

==Name==
{{further|Names of the Syriac language}}

In modern [[English language|English]], the term "Syriac Christianity" is preferred over the alternative form "Syrian Christianity", that was also commonly used in older literature, as a [[synonym]], particularly during the 19th and the 20th centuries.{{sfn|Robinson|Coakley|2013|p=1, note 1}} Since the latter term proved to be very [[polysemic]], a tendency occurred (firstly among scholars) to reduce the term "Syrian Christianity" to its primary (regional) meaning, that designates the [[Christianity in Syria]], while more specific term (Syriac Christianity) came to be used as preferred designation for the entire Syriac branch of Eastern Christianity.{{sfn|Millar|2006|pp=107–109}} That distinction is not yet universally accepted, even among scholars. It is gradually introduced in most of the English speaking world, with some notable exceptions. Churches of Syriac tradition in [[India]] still [[self-identify]], in [[Indian English]], as "Syrian" Churches, both for [[sociolinguistic]] and legal reasons.{{sfn|O'Mahony|2006|p=511}}{{sfn|Winkler|2019|pp=130–132}}

Modern distinctions between "Syrian" and "Syriac" (Christianity) are observed in English language as a partially accepted [[Convention (norm)|convention]], but such distinctions do not exist in most of the other languages, nor on the [[endonymic]] (native) level among adherents of Syriac Christianity.{{sfn|Millar|2006|pp=107–109}} Native terms ([[ethnonyms]], [[demonyms]], [[linguonyms]]) that were derived from the name of Syria did not possess a distinctive formal duality that would be equivalent to the conventional English distinction between terms ''Syrian'' and ''Syriac''.{{sfn|Andrade|2019|pp=157–174}} Since the proposed distinction is not yet universally accepted among scholars, its individual and often inconsistent application has created a complex narrative, that is additionally burdened by older problems, inherited from terminological controversies that originated much earlier, within [[Syriac studies]] in particular, and also within [[Aramaic studies]] in general.{{sfn|Burnett|2005|pp=421–436}}

The use of Syrian/Syriac labels was also challenged by common scholarly reduction of Syriac Christianity to the [[Eastern Aramaic]] Christian heritage found among the [[Assyrian people]] in what is today Iraq, Southeast Turkey and Northwest Iran, and its offspring. Such reduction was detaching Syriac Christianity from [[Western Aramaic]] Christian traditions, that were enrooted in the very homeland of Christianity, encompassing ancient [[Aramaic language|Aramaic-speaking]] communities in [[Judea]] and [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], with [[Galilee]] and [[Samaria]], and also those in the regions of [[Nabatea]] and [[Palmyra|Palmyrene]] to the east,{{sfn|Jobling|1996|pp=62–73}} and [[Phoenicia]] and [[Roman Syria|Syria]] proper to the north. Since Western Aramaic Christians did not fit into narrow scholarly definition of Syriac Christianity, focused on [[Eastern Aramaic]] traditions,{{sfn|Rompay|2008|p=366}} various researchers have opted for an additional use of some wider terms, like "Aramaic Christianity",{{sfn|Simmons|1959|p=13}}{{sfn|Aufrecht|2001|p=149}} or "Aramaic Christendom",{{sfn|Quispel|2008|p=80}} thus designating a religious, cultural and linguistic continuum, encompassing the entire branch of Christianity that stemmed from the first Aramaic-speaking Christian communities, formed in apostolic times, and then continued to develop throughout history, mainly in the [[Near East]] and also in several other regions of [[Christianity in Asia|Asia]], including India and China.{{sfn|Dickens|2019|pp=583–624}}{{sfn|Takahashi|2019|pp=625–652}}

In English language, the term ''Aramaic Christianity'' should not be confused with term ''Aramean Christianity'', since the first designation is linguistically defined and thus refers to Aramaic-speaking Christians in general, while the second designation is more specific and refers only to Christian [[Arameans]].{{sfn|Healey|2014|p=391}}{{sfn|Healey|2019a|p=433–446}}

== History ==
{{Further|History of Eastern Christianity}}
[[File:Syriac Christian Denominations in Middle East.svg|thumb|right|400px|Present-day Middle-Eastern Syriac Christian denominations]]
[[File:Syriac Christianity.svg|thumb|right|300px|East Syriac ([[Church of the East]]) metropolitan sees in [[Christianity in Asia|Asia]] from the 9th to the 13th centuries]]

Christianity began in the [[Near East]], in [[Jerusalem]] among Aramaic-speaking Christians (Assyrians).{{Clarify|date=December 2025}} It soon spread to other Aramaic-speaking [[Semitic people]]s like Aramaic pagan peoples along the Eastern Mediterranean coast{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}} and also to the inland parts of the [[Roman Empire]] and beyond that into the [[Parthian Empire]] and the later [[Sasanian Empire]],{{sfn|Daryaee|2019|pp=33–43}} including [[Mesopotamia]], which was dominated at different times and to varying extents by these empires. Like its Greek and Latin counterparts, the Syriac traditions includes non-ethnic members who wrote in [[Syriac language|Syriac]] and were members of the tradition at large, such as [[Aphrahat|Aphraat]] the Persian.<ref name="Rompay 71–1042">{{Cite journal |last=Rompay |first=Lucas Van |date=2010-03-01 |title=Past and Present Perceptions of Syriac Literary Tradition |journal=Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=81 |doi=10.31826/hug-2010-030105 |issn=1097-3702 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The ruins of the [[Dura-Europos church]], dating from the first half of the 3rd century are concrete evidence of the presence of organized Christian communities in the Aramaic-speaking area, far from Jerusalem and the Mediterranean coast, and there are traditions of the preaching of Christianity in the region as early as the time of the [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostles]].

However, "virtually every aspect of Syriac Christianity prior to the fourth century remains obscure, and it is only then that one can feel oneself on firmer ground".{{sfn|Brock|2004a|p=362}} The fourth century is marked by the many writings in Syriac of Saint [[Ephrem the Syrian]], the ''Demonstrations'' of the slightly older [[Aphrahat]] and the anonymous ascetical ''[[Book of Steps]]''. Ephrem lived in the Roman Empire, close to the border with the Sasanian Empire, to which the other two writers belonged.{{sfn|Brock|2004a|p=362}} However, another source claims there is a significant amount of evidence from the fourth century and before about liturgical practices.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rouwhorst |first=Gerard |date=March 1997 |title=Jewish Liturgical Traditions in Early Syriac Christianity |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1584359 |journal=Vigiliae Christianae |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=72–93 |doi=10.2307/1584359 |jstor=1584359 |issn=0042-6032|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Early Syriac Christian communities, especially around such as [[Edessa]] and [[Nisibis]], retained a strong [[Judeo-Christian]] character influenced in part by the Jewish presence in nearby [[Adiabene]]. Early Syriac authors like Ephrem and Aphrahat drew upon Jewish exegetical methods and sectarian traditions in their writings, and the Syriac churches remained spiritually close to Jewish practices in their early centuries. They also resisted successive attempts at Hellenization and integration into the [[Byzantine Empire]]'s forced ecclesiastical and theological framework. This resistance manifested after the [[Council of Ephesus]] (431), when the [[Church of the East]] asserted its independence from Byzantine authority and reorganised around Nisibis.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Spinks |first=Bryan D. |title=Addai and Mari—The Anaphora of the Apostles: A Text for Students |date=December 1980 |publisher=Grove |isbn=978-0-905422-93-0 |series=Grove Liturgical Studies |volume=24 |location=Bramcote |pages=3 |authorlink=Bryan D. Spinks}}</ref> A similar development occurred after the [[Council of Chalcedon]] (451) when the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] established its own hierarchy distinct from that of the [[Imperial Church|imperial church]]. 

Other items of early literature of Syriac Christianity are the [[Diatessaron]] of [[Tatian]], the [[Curetonian Gospels]] and the [[Syriac Sinaiticus]], the [[Peshitta]] Bible and the [[Doctrine of Addai]].

The bishops who took part in the [[First Council of Nicea]] (325), the first of the [[ecumenical council]]s, included twenty from Syria and one from Persia, outside the Roman Empire.{{sfn|Montgomery|2002|p=27, 57}} Two councils held in the following century divided Syriac Christianity into two opposing parties.

=== East-West theological contrast ===
[[File:Dioceses of the Syrian Orthodox Church.svg|thumb|right|250px|West Syriac dioceses of the Syriac Orthodox Church during the [[medieval]] period]]

Syriac Christianity is divided on several [[Christian theology|theological]] issues, both [[Christological]] and [[Pneumatological]].{{sfn|Hainthaler|2019|p=377–390}}

In 431, the [[Council of Ephesus]], which is reckoned as the third ecumenical council, condemned [[Nestorius]] and [[Nestorianism]]. That condemnation was consequently ignored by the East Syriac [[Church of the East]], which had been previously established in the [[Sasanian Empire]] as a distinct Church at the [[Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon]] in 410, and which at the Synod of Dadisho in 424 had declared the independence of its head, the [[Catholicos]], in relation to "Western" (Roman Empire) Church authorities. Even in its modern form of Assyrian Church of the East and Ancient Church of the East, it honours Nestorius and his mentors (e.g. [[Theodore of Mopsuestia]]) & students (e.g. [[Ibas of Edessa]]) as teachers and saints.{{sfn|Baum|Winkler|2003|pp=5, 30}}

In 451, the [[Council of Chalcedon]], the fourth ecumenical council as accepted by the [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] Churches, condemned [[Monophysitism]], and also rejected [[Dyoprosopic Christology|Dyoprosopism]].{{sfn|Meyendorff|1989|p=}} This council was rejected by the [[Oriental Orthodox Churches]] (among which is the Syriac Orthodox Church) that use the West Syriac Rite. The [[Patriarchate of Antioch]] was consequently divided between two communities: pro-[[Chalcedonian Christianity|Chalcedonian]] and [[non-Chalcedonian]]. The Chalcedonians were often referred to as "[[Melkites]]" by their opponents, derived from the Syriac word "Melka," meaning "royal." This term implied their loyalty to the Byzantine emperor and was used by non-Chalcedonians to suggest that the Melkites prioritized allegiance to the empire over adherence to true teachings. The non-Chalcedonians were dubbed "[[Monophysites]]" which means they believed in Christ having a sole, divine nature, despite that not being the actual doctrine of the [[Oriental Orthodox Churches]], which espouse [[Miaphysitism]], the teaching that Christ has one composite nature, fully human and fully divine; they were also called [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Jacobites]] (especially, but not exclusively, the Syriac Orthodox Church, particularly in the late Ottoman era) after [[Jacob Baradaeus]].

In 553, the [[Council of Constantinople (553)|Council of Constantinople]], the fifth ecumenical council, anathematized [[Theodore of Mopsuestia]], and also condemned several writings of [[Theodoret of Cyrus]] and [[Ibas of Edessa]] (see [[Three-Chapter Controversy]]).{{sfn|Meyendorff|1989|p=}} Since those three theologians were highly regarded among Eastern Syriac Christians, further rifts were created, culminating in 612, when a major council of the [[Church of the East]] was held in [[Seleucia-Ctesiphon]]. Presided by [[Babai the Great]] (d. 628), the council officially adopted specific Christological formulations, using [[Syriac language|Syriac]] term ''qnoma'' (ܩܢܘܡܐ) as designation for dual (divine and human) properties within one [[prosopon]] (person) of Christ.{{sfn|Brock|1999d|p=281–298}}

Theological estrangement between East Syriac and West Syriac branches was manifested as a prolonged rivalry, that was particularly intensive between the [[Church of the East]] and the [[Maphrianate of the East]] (of the Syriac Orthodox Church),{{sfn|Meyendorff|1989|p=}} with each branch claiming that its doctrines were not [[heresy|heretical]] while also accusing the other of teaching heresy. Their theological estrangement has persisted through the medieval and early modern periods and into the present era. In 1999, the [[Coptic Orthodox Church]], a sister-church of the Syriac Orthodox Church, blocked admittance of the Assyrian Church of the East to the [[Middle East Council of Churches]], which has among its members the Chaldean Catholic Church,{{sfn|Baum|Winkler|2003|pp=151–152}}{{sfn|Brock|2004b|p=58}}{{sfn|Nichols|2010|p=137}} and demanded that it remove from its liturgy the mention of [[Diodorus of Tarsus]], [[Theodore of Mopsuestia]] and [[Nestorius]], whom it venerates as "the Greek doctors".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://metropolitan-bishoy.org/files/ecumenieng/Assyrian.doc|title=Metropolitan Bishoy, "The Assyrian Churches"}}</ref>

=== East-West liturgical contrast ===
[[File:Holy mass of the Syriac Orthodox Church.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Holy Qurbana]] of the Syriac Orthodox Church celebration of the [[Divine Liturgy of Saint James]]]]

While not always being the case, the liturgies of the East and West Syriacs are quite distinct nowadays. The East Syriac Rite is noted especially for its eucharistic [[Qurbana of Addai and Mari]], in which the [[Words of Institution]] are absent. West Syriacs use the Syro-Antiochian or West Syriac Rite, which belongs to the family of liturgies known as the [[Antiochene Rite]].

The Syriac Orthodox Church adds to the [[Trisagion]] ("Holy God, Holy Mighty, Holy Immortal, have mercy on us") the phrase "who were crucified for us". The Church of the East interpreted this as heretical.<ref>[https://research.vu.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/19638871/complete+dissertation.pdf Marijke Metselaar-Jongens, ''Defining Christ: The Church of the East and Nascent Islam'' (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam 2016), p. 79]</ref> Patriarch [[Timothy I of Seleucia-Ctesiphon|Timothy I]] of the Church of the East declared: "And also in all the countries of Babylon, of Persia, and of Assyria, and in all the countries of the sunrise, that is to say, among the Indians, the Chinese, the Tibetans, the Turks, and in all the provinces under the jurisdiction of this Patriarchal See, there is no addition of ''Crucifixus es pro nobis''".{{sfn|Mingana|1926|p=466}}

Among the Saint Thomas Christians of [[India]], the East Syriac Rite was the one originally used, but those who in the 17th century accepted union with the Syriac Orthodox Church adopted the West Syriac Rite of that church.

=== Further divisions ===
[[File:Branches & Denominations of Saint Thomas Christians.svg|alt=|thumb|400x400px|Present-day divisions of Saint Thomas Christians (also known as Syrian Christians)]]

A schism in 1552 in the Church of the East gave rise to a separate patriarchate, which at first entered into union with the [[Catholic Church]] but later formed the nucleus of the present-day Assyrian Church of the East and Ancient Church of the East, while at the end of the 18th century most followers of the earlier patriarchate chose union with Rome and, with some others, now form the Chaldean Catholic Church.

In India, all of the [[Saint Thomas Christians]] are still collectively called "Syrian Christians". The majority of the Saint Thomas Christians, who initially depended on the Church of the East, maintained union with Rome in spite of discomforts felt at Latinization by their Portuguese rulers and clergy, against which they protested. They now form the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]. A small group, which split from these in the early 19th century, united at the beginning of the 20th century, under the name of [[Chaldean Syrian Church]], with the Assyrian Church of the East.

Those who in 1653 broke with the Catholic Church as dominated by the Portuguese in India and soon chose union with the Syriac Orthodox Church later split into various groups. The first separation was that of the [[Malabar Independent Syrian Church]] in 1772.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fenwick |first1=John R.K. |title=Malabar Independent Syrian Church The Thozhiyur Church |url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Malabar-Independent-Syrian-Church}}</ref> At the end of the 19th century, the [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church|Malankara Marthoma Syrian Church]] separated, after which they adopted a Reformed variant of the [[Liturgy of St. James]] and later in the course of the 20th century, a division arose among those who remained united with the Syriac Orthodox Church who insisted on full [[autocephaly]] and are now called the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]] and those, the [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]], who remain faithful to the patriarch.

A reunion movement led in 1930 to the establishment of [[full communion]] between some of the Malankara Syrian Orthodox and the Catholic Church. They now form the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]].

In the Middle East, the newly enthroned patriarch of the Syriac Orthodox Church, [[Ignatius Michael III Jarweh]], declared himself a Catholic and, having received confirmation from Rome in 1783, became the head of the Syriac Catholic Church.

In the 19th and 20th centuries, as persecution peaked especially after the [[Assyrian genocide]], many Syriac Christians, both East and West, left the Middle East for other lands, creating a substantial diaspora.{{sfn|Chaillot|1998|p=}}

In modern times, several Churches of Syriac tradition are actively participating in [[ecumenical dialogue]].{{sfn|Brock|1999e|pp=189–197}}{{sfn|Brock|2004b|pp=44–65}}

==Terms for Syriac Christians==
{{main|Terms for Syriac Christians}}
[[File:Outside the Syriac Church in Mosul.jpg|right|thumb|Celebration at a [[Syriac Orthodox]] monastery in [[Mosul]], [[Ottoman Syria]] (now [[Iraq]]), early 20th century]]

Indigenous [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]]-speaking communities of the [[Near East]] ({{langx|syr|ܣܘܪܝܝܐ}}){{sfn|Donabed|2015|p=18}} adopted Christianity very early, perhaps already from the first century, and began to abandon their three-millennia-old traditional [[ancient Mesopotamian religion]], although this religion did not fully die out until as late as the tenth century.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}} The kingdom of [[Osroene]], with the capital city of [[Edessa]], was absorbed into the [[Roman Empire]] in 114 as a semi-autonomous vassal state and then, after a period under the supremacy of the [[Parthian Empire]], was incorporated as a [[Osroene (Roman province)|Roman province]], first in 214, and finally in 242.{{sfn|Ross|2001|p=49}}

In 431 the [[First Council of Ephesus|Council of Ephesus]] declared [[Nestorianism]] a heresy. Nestorians, persecuted in the [[Byzantine Empire]], sought refuge in the parts of [[Mesopotamia]] that were part of the [[Sasanian Empire]]. This encouraged acceptance of Nestorian doctrine by the Persian [[Church of the East]], which spread Christianity outside Persia, to India, China, Tibet and Mongolia, expanding the range of this eastern branch of Syriac Christianity. Most of the remaining Syriac Christians within the [[Byzantine Empire]] formally accepted [[Miaphysitism]] having rejected the [[Council of Chalcedon]], and also spread their faith eastwards Persia, India, and China.<ref>T.V. Philip, [http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=1553&C=1359 East of the Euphrates: Early Christianity in Asia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428033153/http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=1553&C=1359 |date=2017-04-28 }}</ref>

== Churches of Syriac traditions ==
[[File:Syriac gospel miniature from Mosul, Iraq, c. 1220. (British Museum Add. 7170, fol. 145r).jpg|thumb|Syriac gospel miniature from [[Zengid dynasty]] [[Mosul]], Iraq, c. 1216–1220.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gorelik |first1=Michael |title=Oriental Armour of the Near and Middle East from the Eighth to the Fifteenth Centuries as Shown in Works of Art (in Islamic Arms and Armour) |date=1979 |publisher=Robert Elgood |page=Fig.38 |location=London |isbn=978-0859674706 |url=http://warfare.6te.net/Gorelik-Oriental_Armour.htm}}</ref>|236x236px]]
'''[[West Syriac Rite]]'''
* ''[[Oriental Orthodox]]''
** [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] (Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and all the East, based in [[Damascus, Syria]])
*** [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]] (Syriac Orthodox Church in India, [[Catholicosate]], based in [[Kochi|Kochi, Kerala, India]])
** [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]] (Indian Orthodox Church, [[Catholicosate]], based in [[Kottayam|Kottayam, Kerala, India]])
** [[Malabar Independent Syrian Church]] (Independent Oriental Orthodox Church, based in [[Thozhiyoor|Thozhiyur, Kerala, India]], not part of the [[Oriental Orthodox Communion]])
* ''[[Eastern Catholic Churches]] of the [[West Syriac Rite]]''
** [[Maronite Catholic Church]] (Syriac Maronite Patriarchate of Antioch and all the East, based in [[Bkerké|Bkerké, Lebanon]])
** [[Syriac Catholic Church]] (Syriac Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch and all the East, based in [[Beirut, Lebanon]])
** [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]] (Malankara Syrian Catholic Church, [[Catholicosate]], based in [[Trivandrum|Trivandrum, Kerala, India]])
* ''[[Eastern Protestant Christianity|Eastern Protestant Churches]]''
** [[Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church]] (in [[full communion]] with the [[Anglican Communion]], based in [[Thiruvalla|Thiruvalla, Kerala, India]])
** [[St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India]] (based in [[Thiruvalla|Thiruvalla, Kerala, India]])

'''[[East Syriac Rite]]'''
* ''[[Church of the East]]''
** The [[Assyrian Church of the East]], traditionalist continuation that emerged from the ''Shimun line'' of patriarchs of the Church of the East that took this name in 1976
*** The [[Chaldean Syrian Church]], an archbishopric in India of the Assyrian Church of the East
** The [[Ancient Church of the East]], split from the Assyrian Church of the East in the 1960s.
* ''[[Eastern Catholic Churches]] of the [[East Syriac Rite]]''
** The [[Chaldean Catholic Church]], an [[Eastern Catholic]] Church that emerged from the ''Elia'' line of patriarchs of the Church of the East following splits in 1552, 1667/1668 and 1779
** The [[Syro-Malabar Church]], an Eastern Catholic Church based in [[Kerala]] that is independent from the Chaldean Catholic hierarchy since the [[Synod of Diamper]] in 1599.
East Syriac Christians were involved in the mission to India, and many of the present Churches in India are in communion with either East or West Syriac Churches. These Indian Christians are known as [[Saint Thomas Christians]].

In modern times, even apart from the [[Eastern Protestant Christianity|Eastern Protestant]] denominations like [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church of Malabar]] and [[St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India]], which originated from Churches of the West Syriac Rite,<ref name="Leustean">{{cite book |last1=Leustean |first1=Lucian N. |title=Eastern Christianity and Politics in the Twenty-First Century |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-81866-3 |page=568 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zt2vAwAAQBAJ&q=Eastern+Christianity+and+Politics+in+the+Twenty-First+Century+mar+thoma+anglican |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Fortescue">{{cite book |last1=Fortescue |first1=Adrian |title=The lesser eastern churches |date=1913 |publisher=Catholic Truth Society |location=London |isbn=978-1-177-70798-5 |pages=368–371, 374–375 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKbuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA370 |language=en}}</ref> various Evangelical denominations continue to send representatives among Syriac Christians. As a result, several [[Evangelical]] groups have been established, particularly the [[Assyrian Pentecostal Church]] (mostly in America, Iran, and Iraq) from East Syriac Christians, and the Aramean Free Church (mostly in Germany, Sweden, America and Syria) from West Syriac Christians. Because of their new ([[Protestantism|Protestant]]) theology these are oftentimes not classified as traditional churches of Syriac Christianity.

==See also==
{{portal|Christianity}}
* [[Assyrian people]]
* [[Saint Thomas Christian denominations]]

== Citations ==
{{reflist}}

== General and cited sources ==
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{{refend}}

==External links==
{{sister project links|d=Q80292|c=Category:Syriac Christianity|q=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|n=no|wikt=no|s=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no}}
* [http://www.jacobitesyrianchurch.org '''Jacobite Syrian Church''']
* {{in lang|fr|cap=yes}} – Translation into English [http://www.wikisyr.com '''Syriac Christianity'''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411183545/http://www.wikisyr.com/ |date=2009-04-11 }} on [http://www.wikisyr.com/ '''WikiSyr'''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411183545/http://www.wikisyr.com/ |date=2009-04-11 }}
* {{in lang|fr|cap=yes}} – Translation into English [http://www.cerclesyriac.fr '''Syriac Catholic Circle''']{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://nasrani.net/2008/10/31/qambel-maran-syriac-chants-from-south-india// Qambel Maran- Syriac chants from South India- a review and liturgical music tradition of Syriac Christians revisited]
* [http://nasrani.net/2007/01/12/preserved-original-rituals-of-the-early-jewish-christians-in-syrian-christians-of-kerala// Traditions and rituals among the Syrian Christians of Kerala]
* [http://www.msihoye.de/ Audio Aramaic-Bible]
* [http://www.csc.org.il/db/db.aspx?db=SB The Center for the Study of Christianity: A Comprehensive Bibliography on Syriac Christianity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024110546/http://www.csc.org.il/db/db.aspx?db=SB |date=2021-10-24 }}

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[[Category:Syriac Christianity| ]]

List of Yuva Puraskar winners for English

2026-04-20T18:32:10Z

Marta694059068: starting new article w/ infobox

{{Short description|List of winners of a literary honor in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Awards}}
'''[[Yuva Puraskar]]''' is given each year to young writers for their outstanding works in the 24 languages, since 2011.

==Recipients==
Following is the list of recipients of [[Yuva Puraskar]] for their works written in [[English language|English]]. The award comprises a cash prize of [[Indian rupee|Rs]]. 50,000 and an engraved copper plaque.<ref name="timesofindia-economictimes 2015">{{cite web | title=Some Sahitya Yuva Puraskar awardees 'condemn' intolerance | website=timesofindia-economictimes | date=2015-11-19 | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-19/news/68412654_1_sahitya-akademi-religious-intolerance-young-writers | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609175500/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-19/news/68412654_1_sahitya-akademi-religious-intolerance-young-writers | url-status=dead | archive-date=9 June 2016 | access-date=2016-05-05}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Author
! Work
!Genre
!class=unsortable|References
|-
| 2011 || [[Vikram Sampath]] || '''My Name Is Gauhar Jaan!'–The Life And Times of A Musician'' || Biography ||
|-
| 2012 || [[Aman Sethi]] || ''A Free Man'' || Non Fiction ||
|-
| 2013 || [[Janice Pariat]] || ''Boats on Land'' || Short Stories ||
|-
| 2014 || Kaushik Barua || ''Windhorse'' || Novel || <ref>{{cite news |title=Poetry dominates Sahitya Akademi Yuva awards |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/poetry-dominates-sahitya-akademi-yuva-awards/article6342960.ece |work=The Hindu |date=22 August 2014 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || [[Hansda Sowvendra Shekhar]] || ''[[The Mysterious Ailment of Rupi Baskey]]'' || Novel || <ref>{{cite web | last=Datta | first=Sudipta | title=Who is Hansda Sowvendra Shekhar, fighting a ban | website=[[The Hindu]] | date=19 August 2017 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hansda-sowvendra-shekharfighting-a-ban/article19525262.ece | access-date=18 June 2025|quote=From 2002 to 2015, Hansda Sowvendra Shekhar gathered stories about his people, the Santhals of Jharkhand, for his collection The Adivasi will not Dance . It was published in 2015 to critical acclaim; just as his novel The Mysterious Ailment of Rupi Baskey, which won him the Sahitya Akademi Yuva Purashkar the same year.}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || [[Raghu Karnad]] || ''Farthest Field An Indian Story of The Second World War'' || Biography ||
|-
| 2017 || [[Manu S. Pillai]] || ''The Ivory Throne'' || Biography ||
|-
| 2018 || colspan="4" style="background:#f5a9a9; text-align:center;" | '''''No Award''''' <ref name="India 2018">{{cite web | title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners for Bal Sahitya, Yuva Puraskar for 2018 | website=Business Standard News | date=2018-06-22 | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-for-bal-sahitya-yuva-puraskar-for-2018-118062200794_1.html | access-date=2018-06-22}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || [[Tanuj Solanki]] || ''Diwali in Muzaffarnagar'' || Short Stories ||
|-
| 2020 || [[Yashica Dutt]] || ''[[Coming Out as Dalit]]'' || Memoir || <ref name="Deccan Herald">{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal Sahitya Puraskar, Yuva Puraskar 2020 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-puraskar-yuva-puraskar-2020-961327.html |website=www.deccanherald.com |date=2021-03-12 |access-date=1 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || [[Megha Majumdar]] || ''[[A Burning]]'' || Novel ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021-megha-majumdar-7699167/|title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021|date= 31 December 2021|publisher=indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi Awards, Yuva Puraskar and Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021 announced |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/sahitya-akademi-awards-yuva-puraskar-and-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021-announced/articleshow/88596074.cms |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=timesofindia.com |date=2021-12-30 |access-date=22 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021 |url=https://staging.theprint.in/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021/792021/ |website=staging.theprint.in |date=2021-12-31 |access-date=22 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2022 || [[Mihir Vatsa]] || ''[[Tales of Hazaribagh]]'' || Travel Memoir ||
|-
|2023 || [[Anirudh Kanisetti]]|| ''[[Lords of the Deccan]]: Southern India from the Chalukyas to the Cholas'' || Historical ||<ref>{{cite web |date=23 June 2023 |title=Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar 2023|url=https://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_YP-2023.pdf|access-date=27 June 2023|website=[[Sahitya Akademi]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || K. Vaishali || ''Homeless: Growing up Lesbian and Dyslexic In India'' || Memoir ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/article68293703.ece |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=www.thehindu.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/articleshow/111018778.cms |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://theprint.in/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/2132795/ |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=theprint.in |date=15 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|Advait Kottary
|Siddhartha: The Boy Who Became the Buddha
|Novel
|<ref>[https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_YP-2025.pdf "Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar 2025"] (PDF). sahitya-akademi.gov.in''.'' 18 June 2025. Retrieved 20 April 2026.</ref>
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Literature}}
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for English]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for English]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/yuva_samman_suchi.jsp Yuva Puraskar-Sahitya Akademi India - Official Website]
* [https://bestcurrentaffairs.com/sahitya-akademi-yuva-puraskar/ List of Yuva Puraskar Winners]

[[Category:Indian literary awards]]
[[Category:Awards established in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in India]]

Murari Pasavan

2026-04-20T05:13:40Z

Marta694059068: starting new post w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Murari Pasavan
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 14 November 2025
| term_end = Incumbent
| constituency = [[Pirpainti Assembly constituency|Pirpainti]]
| predecessor = [[Lalan Kumar]]
| successor = Incumbent
| birth_place = Bihar
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|30px]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party =
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| website =
| parents =
}}
'''Murari Pasavan''' is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]]. He is elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] in [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Pirpainti Assembly constituency|Pirpainti]] constituency.<ref name="Bihar Assembly Election Results 2025: Constituency-wise winners and runners-up2">{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bihar-assembly-election-results-2025-constituency-wise-winners-and-runners-up-10366461/|title=Bihar Assembly Election Results 2025: Constituency-wise winners and runners-up|date=15 November 2025|access-date=15 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115035930/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bihar-assembly-election-results-2025-constituency-wise-winners-and-runners-up-10366461/|archive-date=15 November 2025|publisher=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bihar Election Result 2025: Full list of winners in 243 constituencies2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/bihar-election-result-2025-full-list-of-winners-in-243-constituencies-13675947.html|title=Bihar Election Result 2025: Full list of winners in 243 constituencies|date=15 November 2025|access-date=15 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115040110/https://www.moneycontrol.com/europe/?url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/bihar-election-result-2025-full-list-of-winners-in-243-constituencies-13675947.html|archive-date=15 November 2025|publisher=Money Control}}</ref>

==Political career==
Murari Pasavan won from [[Pirpainti Assembly constituency|Pirpainti]] constituency representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name="Pirpainti Assembly Election Result: BJP's Murari Pasavan Wins">{{cite news |title=Pirpainti Assembly Election Result: BJP's Murari Pasavan Wins |url=https://timelinedaily.com/elections/pirpainti-assembly-election-result-bjps-murari-pasavan-leads |accessdate=17 December 2025 |publisher=TimelineDaily |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251217064702/https://timelinedaily.com/elections/pirpainti-assembly-election-result-bjps-murari-pasavan-leads |archivedate=17 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref> He polled 1,40,608 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Ram Vilash Paswan of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]], by a margin of 53,107 votes.<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Pirpainti">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Pirpainti |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04154.htm |accessdate=17 December 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251217063939/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04154.htm |archivedate=17 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Pirpainti Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Pirpainti Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/pirpainti |accessdate=17 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251217064006/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/pirpainti |archivedate=17 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paswan, Murari}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Lucifer (2019 Indian film)

2026-04-19T07:38:51Z

Marta694059068: starting some stub w/ refs

{{Short description|2019 Indian Malayalam-language political action thriller film}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Lucifer
| image = Lucifer film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]
| producer = [[Antony Perumbavoor]]
| writer = [[Murali Gopy]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Mohanlal]]
*Prithviraj Sukumaran
*[[Manju Warrier]]
*[[Tovino Thomas]]
*[[Vivek Oberoi]]
*[[Indrajith Sukumaran]]
}}
| music = [[Deepak Dev]]
| cinematography = [[Sujith Vaassudev]]
| editing = Samjith Mohammed
| studio = [[Aashirvad Cinemas]]
| distributor = [[Maxlab Cinemas and Entertainments]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2019|3|28}}
| runtime = 174 minutes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/lucifer-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00mdm0mde|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108144102/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/lucifer-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00mdm0mde|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 January 2022|title=Lucifer|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{INR}}30 crore<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shrijith |first1=Sajin |title=Empuraan to follow Mohanlal's directorial debut |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/jun/20/empuraan-to-follow-mohanlals-directorial-debut-1992523.html |access-date=20 January 2021 |work=The New Indian Express |date=20 June 2019}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR}}129 crore<ref>{{cite web |title=Top 10 Highest Grossing Malayalam Movies Worldwide: L2 Empuraan leads |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/top-10-highest-grossing-malayalam-movies-worldwide-l2-empuraan-leads-1381039 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |date=6 April 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''''Lucifer''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Political cinema|political]] [[Action-thriller|action thriller film]] directed by [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], in his directorial debut, and written by [[Murali Gopy]]. It is the first installment in the ''Lucifer Universe''. It is produced by [[Antony Perumbavoor]] under [[Aashirvad Cinemas]]. It stars [[Mohanlal]] along with an [[ensemble cast]] consisting of Prithviraj Sukumaran, [[Manju Warrier]], [[Tovino Thomas]], [[Vivek Oberoi]], [[Indrajith Sukumaran]], [[Saniya Iyappan]], [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Saikumar]], [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]], [[Baiju Santhosh]], [[Nyla Usha]], [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]], and [[Sachin Khedekar]].

Development for the film began in 2016 when Gopy pitched the story to Prithviraj on the sets of ''[[Tiyaan]].'' The title of the film was taken from a shelved project directed by [[Rajesh Pillai]], which was also written by Gopy but with a different story. [[Pre-production]] began in 2017 with Gopy completing the final draft of the screenplay in February 2018. [[Principal photography]] began in July that year and was completed in January 2019, with filming taking place across [[Kerala]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Idukki district|Idukki]], [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], and [[Kollam district|Kollam]], along with schedules in [[Mumbai]], [[Bangalore]], Lakshadweep, and Russia. The film's music was composed by [[Deepak Dev]], with the cinematography and editing handled by [[Sujith Vaassudev]] and Samjith Mohammed, respectively.

''Lucifer'' was released in theatres worldwide on 28 March 2019 to positive reviews from critics. It was also dubbed and released in [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. The film broke many box office records for a Malayalam film, crossing the {{INRConvert|50|c}} mark in four days, {{INRConvert|100|c}} mark in eight days,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/lucifer-box-office-mohanlal-film-collects-rs-100-crore-worldwide-5665523/|title=Lucifer box office: Mohanlal film collects Rs 100 crore worldwide|date=8 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/lucifer-movie-crossed-100-crores-in-boxsoffice-lucifer-ashirvad-cinemas-mohanlal-prithviraj-1.3712441|title=എട്ട്‌ ദിവസം നൂറുകോടി, മാന്ത്രിക വര കടന്ന് ലൂസിഫര്‍|website=Mathrubhumi|date=8 April 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/apr/20/mohanlal-starrer-lucifer-enters-rs-150-crore-club-1966780.html|title=Mohanlal starrer-Lucifer enters Rs 150-crore club|website=The New Indian Express|date=20 April 2019 }}</ref> becoming the fastest Malayalam film to reach all these milestones. ''Lucifer'' was the first Malayalam film to earn more than ₹200 crore, including its box office collections and the earnings from the sale of its satellite rights and digital streaming rights in other languages.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-04|title=Mohanlal's Lucifer storms into Rs 200 crore club, first for Malayalam cinema|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mohanlal-s-lucifer-storms-into-rs-200-crore-club-first-for-malayalam-cinema/story-vTm7JXaAdz0FWFTllE4n2I.html|access-date=2021-07-16|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> It is currently one of the [[List of highest-grossing Malayalam films|highest-grossing Malayalam films]]. A sequel titled ''[[L2: Empuraan]]'' (2025) was released on 27 March 2025. It will be followed by a sequel titled ''L3: Azrael.''

== Plot ==
{{Long plot|date=October 2024}}
{{hatnote|Note: The plot has multiple narrative layers and perspectives. The apparent plot without interpretations is presented below.}}
At [[Interpol]]'s office in [[Lyon]], officer Robert McCarthy is looking at reports about the Khureshi Ab'raam nexus—an infamous [[secret society]] involved in transcontinental trade. A message from the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] is received on his computer; they suspect a diamond-gold nexus is working in tandem with the warlords of Africa, and a rear image of a person taken in [[Istanbul]] on 7 April 2006 is attached. McCarthy dials Interpol's secure phone line and says: ''Flag it off. It's Ab'raam. Khureshi Ab'raam''.

Meanwhile, in [[Kerala]], [[Chief Minister|CM]] Perunjeri Kesava Ramadas / P. K. Ramdas alias "PKR", the leader of the ruling party Indian Union Front (IUF), dies in the hospital while getting treated in Mediyal Institute of Medical Science and Research, which turns out to be the opposition leader Medayil Rajan's daughter's hospital. Taking advantage of the situation and believing that it would benefit the upcoming election, [[Acting (law)|acting]] [[Chief minister|CM]] Mahesha Varma sends party workers to riot outside the hospital. Govardhan, a truth-seeker, records a Facebook [[live streaming|live stream]] and condemns those who praise PKR, claiming that he was a puppet during his final years in the hands of a [[crime syndicate|financial syndicate]], which controls the entire Indian political system. He claims that the IUF party has twice the amount of money as the entire state's treasury, and the person who replaces PKR is crucial. He lists five possible candidates during the live stream: Priyadarshini "Priya" Ramdas, Jathin Ramdas, Bimal "Bobby" Nair, Mahesha Varma, and Stephen Nedumpally.

Priya and Jathin are PKR's children. Priya has a college-going daughter, Jhanvi, from her first husband, Jayadevan, who died in a mysterious car accident in [[Dubai]] seven years ago. She married Bobby, a notorious and discreet [[drug lord]], who is involved in real estate and [[Hawala]] scams. This is all unknown to Priya. Jathin resides in the [[United States|US]], with not much known about him. Varma declares himself as the most likely successor to PKR due to his seniority in the party and particularly for his lobbying skills. Stephen Nedumpally is a mysterious person promoted by PKR, which is not known until the last six years. Govardhan describes him as the "most dangerous" person capable of both saving and destroying Kerala, from the list, and addresses him as ''Lucifer''. Stephen's past is unknown. However, a little is known about his post-war reconstruction in [[Iraq]] and [[Afghanistan]] as well as gold smuggling from [[Dubai]], ([[United Arab Emirates]]) to [[Kerala]], ([[India]]) which is retrieved from Govardhan's [[dark web]] research.

Govardhan questions why PKR endorsed such a person by consorting with him in every venue and vacating his consecutively winning last year's Nedumpally [[State Assembly elections in India|assembly seat]] for him, last year. Meanwhile, in [[Mumbai]], Bobby meets his partner, Abdul, and tells him that PKR had given him an ultimatum to stop his drug trafficking a month ago. With PKR's demise, Bobby plans to fund the IUF party with drug money, overthrowing present financier Manappattil Chandy by offering him money three times as initially promised. With the help of Abdul, Bobby cuts a deal with [[drug lord|drug boss]] Fyodor, who agrees to transfer {{INRConvert|250|c}} every month in exchange for importing unchecked drug contraband into Kerala, once the IUF wins the election. For the deal to proceed, Bobby has to first set up a drug production plant. Abdul insists that the plant should be in the government-sealed timber factory in the Nedumpally range. At the same time, the last rites of PKR are carried out in Kerala, where Priya asks Varma to forbid Stephen from taking part in the ceremony.

On Varma's orders, [[police commissioner|city commissioner]] Mayilvahanam attempts to hinder his way, but fails. Jathin, who should be performing PKR rituals, is absent—last informed to be on a camping trip. On that night, Bobby arrives home, where he gives some [[Malana, Himachal Pradesh#Malana Cream|Malana cream]] to Jhanvi, without Priya's knowledge and convenes a meeting with the IUF ministers, informing his decision to fund the party and dissolve the current ministry, which will ensure the preponement of the elections, so that they can take advantage on the present sympathy wave and nominate Jathin as the party's next CM candidate. Since Chandy is Stephen's ally, Varma advises Bobby to negotiate with Stephen, but Stephen objects to funding the party with the drug money and threatens Bobby. Enraged, Bobby assigns Sanjeev, who is the chief of IUF-funded news network NPTV, to start a [[smear campaign]] against Stephen, much to the chagrin of his co-worker and wife, Arundathi. A reporter is sent to Govardhan to collect evidence based on his claims.

Govardhan doesn't have the evidence, but claims Chandy is backed by the Khureshi Ab'raam gang, a nexus that controls the gold-diamond trade around the world and hands over a file named ''Govardhan's X-Files'' containing pieces of evidence against Bobby. Sanjeev delivers the evidence to Bobby, where Govardhan is kidnapped by IUF activist Murugan and is temporarily held captive in an asylum. Bobby sent men to the timber factory. Upon knowing this, Stephen kills six of them and defeats the rest. Stephen's aide and Bobby's mole, Aloshy, spies the incident and reports it to Varma and Bobby. Mayilvaahanam is sent to detect evidence from the premises, but finds nothing. From Priya's diary, Bobby finds out that she resents Stephen because her father gave more care to him, who was brought to their home as a child, and was the cause of a rift between her parents. Stephen runs Ashrayam, a destitute home. Aloshy persuades one of the inmates, Aparna, to slander Stephen.

On NPTV, she accuses Stephen of raping her and sexually abusing other inmates within the "Ashrayam". This creates public outrage against Stephen, who is arrested and imprisoned. In prison, Stephen gets a phone call from his loyal deputy Zayed Masood, who leads an international [[mercenary]] group. Jathin arrives and impresses the public with his speech. While transferring funds to Bobby, Fyodor's containers are sabotaged by Zayed and his mercenaries, who demand that Abdul release Stephen from Jail. Bobby agrees, but Varma meets Rajan to arrange a hit on Stephen by his party goons in prison; the attempt fails. Left with no choice, Varma releases him. Meanwhile, Jhanvi is hospitalised after [[Lysergic acid diethylamide|LSD overdose]]. After questioning Jhanvi, Priya learns of Bobby's sexual abuses towards her. When asked, Bobby admits and threatens to expose Jhanvi's contacts with drug peddlers like him, and threatens to kill her and Jhanvi, like Jayadevan and PKR. Mayilvaahanam blackmails Priya for having sex with Jhanvi in exchange for not filing a case against Jhanvi.

With no other choice, Priya seeks the help of Stephen, and they meet at an abandoned [[Church (building)|church]], where he vows to protect them. Stephen's men kill Mayilvaahanam and meet Sanjeev to clear NPTV's debts, giving control of the channel to Priya. At the same time, Aparna admits on NPTV that she lied about Stephen. Jathin and Priya convene a press conference to expose Bobby's drug dealings and other illegal activities. Jathin tells Bobby that his and Priya's allegiances are with Stephen. Bobby is captured in [[Mumbai]] by Fyodor's men. Before Fyodor could kill him, Zayed and his gang kill them, rescuing Bobby for Stephen to kill. Revealing himself to be Stephen's spy, Murugan kills Aloshy. Govardhan is released and reunited with his wife and daughter, and Jathin is elected as the new CM.

In the [[post-credits scene]], Stephen meets Zayed and his gang in a remote location in [[Russia]]. Zayed answers a phone call from a gold smuggler named Sanghani. Sanghani threatens through the phone, but Zayed hands the phone over to Stephen, who reveals himself as Khureshi Ab'raam, which shocks Sanghani. Zayed and Ab'raam then leave in a car. Headlines of various international newspapers are shown reporting the power of the Khureshi Ab'raam nexus in the whole world.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|* [[Mohanlal]] as Stephen Nedumpally alias "Esthappan" / Khureshi Ab'raam 'KA'
** Adarsh as young Stephen
* [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] as Zayed Masood, Khureshi's right-hand-man
* [[Manju Warrier]] as Priyadarshini "Priya" Ramdas, P. K. Ramdas' daughter; Bobby's wife
* [[Tovino Thomas]] as Jathin Ramdas, P. K. Ramdas' son
* [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] as Govardhan
* [[Saniya Iyappan]] as Jhanvi, Priya's daughter
* [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Saikumar]] as Mahesha Varma
* [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]] as Aloshy Joseph
* [[Nyla Usha]] as Arundathi Sanjeev
* [[Giju John]] as Sanjeev Kumar
* [[Baiju Santhosh]] as Murugan
* [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]] as Father Nedumpally
* [[Sachin Khedekar]] as P. K. Ramdas, former [[Chief Minister of Kerala]]
* [[Suresh Chandra Menon]] as Abdul
* [[Shivaji Guruvayoor]] as Medyail Rajan
* [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandhu]] as P. S. Peethambran
* [[John Vijay]] as Mayilvahanam [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Aneesh G. Menon]] as Sumesh
* [[Kainakary Thankaraj]] as Nedumpally Krishnan
* [[Bala (actor)|Bala]] as Bhadran
* [[Adil Ibrahim]] as Riju
* [[Shaun Romy]] as Aparna
* Murugan Martin as Muthu
* Jaise Jose as Xavier, Stephen's assistant
* [[Thara Kalyan]] as Jhanvi's principal
* [[Alexx O'Nell]] as Interpol Officer Robert McCarthy
* [[Binu Pappu]] as Jail Warden
* [[Maala Parvathi]] as Jhanvi's doctor
* [[V. K. Prakash]] as Doctor
* [[Sreeya Remesh]] as Gomathy
* [[Sshivada]] as Sreelekha, Govardhan's wife
* Baiju V. K. as Sarath
* [[Sijoy Varghese]] as PR Agent
* [[Antony Perumbavoor]] as Anthony Rawuther
* [[Waluscha De Sousa]] as an item dancer in the song "Raftaara"
* [[Shakti Kapoor]] as Sanghani, a [[North India]]n gold smuggler (cameo appearance)}}
== Production ==
=== Development ===
In 2012, a film titled ''Lucifer'' was reported to be in development, to be directed by [[Rajesh Pillai]], written by [[Murali Gopy]], and starring [[Mohanlal]] in the lead role. It was to be produced by [[Antony Perumbavoor]] of [[Aashirvad Cinemas]], and was planned as a 2013 release.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sharma|first=Test|title=Mohanlal to act in Rajesh Pillai's 'Lucifer'|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/mohanlal-to-act-in-rajesh-pillais-lucifer-481715.html|access-date=26 August 2018|work=[[News18]]|date=10 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Rajesh Pillai and Mohanlal team up in Lucifer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Rajesh-Pillai-and-Mohanlal-team-up-in-Lucifer/articleshow/14118225.cms|access-date=15 September 2018|work=The Times of India|date=10 June 2012}}</ref> Pillai later confirmed the project and said that it is his [[wikt:dream come true|"dream come true"]] to direct Mohanlal and the film will be a "treat" for his fans. Filming was to begin in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|last=Zachariah|first=Ammu|title=Lucifer is a tribute to Mohanlal: Rajesh Pillai|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Lucifer-is-a-tribute-to-Mohanlal-Rajesh-Pillai/articleshow/20891282.cms|access-date=26 August 2018|work=The Times of India|date=3 July 2013}}</ref> Aashirvad Cinemas registered the title in 2012 with the Kerala Film Chamber of Commerce. However, in May 2013, Pillai said the production would not begin that year as he was busy with ''[[Motorcycle Diaries (film)|Motorcycle Diaries]]'' and Murali was working on ''[[Left Right Left (film)|Left Right Left]]''; they are planning a discussion in June hoping to begin filming by January 2014. He also disclosed ''Lucifer'' would be a thriller and that the story had been developed.<ref>{{cite news|last=Prakash|first=Asha|title=Mohanlal's Lucifer to start rolling in January|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Mohanlals-Lucifer-to-start-rolling-in-January/articleshow/20014598.cms|access-date=15 September 2018|work=The Times of India|date=13 May 2013}}</ref> Pillai's regular collaborator [[Kunchacko Boban]] was reported to be part of the cast. Boban commented that he had not signed the film, but did not deny the possibility.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sidhardhan|first=Sanjith|title=Mohanlal, Kunchacko to team up|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Mohanlal-Kunchacko-to-team-up/articleshow/14058883.cms|access-date=13 September 2018|work=The Times of India|date=13 June 2012}}</ref> Pillai confirmed that Gopy would also be acting in the project, besides writing it.<ref>{{cite news|last=Nair|first=Unni R.|title=Rajesh Pillai is back with Motorcycle Diaries|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/rajesh-pillai-is-back-with-motorcycle-diaries/985537/0|access-date=1 October 2018|work=The Indian Express|date=10 August 2012}}</ref> As of May 2013, only Mohanlal and Gopy were part of the cast.<ref>{{cite news|last=Prakash|first=Asha|title=Mohanlal's Lucifer to start rolling in January|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Mohanlals-Lucifer-to-start-rolling-in-January/articleshow/20014598.cms|access-date=1 October 2018|work=The Times of India|date=13 May 2013}}</ref> In July, it was reported Murali had begun writing the screenplay.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gauri|first=Deepa|title=After the superb|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20130704/ARTICLE/307049992/1057|access-date=15 September 2018|work=[[Khaleej Times]]|date=4 July 2013|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327184345/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20130704/ARTICLE/307049992/1057|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, the project was put on hold and Pillai decided to work on other projects.<ref>{{cite news|last=Srivastava|first=Rhea|title=Mohanlal's Lucifer: Actor Prithviraj Sukumaran Takes Over As Director|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/mohanlals-lucifer-actor-prithviraj-sukumaran-takes-over-as-director-1459027|access-date=28 September 2018|work=[[NDTV]]|date=15 September 2016}}</ref> After Pillai's death in February 2016, the film was [[Development hell|shelved]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Ramachandran|first=Mythily|title=Rajesh Pillai: A tribute|url=https://gulfnews.com/life-style/celebrity/desi-news/south-india/rajesh-pillai-a-tribute-1.1685294|access-date=15 September 2018|work=[[Gulf News]]|date=6 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="murali" />

In July 2016, Gopy revealed to ''[[The Hindu]]'' in an interview that he was planning to work on a screenplay titled ''Lucifer'' between his other commitments.<ref>{{cite news|last=Nagarajan|first=Saraswathy|title=Censor Board cannot decide how a creative work should be: Murali Gopy|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Censor-Board-cannot-decide-how-a-creative-work-should-be-Murali-Gopy/article14490918.ece|access-date=15 September 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 July 2016}}</ref> On 15 September, actor [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] announced that ''Lucifer'', written by Murali Gopy, starring Mohanlal and produced by Aashirvad Cinemas, would be his directorial debut.<ref>{{cite news|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/prithviraj-to-direct-mohanlal-in-debut-venture-lucifer-3033059/|title=Prithviraj makes his directorial debut with Lucifer|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=22 November 2018|date=15 September 2016}}</ref> Murali and Prithviraj clarified that it is not the same film as Pillai's ''Lucifer'', but they have taken the title.<ref name="IEM">{{cite news|title=ഞാനാദ്യം ചെയ്യാനിരുന്ന സിനിമ 'ലൂസിഫർ' അല്ല: പൃഥിരാജ്|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/mohanlal-prithviraj-directorial-debut-lucifer/|access-date=8 October 2018|work=[[Indian Express Malayalam]]|date=8 October 2018|language=ml}}</ref><ref name="DC">{{cite news|last1=K. S.|first1=Aravind|title=Prithviraj to direct Mohanlal|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/160916/prithviraj-to-direct-mohanlal.html|access-date=1 October 2018|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=16 September 2016}}</ref> Murali had prepared two one-line stories both under the [[working title]] ''Lucifer''. Pillai was to direct the film based on the first story, but that film did not materialise; he discarded that story. The second story was narrated to Prithviraj, whom he agreed to direct.<ref name="murali">{{cite news|last=Shrijith|first=Sajin|title=Writing is akin to a spiritual process: Murali Gopy|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/mar/20/writing-is-akin-to-a-spiritual-process-murali-gopy-1953366.html|access-date=20 March 2019|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=20 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Vilayil|first=Dhanya K.|title=നടനെന്ന നിലയിലും താരമെന്ന നിലയിലും മോഹൻലാലിനെ ഡിസർവ് ചെയ്യുന്ന സിനിമയാണ് 'ലൂസിഫർ': മുരളി ഗോപി|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/lucifer-movie-writer-murali-gopy-interview-mohanlal-prithviraj/|access-date=27 March 2019|work=[[Indian Express Malayalam]]|date=27 March 2019|language=ml}}</ref>

Murali had discussed the story with Mohanlal in 2012; no director was finalised at the time.<ref>{{cite news|title=Murali Gopi reveals 'story' behind Mohanlal's 'Lucifer'|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/prithviraj-was-determined-to-direct-lucifer|access-date=8 October 2018|work=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=George|first=Anjana|title=Lucifer is our tribute to superstar Mohanlal|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Lucifer-is-our-tribute-to-superstar-Mohanlal/articleshow/54365441.cms|access-date=28 September 2018|work=The Times of India|date=17 September 2016}}</ref> Murali said that Prithviraj had shown interest in directing a film based on his screenplay and they discussed it for about a year. Prithviraj also wished to cast Mohanlal in his directorial debut, which is why he narrated the story of ''Lucifer'' to him.<ref name="DC" /><ref>{{cite news|last=Sidhardhan|first=Sanjith|title=Murali Gopy: I don't want to compromise on entertainment to put forth an idea|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/murali-gopy-i-dont-want-to-compromise-on-entertainment-to-put-forth-an-idea/articleshow/57386903.cms|access-date=1 October 2018|work=The Times of India|date=28 February 2018}}</ref> Murali [[Pitch (filmmaking)|pitched]] the idea to Prithviraj on the sets of ''[[Tiyaan]]'' in 2016 at the [[Ramoji Film City]].<ref name="MM">{{cite news|last=Kuriakose|first=Renji|title=Ton-up Prithviraj to focus on directorial venture 'Lucifer'|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/interview/2018/07/10/prithviraj-lucifer-director-interview.html|access-date=13 September 2018|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=10 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=George|first=Vijay|title='I will always be an actor first': Prithviraj|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/as-his-directorial-dbut-lucifer-is-warming-up-for-release-actor-prithviraj-talks-about-his-multiple-roles-on-and-off-screen/article26126391.ece|access-date=8 February 2019|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=31 January 2019}}</ref> Prithviraj was skeptical to whether Mohanlal and Antony Perumbavoor would agree on him directing the film as "it was a story that any big filmmaker would say yes to". The next day, Antony met them in Hyderabad and gave the project the [[greenlight]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Sreekumar|first=Priya|title=As Prithvi turns director|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/091217/as-prithvi-turns-director.html|access-date=26 August 2018|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=9 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Prakash|first=Asha|title=Prithviraj: When you make a statement these days, you have to be prepared for disagreements, which might soon become a mob|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prithviraj-when-you-make-a-statement-these-days-you-have-to-be-prepared-for-disagreements-which-might-soon-become-a-mob/articleshow/64684467.cms|access-date=1 October 2018|work=The Times of India|date=22 June 2018}}</ref> According to Prithviraj, "the thought behind the film and what the film can be" attracted him.<ref name="TH">{{cite news|last=George|first=Vijay|title=The high point of creativity in cinema is direction|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/%E2%80%98The-high-point-of-creativity-in-cinema-is-direction%E2%80%99/article17269632.ece|access-date=1 October 2018|work=The Hindu|date=9 February 2017}}</ref> Murali was planning to write the final draft of screenplay after finishing his acting commitments in ''Tiyaan'' and ''[[Kammara Sambhavam]]''.<ref name="DC" />

In December 2016, Mohanlal revealed that ''Lucifer'' was in early development and needed to be developed into a screenplay saying, "the content has to be good and that's what the focus is right now".<ref>{{cite news|last=Sidhardhan|first=Sanjith|title=Mohanlal talks about Lucifer and Prithviraj directing him|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlal-talks-about-lucifer-and-prithviraj-directing-him/articleshow/56272357.cms|access-date=1 October 2018|work=The Times of India|date=31 December 2016}}</ref> In February 2017, Prithviraj revealed that [[pre-production]] would begin in late 2017 and filming would begin in 2018.<ref name="TH" /><ref>{{cite web|author=Moviebuzz|title=Ezra belongs to the horror genre, says Prithviraj|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ezra-belongs-to-the-horror-genre-says-prithviraj-news-malayalam-rckkbSfhbjfag.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210223448/http://www.sify.com/movies/ezra-belongs-to-the-horror-genre-says-prithviraj-news-malayalam-rckkbSfhbjfag.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 February 2017|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=1 October 2018|date=10 February 2018}}</ref> In April, Mohanlal, Prithviraj, Murali and Antony announced in a press conference that the film had entered pre-production.<ref>{{cite news|last=R.|first=Manoj Kumar|title=Lucifer: Mohanlal, Prithviraj come together to end all rumours|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/lucifer-mohanlal-prithviraj-come-together-to-end-all-rumours-4596795/|access-date=1 October 2018|work=The Indian Express|date=2 April 2017}}</ref> Prithviraj revealed that the script had not yet been "fleshed out" and the rest of the cast would be decided after that.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lucifer to go on floors in May 2018|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/apr/03/lucifer-to-go-on-floors-in-may-2018-1589067.html|access-date=1 October 2018|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|agency=Express News Service|date=3 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sidhardhan|first=Sanjith|title=Prithviraj to star in Mohanlal's Lucifer?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prithviraj-to-star-in-mohanlals-lucifer/articleshow/57990217.cms|access-date=1 October 2018|work=The Times of India|date=3 April 2017}}</ref> Prithviraj purchased an apartment in [[Thevara]] as a work-space for the scripting and pre-production work of ''Lucifer'' and his future projects: "I felt I needed a space to assemble my team. Do the research and develop the film. This place might well be known as ''Lucifer''{{'s}} office in future".<ref>{{cite news|last=Menon|first=Anasuya|title=The actor we think we know|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/prithviraj-talks-about-his-directorial-dbut-misunderstandings-that-shroud-him/article17851322.ece|access-date=1 October 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 April 2017}}{{indent|3}}{{cite news|last=Sidhardhan|first=Sanjith|title=Prithviraj buys a new flat to work on Lucifer and other directorial ventures|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prithviraj-buys-a-new-flat-to-work-on-lucifer-and-other-directorial-ventures/articleshow/58007776.cms|access-date=1 October 2018|work=The Times of India|date=4 April 2017}}{{indent|3}}{{cite news|last=Pillai|first=Vishnuprasad S.|title='Lucifer office': Check out Prithviraj's new apartment in Kochi|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/prithviraj-new-apartment-thevara-kochi-lucifer-mohanlal|access-date=1 October 2018|work=[[Asianet News]]|date=4 April 2017}}</ref> In June 2017, in an interview, Prithviraj revealed that ''Lucifer'' would be release in 2019.<ref name="scroll">{{cite news|last=George|first=Anubha|title=Prithviraj interview: 'I'm just a lucky guy who has chosen films that have worked'|url=https://scroll.in/reel/841730/prithviraj-interview-im-just-a-lucky-guy-who-has-chosen-films-that-have-worked|access-date=5 September 2018|work=[[Scroll.in]]|date=26 June 2017}}</ref> In October, Murali revealed that he would be taking a break from acting after ''Kammara Sambhavam'' to write ''Lucifer'' and complete it by February 2018.<ref>{{cite news|last=Nagarajan|first=Saraswathy|title=Walking on air|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/murali-gopy-excels-as-chellappan-in-kaattu/article19881927.ece|access-date=1 October 2018|work=The Hindu|date=19 October 2017}}</ref> In December, Prithviraj revealed that the writing was progressing and filming was to commence by the end of May or early June 2018 after he completes the first schedule of ''[[Aadujeevitham (film)|Aadujeevitham]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last=George|first=Anjana|title=In my world of films, I can assure you that no woman will have any complaints: Prithviraj|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/in-my-world-of-films-i-can-assure-you-that-no-woman-will-have-any-complaints-prithviraj/articleshow/61981619.cms|access-date=1 October 2018|work=The Times of India|date=9 December 2017}}</ref>

Murali and Prithviraj narrated the final draft of the screenplay to Mohanlal on 26 March 2018 on the sets of ''[[Odiyan]]''. Mohanlal liked the script and agreed to go ahead with shooting.<ref>{{cite news|last=R.|first=Manoj Kumar|title=Mohanlal on Prithviraj's directorial debut: Lucifer will be a good entertainer |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mohanlal-on-prithviraj-directorial-debut-lucifer-5113029/|access-date=1 October 2018|work=The Indian Express|date=27 March 2018}}</ref> In June, Mohanlal told ''[[The Times of India]]'' that the film would be shot in [[Kerala]], [[Mumbai]], and in a foreign location. The team was finalising the locations in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] by the end of the month. Prithviraj disclosed in a channel podcast that filming would begin on 18 July.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sidhardhan|first=Sanjith|title=Prithviraj to begin filming Lucifer from July 18|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prithviraj-to-begin-filming-lucifer-from-july-18/articleshow/64792932.cms|access-date=28 September 2018|work=The Times of India|date=2 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=News Desk|title=Prithviraj to begin filming' Lucifer' from July 18|url=https://www.asianet.in/entertainment/prithviraj-to-begin-filming-lucifer-from-july-18.html|access-date=28 September 2018|work=[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]|date=29 June 2018|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327195136/https://www.asianet.in/entertainment/prithviraj-to-begin-filming-lucifer-from-july-18.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> This was later updated to 16 July.<ref>{{cite news|author=CE Features|title=Prithviraj's Lucifer shoot scheduled to begin on July 16|url=http://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/jul/09/prithvirajs-lucifer-shoot-scheduled-for-july-16-6874.html|access-date=1 October 2018|work=[[Cinema Express]]|date=9 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=TNM Staff|title=Mohanlal-Prithviraj's 'Lucifer' first poster out |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mohanlal-prithvirajs-lucifer-first-poster-out-84365|access-date=1 October 2018|work=[[The News Minute]]|date=7 July 2018}}</ref> Near to the beginning of filming, Prithviraj hinted that the film deals with politics.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sidhardhan|first=Sanjith|title=Lucifer will deal with politics: Prithviraj|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/lucifer-will-deal-with-politics-prithviraj/articleshow/65018927.cms|access-date=26 August 2018|work=The Times of India|date=17 July 2018}}</ref> However, he revealed that "it's a not a film about politics but the story happens with politics in the background".<ref name="Mumbai">{{cite news|last=Sidhardhan|first=Sanjith|title=Mohanlal resumes shooting for Lucifer in Mumbai|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlal-resumes-shooting-for-lucifer-in-mumbai/articleshow/66615855.cms|access-date=28 February 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 November 2018}}</ref> The names of the technical crew were revealed in July when the first poster was released. It carries the tagline "blood, brotherhood, betrayal".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/the-much-awaited-lucifer-first-look-is-here-1.2951186|title=The much-awaited 'Lucifer' first look is here|publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]]|access-date=26 August 2018|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327195259/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/the-much-awaited-lucifer-first-look-is-here-1.2951186|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
In 2014, while appearing on the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] talk show ''[[Koffee with DD]]'', Prithviraj said that Mohanlal and [[Manju Warrier]] are his "dream cast" if he ever directs a film.<ref>{{cite news|title=Malayalam actor Prithviraj wants to cast Mohanlal and Manju Warrier in his 'dream' directorial venture|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/malayalam-actor-prithviraj-wants-to-cast-mohanlal-and-manju-warrier-in-his-dream-directorial-venture-729549.html|access-date=26 August 2018|work=[[News18]]|date=4 December 2014}}</ref> In September 2016, Murali said that he was uncertain as to whether he would be acting in the film, noting that it was premature to discuss the cast other than Mohanlal.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kumar|first=P. K. Ajith|title=Prithviraj turns director|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Prithviraj-turns-director/article14985913.ece|access-date=1 October 2018|work=The Hindu|date=18 September 2016}}</ref> Ultimately, he was not part of the final cast. In January 2018, [[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]] confirmed his casting in the film. He co-starred alongside Prithviraj in ''[[Adam Joan]]'' (2017), during which he was promised a role in ''Lucifer''. However, he eventually did not feature in the film.<ref>{{cite news|last=Menon|first=Thinkal|title=Madhusudhan Rao is breaking the language barrier|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/madhusudhan-rao-is-breaking-the-language-barrier/articleshow/62509844.cms|access-date=13 September 2018|work=The Times of India|date=16 January 2018}}</ref> In the following month, [[Lena (actress)|Lena]] revealed ''Lucifer'' as one of her upcoming projects.<ref>{{cite news|last=Anand|first=Shilpa Nair|title=Lena's actor factor|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/lena-looks-back-at-her-20-years-in-cinema/article22704031.ece|access-date=13 September 2018|work=The Hindu|date=9 February 2018}}</ref> Both Rao and Lena were not part of the final cast. Following unconfirmed reports of Warrier's casting in May, a source close to the actress confirmed the news to ''The Times of India''. However, when asked, the production house stated the casting process was progressing and was subject to changes.<ref>{{cite news|last=Prakash|first=Asha|title=Manju Warrier 'not confirmed' for Lucifer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/manju-warrier-not-confirmed-for-lucifer/articleshow/64040988.cms|access-date=13 September 2018|work=The Times of India|date=5 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Web desk|title='Lucifer': Mohanlal releases intriguing title font|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2018/05/08/lucifer-mohanlal-releases-title-font.html|access-date=13 September 2018|work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|date=8 May 2018}}</ref> She was finally cast in the role of Priyadarshini Ramdas.<ref name="saniya">{{cite news|title=Meet Jhanvi from Prithviraj directorial 'Lucifer'!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/meet-jhanvi-from-prithviraj-directorial-lucifer/articleshow/68370504.cms |access-date=18 March 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=Times News Network|date=12 March 2019}}</ref>

In June, it was reported [[Saniya Iyappan]] would be playing the role of [[Manju Warrier]]'s on-screen daughter.<ref>{{cite news|author=Digital Native|title='Queen' actor Saniya Iyappan roped in for Mohanlal-Prithviraj's 'Lucifer'|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/queen-actor-saniya-iyappan-roped-mohanlal-prithviraj-s-lucifer-83398|access-date=26 August 2018|work=[[The News Minute]]|date=20 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="saniya" /> In early July, Antony Perumbavoor revealed that [[Vivek Oberoi]] was a part of the film and expressed his gratitude for having him on board.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pudipeddi|first=Haricharan|title=Vivek Oberoi to reunite with Mohanlal 16 years after Company, for Prithviraj Sakumaran's directorial debut Lucifer|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vivek-oberoi-to-reunite-with-mohanlal-16-years-after-company-for-prithviraj-sakumarans-directorial-debut-lucifer-4703231.html|access-date=13 September 2018|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=10 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=HT correspondent|title=Prithviraj-Mohanlal's Lucifer will also star Vivek Oberoi|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/prithviraj-mohanlal-s-lucifer-will-also-star-vivek-oberoi/story-gHzoRDECkkGrngw1EM0lGN.html|access-date=13 September 2018|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=10 July 2018}}</ref> ''Lucifer'' marks Oberoi's debut in [[Malayalam cinema]]. He spent a month preparing for the role and retained a [[diction coach]] to help him understand the Malayalam language and its pronunciation.<ref>{{cite news|last=Basu|first=Mohar|title=Vivek Oberoi: Despite his stardom, Mohanlal was gracious|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/vivek-oberoi-despite-his-stardom-mohanlal-was-gracious/19601153|access-date=13 September 2018|work=[[Mid-Day]]|date=13 July 2018}}</ref> Oberoi's voice was [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbed]] by [[Vineeth]]. During post-production, Prithviraj himself dubbed all the dialogues of Oberoi and gave them to Vineeth as a reference for the character's sound modulation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/interview/2019/04/03/lucifer-movie-vivek-oberoi-dubbing-by-actor-vineeth.html|title=Entire credit goes to Prithvi: Vineeth on dubbing for Vivek Oberoi|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]}}</ref> In July, Prithviraj confirmed that his brother [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] was part of the cast.<ref name="MM" /><ref>{{cite news|last=Sidhardhan|first=Sanjith|title=Prithviraj confirms Indrajith will be part of Lucifer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prithviraj-confirms-indrajith-will-be-part-of-lucifer/articleshow/64928053.cms|access-date=26 August 2018|work=The Times of India|date=16 July 2018}}</ref> He plays the character of Govardhan.<ref name="indrajith">{{cite news|last=Sidhardhan|first=Sanjith|title=Indrajith Sukumaran: When aniyan is making his directorial debut, shouldn't chettan also be part of it?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/indrajith-sukumaran-when-aniyan-is-making-his-directorial-debut-shouldnt-chettan-also-be-part-of-it/articleshow/68394581.cms|access-date=14 March 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 March 2019}}</ref> In the same month, [[Pauly Valsan]] stated that she had been called for a 6-day shoot.<ref>{{cite news|last=Radhakrishnan|first=Ramyasree|title=It was my dream to work alongside Mohanlal: Pauly Valsan|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/interview/2018/07/19/it-was-my-dream-to-work-alongside-mohanlal-pauly-valsan.html|access-date=25 September 2018|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=19 July 2018}}</ref> In August, [[Mamta Mohandas]] revealed that Prithviraj had spoken to her about a role, but could not reveal anything about it at that time.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kora|first=Nikhil Scaria|title=Women face many challenges: Mamta Mohandas|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/interview/2018/08/12/mamta-mohandas-on-neeli-movies.html |access-date=18 March 2019 |work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=12 August 2018}}</ref> She was however replaced by [[Nyla Usha]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2018}}

Prithviraj asked director [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]] to play the role of Father Nedumpally, a priest. Fazil, who had not acted in a film for nearly 34 years, commented that he agreed to take the role as he could not refuse Prithviraj.<ref name="Fazil">{{cite news|last=George|first=Anjana|title=Lucifer: I am returning to screen after 33 years as I couldn't say 'No' to Prithviraj: Fazil|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/lucifer-i-am-returning-to-screen-after-33-years-as-i-couldnt-say-no-to-prithviraj-fazil/articleshow/65089910.cms|access-date=26 August 2018|work=The Times of India|date=22 July 2018}}</ref> He plays the role of a mentor to Stephen.<ref>{{cite news|author=CE features|title=Director Fazil joins Prithviraj's Lucifer|url=http://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/jul/23/director-fazil-joins-prithvirajs-lucifer-7094.html|access-date=14 September 2018|work=[[Cinema Express]]|date=23 July 2018}}</ref> Prithviraj cast his ''[[Ranam (2018 film)|Ranam]]'' co-star [[Giju John]] in a pivotal role.<ref name="Giju">{{cite news|last=Soman|first=Litty|title='Ranam' fame Giju roped in for Prithvi's 'Lucifer'|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/10/09/giju-john-roped-in-lucifer-prithviraj-mohanlal-movie.html|access-date=9 November 2018|work=Malayala Manorama|date=10 October 2018}}</ref> [[Tovino Thomas]], [[Sachin Khedekar]], [[Shivaji Guruvayoor]], [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]], [[John Vijay]], [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]], [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]], [[Baiju Santhosh]] were among the other actors cast in the film. Prithviraj also acted in the film as Zayed Masood. His role was kept under wraps and was revealed two days before the film's release.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mohanlal unveils 'Lucifer' surprise, director Prithviraj is also part of the cast |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mohanlal-unveils-lucifer-surprise-director-prithviraj-also-part-cast-98966 |access-date=27 March 2019 |work=[[The News Minute]] |date=26 March 2019}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began on 16 July 2018 with a customary [[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]] function held at Springdale Heritage resort in [[Vandiperiyar]], [[Idukki district|Idukki]]. [[Sujith Vaassudev]] was the film's director of photography.<ref>{{cite web|title=പൃഥ്വിരാജ് അമരക്കാരനാകുന്ന മോഹന്‍ലാല്‍ ചിത്രം 'ലൂസിഫര്‍' ആരംഭിച്ചു|url=https://www.nanaonline.in/news-feeds/lucifer-malayalam-movie-pooja/|publisher=Nana|access-date=25 September 2018|language=ml|date=17 July 2018|archive-date=25 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925180723/https://www.nanaonline.in/news-feeds/lucifer-malayalam-movie-pooja/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mohanlal was expected to join production in the following days.<ref>{{cite news|author=Express Web Desk|title=Mohanlal-Prithviraj film Lucifer goes on floor|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mohanlal-prithviraj-film-lucifer-goes-on-floor-5262195/|access-date=25 September 2018|work=The Indian Express|date=16 July 2018}}</ref> Filming took place at [[Kuttikkanam]] and Vandiperiyar early in the schedule,<ref>{{cite news|title='കട്ട കലിപ്പിൽ ലാലേട്ടൻ|url=http://news.keralakaumudi.com/beta/news.php?NewsId=TkNSUDAyMjY5NDQ=&xP=Q1lC&xDT=MjAxOC0wNy0xOSAxOToxMzowMA==&xD=MQ==&cID=OQ==|access-date=25 September 2018|work=[[Kerala Kaumudi]]|date=19 July 2018|language=ml}}{{indent|2}}{{cite news|author=മനോരമ ലേഖകൻ|title='ലൂസിഫർ'; അണിനിരക്കുന്നത് വമ്പൻ താരനിര|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2018/07/19/lucifer-movie-rumored-casting-list.html|access-date=25 September 2018|work=Malayala Manorama|date=19 July 2018|language=ml}}</ref> and in [[Thodupuzha]] later that month.<ref>{{cite news|author=മനോരമ ലേഖകൻ|title=ഓട്ടോയിൽ നിന്ന് 'ലൂസിഫർ' സെറ്റിലേയ്ക്ക് പൃഥ്വിരാജ്|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2018/07/21/lucifer-shooting-video-prithviraj-mohanlal.html|access-date=25 September 2018|work=Malayala Manorama|date=21 July 2018|language=ml}}</ref> Filming also took place in [[Kochi]] and [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], before moving to [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{cite news|title='ലൂസിഫര്‍' സെറ്റിൽ നിന്ന് വെറൈറ്റി സെൽഫിയുമായി ടൊവിനോ|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/actor-tovino-thomass-variety-selfie-with-lucifer-director-prithviraj-sukumaran/articleshow/65741925.cms|access-date=25 September 2018|work=[[Samayam Malayalam]]|date=9 September 2018|language=ml}}</ref> Around 2000 [[junior artist]]s (extras) participated in the shoot in Ernakulam.<ref name="Nandu">{{cite news|author1=Correspondent|title=Prithviraj's Lucifer mega scene to see thousands of junior artists {{!}} Video|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/09/21/prithviraj-lucifer-mega-scene-thousands-junior-artists-video.html|access-date=26 September 2018|work=Malayala Manorama|date=21 September 2018}}</ref> Thereafter, shooting was scheduled in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] from 6 August to 15 September for 40 days.<ref>{{cite news|title=പൃഥ്വിരാജിന് ഓണച്ചിത്രമില്ല|url=http://news.keralakaumudi.com/beta/news.php?NewsId=TkNSUDAyMjY4NDI=&xP=Q1lC&xDT=MjAxOC0wNy0xOSAwOTo1MTowMA==&xD=MQ==&cID=OQ==|access-date=25 September 2018|work=Kerala Kaumudi|date=19 July 2018|language=ml}}</ref> Mohanlal's first shot was with Fazil.<ref>{{cite news|author=Web Desk|title=പൃഥ്വിരാജിന്റെ ഏട്ടന്‍|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/mohanlals-new-blog-on-lucifer-prithviraj/|access-date=25 September 2018|work=[[Indian Express Malayalam]]|date=22 July 2018|language=ml}}</ref> They had two scenes and shot for three days.<ref name="Fazil" /> Stephen's (Mohanlal) car used in the film is a [[Hindustan Landmaster]] inscribed with the [[Number of the beast|number 666]] on the [[vehicle registration plate]].<ref>{{cite news|author=മനോരമ ലേഖകൻ|title=ചെകുത്താന്റെ നമ്പറുമായി ലാലേട്ടന്റെ കാർ|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/fasttrack/auto-news/2018/07/21/mohanlal-car-in-lucifer.html|access-date=25 September 2018|work=Malayala Manorama|date=21 July 2018|language=ml}}</ref> Filming took place in Vandiperiyar in early August and was planned to take place until 10 August.<ref name="schedule1">{{cite news|title=മോഹൻലാൽ വിമെൻസ് കോളേജിൽ|url=http://news.keralakaumudi.com/beta/news.php?NewsId=TkNSUDAyMzAzNTc=&xP=Q1lC&xDT=MjAxOC0wOC0wOSAxMzo0ODowMA==&xD=MQ==&cID=OQ==|access-date=26 September 2018|work=[[Kerala Kaumudi]]|date=9 August 2018|language=ml}}</ref>

Filming was planned across 25 locations in the [[Thiruvananthapuram district]], beginning at [[Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram|Government College for Women]] from 12 August. [[Government Model Boys Higher Secondary School]] was one of the locations on this schedule.<ref name="schedule1" /> Scenes featuring Oberoi and Warrier were shot at the [[Kuthiramalika]] Palace on 20 August. On the same day, the film was also shot at a resort in [[Poovar]]. Mohanlal, who was on a break, resumed filming on 21 August.<ref>{{cite news|last=അനിൽകുമാർ|first=എസ്.|title=മലയാള സിനിമയെ മഴ വിഴുങ്ങി|url=http://news.keralakaumudi.com/beta/news.php?NewsId=TkNSUDAyMzIyOTI=&xP=Q1lC&xDT=MjAxOC0wOC0yMSAwOTozODowMA==&xD=MQ==&cID=OQ==|access-date=26 September 2018|work=Kerala Kaumudi|date=21 August 2018|language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=പ്രളയം : സിനിമാമേഖലയും പ്രതിസന്ധിയില്‍|url=https://www.janmabhumidaily.com/news831846|access-date=26 September 2018|work=[[Janmabhumi]]|date=21 August 2018|language=ml}}</ref> Warrier was spotted during the shoot at [[Azeezia Medical College]] in [[Kollam]].{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} Filming took place at the [[Kanakakkunnu Palace]] on 28 August, where Mohanlal and Warrier were present.<ref>{{cite news|title='Lucifer': Film's shoot resumes as Mohanlal, Manju Warrier join the set|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/lucifer-films-shoot-resumes-as-mohanlal-manju-warrier-join-the-set/articleshow/65600276.cms|access-date=26 September 2018|work=The Times of India|agency=Times News Network|date=30 August 2018}}</ref> During the shoot, many of the white taxis were transformed into [[official state car]]s.<ref>{{cite news|author=മനോരമ ലേഖകൻ|title=തലസ്ഥാനത്ത് വീണ്ടും മോഹൻലാൽ വസന്തം|url=https://localnews.manoramaonline.com/thiruvananthapuram/local-news/2018/08/28/29082018-article-3.html|access-date=26 September 2018|work=Malayala Manorama|date=29 August 2018|language=ml}}</ref> By the end of the month, Tovino joined the set at the Kanakakkunnu Palace grounds.<ref>{{cite news|author=Digital Native|title=Tovino Thomas back on the sets of 'Lucifer'|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tovino-thomas-back-sets-lucifer-87502|access-date=26 September 2018|work=[[The News Minute]]|date=30 August 2018}}</ref> He completed his portions in the film by early September.<ref>{{cite web|author=Moviebuzz|title='Theevandi' to release on Sep 7|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/theevandi-to-release-on-sep-7-news-malayalam-sjem6Lghieidd.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905072001/http://www.sify.com/movies/theevandi-to-release-on-sep-7-news-malayalam-sjem6Lghieidd.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 September 2018|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=26 September 2018|date=4 September 2018}}</ref> Before his departure, his scenes with Warrier were shot at the beginning of the month and his other scenes in late September. The Thiruvananthapuram scenes was scheduled to last until 20 September, and then was to move to Kuttikkanam.<ref>{{cite news|title=ടോവിനോയുടെ സഹോദരിയായി മഞ്ജു|url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-manju-and-tovino-act-as-sibling-in-lucifer-40519.html|access-date=26 September 2018|work=[[News18 Malayalam]]|date=19 September 2018|language=ml}}</ref> Oberoi acted in a scene shot at the [[Greenfield International Stadium]] early that month.<ref>{{cite news|last=Soman|first=Deepa|title='Lucifer' shoot amidst thousands of fans|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/lucifer-shoot-amidst-thousands-of-fans/articleshow/65680477.cms|access-date=26 September 2018|work=The Times of India|date=5 September 2018}}</ref> Sai Kumar and Shivaji Guruvayoor took part in the shoot that took place at a university hostel in Thiruvananthapuram in the beginning of September.<ref>{{cite news|title=ലൂസിഫറിൽ ലാലേട്ടനൊപ്പം അഭിനയിക്കാൻ ആരാധകരും|url=http://news.keralakaumudi.com/beta/news.php?NewsId=TkNSUDAyMzQzOTY=&xP=Q1lC&xDT=MjAxOC0wOS0wNCAwODozMDowMA==&xD=MQ==&cID=OQ==|access-date=9 November 2018|work=[[Kerala Kaumudi]]|date=4 September 2018|language=ml}}</ref>

In an interview, actor [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]] said that many of the film's scenes comprised 40–50 shots and contain 500–1000 junior artists; some have as many as 3000–4000 artists.<ref name="Nandu" /> Filming went on around the [[overpass]] beside the [[Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium]] in [[Palayam, Thiruvananthapuram|Palayam]] on 4 September.<ref>{{cite news|author=Staff Reporter|title=Shooting of Mohanlal starrer blocks traffic|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/shooting-of-mohanlal-starrer-blocks-traffic/article24867087.ece|access-date=26 September 2018|work=The Hindu|date=5 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='Action' on road leads to traffic chaos|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/action-on-road-leads-to-traffic-chaos/articleshow/65676908.cms|access-date=26 September 2018|work=The Times of India|agency=Times News Network|date=5 September 2018}}</ref> More than 2000 junior artists participated in that scene. It features Stephen arriving at a large riot.<ref>{{cite news|title=2000ത്തിലധികം താരങ്ങള്‍, എണ്ണമറ്റ ആരാധകര്‍; നടുവില്‍ ലാലിന്‌ അഭിനയം പറഞ്ഞ് കൊടുത്ത് പൃഥ്വി|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/prithviraj-mohanlal-lucifer-movie-shooting-location-stills-videos-murali-gopi-indrajth-vivek-oberoi-1.3114733|access-date=26 September 2018|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=9 September 2018|language=ml}}</ref> Around 5000 junior artists took part in a major scene shot in [[Adimalathura]] beach; more than 100 vehicles were used. Reportedly, almost every major character in the film was present in that scene.<ref>{{cite news|last=Soman|first=Deepa|title=Lucifer: Prithviraj directorial's massive set at Adimalathura Beach in Thiruvananthapuram|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/lucifer-prithviraj-directorials-massive-set-at-adimalathura-beach-in-thiruvananthapuram/articleshow/65889442.cms|access-date=26 September 2018|work=The Times of India|date=21 September 2018}}</ref> It was filmed in 15 days.<ref name="Nandu" /> After the schedule at Thiruvananthapuram was completed on 20 September, the production was put on hold for a break and the next session began on 5 October in Kuttikkanam.<ref>{{cite news|title=മോഹൻലാലിന് 10 ദിവസം വിശ്രമം|url=http://news.keralakaumudi.com/beta/news.php?NewsId=TkNSUDAyMzY5NzU=&xP=Q1lC&xDT=MjAxOC0wOS0yMCAxMTowMDowMA==&xD=MQ==&cID=OQ==|access-date=26 September 2018|work=Kerala Kaumudi|date=20 September 2018|language=ml}}</ref>

Giju John joined the set in early October and took part in a one-day shoot in Thiruvananthapuram and later in Kochi for his remaining portions.<ref name="Giju" /> For filming a fight scene, Prithviraj went for [[location scouting]] in [[Minicoy]], Lakshadweep later that month.<ref>{{cite news|author=സ്വന്തം ലേഖകൻ|title=ആ രംഗങ്ങൾക്കുള്ള ഇടം തേടി പൃഥ്വിരാജ് മിനിക്കോയ് ദ്വീപിൽ|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/lucifer-prithviraj-mohanlal-mamta-mohandas-malayalam-movie-1.3249147 |access-date=9 November 2018|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=24 October 2018|language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=മനോരമ ലേഖകൻ|title=ലൂസിഫറിനായി പൃഥ്വി ലക്ഷദ്വീപിൽ|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2018/10/24/prithviraj-at-lakshadweep-lucifer-shooting.html|access-date=9 November 2018|work=Malayala Manorama|date=24 October 2018|language=ml}}</ref> [[Stunt Silva]] was the film's fight choreographer.<ref>{{cite news|title=ഇതാ ലൂസിഫറിലെ നായകനും നായികയും...|url=https://www.madhyamam.com/movies/movies-news/malayalam/lucifer-hero-and-heroine-movie-news/572652|access-date=28 February 2019|work=[[Madhyamam Daily]]|date=14 November 2018|language=ml}}</ref> Filming was scheduled for three days from 30 October to 1 November in Thiruvananthapuram for scenes featuring Tovino and Indrajith. Filming in [[Kerala]] was completed and the next schedule was to begin in [[Mumbai]] from 4 November.<ref>{{cite news|title=ലൂസിഫർ വീണ്ടും തലസ്ഥാനത്തേക്ക്|url=http://www.keralakaumudi.com/news/cinema/news/lucifer-movie-again-trivandrum-6493|access-date=9 November 2018|work=[[Kerala Kaumudi]]|date=25 October 2018|language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Next schedule of 'Lucifer' to be shot in Mumbai|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/next-schedule-of-lucifer-to-be-shot-in-mumbai/articleshow/66363713.cms|access-date=9 November 2018|work=The Times of India|agency=Times News Service|date=25 October 2018}}</ref> A set was built in Mumbai, Prithviraj said: "I have a wish that the Mumbai we show in ''Lucifer'' is not what we have seen before in films. It's a major schedule". Mohanlal joined the set by mid-November.<ref name="Mumbai" /> Sachin Khedekar was featured in the Mumbai schedule.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sachin Khedekar joins Lucifer|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/nov/06/sachin-khedekar-joins-lucifer-1894672.html|access-date=9 November 2018|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|agency=Express News Service|date=6 November 2018}}</ref> The team moved to Russia in December, where filming took place in [[Saint Petersburg]]. Mohanlal completed his portions in the film in this schedule.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Vijayan |first1=Pradeep |title=Prithviraj says that directing Mohanlal has been the absolute highlight of his career|work=East Coast Daily English |url=https://www.eastcoastdaily.in/2018/12/12/prithviraj-says-that-directing-mohanlal-has-been-the-absolute-highlight-of-his-career.html|publisher=East Coast Daily|access-date=28 February 2019|date=11 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Prithviraj thanks Mohanlal for believing in him|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prithviraj-thanks-mohanlal-for-believing-in-him/articleshow/67041973.cms|access-date=28 February 2019|date=11 December 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Filming also took place in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Digital native|title='Luicfer' team shoots in Lakshwadeep|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/lucifer-team-shoots-lakshwadeep-94272|access-date=28 February 2019|work=[[The News Minute]]|date=31 December 2018}}</ref> On 30 December 2018, Prithviraj revealed in a public interaction said that the principal photography was near completion with only four-day patch-up shots remaining to be filmed in [[Lakshadweep]]. The inability to reach the island caused a delay; in the meantime, [[post-production]] had begun.<ref>{{cite news|title=Shooting of Lucifer completed; Prithviraj announces surprise new year gift|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/shooting-of-lucifer-completed-prithviraj-announces-surprise-new-year-gift-1.3437626|access-date=28 February 2019|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=30 December 2018}}</ref> Filming was wrapped on 20 January 2019 at the [[Kavaratti]] island in Lakshadweep.<ref>{{cite news|author=Entertainment desk|title=Prithviraj completes shooting Mohanlal's Lucifer|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/prithviraj-mohanlal-lucifer-wrap-5548001/|access-date=21 January 2019|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=21 January 2019}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Main|Lucifer (soundtrack)}}

[[Deepak Dev]] provided the music for the film. The soundtrack album was distributed by the label Goodwill Entertainment. [[Usha Uthup]] rendered a song titled "Empuraane – The Lucifer Anthem".<ref>{{cite news |date=14 March 2019 |title=Usha Uthup to sing for Lucifer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/usha-uthup-to-sing-for-lucifer/articleshow/68403435.cms |access-date=18 March 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=Times News Network}}</ref> For the film, Dev redesigned and [[Programming (music)|programmed]] the patriotic song "Varika Varika Sahajare", originally composed by [[G. Devarajan]] and written by [[Amsi Narayanapilla]] during the [[Salt March]] and was sung by Murali Gopy.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 March 2019 |title=Team Lucifer reverberates with old patriotic song 'Varika Varika Sahajare' |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/team-lucifer-reverberates-with-old-patriotic-song-varika-varika-sahajare--1.3670390 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327164634/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/team-lucifer-reverberates-with-old-patriotic-song-varika-varika-sahajare--1.3670390 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |access-date=27 March 2019 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]]}}</ref> "Kadavule Pole" written by Logan was sung by [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Jayaram |first=Deepika |date=30 March 2019 |title=Kadavule Pole song from Lucifer is all about Mohanlal's swag |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/kadavule-pole-song-from-lucifer-is-all-about-mohanlals-swag/articleshow/68655607.cms |access-date=3 April 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> "Raftaara" sung by [[Jyotsna Radhakrishnan|Jyotsna]] was written by Tanishk Nabar.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 April 2019 |title=Lucifer Video Song {{!}} Raftaara {{!}} Mohanlal {{!}} Prithviraj {{!}} Deepak Dev {{!}} Jyotsna {{!}} Waluscha De Sousa |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ymlxgab2gW8 |access-date=8 April 2019 |publisher=Goodwill Entertainments}}</ref> The entire [[Soundtrack album|background score album]] was released on 26 January 2021, coinciding with the [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day of India]].

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
The film was released in theatres worldwide on 28 March 2019.<ref>{{cite web|last=Narayan|first=Adithya|title='Lucifer' To Release On March 28|url=https://silverscreen.in/news/lucifer-to-release-on-march-28/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328065519/https://silverscreen.in/news/lucifer-to-release-on-march-28/|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2019|publisher=Silverscreen.in|access-date=18 March 2019|date=10 March 2019}}</ref> It was also dubbed and released in other Indian languages.<ref name="trailer">{{cite news|title=Lucifer clears censors; to be released in three languages|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/mar/18/lucifer-clears-censors-to-release-in-three-languages-10604.html|access-date=21 March 2019|work=[[Cinema Express]]|date=18 March 2019}}</ref> The [[Telugu language|Telugu]] dubbed version of the film was released on 12 April 2019.<ref>{{cite web|author=Girish Johar|title=Wooow... Watch out ...💥 #Lucifier of @Mohanlal to be released in Telugu by @SureshProdns on 12th April @PrithviOfficial|url=https://twitter.com/girishjohar/status/1114134364609110017|website=Twitter|publisher=Girish Johar|access-date=8 April 2019|date=5 April 2019}}</ref> On 30 March 2019, Google India released an animated [[Google Doodle|doodle]] on their Twitter page featuring [[Mohanlal]] and [[Yuvraj Singh]] playing tennis, with a caption: "The heroes who know how to smash all records". ''Lucifer'', [[Miami Open (tennis)|Miami Open]], and Yuvraj Singh topped the [[Google Trends]] on the week.<ref>{{cite web|author=Google India|title=The heroes who know how to smash all records.#GoogleTrends#Lucifer @Mohanlal#MiamiOpen @MiamiOpen@YUVSTRONG12|url=https://twitter.com/GoogleIndia/status/1111848021937909760|website=Twitter|publisher=@GoogleIndia|access-date=2 July 2019|date=29 March 2019}}</ref> ''Lucifer'' was released for [[digital distribution|digital download]] on 16 May 2019, available as [[Video on demand|VOD]] on [[Amazon Prime Video]] in Malayalam, Tamil and Telugu languages.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/may/15/lucifer--to-debut-on-amazon-prime-tomorrow-1977066.html |title=Lucifer to debut on Amazon Prime tomorrow |date=2019-05-15 |access-date=2019-05-16}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Lucifer'' received positive reviews from critics praising its cast performances, cinematography, background score, action sequences, and direction.

=== Critical response ===
Sanjith Sidhardhan of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Lucifer is a 'mass entertainer’ that is sure to please the fans and has enough going for it to make it an engaging thriller as well. And apart from the mandatory [[Stan Lee]], correction, Antony Perumbavoor cameo, watch out for Stephen's second avatar in the film."<ref>{{Citation|title=Lucifer Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Lucifer by Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/lucifer/movie-review/68608873.cms|access-date=2021-11-24}}</ref> However, ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 1.75 out of 5 stars and wrote "There is so much that could have been done with this intriguingly frank and realistic theory on the essentialness of evil — in politics and for human survival at large. What we get instead is ''Lucifer''<nowiki/>'s transparent ambition that overwhelms everything else in this enterprise."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-28|title=Lucifer movie review: Prithviraj dwarfs a neat premise with Mohanlal and pretensions to a gigantic scale|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/lucifer-movie-review-prithviraj-dwarfs-a-neat-premise-with-mohanlal-and-pretensions-to-a-gigantic-scale-6346701.html|access-date=2021-11-24|website=Firstpost|language=en}}</ref> Abin Ponnappan of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote "Lucifer has some obvious parallels to Tamil movie ''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]'' by [[Karthik Subbaraj]], where the director made better use of the star and actor in [[Rajinikanth]]. As Karthik gave life to the Rajini fan in him, he also revived Rajini's lost magic from earlier hits like ''[[Padayappa]]'' and ''[[Baashha]]''. Prithviraj has tried to bring out the best version of Mohanlal, the star. For Mohanlal fans like him all over the world, Lucifer will be a treat."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-29|title=Lucifer quick review: Where Prithviraj the fan makes a movie for Mohanlal the star|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/lucifer-quick-review-mohanlal-5646915/|access-date=2021-11-24|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

Sethuraman. S of ''[[Filmcompanion.in|Film Companion]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote, " 'Lucifer' " is a clichéd plot written cleverly and delivered with aplomb. Prithviraj makes an assured directorial debut with the film that was high on budget and expectation. The movie has lived up to the hype and will set the box office cash registers ringing for a long time."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-28|title=Lucifer is a riveting political drama that ticks all the boxes|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/malayalam-review/lucifer-movie-review-prithviraj-strikes-gold-with-a-riveting-political-thriller/|access-date=2021-11-24|website=Film Companion|language=en-US}}</ref> Lakshana. N. Palat of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote, "In short, Lucifer is like Mohanlal fanfiction brought to life on-screen. If you swear by Mohanlal, go for it."<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Lakshana N. Palat |date=March 29, 2019 |title=Lucifer Movie Review: New Prithviraj film is for diehard Mohanlal fans|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/lucifer-movie-review-new-prithviraj-film-is-for-diehard-mohanlal-fans-1489097-2019-03-29|access-date=2021-11-24|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Lucifer'' is a masala entertainer that is no less than a treat for the fans of Mohanlal. It is an intriguing political crime thriller with smashing dialogue. Go for it!"<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lucifer review: An intriguing political crime thriller with smashing dialogues|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/lucifer-review-an-intriguing-political-crime-thriller-with-smashing-dialogues-review-malayalam-td2szbacidbjd.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328231940/http://www.sify.com/movies/lucifer-review-an-intriguing-political-crime-thriller-with-smashing-dialogues-review-malayalam-td2szbacidbjd.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2019|access-date=2021-11-24|website=[[Sify]]|language=en}}</ref> S. Yadhunath of ''[[Mathrubhumi|Mathrabhumi]]'' wrote "‘Lucifer’ is a mass movie which celebrates the mannerisms of superstar Mohanlal. In fact, it is a Mohanlal starrer which filled the audience’s hearts after ''[[Pulimurugan]]''. By discussing the unseen dimensions in politics, the film conveys that politics is the most dramatic stage. It is a complete political thriller played by a complete actor. Sujith Vasudev's visuals and Deepak Dev's background music maintain the mood of the movie."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Yadunath|first=S.|title=Lucifer Review – The Complete Actor's Complete Political Thriller|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/review/lucifer-review-the-complete-actor-s-complete-political-thriller-1.3683283|access-date=2021-11-24|website=Mathrubhumi|date=28 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Sowmya Rajendran of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave 2 out of 5 stars and wrote "Mohanlal is all mass, but the film lacks a strong script and depends too much on stylized shots and background music to do the job."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-28|title='Lucifer' review: An unabashed fanboy tribute to Mohanlal|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/lucifer-review-unabashed-fanboy-tribute-mohanlal-99096|access-date=2021-11-24|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
The opening day worldwide gross is estimated to be ₹14 crore.<ref>{{cite web|author=Moviebuzz|title='Lucifer' is a super hit, to hit the 50 crore mark soon!|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/lucifer-is-a-super-hit-to-hit-the-50-crore-mark-soon--news-malayalam-tebmNNfbgidai.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401121717/http://www.sify.com/movies/lucifer-is-a-super-hit-to-hit-the-50-crore-mark-soon--news-malayalam-tebmNNfbgidai.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 April 2019|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=3 April 2019}}</ref> In the opening weekend (28 – 31 March), the film earned ₹26.70  crore in India, including ₹22.05  crore from Kerala alone and ₹4.65  crore from rest of India with major share coming from [[Karnataka]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. In the overseas markets, it grossed a total of {{INRConvert|27.2|c}} in the opening weekend (which is bigger than the domestic weekend total), including {{INRConvert|22.2|c}} from the [[United Arab Emirates]] (UAE) and other [[Gulf Cooperation Council]] (GCC) territories, {{INRConvert|2.27|c}} from the United States, and {{INRConvert|2.73|c}} from the United Kingdom and other regions. The estimated total worldwide gross was {{INRConvert|53.90|c}} – {{INRConvert|54.77|c}} in the opening weekend (the highest for any Malayalam film), by doing so ''Lucifer'' emerged as one of the top highest-grossing Malayalam films of all time and the fastest Malayalam film to pass {{INRConvert|50|c}} mark (in 4 days), per trade analysts.<ref name="FP">{{cite news|last=M. K.|first=Surendhar|title=Mohanlal's Lucifer becomes fastest Malayalam film to break into Rs 50 cr club, stacks up records overseas|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mohanlals-lucifer-becomes-fastest-malayalam-film-to-break-into-rs-50-cr-club-stacks-up-records-overseas-6372921.html|access-date=3 April 2019|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=2 April 2019}}</ref>

''Lucifer'' had more than 160,000 admissions in the UAE in 3 days, beating ''[[Captain Marvel (film)|Captain Marvel]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sidhardhan|first=Sanjith|title=Mohanlal's Lucifer breaks Captain Marvel's record in UAE|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlals-lucifer-breaks-captain-marvels-record-in-uae/articleshow/68667458.cms|access-date=5 April 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Ramesh Bala|title=#Lucifer is on fire on Saturday at the #USA Box office.. Takes huge lead over competition.. Also, the best opening in #UAE, beating Hollywood movies for 2019!|url=https://twitter.com/rameshlaus/status/1112029803303989248|publisher=Ramesh Bala|access-date=5 April 2019|date=30 March 2019}}</ref> Opening weekend (28 – 31 March) total was {{INRConvert|17.8|c}} from 61 screens, the best grosser of that weekend.<ref>{{cite web|title=United Arab Emirates Box Office, March 28–31, 2019|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/uae/?yr=2019&wk=13&p=.htm|publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=8 April 2019|date=8 April 2019}}</ref> It is also the second biggest opening weekend in the UAE for a South Indian film, behind ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]'' (2017).<ref name="FP" /><ref>{{cite web|author=Kaushik LM|title=#UAE BO #Lucifer sets a non-Baahubali2 record opening mark among all South Indian films.. Alltime #2..|url=https://twitter.com/LMKMovieManiac/status/1112320212072685568|publisher=Kaushik LM|access-date=5 April 2019|date=31 March 2019}}</ref> In the UK, the film was ranked seventh in the list of top ten best grossing films of the weekend 29 – 31 March, with {{INRConvert|1.42|c}} from 89 sites, ''Lucifer'' was the only foreign language film that came within the top ten positions.<ref>{{cite web|title=United Kingdom Box Office, March 29–31, 2019|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/uk/?yr=2019&wk=13&p=.htm|publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=5 April 2019}}</ref> ''Lucifer'' with {{INRConvert|30.73|c}} had the third best opening of the year for an Indian film in overseas markets, behind ''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]'' ($6.62 million) and ''[[Gully Boy]]'' ($4.8 million).<ref name="FP" /> The film grossed {{INRConvert|25|c}} from the UAE in six weeks, {{INRConvert|43.16|l}} from New Zealand in three weeks,<ref>{{cite web|title=Lucifer (2019) – International Box Office Results – Box Office Mojo|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=lucifer.htm|publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=3 July 2019}}</ref> and {{INRConvert|77.24|l}} from Australia in three weeks.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lucifer – Financial Information Australia|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Lucifer-(India)(2019)/Australia#tab=box-office|publisher=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]]|access-date=2 July 2019}}</ref>

On 7 April, trade analyst [[Taran Adarsh]] tweeted: "#Lucifer has emerged a trendsetter for #Malayalam films internationally. Earlier, #Malayalam films would record big numbers in certain markets [UAE-GCC in particular], but #Lucifer is doing exceptional biz everywhere, despite other language movies posing tough competition ... the super success of #Lucifer in the international arena should open the eyes of the #Malayalam film industry... And encourage makers of #Malayalam films to explore newer markets, ...".<ref>{{cite web|title=#Lucifer has emerged a trendsetter for #Malayalam films internationally...|url=https://twitter.com/taran_adarsh/status/1114931885522575360|website=Twitter|publisher=Taran Adarsh|access-date=8 April 2019|date=7 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The super success of #Lucifer in the international arena should open the eyes of the #Malayalam film industry ...|url=https://twitter.com/taran_adarsh/status/1114932140599156737|website=Twitter|publisher=Taran Adarsh |access-date=8 April 2019 |date=7 April 2019}}</ref> A month after release, the film became the 13th highest-grossing South Indian film overseas, by grossing {{INRConvert|50.03|c}}, and the first Malayalam film to gross {{INRConvert|50|c}} in overseas box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kanchana-3-edges-past-rs-100-cr-at-worldwide-box-office-madhuraraja-becomes-mammoottys-career-best-grosser-6549091.html|title=Kanchana 3 edges past Rs 100 cr at worldwide box office; Madhuraraja becomes Mammootty's career-best grosser|date=1 May 2019|author=Surendhar MK|access-date=8 May 2019|website=firstpost.com}}</ref> In an article published by ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' in May 2023, it was reported that the worldwide gross collection of the film was {{INR}}125.50 crore.<ref name="singh-2023">{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Jatinder |title=Top highest grossing Mollywood films worldwide; 2018 tops with 143 crores in 20 days |website=Pinkvilla |date=25 May 2023 |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/top-highest-grossing-mollywood-films-worldwide-2018-tops-with-143-crores-in-20-days-1222765 |access-date=28 August 2024 |archive-date=24 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124092354/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/top-highest-grossing-mollywood-films-worldwide-2018-tops-with-143-crores-in-20-days-1222765 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable."
|-
! scope="col"| Award
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Winner
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[Kerala State Film Awards]]
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Dubbing Artist|Best Dubbing Artist]]
|[[Vineeth]] (dubbed for Vivek Oberoi)
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-13 |title=50th Kerala State Film Awards: Winners list |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/50th-kerala-state-film-awards-winners-list-6723151/ |access-date=2020-10-13 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards|Kerala Film Critics Awards]]
|Best Editor
|Samjith Mohammed
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-20 |title=Kerala Film Critics Award 2019 |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/kerala-film-critics-award-2019-nivin-pauly-manju-warrier-bag-top-honours-1.5145037 |access-date=2020-10-20 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |archive-date=4 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204021803/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/kerala-film-critics-award-2019-nivin-pauly-manju-warrier-bag-top-honours-1.5145037 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|Special Jury Award (Director)
|Prithviraj Sukumaran
|-
|rowspan="5"|[[Vanitha Film Awards]]
|Most Popular Film
|Antony Perumbavoor (producer)
|rowspan="5"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-11 |title=Vanitha film awards 2020 |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/02/09/vanitha-film-awards-2020-winners-list-madhuri-jacqueline-kochi.html |access-date=2020-10-14 |website=[[Malayala Manorama]]}}</ref>
|-
|Best Director
|Prithviraj Sukumaran
|-
|Best Actor
|Mohanlal
|-
|Best Actress
|Manju Warrier
|-
|Best Villain
|Vivek Oberoi
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[Asianet Film Awards]]
|Best Director
|Prithviraj Sukumaran
|rowspan="4"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2020-02-07 |title=Asianet Film Awards 2020 announced |url=http://onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/asianet-film-awards-announced-2020-heres-complete-list-winners/ |access-date=2020-10-14 |website=OnlookersMedia}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actor
|Mohanlal
|-
|Best Actor in a Negative Role
|Vivek Oberoi
|-
|Best Film
|[[Antony Perumbavoor]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Mazhavil Manorama|Mazhavil]] Entertainment Awards
|Best Director
|Prithviraj Sukumaran
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-07 |title=Mazhavil Entertainment Awards 2019 |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/05/07/mazhavil-entertainment-awards-2019-list-of-winners.html |access-date=2020-11-13 |website=[[Malayala Manorama]] |archive-date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030145444/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/05/07/mazhavil-entertainment-awards-2019-list-of-winners.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|Best Action Choreographer
|[[Stunt Silva]]
|-
|rowspan="5"|[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Film – Malayalam|Best Film (Malayalam)]]
|Antony Perumbavoor (producer)
|<ref name="siima1">{{Cite web |date=19 September 2021 |title=SIIMA 2021: Mahesh Babu and Rashmika Mandanna win big for Maharshi and Dear Comrade, check out full winners list |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-2020-mahesh-babu-and-rashmika-mandanna-win-big-for-maharshi-and-dear-comrade-full-winners-list-7518519/ |access-date=19 September 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-

|Best Debut Director (Malayalam)

|Prithviraj Sukumaran

|<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2021 |title=SIIMA awards: Check out Malayalam winners of 2019 and 2020 |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/09/20/siima-awards-malayalam-winners-list-2019-2020-films.html |access-date=20 September 2021 |website=[[Malayala Manorama|OnManorama]]}}</ref>

|-
|Best Actor in a Leading Role (Malayalam)
|Mohanlal
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2021 |title=Mohanlal, Dhanush, Manju Warrier, Samantha Akkineni among big winners at SIIMA 2021 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/mohanlal-dhanush-manju-warrier-samantha-akkineni-among-big-winners-at-siima-2021-7519773/ |access-date=19 September 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actress in a Leading Role (Malayalam)
|Manju Warrier
|-
|Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Malayalam)
|Saniya Iyappan
|<ref name="siima1" />
|}

== Sequels ==
{{Main|L2: Empuraan}}

When asked about any prequel or sequel plans, Murali told to ''[[The Hindu]]'': "It has been made evident on screen that the film is modelled as a franchise platform. There are sumptuous dramatic clues and hideaways throughout the film, which hint at continuity".<ref>{{cite news|last=Nagarajan|first=Saraswathy|title='Really happy that 'Lucifer' has become such a massive hit': Murali Gopy|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/murali-gopy-writer-of-mega-hit-lucifer-on-what-the-success-means-to-him/article26805205.ece |access-date=2 July 2019|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 April 2019}}</ref> On a May 2019 interview to ''[[The Times of India]]'', Prithviraj said that he has not decided on directing a sequel because of the time he needs to find for the film in between his busy acting schedules. At the same time, he said: "''Lucifer'' was never written as a one-film story. From the time Murali and I started talking about the story, we knew it wasn't something that would end in a single film. In fact, I was quite tempted to do an 11-episode web series because the story is that spread out. We have sort of just picked one area with a few characters of a saga".<ref>{{cite news|last=Sidhardhan|first=Sanjith|title=Prithviraj: I don't think a director's skill needs to be measured by how big a film is|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prithviraj-i-dont-think-a-directors-skill-needs-to-be-measured-by-how-big-a-film-is/articleshow/69385933.cms|access-date=2 July 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 May 2019}}</ref>

On 18 June 2019, a follow-up to the film titled ''[[L2: Empuraan]]'' was officially announced by Prithviraj, Mohanlal, Murali, and Antony at a press conference held at Kochi. The film was set to begin production in the second half of 2020,<ref>{{cite news|title=Lucifer sequel gets a title: Empuraan|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/jun/19/lucifer-sequel-gets-a-title-empuraan-1992007.html|access-date=2 July 2019|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=18 June 2019}}</ref> but was put on hold indefinitely due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. According to Prithviraj, "Empuraan" means "more than a King and less than a god" and the literal meaning would be "overlord".<ref>{{cite news|last=Kumar R.|first=Manoj|title=The second film in Lucifer franchise gets a title|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/lucifer-2-empuraan-mohalal-prithviraj-5786953/|access-date=2 July 2019|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=18 June 2019}}</ref> He said ''Empuraan'' will not be a continuation of the story seen in ''Lucifer'', but will explain what happened before and after ''Lucifer''. He also revealed that Zayed Masood's role in Stephen's and Khureshi's life is not as small as what is seen in ''Lucifer''.<ref>{{cite news|last=George|first=Anjana|title=Prithviraj on Zayed Masood's role in Empuraan?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prithviraj-on-zayed-masoods-role-in-empuraan/articleshow/69925872.cms|access-date=2 July 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 June 2019}}</ref>

== Remake ==
In late September 2019, actor [[Chiranjeevi]] during a press event for ''[[Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy]]'' in Kerala announced that he would star in the Telugu version of the film, and has already bought the [[remake]] rights, adding that he would start filming after ''Sye Raa'', he even announced his intent to have Prithviraj direct the Telugu remake, being impressed with the Malayalam version.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Chiranjeevi to do Telugu version of 'Lucifer'|url=https://www.keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=162257&u=chiranjeevi-to-do-telugu-version-of-lucifer|access-date=2021-08-25|website=Keralakaumudi Daily|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=nirmal|title=എന്തുകൊണ്ട് 'ലൂസിഫറി'ന്റെ റൈറ്റ്‌സ് വാങ്ങി? ചിരഞ്ജീവി പറയുന്നു|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/why-bought-lucifer-right-answers-chiranjeevi-pylkom|access-date=2021-08-25|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=ml}}</ref> The remake titled ''[[Godfather (2022 film)|Godfather]]'' began its production in 2021 with [[Mohan Raja]] as the director.<ref>{{Cite web|last=K.|first=Janani|date=13 August 2021|title=Chiranjeevi's Lucifer Telugu remake shoot begins. Director Mohan Raja shares pic with crew|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/chiranjeevi-s-lucifer-telugu-remake-shoot-begins-director-mohan-raja-shares-pic-with-crew-1840381-2021-08-13|website=India Today}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Facebook|LuciferOfficialMovie}}
* {{IMDb title|6067752}}

{{Prithviraj Sukumaran}}
{{Aashirvad Cinemas}}

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Baiju Dharmajan

2026-04-17T17:19:59Z

Marta694059068: new

{{Short description|Indian musician (born 1968)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{fan POV|date=February 2013}}
{{Notability|date=March 2024}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2024}}
}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Baiju Dharmajan
| image = Baiju Dharmajan NH7 Bangalore 2013.jpg
| caption = Baiju performing at NH7 Weekender in 2013
| birth_name = Baiju M Dharmajan
| alias =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1968|3|7}}
| birth_place = [[Vypin]], [[Kerala]], India
| genre = {{hlist|[[Carnatic music]]|[[Progressive Rock]]|[[Rock music|Rock]]}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Guitarist|Musician|Composer|Music Director|Producer}}
| instrument = {{hlist|Guitars|vocals}}
| years_active = 1980–present
| associated_acts = {{hlist|[[Baiju Dharmajan Syndicate]]|[[Motherjane]]|[[Wrenz United]]}}
}}
'''Baiju Dharmajan''' (born 7 March 1968) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] guitarist, music composer, producer and guitar tutor based out of [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]. A celebrated musician in his own country, Baiju had an extended stint during the 2000s as the lead guitarist of the [[Indian rock]] band [[Motherjane]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motherjane.in/profile.pdf|title='Motherjane Official Band profile|accessdate=10 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005063113/http://www.motherjane.in/profile.pdf|archive-date=5 October 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> He has been nicknamed the "God of Small Strings" by his fans. Baiju is particularly noted for his winding, [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]]-inspired progressive rock and enduring guitar solos.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://insidekerala.com/n/index.php?mod=article&cat=society&article=3123|title=Baiju, winner Jack Daniel Awards|accessdate=10 October 2011}}</ref>

==See also==
[[Paras Thakur]]

==Biography==
Born in [[Vypin Island]]s (near [[Cochin]], India) to Thankamani and Dharmajan, Baiju started his musical career at the age of 14. He began with Carnatic violin but then slowly shifted to the guitar. His father used to play the [[Ukulele|Hawaiian guitar]] and his grandfather was a Carnatic musician. His first role as a performer began at the age of 5 as a guitar player in a traveling troop of musicians, giving him the opportunity to play with legendary [[Malayalam]] singer [[Yesudas]].<ref name="indianrockmp1">{{cite web|url=http://indianrockmp3.com/2010/08/13/baiju-dharmajan-motherjane-interview/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820110356/http://indianrockmp3.com/2010/08/13/baiju-dharmajan-motherjane-interview/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=20 August 2010|title=Artist of the Month|accessdate=10 October 2011}}</ref>

After relocating to his hometown in Vypin in the 90's, he started playing in a band called Instinct, followed by short stints with the bands Wrenz and Aatma. During one of the practice sessions of the band Aatma, he met John of Motherjane, who then invited him to audition for the lead guitarist position in the band.

He has cited his influences as [[Jimi Hendrix]], [[Jimmy Page]], [[Jeff Beck]], [[Steve Vai]], [[Joe Satriani]], [[Reb Beach]], [[Brian May]] and John Anthony.<ref name="indianrockmp1"/>

Baiju is also a big fan of [[Illayaraja]] and loves the compositions of other Indian composers like [[Raveendran]], [[Devarajan]], [[Naushad]] and [[R.D. Burman]]. His father had a vast collection of [[ghazal]]s by [[Mehdi Hassan]], [[Anup Jalota]], and [[Pankaj Udhas]] and he grew up listening to [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Hindi]] [[Filmi|film music]].<ref name="indianrockmp1"/>

His favourite guitarists include [[Jimi Hendrix]], [[Jimmy Page]], [[Steve Vai]], John Anthony, Mattias Ekhlund and Guthrie Govan.

==Motherjane era==
Baiju was the lead guitarist for [[Motherjane]] from 1999 through 2010, during which the band released two full-length albums– 'Insane Biography' in 2003 and 'Maktub' in 2008. The band was a popular live act in India in the 2000s and played at many festivals. Baiju has a major influence of the [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] musical style in his guitar riffs and solos. The other songs on the album Maktub are audibly influenced by Carnatic elements as well. Songs such as Mindstreet and Fields of Sound firmly describe Baiju's tonality.

==Collaborations and solo projects==

Since 2010, Baiju has been working on collaborations and solo projects. He released his debut solo album titled 'The Crossover' in 2012 under the record label Cochym. Baiju's also contributed towards producing an EP for Kochi-based band 'Kaav'. He's released Indian rock versions of patriotic songs Mile Sur Mera Tumhara, [[Vande Mataram]] and the national anthem of India, [[Jana Gana Mana]].

Baiju's been a part of 'Kashmir' with [[Sanjeev Thomas]], 'Karnatrix' with John Antony and 'Bluefire' with classical violinist Harikumar Sivan. Baiju also co-created "Sacred Science" for the popular TV Series The Dewarists with percussionist cum composer [[Karsh Kale]] and edakka drum teacher Harigovindan. Other collaborations include Sanjay Maroo, [[Naresh Iyer]], Keith Peters, [[Ustad Asad Khan]], Uday Jose, David Joseph, [[Midival Punditz]] and [[Susmit Sen]]. In 2013, he accompanied British "shred-king" Andy James for a workshop in [[Kolkata]]. In July 2014, his single 'Moham' was published by Songdew.<ref>{{cite web|title='Moham' single on Songdew|url=https://songdew.com/musicpremiere/songdew/moham/87|publisher=Songdew|accessdate=24 July 2014}}</ref>

==Discography==

===Studio albums===
* ''Insane Biography'' with Motherjane – 2003
* ''Maktub'' with Motherjane – 2008
* ''By the Moonlight'' – Wrenz United – 2011
* '' The Crossover'' – Baiju Dharmajan Solo – 2012

===Singles===
* Jana Gana Mana – Baiju Dharmajan – 2011
* Vande Mataram – Baiju Dharmajan – 2011
* Mile Sur Mera Tumhara – Baiju Dharmajan – 2013
* Vaishnava Janato – Baiju Dharmajan – 2013
* Moham – Baiju Dharmajan – 2014

===Guest appearances===
* Tum - [[Antariksh]] ft. Baiju Dharmajan - ''Khoj,'' 2013<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mahindru |first1=Megha |title=Baiju Dharmajan Forms A New Band With Kolkata Musicians |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/baiju-dharmajan-forms-a-new-band-with-kolkata-musicians/ |access-date=17 April 2026 |work=Rolling Stone India |date=12 September 2013}}</ref>

===Feature Film Soundtracks===
* [[Dayom Panthrandum]] - 2013

===Production discography===
* ''Kaav'' E.P – KAAV – 2010

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite web|title=Baiju Dharmajan | Carnatic Guitar Maestro | Indian Guitarist|url=http://baiju-dharmajan.com/|date=2013|access-date=2 February 2013|archive-date=31 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131040610/http://baiju-dharmajan.com/|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|title=Motherjane-Rolling Stones|url=http://rollingstoneindia.com/artists/motherjane-2/|accessdate=10 October 2011}}
* {{cite web|title=BaijuDharmajan-The Crossover|url=http://www.indianmusicrevolution.com/Reviews/Album-Reviews/Baiju-Dharmajan-The-Crossover.html|accessdate=10 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022233625/http://www.indianmusicrevolution.com/Reviews/Album-Reviews/Baiju-Dharmajan-The-Crossover.html|archive-date=22 October 2012|url-status=usurped}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web | url=http://rollingstoneindia.com/all-access/10-best-indian-albums-of-2008/ | title=10 Best Indian Albums of 2008 | publisher=Rolling Stone India | date=19 January 2009}}
* {{cite web | url=http://rollingstoneindia.com/features/motherjane-an-indian-tale/ | title=Motherjane: An Indian Tale | publisher=Rolling Stone India | date=25 July 2009}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/08/stories/2007100858600300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013154930/http://hindu.com/2007/10/08/stories/2007100858600300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=13 October 2007 | title=Mother Jane enthrals Sunday crowd | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=8 October 2007}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2008/03/23/stories/2008032350200700.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401234807/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2008/03/23/stories/2008032350200700.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=1 April 2008 | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Not Megadeth enough | date=23 March 2008}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/18/stories/2009011856061100.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123224119/http://hindu.com/2009/01/18/stories/2009011856061100.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=23 January 2009 | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Schedule for Saarang, IIT's mega fest | date=18 January 2009}}
* {{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune-times/Pune-rock-gets-into-the-studio/articleshow/33618180.cms | title=Pune rock gets into the studio | work=[[The Times of India]]| date=7 January 2003}}
* {{cite web | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-22/news-and-interviews/30433835_1_musicians-electronic-m | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103120434/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-22/news-and-interviews/30433835_1_musicians-electronic-m | url-status=dead | archive-date=3 January 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Listen to the Dewarists | date=22 November 2011}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | url=http://www.motherjane.in/profile.pdf | title=Motherjane Official Band Profile | access-date=8 October 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005063113/http://www.motherjane.in/profile.pdf | archive-date=5 October 2011 | url-status=dead}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130812175426/http://insidekerala.com/n/index.php?mod=article&cat=society&article=3123 "Baiju JD Awards"]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20111005045843/http://indianrockmp3.com/2010/08/13/baiju-dharmajan-motherjane-interview/ Interview]}}
* {{cite web | url=http://baiju-dharmajan.com/about/ | title=About Baiju Dharmajan | publisher=[[WordPress]] | date=2013 | access-date=2 February 2013 | archive-date=2 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202134410/http://baiju-dharmajan.com/about/ | url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web | url=http://nh7.in/indiecision/2010/11/24/motherjane-guitarist-baiju-dharmajan-quits-band/ | title=Motherjane Guitarist Baiju Dharmajan Quits Band | publisher=NH7 | date=24 November 2010}}
* https://web.archive.org/web/20110925031938/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/glam-sham/guitar-juggler-591
* {{cite web | url=http://www.indianmusicrevolution.com/Interviews/Interview-With-Baiju-DharmajanThe-God-Of-Small-Strings.html | title=Interview With Baiju Dharmajan(The God of Small Strings) | publisher=Indian Music Revolution | date=24 March 2012 | access-date=19 May 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326190634/http://www.indianmusicrevolution.com/Interviews/Interview-With-Baiju-DharmajanThe-God-Of-Small-Strings.html | archive-date=26 March 2012 | url-status=usurped }}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dharmajan, Baiju}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian rock guitarists]]
[[Category:Indian male composers]]
[[Category:Indian record producers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kochi]]
[[Category:Indian guitarists]]
[[Category:1968 births]]

Mihir Kanade

2026-04-11T00:09:49Z

Marta694059068: starting first data w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian academic}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Mihir Kanade
| citizenship = [[India]]
| fields = [[International law]] Human rights and development
| workplaces = [[University for Peace]] [[United Nations Human Rights Council]]
| alma_mater = [[Nagpur University]] (LL.B.) 
[[University for Peace]] (MA, PhD)
| thesis_title = The Multilateral Trading System and Human Rights: A Governance Space Theory on Linkages
| thesis_year = 2015
| known_for = Right to development
}}
'''Mihir Kanade''' is an author and professor of international law, human rights and development at the [[University for Peace]] (UPEACE),<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=University for Peace|url=https://www.upeace.org/pages/dr-mihir-kanade|access-date=2021-03-19|website=www.upeace.org}}</ref> a university founded by the [[United Nations]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=United Nations|url=https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/35/55|access-date=2021-03-19|website=undocs.org}}</ref> He holds the concurrent positions of the Academic Coordinator of UPEACE since 2016, the Head of its Department of International Law since 2014, and the Director of the UPEACE Human Rights Centre since 2009.<ref name=":0" />

Kanade is best known for his contribution to the promotion of the human right to development. He chairs the drafting group appointed by the [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] and the Chair-Rapporteur of the Intergovernmental Working Group on the [[Right to development|Right to Development]], for preparing the “zero draft” of a legally binding instrument on the right to development.<ref>Draft Convention on the Right to Development, Report of the Chair-Rapporteur of the Working Group on the Right to Development, Ambassador Zamir Akram, to the United Nations Human Rights Council, A/HRC/WG.2/21/2, 17 January 2020, para. 10.</ref><ref name=":5" /> On 13 March 2020, Kanade was elected by the United Nations Human Rights Council as a member of the Expert Mechanism on the Right to Development in representation of the Asia-Pacific region.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.unog.ch/unog/website/news_media.nsf/(httpNewsByYear_en)/30B949096E3DD253C125852A004A80FC|title=Where global solutions are shaped for you {{!}} News & Media {{!}} HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL ADOPTS UNIVERSAL PERIODIC REVIEW OUTCOME OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA, HOLDS DEBATE ON THE INTERNATIONAL DECADE FOR PEOPLE OF AFRICAN DESCENT, AND SUSPENDS ITS FORTY-THIRD SESSI|website=www.unog.ch|access-date=2020-04-25}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=nzoller|title=2020-03 UN HR Special Procedures: 19 Experts appointed during 43rd session by HR Council|url=https://gdh-ghr.org/blog/2020/03/2020-03-un-hr-special-procedures-19-experts-appointed-during-43rd-session-by-hr-council/|access-date=2021-03-19|language=en-US}}</ref> The Human Rights Council renewed his mandate for another three years on 4 April 2023.<ref name="ohchr.org">https://www.ohchr.org/en/news/2023/04/human-rights-council-concludes-fifty-second-regular-session-after-adopting-43</ref>

== Career ==

=== Academic and policy work ===
Kanade began his career as a lawyer practicing before the [[Bombay High Court]] (Bombay and Nagpur benches) and the [[Supreme Court of India]] in 2003, acting as an arguing and assisting counsel in several reported cases.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Digamber Yeshwantrao Watane vs Agricultural Produce Market ... on 5 July, 2004|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1540012/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=e9c40a9692a1fd45af96c1127eb72e432d76e81a-1616159097-0-AWfVOd14A-IYUeqNzRuGPZE9hX94QgGmKsHWDPuG44bBTs5fdpnyZaHt3VgfBP4kf0_JWbAWAIUU0tCGTCcJyaHYAgATapycFaWU4Mz969FN6F0QdPSCdQbgduYN3mKWMK5lQN1OPaYkzRg2N0B0xA6iCqzgTz18fqJHcMdFMdvVy-XYqucLHi2bEP2HHWbq8uafKAcChk2AwfeTJFzcIuPhV1HcVTyNjfeKmtNCSoUTI9Y0IrroQM8-YGJ-jp1eci55lNCxaPJp3ztwodbQjnfJfaKFmGG4UccukSMLyLJBfXCu7lImdfULY0i-7m8-xdIRZg66PxhdcKFb02wfopXZ7wVTObN5Q3gvkmqtPnIPBUdCusQwoZff5sgcHA7mmfoNX18atvJyPExxPQhHi8M|access-date=2021-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sheshrao Wankhede's 56th Birthday Foundation & Another Vs. Pratibha Uttamrao Gadwe & Others on 31 January, 2005 - Legitquest|url=https://www.legitquest.com/case/sheshrao-wankhedes-56th-birthday-foundation-another-v-pratibha-uttamrao-gadwe-others/D5105|access-date=2021-03-19|website=www.legitquest.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Education Society, Yavatmal Vs. Narayan Govindrao Deshpande & Others on 07 June, 2005 - Legitquest|url=https://www.legitquest.com/case/education-society-yavatmal-v-narayan-govindrao-deshpande-others/D45B3|access-date=2021-03-19|website=www.legitquest.com}}</ref><ref>B.S.N. Joshi & Sons Ltd. vs. Naircoal Services Ltd. – (2006) 11 SCC 548, https://www.casemine.com/judgement/in/5609ae3ee4b0149711413496</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=State Of Maharashtra Vs. Madhukar Wamanrao Smarth Etc on 24 March, 2008 - Legitquest|url=https://www.legitquest.com/case/state-of-maharashtra-v-madhukar-wamanrao-smarth-etc/3C3CA|access-date=2021-03-19|website=www.legitquest.com}}</ref> Kanade joined UPEACE in 2009 as a faculty member in the Department of International Law and as the Director of the UPEACE Human Rights Centre. In 2014, he was appointed as the Head of the Department of International Law, and has additionally held the position of the Academic Coordinator of UPEACE since 2017.<ref>University for Peace Human Rights Centre, “Core-Team”, https://hrc.upeace.org/about-us/upeace-hrc-core-team/<nowiki/> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503182200/https://hrc.upeace.org/about-us/upeace-hrc-core-team/ |date=2020-05-03 }}</ref>

He is also an adjunct faculty at Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio (Spain),<ref>Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio, “Master in Dynamics of Cooperation, Conflicts and Negotiation in International Relations and Diplomacy”, https://www.goldenfuture.education/brochures/spain/universidad-alfonso-x-el-sabio.pdf</ref> Long Island University (LIU Global Centre in Costa Rica),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liu.edu/Global/Academics/Program-Locations/Costa-Rica/Faculty-and-Staff|title=Faculty and Staff {{!}} Long Island University|website=www.liu.edu|access-date=2020-04-25}}</ref> and Universidad de Los Andes (Colombia),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://escueladeveranoderecho.uniandes.edu.co/index.php/cursos/2-uncategorised/51-public-international-law|title=Public International Law|website=escueladeveranoderecho.uniandes.edu.co|access-date=2020-04-25}}</ref> and has taught courses on [[Gender mainstreaming|Gender Mainstreaming]] in Peacekeeping Operations at Cheikh Anta Diop University (Senegal).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2014/02/26/a-first-for-africa-an-advanced-degree-in-gender-and-peacebuilding|title=A First for Africa: an Advanced Degree in Gender and Peacebuilding|website=World Bank|language=en|access-date=2020-04-25}}</ref> Kanade serves as the academic co-coordinator of the LLM programme in Transnational Crime and Justice offered at the United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (UNICRI), Turin, Italy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://unicri.it/services/education_training/postgraduate/llm/lecturers/|title=Faculty|website=unicri.it|access-date=2020-04-25}}</ref> He has served on the International Advisory Board of the [[International Bar Association]] on the topic of Business and Human Rights.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibanet.org/LPRU/Business-and-Human-Rights-for-the-Legal-Profession.aspx|title=IBA - IBA Business and Human Rights|website=www.ibanet.org|language=en-gb|access-date=2020-04-25}}</ref>

Kanade has worked, researched and taught extensively in the interface between globalization and its impacts on human rights, including themes such as global governance,<ref>University for Peace, “Global Governance”, https://elearning.upeace.org/course.cfm?id_instance=EF563857-9A2D-4C6D-BC2E-424A8A0AF9A9</ref> international trade,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kanade|first=Mihir|title=The Multilateral Trading System and Human Rights: A Governance Space Theory on Linkages|publisher=Routledge|year=2018|location=London and New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kanade|first=Mihir|date=2016|title=Chronicles of the Doha Wars: The battle of Nairobi – Appraisal of the Tenth WTO Ministerial|journal=Strathmore Law Journal|volume=2|issue=1|pages=155–164|doi=10.52907/slj.v2i1.19|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kanade|first=Mihir|date=2012|title=Human Rights and Multilateral Trade: A Pragmatic Approach to Understanding the Linkages|journal=Journal Jurisprudence|volume=15|pages=389–418}}</ref> protection of refugees,<ref>University for Peace Human Rights Centre, “Protection of Refugees”, https://hrc.upeace.org/protection-of-refugees-2020/</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kanade|first=Mihir|date=2019|title=Don't Ask Me Who I Am: The Deaf Ear and the Blind Eye of Maritime Law on Disembarkation of Refugees and Asylum-Seekers Rescued at Sea|journal=ISIL Yearbook of International Humanitarian and Refugee Law|volume=16|pages=1–42}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kanade|first=Mihir|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/world-news/why-a-blanket-legal-entry-policy-will-hurt-poor-immigrants-the-most/1623390/|title=Why a Blanket Legal Entry Policy Will Hurt Poor Immigrants the Most|date=29 June 2019|work=Financial Express|access-date=23 April 2020}}</ref> statelessness,<ref>University for Peace Human Rights Centre, “Protection of Stateless Persons”, https://hrc.upeace.org/protection-of-stateless-persons-2020/</ref> health,<ref>United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Health and Human Rights”, https://hre.ohchr.org/hret/ProgrammeDetail.aspx?PGMKey=884&Lng=en</ref> indigenous peoples’ rights,<ref>University for Peace Human Rights Centre, “Indigenous Peoples’ Rights and Development”, https://hrc.upeace.org/indigenous-peoples-rights-and-development-2020/</ref><ref>United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Indigenous Peoples’ Rights in the Field, https://hre.ohchr.org/hret/ProgrammeDetail.aspx?PGMKey=983&Lng=en</ref> sustainable development,<ref>Kanade, Mihir, 2017. “Technology and the Sustainable Development Goals: A Right to Development Approach”, in Mariateresa Garrido (ed.) ''Human Rights and Technology: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development'', Ciudad Colon: UPEACE Press, Chapter 1, pp. 7–30.</ref><ref>Kanade, Mihir. 2018. “The Right to Development and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”, in Kanade and Puvimanasinghe (eds.) ''Operationalizing the Right to Development for Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals,'' Geneva: United Nations and UPEACE, Chapter 3.</ref><ref>Kanade, Mihir, 2018. “The Right to Development Framework for Sustaining Peace and Sustainable Development”, in Kanade and Puvimanasinghe (eds.) ''Operationalizing the Right to Development for Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals,'' Geneva: United Nations and UPEACE, Chapter 10.</ref> business and human rights,<ref name=":3">Kanade, Mihir. 2014. ‘UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Presenting the Problem as the Solution’, in Laura Westra and Mirian Villela (eds), ''The Earth Charter, Ecological Integrity, and Social Movements'', New York: Routledge, pp. 39–49.</ref><ref name=":4">University for Peace (2015), ''Good Practices Manual: Building Capacities for the Integration of Human Rights in Social Responsibility'', Ciudad Colon, Costa Rica: UPEACE Press.</ref> among others. He is the author of the book ''The Multilateral Trading System and Human Rights: A Governance Space Theory on Linkages'' published in 2018.<ref>Kanade, Mihir. 2018. ''The Multilateral Trading System and Human Rights: A Governance Space Theory on Linkages,'' London and New Delhi: Routledge</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fauchald|first=Ole Kristian|date=2019|title=Book Review, Mihir Kanade. The Multilateral Trading System and Human Rights: A Governance Space Theory on Linkages. Oxford: Routledge, 2018|journal=European Journal of International Law|volume=30|pages=694–702}}</ref> In this book, Kanade introduced a new theory called as “governance space” to serve as a framework for analyzing diverse linkages between the multilateral trading system and human rights, and proposed the right to development as the normative framework for resolving tensions.<ref>Kanade, Mihir. 2018. ''The Multilateral Trading System and Human Rights: A Governance Space Theory on Linkages,'' London and New Delhi: Routledge, Chapters 2 and 8.</ref>

=== Work on the right to development ===
Kanade has been a prominent figure in the promotion of the right to development, especially in the context of implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. On 15 June 2016, at the invitation of its President, Kanade addressed the 32nd session of the UN Human Rights Council on the topic of ‘Operationalizing the Right to Development for Implementing the SDGs’, as part of a special panel convened to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the 1986 UN Declaration on the Right to Development.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Development/Pages/PaneldiscussionCommemoration30thAnniversary.aspx|title=OHCHR {{!}} Panel discussion Commemoration 30th Anniversary|website=www.ohchr.org|access-date=2020-04-25}}</ref> In conjunction with the OHCHR and the UNU-IIGH, Kanade co-leads an e-learning project for training UN staff, diplomats, staff of governmental and non-governmental organizations, on Operationalizing the Right to Development in Implementation of the SDGs.<ref>University for Peace, “E-Course: Right to Development and the SDGs”, https://www.upeace.org/departments/e-course-on-the-right-to-development</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iigh.unu.edu/news/news/e-learning-module-on-the-right-to-development-and-sustainable-development-goals.html#info%20https://iigh.unu.edu/news/news/e-learning-module-on-the-right-to-development-and-sustainable-development-goals.html#info|title=E-Learning Module on the Right to Development and Sustainable Development Goals - International Institute for Global Health|website=iigh.unu.edu|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-25}}</ref> He also leads a joint project between UPEACE and OHCHR to deliver training to various stakeholders on mainstreaming the right to development in Voluntary National Review Reporting for realizing the SDGs.<ref>https://www.upeace.org/pages/mainstreaming-the-right-to-development-in-voluntary-national-review-reporting</ref> He has also addressed Member States at the UN Human Rights Council as a panelist,<ref>Kanade, Mihir. 2016. ‘Advancing Peace, Rights and Well-being: A Right to Development Approach to SDGs as the Way Forward’. Speech delivered at the event ‘In Search of Dignity and Sustainable Development for All’, Geneva, United Nations, 29 February, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Development/Pages/SearchOfDignity.aspx</ref><ref>https://media.un.org/en/asset/k1b/k1b8cp9y84</ref> and moderator,<ref>Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, “RTD WG side event: Leaving No One Behind: A Right to Development Perspective”, Geneva, 1 May 2019, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Development/Pages/Events.aspx</ref> in side events promoting the right to development in the context of realization of the SDGs.

Kanade has for long been a strong advocate for a legally binding instrument on the right to development and has played an active role in the process of its elaboration.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/right-to-development-indian-scholar-mihir-kanade-to-chair-un-group-of-experts-to-draft-international-treaty/1751952/|title=Right to Development: Indian scholar Mihir Kanade to chair UN group of experts to draft international treaty|date=2019-11-01|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-25}}</ref> He was invited by the Chair-Rapporteur of the Intergovernmental Working Group on the Right to Development at its 20th session in Geneva to provide expert advice to Member States on the “formulation of the right to development and the nature of obligations of State parties to a legally binding instrument on the right to development”,<ref>Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, The twentieth session of the Working Group on the Right to Development, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Development/Pages/20thSession.aspx</ref> in pursuance of Resolution 39/9 of the UN Human Rights Council.<ref>United Nations Human Rights Council, The Right to Development, Resolution A/HRC/RES/39/9, Adopted on 27 September 2018, paras. 17(e) and (f).</ref> Following this, Kanade was appointed as the chair of the drafting group of international experts for preparing a legally binding instrument on the right to development.<ref>''Draft Convention on the Right to Development'', Report of the Chair-Rapporteur of the Working Group on the Right to Development, Ambassador Zamir Akram, to the Human Rights Council, A/HRC/WG.2/21/2, para. 10.</ref> His mandate included drafting extensive commentaries on the zero draft of the treaty.<ref>''Draft Convention on the Right to Development, with commentaries'', A/HRC/WG.2/21/2/Add.1, 20 January 2020.</ref> Kanade has thereafter led the legal discussions at the Working Group on the Right to Development at its 21st, 22nd and 23rd sessions, as well as the process of revising the draft convention along with updated commentaries.<ref>https://www.ohchr.org/en/events/events/2023/24th-session-working-group-right-development</ref>

On 13 March 2020, Kanade was elected by the UN Human Rights Council as a member of the Expert Mechanism on the Right to Development,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/SP/Pages/HRC43.aspx|title=OHCHR {{!}} Special Procedures Appointments to be made at the 43rd session of the Human Rights Council (24 February - 20 March 2020)|website=www.ohchr.org|access-date=2020-04-25}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> a subsidiary body of the UN Human Rights Council on 27 September 2019 through Resolution 42/23.<ref>United Nations Human Rights Council, Right to Development, Resolution A/HRC/RES/42/23, 27 September 2019, paras 29 to 34.</ref> Kanade was elected as a representative of the Asia-Pacific Region on the expert mechanism. During this mandate, Kanade authored a thematic study on "Operationalizing the Right to Development in Implementing the [[Sustainable Development Goals]]".<ref>https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/studies/ahrc4863-operationalizing-right-development-achieving-sustainable-development</ref> This study provides guidance to States and other stakeholders on operationalizing the right to development in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals incorporated in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, focusing on their means of implementation and the duty of States for international cooperation. It also highlights the heightened importance and urgency of bringing the 2030 Agenda back on track during and in the aftermath of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. He was reappointed by the Human Rights Council on this mandate on 4 April 2023.<ref name="ohchr.org"/>

=== Education and other professional work ===
Kanade has an LLB from Nagpur University (India) and a Master’s degree in International Law and the Settlement of Disputes and a Doctorate in [[Peace and conflict studies|Peace and Conflict Studies]] from UPEACE.<ref name=":0" /> Apart from his work on globalization, human rights, and development, Kanade also teaches and publishes on the international law dimensions of peace and conflicts,<ref>University for Peace, International Law Dimensions of Peace and Conflicts, https://elearning.upeace.org/course.cfm?id_instance=79FD79E1-E88E-472F-AF4B-4B0AB8C81684</ref> as well as on the role of international law and adjudication in conflict resolution and transformation.<ref>Kanade, Mihir (2019), “Role of International Adjudication in Conflict Resolution and Transformation” in Francisco Rojas (ed.) ''The Difficult Task of Peace: Crisis, Fragility & Conflict in an Uncertain World'', Palgrave McMillan, pp.131-170.</ref>

He is the founder of two professional development online diploma programmes on “Human Rights and Forced Displacement”,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hrc.upeace.org/diploma-in-human-rights-and-forced-displacement/|title=Diploma in Human Rights and Forced Displacement (Rolling Enrollments) {{!}} Human Rights Centre|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-25}}</ref> and “Sustainable Development and Human Rights”,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hrc.upeace.org/professional-development-diploma-in-development-and-human-rights/|title=Diploma in Sustainable Development and Human Rights (Rolling Enrollments) {{!}} Human Rights Centre|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-25}}</ref> offered by the UPEACE Human Rights Centre.

Kanade has also led projects for training several national and multinational corporations in Panama, Nicaragua and Costa Rica on mainstreaming human rights into corporate activities.<ref name=":4" /><ref>Kanade, Mihir (2018), Presentation for the Regional Consultations on the Right to Development, Panama, 11–12 October, p. 3, https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Development/SR/ConsultationGrulac/MihirKanade_WrittenTranscript.pdf</ref> He, however, has been a fierce critique of the legal principles adopted in the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights insofar as they deny legally binding obligations on businesses under international law to respect human rights (that is, do no harm to human rights of others), and also deny obligations on home States to require their corporations to respect human rights when they operate extraterritorially.<ref name=":3" />

== Recognition in press ==
Kanade’s appointment as the Chair-Rapporteur of the drafting group for preparing a legally binding instrument on the Right to Development was covered in the national press in India,<ref name=":5" /> as well as in the local press of his hometown, Nagpur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2019/10/31/City-s-Dr-Mihir-Kanade-to-head-UN-panel-on-right-to-development.html|title=City's Dr Mihir Kanade to head UN panel on right to development|website=www.thehitavada.com|language=en|access-date=2020-04-25}}</ref> On 4 March 2020, Maharashtra Times published an article in Marathi language, recognizing the contribution of Kanade to world peace through his work at UPEACE and on development.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/nagpur-vidarbha-news/nagpur/mihir-known-for-world-peace-efforts/articleshow/74463273.cms|title='मिहीर' जागतिक शांततेच्या प्रयत्नात माहीर!|website=Maharashtra Times|language=mr|access-date=2020-04-25}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanade, Mihir}}
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Peace alumni]]

Manmeet Pritam Singh Arora

2026-03-30T00:41:52Z

Marta694059068: starting a biography basic info

{{Short description|Indian jurist}}
{{Infobox judge
| name = Manmeet Pritam Singh Arora
| image = Manmeet Pritam.jpg
| caption = Official portrait
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1974}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad, Gujarat]], India
| alma_mater = [[L.A. Shah Law College]], Ahmedabad
| occupation = Judge
| office = Judge of the [[Delhi High Court]]
| term_start = 18 May 2022
}}

'''Manmeet Pritam Singh Arora''' (born 1974) is an Indian judge serving as a Justice of the [[Delhi High Court]] since 18 May 2022. She was appointed as an Additional Judge of the High Court following a recommendation by the Supreme Court Collegium and subsequent notification by the [[Government of India]].

== Early life and education ==
Manmeet Pritam Singh Arora was born in 1974 to a business family in [[Ahmedabad, Gujarat]]. She completed her high schooling at Mount Carmel Convent School and higher schooling from [[St. Xavier's High School, Loyola Hall, Ahmedabad]] in 1991.<ref name=":0" />

In 1994, she graduated from [[H.R. College of Commerce and Economics|H.L. College of Commerce]], [[Gujarat University]] with a B. Com degree and completed LL.B. from [[L.A. Shah Law College]] in 1997.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Justice Manmeet Pritam Singh Arora {{!}} Welcome To Delhi High Court |url=https://www.delhihighcourt.nic.in/web/Judges/justice-manmeet-pritam-singh-arora |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=www.delhihighcourt.nic.in}}</ref>

== Legal career ==
Arora practiced as an advocate at the [[Delhi High Court]] for 25 years, specialising in arbitration, civil, commercial, and constitutional matters. During her practice, she was appointed as [[Sole arbitrator|Sole Arbitrator]], [[Amicus curiae|Amicus Curiae]], and [[Court of the Commissioners for Sale of Incumbered Estates in the West Indies|Court Commissioner]] by the [[Delhi High Court]] on multiple occasions.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manupatra Academy |url=https://www.manupatracademy.com/ |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=www.manupatracademy.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Judicial career ==
She was elevated to the bench of the [[Delhi High Court]] on 18 May 2022. As a judge, she has delivered notable judgments on digital content regulation, defamation, deepfakes, abortion rights, and corporate disputes.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Joon |first=Sheetal |date=2025-09-08 |title=Delhi High Court Grants Interim Relief To Haveli Restaurants, Bars "Punjabi Haveli" From Using "Haveli" Mark |url=https://www.verdictum.in/court-updates/high-courts/delhi-high-court/haveli-restaurant-and-resorts-ltd-vs-adison-resorts-limited-punjabi-haveli-barred-from-using-mark-haveli-1590556 |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=www.verdictum.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Married Couple Moves Delhi HC Against Age Restrictions In Surrogacy Act |url=https://www.bwlegalworld.com/article/married-couple-moves-delhi-hc-against-age-restrictions-in-surrogacy-act-509745 |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=BW Legal World |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manmeet, Pritam Singh, Arora}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Judges of the Delhi High Court]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Indian jurists]]
[[Category:People from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:1974 births]]

Perungudi Lake

2026-03-23T20:26:08Z

Marta694059068: adding.

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Perungudi Lake
| native_name ={{native name|ta|பெருங்குடி ஏரி}}
| other_name =

| image = Perungudi Lake Full View.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Perungudi Lake
| image_bathymetry =
| alt_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =

| location = [[Chennai]], [[India]]
| group =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.967|80.239|type:waterbody_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[lake]]
| etymology =
| part_of =
| inflow =
| rivers =
| outflow =
| oceans =
| catchment = 
| basin_countries =
| agency =
| designation =
| date-built = 
| engineer =
| date-flooded = 
| length = 
| width = 
| area = {{convert|50|a}}
| depth = 
| max-depth = 
| volume = 
| residence_time =
| salinity =
| shore = 
| elevation = 
| temperature_high = 
| temperature_low = 
| frozen =
| islands =
| islands_category =
| sections =
| trenches =
| benches =
| cities =

| pushpin_map = India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of the lake in India.
| pushpin_map_caption =

| website =
| reference =
}}
[[File:Perungudi Lake Area Neighbourhood.jpg|thumb|Perungudi Lake Area Neighborhood come together for Protecting the Lake]]

'''Perungudi Lake''' ({{langx|ta|பெருங்குடி ஏரி}}) is a {{convert|50|a}} water body located near [[Chennai]]'s IT corridor, [[Rajiv Gandhi Salai]], India. It is one of the few protected lakes of Chennai, fully fenced with compound wall and pathways laid on its east and south side for walkers.

In the past,{{when|date=March 2016}} the lake was a major source of water for irrigation to its neighborhood agricultural lands. Presently it is still catering to the drinking water needs of few colonies surrounding the lake, and holds the ground water levels. Excess rain later flows into the lake through [[Storm water runoff|storm water channels]] from the nearby residential areas.

Perungudi lake is connected with [[Pallikaranai wetland]] through marsh lands spreading across Perungudi, Velachery, and Pallikaranai.

==2015 flooding and reexamination==
This lake reached its full capacity during the cloudburst that hit Chennai in December 2015. Prior to that not even 25% of water was retained by the lake due to poor maintenance of water inlets and encroachments. The beauty of the lake caught the attention of its nearby residents and motivated them to start a people's forum to protect the lake from pollution, abuse, encroachments, sewage water letdown, defecation, and [[water theft]]. From sprucing up the lake to hold a Lake Festival (PLF 2016- Perungudi Lake Festival 2016) on 26 January 2016, like-minded individuals from nearby 15 residential association joined hands together for the cause of protecting the lake as the Perungudi Lake Area Neighbourhood Environment Transformation (PLANET). PLANET is a registered body of all resident associations around Perungudi lake. PLANET celebrated PLF 2017 in the month of February 2017 with several art and cultural programs with a perspective of promoting waterbodies. PLANET planted several tree saplings around the lake and regularly monitoring its growth. TN PWD supports the activities by the PLANET.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/downtown/Perungudi-residents-have-big-plans-for-their-lake/article13990309.ece | title= Perungudi residents have big plans for their lake | date=9 January 2016 | newspaper=The Hindu | first=Liffy | last=Thomas | accessdate=27 January 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/perungudi-lake-to-get-a-facelift/article7748604.ece | title=Perungudi Lake to get a facelift | date=11 October 2015 | first1=R. | last1=Srikanth | first2=K. | last2=Lakshmi | newspaper=The Hindu | accessdate=27 January 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3449018.ece | title=Pollution in Perungudi lake | date=23 May 2012 | newspaper=The Hindu | accessdate=27 January 2019 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lakes of Chennai]]

General Wali Kothi

2026-03-22T04:56:55Z

Marta694059068: creating a bio - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{More footnotes|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox building
| name = General Wali Kothi
| native_name = तारा वाली कोठी
| native_name_lang = hin
| image = Lucknow_Album_(18)_-_Tara_Khothe_or_Star_house.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt = 
| image_caption = ''Tara Khothe'' or ''Star house'' in 1874 by [[Darogha Ubbas Alli]]
| alternate_names = Star House
| location = [[Lucknow]], [[India]]
| address =
| coordinates = {{coord|26|51|13.4|N|80|56|23.3|E}}
| current_tenants = [[State Bank of India]]
| construction_start_date = 1832
| opened_date = 1841
}}

'''General Wali Kothi''' was an observatory commissioned in 1832 by King of Oudh [[Nasir-ud-Din Haidar Shah]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lucknow.nic.in/Nasir.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410102332/http://lucknow.nic.in/Nasir.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 April 2009|title=Nasir|date=10 April 2009|accessdate=15 August 2018}}</ref> It was not functional until 1841 when Colonel Richard Wilcox, a Royal Astronomer, was appointed.

It contained several excellent instruments. On the death of Wilcox in 1847, the establishment was dismissed, and the instruments disappeared during the Mutiny. It was said that once a brass pillar stood in central chamber through the roof.

== History ==
The building was the headquarters of the Maulvi [[Ahmadullah Shah]] of Faizabad during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], and the insurgent council frequently held its meetings there.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V16_196.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 16, page 190 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library|website=Dsal.uchicago.edu|accessdate=2 February 2021}}</ref> Later it was occupied by the [[Imperial Bank of India]], being restored for use as a bank but, in October 1923, it was flooded for 15 days. Mr. Davis then the occupant bank manager, his staff and clients used boats to ferry them back and forth. Some years later, it was used for as a local court of civil justice. later it was occupied by the Imperial Bank of India (now, [[State Bank of India]]), and became the bank's headquarters in 1923.<ref name="Knocksense">{{cite news |last1=Kirti |first1=Khushbu |title=From a royal observatory to SBI branch: Know all about the 190-yr-old Tare Wali Kothi in Lucknow |url=https://www.knocksense.com/lucknow/from-a-royal-observatory-to-sbi-branch-know-all-about-the-190-yr-old-tare-wali-kothi-in-lucknow |date=5 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Now it is a SBI branch head office.<ref name="Knocksense"/>

[[Martin Gubbins]] described it as a handsome classical design building, protected by a regular guard of native infantry.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}
[[File:Lucknow. Photographed from the Observatory - ILN-1858-0102-0001.jpg|thumb|Lucknow, viewed from the Observatory, [[Illustrated London News]]]]

==See also==
* [[List of astronomical observatories]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commonscat-inline|General Wali Kothi}}
*{{cite web|url=http://lucknow.me/Tare-wali-Kothi.html|title=Lucknow - Tare wali Kothi|website=Lucknow.me|accessdate=15 August 2018}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.lucknowpulse.com/2015/10/28/landmarks-history-kothis-lucknow|title=The Majestic Kothis of Lucknow|website=Lucknowpulse.com|date=28 October 2015|accessdate=15 August 2018|archive-date=11 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111054635/http://www.lucknowpulse.com/2015/10/28/landmarks-history-kothis-lucknow/|url-status=dead}}
{{Telescopes and Observatories in India}}
{{Portal bar|India|Astronomy|Stars|Spaceflight|Outer space|Solar System|Education|Science}}
[[Category:Astronomical observatories in India]]
[[Category:1841 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Defunct astronomical observatories]]

Humayun Kabir

2026-03-21T14:30:11Z

Marta694059068: updated page

'''Humayun Kabir''' may refer to:
== Politicians ==
* [[Humayun Kabir (Bengal politician)]] (1906–1969), Indian National Congress politician
* [[Humayun Kabir (Bangladeshi politician)]] (1952–2019), Bangladeshi lawyer and Jatiya Party politician
* [[Humayun Kabir (West Bengal politician)]] (born 1963), Indian Janata Unnayan Party politician
* [[Humayun Kabir (police officer)]] (born 1961), TMC politician and former IPS officer

== Writers, poets, and journalists ==
* [[Humayun Kabir Balu]] (1947–2004), Bangladeshi journalist
* [[Humayun Kabir (poet)]] (1948–1972), Bengali communist and poet
* [[Humayun Kabir Dhali]], Bangladeshi journalist and author

== Government and military ==
* [[M. Humayun Kabir]] (born 1952), Bangladeshi diplomat
* [[Md Humayun Kabir Khandaker]], Bangladeshi civil servant
* [[Mohammad Humayun Kabir]] (born 1965), Bangladesh Army officer

== Arts and entertainment ==
* [[Humayun Kabir Sadhu]] (1982–2019), Bangladeshi actor

== Other ==
* [[Syed Humayun Kabir]] (died 2015), Bangladeshi philanthropist

==See also==
*[[Bamanpukur Humayun Kabir Mahavidyalaya]], college in West Bengal, India
*[[Humayun (name)]]
*[[Kabir (disambiguation)]]

{{hndis|Kabir, Humayun}}
[[Category:Bangladeshi masculine given names]]
[[Category:Masculine given names]]

Persians

2026-03-20T19:36:23Z

Marta694059068: adjust page and updated info based on references

{{Short description|Iranian ethnic group}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{About|the ethnic group|the breed of cat|Persian cat|other uses}}
{{Not to be confused|Iranians (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Persians
| native_name = {{native name|fa|مردم فارس/پارسی|paren=no}}
| native_name_lang = fa
| flag =
| flag_caption =
| image_alt =
| image_uprigh =
| total = {{circa|52 million}}
| total_year = 
| total_source = 
| total_ref =
| total1 = 
| total1_year = 
| total1_source = 
| total1_ref = 
| genealogy =
| regions = 
| region1 = [[Iran]]
| pop1 = 51,940,000{{Efn|Between 51% and 65% of the country's total population, including [[Gilaks]] and [[Mazanderani people|Mazanderanis]].<ref name="Elling">{{cite book |last1=Elling |first1=Rasmus Christian |author1-link=Rasmus Christian Elling |title=Minorities in Iran: Nationalism and Ethnicity after Khomeini |date=18 February 2013 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-04780-9 |page=19 |quote=The ''Factbook'' puts 'Persian and Persian dialects' at 58 percent, but 51 percent of the population as ethnic Persians, while the Library of Congress states that Persian 'is spoken as a mother tongue by at least 65 percent of the population and as a second language by a large proportion of the remaining 35 percent. The 'Persian' mentioned in the latter report must thus also include Gilaki and Mazi. However, Gilaki and Mazi are actually from a different branch of the Iranian language subfamily than Persian, and could be as such be seen not as dialects, but as distinct languages. Suffice it here to say that while some scholars see categories such as Gilakis and Mazandaranis as referring to separate ethnic groups due to their linguistic traits, others count them as 'Persians' on exactly the same basis.}}</ref>}}<ref name="Elling"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Crane |first1=Keith |last2=Lal |first2=Rollie |last3=Martini |first3=Jeffrey |title=Iran's Political, Demographic, and Economic Vulnerabilities |date=6 June 2008 |publisher=RAND Corporation |page=38 |isbn=9780833045270 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PmlMdb5ACHEC&pg=PA38 |access-date=17 January 2023}}</ref><ref name="Congress">{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/profiles/Iran.pdf |title=Country Profile: Iran |work=Library of Congress – Federal Research Division |date=May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007125857/https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/profiles/Iran.pdf |access-date=30 April 2019|archive-date=2015-10-07 }}</ref>
| region3 =
| languages = [[Persian language|Persian]]
| religions = '''Majority:''' [[Shia Islam]] ([[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver]]) '''Minority:''' [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Christianity]], [[Baháʼí Faith]], [[Sunni Islam]], and [[Religion in Iran|various others]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://radis.org/%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AC-%DB%8C%DA%A9-%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C-%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF-%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B2/|title=Goman Poll}}</ref>
| related_groups = [[Tajiks]], [[Tat people|Tats]], [[Farsiwan|Farsiwans]], [[Hazara people|Hazaras]] (linguistically), [[Talysh people|Talysh]], [[Lurs]], [[Aimaq people|Aimaqs]], [[Parsis]], [[Iranis (India)|Iranis]], [[Achomi people|Achomis]], and other [[Iranian peoples]]
| footnotes =
}}
{{Contains special characters|Perso-Arabic}}

'''Persians''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ɜr|ʒ|ən|z}} {{respell|PUR|zhənz}}; less commonly: {{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ɜr|ʃ|ən|z}} {{respell|PUR|shənz}}}} or the '''Persian people''',{{efn|{{Langx|fa|مردم فارس|Mardom-e Fārs or Pārsī|rtl=yes}}}} are an [[Iranian peoples|Iranian ethnic group]] indigenous to the [[Iranian plateau]] in [[West Asia]] that comprise the majority of the population of modern-day [[Iran]].<ref name="Congress" /><ref name="Iran Census Results 2016">[https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/tables/jamiat/kolli/1-koli-jamiat.xls Iran Census Results 2016] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223181433/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Iran/Iran-2011-Census-Results.pdf|date=23 December 2015}} United Nations</ref> They have a [[Culture of Iran|common cultural system]] and are native speakers of the [[Persian language]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Lois |title=Nomads in Postrevolutionary Iran: The Qashqa'i in an Era of Change |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1317743866 |page=xxii |quote=(...) an ethnic Persian; adheres to cultural systems connected with other ethnic Persians (...)}}</ref><ref name="Samadi">{{cite book |last1=Samadi |first1=Habibeh |title=Assessing Grammar: The Languages of Lars |year=2012 |publisher=Multilingual Matters |isbn=978-1-84769-637-3 |last2=Perkins |first2=Nick |editor1-last=Ball |editor1-first=Martin |editor2-last=Crystal |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Fletcher |editor3-first=Paul |page=169}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-v1-peoples-survey |date=29 March 2012 |first=R. N. |last=Fyre |title=IRAN v. PEOPLES OF IRAN |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |quote=The largest group of people in present-day Iran are Persians (*q.v.) who speak dialects of the language called Fārsi in Persian, since it was primarily the tongue of the people of Fārs."}}</ref> In the [[Western world]], "Persian" was largely understood as a demonym for all Iranians rather than as an ethnonym for the Persian people, but this understanding [[Name of Iran|shifted in the 20th century]].

The Persians are descended from [[List of ancient Iranian peoples|ancient Iranian peoples]] who migrated to [[Persis]] (also called "Persia proper" and corresponding with Iran's [[Fars Province]]) by the 9th century BC.<ref name="Iranica: Fars">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/fars-i |title=FĀRS i. Geography |volume=IX |pages=?–336 |date=24 January 2012 |author=Xavier de Planhol |quote=The name of Fārs is undoubtedly attested in Assyrian sources since the third millennium B.C.E. under the form Parahše. Originally, it was the "land of horses" of the Sumerians (Herzfeld, pp. 181–82, 184–86). The name was adopted by Iranian tribes which established themselves there in the 9th century B.C.E. in the west and southwest of Urmia lake. The Parsua (Pārsa) are mentioned there for the first time in 843 B.C.E., during the reign of Salmanassar III, and then, after they migrated to the southeast (Boehmer, pp. 193–97), the name was transferred, between 690 and 640, to a region previously called Anšan (q.v.) in Elamite sources (Herzfeld, pp. 169–71, 178–79, 186). From that moment the name acquired the connotation of an ethnic region, the land of the Persians, and the Persians soon thereafter founded the vast Achaemenid empire. A never-ending confusion thus set in between a narrow, limited, geographical usage of the term—Persia in the sense of the land where the aforesaid Persian tribes had shaped the core of their power—and a broader, more general usage of the term to designate the much larger area affected by the political and cultural radiance of the Achaemenids. The confusion between the two senses of the word was continuous, fueled by the Greeks who used the name Persai to designate the entire empire.}}</ref><ref name="book2"/> Alongside the various ethnicities and cultures that they were contemporaries with, they established and ruled [[History of Iran|some of the world's most powerful empires]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/achaemenid-dynasty |title=ACHAEMENID DYNASTY |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |pages=414–426 |volume=I |first=R. |last=Schmitt |quote=In 550 B.C. Cyrus (called "the Great" by the Greeks) overthrew the Median empire under Astyages and brought the Persians into domination over the Iranian peoples; he achieved combined rule over all Iran as the first real monarch of the Achaemenid dynasty. Within a few years he founded a multinational empire without precedent—a first world-empire of historical importance, since it embraced all previous civilized states of the ancient Near East. (...) The Persian empire was a multinational state under the leadership of the Persians; among these peoples the Medes, Iranian sister nation of the Persians, held a special position.}}</ref><ref name="book2"/> which are widely recognized for their massive cultural, political, and social influence in the [[ancient Near East]] and beyond.<ref>{{cite book |title=History of the Persians |first=Edward |last=Farr |publisher=Robert Carter |year=1850 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historypersians00farrgoog/page/n134 124]–7 |url=https://archive.org/details/historypersians00farrgoog}}</ref><ref name="Roisman 2011 345">{{harvnb|Roisman|Worthington|2011|p=345}}.</ref><ref name="Simon and Schuster">{{cite book |first=Will |last=Durant |title=Age of Faith |publisher=Simon and Schuster |date=1950 |page=150 |quote=Repaying its debt, Sasanian art exported its forms and motives eastward into India, Turkestan, and China, westward into Syria, Asia Minor, Constantinople, the Balkans, Egypt, and Spain.}}</ref> Persians have contributed greatly to [[Persian art|art]] and [[Science and technology in Iran|science]],<ref name="burke" /><ref name="Persian presence" /><ref name="Bertold Spuler" /> and [[Persian literature]] is one of the world's most prominent literary traditions both inside and outside of Iran.<ref name="Persian literature" /> The regional prestige of their civilization was the basis for the development of many noteworthy [[Persianate societies]], especially among the [[Turkic peoples]], throughout [[Turco-Persian tradition|Central Asia]] and [[Indo-Persian culture|South Asia]].

In contemporary terminology, historically ethnic Persians from [[Afghanistan]], [[Tajikistan]], and [[Uzbekistan]] are known as ''[[Tajiks]]'', with the former two countries having mutually intelligible Persian varieties called [[Dari]] and [[Tajik language|Tajiki]], respectively; whereas those from the [[Caucasus]] (primarily in the [[Azerbaijan|Republic of Azerbaijan]] and in [[Dagestan|Dagestan, Russia]]), albeit heavily assimilated, are known as ''[[Tat people (Caucasus)|Tats]]''.<ref name="Iranica-Tajiks">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tajik-i-the-ethnonym-origins-and-application |title=TAJIK i. THE ETHNONYM: ORIGINS AND APPLICATION |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |date=20 July 2009 |quote=By mid-Safavid times the usage ''tājik'' for 'Persian(s) of Iran' may be considered a literary affectation, an expression of the traditional rivalry between Men of the Sword and Men of the Pen. Pietro della Valle, writing from Isfahan in 1617, cites only ''Pārsi'' and ''ʿAjami'' as autonyms for the indigenous Persians, and ''Tāt'' and ''raʿiat'' 'peasant(ry), subject(s)' as pejorative heteronyms used by the Qezelbāš (Qizilbāš) Torkmān elite. Perhaps by about 1400, reference to actual Tajiks was directed mostly at Persian-speakers in Afghanistan and Central Asia; (...)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ostler |first1=Nicholas |title=The Last Lingua Franca: English Until the Return of Babel |date=2010 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-0141922218 |pages=1–352 |quote=''Tat'' was known to have been used at different times to designate Crimean Goths, Greeks and sedentary peoples generally, but its primary reference came to be the Persians within the Turkic domains. (...) ''Tat'' is nowadays specialized to refer to special groups with Iranian languages in the west of the Caspian Sea.}}</ref> Historically, however, the terms ''[[Tajik (word)|Tajik]]'' and ''[[Tat (ethnonym)|Tat]]'' were used synonymously and interchangeably with ''Persian''.<ref name="Iranica-Tajiks"/> Many influential Persian figures like [[Rumi]], [[Avicenna]], and [[Sanai]], to name a few, all hailed from outside of Iran's modern borders—to the northeast in Afghanistan and Central Asia, and, to a lesser extent, to the northwest in the Caucasus proper.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nava'i |first1=Ali Shir (tr. & ed. Robert Devereaux) |title=Muhakamat al-lughatain |date=1996 |publisher=Leiden: Brill |page=6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Starr |first1=S. F. |title=Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane |date=2013 |publisher=Princeton University Press}}</ref> These figures would be considered [[Tajiks|Tajik]] if born today.

==Ethnonym==
===Etymology===
{{see also|Perseus}}

The term ''Persian'', meaning "from Persia", derives from [[Latin]] {{lang|la|Persia}}, itself deriving from [[Greek language|Greek]] {{Transliteration|grc|Persís}} ({{lang|grc|[[wikt:Περσίς|Περσίς]]}}),<ref>{{LSJ|*persi/s|Περσίς|ref}}.</ref> a Hellenized form of [[Old Persian]] {{Transliteration|peo|Pārsa}} ({{lang|peo|[[wikt:𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿|𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿]]}}), which evolves into {{Transliteration|fa|Fārs}} ({{lang|fa|[[wikt:فارس#Persian|فارس]]}}) in modern Persian.<ref>{{OEtymD|Persia}}</ref> In the [[Bible]], particularly in the books of [[Book of Daniel|Daniel]], [[Esther]], [[Ezra]], and [[Nehemiah|Nehemya]], it is given as {{Transliteration|he|Pārās}} ({{lang|he|[[wikt:פרס#Hebrew|פָּרָס]]}}).

A Greek folk etymology connected the name to [[Perseus]], a legendary character in [[Greek mythology]]. [[Herodotus]] recounts this story,<ref>{{Cite book |author=Herodotus |title=Histories |volume=Book 7 |chapter=61}}</ref> devising a foreign son, [[Perses (son of Perseus)|Perses]], from whom the Persians took the name. Apparently, the Persians themselves knew the story,<ref>{{Cite book |author=Herodotus |title=Histories |volume=Book 7 |chapter=150}}</ref> as [[Xerxes I]] tried to use it to suborn the [[Argos, Peloponnese|Argives]] during his invasion of Greece, but ultimately failed to do so.

===History of usage===

Although [[Persis]] (Persia proper) was only one of the provinces of ancient Iran,<ref name="Arnold Wilson">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FocirvdZKjcC |title=The Persian Gulf (RLE Iran A) |publisher=Routledge |last=Wilson |first=Arnold |page=71 |chapter=The Middle Ages: Fars |year=2012 |isbn=978-1136841057}}</ref> varieties of this term (e.g., ''Persia'') were adopted through Greek sources and used as an exonym for all of the [[Persian Empire]] for many years.<ref name="Michael Axworthy">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IGRuDQAAQBAJ |publisher=Oxford University Press |title=Iran: What Everyone Needs to Know |last=Axworthy |first=Michael |page=16 |year=2017 |isbn=978-0190232962}}</ref> Thus, especially in the [[Western world]], the names ''Persia'' and ''Persian'' came to refer to all of Iran and its subjects.<ref name="Michael Axworthy"/><ref name="Iranica: Fars"/>

Some medieval and early modern Islamic sources also used cognates of the term ''Persian'' to refer to various Iranian peoples and languages, including the speakers of [[Khwarazmian language|Khwarazmian]],<ref>For example, [[Al-Biruni]], a native speaker of Khwarezmian, refers to "the people of Khwarizm" as "a branch of the Persian tree". See: {{cite book |author=Al-Biruni |title=Al-Athar al-Baqiyya 'an al-Qurun al-Khaliyya |trans-title=The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries |page=56 |location=Tehran |publisher=Miras-e Maktub |year=2001 |quote={{lang|ar|و أما أهل خوارزم، و إن کانوا غصنا ً من دوحة الفُرس}} (...)}}. (Translation: "The people of Khwarizm, they are a branch of the Persian tree.")</ref> [[Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]],<ref>The language used in ''Marzbān-nāma'' was, in the words of the 13th-century historian Sa'ad ad-Din Warawini, "the language of Ṭabaristan and old, ancient Persian ({{Transliteration|fa|fārsī-yi ḳadīm-i bāstān}})". See: {{cite encyclopedia |last=Kramers |first=J.H. |title=Marzbān-Nāma |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |editor-first=P. |editor-last=Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianqui |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |publisher=Brill |year=2007 |access-date=18 November 2007 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/marzban-nama-SIM_4990}}</ref> and [[Old Azeri language|Old Azeri]].<ref>10th-century Arab Muslim writer Ibn Hawqal, in his {{Transliteration|ar|Ṣūrat al-Arḍ}}, refers to "the language of the people of Azerbaijan and most of the people of Armenia" as {{Transliteration|ar|al-fāresīya}}. {{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |first=E. |last=Yarshater |date=18 August 2011 |volume=III |pages=238–245 |title=AZERBAIJAN vii. The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-vii}}</ref> 10th-century Iraqi historian [[Al-Masudi]] refers to ''Pahlavi'', ''Dari'', and ''Azari'' as dialects of the Persian language.<ref>{{cite book |author=Al Mas'udi |year=1894 |title=Kitab al-Tanbih wa-l-Ishraf |editor=De Goeje, M.J. |publisher=Brill |pages=77–78 |language=ar}}</ref> In 1333, medieval Moroccan traveler and scholar [[Ibn Battuta]] referred to the [[Afghan (ethnonym)|Afghan]]s of [[Kabul]] as a specific sub-tribe of the Persians.<ref>{{cite book |title=Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325–1354 |author=Ibn Battuta |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=0-415-34473-5 |page=180 |quote=We travelled on to Kabul, formerly a vast town, the site of which is now occupied by a village inhabited by a tribe of Persians called Afghans. They hold mountains and defiles and possess considerable strength, and are mostly highwaymen. Their principal mountain is called [[Sulaiman Mountains|Kuh Sulayman]]. It is told that the [[Solomon in Islam|prophet Sulayman [Solomon]]] ascended this mountain and having looked out over India, which was then covered with darkness, returned without entering it.}}</ref> Lady Mary (Leonora Woulfe) Sheil, in her observation of Iran during the Qajar era, states that the Kurds and the Leks would consider themselves as belonging to the race of the "old Persians".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/glimpseslifeand00sheigoog |title=Glimpses of Life and Manners in Persia |page=[https://archive.org/details/glimpseslifeand00sheigoog/page/n448 394] |first=Lady Mary Leonora Woulfe |last=Sheil |publisher=J. Murray |year=1856}}</ref>

On 21 March 1935, the king of Iran [[Reza Shah]] of the [[Pahlavi dynasty]] issued a decree asking the international community to use the term ''Iran'', the native name of the country, in formal correspondence. However, the term ''Persian'' is still historically used to designate the predominant population of the Iranian peoples living in the [[Greater Iran|Iranian cultural continent]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Persian |title=Persian |publisher=Merriam-Webster |date=13 August 2010 |access-date=10 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bausani |first=Alessandro |title=The Persians, from the Earliest Days to the Twentieth Century |year=1971 |publisher=Elek |isbn=978-0-236-17760-8}}</ref>

==History==
{{see also|List of ancient Iranian peoples|label 1=Ancient Iranian peoples|Proto-Indo-Europeans}}

Persia is first attested in [[Assyria]]n sources from the third millennium BC in the [[Akkadian language|Old Assyrian]] form {{Transliteration|akk|Parahše}}, meaning "Land of the horses" designating a region belonging to the [[Sumer]]ians. The name of this region was adopted by a nomadic [[list of ancient Iranian peoples|ancient Iranian people]] who migrated to the region in the west and southwest of [[Lake Urmia]], eventually becoming known as "the Persians".<ref name="Iranica: Fars"/><ref name="EncWH">{{cite encyclopedia |title=The Medes and the Persians, c.1500-559 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of World History |year=2001 |editor-last=Stearns |editor-first=Peter N. |edition=6th |publisher=The Houghton Mifflin Company}}</ref> The ninth-century BC [[Neo-Assyrian Empire|Neo-Assyrian]] inscription of the [[Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III]], found at [[Nimrud]], gives it in the Late Assyrian forms [[Parsua|{{Transliteration|akk|Parsua}}]] and {{Transliteration|akk|Parsumaš}} as a region and a people located in the [[Zagros Mountains]], the latter likely having migrated southward and transferred the name of the region with them to what would become [[Persis]] (Persia proper, i.e., modern-day [[Fars province|Fars]]), and that is considered to be the earliest attestation to the ancient Persian people.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |title=ACHAEMENID DYNASTY |volume=I |pages=414–426 |first=R. |last=Schmitt |date=21 July 2011 |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/achaemenid-dynasty |quote=The Achaemenid clan possibly ruled over the Persian tribes already in the 9th century B.C., when they were still settled in northern Iran near Lake Urmia and tributary to the Assyrians. Of a king with the name Achaemenes there is no historical evidence; but it may have been under him that the Persians, under the pressure of Medes, Assyrians, and Urartians, migrated south into the Zagros region, where they founded, near the Elamite borders, the small state Parsumaš (with residence at present-day Masǰed-e Solaymān in the Baḵtīārī mountains, according to R. Ghirshman).}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K1hEMQAACAAJ |title=Persianism in Antiquity |first1=Rolf |last1=Strootman |first2=M. J. |last2=Versluys |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |isbn=9783515113823 |page=22 |year=2017}}. (footnote 53).</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Abdolhossein |last=Zarinkoob |publisher=Sokhan |title=Ruzgārān: Tārix-e Irān az Āğāz ta Soqut-e Saltanat-e Pahlavi |script-title=fa:روزگاران: تاریخ ایران از آغاز تا سقوط سلطنت پهلوی |trans-title=Times: History of Iran from the Beginning to the Fall of the Pahlavi Monarchy |language=fa |page=37}}</ref><ref name="Firuzmandi">{{cite book |first=Bahman |last=Firuzmandi |year=1996 |title=Mād, Haxāmaneši, Aškāni, Sāsāni |script-title=fa:ماد، هخامنشی، اشکانی، ساسانی |trans-title=Median, Achaemenid, Arsacid, Sasanian |publisher=Marlik |pages=12–20, 155}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Eduljee |first=K.E. |title=Zoroastrian Heritage |url=https://heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/zagros/index.htm |year=2012 |publisher=Heritage Institute |access-date=9 April 2014}}</ref>

[[File:Ancient Persian costumes.jpg|thumb|upright|Ancient Persian attire worn by soldiers and a nobleman. ''The History of Costume'' by Braun & Scheider (1861–1880)]]
The ancient Persians played a major role in the downfall of the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a Dead Civilization |first=A. Leo |last=Oppenheim |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1964 |page=49}}</ref> The [[Medes]], another group of ancient Iranian people, unified the region under an empire centered in [[Media (region)|Media]], which would become the region's leading cultural and political power of the time by 612 BC.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-ii1-pre-islamic-times |title=IRAN ii. IRANIAN HISTORY (1) Pre-Islamic Times |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |date=29 March 2012 |volume=XIII |pages=212–224 |first=Ehsan |last=Yarshater |quote=Of the numerous Iranian tribes who had settled in Iranian plateau, it was the Medes (...) who grew in power and achieved prominence. (...) Finally in 612 B.C.E. and in alliance with the Babylonians, he attacked the Assyrian capital, Nineveh. Their combined forces succeeded in bringing the Assyrian Empire down, thus eliminating a power that had ruled with ruthless efficiency over the Middle East for several centuries. (...) Achaemenes (q.v.; ''Haxāmaniš''), eponymous ancestor of the Achaemenids according to Darius I, formed a kingdom in the Elamite territory of Anshan in Fārs as a vassal of the Median king (...).}}</ref> Meanwhile, under the [[Achaemenid family tree|dynasty of the Achaemenids]], the Persians formed a vassal state to the central Median power. In 552 BC, the Achaemenid Persians [[Persian Revolt|revolted]] against the Median monarchy, leading to the victory of [[Cyrus the Great]] over the throne in 550 BC. The Persians spread their influence to the rest of what is considered to be the [[Iranian Plateau]], and assimilated with the non-Iranian [[indigenous peoples|indigenous]] groups of the region, including the [[Elam]]ites and the [[Mannaeans]].<ref name="Iran in Iranica">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-i-lands-of-iran |author=Xavier de Planhol |title=IRAN i. LANDS OF IRAN |date=29 March 2012 |volume=XIII |pages=204–212 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica}}</ref>

[[File:Achaemenid_Empire_(flat_map).svg|thumb|Map of the [[Achaemenid Empire]] at its greatest extent]]
At its greatest extent, the [[Achaemenid Empire]] stretched from parts of [[Eastern Europe]] in the west to the [[Indus River|Indus Valley]] in the east, making it the largest empire the world had yet seen.<ref name="book2">{{cite book |first1=David |last1=Sacks |first2=Oswyn |last2=Murray |first3=Lisa R. |last3=Brody |title=Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gsGmuQAACAAJ |year=2005 |publisher=Facts on File |isbn=978-0-8160-5722-1 |page=256 (''at the right portion of the page'')}}</ref> The Achaemenids developed the infrastructure to support their growing influence, including the establishment of the cities of [[Pasargadae]] and [[Persepolis]].<ref name=gov>{{cite book |title=Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome |first=Charles |last=Gates |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2003 |page=186 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8aLb5pnm1j4C |isbn=9780415121828}}</ref> The empire extended as far as the limits of the Greek city states in modern-day mainland [[Greece]], where the Persians and Athenians influenced each other in what is essentially a reciprocal cultural exchange.<ref>{{cite book |title=Athens and Persia in the Fifth Century BC: A Study in Cultural Receptivity |author=Margaret Christina Miller |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |page=243 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGXMMD5rXBQC |isbn=9780521607582}}</ref> Its legacy and impact on the kingdom of [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedon]] was also notably huge,<ref name="Roisman 2011 345"/> even for centuries after the withdrawal of the Persians from Europe following the [[Greco-Persian Wars]].<ref name="Roisman 2011 345"/>

[[File:The Alexander Mosaic depicting the Battle of Issus between Alexander the Great & Darius III of Persia, from the House of the Faun in Pompeii, Naples Archaeological Museum (5914216315).jpg|thumb|Persian warriors led by [[Darius III]] in the antique ''[[Alexander Mosaic]]'']]
During the Achaemenid era, Persian colonists settled in [[Anatolia|Asia Minor]].{{sfn|Raditsa|1983|page=105}} In [[Lydia]] (the most important Achaemenid satrapy), near [[Sardis]], there was the [[Hyrcanian plain]], which, according to [[Strabo]], got its name from the Persian settlers that were moved from [[Hyrcania]].{{sfn|Raditsa|1983|pages=102, 105}} Similarly near Sardis, there was the plain of Cyrus, which further signified the presence of numerous Persian settlements in the area.{{sfn|Raditsa|1983|page=102}} In all these centuries, Lydia and [[Pontus (region)|Pontus]] were reportedly the chief centers for the worship of the Persian gods in Asia Minor.{{sfn|Raditsa|1983|page=102}} According to [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], as late as the second century AD, one could witness rituals which resembled the Persian fire ceremony at the towns of Hyrocaesareia and [[Hypaepa]].{{sfn|Raditsa|1983|page=102}} [[Mithridates I of Pontus|Mithridates III of Cius]], a Persian nobleman and part of the Persian ruling elite of the town of [[Cius]], founded the [[Kingdom of Pontus]] in his later life, in northern Asia Minor.{{sfn|McGing|1986|page=15}}{{sfn|Van Dam|2002|page=17}} At the peak of its power, under the infamous [[Mithridates VI of Pontus|Mithridates VI the Great]], the Kingdom of Pontus also controlled [[Colchis]], [[Cappadocia]], [[Bithynia]], the [[Greeks|Greek]] colonies of the [[Chersonesus|Tauric Chersonesos]], and for a brief time the [[Asia (Roman province)|Roman province of Asia]]. After a long struggle with Rome in the [[Mithridatic Wars]], Pontus was defeated; part of it was incorporated into the [[Roman Republic]] as the province of [[Bithynia and Pontus]], and the eastern half survived as a client kingdom.

Following the [[Wars of Alexander the Great|Macedonian conquests]], the Persian colonists in Cappadocia and the rest of Asia Minor were cut off from their co-religionists in Iran proper, but they continued to practice the [[ancient Iranian religion|Iranian faith]] of their forefathers.{{sfn|Boyce|2001|page=85}} Strabo, who observed them in the [[Kingdom of Cappadocia|Cappadocian Kingdom]] in the first century BC, records (XV.3.15) that these "fire kindlers" possessed many "holy places of the Persian Gods", as well as fire temples.{{sfn|Boyce|2001|page=85}} Strabo, who wrote during the time of [[Augustus]] ({{Reign|27 BC|AD 14}}), almost three hundred years after the fall of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, records only traces of Persians in western Asia Minor; however, he considered Cappadocia "almost a living part of Persia".{{sfn|Raditsa|1983|page=107}}

The Iranian dominance collapsed in 330 BC following the conquest of the Achaemenid Empire by [[Alexander the Great]], but reemerged shortly after through the establishment of the [[Parthian Empire]] in 247 BC, which was founded by a group of ancient Iranian people rising from [[Parthia]]. Until the Parthian era, Iranian identity had an ethnic, linguistic, and religious value. However, it did not yet have a political import.<ref name="Gnoli">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iranian-identity-ii-pre-islamic-period |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |volume=XIII |pages=504–507 |date=30 March 2012 |first=Gherardo |last=Gnoli |title=IRANIAN IDENTITY ii. PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD |quote=The inscriptions of Darius I (...) and Xerxes, in which the different provinces of the empire are listed, make it clear that, between the end of the 6th century and the middle of the 5th century B.C.E., the Persians were already aware of belonging to the ''ariya'' "Iranian" nation (...). Darius and Xerxes boast of belonging to a stock which they call "Iranian": they proclaim themselves "Iranian" and "of Iranian stock," ''ariya'' and ''ariya čiça'' respectively, in inscriptions in which the Iranian countries come first in a list that is arranged in a new hierarchical and ethno-geographical order, compared for instance with the list of countries in Darius's inscription at Behistun (...). All this evidence shows that the name ''arya'' "Iranian" was a collective definition, denoting peoples (...) who were aware of belonging to the one ethnic stock, speaking a common language, and having a religious tradition that centered on the cult of Ahura Mazdā. (...) Although, up until the end of the Parthian period, Iranian identity had an ethnic, linguistic, and religious value, it did not yet have a political import. The idea of an "Iranian" empire or kingdom is a purely Sasanian one. (...) It was in the Sasanian period, then, that the pre-Islamic Iranian identity reached the height of its fulfilment in every aspect: political, religious, cultural, and linguistic (with the growing diffusion of Middle Persian). Its main ingredients were the appeal to a heroic past that was identified or confused with little-known Achaemenid origins (...), and the religious tradition, for which the Avesta was the chief source.}}</ref> The [[Parthian language]], which was used as an official language of the Parthian Empire, left influences on Persian,<ref name="Ammon">{{cite book |title=Sociolinguistics / Soziolinguistik |first1=Ulrich |last1=Ammon |first2=Norbert |last2=Dittmar |first3=Klaus J. |last3=Mattheier |first4=Peter |last4=Trudgill |year=2008 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |edition=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=3110199874 |quote=The Pahlavi language (also known as Middle Persian) was the official language of Iran during the Sassanid dynasty (from 3rd to 7th century A. D.). Pahlavi is the direct continuation of old Persian, and was used as the written official language of the country. However, after the Moslem conquest and the collapse of the Sassanids, Arabic became the dominant language of the country and Pahlavi lost its importance, and was gradually replaced by Dari, a variety of Middle Persian, with considerable loan elements from Arabic and Parthian. |page=1912 |isbn=978-3110199871}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Windfuhr |first=G. |year=1989 |chapter=New West Iranian |editor-first=R. |editor-last=Schmitt |title=Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum |location=Wiesbaden |pages=251–62}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dimli |first=Garnik S. |last=Asatrian |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |title=DIMLĪ |date=28 November 2011 |volume=VI |pages=405–411}}</ref> as well as on the neighboring [[Armenian language]].

[[File:Victory of Shapur I over Valerian.jpg|thumb|right|A bas-relief at [[Naqsh-e Rustam]] depicting the victory of Sasanian ruler [[Shapur I]] over Roman ruler [[Valerian (emperor)|Valerian]] and [[Philip the Arab]]]]
The Parthian monarchy was succeeded by the Persian [[Sasanian family tree|dynasty of the Sasanians]] in 224 AD. By the time of the [[Sasanian Empire]], a national culture that was fully aware of being Iranian took shape, partially motivated by restoration and revival of the wisdom of "the old sages" ({{Transliteration|pal|dānāgān pēšēnīgān}}).<ref name="Gnoli"/> Other aspects of this national culture included the glorification of a great heroic past and an archaizing spirit.<ref name="Gnoli"/> Throughout the period, Iranian identity reached its height in every aspect.<ref name="Gnoli"/> [[Middle Persian]], which is the immediate ancestor of Modern Persian and a variety of other Iranian dialects,<ref name="Ammon"/><ref name="Skjærvø">{{cite encyclopedia |first=Prods Oktor |last=Skjærvø |title=IRAN vi. IRANIAN LANGUAGES AND SCRIPTS (2) Documentation |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |volume=XIII |pages=348–366 |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi2-documentation |date=29 March 2012 |quote=Only the official languages Old, Middle, and New Persian represent three stages of one and the same language, whereas close genetic relationships are difficult to establish between other Middle and Modern Iranian languages. Modern Yaḡnōbi belongs to the same dialect group as Sogdian, but is not a direct descendant; Bac-trian may be closely related to modern Yidḡa and Munji (Munjāni); and Wakhi (Wāḵi) belongs with Khotanese. (...) New Persian, the descendant of Middle Persian and official language of Iranian states for centuries, is today spoken widely in and outside Iran in a number of variants.}}</ref><ref name="Lazard">{{cite book |quote=The language known as New Persian, which was usually called at this period by the name of ''darī'' or ''parsī-i darī'', can be classified linguistically as a continuation of Middle Persian, the official, religious and literary language of Sasanian Iran, itself a continuation of Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenids. Unlike the other languages and dialects, ancient and modern, of the Iranian group such as Avestan, Parthian, Soghdian, Kurdish, Pashto, etc., Old Middle and New Persian represent one and the same language at three states of its history. It had its origin in Fārs (the true Persian country from the historical point of view) and is differentiated by dialectical features, still easily recognizable from the dialects prevailing in north-western and eastern Iran. |last=Lazard |first=Gilbert |year=1975 |chapter=The Rise of the New Persian Language |editor-last=Frye |editor-first=R. N. |title=The Cambridge History of Iran |volume=4 |pages=595–632 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref><ref name="EIS"/> became the official language of the empire<ref name="Fortson">{{cite book |first=Benjamin W. |last=Fortson |title=Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |year=2009 |page=242 |quote=Middle Persian was the official language of the Sassanian dynasty (...)}}</ref> and was greatly diffused among Iranians.<ref name="Gnoli"/>

The Parthians and the Sasanians would also extensively interact with the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] culturally. The [[Roman–Persian Wars|Roman–Persian wars]] and the [[Byzantine–Sasanian wars]] would shape the landscape of [[West Asia]], [[Europe]], the [[Caucasus]], North Africa, and the Mediterranean Basin for centuries. For a period of over 400 years, the Sasanians and the neighboring Byzantines were recognized as the two leading powers in the world.<ref name=EIr-Sasanian>{{harv|Shapur Shahbazi|2005}}</ref><ref name="Norman A. Stillman pp 22">{{cite book |first=Norman A. |last=Stillman |title=The Jews of Arab Lands |page=22 |publisher=Jewish Publication Society |year=1979 |isbn=0827611552}}</ref><ref name="Byzantine Studies 2006, pp 29">{{cite book |author=International Congress of Byzantine Studies |title=Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies, London, 21-26 August 2006 |volume=1–3 |page=29 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |date=30 September 2006 |isbn=075465740X}}</ref> Cappadocia in [[Late Antiquity]], now well into the Roman era, still retained a significant Iranian character; Stephen Mitchell notes in the ''Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity'': "Many inhabitants of Cappadocia were of Persian descent and Iranian fire worship is attested as late as 465".{{sfn|Mitchell|2018|page=290}}

Following the [[Muslim conquest of Persia|Arab conquest of the Sasanian Empire]] in the medieval times, the Arab [[caliphate]]s established their rule over the region for the next several centuries, during which the long process of the [[Islamization of Iran]] took place. Confronting the cultural and linguistic dominance of the Persians, beginning by the [[Umayyad Caliphate]], the Arab conquerors began to establish Arabic as the primary language of the subject peoples throughout their empire, sometimes by force, further confirming the new political reality over the region.<ref name="Cambridge: Ajam">{{cite book |last1=Frye |first1=Richard Nelson |last2=Zarrinkoub |first2=Abdolhosein |title=Cambridge History of Iran |date=1975 |volume=4 |page=46 |location=London}}</ref> The Arabic term [[Ajam|{{Transliteration|ar|ʿAjam}}]], denoting "people unable to speak properly", was adopted as a designation for non-Arabs (or non-Arabic speakers), especially the Persians.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ajam |title=ʿAJAM |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |date=29 July 2011 |volume=I |pages=700–701}}</ref> Although the term had developed a derogatory meaning and implied cultural and ethnic inferiority, it was gradually accepted as a synonym for "Persian"<ref name="Cambridge: Ajam"/><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=21 October 2004 |first=John L. |last=Esposito |isbn=9780199757268 |page=12 |quote=People unable to speak properly. Refers to non-Arabs. Connotes cultural and ethnic inferiority. Adjectival form: ajami. Principally used to designate (and eventually synonymous with) Persians.}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Ngom |first1=Fallou |last2=Zito |first2=Alex |title=Sub-Saharan African literature, ʿAjamī |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE |editor-first1=Kate |editor-last1=Fleet |editor-first2=Gudrun |editor-last2=Krämer |editor-first3=Denis |editor-last3=Matringe |editor-first4=John |editor-last4=Nawas |editor-first5=Everett |editor-last5=Rowson |year=2012 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_26630}}</ref> and still remains today as a designation for the Persian-speaking communities native to the modern [[Arab world|Arab states]] of the Middle East.<ref name="Islam Today">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-dM4hPlxMw8C |isbn=9780801464898 |year=2010 |publisher=Cornell University Press |first1=Werner |last1=Ende |first2=Udo |last2=Steinbach |page=533 |title=Islam in the World Today: A Handbook of Politics, Religion, Culture, and Society}}</ref> A series of Muslim Iranian kingdoms were later established on the fringes of the declining [[Abbasid Caliphate]], including that of the ninth-century [[Samanid Empire|Samanids]], under the reign of whom the [[Persian language]] was used officially for the first time after two centuries of no attestation of the language,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/persian-language-1-early-new-persian |title=PERSIAN LANGUAGE i. Early New Persian |first=Ludwig |last=Paul |date=19 November 2013}}</ref> now having received the Arabic script and a large Arabic vocabulary.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arabic-v |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |title=ARABIC LANGUAGE v. Arabic Elements in Persian |volume=II |pages=229–243 |date=10 August 2011 |first=John R. |last=Perry}}</ref> Persian language and culture continued to prevail after the invasions and conquests by the Mongols and the Turks (including the [[Ilkhanate]], [[Ghaznavids]], [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuks]], [[Khwarazmian dynasty|Khwarazmians]], and [[Timurid Empire|Timurids]]), who were themselves significantly [[Persianization|Persianized]], further developing in [[Anatolia|Asia Minor]], [[Central Asia]], and [[South Asia]], where Persian culture flourished by the expansion of the [[Persianate society|Persianate societies]], particularly those of [[Turco-Persian tradition|Turco-Persian]] and [[Indo-Persian culture|Indo-Persian]] blends.

[[File:Portrait of Shah Ismail I. Inscribed "Ismael Sophy Rex Pers". Painted by Cristofano dell'Altissimo, dated 1552-1568.jpg|thumb|One of the first actions performed by [[Ismail I|Shah Ismail I]] of the [[Safavid dynasty]] was the proclamation of [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver Shia Islam]] as the [[Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam|official religion]] of his newly founded [[Safavid Iran|Persian Empire]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Masters |author-first=Bruce |year=2009 |chapter=Baghdad |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA71 |editor1-last=Ágoston |editor1-first=Gábor |editor2-first=Bruce |editor2-last=Masters |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire |location=[[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Facts on File]] |page=71 |isbn=978-0-8160-6259-1 |lccn=2008020716 |access-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516202344/https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA71 |archive-date=16 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>]]
After over eight centuries of foreign rule within the region, the Iranian hegemony was reestablished by the emergence of the [[Safavid Iran|Safavid Empire]] in the 16th century.<ref>{{cite book |quote=Why is there such confusion about the origins of this important dynasty, which reasserted Iranian identity and established an independent Iranian state after eight and a half centuries of rule by foreign dynasties? |first=R.M. |last=Savory |title=Iran under the Safavids |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=1980 |page=3}}</ref> Under the Safavid Empire, focus on Persian language and identity was further revived, and the political evolution of the empire once again maintained Persian as the main language of the country.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/safavids |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |first=Rudi |last=Matthee |title=SAFAVID DYNASTY |date=28 July 2008}}</ref> During the times of the [[Safavid dynasty|Safavids]] and subsequent modern Iranian dynasties such as the [[Qajar dynasty|Qajars]], architectural and iconographic elements from the time of the Sasanian Persian Empire were reincorporated, linking the modern country with its ancient past.<ref name="Hillenbrand">{{cite encyclopedia |first=R. |last=Hillenbrand |pages=345–349 |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/architecture-vi |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |volume=II |title=ARCHITECTURE vi. Safavid to Qajar Periods |date=11 August 2011 |quote=Safavid inscriptions on the pre Islamic monuments (e.g., Persepolis and Bīsotūn) perhaps presage that wholesale adoption of and identification with ancient Iran that later characterized the Qajars, but there are not enough inscriptions to clinch the point. (...) An unexpected burst of activity in secular architecture marks the 17th century. Bridges which have wider functions than carrying traffic were built, reviving Sasanian custom (...). (...) Qajar decoration is usually unmistakable. Simple, rather strident tiled geometric or epigraphic designs in small glazed bricks were especially popular. The repertory of cuerda seca tiles now included episodes from the epic and legendary past, portraits of Europeans, scenes from modern life, and the country’s heraldic blazon of the lion and the sun (...). Pavilions and palaces bore figural paintings which revived Sasanian royal iconography (Negārestān palace, Tehran) or betrayed the influence of European illustrated magazines or painted postcards depicting landscapes and tourist spots (...).}}</ref> Contemporary embracement of the legacy of Iran's ancient empires, with an emphasis on the Achaemenid Persian Empire, developed particularly under the reign of the [[Pahlavi dynasty]], providing the motive of a modern nationalistic pride.<ref name="Amanat">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/historiography-ix-1 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |title=HISTORIOGRAPHY ix. PAHLAVI PERIOD (1) |volume=XII |pages=377–386 |date=22 March 2012 |first=Abbas |last=Amanat |quote=Typical of comparable nationalist historiographies in the early part of the 20th century (e.g., Greek, Italian, Egyptian, and Turkish), the state-sponsored historical narrative under the Pahlavis decidedly favored highlighting the might and glory of the ancient Persian empires, as supported by new archeological and textual evidences. (...) Moreover, promotion of the ancient past as a wholesale propaganda tool in the service of the state engendered nationalistic pride that proved detrimental to dispassionate historical inquiry. (...) The most visible change in the nationalist historiography under Reżā Shah was emphasis on the pre-Islamic, and particularly the Achaemenid, past.}}</ref> Iran's modern architecture was then inspired by that of the country's classical eras, particularly with the adoption of details from the ancient monuments in the Achaemenid capitals Persepolis and Pasargadae and the Sasanian capital [[Ctesiphon]].<ref name="Wilber">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/architecture-vii |title=ARCHITECTURE vii. Pahlavi, before World War II |pages=349–351 |volume=II |first=D. N. |last=Wilber |date=11 August 2011}}</ref> Fars, corresponding to the ancient province of Persia, with its modern capital [[Shiraz]], became a center of interest, particularly during the annual international [[Shiraz Arts Festival]] and the [[2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire|2,500th anniversary of the founding of the Persian Empire]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |title=FĀRS iv. History in the Qajar and Pahlavi Periods |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/fars-iv |first=Ahmad |last=Ashraf |date=24 January 2012 |pages=341–351 |volume=IX}}</ref> The Pahlavi rulers modernized Iran, and ruled it until the [[Iranian revolution|1979 revolution]].

==Anthropology==
In modern Iran, the Persians make up the majority of the population.<ref name="Congress"/> They are native speakers of the modern dialects of [[Persian language|Persian]],<ref name="glott">{{cite web |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/fars1255 |title=Subfamily: Farsic |website=Glottolog |access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref> which serves as the country's official language.<ref>{{cite web |title=Iran |url=http://www.langcen.cam.ac.uk/resources/persian/persian.php |publisher=University of Cambridge |access-date=16 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918060805/http://www.langcen.cam.ac.uk/resources/persian/persian.php |archive-date=18 September 2012 }}</ref>

===Persian language===
{{Main|Persian language}}

{{See also|Iranian languages|Western Iranian languages}}

[[File:BehistunInscriptiondetail.jpg|thumb|[[Old Persian]] inscribed in [[Old Persian cuneiform|cuneiform]] on the [[Behistun Inscription]]]]
The Persian language belongs to the [[Western Iranian languages|western group]] of the [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] branch of the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European language family]]. Modern Persian is classified as a continuation of [[Middle Persian]], the official religious and literary language of the [[Sasanian Empire]], itself a continuation of [[Old Persian]], which was used by the time of the [[Achaemenid Empire]].<ref name="Lazard"/><ref name="Ammon"/><ref name="Skjærvø"/> Old Persian is one of the oldest Indo-European languages attested in original text.<ref name="Skjærvø"/> Samples of Old Persian have been discovered in present-day Iran, [[Armenia]], Egypt, [[Iraq]], [[Romania]] ([[Gherla]]),{{sfn|Kuhrt|2013|page=197}}{{sfn|Schmitt|2000|page=53}} and [[Turkey]].<ref name="OPGTL 6">{{cite book |last=Kent |first=R. G. |title=Old Persian: Grammar Texts Lexicon |page=6 |publisher=American Oriental Society |year=1950}}</ref> The oldest attested text written in Old Persian is from the [[Behistun Inscription]],<ref name=s2008-80-1>{{Harv|Schmitt|2008|pp=80–1}}</ref> a multilingual inscription from the time of Achaemenid ruler [[Darius the Great]] carved on a cliff in western Iran.

===Related groups===
{{See also|Iranian peoples|Iranian nationalism}}
There are several ethnic groups and communities that are either ethnically or linguistically related to the Persian people, living predominantly in Iran, and also within Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, the Caucasus, Turkey, Iraq, and the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2005 |title=SociolinguistEssex X – 2005 |publisher=Essex University |page=10 |url=http://www.essex.ac.uk/langling/documents/slx/slx_x_programme.pdf |access-date=29 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014181639/http://www.essex.ac.uk/langling/documents/slx/slx_x_programme.pdf |archive-date=14 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The [[Tajiks]] are a people native to [[Tajikistan]], [[Afghanistan]], and [[Uzbekistan]] who speak Persian in a variety of dialects.<ref name="Iranica-Tajiks"/> The Tajiks of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan are native speakers of [[Tajik language|Tajik]], which is the official language of Tajikistan, and those in Afghanistan speak [[Dari language|Dari]], one of the two official languages of Afghanistan.

The [[Tat people (Caucasus)|Tat people]], an Iranian people native to the Caucasus (primarily living in the [[Azerbaijan|Republic of Azerbaijan]] and the Russian republic of [[Dagestan]]), speak a language ([[Tat language (Caucasus)|Tat language]]) that is closely related to Persian.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Gruenberg |first=Alexander |year=1966 |title=Tatskij jazyk |editor-last=Vinogradov |editor-first=V. V. |encyclopedia=Jazyki narodov SSSR |volume=1: Indoevropejskie jazyki |pages=281–301 |quote=The Tat language belongs to the Southwest group of Iranian languages and is close in its grammatical structure and lexical content to the Persian and Tajik languages.}}</ref> The origin of the Tat people is traced to an Iranian-speaking population that was resettled in the Caucasus by the time of the Sasanian Empire.<ref>{{cite book |editor-first=R. |editor-last=Khanam |title=Encyclopaedic Ethnography of Middle-East and Central Asia |volume=1: P-Z |publisher=Global Vision Publishing House |year=2005 |page=746 |quote=The contemporary Tats are the descendants of an Iranian-speaking population sent out of Persia by the dynasty of the Sasanids in the fifth to sixth centuries.}}</ref><ref name="Gernot Windfuhr 1979. pg 4">{{cite book |first=Gernot |last=Windfuhr |title=Persian Grammar: history and state of its study |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=1979 |page=4 |quote=(...) Tat- Persian spoken in the East Caucasus (...)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dalby |first1=Andrew |title=Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages |date=2014 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1408102145 |page=109 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7dHNCgAAQBAJ |quote=(...) and Tat (a variety of Persian) (...)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Windfuhr |first1=Genot |title=Iranian Languages |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1135797041 |page=417 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QtpQZ1DD6tEC |quote=The Northwestern outpost of Persian is Caucasian Tat Persian (...)}}</ref><ref>V. Minorsky, "Tat" in M. Th. Houtsma et al., eds., The Encyclopædia of Islam: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples, 4 vols. and Suppl., Leiden: Late E.J. Brill and London: Luzac, 1913–38.
"Like most Persian dialects, Tati is not very regular in its characteristic features (...)".</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Journal of Islamic Studies |volume=21 |issue=1 |date=January 2010 |pages=147–151 |publication-date=4 March 2010 |first=C. |last=Kerslake |publisher=Oxford University Press |quote=It is a comparison of the verbal systems of three varieties of Persian—standard Persian, Tat, and Tajik (...)}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Iran and the Caucasus |title=Tabari Language Materials from Il'ya Berezin's Recherches sur les dialectes persans |first=Habib |last=Borjian |year=2006 |publisher=Brill |volume=10 |number=2 |pages=243–258 |quote=It embraces Gilani, Ta- lysh, Tabari, Kurdish, Gabri, and the Tati Persian of the Caucasus, all but the last belonging to the north-western group of Iranian language. |doi=10.1163/157338406780346005}}</ref>

The [[Lurs]], an ethnic Iranian people native to western Iran, are often associated with the Persians and the [[Kurds]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Frye |first=Richard N. |title=Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft, Part 3, Volume 7 |year=1983 |publisher=Beck |isbn=978-3406093975 |page=29}}</ref> They speak various dialects of the [[Luri language]], which is considered to be a descendant of [[Middle Persian]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/isfahan-xxi-provincial-dialects |title=Isfahan xxi. PROVINCIAL DIALECTS |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |volume=XIV |pages=93–112 |date=5 April 2012 |first=Donald |last=Stilo}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=C.S. |last=Coon |title=Iran: Demography and Ethnography |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam |volume=IV |publisher=E.J. Brill |pages=8–10}}</ref><ref name="EIS">{{cite encyclopedia |first=C.S. |last=Coon |title=Iran |chapter=Demography and Ethnography |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |volume=IV |publisher=E.J. Brill |pages=10–8 |quote=The Lurs speak an aberrant form of Archaic Persian (...)}}</ref>

The [[Hazaras]], making up the third largest ethnic group in Afghanistan,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/afghanistan/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104184342/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/afghanistan/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 4, 2021 |title=Afghanistan – The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=17 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/video/asia/2011/11/2011111284512336838.html |title=Hazara community finds safe haven in Peshawar |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date=12 November 2011 |access-date=13 November 2011 |first=Kamal |last=Hyder}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/profiles/Afghanistan.pdf |title=Country Profile: Afghanistan |publisher=Library of Congress |date=August 2008 |access-date=5 May 2019}}</ref> speak a variety of Persian by the name of [[Hazaragi]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hazara-4 |title=HAZĀRA iv. Hazāragi dialect |access-date=5 June 2014 |date=20 March 2012 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |first=Charles M. |last=Kieffer |pages=90–93 |volume=XII}}</ref> which is more precisely a part of the Dari dialect continuum.<ref>{{cite book |first=Franz |last=Schurmann |year=1962 |title=The Mongols of Afghanistan: An Ethnography of the Moghôls and Related Peoples of Afghanistan |publisher=Mouton |location=The Hague, Netherlands |page=17 |oclc=401634}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1224&context=theses |last=Jamal |first=Abedin |title=Attitudes Toward Hazaragi |year=2010 |publisher=Theses |page=217 |access-date=5 May 2019}}</ref> Genetic studies show that the Hazaras have significant East and Central Asian (Mongoliс/Turkic) ancestry mixed with West Asian (Iranian/Persian) roots, making them genetically closer to Central Asian Turkic groups such as Uzbeks and Uighurs than to other Iranian ethnic groups.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=He |first1=Guanglin |last2=Adnan |first2=Atif |last3=Rakha |first3=Allah |last4=Yeh |first4=Hui-Yuan |last5=Wang |first5=Mengge |last6=Zou |first6=Xing |last7=Guo |first7=Jianxin |last8=Rehman |first8=Muhammad |last9=Fawad |first9=Abulhasan |last10=Chen |first10=Pengyu |last11=Wang |first11=Chuan-Chao |title=A comprehensive exploration of the genetic legacy and forensic features of Afghanistan and Pakistan Mongolian-descent Hazara |journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics |date=September 2019 |volume=42 |pages=e1–e12 |doi=10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.06.018 |pmid=31257046 }}</ref>

The [[Aimaq people|Aimaq]]s, a semi-nomadic people native to Afghanistan,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Janata |first=A. |editor-first=Ehsan |editor-last=Yarshater |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |title=AYMĀQ |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aymaq-turk |edition=Online |publisher=Columbia University |location=United States}}</ref> speak a variety of Persian by the name of [[Aimaq dialect|Aimaqi]], which also belongs to the Dari dialect continuum.<ref name="glott" /><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Aimaq |url=http://www.everyculture.com/Africa-Middle-East/Aimaq.html |encyclopedia=World Culture Encyclopedia |publisher=everyculture.com |access-date=14 August 2009}}</ref>

Persian-speaking communities native to modern Arab countries are generally designated as ''Ajam'',<ref name="Islam Today"/> including the [[Ajam of Bahrain]], the [[Ajam of Iraq]], and the [['Ajam of Kuwait|Ajam of Kuwait]].

The [[Parsis]] are a Zoroastrian community of Persian descent who migrated to [[South Asia]], to escape religious persecution after the fall of the [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanian Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marashi |first=Afshin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IDHnDwAAQBAJ |title=Exile and the Nation: The Parsi Community of India & the Making of Modern Iran |date=2020-06-08 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=978-1-4773-2082-2 |language=en}}</ref> They have had a significant role in the development of India, [[Pakistan]] and [[Sri Lanka]], and also played a role in the development of [[Iranian nationalism]] during the late Qajar years and Pahlavi dynasty.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ringer |first1=Monica M. |title=Iran Facing Others |chapter=Iranian Nationalism and Zoroastrian Identity |date=2012 |pages=267–277 |doi=10.1057/9781137013408_13 |isbn=978-1-349-28689-8 }}</ref> They are primarily located in the western regions of India principally the states of [[Gujarat]] and [[Maharashtra]], with smaller communities in other parts of India and in South and Southeast Asia.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Palsetia |first=Jesse S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6oNt3M_yLgC |title=The Parsis of India: Preservation of Identity in Bombay City |date=2001-01-01 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-12114-0 |language=en}}</ref> They speak a dialect version of [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], and no longer speak in Persian.<ref name="Brill">{{cite book |last1=Palsetia |first1=Jesse S. |title=The Parsis of India: Preservation of Identity in Bombay City |date=2001 |publisher=Brill |page=13}}</ref> They do however continue to use [[Avestan]] as their liturgical language.<ref name="Brill"/> The Parsis have adapted many practices and tendencies of the Indian groups that surrounded them, such as Indian dress norms, and the observance of many Indian festivals and ceremonies.<ref name="Brill"/>

==Culture==
{{main|Persian culture|Persian art}}

From [[Persis]] and throughout the Median, Achaemenid, Parthian, and Sasanian empires of ancient Iran to the neighboring [[List of ancient Greek cities|Greek city states]] and the [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|kingdom of Macedon]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Greece: I. Legendary Greece: II. Grecian history to the reign of Peisistratus at Athens |volume=12 |first=George |last=Grote |publisher=P. F. Collier |year=1899 |page=106 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tJcOAAAAYAAJ}}</ref><ref name="Roisman 2011 345"/> and later throughout the medieval [[Muslim world|Islamic world]],<ref name=lapidus/><ref name="Persian presence">{{cite book |title=The Persian Presence in the Islamic World |first1=Richard G. |last1=Hovannisian |first2=Georges |last2=Sabagh |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1998 |pages=80–83 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39XZDnOWUXsC |isbn=9780521591850}}</ref> all the way to modern [[Iran]] and others parts of [[Eurasia]], Persian culture has been extended, celebrated, and incorporated.<ref>{{cite book |title=Foreign Influence on Ancient India |first=Krishna Chandra |last=Sagar |publisher=Northern Book Centre |year=1992 |page=17 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC |isbn=9788172110284}}</ref><ref name="Bertold Spuler">{{cite book |title=Persian Historiography & Geography |first1=Bertold |last1=Spuler |first2=M. Ismail |last2=Marcinkowski |publisher=Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd |year=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rD1vvympVtsC |isbn=9789971774882}}</ref><ref name=lapidus>{{cite book |title=A History of Islamic Societies |first=Ira Marvin |last=Lapidus |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |page=127 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3mVUEzm8xMC |isbn=9780521779333}}</ref><ref name=miller>{{cite book |title=Athens and Persia in the Fifth Century BC: A Study in Cultural Receptivity |first=Margaret Christina |last=Miller |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |pages=243–251 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGXMMD5rXBQC |isbn=9780521607582}}</ref> This is due mainly to its geopolitical conditions, and its intricate relationship with the ever-changing political arena once as dominant as the Achaemenid Empire.

The [[Persian art|artistic heritage of the Persians]] is eclectic and has included contributions from both the east and the west. Due to the central location of Iran, Persian art has served as a fusion point between eastern and western traditions. Persians have contributed to various forms of art, including [[Persian calligraphy|calligraphy]], [[Persian carpet|carpet weaving]], [[glass art|glasswork]], [[lacquerware]], [[marquetry]] ([[khatam]]), [[metalworking|metalwork]], [[Persian miniature|miniature illustration]], [[mosaic]], [[Persian pottery|pottery]], and [[textile design]].<ref name=burke>{{cite book |title=Iran |first1=Andrew |last1=Burke |first2=Mark |last2=Elliot |publisher=Lonely Planet |year=2008 |pages=295 & 114–5 (''for architecture'') and pp. 68–72 (''for arts'') |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gEca_4iSNCUC |isbn=9781742203492}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
Persia - Achaemenian Vessels.jpg|5th-century BC [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]] gold vessels. [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], [[New York City]]
Anahita Dish, 400-600 AD, Sasanian, Iran, silver and gilt - Cleveland Museum of Art - DSC08123.JPG|Ancient Iranian goddess [[Anahita]] depicted on a [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] silver vessel. [[Cleveland Museum of Art]], [[Cleveland]]
Nimtaneh-sasani.jpg|[[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] marble [[bust (sculpture)|bust]]. [[National Museum of Iran]], [[Tehran]]
Persian-Potteries-17th-Century-Isfahan.jpg|17th-century [[Persian pottery|Persian potteries]] from [[Isfahan]]. [[Royal Ontario Museum]], [[Toronto]]
</gallery>

===Literature===
{{Main|Persian literature}}

{{See also|Persian literature in Western culture}}

The Persian language is known to have one of the world's oldest and most influential literatures.<ref name="Persian literature">{{cite book |first=Arthur John |last=Arberry |title=The Legacy of Persia |publisher=Oxford: Clarendon Press |year=1953 |isbn=0-19-821905-9 |page=200}}</ref> Old Persian written works are attested on several inscriptions from between the 6th and the 4th centuries BC, and [[Middle Persian literature]] is attested on [[Inscriptional Pahlavi|inscriptions]] from the Parthian and Sasanian eras and in [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] and [[Manichaeanism|Manichaean]] scriptures from between the 3rd to the 10th century AD. [[Persian literature|New Persian literature]] flourished after the [[Muslim conquest of Persia|Arab conquest of Iran]] with its earliest records from the 9th century,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi2-documentation |title=Iran vi. Iranian languages and scripts (2) Documentation |first=Prods Oktor |last=Skjærvø |pages=348–366 |volume=XIII |access-date=30 December 2012}}</ref> and was developed as a court tradition in many eastern courts.<ref name="Persian literature" /> The ''[[Shahnameh]]'' of [[Ferdowsi]], the works of [[Rumi]], the ''[[Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam|Rubaiyat]]'' of [[Omar Khayyam]], the ''[[Khamsa of Nizami|Panj Ganj]]'' of [[Nizami Ganjavi]], the ''[[The Divān of Hafez|Divān]]'' of [[Hafez]], ''[[The Conference of the Birds]]'' by [[Attar of Nishapur]], and the miscellanea of ''[[Gulistan (book)|Gulistan]]'' and ''[[Bustan (book)|Bustan]]'' by [[Saadi Shirazi]] are among the famous works of medieval Persian literature. A thriving contemporary Persian literature has also been formed by the works of writers such as [[Ahmad Shamlou]], [[Forough Farrokhzad]], [[Mehdi Akhavan-Sales]], [[Parvin E'tesami]], [[Sadegh Hedayat]], and [[Simin Daneshvar]], among others.

Not all Persian literature is written in Persian, as works written by Persians in other languages—such as Arabic and Greek—might also be included. At the same time, not all literature written in Persian is written by ethnic Persians or Iranians, as Turkic, Caucasian, and Indic authors have also used Persian literature in the environment of [[Persianate society|Persianate cultures]].

===Architecture===
{{further|Achaemenid architecture|Sasanian architecture}}
{{See also|Iranian architecture}}

The most notable examples of ancient Persian architecture are the works of the Achaemenids hailing from [[Persis]]. [[Achaemenid architecture]], dating from the expansion of the empire around 550 BC, flourished in a period of artistic growth that left a legacy ranging from [[Tomb of Cyrus|Cyrus the Great's solemn tomb]] at [[Pasargadae]] to the structures at [[Persepolis]] and [[Naqsh-e Rostam]].<ref name=book>{{cite book |title=Understanding Architecture |author=Marco Bussagli |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=2005 |page=211 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMfCkY6-9joC&q=Achaemenid+architecture&pg=PA211 |isbn=9781845110895}}</ref> The [[Arg e Bam|Bam Citadel]], a massive structure at {{convert|1940000|sqft|m2}} constructed on the [[Silk Road]] in [[Bam, Iran|Bam]], is from around the 5th century BC.<ref>{{cite book |title=Land of Lion, Land of Sun |author=Rafie Hamidpour D E Dabfe, Rafie Hamidpour |publisher=AuthorHouse |year=2010 |page=54 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cP__ziIW39cC&q=bam+citadel&pg=PA54|isbn=9781449091491}}</ref> The quintessential feature of Achaemenid architecture was its eclectic nature, with elements from Median architecture, Assyrian architecture, and Asiatic Greek architecture all incorporated.<ref>{{cite book |title=How to study architecture |author=Charles Henry Caffin |publisher=Dodd, Mead and Company |year=1917 |page=[https://archive.org/details/howtostudyarchi02caffgoog/page/n361 80] |url=https://archive.org/details/howtostudyarchi02caffgoog|quote=Persian Architecture. }}</ref>

The [[Sasanian architecture|architectural heritage of the Sasanian Empire]] includes, among others, castle fortifications such as the [[Fortifications of Derbent]] (located in [[North Caucasus]], now part of Russia), the [[Rudkhan Castle]] and the [[Falak-ol-Aflak Castle|Shapur-Khwast Castle]], palaces such as the [[Palace of Ardashir]] and the [[Sarvestan Palace]], bridges such as the [[Shahrestan Bridge]] and the [[Shapuri Bridge]], the [[Taq Kasra|Archway of Ctesiphon]], and the reliefs at [[Taq-e Bostan]].

<gallery mode="packed">
Persepolis 06.jpg|Ruins of the [[Tachara]], [[Persepolis]]
Pasargad Tomb Cyrus3.jpg|[[Tomb of Cyrus]], [[Pasargadae]]
Sassanid reliefs at Taq e Bostan.jpg|The [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] reliefs at [[Taq-e Bostan]]
Falakolaflak.jpg|[[Falak-ol-Aflak Castle|Shapur-Khwast Castle]], [[Khorramabad]]
</gallery>

Architectural elements from the time of Iran's ancient Persian empires have been adopted and incorporated in later period.<ref name="Hillenbrand"/> They were used especially during the modernization of Iran under the reign of the Pahlavi dynasty to contribute to the characterization of the modern country with its ancient history.<ref name="Amanat"/><ref name="Wilber"/>

====Gardens====
{{Main|Persian gardens}}

{{See also|Paradise garden|Bāgh (garden){{!}}Bāgh}}

[[Xenophon]], in his ''[[Oeconomicus]]'',<ref name=hobhouse>{{cite book |title=Gardens of Persia |author1=Penelope Hobhouse |author2=Erica Hunningher |author3=Jerry Harpur |publisher=Kales Press |year=2004 |pages=7–13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AMFRyiAxZ6YC&q=Persian+garden |isbn=9780967007663}}</ref> states:
{{Blockquote|"The Great King [Cyrus II]...in all the districts he resides in and visits, takes care that there are {{Transliteration|grc|parádeisos}} ("paradise") as they [Persians] call them, full of the good and beautiful things that the soil produce."}}

The [[Persian gardens|Persian garden]], the earliest examples of which were found throughout the Achaemenid Empire, has an integral position in Persian architecture.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/garden-i |title=GARDEN i. ACHAEMENID PERIOD |first=Mehrdad |last=Fakour |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |volume=X |pages=297–298 |access-date=30 December 2012}}</ref> Gardens assumed an important place for the Achaemenid monarchs,<ref name=hobhouse/> and utilized the advanced Achaemenid knowledge of water technologies,<ref name=Mays>{{cite book|title=Ancient Water Technologies|author=L. Mays|publisher=Springer|year=2010|pages=95–100|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AEzOzSZEAToC&q=Persepolis+irrigation&pg=PA94|isbn=9789048186327}}</ref> including [[Aqueduct (water supply)|aqueduct]]s, earliest recorded gravity-fed water rills, and basins arranged in a geometric system. The enclosure of this symmetrically arranged planting and irrigation by an infrastructure such as a palace created the impression of "paradise".<ref>{{cite book|title=Persian Garden: Echoes of Paradise|author1=Mehdi Khansari |author2=M. Reza Moghtader |author3=Minouch Yavari |publisher=Mage Publishers |year=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0msdJAAACAAJ&q=Persian+garden |isbn=9780934211758}}</ref> The word ''paradise'' itself originates from [[Avestan]] {{Transliteration|ae|pairidaēza}} ([[Old Persian]] {{Transliteration|peo|paridaida}}; [[Persian language|New Persian]] {{Transliteration|fa|pardis}}, {{Transliteration|fa|ferdows}}), which literally translates to "walled-around". Characterized by its quadripartite (''[[charbagh|čārbāq]]'') design, the Persian garden was evolved and developed into various forms throughout history,<ref name=hobhouse/> and was also adopted in various other cultures in Eurasia. It was inscribed on [[UNESCO]]'s [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage List]] in June 2011.

<gallery mode="packed">
Naghshe Jahan Square Isfahan modified.jpg|[[Naqsh-e Jahan Square|Shah Square]], [[Isfahan]]
Botanical Garden, Shiraz.jpg|[[Eram Garden]], [[Shiraz]]
Hafez 880714 095.jpg|[[Tomb of Hafez]], [[Shiraz]]
باغ وعمارت شاهزاده ماهان.jpg|[[Shazdeh Garden]], [[Kerman County|Kerman]]
</gallery>

===Carpets===
{{Main|Persian carpet}}

[[File:Louvre - Tapis à décor de jardin de paradis, dit Tapis de Mantes.jpg|thumb|A Persian carpet kept at the [[Louvre]]]]
Carpet weaving is an essential part of the Persian culture,<ref name=langton>{{cite book |title=How to know oriental rugs, a handbook |author=Mary Beach Langton |publisher=D. Appleton and Company |year=1904 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_YtcPAAAAYAAJ/page/n57 57]–59 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_YtcPAAAAYAAJ|quote=Persian rugs. }}</ref> and Persian rugs are said to be one of the most detailed hand-made works of art.

Achaemenid rug and carpet artistry is well recognized. [[Xenophon]] describes the carpet production in the city of Sardis, stating that the locals take pride in their carpet production. A special mention of Persian carpets is also made by [[Athenaeus|Athenaeus of Naucratis]] in his ''[[Deipnosophistae]]'', as he describes a "delightfully embroidered" Persian carpet with "preposterous shapes of [[griffin]]s".<ref name=ronald/>

The [[Pazyryk culture|Pazyryk]] carpet, a [[Scythians|Scythian]] pile-carpet dating back to the 4th century BC that is regarded as the world's oldest existing carpet, depicts elements of Assyrian and Achaemenid designs, including stylistic references to the stone slab designs found in Persian royal buildings.<ref name=ronald>{{cite book |title=The Arts of Persia |author=Ronald W. Ferrier |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1989 |pages=118–120 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G2Qkf0h2Pj4C&q=Pazyryk+Carpet+Persia&pg=PA118|isbn=0300039875}}</ref>

===Music===
{{Main|Persian traditional music}}

[[File:Dancers and musicians on a Sasanian bowl.jpg|thumb|Dancers and musical instrument players depicted on a [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] silver bowl from the 5th-7th century AD]]

According to the accounts reported by Xenophon, a great number of singers were present at the Achaemenid court. However, little information is available from the music of that era. The music scene of the Sasanian Empire has a more available and detailed documentation than the earlier periods, and is especially more evident within the context of [[Zoroastrian music|Zoroastrian musical rituals]].<ref name=EI-mhphi>{{harv|Lawergren|2009}} iv. First millennium C.E. (1) Sasanian music, 224–651.</ref> Overall, [[Sasanian music]] was influential and was adopted in the subsequent eras.<ref>{{cite book |title=Islamic art and spirituality |author=Seyyed Hossein Nasr |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1987 |pages=3–4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EBu6gWcT0DsC&q=Sassanid+music&pg=PA3 |isbn=9780887061745}}</ref>

Iranian music, as a whole, utilizes a variety of musical instruments that are unique to the region, and has remarkably evolved since the ancient and medieval times. In traditional Sasanian music, the [[octave]] was divided into seventeen tones. By the end of the 13th century, Iranian music also maintained a twelve-interval octave, which resembled the western counterparts.<ref name=music>{{cite book |title=The American history and encyclopedia of music |author1=Janet M. Green |author2=Josephine Thrall |publisher=I. Squire |year=1908 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/americanhistory08unkngoog/page/n100 55]–58 |url=https://archive.org/details/americanhistory08unkngoog|quote=music of persia. }}</ref>

===Observances===
The Iranian [[New Year]]'s Day, [[Nowruz]], which translates to "new day", is celebrated by Persians and other peoples of Iran to mark the beginning of spring on the [[March equinox|vernal equinox]] on the first day of [[Farvardin]], the first month of the [[Iranian calendars|Iranian calendar]], which corresponds to around March 21 in the Gregorian calendar. An ancient tradition that has been preserved in Iran and several other countries that were under the influence of the ancient empires of Iran,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nowruz-ii |title=NOWRUZ ii. In the Islamic Period |edition=online |first=A. Shapur |last=Shahbazi |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |date=15 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2010/ga10916.doc.htm |title=General Assembly Recognizes 21 March as International Day of Nowruz, Also Changes to 23–24 March Dialogue on Financing for Development – Meetings Coverage and Press Releases |publisher=United Nations |access-date=20 March 2017}}</ref> Nowruz has been registered on [[UNESCO]]'s [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists|Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Intangible Heritage List |author=UNCESCO |year=2009 |access-date=9 March 2011 |url=https://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=00282}}</ref> In Iran, the Nowruz celebrations (incl. [[Chaharshanbe Suri|Charshanbe Suri]] and [[Sizdah Be-dar|Sizdebedar]]) begin on the eve of the last Wednesday of the preceding year in the Iranian calendar and last on the 13th day of the new year. [[Islamic holidays|Islamic festivals]] are also widely celebrated by Muslim Persians.

== See also ==
*[[Demographics of Iran]]
**[[Ethnicities in Iran]]
*[[Name of Iran]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book|last1=Ansari|first1=Ali M.|title=Iran: A Very Short Introduction|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199669349}}
* {{cite book|last1=Boyce|first1=Mary|author-link1=Mary Boyce|title=Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|date=2001|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0415239028}}
*{{cite book|last1=McGing|first1=B.C.|title=The Foreign Policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus|date=1986|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-9004075917}}
* {{cite book|last=Mitchell|first=Stephen|chapter=Cappadocia|title=The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2018|isbn=978-0192562463| editor-given1 = Oliver | editor-surname1 = Nicholson }}
* {{cite book|last=Raditsa|first=Leo|chapter=Iranians in Asia Minor|title=The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 3 (1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian periods|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1983|isbn=978-1139054942| editor-given1 = Ehsan | editor-surname1 = Yarshater }}
*{{cite book|last1=Roisman|first1=Joseph|last2=Worthington|first2=Ian|title=A Companion to Ancient Macedonia|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4051-7936-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lkYFVJ3U-BIC}}
*{{cite book|last1=Roisman|first1=Joseph|last2=Worthington|first2=Ian|title=A Companion to Ancient Macedonia|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4443-5163-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QsJ183uUDkMC&q=Achaemenid+Persians+ruled+balkans&pg=PA345}}
*{{cite book|last1=Van Dam|first1=Raymond|title=Kingdom of Snow: Roman Rule and Greek Culture in Cappadocia|date=2002|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0812236811}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pes |work=Ethnologue |title=Persian, Iranian}}
* {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Persia |volume=21 |pages=187–252 |short=1}}

{{Iranian peoples}}
{{Ethnic groups in Iran}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Persian People}}
[[Category:Persian people| ]]
[[Category:Iranian ethnic groups]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Iran]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the Middle East]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of West Asia]]
[[Category:Ancient peoples of Asia]]
[[Category:Ancient peoples of the Near East]]

Ghaziabad Municipal Corporation

2026-03-09T05:11:22Z

Marta694059068: expand section as per guidelines

{{short description|Civic body that governs Ghaziabad city}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Ghaziabad Municipal Corporation
| native_name = Ghaziabad Nagar Nigam
| coa_pic =
| coa_res =
| coa_alt =
| coa-pic =
| coa-res =
| house_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| foundation = 31 August 1994
| leader1_type = [[Mayor]]
| leader1 = Sunita Dayal, [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader2_type = [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader2 = Vikramaditya Singh Malik, IAS
| seats = 100
| structure1 = Ghaziabad Municipal Corporation 2023.svg
| structure1_res = 300px
|political_groups1 =
'''Government (66)'''
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (66)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/noida-news/bjp-wins-big-in-ghaziabad-municipal-polls-sunita-dayal-elected-as-mayor-with-a-margin-of-287-656-votes-aap-makes-debut-with-three-seats-101684000492389.html|title=BJP retains Ghaziabad municipal corporation, Sunita Dayal to be mayor|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=21 May 2023}}</ref>
'''Opposition (34)'''
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Samajwadi Party}}}} [[Samajwadi Party|SP]] (5)
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}}} [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] (5)
*{{Color box|{{Party color|American National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (3)
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}} [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]] (3)
*{{Color box|#FFC200}} AJP (2)
*{{Color box|{{Party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}}} [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]] (2)
*{{Color box|#B2B2B2}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (14)
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First past the post]]
| last_election1 = [[2023 Uttar Pradesh municipal elections|11 May 2023]]
| next_election1 = 2028
| session_room =
| session_res =
| meeting_place = [[Ghaziabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| website = {{URL|www.ghaziabadnagarnigam.in/}}
| motto = ([[Hindi]]: ईमानदारी सत्यनिष्ठा कर्तव्यपरायणता) "(Honesty, Integrity, Dutifulness)"
}}

The '''Ghaziabad Nagar Nigam''' ('''GNN'''), also known as '''Ghaziabad Municipal Corporation''' ('''GMC''') is the civic body that governs [[Ghaziabad]] city. Established under the Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act-1959, it is responsible for the civic infrastructure and administration of the city.It covers area equal to 210 square kilometres.

==Demographic==
According to Official voter data published by the Election Commission of India,has provided community-wise estimates for the Ghaziabad Lok Sabha constituency.
According to reports, the [[Rajput]] community is estimated at around 4.7 lakh individuals<ref>https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/noida-news/ghaziabad-at-dhaulana-meet-rajputs-take-vow-not-to-vote-for-bjp-101713375487963.html</ref><ref> https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/india/story/uphill-task-for-bjp-candidate-atul-kumar-garg-to-replace-singh-in-ghaziabad-2520144-2024-03-28</ref>.Other estimates suggest approximately 4 lakh [[Brahmin|Brahmins]], around 1.25 lakh [[Jats]], nearly 70,000 [[Gujjars]], about 75,000 [[Tyagi|Tyagis]], and an estimated 5–6 lakh [[Muslims|Muslim]] voters in the constituency.<ref> https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/india/story/uphill-task-for-bjp-candidate-atul-kumar-garg-to-replace-singh-in-ghaziabad-2520144-2024-03-28</ref>

==Wards==
Ghaziabad Municipal corporation is divided into 5 zones - City Zone, Kavi Nagar Zone, Vijay Nagar Zone, Mohan Nagar Zone and Vasundhara Zone.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Zone-division of Ghaziabad Nagar Nigam|url=https://www.ghaziabadnagarnigam.in/zones-and-wards.html|access-date=9 April 2020|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124195532/http://ghaziabadnagarnigam.in/zones-and-wards.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Municipal Corporation comprises 100 wards, with councillors elected from each ward.<ref name='Ghaziabad Official Information'>{{cite web|title=Ghaziabad Information|url=https://www.ghaziabadnagarnigam.in/ghaziabad-city.html|access-date=8 January 2021|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124201106/http://ghaziabadnagarnigam.in/ghaziabad-city.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Parshad List|url=http://ghaziabadnagarnigam.in/parshad-list.html|access-date=2020-10-29|website=ghaziabadnagarnigam.in|archive-date=25 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725070011/https://ghaziabadnagarnigam.in/parshad-list.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The local elections to all wards was last held in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/noida-news/bjp-wins-big-in-ghaziabad-municipal-polls-sunita-dayal-elected-as-mayor-with-a-margin-of-287-656-votes-aap-makes-debut-with-three-seats-101684000492389.html|title=BJP retains Ghaziabad municipal corporation, Sunita Dayal to be mayor|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=21 May 2023}}</ref>

==Departments==

# PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT
# I.T. DEPARTMENT
# PROPERTY TAX DEPARTMENT
# HEALTH DEPARTMENT
# STREET LIGHT DEPARTMENT
# WATER WORKS DEPARTMENT
# LAW
# GARDEN / HORTICULTURE
# SWACHH BHARAT MISSION

==Total number of voters==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election !! Polling Stations !! Male Voters !! Female Voters !! Total Voters
|-
| 2017 || 273 || 7,41,957 || 6,17,188 || 13,59,14+
|}

==List of mayors==
{| class="wikitable" width=50%
|-
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Member
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Political Party
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|| 2006 || Damayanti Goel || rowspan=5|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|| 2012 || Teluram Kamboj
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|| 2016 (by-election) || Ashu Verma
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|| 2017 || Asha Sharma
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|| 2023 || Sunita Dayal
|-
|}

==List of current municipal councilors==
These are 2017 results, latest list is unknown
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No
! style="width:200px" |Ward Name
!Name
! Political Party
|-
!1
|Bagu Krishna Nagar
|Neetu
| bgcolor=#0000FF|BSP
|-
!2
|Rahul Vihar
|Manju
| bgcolor=#DDDDDD|INDEPENDENT
|-
!3
|Old Vijay Nagar
|Bhagwat Swaroop
| bgcolor=#DDDDDD|INDEPENDENT
|-
!4
|Mata Colony
|Gopal
|bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!5
|Vihar
|Pinky
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!6
|Deen Dayal Puri
|Sunaina Devi
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!7
|Bihari Pura
|Munri Devi
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!8
|Nehru Nagar II
|Mitalesh Titoria
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!9
|Sibbanpura
|Sheetal Deol
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!10
|DLF Colony
|Rekha Goswami
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!11
|Nand Gram Deen Dayal Puri |Nandgram
Deen Dayal Puri
|Chaya Tyagi
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!12
|Kalka Garhi
|Praveen Kumar
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!13
|Ghukna
|Rajni
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!14
|New Vijay Nagar
|Om Prakash Singh
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!15
|Charan Singh Colony
|Poonam Singh
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!16
|Morta
|Neelam
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!17
|Seva Nagar
|Jai Kishan
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!18
|Shashtri Nagar Razapur
|Shashi Singh
| bgcolor=#0000FF|BSP
|-
!19
|Patel Nagar Mukand Nagar |Patel Nagar
Mukand Nagar
|Urmila Chauhan
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!20
|Bhopura
|Yashpal
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!21
|Bhowapur
|Anand Kumar Gautam
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD|INDEPENDENT
|-
!22
|Daulatpura
|Vineel Dutt
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!23
|Kailash Nagar
|Jagat Singh
| bgcolor=#DDDDDD|INDEPENDENT
|-
!24
|Mehrauli
|Pawan Kumar Gautam
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!25
|Ambedkar Nagar
|Kanhaiya Lal
|bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!26
|Madhopur
|Rajkumar
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!27
|Dundahera
|Naresh Kumar
| bgcolor=#DDDDDD|INDEPENDENT
|-
!28
|Rajiv Colony
|Sudhir
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!29
|Kuri
|Ompal Singh
| bgcolor=#0000FF|BSP
|-
!30
|Sadarpur
|Rina
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!31
|Nandgram Sihani
|Nitin Kumar
| bgcolor=#DDDDDD|INDEPENDENT
|-
!32
|Krishna Nagar
|Subash Singh
| bgcolor=#0000FF|BSP
|-
!33
|Sarai Nazar Ali
|Dhirendra Yadav
| bgcolor=#DDDDDD|INDEPENDENT
|-
!34
|Shahid Nagar I
|Khurshida Begum
| bgcolor=#C20000|SP
|-
!35
|Akbarpur
|Ritu Chaudhary
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD|INDEPENDENT
|-
!36
|Prahalad Garhi
|Pratima Chaudhary
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!37
|Shalimar Garden
|Ravi Bhati
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!38
|Arthala
|Manoj Pal
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!39
|Nasirpur
|Udit Mohan
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!40
|Sahibabad
|Himanshu Chaudhary
| bgcolor=#0000FF|BSP
|-
!41
|Maharajpur
|Bhupendra Kumar
|bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!42
|Shahpur Bamheta
|Parmosh Yadav
| bgcolor=#DDDDDD|INDEPENDENT
|-
!43
|Kadkad Model
|Joginder Singh
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD|INDEPENDENT
|-
!44
|Sanjay Colony
|Pavitra Devi
| bgcolor=#C20000|SP
|-
!45
|Karhera
|Sunanda Singh
|bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!46
|Guldhar
|Ajayvir Singh
|bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!47
|Shahtri Nagar Mahendra Enclave
|Amit Tyagi
|bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!48
|Mirzapur
|Sajida
| bgcolor=#C20000|SP
|-
!49
|Nandgram Mariyam Nagar
|Virendra Tyagi
|bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!50
|Sadiq Nagar
|Suman Lata
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|INC
|-
!51
|Pratap Vihar Sector 11
|Seema
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!52
|Arya Nagar Kotgaon
|Abhishek Chaudhary
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!53
|Raispur
|Suman
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!54
|Vasundhara I
|Satendra Pal Singh
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!55
|Vijay Nagar Sec 11 E Block
|Santosh Kumar Singh
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!56
|Chiranjeev Vihar Avantika
|Manoj Tyagi
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!57
|Makanpur
|Radheshyam Tyagi
| bgcolor=#0000FF|BSP
|-
!58
|Shivpuri
|Dev Narayan Sharma
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!59
|Chandrapuri
|Rajiv Sharma
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!60
|Shyam Park Main
|Sachin Kumar
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!61
|Vasundhara II
|Shilpa Chaudhary
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!62
|Govindpuram Harsaon
|Manu Kumar
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!63
|Pasaunda
|Shehroz Parveen
| bgcolor=#00FF00|AAP
|-
!64
|Garima Garden
|Tabassum Jahan
| bgcolor=#008000|AIMIM
|-
!65
|Vivekanand Nagar Jivan Vihar
|Rajkumar Nagar
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!66
|Mausam Vihar
|Chowdhary Mustakim
| bgcolor=#00FF00 |AAP
|-
!67
|Kamla Nehru Nagar Sanjay Nagar I
|Ajay Sharma
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|INC
|-
!68
|Brij Vihar
|Vinay Kumar Chaudhary
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!69
|Lohiya Nagar
|Kuldeep
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!70
|Janakpuri
|Ram Niwas Bansal
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!71
|Sanjay Nagar II
|Umesh Nagar
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!72
|[[Kaushambi, Ghaziabad|Kaushambi]]
|Kusum Goyal
| bgcolor=#DDDDDD|INDEPENDENT
|-
!73
|Shalimar Garden Extension
|Rajiv Bhati
| bgcolor=#DDDDDD|INDEPENDENT
|-
!74
|Vasundhara III
|Naresh Kumar Bhati
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!75
|Lajpat Nagar I
|Himanshu Sharma
| bgcolor=#000080 |AJP
|-
!76
|Vaishali I
|Gaurav Solanki
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!77
|Vaishali II
|Neelam Bhardwaj
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!78
|Shalimar Garden Extension I
|Omvati
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!79
|Abhay Khand
|Harish Chandra Singh
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!80
|Rajendra Nagar sec 2
|Rahul Sharma
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!81
|Shakti Khand
|Dheeraj Aggarwal
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!82
|Jawahar Park
|Kiran
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!83
|Shyam Park Extension
|Kavita
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!84
|Raj Nagar
|Praveen Kumar
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!85
|Lajpat Nagar II
|Pramod Kumar Raghav
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!86
|Rajendra Nagar Sec 5
|Madan Roy
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!87
|Gyankhand Indirapuram
|Anuj Tyagi
| bgcolor=#DDDDDD|INDEPENDENT
|-
!88
|Gandhi Nagar Turab Nagar
|Neeraj
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!89
|Vaishali III
|Rajkumar Singh
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!90
|Shahid Nagar II
|Adil Malik
| bgcolor=#C20000|SP
|-
!91
|Kavi Nagar
|Shivam Sharma
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!92
|Kaila Islam Nagar
|Rubina
| bgcolor=#008000|AIMIM
|-
!93
|Kaila Bhatta
|Simran Malik
| bgcolor=#C20000|SP
|-
!94
|Surya Nagar
|Krishna Mohan
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!95
|Prem Nagar Kaila
|Ruksana Saifi
| bgcolor=#00FF00|AAP
|-
!96
|Nehru Nagar III
|Ajit Nigam
|bgcolor=#000080|AJP
|-
!97
|Ramprastha
|Shri Bhagwan Agarwal
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!98
|Ahinsa Khand
|Anil Kumar Tomar
| bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!99
|Vaibhav Khand I
|Priti Jain
|bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
!100
|Shipra Suncity Indirapuram
|Sanjay Kumar
|bgcolor=#FF9933|BJP
|-
|}

==Mayor election results==
{{Election box begin | title=Uttar Pradesh Local Body Election, 2023: Ghaziabad}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sunita Dayal
|votes = 3,50,905
|percentage = 58.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Nisara Khan
|votes = 63,249
|percentage = 10.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Pushpa Rawat
|votes = 58,951
|percentage = 9.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Poonam Yadav
|votes = 57,608
|percentage = 9.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Shehnaz Dilshad
|votes = 26,045
|percentage = 4.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Janki Bisht
|votes = 21,232
|percentage = 3.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 4,950
|percentage = 0.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,87,656
|percentage = 47.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,03,730
|percentage = 39.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin | title=Uttar Pradesh Local Body Election, 2017: Ghaziabad}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Asha Sharma
|votes = 2,82,793
|percentage = 49.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dolly Sharma
|votes = 1,19,118
|percentage = 21.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Munni Chaudhary
|votes = 77,033
|percentage = 13.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Rashi Garg
|votes = 40,623
|percentage = 7.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Dr. Pragati Tyagi
|votes = 13,656
|percentage = 2.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 4,122
|percentage = 0.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,63,675
|percentage = 28.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,67,118
|percentage = 41.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin | title=By Election, 2016: Ghaziabad}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ashu Kumar Verma
|votes = 1,15,879
|percentage = 50.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Sudhan Kumar Rawat
|votes = 70,651
|percentage = 31.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Lalman Singh
|votes = 23,317
|percentage = 10.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 45,228
|percentage = 19.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,27,484
|percentage = 18.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin | title=Uttar Pradesh Local Body Election, 2012: Ghaziabad}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Telu Ram Kamboj
|votes = 1,35,911
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|candidate = Sudhan Kumar Rawat
|votes = 1,26,328
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 9,583
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = ''N/A''
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Municipal Corporations in Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{UttarPradesh-stub}}

Hinduism in Oman

2026-03-08T05:28:55Z

Marta694059068: adding a data

{{Short description|none}} 

{{Infobox religious group
| group = Hindus in Oman
| population = 259.780 (2020){{increase}}; '''5.5%''' of total population
| religions = [[Hinduism]]
| related-c = [[Indians in Oman]] and [[Hindus]]
| regions = [[Muscat]]
|image=Shiva temple, Muscat.jpg|image_caption=[[Motishwar Mandir]] in Oman is one of the oldest Hindu temples in the Middle East.}}
'''[[Hinduism]]''' is the [[Religion in Oman|second-largest religion]] in [[Oman]], practised by 5.5% of its population.<ref name=CIA>{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/oman/|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20260114081940/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/oman/|url-status= dead|archive-date= January 14, 2026|title= Middle East OMAN|publisher= CIA The World Factbook}}</ref>

==History==
For centuries, [[Muscat]] attracted Hindu merchants involved in various trades, including pearls and grains.<ref name=":0" /> There were at least 4,000 Hindus in Oman in the early 19th century. In 1895, the Hindu presence in Muscat came under attack by the [[Ibadis]] and by 1900, the number of Hindus decreased to 300. During the independence of Oman, only a few dozen Hindus remained. The historical quarters of al-Waljat and al-Banyan are no longer occupied by Hindus.<ref name=":0">J.E. Peterson,[http://www.jepeterson.net/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/Oman_Diverse_Society_Northern_Oman.pdf Oman's diverse society: Northern Oman], [[Middle East Journal]], Vol. 58, Nr. 1, Winter 2004</ref>

==Demographics==
Oman is the only country in the Middle East with an indigenous Hindu population. There are at least 1,000 Hindus in Oman with Omani citizenship.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chaudhury |first=Dipanjan Roy |date=2020-01-12 |title=India announces national mourning for its close friend Sultan Qaboos of Oman |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-announces-national-mourning-for-its-close-friend-sultan-qaboos-of-oman/articleshow/73217979.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-04-05 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> According to the CIA, there are 259,780 Hindus constituting 5.5% of population.<ref name=CIA/>

==Temples==
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi performed Abhishekam at the historic Lord Shiva temple, in Muscat, Oman on February 12, 2018.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi|Modi]] performed Abhishekam at the historic Lord [[Shiva temple, Muscat|Shiva temple in Muscat]], Oman, on 2018]]
There are two officially recognized Hindu temples in Oman.<ref name="OMAN">{{Cite web |title=International Religious Freedom Report Oman for 2011 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/193113.pdf%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjp553kqdrtAhVdyjgGHVWyDVE4ChAWMAh6BAgDEAE%26usg%3DAOvVaw1dNdLbecuadXKMcdaNeAX- |access-date=19 December 2020 |format=PDF |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415000112/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/193113.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Shiva temple, Muscat|Shiva temple in Muscat]] (Motishwar Mandir) in Oman is one of the oldest Hindu temples in the Middle East region.<ref>{{cite web|author=Staff Report|title=Modi visits 125-year-old Shiva temple|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/oman/modi-visits-125-year-old-shiva-temple-1.2172713|website=GulfNews|access-date=14 February 2018|date=19 December 2020}}</ref> The other is the Krishna Temple, also in Muscat.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-pm-modi-to-visit-200-year-old-shiva-temple-in-muscat-2583759/amp|title=PM Modi to visit 200-year old Shiva temple in Muscat|newspaper=dnaindia|date=12 February 2018 |access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref>

==Famous Omani Hindus==
*Kanaksi Khimji was the only Hindu [[Sheikh]] in the world<ref>{{cite web|author1=Runa Mukherjee Parikh|title=World's only Hindu Sheikh traces his roots to Gujarat|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Worlds-only-Hindu-Sheikh-traces-his-roots-to-Gujarat/articleshow/19995680.cms|website=The Times of India|date=11 May 2013|access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref>
*[[Hemal Mehta]], cricketer
*[[Ajay Lalcheta]], cricketer
*[[Suraj Kumar]], cricketer

==See also==
{{Portal|Hinduism|Oman}}
*[[Hinduism in the Middle East]]
*[[BAPS Hindu Mandir Abu Dhabi]]
*[[Shrinathji Temple, Bahrain]]

==References==
{{Commons category}}
{{reflist}}
{{Asia in topic|Hinduism in}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hinduism In Arab States}}
[[Category:Hinduism in Oman]]
[[Category:Culture of the Middle East]]
[[Category:Hinduism in the Middle East]]

Plachimada Coca-Cola struggle

2026-03-04T06:33:32Z

Marta694059068: new.

{{Short description|Environmental protests in Kerala, India}}
{{use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}

The '''Plachimada Coca-Cola struggle''' is a series of protests that led to permanent closure the [[Coca-Cola]] factory in the village of Plachimada, [[Palakkad District]], [[Kerala]], [[India]] in the early 2000s. Villagers noted that soon after the factory opened, their [[Water well|well]]s started to run dry and the available [[water]] turned contaminated and toxic.<ref name="Raman" /><ref name="Bijoy" /> Soon, waste from the factory was passed off to farmers in the area as fertiliser. The controversy became "one of the most studied corporate controversies" in recent times.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Motwani |first=Ameeta |date=2023-03-07 |title=Corporate Social Accountability: Lessons from Coca-Cola’s Conflict at Plachimada |url=https://www.dpublication.com/journal/IJARME/article/view/997 |journal=International Journal of Applied Research in Management and Economics |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=47–58 |doi=10.33422/ijarme.v6i1.997 |issn=2538-8053|doi-access=free }}</ref>

== History of Plachimada Plant ==
The Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverage (HCCB) is an Indian bottling entity of The Coca-Cola.<ref name=":0" /> Its Plachimada plant was launched and became operational in 2000. The 34.64 acres of HCCB factory produced beverages [[Limca]], [[Fanta]], [[Thums Up]], [[Sprite (drink)|Sprite]], [[Kinley (brand)|Kinley]] and [[Maaza]] etc.

The factory was closed in 2004 following local agitations, though it briefly opened for a week in 2005. In July 2017, Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverages informed the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] that it does not intend to commence manufacturing operations at the plant located at Plachimada<ref name=":6" /> ([[Palakkad district]]) in [[Kerala]]. The Bench comprising Justice Rohinton Fali Nariman and Justice Sanjay Kishan Kaul made a note of the statement and in its order dated 13 July 2017, stated, “We record the aforesaid statement and, therefore, dispose of these appeals as being become infructuous in terms of the signed order.”{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}

The court was hearing seven civil appeals on the issue. The petitioners’ counsels decided not to oppose the issue.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}

In June 2021, during the Covid-19 pandemic, the factory was converted into a Covid First Line treatment center (CFLTC).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-24 |title=Coca Cola’s contentious bottling plant in Kerala becomes 600-bed Covid hospital |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/health/coca-colas-contentious-bottling-plant-in-kerala-becomes-600-bed-covid-hospital/2277626/ |access-date=2021-11-12 |website=The Financial Express |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History of Plachimada Struggle ==
[[File:പ്ലാച്ചിമട-സമരപ്പന്തൽ.jpg|thumb|250px|Protest camp]]
[[File:പ്ലാച്ചിമട-കൊക്കോകോള‌ഫാക്റ്ററി.jpg|thumb|250px|Plachimada Cococola factory]]On 22 April 2002, the villagers, mostly [[Adivasi]], began to protest in front of the factory by blocking its entrance. The impromptu protest continued and lasted for years, by gathering support from environmental groups, locals and national political parties and activists. Continued protests and litigation eventually helped the people of Plachimada to shut down the factory in March 2004.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kumar|first1=Anand|date=21 July 2016|title=Coca-Cola is in troubled waters (again) for a factory it was forced to shut down 12 years ago|work=[[Scroll.in]]|url=https://scroll.in/article/811352/why-coca-cola-is-in-troubled-waters-again-for-a-factory-it-was-forced-to-shut-down-12-years-ago|access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref>

While a government committee estimated the damages to be around {{INR}} 216 [[crore]] ([[US Dollars|$]]30 million), compensation has yet to be paid to the villagers.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Anthapuram|first1=Thiruvan|date=22 March 2010|title=Abstract of the High Power Committee on the extent of damages caused by the Coca-Cola Plant|journal=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Abstract-of-Report-and-Recommendations-of-the-High-Power-Committee-on-the-extent-of-damages-caused-by-the-Coca-Cola-plant/article16583639.ece|access-date=August 16, 2018}}</ref>

On 8 October 1999, Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverages Private (HCBLP), a subsidiary of the Coca-Cola Company, applied for a license at [[Perumatty]] panchayat to establish a factory in Plachimada. On 27 January 2000 the company was granted permission to open the factory. The firm purchased a roughly {{convert|34.64|acre|adj=on}} plot, which had previously been used to cultivate [[Paddy (unmilled rice)|paddy]], [[peanut]]s and vegetables. The factory employed 130 permanent workers and approximately 250 temporary laborers. Brands produced at the Plachimada factory included [[Coca-Cola]], [[Limca]], [[Fanta]], [[Thums Up]], [[Sprite (drink)|Sprite]], [[Kinley (brand)|Kinley Soda]], and [[Maaza]]. The factory used 500,000 litres of [[groundwater]] a day for its production after obtaining permission from [[Perumatty]] panchayat, which was later confirmed by the [[Kerala High Court]].<ref>{{cite news |author=S. Anand |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/dont-poison-my-well/227376 |title=Don't Poison My Well |date=16 May 2005 |magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |access-date=June 9, 2019}}</ref>

Villagers living nearby the factory started reporting increased water pollution six months after the factory was opened. Accessing water for agricultural purposes became an issue.<ref name="Bijoy" />

The factory had also made a practice of distributing its [[sludge]] waste from the manufacturing process as free fertilizer to the villagers. In 2003, a BBC journalist visited the village to investigate the claims made by the villagers that the sludge was contaminated. As part of his reporting for BBC Radio 4's ''[[Face the Facts]]'', he has picked up samples of the sludge and sent to the [[United Kingdom]] to be analyzed. A lab at the [[University of Exeter]] found unacceptably high levels of [[cadmium]] and [[lead]] in the sludge.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2003/07_july/24/face_facts.shtml|title=BBC - Press Office - Face the Facts investigates Coca-Cola plant|website=www.bbc.co.uk|access-date=2019-07-28}}</ref> [[Lead]] is toxic to human development and the nervous system, while [[cadmium]] is a documented [[carcinogen]].

Mounting pressure on the [[Kerala Government]] to shut down the factory, [[Greenpeace]] Campaign Head [[Ameer Shahul]] shared the [[University of Exeter]] analysis report to the [[Kerala State Pollution Control Board]] and to the local media, and demanded permanent closure of the factory.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/greenpeace-demands-closure-of-coke-plant/article27788706.ece|title=Greenpeace demands closure of Coke plant|date=2003-08-05|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-07-28|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Soon, the [[Kerala State Pollution Control Board]] confirmed these test results and ordered [[The Coca-Cola Company]] to stop distribution of its waste and to recover what had been dispersed in the past.<ref name="Bijoy" />

== Protests ==
[[File:Protest_by_Plachimada_people.jpg|thumb|250px|Protest by Plachimada people]]
After mounting evidence that [[The Coca-Cola Company]] was polluting the environment and harming local citizens, the Coca-Cola Virudha Janakeeya Samara Samithy (Anti-Coca-Cola Peoples Struggle Committee) launched their protests on 22 April 2002 by blocking the entrance to the factory. Over 1,300 people participated in this protest,<ref name="Bijoy" /> mostly Adivasis and women.<ref name="Raman">{{cite journal |first1=K. Ravi |last1=Raman |title=Corporate Violence, Legal Nuances and Political Ecology: Cola War in Plachimada |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=40 |number=25 |date=18 June 2005 |pages=2481–2486 |jstor = 4416772}}</ref> Scientific tests were conducted on the water by Sargram Metals Laboratories in March 2002 which deemed the water unfit for "human consumption, domestic use and for irrigation."<ref name="Bijoy" /> The independent report was backed up by the government primary health center which also reported that the water was not potable in May 2003. Coca-Cola eventually admitted that there was an issue with the water, unrelated to their activities, and offered to provide drinking water to the community via trucks and to start [[rainwater harvesting]] programs at the factory and in the community.<ref name="Bijoy" />

As the villagers maintained the protest outside the factory, support grew for the movement. In January 2004, a three-day International Water Conference at Plachimada was organized to bring together activists from around the world to discuss water issues. Two [[environmentalist]]s, Canadian [[Maude Barlow]] and Indian [[Vandana Shiva]], attended the conference and issued the Plachimada Declaration stating that "water is not a private property, not a commodity" but a common resource and a fundamental right.<ref>{{cite news |author=Staff writer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/2004/01/24/stories/2004012402321300.htm |title=Water not a private property says Plachimada Declaration |date=24 January 2004 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=16 August 2018}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== Results ==
On 3 April 2003, the Perumatty panchayat revoked the license for the plant. Coca-Cola took the case to the [[Kerala High Court]], which at first sided with the firm, saying the panchayat's claims were unscientific and unfounded. The legal battle lasted years. At times, for example, between 8 and 15 August 2005, the plant operated, but eventually, the plant was closed permanently, after Coca-Cola declared it had no plans to restart bottling operations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Water wars: Plachimada vs Coca-Cola |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/water-wars-plachimada-vs-coca-cola/article19284658.ece |access-date=15 February 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=15 July 2017}}</ref> In 2018, the factory sat empty with a few security guards.<ref name=Bijoy>{{cite journal |last1=Bijoy |first1=C. R. |title=Kerala's Plachimada Struggle: A Narrative on Water and Governance Rights |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |date=14 October 2006 |volume=41 |issue=41 |pages=4332–4339 |jstor=4418807 }}</ref> In 2019, Coca-Cola submitted a proposal to turn the plant into a training center for local farmers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Konikkara |first1=Aathira |title=Amid compensation woes, Coca-Cola proposes reopening controversial Plachimada facility to farm fruits |url=https://caravanmagazine-in-nalsar.knimbus.com/communities/amid-compensation-woes-coca-cola-proposes-reopening-controversial-plachimada-facility-to-farm-fruits |access-date=21 March 2023 |work=The Caravan |date=21 November 2019}}</ref>

The case was said to turn upon the legal doctrines of [[public trust doctrine|public trust]] and the [[polluter pays principle]], as well as the legal role of local government.<ref name="Rahhunandan">{{cite web |url=https://thewire.in/law/coca-cola-plachimada-kerala-water |first1=Gayatri |last1=Raghunandan |title=A Look at the Legal Issues Plachimada's Struggle for Water Against Coca-Cola Has Brought Up |work=[[The Wire (Indian web publication)|The Wire India]] |quote=It is all the more important to look closely at the important issues that this case has thrown up, namely the importance of the [[public trust doctrine]], the role of local self governing bodies in decision making, and the relevance of the PPP. |date=20 August 2017 |access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref>

The wells are still contaminated and water must be piped in from a nearby village. A High Powered Committee has determined that the damage to the community amounts to {{INR}} 216.26 crores or ([[US Dollars|$]]28 million). This figure was broken down into categories of agriculture loss, health damage, cost of providing water, [[Pure economic loss|wage loss]] and [[opportunity cost]] and the [[cost of pollution]] of water resources. However, as of 2018, no compensation has been paid to the villagers.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/a-lost-battle-plachimadas-victims-may-never-get-cokes-compensation/article8206306.ece |first1=K.P.M. |last1=Basheer |title=A lost battle: Plachimada victims may never get Coke's compensation |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=7 February 2016 |access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref>

== Present status ==
In 2017, the Supreme Court of India dismissed all appeals concerning the Coca-Cola bottling plant in Plachimada after Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverages stated that it did not plan to resume operations there. Attempts to raise compensation issues in court have been unsuccessful, and Coca-Cola’s decision to halt operations prevented further legal consideration on this matter.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Konikkara |first=Aathira |date=2019-03-16 |title=Nearly 15 years after Coca Cola plant shut down, Plachimada’s fight for Rs 216 crore in compensation continues |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/communities/coca-cola-plachimada |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=[[The Caravan]] |language=en}}</ref>

The Kerala government took over 35 acres of land from Coca Cola in Perumatty, with permission from Hindustan Coca Cola Beverages. This move sparked protests from the Anti-Coca Cola Agitation Council at Plachimada in June 2024, who argue that the government’s action benefits Coca Cola by allowing them to avoid compensating local victims first. The council demanded that the government delay taking over the land until compensation is ensured for the damages allegedly caused by the company to the Plachimada community.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-06-22 |title=Protest against Kerala govt taking over Coca Cola factory land |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/protest-against-govt-taking-over-cola-factory-land/article68321237.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623022455/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/protest-against-govt-taking-over-cola-factory-land/article68321237.ece |archive-date=2024-06-23 |access-date=2024-11-05 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Mayilamma]]
* ''[[Oridathoru Puzhayundu]]'', a film based on these events.

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=



<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.coca-colaindia.com/about-us/will-not-restart-the-plachimada-plant--hindustan-coca-cola-tells|title = HCC to Supreme Court: Will Not Restart the Plachimada Plant}}</ref>
}}

[[Category:Coca-Cola]]
[[Category:Protests in India]]
[[Category:2000s in Kerala]]
[[Category:Environmental protests]]
[[Category:Social movements in India]]
[[Category:Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Anti-corporate activism]]

Pallavi (1976 film)

2026-03-03T22:23:27Z

Marta694059068: article.

{{short description|1976 film directed by P. Lankesh}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pallavi
| image = Pallavi (1976 film).jpg
| caption = [[Lobby card]]
| director = [[P. Lankesh]]
| writer = P. Lankesh
| based_on = {{Based on|''Biruku''|P. Lankesh}}
| producer = K. S. Indira Lankesh
| starring = Vimala Naidu P. Lankesh [[T. N. Seetharam]]
| cinematography = [[S. Ramachandra]]
| music = [[Rajeev Taranath]]
| studio = Indira Lankesh Productions
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|1976}}
| runtime = 129 minutes{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=429}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}
'''''Pallavi''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಪಲ್ಲವಿ.ogg|pronunciation}} {{translation|Refrain}}) is a 1976 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by novelist [[P. Lankesh]], in his directorial debut. He also stars, alongside Vimala Naidu and [[T. N. Seetharam]]. The film is based on his own 1967 novella ''Biruku'' ({{translation|Crack}}), and focuses on two lovers whose relationship ends when the man fails in life while the woman succeeds.

''Pallavi'' won three [[National Film Awards]]: [[National Film Award for Second Best Feature Film|Second Best Feature Film]], [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil|Best Feature Film in Kannada]] and [[National Film Award for Best Direction|Best Direction]]. It also won five [[Karnataka State Film Awards]]: [[Karnataka State Film Award for First Best Film|Best Film]], [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Director|Best Direction]] (Lankesh), [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music]] ([[Rajeev Taranath]]), [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] and [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogues]] (Lankesh).

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=March 2021}}
Shanta is a bouncy university teenager who idolises film actresses. She is as idealistic as her boyfriend Chandru. The two apply for jobs; while Chandru is rejected because of his rudeness, Shanta is accepted because of her charm and self-confidence. Chandru ends his relationship with Shanta. Shanta eventually marries her boss, Jagannathan. Shanta then combines her new leisurely existence as a sophisticated wife with traditional chores and rituals. Boredom and pregnancy overcome her.

Chandru suddenly resurfaces, a fugitive from justice. Shanta is initially intrigued by his attitudes which are very much in opposition to hers. But when Chandru harangues Shanta for resigning herself to security and a constricting marriage, she refuses to go with him, and accuses him of abandoning her in the first place. He threatens to destroy her world, but is finally overpowered by the police. Shanta is left to carry on with her undisturbed, uneventful life.

== Cast ==
* Vimala Naidu as Shanta
* P. Lankesh as Jagannathan
* [[T. N. Seetharam]] as Chandru

== Production ==
''Pallavi'' is novelist [[P. Lankesh]]'s directorial debut.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=137}} It is based on his own 1967 novella ''Biruku''. In his 1997 autobiography ''Huli-Maavina Mara'' ({{translation|A Sour-Mango Tree}}), Lankesh claimed that his passion for making films led him to direct a film without any prior experience in the field.<ref name="bangaloremirror" /> The film was produced by K. S. Indira Lankesh under the banner Indira Lankesh Productions.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=429}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R_5OPLAiD-kC&q=+S.+Ramachandra |title=National Film Festival |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |year=1980 |volume=27 |page=70}}</ref> Cinematography was handled by [[S. Ramachandra]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 January 2011 |title=S Ramachandra |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/128146/s-ramachandra.html |url-status=live |access-date=31 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131132228/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/128146/s-ramachandra.html |archive-date=31 January 2019}}</ref> [[T. N. Seetharam]] made his acting debut with this film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Bindu Gopal |date=21 July 2012 |title=A class apart |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/266056/a-class-apart.html |url-status=live |access-date=31 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131131834/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/266056/a-class-apart.html |archive-date=31 January 2019}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] began on the same day as the declaration of "[[The Emergency (India)|the Emergency]]".<ref name="bangaloremirror" /> P. Lankesh's voice was dubbed by T. S. Ranga.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khajane |first=Muralidhara |date=26 April 2018 |title=A silent voice exits |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/a-silent-voice-exits/article23683304.ece |url-status=live |access-date=20 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821130331/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/a-silent-voice-exits/article23683304.ece |archive-date=21 August 2018}}</ref>

== Themes ==
''Pallavi'' deals with themes such as student union revolution,<ref>{{Cite news |last=George |first=Nina C |date=4 July 2018 |title=On my pinboard – Indrajit Lankesh |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-move/my-pinboard-indrajit-lankesh-678940.html |url-status=live |access-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821130331/https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-move/my-pinboard-indrajit-lankesh-678940.html |archive-date=21 August 2018}}</ref> college life, and unemployment issues in the hands of bureaucrats.<ref name="DVD" /> According to the 1998 edition of ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema'', it was one of only three films to have direct political and formal links with the Navya Movement.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|pp=162–163}}

== Music ==
The music of the film was composed by [[Rajeev Taranath]].{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=429}}

== Reception ==
[[Peter Cowie]] wrote in the book ''International Film Guide 1978'', "''Pallavi'' has some of the flaws common to a first film (Lankesh, much admired as a Kannada writer, is new to the cinema), but is actually very competent and unswerving in its denunciation of the primitive role still accorded to most Indian women."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cowie |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-NJkAAAAMAAJ&q=Pallavi+P+Lankesh |title=International Film Guide 1978 |publisher=Tantivy Press |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-498-02106-0 |page=195 |author-link=Peter Cowie}}</ref> At the [[24th National Film Awards]], ''Pallavi'' won in three categories: [[National Film Award for Second Best Feature Film|Second Best Feature Film]], [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil|Best Feature Film in Kannada]] and [[National Film Award for Best Direction|Best Direction]] for Lankesh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 September 1977 |title=Elitist double standards? |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19770915-1976-national-film-awards-mrinal-sens-mrigaya-selected-for-golden-lotus-award-823873-2014-08-30 |url-status=live |access-date=2 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170528073752/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/1976-national-film-awards-mrinal-sens-mrigaya-selected-for-golden-lotus-award/1/435697.html |archive-date=28 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tMRFAQAAIAAJ&q=pallavi |title=India, a reference annual |publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] |year=1978 |pages=151 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205200230/https://books.google.com/books?id=tMRFAQAAIAAJ&dq=pallavi+second+national+award&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=pallavi |archive-date=5 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> It won in five categories at the [[Karnataka State Film Awards]]: [[Karnataka State Film Award for First Best Film|Best Film]], [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Director|Best Direction]] (Lankesh), [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music]] (Rajeev Taranath), [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] and [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogues]] (Lankesh).<ref name="DVD" />

== Impact ==
In the book ''A Handbook of Karnataka'', historian [[Suryanath U. Kamath]] considered ''Pallavi'', amongst many other films, to be responsible for establishing the 1970s as the "age of the [[Parallel cinema|new-wave]] or [[experimental film]]s" in Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kamath |first=Suryanath U. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tHFuAAAAMAAJ&q=Pallavi+(1976 |title=A Handbook of Karnataka |publisher=Karnataka Gazetteer Department |year=1996 |pages=229 |author-link=Suryanath U. Kamath}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="bangaloremirror">{{Cite news |last=Gowda |first=Chandan |date=6 November 2018 |title=A few essential Kannada films |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/views/a-few-essential-kannada-films/articleshow/66517166.cms |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181214130125/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/views/a-few-essential-kannada-films/articleshow/66517166.cms |archive-date=14 December 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="DVD">{{Cite web |title=Pallavi – 1976 DVD (Award Winning Movie) |url=http://www.kannadastore.com/pallavi-1976-dvd-award-winning-movie-p-6044.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108133028/http://www.kannadastore.com/pallavi-1976-dvd-award-winning-movie-p-6044.html |archive-date=8 January 2018 |access-date=20 August 2018 |website=Kannada Store}}</ref>

</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author-link2=Paul Willemen |orig-date=1994}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0234415}}
* [https://archive.today/20190201150208/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6b283481 ''Pallavi''] at the [[British Film Institute]]{{better source needed|reason=Help request: a live link can be searched for at https://collections-search.bfi.org.uk/web/search/expert – if available, replace the archive URL with the live link. Or if none found, remove this 'better source needed' template. | date=October 2023}}

{{National Film Award Second Best Feature Film}}
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Kannada}}

[[Category:1976 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1976 Indian films]]
[[Category:1976 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1976 drama films]]
[[Category:1976 films]]
[[Category:Best Kannada Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films based on Kannada novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Lankesh]]
[[Category:Films whose director won the Best Director National Film Award]]
[[Category:Indian avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Sididedda Sahodara

2026-03-03T22:18:02Z

Marta694059068: typo fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sididedda Sahodara
| image =
| caption =
| director = Joe Simon
| producer = B. P. Baliga [[B. S. Baliga]] B. M. Baliga
| story = Baliga Brothers
| writer = Nagabhushan (dialogues)
| screenplay = Joe Simon
| starring = [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] [[Tiger Prabhakar]] [[Aarathi]] [[Jayamala]]
| music = [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]]
| cinematography = Kulashekhar
| editing = Umashankar Babu
| studio = Sri Rajarajeshwari Productions
| distributor = Sri Rajarajeshwari Productions
| released = {{Film date|1983|07|15|df=y}}
| runtime = 136 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Sididedda Sahodara''''' is a 1983 [[Kannada]] film directed by [[Joe Simon (film director)|Joe Simon]] and produced by B. P. Baliga, [[B. S. Baliga]] and B. M. Baliga. The film stars [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] in double role with [[Tiger Prabhakar]], [[Aarathi]] and [[Jayamala]] in other lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/sididedda-sahodara.html|title=Sididedda Sahodara|accessdate=2015-01-23|publisher=filmibeat.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sididedda Sahodara |url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/titles/sid/sididedda-sahodara/mid_36386/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923191143/http://www.apunkachoice.com/titles/sid/sididedda-sahodara/mid_36386/ |archive-date=2015-09-23 |accessdate=2015-01-23 |publisher=apunkachoice.com}}</ref> The action-romantic comedy was a moderate hit and the songs were also popular.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] as Dileep and Pradeep
*[[Tiger Prabhakar]] as Jagga
*[[Aarathi]] as Latha
*[[Jayamala]] as Geetha
*[[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]] as Shantha
*[[Dinesh (Kannada actor)|Dinesh]] as Sadashiva
*[[Musuri Krishnamurthy]] as Kitty
*[[Dheerendra Gopal]] as Ethiraj
*[[Sudheer (Kannada actor)|Sudheer]]
*[[Chethan Ramarao]] in Guest Appearance
*[[Sadashiva Brahmavar]] in Guest Appearance
*K. V. Manjaiah in Guest Appearance
*Kulashekar
*Comedian Guggu
*Lakshman
*Master Sanjay
*Master Narendra
*Shanthamma
*Girija

{{div col end}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by Satyam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://play.raaga.com/kannada/album/Sididedda-Sahodara-songs-K0000633|title=Sididedda Sahodara Songs|accessdate=2015-01-23|website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || Nanna Sama Yarilla || S. Janaki, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || [[R. N. Jayagopal]] || 04:22
|-
| 2 || Beda Annuvarunte || S. Janaki, [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]]|| [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]]|| 04:33
|-
| 3 || Hareyavu Karedide || [[S. Janaki]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Vani Jairam]]|| [[R. N. Jayagopal]]|| 04:35
|-
| 4 || O Najuku Nalle || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || Geethapriya || 04:33
|-
| 5 || Duddu Idre || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || Geethapriya || 04:30
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1380198}}
* {{YouTube|id=yaMQ3FeTlYo|title=Sididedda Sahodara}}

[[Category:1983 films]]
[[Category:1983 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1983 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Satyam (composer)]]

{{1980s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Gosaba (community development block)

2026-03-02T16:34:00Z

Marta694059068: added references

{{Short description|Community Development Block in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gosaba
| native_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Community development block|Community Development Block]]
| image_skyline =
| image_map = Gosaba in South 24 Parganas (West Bengal).svg
| mapsize = 300
| map_caption = Location of Gosaba community development block in South 24 Parganas district
| coordinates = {{coord|22.1652|N|88.8079|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of subdivisions of West Bengal|Subdivision]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Canning subdivision|Canning]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Gosaba]]
| leader_title = [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayats]]
| leader_name = Amtali, Bali-I, Bali-II, Bipradaspur, Chhota Mollakhali, Gosaba, Kachukhali, Kumirmari, Lahiripur, Pathankhali, Radhanagar Taranagar, Rangabelia, Satjelia, Shambhunagar
| leader_title1 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Jaynagar Lok Sabha constituency|Jaynagar]]
| leader_title2 = [[List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = [[Gosaba Assembly constituency|Gosaba]]
| total_type = Total
| area_total_km2 = 296.73
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 246,598
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 78.98 per cent
| demographics1_title2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| demographics1_info2 = 959 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics2_title2 = Additional official
| demographics2_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| website = {{URL|https://s24pgs.gov.in/}}
}}

'''Gosaba''' is a [[community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Canning subdivision]] of [[South 24 Parganas|South 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
[[File:South 24 Parganas Tehsil Map (en).svg|thumb]]
Gosaba CD block is located at {{coord|22.1652|N|88.8079|E|format=dms|}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|6|m}}.

Gosaba CD block is bounded by [[Sandeshkhali II]] CD block in [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the north, [[Basanti (community development block)|Basanti]] CD block in the west and [[Sundarbans]] forests in the east and south. On the east, across the forests, there is the border with [[Satkhira District]] of [[Bangladesh]]. The [[Raimangal River|Raimangal]] and [[Kalindi River|Kalindi]] rivers run along the [[India]]-[[Bangladesh]] border.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1917_PART_B_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: South 24 Parganas, Series 20, Part XII B | work= Map of South 24 Parganas with CD block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 11 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/south-24-parganas.html|title = South Twenty-four Parganas | work= CD block/ tehsil map|publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 11 October 2019}}</ref>

[[South 24 Parganas district]] is divided into two distinct physiographic zones: the marine-riverine delta in the north and the marine delta zone in the south. As the sea receded southwards, in the sub-recent [[Period (geology)|geological period]], a large low-lying plain got exposed. Both [[Tide|tidal]] inflows and the rivers have been depositing sediments in this plain. The periodical collapse of both the natural [[levee]]s and man-made embankments speed up the process of filling up of the depressions containing [[brackish water]] wetlands. The marine delta in the south is formed of interlacing tidal channels. As non-saline water for irrigation is scarce, agriculture is [[monsoon]] dominated. Some parts of the wetlands are still preserved for raising fish.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 1 South 24 Parganas: An Overview, p 9-12 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 1 April 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Gosaba CD block has an area of 296.73 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 14 [[gram panchayat]]s, 147 gram sansads (village councils), 51 [[mouza]]s and 50 inhabited villages, as per ''District Statistical Handbook'' for South Twenty-four Parganas. [[Gosaba#Police station|Gosaba]] and [[Chhota Mollakhali|Sundarban Coastal]] police stations serve this CD Block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South 24 Parganas | work = Table No. 2.1, 2.2 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 11 October 2019 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at [[Gosaba]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2155 | title = BDO Offices under South 24 Parganas District | publisher = West Bengal Public Library Network, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 11 October 2019 | archive-date = 3 October 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181003083629/http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2155 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Gosaba CD block has 372.5 km of embankments, the highest amongst the thirteen [[Sundarban]] CD Blocks. Breaches in these embankments varied from 6 km in 2003–04 to 54 km in 2006–07. Embankments raised along rivers are of critical importance for the safety of lives and protection of crops, against daily tides and tidal surges. Technologically the embankment structures are weak and there is need of proper drainage of accumulated rain water through sluice gates. Crude cuts in embankments for drainage of accumulated rain water and channels built for providing water to large fisheries ({{Transliteration|bn|bheris}}) also add to the hazards. Cyclones and tropical depressions are regular threats.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Intro: pp 218-221, Chapter 7.4: Vulnerability to Natural Disasters | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 April 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Gosaba CD block/[[panchayat samiti]] are: Amtali, Bali-I, Bali-II, Bipradaspur, Chhota Mollakhali, Gosaba, Kachukhali, Kumirmari, Lahiripur, Pathankhali, Radhanagar Taranagar, Rangabelia, Satjelia and Shambhunagar.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://s24pgs.gov.in/s24p/page.php?nm=Blocks |title= Blocks and Gram Panchayats in South 24 Parganas| publisher = South 24 Parganas District Administration |access-date = 1 April 2016}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
As per [[2011 Census of India]], Gosaba CD block had a total population of 246,598, all of which were rural. There were 125,901 (51%) males and 120,688 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 27,841. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 154,484 (62.69%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 23,343 (9.47%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 2 April 2016}}</ref>

As per [[2001 Census of India]], Gosaba CD block had a total population of 222,764, out of which 113,827 were males and 108,937 were females. Gosaba CD block registered a population growth of 11.10 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for [[South 24 Parganas]] district was 20.89%. Decadal growth in [[West Bengal]] was 17.84%. [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Castes]] at 146,060 formed more than one-half the population. [[Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 22,561.<ref name=handbook>{{cite web | url =http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title =District Statistical Handbook – 2010-11 – South 24 Parganas | work =South 24 Parganas at a glance, Tables 2.2, 2.4 (b), 4.5 | publisher =Bureau of Applied Economics and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date =3 April 2016 | archive-date =21 January 2019 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_18.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-01-20 |work=Census of India 2001 – South 24 Parganas |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110719041523/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_18.htm |archive-date=19 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-01-20 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Gosaba CD block (2011 census figures in brackets): Radhanagar Paschim (4,196), Radhanagar Purba (4,583), Chimta (6,332), Amtali (5,650), Puinjali (5,455), Kumirmari (17,451), Kalidaspur (5,724), Taranagar (6,572), Baramollakhali (4,127), Radhanagar Dakshin (4,475), Harishpur (4,878), Kamakhyapur (4,577), Kamarpara (4,091), Chandipur (5,456), Manmathanagar (7,971), [[Gosaba]] (5,369), Arampur (6,618), Birajnagar (5,328), Bijoynagar (6,507), Bally (6,234), Amlamethi (9,298), Kachukhali (5,176), Satjalia (8,757), Dayapur (4,972), Chhota Mollakhali (10,537), Sudhansupur (4,352), Luxbagan (4,504), Sadhupur (6,992) and Lahiripur (6,851).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Gosaba CD block include (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Pathankhali]] (1,414), Pakhiralay (3,946), Rangabalia (3,620), Sambhunagar (2,886) and Hamilton Abad (3,761).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Gosaba CD block was 172,781 (78.98% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 96,642 (86.40% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 76,139 (71.22% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 15.18%.<ref name=census2011/>

As per [[2011 Census of India]], literacy in [[South 24 Parganas]] district was 77.51<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php |title = District Census 2011 |publisher= Population Census 2011 | access-date = 24 January 2016}}</ref> Literacy in [[West Bengal]] was 77.08% in 2011.<ref name=literacy>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_progresstables.pdf | title= Provisional population tables and annexures| work= Census 2011:Table 2(3) Literates and Literacy rates by sex |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 9 February 2016}}</ref> Literacy in [[India]] in 2011 was 74.04%.<ref name=literacy/>

As per [[2001 Census of India]], Gosaba CD block had a total literacy of 68.93 per cent for the 6+ age group. While male literacy was 80.74 per cent female literacy was 56.60 per cent. [[South 24 Parganas]] district had a total literacy of 69.45 per cent, male literacy being 79.19 per cent and female literacy being 59.01 per cent.<ref name=handbook/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of South 24 Parganas district|collapsible=y}}

===Language===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Gosaba block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 98.21 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Nagpuri language|Sadri]] |value2 = 1.73 |color2 = burlywood
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 0.03 |color3 = orange
|label4 = [[Urdu]] |value4 = 0.02 |color4 = green
|label5 = Others |value5 = 0.01 |color5 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 98.21% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 1.73% [[Nagpuri language|Sadri]], 0.03% [[Hindi]] and 0.02% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Gosaba CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|88.06}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|8.63}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in West Bengal|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|1.30}}
{{bar percent|Other (tribal religion)|maroon|0.97}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|1.04}}
}}

In the [[2011 Census of India]], Hindus numbered 217,155 and formed 88.06% of the population in Gosaba CD block. Muslims numbered 21,286 and formed 8.63% of the population. Others numbered 8,157 and formed 3.31% of the population. Christians numbered 3,200.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> In 2001, Hindus were 90.03% of the population, while Muslims and Christians were 8.48% and 1.30% of the population respectively.

The proportion of Hindus in South Twenty-four Parganas district has declined from 76.0% in 1961 to 63.2% in 2011. The proportion of Muslims in South Twenty-four Parganas district has increased from 23.4% to 35.6% during the same period. Christians formed 0.8% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Pages 52-53: Religion| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 5 October 2018}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
As per the ''[[Human Development Report]]'' for South 24 Parganas district, published in 2009, in Gosaba CD block the percentage of households [[Below Poverty Line|below poverty line]] was 38.03%. The poverty rates were very high in the [[Sundarbans settlements]] with all thirteen CD blocks registering poverty ratios above 30% and eight CD blocks had more than 40% of the population in the BPL category. The Sundarban region remains the most backward region in terms of quality of life. As per rural household survey in 2005, the proportion of households in South 24 Parganas with poverty rates below poverty line was 34.11%, way above the state and national poverty ratios.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Pages 42-43, Chapter 3.8: Poverty Scenario in South 24 Parganas | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Gosaba CD block'''
|value1 = 19.74
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 54.16
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 4.44
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 21.66
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Gosaba CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 21,914 and formed 19.74%, agricultural labourers numbered 60,111 and formed 54.16%, household industry workers numbered 4,927 and formed 4.44% and other workers numbered 24,044 and formed 21.66%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 24 September 2019}}</ref> Total workers numbered 110,996 and formed 45.01% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 135,602 and formed 54.99% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 24 September 2019}}</ref>

The ''District Human Development Report'' points out that in the blocks of region situated in the close proximity of the Kolkata metropolis, overwhelming majority are involved in the non-agricultural sector for their livelihood. On the other hand, in the Sundarban region, overwhelming majority are dependent on agriculture. In the intermediate region, there is again predominance of the non-agricultural sector. Though the region is not very close to Kolkata, many places are well connected and some industrial/ economic development has taken place.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Page 69, Chapter 4.3: Occupational Diversification | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 31 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 28 December 2017}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 50 inhabited villages in Gosaba CD block, as per ''District Census Handbook'', South Twenty-four Parganas, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 50 villages (100%) have drinking water supply. 34 villages (68.00%) have post offices. 42 villages (84.00%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 8 villages (16.00%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 35 villages (70.00%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 4 villages (8.00%) have agricultural credit societies and 12 villages (24.06%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 111, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 26 September 2019}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
South 24 Parganas had played a significant role in the [[Tebhaga movement]] launched by the [[Communist Party of India]] in 1946. Subsequently, ''[[Operation Barga]]'' was aimed at securing tenancy rights for the peasants. In Gosaba CD block 13,608.84 acres of land was acquired and vested. Out of this 13,084.85 acres or 96.15% of the vested land was distributed among the peasants. The total number of patta (document) holders was 26,176.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 3 November 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

According to the ''District Human Development Report'', agriculture is an important source of livelihood in South Twentyfour Parganas district. The amount of cultivable land per agricultural worker is only 0.41 hectare in the district. Moreover, the irrigation facilities have not been extended to a satisfactory scale. Agriculture mostly remains a mono-cropped activity.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Pages 28-30, Chapter 3.2: Sectoral Composition of Output | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

As per the ''District Census Handbook'', the saline soil of the district is unfit for cultivation, but the non-salty lands are very fertile. While rice is the main food crop, jute is the main cash crop.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 21: Agriculture | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 26 September 2019}}</ref>

In 2013–14, there were 120 fertiliser depots, 28 seed stores and 50 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in Gosaba CD block.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South 24 Parganas | work = Table No. 16.1, 18.1, 18.3, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 27 September 2019 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013–14, Gosaba CD block produced 113,260 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 40,433 hectares, 19,475 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 6,440 hectares, 2,663 tonnes of potatoes from 95 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Pisciculture===
In Gosaba CD block, in 2013–14, net area under effective pisciculture was 3,208 hectares, engaging 64,740 persons in the profession, and with an approximate annual production of 107,740 quintals.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Pisciculture is an important source of employment in South 24 Parganas district. As of 2001, more than 4.5 lakh people were engaged in Pisciculture. Out of this 2.57 lakhs were from the 13 blocks in the Sundarbans.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Pages 76, Chapter 4.5.2: Non-agriculture, (i) Pisciculture | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Banking===
In 2013–14, Gosaba CD block had offices of 2 commercial banks and 4 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
South 24 Parganas district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 22 September 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 22 September 2019}}</ref>

==Transport==
Gosaba CD block has 30 ferry services. The nearest railway station is 36 km from the block headquarters.<ref name=handbook2014/>

==Education==
In 2013–14, Gosaba CD block had 162 primary schools with 15,942 students, 8 middle schools with 944 students, 19 high schools with 5,658 students and 18 higher secondary schools with 11,081 students. Gosaba CD block had 1 general degree college with 1,675 students and 493 institutions for special and non-formal education with 14,120 students.<ref name=handbook2014/>

See also – [[Education in India]]

As per the 2011 census, in Gosaba CD block, amongst the 50 inhabited villages, all villages had schools, 55 villages had two or more primary schools, 39 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 33 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, South 24 Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 931-932, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 2 October 2019}}</ref>

[[Sundarban Hazi Desarat College]] was established at [[Pathankhali]] in 1961.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://hazidesaratcollege.org/HOME | title = Sundarban Hazi Desart College | publisher = SHDC | access-date = 30 October 2019 | archive-date = 30 October 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191030155307/http://hazidesaratcollege.org/HOME | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Gosaba CD block had 1 rural hospital, 2 primary health centre and 1 NGO/ private nursing home with total 71 beds and 7 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 51 family welfare subcentres. 2,674 patients were treated indoor and 51,595 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

As per 2011 census, in Gosaba CD block, 3 villages had primary health centres, 34 villages had primary health subcentres, 9 villages had maternity and child welfare centres, 1 village had a veterinary hospital, 19 villages had medicine shops and out of the 172 inhabited villages 2 villages had no medical facilities.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 927-929, Appendix I: Summary showing total number of villages having Educational, Medical and other amenities – CD block level | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 4 October 2019}}</ref>

Gosaba Rural Hospital at [[Gosaba]], with 30 beds, is the major government medical facility in Gosaba CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at [[Chhota Mollakhali]] (with 10 beds) and Dakshin Radhanagar (PO Dhalarhat) (with 6 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =1 November 2019 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =1 November 2019 | archive-date =16 August 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200816074737/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 1 November 2019 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Sundarbans CD Blocks}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in South 24 Parganas district]]

K. Sivan

2026-02-23T23:40:42Z

Marta694059068: expand content and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian aerospace engineer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Indian name|Sivan|Kailasavadivoo}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K. Sivan
| image = K._Sivan.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Official portrait
| office1 = 9th [[Chairperson of ISRO|Chairman of ISRO]]
| term_start1 = {{Start date|2018|01|15|df=yes}}
| term_end1 = {{End date|2022|01|14|df=yes}}
| predecessor1 = [[A. S. Kiran Kumar]]
| successor1 = [[S. Somanath]]
| office2 = 12th Director of [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]]
| term_start2 = 2015
| term_end2 = 2018
| predecessor2 = [[Madhavan Chandradathan|M. C. Dathan]]
| successor2 = [[S. Somanath]]
| birth_name = Kailasavadivoo Sivan
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1957|04|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Keezha Sarakkalvilai|Mela Sarakkalvilai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| education = {{Plainlist|
* [[Madurai Kamaraj University]] ([[B.Sc.]])
* [[Madras Institute of Technology]] ([[B.Tech.]])
* [[Indian Institute of Science|IISc Bengaluru]] ([[Master of Engineering|M.E.]])
* [[IIT Bombay]] ([[Ph.D.]]) }}
| other_names =
| years_active =
| known_for =
| signature =
| office =
}}

'''Kailasavadivu Sivan''' (born 14 April 1957) is an Indian [[aerospace engineer]] who served as the [[Department of Space|secretary of the Department of Space]] and [[Chairperson of ISRO|chairman of ISRO]] and Space Commission.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/renowned-scientist-sivan-k-named-new-isro-chairman/articleshow/62446296.cms | title=Renowned scientist Sivan K named new ISRO chairman | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date=10 January 2018 | access-date=10 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sivan-k-named-new-isro-chairman/articleshow/62446648.cms | title=Sivan K named new ISRO chairman | newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] | date=10 January 2018 | access-date=10 January 2018}}</ref> He has previously served as the director of the [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Center]] and the [[Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Dr. Sivan takes over as LPSC director|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/dr-sivan-takes-over-as-lpsc-director/article6167037.ece|access-date=28 May 2016|work=The Hindu|date=2 July 2014}}</ref>

==Early life==
Sivan was born in Sarakkalvilai, near [[Nagercoil]] in [[Kanyakumari district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] state of India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/a-humble-farmers-son-to-isros-rocket-man-incredible-journey-of-k-sivan/articleshow/71022596.cms|title=A humble farmer's son to Isro's 'Rocket Man': Incredible journey of K Sivan|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 September 2019 }}</ref> His parents are Kailasavadivu and mother Chellam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/science/science/120118/fighting-odds-once-mango-trader-now-isro-chairman.html|title=Fighting odds: Once mango trader now Isro chairman|last=Raman|first=A. Ragu|date=2018-01-12|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2019-08-31}}</ref>

== Education ==
Sivan is the son of a mango farmer and studied in a [[Tamil Language|Tamil]] medium Government school in Mela Sarakkalvilai Village and later in [[Vallan Kumaran Vilai|Vallankumaranvilai]], in [[Kanyakumari district]]. He is the first graduate from his family.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/k-sivan-a-humble-farmers-sons-journey-to-indian-space-agency-top-job/articleshow/62461458.cms | title=K Sivan: A humble farmer's son's journey to Indian Space agency top job | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date=11 January 2018 | accessdate=11 January 2018}}</ref> Later Sivan graduated with a bachelor's degree in aeronautical engineering from [[Madras Institute of Technology]] in 1980. He then got a master's degree in [[aerospace engineering]] from the [[Indian Institute of Science]], [[Bangalore]] in 1982, and started working in ISRO.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-17 |title=Chairman ISRO, Secretary DOS - ISRO |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/chairman-isro-secretary-dos |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817225051/https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/chairman-isro-secretary-dos |archive-date=2019-08-17 |access-date=2022-09-03 }}</ref> He earned a [[Doctorate|doctoral degree]] in aerospace engineering from the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay]] in 2006. He is a Fellow of the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]], the [[Aeronautical Society of India]] and the Systems Society of India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/from-farmer-s-son-to-isro-chief-lesser-known-accomplishments-of-k-sivan-1596648-2019-09-07|title=From farmer's son to Isro chief: Lesser known accomplishments of K Sivan|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-10-31|agency=Ist}}</ref> He was conferred Doctor of Science (''Honoris Causa'') from [[Sathyabama University]], Chennai in April 2014.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 January 2018 |title=Who is K. Sivan? |url=http://www.livemint.com/Science/iPyhurrfzKQCTru7K871AI/Who-is-K-Sivan.html |accessdate=22 January 2018 |work=Sharan Poovanna |publisher=Livemint}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sivan worked on the design and development of launch vehicles for Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-09 |title=‘He’s like me, rose from poverty to the top’: Former ISRO chief K Sivan on new chairman V Narayanan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/former-isro-chairman-k-sivan-on-v-narayanan-9767311/ |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Sivan joined ISRO in 1982 to participate on the [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)]] Project. Sivan played a major role in reviving the GSLV programme. The 6D trajectory simulation software SITARA was developed under the guidance of Sivan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BRIEF BIO-DATA OF DR. K. SIVAN |url=https://convocation.iiita.ac.in/pdf/drksivan.pdf}}</ref> He was appointed the director of ISRO's [[Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre]] on 2 July 2014.<ref>{{cite news|author=|title=New Directors at ISRO centres|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/new-directors-at-isro-centres/article6167830.ece|access-date=2 July 2014|publisher=The Hindu|date=2 July 2014}}</ref> On 1 June 2015, he became the director of [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/new-directors-for-major-isro-centres/article7271425.ece |title=New directors for major ISRO centres|date=January 24, 2018|publisher=The Hindu BusinessLine|access-date=February 22, 2024}}</ref>

Sivan was appointed the chief of ISRO in January 2018 and he assumed office on 15 January.<ref>{{cite news |title=K. Sivan takes charge as new ISRO chairman |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/k-sivan-takes-charge-as-new-isro-chairman/article22446006.ece |accessdate=28 October 2018 |work=The Hindu |date=16 January 2018 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Under his chairmanship, ISRO launched [[Chandrayaan-2]], the second mission to the Moon on 22 July 2019, of which ''Vikram'' lander and the ''[[Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)|Pragyan]]'' rover crashed; the orbiter was not affected and is still orbiting the Moon as of September 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chandrayaan-2: Success in India's second attempt at launching Moon mission |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/07/22/asia/india-space-ambitions-moon-launch-intl-hnk/index.html}}</ref>

On 30 December 2020, his chairmanship was extended by a year to January 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narasimhan |first=TE |title=Isro chairman K Sivan gets one-year extension till January 2022 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/government-extends-isro-chief-k-sivan-s-tensure-till-january-2022-120123001352_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721230418/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/government-extends-isro-chief-k-sivan-s-tensure-till-january-2022-120123001352_1.html |archive-date=21 July 2024 |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> His earlier tenure was up to January 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|title=ISRO chief K Sivan gets extension till January 2022, ensures continuity in opening up space sector|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isro-chief-k-sivan-gets-extension-till-january-2022-ensures-continuity-in-opening-up-space-sector/articleshow/80031427.cms|access-date=2020-12-31}}</ref>

On 25 January 2021, Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) has registered a complaint against Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) Chairman and Secretary, Department of Space (DoS), K Sivan, over allegations of irregularities in recruiting his son in ISRO’s Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC) in Valiamala, Thiruvananthapuram, by bypassing norms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISRO top brass pushed Sivan junior's recruitment: Plaint |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/feb/13/isro-top-brass-pushed-sivan-juniors-recruitment-plaint-2263366.html |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=The New Indian Express|date=13 February 2021 }}</ref>

Sivan has been appointed the chairman of the Board of Governors at the Indian Institute of Technology, Indore. He will replace Deepak B P, whose term ended on 21 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Indore |first=Press Trust of India |title=Ex-ISRO chief Dr K Sivan is now chairman of IIT Indore's board of governors |url=https://www.business-standard.com/education/news/ex-isro-chief-dr-k-sivan-is-now-chairman-of-iit-indore-s-board-of-governors-123083101028_1.html |access-date=2023-09-01 |website=Business Standard}}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[He got Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Award]], 2019.<ref name="apjkalam award">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/isro-chairman-sivan-gets-apj-abdul-kalam-award/article29099981.ece |title=ISRO Chairman Sivan gets A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Award |date=2019-08-15 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>
* [[IEEE Simon Ramo Medal]], shared with [[B. N. Suresh|Byrana N. Suresh]], 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://twitter.com/isro/status/1310909186549542914?lang=en|title=ISRO on Twitter: "Dr B N Suresh and Dr. K Sivan were awarded the prestigious IEEE 'Simon Ramo Medal' 2020 for their exemplary work in the field of systems engineering.}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/chairman-isro-secretary-dos ISRO biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113185004/https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/chairman-isro-secretary-dos |date=13 January 2022 }}

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{s-bef|before=[[A. S. Kiran Kumar]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chairman of the ISRO]]|years=2018 - 2022}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[S. Somanath]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Madhavan Chandradathan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Director, [[VSSC]]|years=2015 - 2018}}
{{end}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sivan, Kailasavadivoo}}
[[Category:ISRO people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian aerospace engineers]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian space scientists]]
[[Category:Engineers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:Madras Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:IIT Bombay alumni]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2022]]

Gadwal Assembly constituency

2026-02-22T10:04:16Z

Marta694059068: correct content additionally and fixed typos

{{short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gadwal
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (79-Gadwal highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Gadwal Assembly constituency within Telangana
| mla = [[Bandla Krishna Mohan Reddy]]<ref name="Gadwal MLA controversy">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/240823/telangana-hc-sets-aside-the-election-of-gadwal-brs-mla.html|title=Telangana HC sets aside the Election of Gadwal BRS MLA|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=24 August 2023 |accessdate=24 August 2023}}</ref>
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = 2023
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Jogulamba Gadwal district|Jogulamba Gadwal]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagarkurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Nagarkurnool]]
| established = 1951
| electors = 2,34,943
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 79
}}

'''Gadwal Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is one of 14 constituencies in [[Mahbubnagar district]]. It is part of [[Nagarkurnool (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagarkurnool Lok Sabha constituency]]. The incumbent MLA is Bandla Krishna Mohan Reddy of the INC.

==Mandals==
The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following Mandals:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Gadwal]]
|-
| [[Maldakal]]
|-
| [[Ghattu]]
|-
| Dharoor
|-
| Kaloor Timmanadoddi
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year of election
! MLA
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
! colspan=4| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| 1957
| D. K. Satya Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| 1962
| Raja Krishna Ram Bhupal
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 1967
| Uppala N. Gopal Reddy
|-
| 1972
| Paga Pulla Reddy
|-
| 1978
| rowspan="1" | D. K. Satya Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| 1980 (byelection)
| D.K Samara Simha Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 1983
| D. K. Samara Simha Reddy
|-
| 1985
| Uppala N. Gopala Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| 1987 (Recounting)
| D.K. Samara Simha Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1989
| D. K. Samara Simha Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1994
| D. K. Bharata Simha Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| 1999
| Ghattu Bheemudu
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| 2004
| rowspan=2| [[D. K. Aruna]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| 2009
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=1}}
|-
| 2014
|[[D. K. Aruna]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=1}}
|-
| 2018
| rowspan= 2 |[[Bandla Krishna Mohan Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
| 2023
| {{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2023]]: Gadwal (Assembly constituency)}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[Bandla Krishna Mohan Reddy]]
| votes =94,097
| percentage =43.79
| change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Saritha Thirupathaiah]]|votes=87,061|percentage=40.52|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Forward Bloc|candidate=Gongalla Ranjith Kumar|votes=13,454|percentage=6.26|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Shiva Reddy|votes=7,558|percentage=3.52|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=B. R. Thimmanna|votes=2,826|percentage=1.32|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Athikur Rahaman|votes=1,771|percentage=0.82|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Raghavendrudu|votes=1,143|percentage=0.53|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Ediga Parameshwar Goud|votes=838|percentage=0.39|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Raju Gaddegothram|votes=778|percentage=0.36|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=775|percentage=0.36|change=}}{{Election box majority|votes=7,036|percentage=3.27|change=}}{{Election box turnout|votes=2,14,872|percentage=|change=}}{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2018]]: Gadwal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[Bandla Krishna Mohan Reddy]]
| votes = 1,00,057
| percentage = 52.60%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[D. K. Aruna]]
| votes = 71,612
| percentage = 37.64%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Forward Bloc
| candidate = MD.Abdul Moheed Aqeel Khan
| votes = 7,189
| percentage = 3.78%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 1,315
| percentage = 0.69%
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 28,445
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,90,234
| percentage = 83.94%
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
|loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2014]]: Gadwal (Assembly constituency)}}<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043902/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=997&cid=79 Gadwal Results]}}</ref>
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[D. K. Aruna]]
| votes = 83,355
| percentage = 48.78%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[Bandla Krishna Mohan Reddy]]
| votes =75,095
| percentage = 43.95%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Krishnaiah
| votes = 3,576
| percentage = 2.09%
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 8,260
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,70,866
| percentage = 82.51%
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Andhra Pradesh Assembly Elections, 2004]]: Gadwal (Assembly constituency)}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2004/andhra-pradesh/gadwal/27/26638/176 | title=IndiaVotes AC: Gadwal 2004 }}</ref>
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = [[D. K. Aruna]]
| votes = 80,703
| percentage = 56.40%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = Ghattu Bheemudu
| votes = 42,017
| percentage = 29.40%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = Nagardoddi Venkatramudu
| votes = 9,501
| percentage = 6.60%
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 38,686
| percentage = 27.1%
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,42,966
| percentage = 67.40%
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1951]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]
[[Category:Jogulamba Gadwal district]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in India]]

2023 Mumbai Indians season

2026-02-16T15:47:13Z

Marta694059068: new...

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team season}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = Mumbai Indians
| image =
| season = 2023
| coach = [[Mark Boucher]]
| coachtitle = Coach
| captain = [[Rohit Sharma]]
| captaintitle = Captain
| ground = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| comp1 = 2023 Indian Premier League
| comp1 result = 4th
| most runs = [[Suryakumar Yadav]] (605)
| most wickets = [[Piyush Chawla]] (22)
| most catches = [[Tim David]] (10)
| most dismissals = [[Ishan Kishan]] (13)
| prevseason = [[Mumbai Indians in 2022|2022]]
| nextseason = [[Mumbai Indians in 2024|2024]]
}}

The 2023 season of the [[Indian Premier League]] saw [[Mumbai Indians]] plays its 16th season.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-to-become-10-team-tournament-from-2022-1275505|title=IPL to become 10-team tournament from 2022|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

Having finished the 2022 season in the bottom spot on the table, the team qualified for the playoffs in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/ipl-2023-rohit-sharma-took-mumbai-indians-to-qualifiers-with-astute-captaincy-irfan-pathan/article66894181.ece|title=IPL 2023. Rohit Sharma took Mumbai Indians to Qualifiers with astute captaincy: Irfan Pathan|date=25 May 2023|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Background==
The franchise retained several players ahead of the 2023 mini-auction. These included the list as below.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tata IPL 2023 Player Retention |url=https://cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/ipl-2023/auction/teams/62 |access-date=October 21, 2023 |website=Cricbuzz.com |publisher=Cricbuzz.com}}</ref>

*[[Rohit Sharma]]
*[[Ishan Kishan]]
*[[Suryakumar Yadav]]
*[[Jasprit Bumrah]]
*[[Hrithik Shokeen|Hritik Shokeen]]
*[[Arjun Tendulkar]]
*[[Tim David]]
*[[Kumar Kartikeya]]
*[[Dewald Brevis]]
*[[Ramandeep Singh (cricketer)|Ramandeep Singh]]
*[[Tilak Varma]]
*[[Jofra Archer]]
*[[Arshad Khan (Indian cricketer)|Mohd. Arshad Khan]]
*[[Akash Madhwal]]
*[[Tristan Stubbs]]
*[[Jason Behrendorff]]

===Players released===
*[[Kieron Pollard]] (Retired)
*[[Anmolpreet Singh]]
*[[Aryan Juyal]]
*[[Basil Thampi]]
*[[Daniel Sams]]
*[[Fabian Allen]]
*[[Jaydev Unadkat]]
*[[Mayank Markande]]
*[[Murugan Ashwin]]
*[[Rahul Buddhi]]
*[[Riley Meredith]]
*[[Sanjay Yadav (cricketer)|Sanjay Yadav]]
*[[Tymal Mills]]

===Players signed===
*[[Cameron Green]]
*[[Duan Jansen]]
*[[Nehal Wadhera]]
*[[Shams Mulani]]
*[[Piyush Chawla]]
*[[Raghav Goyal]]
*[[Jhye Richardson]]
*[[Vishnu Vinod]]

== Season ==
Despite the absence of experienced bowlers in the team, and with [[Jasprit Bumrah]] injured,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/jasprit-bumrah-provides-major-injury-update-a-day-after-mis-ipl-2023-exit-we-meet-again-101685195864517.html|title=Jasprit Bumrah provides major injury update a day after MI's IPL 2023 exit: '...we meet again'|date=27 May 2023|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> the emergence of [[Akash Madhwal]], who took a [[five-wicket haul]] in the eliminator match<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/photos/ipl-2023-eliminator-akash-madhwals-stunning-5-wicket-haul-guides-mi-to-win-vs-lsg-105271|title=IPL 2023, Eliminator: Akash Madhwal's Stunning 5-Wicket Haul Guides MI To Win vs LSG. Photo Gallery|website=NDTVSports.com}}</ref> was one of the positives for the team.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-22 |title=How Uttarakhand transformed Akash Madhwal, a tennis-ball cricketer |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/how-uttarakhand-transformed-akash-madhwal-a-tennis-ball-cricketer/articleshow/100408410.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-21 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The team started slowly, losing two of its first three matches, but was able to finish 4th in the group stage, qualifying for the playoffs. They beat [[Lucknow Super Giants]] in the eliminator, but lost to [[Gujarat Titans]] in the second playoff match.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-28 |title=GT vs MI Highlights, IPL 2023 Qualifier 2: Gujarat Titans blow away Mumbai Indians to set up final with Chennai Super Kings |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/mi-vs-gt-live-score-gujarat-titans-vs-mumbai-indians-ipl-2023-qualifier-2-live-updates/liveblog/100528546.cms |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

[[Suryakumar Yadav]] was the standout talent with the bat accumulating 605 runs,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/ipl-2023/story/suryakumar-yadav-completes-600-runs-with-fifty-fifty-in-ipl-2023-2385041-2023-05-26|title=GT vs MI: Suryakumar Yadav hits 600 plus runs in an IPL season for first time in his career|website=India Today}}</ref> whilst [[Piyush Chawla]] took 22 wickets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/sports/cricket/exclusive-mumbai-indians-star-player-piyush-chawla-shares-22-wicket-haul-secret-ipl-2023-playoff-full-interview-1607659|title='I Bowled Wrong Deliveries, But…': IPL Star Piyush Chawla Shares 22-Wicket Haul Secret|first=Ashish|last=Satyam|date=8 June 2023|website=news.abplive.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.mumbaiindians.com/ Official Website]
{{2023 Indian Premier League}}
{{Mumbai Indians}}

[[Category:Mumbai Indians seasons]]
[[Category:2023 Indian Premier League]]

Minhaz Merchant

2026-02-12T15:20:09Z

Marta694059068: starting initial data from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
'''Minhaz Merchant''' is an editor, author and publisher.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.businessworld.in/author/Columnist/Minhaz-Merchant-82755/|title = BW Businessworld | Minhaz Merchant}}</ref> He founded the pioneering media firm Sterling Newspapers Pvt. Ltd. which was later acquired by the [[Indian Express Group]].<ref name="times of india">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/author/minhazmerchant/|title = Minhaz Merchant Blog|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="economic times">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/minhaz-merchants-book-on-am-naik-is-more-than-a-biography-it-is-also-a-meeting-of-minds/articleshow/61703185.cms|title = Minhaz Merchant's book on AM Naik is more than a biography, it is also a meeting of minds|newspaper = The Economic Times|last1 = Layak|first1 = Suman}}</ref>

==Career==
Minhaz through his media startups, has founded and launched 10 specialised magazines – Gentleman, GFQ, TV and Video World, Technocrat, Business Computer, Mega City, Business Barons, Banking & Finance, élan and Innovate.<ref name="minhazmerchant">[http://minhazmerchant.com/ Minhaz Merchant]</ref> He has written seven books<ref name="economic times"/><ref name="minhazmerchant"/> and is the biographer of former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, the late industrialist Aditya Birla and the chairman of [[Larsen & Toubro]], A.M. Naik.<ref name="amazon">{{Cite web | url=https://www.amazon.com/s?i=stripbooks&rh=p_27%3AMinhaz+Merchant&s=relevancerank&text=Minhaz+Merchant&ref=dp_byline_sr_book_1 | title=Results - Modi: The Challenge of 2024 - The Battle for India | website=www.amazon.com | access-date=2024-04-28}}</ref>

Minhaz has appeared on numerous television news programmes on [[India Today TV]], [[Times Now|TimesNow]] and [[NDTV]]. His YouTube channel features a current affairs show Head-On with Minhaz Merchant for some time.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Head-on with Minhaz Merchant
| url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCrxYYc3YD6ROfQmm354GyFQ | website=www.youtube.com | access-date=2024-04-28}}</ref> His last video on YouTube is 3 year old

Apart from being a media entrepreneur, Minhaz is a widely published newspaper columnist and television commentator. He is the author of The New Clash of Civilizations: How the Contest Between America, China, India and Islam will Shape Our Century.<ref name="amazon"/>

==Education==
Minhaz Merchant studied in [[Cathedral and John Connon School]], Mumbai, West Buckland School, Devon, England, and St. Xaviers College, Bombay University. He holds an honours degree in physics and mathematics and is the recipient of the Lady Jeejeebhoy scholarship for physics.<ref name="times of india"/>

==Personal==
Minhaz was born in Bhavnagar, Gujarat, to a prominent industrialist Muslim family. His father, D.M. Merchant, was one of India’s first business graduates from the [[University of California, Berkeley]], in 1950. Minhaz is married to the artist Kahini Merchant and has two children Suhail and Tehzeeb.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/MinhazMerchant1/photos/a.786611888060864/1003702323018485/?type=1&theater | title=With wife Kahini and daughter Tehzeeb (standing). Son Suhail presently in London | date=2016-04-06 | website=www.facebook.com}}{{Self-published source| date=April 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Merchant, Minhaz}}
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biographers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian magazine editors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian male biographers]]

Tinku Acharya

2026-02-12T03:14:58Z

Marta694059068: done

{{Short description|Indian computer scientist}}
{{Orphan|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox scientist
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| native_name =
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| known_for = [[Artificial intelligence]], VLSI Architectures and Algorithms, [[JPEG 2000]], Image and [[video compression]]
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'''Tinku Acharya''' is an Indian computer [[scientist]], technologist and fellow of the American institute, the [[IEEE]].<ref name="ieee"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Videonetics : Cognitive heritage of innovation & growth |url=https://www.isrmag.com/videonetics-cognitive-heritage-of-innovation-growth/ |website=Ismag |date=4 April 2019}}</ref>

==Education and career==
Tinku Acharya was born in [[Howrah]], West Bengal, India. He received his BSc, [[BTech]] and [[MTech]] in [[Computer Science|CS]] from the [[University of Calcutta|Calcutta University]] in 1987. He completed PhD in [[Computer Science]] from the [[University of Central Florida|Central Florida University]] in 1994, USA with specialization in VLSI Architectures and Algorithms for Data Compression.<ref name="ieee">{{cite web |title=Tinku Acharya. He is inventor of more than 180 patents. |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37283318400 |website=[[IEEE]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Vlsi algorithms and architectures for data compression |url=https://stars.library.ucf.edu/rtd/4365/ |website=Retrospective Theses and Dissertations |date=1 January 1992 |last1=Acharya |first1=Tinku }}</ref>

From 1996 to 2002, Acharya worked at [[Intel Corporation|Intel Corporation USA]]. He led several R&D and algorithm development teams in Intel Corporation (USA) to develop digital camera, electronic imaging systems and reprographics architecture for color photocopiers, and high-performance VLSI architectures.<ref name="India Gov"/> In late 90's, he developed the 'key image processing chain’ to map them into a small foot-print silicon for first dual-mode digital camera (Intel Corporation, USA).<ref name="EH"/>

During 1998 to 2002, he was an adjunct professor in the Department of [[Electrical engineering]], [[Arizona State University]], [[Tempe, Arizona|Tempe]], Arizona.<ref>{{cite web |title=A VLSI Architecture for Lifting-Based Forward and Inverse Wavelet Transform |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/2560770 |website=ResearchGate}}</ref> And Adjunct Professor at [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur|IIT Kharagpur]] in Electronics & Electrical Communication Engineering.

Tinku Acharya also served [[JPEG 2000]] Standard Committee of in the US National Body in the [[International Organization for Standardization]].<ref name="EH">{{cite web |title=Dr. Tinku Acharya is elevated to IEEE Fellow for his contribution to image processing |url=http://www.eeherald.com/section/news/nw100010156.html |website=www.eeherald.com}}</ref> He wrote the first book on JPEG 2000 Standard of this scalable image compression for its VLSI and software implementations.<ref>{{cite web |title=JPEG2000 Standard for Image Compression: Concepts, Algorithms and VLSI Architectures {{!}} Wiley |url=https://www.wiley.com/en-us/JPEG2000+Standard+for+Image+Compression%3A+Concepts%2C+Algorithms+and+VLSI+Architectures-p-9780471653752 |website=Wiley.com |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |language=en-us}}</ref>

Acharya started Videonetics in 2008, an artificial intelligence and deep learning-powered video computing platform company selected as Technology Pioneer by [[World Economic Forum]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Videonetics |url=https://widgets.weforum.org/techpioneers-2021/videonetics/ |website=widgets.weforum.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Reaping the Deep Tech Dividend in India |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/reaping-the-deep-tech-dividend-in-india-7800141.htm |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en |date=22 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Founder of AI surveillance developer Videonetics speaks to IFSEC TV |url=https://www.ifsecglobal.com/video-surveillance/watch-founder-ai-surveillance-developer-videonetics-speaks-ifsec-tv/ |website=IFSEC Global |publisher=[[IFSEC International]] |date=5 July 2018}}</ref>

Acharya contributed in modern enterprise-class Video Management System, Intelligent Video Analytics applications, and an Artificial Intelligence-based Unified Video Computing Platform.<ref>{{cite web |title=From Genome Sequencing to Helping the Visually-Impaired: 7 AI Innovations Changing Lives |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/264169/startup-innovation-covid-19-diabetic-retinopathy-intel-india/ |publisher=[[The Better India]] |language=en |date=19 October 2021}}</ref>

Acharya worked at [[AT&T Labs]], USA before joining Intel Corporation.<ref name="IFSE">{{cite web |title=Videonetics Founder Q&A: VMS' and IP Security |url=https://www.ifsecglobal.com/video-surveillance/videonetics-qa-dr-tinku-acharya-intellectual-property-vms-ip-security/ |website=IFSEC Global {{!}} Security and Fire News and Resources |date=12 January 2015}}</ref> He also served as the Director – IT at [[Intellectual Ventures]] from 2008 to 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Tinku Acharya |url=https://www.sourcesecurity.com/people/dr-tinku-acharya.html |website=www.sourcesecurity.com}}</ref>

Acharya has collaborated with Eastman Kodak, Indian Statistical Institute [[Indian Institute of Science]] and many more.<ref name="India Gov"/>

Tinku Acharya participates and contributes in many activities promoting and advancement of science and technology in various fields in India. He served as a member of the Research Advisory Board of [[National Council of Science Museums]], [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture, Govt. of India]]. He was also a Governing Body Member of the Technology Innovation Hub at the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Patna]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Research Advisory Board |url=https://ncsm.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Members-of-Research-Advisory-Board-till-18-06-2022.pdf |website=ncsm.gov.in}}</ref>

==Invention==
[[File:Tinku Acharya - Lecture Session - International Capacity Building Workshop on Innovation - NCSM - Kolkata 2015-03-27 4634.JPG|thumb|Tinku Acharya - Lecture Session - International Capacity Building Workshop on Innovation - NCSM - Kolkata 2015-03-27 4634]]

Acharya introduced the concept of "Sixel" (Sensory Elements) to unify multiple heterogenous types of sensory data into a single data structure like static image or motion pictures (video) to process all correlated sensory data using single analytical processing framework. He is inventor of over 180 international patents.<ref>{{cite web |title=US Patent for Integrated intelligent server based system for unified multiple sensory data mapped imagery analysis Patent (Patent # 10,212,462 issued February 19, 2019) – Justia Patents Search |url=https://patents.justia.com/patent/10212462 |website=patents.justia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tinku Acharya Inventions, Patents and Patent Applications – Justia Patents Search |url=https://patents.justia.com/inventor/tinku-acharya |website=patents.justia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tinku Acharya Patents and publications |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tinku-Acharya |website=Researchgate}}</ref>

He is an expert in Intelligent Video processing, Artificial Intelligence, Video IoT ([[Internet of Things]]) and their pragmatic mapping in various multicore computing architectures and VLSI, actively engaged and influenced the development of today's Intelligent Video Analytics and Scalable Intelligent Video Management System since early 2000's.<ref name="IFSE"/>

==Awards and recognition==
Acharya received many awards and recognition during his career. Some of the notables are as follows.
*Acharya was elevated to the status of IEEE Fellow in 2010 for his "contribution to the advancement of large scale integration algorithms and architectures for electronic image processing."<ref name="EH"/><ref name="Wcat">{{cite book |last1=Acharya |first1=Tinku |last2=Tsai |first2=Ping-Sing |title=JPEG2000 standard for image compression: concepts, algorithms and VLSI architectures |publisher=Wiley-Interscience |language=English |date=2005|oclc=57585202 }}</ref>
*In 2010, Acharya was the first recipient of the [[Prafulla Chandra Ray|Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray Memorial Award]] from the Institute of Pulmocare and Research for achievements in science and entrepreneurship.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amrita Faculty Member Awarded Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray Award – Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://amrita.edu/news/amrita-faculty-member-awarded-acharya-prafulla-chandra-ray-award/ |website=amrita.edu |date=1 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Talk of the week |url=http://www.pulmocareindia.org/talk-of-the-week-2/ |website=Institute of Pulmocare and Research}}</ref>
*2009 NASI-Reliance Platinum Jubilee Award from the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] for Innovation in Physical Sciences’.<ref>{{cite web |title=The National Academy of Sciences, India – Activities |url=http://nasi.nic.in/ripja.htm |website=nasi.nic.in}}</ref>
*In 2008, he received the ‘Engineer of the Year’ award from IEEE Phoenix, USA and ‘Outstanding Engineer’ award from IEEE Southwest Region, US.<ref name="India Gov">{{cite web |title=Tinku Acharya |url=https://indiaai.gov.in/people/dr-tinku-acharya |website=indiaai.gov.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Subject bar
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|commons-search = Category:Tinku Acharya
|d = yes
|d-search = Q111028354
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
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}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Acharya, Tinku}}
[[Category:Fellows of the IEEE]]
[[Category:Scientists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian computer scientists]]
[[Category:Bengali scientists]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Rohit Khosla

2026-02-10T03:07:35Z

Marta694059068: cleanup

{{Short description|Indian fashion designer (1958–1994)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Rohit Khosla
|image = ROHITKHOSLA-PORTRAIT.jpg
|caption =
|birth_date = {{birth date|1958|11|29|df=y}}
|birth_place =
|death_date = {{death date and age|1994|02|16|1958|11|29|df=y}}
|death_place =
|education =
|label_name =
|awards =
|known_for =
|occupation = Fashion designer
}}
{{expand section|early life|date=December 2009}}

'''Rohit Khosla''' (29 November 1958 – 16 February 1994) was a pioneer of the contemporary [[Fashion in India|fashion industry]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiaclub.com/shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=11091 |title=Review |access-date=13 May 2008 |archive-date=16 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516233313/http://www.indiaclub.com/shop/searchresults.asp?ProdStock=11091 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Khosla studied in England, worked with designers in New York, but returned to India to start his own label in 1987, along with his sister, designer Rohini Khosla.

==Early life==
Born in November 1958 to Usha and Kamal Khosla in an affluent [[Punjabi Hindu]] family, Rohit had always dreamed of becoming a fashion pioneer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kala |first=Kalyani |date=2018-12-25 |title=FASHION HISTORY- THE PIONEER INDIAN FASHION ROHIT KHOSLA |url=https://medium.com/@kalyanii8927/fashion-history-the-pioneer-indian-fashion-rohit-khosla-3be6d8bda7fb |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref>

An alumnus of [[The Doon School]] in [[Dehradun|Dera Doon]], he took a foundation course in art and followed it with studying fashion at [[Kingston University]]. In college, his contemporaries were Nick Coleman, [[John Richmond (fashion designer)|John Richmond]] and [[Helen Storey]].<ref>https://www.huffingtonpost.in/anshu-khanna-/rohit-khosla-was-indias-greatest-designer-but-he-never-got-to_a_21457112/ {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> He is quoted in his biography Vanguard, penned by Rohini Khosla, "studying in England was pure bliss -- ideas just flowing, fabrics everywhere and fashion obsessive people all around me."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-23 |title=Rohit Khosla Was India's Greatest Designer, But He Never Got To Know It |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/rohit-khosla-was-indias-greatest-designer-but-he-never-got-to_a_21457112 |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref>

He entered the Indian fashion scene when it was still a nascent industry <ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19991202/ige02139.html Fashion audiences..] [[Indian Express]], 2 December 1999.</ref> and left his hallmark.<ref name="today">[http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/new-cut-5.html New cut] [[India Today]], 20 December 2007.</ref>

In those days, it was considered a bold step to enter fashion, especially when one had such a high-profile qualification. Khosla was the first Indian fashion designer to launch an haute couture label. His family was extremely supportive of his fashion career.<ref>{{Cite web |title=This is how the era of the Indian 'fashion designer' began - Elle India |url=https://elle.in/article/fashion-nostalgia/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> In his short life, Khosla spearheaded major contributions to the Indian fashion industry.

==Career==
In 1987, he co-founded Ensemble, India's popular designer label store in [[New Delhi]],<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/hyderabad-times/the-haute-couturier/articleshow/14889133.cms The haute couturier..And Rohit was very much a part of the beginning of Ensemble - Tarun Tahiliani] ''[[The Times of India]]'', 2 July 2002.</ref> with Tarun and Sal Tahiliani, which started with five labels: [[Tarun Tahiliani]], Rohit Khosla, Neil Bieff, Amaya, Abu Jani and [[Sandeep Khosla]].<ref name=today/>

Many leading fashion designers of India trained under Rohit Khosla, including Aparna Chandra, Ranna Gill,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.willslifestyleindiafashionweek.com/designer-profile-r1.php |title=Designer Profile - Rana Gill |access-date=13 May 2008 |archive-date=9 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509093606/http://www.willslifestyleindiafashionweek.com/designer-profile-r1.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sonam Dobal <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiafashionweek.com/news/shownews.php?id=26536 |title=Sonam Dobal |access-date=13 May 2008 |archive-date=13 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713024923/http://www.indiafashionweek.com/news/shownews.php?id=26536 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[JJ Valaya]].<ref>[http://www.india-today.com/ifw/designers.html India Fashion Week – Designer Profile] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031211209/http://www.india-today.com/ifw/designers.html |date=31 October 2008 }} [[India Today]], 2008.</ref>

== Death ==
[[File:Rohit khosla dance with friend.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|Rohit Khosla with a friend]]
Khosla, who was [[bisexual]], died in 1994, aged 36, due to cancer.<ref name=BN>{{cite web | url=https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/rohit-khosla-vanguard-rohini-khosla/1002885715 | title=Rohit Khosla Vanguard | publisher=Barnes and Noble | accessdate=23 August 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/the-impossible-lovely-nafisa-ali-on-a-1994-cover-of-femina-1741007 | title=The Impossibly Lovely Nafisa Ali On A 1994 Cover Of Femina | date=23 August 2017 | first= Aashna | last=Shah | publisher=NDTV | accessdate=23 August 2017 }}</ref> He had earlier contracted [[HIV/AIDS]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-positive-attitude-is-the-real-winner/article2656605.ece | title= A positive attitude is the real winner | first=Sunil | last=Naliyath | newspaper=The Hindu | date=24 November 2011 | accessdate=23 August 2017 }}</ref>

==Legacy==
In 1998, Rohini Khosla published a book on his life and work, titled ''Rohit Khosla, Vanguard''.<ref name=BN /> In 2007 the [[India Fashion Week]] paid a tribute to him, with designers like [[Rohit Bal]] dedicating his collection to him.<ref>[http://www.bollywoodgate.com/indian-fashion-news/rohit-khosla-relived-through-the-fashion-week.html Rohit Khosla relived through the fashion week]</ref><ref>[http://content.msn.co.in/Lifestyle/FashionBeauty/LifestyleindA_140907_1453.htm Fashion fraternity remembers Rohit Khosla]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 14 September 2007.</ref>

The annual India Zee F Awards presents the Rohit Khosla Award for 'Debutante Designer of the Year'.<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20071105194437/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2006/05/01/stories/2006050101970400.htm Fashion forward]}} [[The Hindu]], 1 May 2006.</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==Further reading==
* ''Rohit Khosla, Vanguard'', by Rohini Khosla, Amanda Johnston. Art Books Intl Ltd., 1998. {{ISBN|81-7508-017-5}}.

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khosla, Rohit}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ artists]]
[[Category:Indian people with disabilities]]
[[Category:Indian bisexual men]]
[[Category:Artists from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian fashion designers]]
[[Category:The Doon School alumni]]
[[Category:LGBTQ fashion designers]]
[[Category:People with HIV/AIDS]]
[[Category:Alumni of Kingston University]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian LGBTQ people]]

Nanditha K. S.

2026-02-08T18:02:31Z

Marta694059068: starting first post from scratch

{{short description|Indian poet}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nanditha K. S.
| image = Nandithayude kavithakal.jpg
| caption = Nanditha's picture on her book ''Nandithayude Kavithakal''
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1969|5|21}}<ref name="KL">{{cite web |title=നന്ദിത. കെ. എസ് |url=http://keralaliterature.com/malayalam-writers-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4-%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86-%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D-2-nandhutha-k-s/ |website=Keralaliterature.com |date=11 February 2019}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Wayanad]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1999|1|17|1969|5|21|df=y}}<ref name="KL"/>
| education = [[Master of Arts]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Calicut]]
| spouse =
| occupation = Poet, lecturer
| notable_works = ''Nandithayude Kavithakal''
}}

'''Nanditha K. S.''' was a poet from [[Kerala]] who wrote poems in [[Malayalam]] and [[English language|English]]. Her poems were discovered in her diary after her death and published as a collection.

==Biography==
Nanditha was born on May 21, 1969, in Madakkimala, [[Wayanad district]] to M. Sreedhara Menon, who retired as General Manager at Kalpetta Cooperative Bank and Prabhavathy Menon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-26 |title=നന്ദിത: പരാജയപ്പെട്ടവളുടെ അവസാന കവിത |url=https://janayugomonline.com/nandithayude-kavithakal-review/ |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=Janayugom Online |language=en-US |agency=[[Janayugom]]}}</ref><ref name="SIJE">{{cite journal |last1=Soumya |first1=Sahadevan |last2=P. |first2=Nagaraj |title=An in-depth study on the life and works of K.S Nanditha |journal=Shanlax International Journal of English |date=2017-06-19 |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=5–9 |url=http://www.shanlaxjournals.in/pdf/ENG/V5N3/ENG_V5_N3_002.pdf |issn=2320-2645}}</ref> After her schooling in Government Ganpath Model Girls High School, Chalappuram, she completed her higher education from [[Zamorin's Guruvayurappan College]], [[Farook College]], [[University of Calicut | University of Calicut English Department]] and [[Mother Teresa Women's University|Mother Teresa Women's University, Chennai]].<ref name="KL" /> After completing her B.A. and M.A. degrees, she worked as guest lecturer for English at the [[Wayanad Muslim Orphanage|Wayanad Muttil Muslim Orphanage Arts and Science College]].<ref name="SIJE"/> She applied to pursue a Ph.D. on the topic of “Personal Freedom – A Dilemma: An iconoclastic approach to the ideals of womanhood with reference to the novels of Gail Godwin.”<ref name="SIJE"/>

Nanditha took her life on 17 January 1999.<ref name="Mat">{{cite news |title=നന്ദിതയുടെ കവിതകള്‍ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/book-reviews/--1.177032 |work=Mathrubhumi |language=ml |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507121932/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/book-reviews/--1.177032 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The reason why Nandita committed suicide remains unknown.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=കണ്ടെത്തിയപ്പോൾ തുമ്പിലെ അഗ്നി കെട്ടു പോയ തൂലിക |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/literaryworld/remembering-nanditha-poet-and-works.html |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=ManoramaOnline |agency=[[Malayala Manorama]]}}</ref> After her death, her parents discovered a diary of her poems which she had not shared with anyone.<ref name=":0" /> A collection of her poems written between 1985 through 1993 were published in a book form as ''Nandithayude Kavithakal'', under the initiative of the Malayalam literary critic, [[M. M. Basheer]].<ref name="mathrubhumi">{{cite web|title=Ormakalil Nanditha|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/women/features/nanditha-poet-malayalam-news-1.764347|publisher=Mathrubhumi|publication-date=1 Jan 2016|language=Malayalam|access-date=24 December 2019|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027000933/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/women/features/nanditha-poet-malayalam-news-1.764347|url-status=dead}}</ref> The first edition of the book was published in 2002<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Gopika Sidharthan,Aparna |date=2024-02-07 |title=Reviving Nanditha's legacy: Viral poems and the dark academia trend among youth |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2024/Feb/07/reviving-nandithas-legacy-viral-poems-and-the-dark-academia-trend-among-youth |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and ninth edition ({{ISBN|978-9385269585}}) in 2021 by Olive Books.

Death and love were common themes in her poems.<ref name="deccan">[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/101017/the-woman-who-loved-death.html The woman who loved death], Deccan Chronicle, 10 Oct 2017</ref> Though most of her poems were in Malayalam she also wrote in English.<ref name="mathrubhumi"/>
Her life was the subject of the film titled Nanditha released in 2017.<ref name="deccan"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FdznE1ZdKp8 Documentary on Nanditha in Malayalam]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nanditha, K. S.}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:1999 suicides]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Poets from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam poets]]
[[Category:People from Wayanad district]]
[[Category:University of Calicut alumni]]
[[Category:Suicides in India]]

14th Maharashtra Assembly

2026-01-28T05:33:13Z

Marta694059068:

{{Short description|Legislature of Maharashtra, India (2019–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox legislative term
| name = 14th Maharashtra Assembly
| before = [[13th Maharashtra Assembly]]
| after = [[15th Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|15th Maharashtra Assembly]]
| image = Vidhan Bhavan aerial view.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]] [[Mumbai]]
| body = [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| election = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]]
| government = *[[Second Fadnavis ministry]] (2019 - 2019)
* [[Thackeray ministry]] (2019–2022)
* [[Eknath Shinde ministry]](2022–2024)
| opposition =
| term_start = 27 November 2019
| term_end = 26 November 2024
| website = 
| chamber2 = [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|House of the People]]
| chamber2_image = File:Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Latest Update.svg
| chamber2_image_size = 350px
| chamber2_alt =
| membership2 = 288
| control2 = {{plainlist|
* [[BJP]]+[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] (2019-2019)
* [[Maha Vikas Aghadi]] (2019-2022)
'''[[National Democratic Alliance]]''' (2022-2024)}}
| chamber2_leader1_type = [[List of speakers of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the House]]
| chamber2_leader1 = {{plainlist|
* [[Nana Patole]] (2019-2021)
* [[Narhari Sitaram Zirwal]] (Acting) (2021-2022)
*[[Rahul Narwekar]](2022-2024)}}
| chamber2_leader2_type = [[List of deputy speakers of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker of the House]]
| chamber2_leader2 =
| chamber2_leader3_type = [[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| chamber2_leader3 = {{plainlist|
* [[Devendra Fadnavis]] (2019-2019)
* [[Uddhav Thackeray]] (2019-2022)
*[[Eknath Shinde]](2022-2024)}}
| chamber2_leader4_type = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]]
| chamber2_leader4 = {{plainlist|
*[[Ajit Pawar]] (2019-2019)
*[[Ajit Pawar]] (2019-2022)
*[[Devendra Fadnavis]](2022-2024)
*[[Ajit Pawar]] (2023-2024)}}
| chamber2_leader5_type = [[List of Leaders of the House of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Leader of the House]]
| chamber2_leader5 = * [[Devendra Fadnavis]] (2019-2019)
* [[Uddhav Thackeray]] (2019-2022)
*[[Eknath Shinde]] (2022-2024)
| chamber2_leader6_type = [[List of Leader of the Opposition of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
| chamber2_leader6 = *[[Dilip Walse-Patil]] (Acting) (2019-2019)
* [[Devendra Fadnavis]] (2019-2022)
*[[Ajit Pawar]] (2022-2023)
*[[Jitendra Awhad]] (Acting) (2023 - 2023)
*[[Balasaheb Thorat]] (Additional Charge) (2023 -2023)
*[[Vijay Namdevrao Wadettiwar]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nagpurtoday.in/congress-leader-vijay-wadettiwar-named-as-leader-of-opposition-in-maharashtra-assembly/08011052 | title=Congress Leader Vijay Wadettiwar Named as Leader of Opposition in Maharashtra Assembly | date=August 2023 }}</ref> (2023-2024)
| chamber1 = Sovereign
| chamber1_image =
| chamber1_image_size =
| chamber1_alt =
| membership1 =
| control1 =
| chamber1_leader1_type = [[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]]
| chamber1_leader1 = *[[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]] (2019-2023)
*[[Ramesh Bais]] (2023-2024)
*[[C.P. Radhakrishnan]] (2024-2024)
}}
The '''Members of 14th [[Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra]]''' were elected in the [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]], with results announced on 24 October 2019.

The majority needed to form the government is 145 seats in the assembly of 288 MLAs. The incumbent [[BJP]] [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena]] alliance crossed the majority of 145 seats needed in the assembly by winning a total of 161 seats in the alliance. Individually BJP won 105 and SHS won 56 seats. The Opposition [[Democratic Front (India)|INC-NCP]] Alliance with 106 seats did not reach the majority mark. Individually INC won 44 and NCP won 54 seats. Due to differences in power sharing arrangement, [[2019 Maharashtra political crisis]] ensued and Shiv Sena refused to support the newly sworned BJP CM. BJP did not prove majority in assembly. Shivsena and BJP split from their alliance.

[[Shiv Sena]] formed post-poll alliance with the Congress-NCP thus gaining majority of 172. The new alliance was named [[Maha Vikas Aghadi]].
[[Shiv Sena]] President [[Uddhav Thackeray]] was sworn is as the [[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra|19th Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]. BJP became the principal opposition party in Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uddhav Thackeray takes oath as Maharashtra CM {{!}} DD News |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/national/uddhav-thackeray-takes-oath-maharashtra-cm |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=ddnews.gov.in}}</ref>

On 21 June 2022, [[Eknath Shinde]], a senior Shiv Sena leader, along with several other [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLAs]] of the Maha Vikas Aghadi moved to [[Surat]], [[Gujarat]] throwing the coalition into a [[2022 Maharashtra political crisis|crisis]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Karthikeyan |first=Suchitra |date=2022-06-22 |title=Maharashtra Political Crisis: MVA slides into minority; here's how the numbers stand |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/maharashtra-political-crisis-mva-slides-into-minority-heres-how-the-numbers-stand/article65548913.ece |access-date=2022-06-23 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Following the crisis, a [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] led [[National Democratic Alliance]] came into power.

== Office bearers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Post
! Name
! colspan="2"| Party
! Term
|-
| '''[[List of governors of Maharashtra|Governor]]'''
| [[C. P. Radhakrishnan]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| '''[[Speaker of Maharashtra Assembly|Speaker]]'''
| [[Rahul Narwekar]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| '''[[List of Deputy Speakers of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker]]'''
|[[Narhari Sitaram Zirwal|Narhari Zirwal]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|
|-
| '''[[Chief minister of Maharashtra|Chief minister]]'''
|[[Eknath Shinde]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|
|-
|'''[[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|First Deputy Chief Minister]]'''
| [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|'''[[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Second Deputy Chief Minister]]'''
| [[Ajit Pawar]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|
|-
| '''[[List of leaders of the house in the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Leader of the House]]'''
|[[Eknath Shinde]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|
|-
|'''[[List of deputy leaders of the house in the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|First Deputy Leader of the House]]'''
| [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|'''[[List of deputy leaders of the house in the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Second Deputy Leader of the House]]'''
| [[Ajit Pawar]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|
|-
|'''[[List of Leader of the Opposition of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Leader of Opposition]]'''
|[[Vijay Namdevrao Wadettiwar|Vijay Wadettiwar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
| '''[[List of Leader of the Opposition of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|First Deputy Leaders of Opposition]]'''
| [[Jitendra Awhad]]
| {{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|
|-
| '''[[List of Leader of the Opposition of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Second Deputy Leaders of the Opposition]]'''
| [[Ajay Choudhari]]
| {{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
List-
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!District
!No.
!Constituency
!Name
!colspan="2"|Party
!colspan="2"|Alliance
!Remarks
|-
|rowspan="4" | [[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]]
|1
|[[Akkalkuwa Assembly constituency|Akkalkuwa]] (ST)
|Adv. [[Kagda Chandya Padvi|K. C. Padavi]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|2
|[[Shahada Assembly constituency|Shahada]] (ST)
|[[Rajesh Padvi]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|3
|[[Nandurbar Assembly constituency|Nandurbar]] (ST)
|[[Vijaykumar Krishnarao Gavit]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
*Cabinet Minister
|-
|4
|[[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur]] (ST)
|[[Shirishkumar Surupsing Naik]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|rowspan="5" | [[Dhule district|Dhule]]
|5
|[[Sakri Assembly constituency|Sakri]] (ST)
|[[Manjula Gavit]]
|bgcolor=CDCDCD|
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|6
|[[Dhule Rural Assembly constituency|Dhule Rural]]
|[[Kunal Rohidas Patil]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|7
|[[Dhule City Assembly constituency|Dhule City]]
|[[Shah Faruk Anwar]]
| bgcolor={{party color|All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen}} |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
|bgcolor=#CDCDCD|
|No Alliance
|
|-
|8
|[[Sindkheda Assembly constituency|Sindkheda]]
|[[Jayakumar Jitendrasinh Rawal]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|9
|[[Shirpur Assembly constituency|Shirpur]] (ST)
|[[Kashiram Vechan Pawara]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|rowspan="11" | [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]
|10
|[[Chopda Assembly constituency|Chopda]] (ST)
|[[Latabai Sonawane]]
| {{Full party name with color| Shiv Sena}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|11
|[[Raver Assembly constituency|Raver]]
|[[Shirish Madhukarrao Chaudhari]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|12
|[[Bhusawal Assembly constituency|Bhusawal]] (SC)
|[[Sanjay Waman Sawakare]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|13
|[[Jalgaon City Assembly constituency|Jalgaon City]]
|[[Suresh Damu Bhole]] (Rajumama)
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|14
|[[Jalgaon Rural Assembly constituency|Jalgaon Rural]]
|[[Gulab Raghunath Patil|Gulabrao Patil]]
| {{Full party name with color| Shiv Sena}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
*Cabinet Minister
|-
|15
|[[Amalner Assembly constituency|Amalner]]
|[[Anil Bhaidas Patil]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
*Cabinet Minister
*Chief Whip of Legislative Assembly NCP
|-
|16
|[[Erandol Assembly constituency|Erandol]]
|[[Chimanrao Patil]]
| {{Full party name with color| Shiv Sena}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|17
|[[Chalisgaon Assembly constituency|Chalisgaon]]
|[[Mangesh Chavan]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|18
|[[Pachora Assembly constituency|Pachora]]
|[[Kishor Appa Patil]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|19
|[[Jamner Assembly constituency|Jamner]]
|[[Girish Mahajan]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
*Cabinet Minister
|-
|20
|[[Muktainagar Assembly constituency|Muktainagar]]
|[[Chandrakant Nimba Patil]]
|bgcolor=CDCDCD|
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|rowspan="7" | [[Buldhana district|Buldana]]
|21
|[[Malkapur Assembly constituency|Malkapur]]
|[[Rajesh Panditrao Ekade]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|22
|[[Buldhana Assembly constituency|Buldhana]]
|[[Sanjay Gaikwad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|23
|[[Chikhali Assembly constituency|Chikhali]]
|[[Shweta Mahale]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|24
|[[Sindkhed Raja Assembly constituency|Sindkhed Raja]]
|[[Rajendra Shingne]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|25
|[[Mehkar Assembly constituency|Mehkar]] (SC)
|[[Sanjay Bhashkar Raimulkar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|26
|[[Khamgaon Assembly constituency|Khamgaon]]
|[[Akash Pandurang Fundkar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|27
|[[Jalgaon (Jamod) Assembly constituency|Jalgaon (Jamod)]]
| [[Sanjay Shriram Kute]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|rowspan="5" | [[Akola district|Akola]]
|28
|[[Akot Assembly constituency|Akot]]
|[[Prakash Gunvantrao Bharsakale]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|29
|[[Balapur Assembly constituency|Balapur]]
|[[Nitin Deshmukh]]
|bgcolor={{Party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}|
|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|30
|[[Akola West Assembly constituency|Akola West]]
|Colspan=5|'''Vacant'''
|Death of [[Govardhan Mangilal Sharma]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP MLA Govardhan Sharma passes away at 74 in Akola |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2023/11/03/bes14-mh-mla-death.html |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|31
|[[Akola East Assembly constituency|Akola East]]
|[[Randhir Pralhadrao Savarkar|Randhir Pralhadrao Sawarkar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|32
|[[Murtizapur Assembly constituency|Murtizapur]] (SC)
|[[Harish Marotiappa Pimple]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|rowspan="3" | [[Washim district|Washim]]
|33
|[[Risod Assembly constituency|Risod]]
|[[Amit Subhashrao Zanak]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|34
|[[Washim Assembly constituency|Washim]] (SC)
|[[Lakhan Sahadeo Malik]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|35
|[[Karanja Assembly constituency|Karanja]]
|Colspan=5|'''Vacant'''
|Death of [[Rajendra Patni]]
|-
|rowspan="8" | [[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|36
|[[Dhamangaon Railway Assembly constituency|Dhamangaon Railway]]
|[[Pratap Adsad]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|37
|[[Badnera Assembly constituency|Badnera]]
|[[Ravi Rana]]
|bgcolor=CDCDCD|
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|38
|[[Amravati Assembly constituency|Amravati]]
|[[Sulbha Sanjay Khodke]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|39
|[[Teosa Assembly constituency|Teosa ]]
|[[Yashomati Chandrakant Thakur]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|40
|[[Daryapur Assembly constituency|Daryapur]] (SC)
|Colspan=5|'''Vacant'''
|Resignation of [[Balwant Baswant Wankhade]]
|-
|41
|[[Melghat Assembly constituency|Melghat]] (ST)
|[[Rajkumar Dayaram Patel]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Prahar Janshakti Party}}" |
|[[Prahar Janshakti Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|42
|[[Achalpur Assembly constituency|Achalpur]]
|[[Bachchu Kadu]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Prahar Janshakti Party}}" |
|[[Prahar Janshakti Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
*Group Leader Legislative Assembly PJP Party
|-
|43
|[[Morshi Assembly constituency|Morshi]]
|[[Devendra Mahadevrao Bhuyar]]
|bgcolor=CDCDCD|
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/maharashtra-swabhimani-shetkari-sanghatana-expels-its-lone-mla-devendra-bhuyar-7835888/lite/ | title=Maharashtra: Swabhimani Shetkari Sanghatana expels its lone MLA Devendra Bhuyar | date=25 March 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/latest-daily-news-live-india-world-current-breaking-updates-6-10905321.html/amp | title=Maharashtra Politics Highlights: MLA Devendra Bhuyar from Sharad Pawar faction joins Ajit Pawar | date=5 July 2023 }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4" | [[Wardha district|Wardha]]
|44
|[[Arvi Assembly constituency|Arvi]]
|[[Dadarao Keche]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|45
|[[Deoli, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Deoli]]
|[[Ranjit Prataprao Kamble]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|46
|[[Hinganghat Assembly constituency|Hinganghat]]
|[[Samir Trimbakrao Kunawar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|47
|[[Wardha Assembly constituency|Wardha]]
| [[Pankaj Rajesh Bhoyar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|rowspan="12" | [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]]
|48
|[[Katol Assembly constituency|Katol]]
|[[Anil Deshmukh]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|49
|[[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner]]
|Colspan=5|'''Vacant'''
|Disqualification of [[Sunil Chhatrapal Kedar]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-24 |title=Congress MLA Sunil Kedar disqualified from Maharashtra assembly after conviction in Rs 150 crore bank scam |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/congress-mla-sunil-kedar-disqualified-from-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-after-conviction-in-rs-150-crore-nagpur-cooperative-bank-scam/articleshow/106248555.cms |access-date=2023-12-24 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|50
|[[Hingna Assembly constituency|Hingna]]
|[[Sameer Meghe]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|51
|[[Umred Assembly constituency|Umred]] (SC)
| colspan="5" |'''Vacant'''
|Resignation of Raju Parwe
|-
|52
|[[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West]]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
*Deputy Chief Minister
*Deputy Leader of the House
*Leader Legislature BJP Party
*Group Leader Legislative Assembly BJP Party
|-
|53
|[[Nagpur South Assembly constituency|Nagpur South]]
|[[Mohan Mate]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|54
|[[Nagpur East Assembly constituency|Nagpur East]]
|[[Krishna Khopde]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|55
|[[Nagpur Central Assembly constituency|Nagpur Central]]
|[[Vikas Kumbhare]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|56
|[[Nagpur West Assembly constituency|Nagpur West]]
|[[Vikas Pandurang Thakre]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|57
|[[Nagpur North Assembly constituency|Nagpur North]] (SC)
| [[Nitin Raut]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|58
|[[Kamthi Assembly constituency|Kamthi]]
|[[Tekchand Sawarkar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|59
|[[Ramtek Assembly constituency|Ramtek]]
|[[Ashish Jaiswal]]
|bgcolor=CDCDCD|
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|rowspan="3" | [[Bhandara district|Bhandara]]
|60
|[[Tumsar Assembly constituency|Tumsar]]
|[[Raju Manikrao Karemore]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|61
|[[Bhandara Assembly constituency|Bhandara]] (SC)
|[[Narendra Bhondekar]]
|bgcolor=CDCDCD|
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|62
|[[Sakoli Assembly constituency|Sakoli]]
|[[Nana Patole]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|rowspan="4" | [[Gondia district|Gondia]]
|63
|[[Arjuni-Morgaon Assembly constituency|Arjuni Morgaon]] (SC)
|[[Manohar Chandrikapure]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|64
|[[Tirora Assembly constituency|Tirora]]
|[[Vijay Bharatlal Rahangdale]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|65
|[[Gondiya Assembly constituency|Gondiya]]
|[[Vinod Agrawal (politician)|Vinod Agrawal]]
|bgcolor=CDCDCD|
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|66
|[[Amgaon Assembly constituency|Amgaon]] (ST)
|[[Korote Sahasram Maroti]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|rowspan="3" | [[Gadchiroli district|Gadchiroli]]
|67
|[[Armori Assembly constituency|Armori]] (ST)
|[[Krishna Damaji Gajbe|Krushna Gajbe]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|68
|[[Gadchiroli Assembly constituency|Gadchiroli]] (ST)
| [[Deorao Madguji Holi|Dr.Deorao Madguji Holi]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|69
|[[Aheri Assembly constituency|Aheri]] (ST)
|[[Dharamraobaba Bhagwantrao Aatram]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
*Cabinet Minister
|-
|rowspan="6" | [[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]]
|70
|[[Rajura Assembly constituency|Rajura]]
|[[Subhash Dhote]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|71
|[[Chandrapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Chandrapur]] (SC)
|[[Kishor Jorgewar]]
|bgcolor=CDCDCD|
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|72
|[[Ballarpur Assembly constituency|Ballarpur]]
|[[Sudhir Mungantiwar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
*Cabinet Minister
|-
|73
|[[Bramhapuri Assembly constituency|Bramhapuri]]
|[[Vijay Namdevrao Wadettiwar]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
*Leader of the Opposition
|-
|74
|[[Chimur Assembly constituency|Chimur]]
|[[Bunty Bhangdiya]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|75
|[[Warora Assembly constituency|Warora]]
|Colspan=5|'''Vacant'''
|Resignation of [[Pratibha Dhanorkar]]
|-
|rowspan="7" | [[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]]
|76
|[[Wani Assembly constituency|Wani]]
|[[Sanjivreddi Bapurao Bodkurwar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|77
|[[Ralegaon Assembly constituency|Ralegaon]] (ST)
| [[Ashok Uike]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|78
|[[Yavatmal Assembly constituency|Yavatmal]]
|[[Madan Madhukarrao Yerawar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|79
|[[Digras Assembly constituency|Digras]]
|[[Sanjay Rathod]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
*Cabinet Minister
|-
|80
|[[Arni Assembly constituency|Arni]] (ST)
| [[Sandip Prabhakar Dhurve|Sandeep Dhurve]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|81
|[[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad]]
|[[Indranil Naik]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|82
|[[Umarkhed Assembly constituency|Umarkhed]] (SC)
|[[Namdev Sasane]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|rowspan="9" | [[Nanded district|Nanded]]
|83
|[[Kinwat Assembly constituency|Kinwat]]
|[[Bhimrao Keram]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|84
|[[Hadgaon Assembly constituency|Hadgaon]]
|[[Jawalgaonkar Madhavrao Nivruttirao Patil]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|85
|[[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar]]
|Colspan=5|'''Vacant'''
|Resignation of [[Ashok Chavan]]
|-
|86
|[[Nanded North Assembly constituency|Nanded North]]
|[[Balaji Kalyankar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|87
|[[Nanded South Assembly constituency|Nanded South]]
|[[Mohanrao Marotrao Hambarde]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|88
|[[Loha Assembly constituency|Loha]]
|[[Shyamsundar Dagdoji Shinde]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Peasants And Workers Party of India}}|
|[[Peasants And Workers Party of India]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
*Group Leader Legislative Assembly PWPI Party
|-
|89
|[[Naigaon Assembly constituency|Naigaon]]
|[[Rajesh Pawar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|90
|[[Deglur Assembly constituency|Deglur]] (SC)
|[[Jitesh Antapurkar]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|Won in 2021 bypoll necessitated after the death of [[Raosaheb Antapurkar]]
|-
|91
|[[Mukhed Assembly constituency|Mukhed]]
|[[Tushar Rathod]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|rowspan="3" | [[Hingoli district|Hingoli]]
|92
|[[Basmath Assembly constituency|Basmath]]
|[[Chandrakant Nawghare]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|93
|[[Kalamnuri Assembly constituency|Kalamnuri]]
|[[Santosh Bangar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|94
|[[Hingoli Assembly constituency|Hingoli]]
|[[Tanaji Sakharamji Mutkule]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|rowspan="4" | [[Parbhani district|Parbhani]]
|95
|[[Jintur Assembly constituency|Jintur]]
|[[Meghana Bordikar|Meghna Sakore Bordikar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|96
|[[Parbhani Assembly constituency|Parbhani]]
| [[Rahul Vedprakash Patil]]
|bgcolor={{Party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}|
|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|97
|[[Gangakhed Assembly constituency|Gangakhed]]
|[[Ratnakar Gutte]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha}}|
|[[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
*Group Leader Legislative Assembly RSP Party
|-
|98
|[[Pathri Assembly constituency|Pathri]]
|[[Suresh Warpudkar]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|rowspan="5" | [[Jalna district|Jalna]]
|99
|[[Partur Assembly constituency|Partur]]
|[[Babanrao Lonikar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|100
|[[Ghansawangi Assembly constituency|Ghansawangi]]
|[[Rajesh Tope (politician)|Rajesh Tope]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|101
|[[Jalna Assembly constituency|Jalna]]
|[[Kailas Gorantyal]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|102
|[[Badnapur Assembly constituency|Badnapur]] (SC)
|[[Narayan Tilakchand Kuche]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|103
|[[Bhokardan Assembly constituency|Bhokardan]]
|[[Santosh Danve]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|rowspan="9" | [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar]]
|104
|[[Sillod Assembly constituency|Sillod]]
|[[Abdul Sattar Abdul Nabi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
*Cabinet Minister
|-
|105
|[[Kannad Assembly constituency|Kannad]]
|[[Udaysingh Rajput]]
|bgcolor={{Party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}|
|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|106
|[[Phulambri Assembly constituency|Phulambri]]
|Colspan=5|'''Vacant'''
|Resignation of [[Haribhau Bagde]]
|-
|107
|[[Aurangabad Central Assembly constituency|Aurangabad Central]]
|[[Pradeep Jaiswal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|108
|[[Aurangabad West Assembly constituency|Aurangabad West]] (SC)
|[[Sanjay Shirsat]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|109
|[[Aurangabad East Assembly constituency|Aurangabad East]]
|[[Atul Moreshwar Save]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
*Cabinet Minister
|-
|110
|[[Paithan Assembly constituency|Paithan]]
|Colspan=5|'''Vacant'''
|Resignation of [[Sandipanrao Bhumre]]
|-
|111
|[[Gangapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Gangapur]]
|[[Prashant Bamb]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|112
|[[Vaijapur Assembly constituency|Vaijapur]]
|[[Ramesh Bornare]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|rowspan="15" | [[Nashik district|Nashik]]
|113
|[[Nandgaon Assembly constituency|Nandgaon]]
|[[Suhas Kande]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|114
|[[Malegaon Central Assembly constituency|Malegaon Central]]
|[[Mohammed Ismail Abdul Khalique]]
| bgcolor={{party color|All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen}} |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
|bgcolor=#CDCDCD|
|No Alliance
|
*Group Leader Legislative Assembly AIMIM Party
|-
|115
|[[Malegaon Outer Assembly constituency|Malegaon Outer]]
|[[Dadaji Bhuse]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
*Cabinet Minister
|-
|116
|[[Baglan Assembly constituency|Baglan]] (ST)
|[[Dilip Manglu Borse]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|117
|[[Kalwan Assembly constituency|Kalwan]] (ST)
| [[Nitin Arjun Pawar]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|118
|[[Chandwad Assembly constituency|Chandwad]]
| Adv. [[Rahul Daulatrao Aher]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|119
|[[Yevla Assembly constituency|Yevla]]
|[[Chaggan Bhujbal]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
*Cabinet Minister
|-
|120
|[[Sinnar Assembly constituency|Sinnar]]
|[[Manikrao Kokate]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|121
|[[Niphad Assembly constituency|Niphad]]
|[[Diliprao Shankarrao Bankar]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|122
|[[Dindori, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Dindori]] (ST)
|[[Narhari Sitaram Zirwal]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
*Deputy Speaker of the House
|-
|123
|[[Nashik East Assembly constituency|Nashik East]]
|[[Rahul Uttamrao Dhikale]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|124
|[[Nashik Central Assembly constituency|Nashik Central]]
|[[Devayani Farande]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|125
|[[Nashik West Assembly constituency|Nashik West]]
|[[Seema Mahesh Hiray]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|126
|[[Deolali Assembly constituency|Deolali]] (SC)
|[[Saroj Ahire]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|127
|[[Igatpuri Assembly constituency|Igatpuri]] (ST)
|[[Hiraman Khoskar]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|rowspan="6" | [[Palghar district|Palghar]]
|128
|[[Dahanu Assembly constituency|Dahanu]] (ST)
|[[Vinod Bhiva Nikole]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|{{Party name with color|Unallied}}
|
*Group Leader Legislative Assembly CPI(M) Party
|-
|129
|[[Vikramgad Assembly constituency|Vikramgad]] (ST)
|[[Sunil Chandrakant Bhuasara]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|130
|[[Palghar Assembly constituency|Palghar]] (ST)
|[[Shrinivas Vanga]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|131
|[[Boisar Assembly constituency|Boisar]] (ST)
|[[Rajesh Raghunath Patil]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bahujan Vikas Aghadi}} |
|[[Bahujan Vikas Aghadi]]
|bgcolor=#CDCDCD|
|None
|
|-
|132
|[[Nalasopara Assembly constituency|Nalasopara]]
|[[Kshitij Thakur]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bahujan Vikas Aghadi}} |
|[[Bahujan Vikas Aghadi]]
|bgcolor=#CDCDCD|
|None
|
|-
|133
|[[Vasai (Vidhan Sabha) Constituency|Vasai]]
|[[Hitendra Thakur]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bahujan Vikas Aghadi}} |
|[[Bahujan Vikas Aghadi]]
|bgcolor=#CDCDCD|
|None
|
*Group Leader Legislative Assembly BVA Party
|-
|rowspan="18" | [[Thane district|Thane]]
|134
|[[Bhiwandi Rural Assembly constituency|Bhiwandi Rural]] (ST)
|[[Shantaram Tukaram More]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|135
|[[Shahapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Shahapur]] (ST)
|[[Daulat Daroda|Daulat Bhika Daroda]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|136
|[[Bhiwandi West Assembly constituency|Bhiwandi West]]
|[[Mahesh Prabhakar Choughule]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|137
|[[Bhiwandi East Assembly constituency|Bhiwandi East]]
|[[Rais Shaikh]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Samajwadi Party}}|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|138
|[[Kalyan West Assembly constituency|Kalyan West]]
|[[Vishwanath Bhoir]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|139
|[[Murbad Assembly constituency|Murbad]]
|[[Kisan Kathore]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|140
|[[Ambernath Assembly constituency|Ambernath]] (SC)
|[[Balaji Kinikar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|141
|[[Ulhasnagar Assembly constituency|Ulhasnagar]]
|[[Kumar Ailani]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|142
|[[Kalyan East Assembly constituency|Kalyan East]]
|[[Ganpat Gaikwad]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|143
|[[Dombivali Assembly constituency|Dombivli]]
|[[Ravindra Chavan]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
*Cabinet Minister
|-
|144
|[[Kalyan Rural Assembly constituency|Kalyan Rural]]
|[[Pramod Ratan Patil]]
| bgcolor=#5F2301|
|[[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
*Group Leader Legislative Assembly MNS Party
|-
|145
|[[Mira Bhayandar Assembly constituency|Mira Bhayandar]]
|[[Geeta Bharat Jain]]
|bgcolor=CDCDCD|
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|146
|[[Ovala-Majiwada Assembly constituency|Ovala-Majiwada]]
|[[Pratap Sarnaik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|147
|[[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi]]
|[[Eknath Shinde]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
*Chief Minister
*Leader of the House
*Leader Legislature SHS Party
*Group Leader Legislative Assembly SHS Party
|-
|148
|[[Thane Assembly constituency|Thane]]
|[[Sanjay Mukund Kelkar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|149
|[[Mumbra-Kalwa Assembly constituency|Mumbra-Kalwa]]
|[[Jitendra Awhad]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
*Deputy Leader of The Opposition (First)
*Chief Whip of Legislative Assembly NCP
|-
|150
|[[Airoli Assembly constituency|Airoli]]
|[[Ganesh Naik]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|151
|[[Belapur Assembly constituency|Belapur]]
|[[Manda Vijay Mhatre]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|rowspan="26" | [[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]]
|152
|[[Borivali Assembly constituency|Borivali]]
|[[Sunil Rane]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|153
|[[Dahisar Assembly constituency|Dahisar]]
|[[Manisha Chaudhary]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|154
|[[Magathane Assembly constituency|Magathane]]
|[[Prakash Surve]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|155
|[[Mulund Assembly constituency|Mulund]]
|[[Mihir Kotecha]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|156
|[[Vikhroli Assembly constituency|Vikhroli]]
|[[Sunil Raut]]
|bgcolor={{Party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}|
|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|157
|[[Bhandup West Assembly constituency|Bhandup West]]
|[[Ramesh Korgaonkar]]
|bgcolor={{Party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}|
|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|158
|[[Jogeshwari East Assembly constituency|Jogeshwari East]]
|Colspan=5|'''Vacant'''
|Resignation of [[Ravindra Waikar]]
|-
|159
|[[Dindoshi Assembly constituency|Dindoshi]]
|[[Sunil Prabhu]]
|bgcolor={{Party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}|
|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
*Chief Whip of Legislative Assembly SHS(UBT)
|-
|160
|[[Kandivali East Assembly constituency|Kandivali East]]
|[[Atul Bhatkhalkar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|161
|[[Charkop Assembly constituency|Charkop]]
|[[Yogesh Sagar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|162
|[[Malad West Assembly constituency|Malad West]]
|[[Aslam Shaikh]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|163
|[[Goregaon Assembly constituency|Goregaon]]
|[[Vidya Thakur]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|164
|[[Versova Assembly constituency|Versova]]
| [[Bharati Hemant Lavekar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|165
|[[Andheri West Assembly constituency|Andheri West]]
|[[Ameet Bhaskar Satam]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|166
|[[Andheri East Assembly constituency|Andheri East]]
|[[Rutuja Ramesh Latke]]
|bgcolor={{Party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}|
|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|Won in 2022 bypoll necessitated after the death of [[Ramesh Latke]]<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=2022-05-12 |title=Shiv Sena MLA Ramesh Latke dies of cardiac arrest in Dubai |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/shiv-sena-mla-from-mumbai-dies-of-cardiac-arrest-in-dubai/article65406459.ece |access-date=2022-05-26 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|167
|[[Vile Parle Assembly constituency|Vile Parle]]
|[[Parag Alavani]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|168
|[[Chandivali Assembly constituency|Chandivali]]
|[[Dilip Lande]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|169
|[[Ghatkopar West Assembly constituency|Ghatkopar West]]
|[[Ram Kadam]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|170
|[[Ghatkopar East Assembly constituency|Ghatkopar East]]
|[[Parag Shah]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|171
|[[Mankhurd Shivaji Nagar Assembly constituency|Mankhurd Shivaji Nagar]]
|[[Abu Asim Azmi]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Samajwadi Party}}|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
*Group Leader Legislative Assembly SP Party
|-
|172
|[[Anushakti Nagar Assembly constituency|Anushakti Nagar]]
|[[Nawab Malik]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|173
|[[Chembur Assembly constituency|Chembur]]
|[[Prakash Phaterpekar]]
|bgcolor={{Party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}|
|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|174
|[[Kurla Assembly constituency|Kurla]](SC)
|[[Mangesh Kudalkar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|175
|[[Kalina Assembly constituency|Kalina]]
|[[Sanjay Potnis]]
|bgcolor={{Party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}|
|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|176
|[[Vandre East Assembly constituency|Vandre East]]
|[[Zeeshan Siddique]]
|bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|177
|[[Vandre West Assembly constituency|Vandre West]]
|[[Ashish Shelar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
*Chief Whip of Legislative Assembly BJP
|-
|rowspan="10" | [[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]]
|178
|[[Dharavi Assembly constituency|Dharavi]] (SC)
|Colspan=5|'''Vacant'''
|Resignation of [[Varsha Gaikwad]]
|-
|179
|[[Sion Koliwada Assembly constituency|Sion Koliwada]]
|Captain [[R. Tamil Selvan]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|180
|[[Wadala Assembly constituency|Wadala]]
|[[Kalidas Kolambkar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|181
|[[Mahim Assembly constituency|Mahim]]
|[[Sada Sarvankar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|182
|[[Worli Assembly constituency|Worli]]
|[[Aditya Thackeray]]
|bgcolor={{Party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}|
|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|183
|[[Shivadi Assembly constituency|Shivadi]]
|[[Ajay Choudhari]]
|bgcolor={{Party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}|
|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
*Deputy Leader of The Opposition (Second)
*Leader Legislature SHS(UBT) Party
*Group Leader Legislative Assembly SHS(UBT) Party
|-
|184
|[[Byculla Assembly constituency|Byculla]]
|[[Yamini Jadhav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|185
|[[Malabar Hill Assembly constituency|Malabar Hill]]
|[[Mangal Prabhat Lodha]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
*Cabinet Minister
|-
|186
|[[Mumbadevi Assembly constituency|Mumbadevi]]
|[[Amin Patel]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|187
|[[Colaba Assembly constituency|Colaba]]
|[[Rahul Narwekar (politician)|Rahul Narwekar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
*Speaker of the House
|-
|rowspan="7" | [[Raigad district|Raigad]]
|188
|[[Panvel Assembly constituency|Panvel]]
|[[Prashant Thakur]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|189
|[[Karjat Assembly constituency|Karjat]]
|[[Mahendra Thorve|Mahendra Sadashiv Thorve]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|190
|[[Uran Assembly constituency|Uran]]
|[[Mahesh Baldi]]
|bgcolor=CDCDCD|
|Independent
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|191
|[[Pen Assembly constituency|Pen]]
|[[Ravisheth Patil]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|192
|[[Alibag Assembly constituency|Alibag]]
|[[Mahendra Dalvi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|193
|[[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan]]
|[[Aditi Sunil Tatkare]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
*Cabinet Minister
|-
|194
|[[Mahad Assembly constituency|Mahad]]
|[[Bharatshet Gogawale|Bharat Gogawale]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
*Chief Whip of Legislative Assembly SHS
|-
|rowspan="21" | [[Pune district|Pune]]
|195
|[[Junnar Assembly constituency|Junnar]]
|[[Atul Vallabh Benke]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|196
|[[Ambegaon Assembly constituency|Ambegaon]]
|[[Dilip Walse-Patil]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
*Cabinet Minister
|-
|197
|[[Khed Alandi Assembly constituency|Khed Alandi]]
|[[Dilip Mohite]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|198
|[[Shirur Assembly constituency|Shirur]]
|[[Ashok Raosaheb Pawar]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|199
|[[Daund Assembly constituency|Daund]]
|[[Rahul Kul]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|200
|[[Indapur Assembly constituency|Indapur]]
|[[Dattatray Vithoba Bharne]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|201
|[[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati]]
|Ajit Pawar
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
*Deputy CM of Maharastra
|-
|202
|[[Purandar Assembly constituency|Purandar]]
|[[Sanjay Jagtap]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|203
|[[Bhor Assembly constituency|Bhor]]
|[[Sangram Anantrao Thopate]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|204
|[[Maval Assembly constituency|Maval]]
|[[Sunil Shelke]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|205
|[[Chinchwad Assembly constituency|Chinchwad]]
|[[Ashwini Jagtap]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Won in 2023 by poll necessitated after the death of Laxman Jagtap
|-
|206
|[[Pimpri Assembly constituency|Pimpri]] (SC)
|[[Anna Bansode]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|207
|[[Bhosari Assembly constituency|Bhosari]]
|[[Mahesh Landge]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|208
|[[Vadgaon Sheri Assembly constituency|Vadgaon Sheri]]
|[[Sunil Tingre]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|209
|[[Shivajinagar, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Shivajinagar]]
|[[Siddharth Shirole]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|210
|[[Kothrud Assembly constituency|Kothrud]]
|[[Chandrakant Bacchu Patil]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
*Cabinet Minister
|-
|211
|[[Khadakwasala Assembly constituency|Khadakwasala]]
|[[Bhimrao Tapkir]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|212
|[[Parvati Assembly constituency|Parvati]]
|[[Madhuri Misal]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|213
|[[Hadapsar Assembly constituency|Hadapsar]]
|[[Chetan Tupe]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|214
|[[Pune Cantonment Assembly constituency|Pune Cantonment]]
|[[Sunil Kamble]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|215
|[[Kasba Peth Assembly constituency|Kasba Peth]]
|[[Ravindra Dhangekar]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-pimpri-chinchwad-kasba-bypolls-results-live-updates-8473399/|title=Kasba, Chinchwad (Pune) Bypolls Results Live Updates: Congress wins Kasba|date=2 March 2023 }}</ref>
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
| Won in 2023 by poll necessitated after the death of [[Mukta Tilak]]
|-
|rowspan="12" | [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|216
|[[Akole Assembly constituency|Akole]] (ST)
| [[Kiran Lahamate]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|217
|[[Sangamner Assembly constituency|Sangamner]]
|[[Balasaheb Thorat]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
*Leader Legislature Congress Party
*Group Leader Legislative Assembly Congress Party
|-
|218
|[[Shirdi Assembly constituency|Shirdi]]
|[[Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
*Cabinet Minister
|-
|219
|[[Kopargaon Assembly constituency|Kopargaon]]
|[[Ashutosh Ashokrao Kale]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|220
|[[Shrirampur Assembly constituency|Shrirampur]] (SC)
|[[Lahu Kanade]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|221
|[[Nevasa Assembly constituency|Nevasa]]
|[[Shankarrao Gadakh]]
|bgcolor={{Party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}|
|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|Switched from KSP to SHS<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-11 |title=Shankarrao Gadakh Patil joins Shiv Sena |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/west/shankarrao-gadakh-patil-joins-shiv-sena-872056.html |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|222
|[[Shevgaon Assembly constituency|Shevgaon]]
|[[Monika Rajiv Rajale|Monika Rajale]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|223
|[[Rahuri Assembly constituency|Rahuri]]
|[[Prajakt Tanpure]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|224
|[[Parner Assembly constituency|Parner]]
| colspan="5" |'''Vacant'''
|Resignation of Nilesh Lanke
|-
|225
|[[Ahmednagar City Assembly constituency|Ahmednagar City]]
|[[Sangram Jagtap]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|226
|[[Shrigonda Assembly constituency|Shrigonda]]
|[[Babanrao Pachpute]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|227
|[[Karjat Jamkhed Assembly constituency|Karjat Jamkhed]]
|[[Rohit Rajendra Pawar|Rohit Pawar]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|rowspan="6" | [[Beed district|Beed]]
|228
|[[Georai Assembly constituency|Georai]](SC)
|[[Laxman Pawar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|229
|[[Majalgaon Assembly constituency|Majalgaon]]
|[[Prakashdada Solanke]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|230
|[[Beed Assembly constituency|Beed]]
|[[Sandeep Kshirsagar]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|231
|[[Ashti Assembly constituency|Ashti]]
|[[Balasaheb Ajabe]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|232
|[[Kaij Assembly constituency|Kaij]] (SC)
|[[Namita Mundada]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|233
|[[Parli Assembly constituency|Parli]]
|[[Dhananjay Munde]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
*Cabinet Minister
|-
|rowspan="6" | [[Latur district|Latur]]
|234
|[[Latur Rural Assembly constituency|Latur Rural]]
|[[Dhiraj Deshmukh]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|235
|[[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City]]
|[[Amit Deshmukh]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|236
|[[Ahmedpur Assembly constituency|Ahmadpur]]
|[[Babasaheb Patil]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2023 |title=NCP split: Ajit Pawar faction submits 40 responses to Speaker; senior Pawar group nine |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ncp-split-ajit-pawar-faction-submits-40-responses-to-speaker-senior-pawar-group-nine/article67571173.ece |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=TheHindu.com}}</ref>
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|237
|[[Udgir Assembly constituency|Udgir]] (SC)
|[[Sanjay Bansode]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
*Cabinet Minister
|-
|238
|[[Nilanga Assembly constituency|Nilanga]]
|[[Sambhaji Patil Nilangekar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|239
|[[Ausa Assembly constituency|Ausa]]
|[[Abhimanyu Dattatray Pawar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|rowspan="4" | [[Dharashiv district|Dharashiv]]
|240
|[[Umarga Assembly constituency|Umarga]] (SC)
|[[Dnyanraj Chougule]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|241
|[[Tuljapur Assembly constituency|Tuljapur]]
|[[Ranajagjitsinha Patil]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|242
|[[Osmanabad Assembly constituency|Dharashiv]]
|[[Kailas Patil|Kailas Ghadge Patil]]
|bgcolor={{Party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}|
|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|243
|[[Paranda Assembly constituency|Paranda]]
|[[Tanaji Sawant]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
*Cabinet Minister
|-
|rowspan="11" | [[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|244
|[[Karmala Assembly constituency|Karmala]]
|[[Sanjay Shinde]]
|bgcolor=CDCDCD|
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|245
|[[Madha Assembly constituency|Madha]]
|[[Babanrao Shinde]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|246
|[[Barshi Assembly constituency|Barshi]]
|[[Rajendra Raut]]
|bgcolor=CDCDCD|
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|247
|[[Mohol Assembly constituency|Mohol]] (SC)
|[[Yashwant Mane]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|248
|[[Solapur City North Assembly constituency|Solapur City North]]
|[[Vijay Deshmukh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|249
|[[Solapur City Central Assembly constituency|Solapur City Central]]
|Colspan=5|'''Vacant'''
|Resignation of [[Praniti Shinde]]
|-
|250
|[[Akkalkot Assembly constituency|Akkalkot]]
|[[Sachin Kalyanshetti]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|251
|[[Solapur South Assembly constituency|Solapur South]]
|[[Subhash Sureshchandra Deshmukh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|252
|[[Pandharpur Assembly constituency|Pandharpur]]
|[[Samadhan Autade]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Won in 2021 by poll necessitated after the death of [[Bharat Bhalke]]
|-
|253
|[[Sangola (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sangola]]
|Adv. [[Shahajibapu Patil|Shahajibapu Rajaram Patil]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|254
|[[Malshiras Assembly constituency|Malshiras]] (SC)
|[[Ram Satpute]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|rowspan="8" | [[Satara district|Satara]]
|255
|[[Phaltan (Vidhan Sabha Constituency)|Phaltan]] (SC)
|[[Dipak Pralhad Chavan]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|256
|[[Wai Assembly constituency|Wai]]
|[[Makrand Jadhav - Patil]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|257
|[[Koregaon Assembly constituency|Koregaon]]
|[[Mahesh Shinde|Mahesh Sambhajiraje Shinde]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|258
|[[Man Assembly constituency|Man]]
|[[Jaykumar Gore]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|259
|[[Karad North Assembly constituency|Karad North]]
|[[Shamrao Pandurang Patil]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|260
|[[Karad South Assembly constituency|Karad South]]
|[[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|261
|[[Patan, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Patan]]
|[[Shambhuraj Desai]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
*Cabinet Minister
|-
|262
|[[Satara Assembly constituency|Satara]]
|[[Shivendra Raje Bhosale]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|rowspan="5" | [[Ratnagiri district|Ratnagiri]]
|263
|[[Dapoli Assembly constituency|Dapoli]]
|[[Yogesh Kadam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|264
|[[Guhagar Assembly constituency|Guhagar]]
|[[Bhaskar Jadhav]]
|bgcolor={{Party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}|
|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|265
|[[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun]]
|[[Shekhar Govindrao Nikam]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|266
|[[Ratnagiri Assembly constituency|Ratnagiri]]
|[[Uday Samant]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
*Cabinet Minister
|-
|267
|[[Rajapur Assembly constituency|Rajapur]]
|[[Rajan Salvi]]
|bgcolor={{Party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}|
|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|rowspan="3" | [[Sindhudurg district|Sindhudurg]]
|268
|[[Kankavli Assembly constituency|Kankavli]]
|[[Nitesh Narayan Rane]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|269
|[[Kudal Assembly constituency|Kudal]]
|[[Vaibhav Naik]]
|bgcolor={{Party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}|
|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|270
|[[Sawantwadi Assembly constituency|Sawantwadi]]
|[[Deepak Vasant Kesarkar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
*Cabinet Minister
|-
|rowspan="10" | [[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]]
|271
|[[Chandgad Assembly constituency|Chandgad]]
| [[Rajesh Narasingrao Patil]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|272
|[[Radhanagari Assembly constituency|Radhanagari]]
|[[Prakashrao Abitkar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|273
|[[Kagal Assembly constituency|Kagal]]
|[[Hasan Mushrif]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
*Cabinet Minister
|-
|274
|[[Kolhapur South Assembly constituency|Kolhapur South]]
|[[Ruturaj Patil|Ruturaj Sanjay Patil]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|275
|[[Karvir (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karvir]]
|Colspan=5|'''Vacant'''
|Death of PN Patil
|-
|276
|[[Kolhapur North Assembly constituency|Kolhapur North]]
|[[Jayshri Jadhav]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|Won in 2022 by-poll necessitated after the death of [[Chandrakant Jadhav]]
|-
|277
|[[Shahuwadi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shahuwadi]]
|[[Vinay Kore]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Jan Surajya Shakti}}|
|[[Jan Surajya Shakti]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
*Group Leader Legislative Assembly JSS Party
|-
|278
|[[Hatkanangale (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hatkanangle]] (SC)
|[[Raju Awale]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|279
|[[Ichalkaranji (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ichalkaranji]]
|[[Prakashanna Awade]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|280
|[[Shirol Assembly constituency|Shirol]]
|[[Rajendra Patil]]
|bgcolor=CDCDCD|
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|rowspan="8" | [[Sangli district|Sangli]]
|281
|[[Miraj Assembly constituency|Miraj]] (SC)
| [[Suresh Khade]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
*Cabinet Minister
|-
|282
|[[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli]]
|[[Sudhir Gadgil]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|283
|[[Islampur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Islampur]]
|[[Jayant Patil]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
*Leader Legislature NCP(SP) Party
*Group Leader Legislative Assembly NCP(SP) Party
|-
|284
|[[Shirala Assembly constituency|Shirala]]
|[[Mansing Fattesingrao Naik]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|285
|[[Palus-Kadegaon Assembly constituency|Palus-Kadegaon]]
|[[Vishwajeet Kadam]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|286
|[[Khanapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Khanapur]]
|Colspan=5|'''Vacant'''
|Death of [[Anil Babar]]
|-
|287
|[[Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency|Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal]]
|[[Suman Patil]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|288
|[[Jat Assembly constituency|Jat]]
|[[Vikramsinh Balasaheb Sawant]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024| ]]
[[Category:Maharashtra Legislature]]
[[Category:Terms of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

Killing of Geetha Angara

2026-01-24T10:29:14Z

Marta694059068: Started Basic Details Basic Info

{{Short description|Unsolved 2005 homicide in New Jersey, US}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox event
| title = Killing of Geetha Angara
| image = Geetha Angara.jpg
| image_upright = 1.0
| image_alt = A woman of Indian descent, smiling, seen in portrait view from the bust level up wearing jewelry and a predominantly maroon sari
| caption = Undated photo of Angara
| date = {{start date|2005|02|08}}
| time = 10:30–11 a.m.
| location = [[Totowa, New Jersey]], U.S.
| coordinates = {{coord|40.8834|-74.2274|display=inline,title}}
| cause = Drowning
}}
On the afternoon of February 9, 2005, the body of 43-year-old '''Geetha Angara''' (born July 15, 1961<ref name="SSDI record">{{cite web|title=Geetha J Angara|url=https://www.fold3.com/record/15455406-geetha-j-angara|publisher=[[Social Security Administration]]|via=fold3.com|date=July 28, 2017|accessdate=January 16, 2020}}</ref>) a [[chemist]], was found in a water tank at the Passaic Valley Water Commission [[water treatment|treatment]] facility in [[Totowa, New Jersey]], United States, after the tanks had been drained. She had not been seen since the previous morning when she had gone to the water tanks to take samples; items she had been carrying when she was last seen alive were also found. The items{{px2}}{{mdash}}{{hsp}}a radio and broken [[beaker (glassware)|beaker]]{{px2}}{{mdash}}{{hsp}}were found in the water, below an access panel that was slightly ajar. Broken glass was found on the floor near that panel.

An [[autopsy]] found bruises on Angara's neck consistent with choking, as well as on her waist and elbows, suggesting she had been involved in a violent struggle, but not a deadly one. The [[cause of death]] was determined to be [[drowning]], as she was alive when she had gone into the water. Investigators classified the case as a [[homicide]], believing the killing had been intentional; they put Angara's death as having occurred the day before.<ref name="Star-Ledger 2015 story">{{cite news|last=Mueller|first=Mark|title=Death in the water tank: Nightmarish case remains unsolved 10 years later|url=https://www.nj.com/news/2015/02/death_in_the_water_tank_nightmarish_case_remains_u.html|newspaper=[[The Star-Ledger]]|date=February 8, 2015|accessdate=January 15, 2020}}</ref>

Since access to the plant was tightly controlled, police believed that the responsible party was someone else in the plant that day. After interviewing all of Angara's coworkers over the next few months, detectives found some possible motives and narrowed a list of possible suspects down to eight men.<ref name="LAT story">{{cite news|last=Mehren|first=Elizabeth|title=Drowning at Water Plant Reeks of Foul Play|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-jun-12-na-drown12-story.html|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=June 12, 2005|accessdate=January 15, 2020}}</ref> Three were ultimately considered suspects, but after further investigation the [[cold case|case went cold]], and {{as of|2020|lc=yes}} they have not been publicly identified and no arrests have been made.<ref name="NYPost anniversary story">{{cite news|last=McIntosh|first=Jeane|title=Zeroing In On N.J. Chemist's Killer — 3 Suspects Eyed 1 Year After Water-Plant Slay|url=https://nypost.com/2006/02/06/zeroing-in-on-n-j-chemists-killer-3-suspects-eyed-1-yr-after-water-plant-slay/|newspaper=[[The New York Post]]|date=February 6, 2006|accessdate=January 19, 2020}}</ref>

Investigators have also considered the possibility that the death was purely accidental, based on the work of a Scottish [[forensic pathology|pathologist]] who argues that injuries very similar to those associated with strangulation can occur as victims drown in very cold water such as that Angara was found in<ref name="NYPost accident story">{{cite news|last=MacIntosh|first=Jeane|title='Murder' Might Have Been Mishap — Scientist Might Have Fallen Into Tank|url=https://nypost.com/2006/05/01/murder-may-be-mishap-scientist-might-have-fallen-into-tank/|newspaper=[[The New York Post]]|date=May 1, 2006|accessdate=January 20, 2020}}</ref>—the theory is that the plate over the tank might [[negligence|negligently]] have been left open following some sample collection for water testing. Struck by similarities with a 1968 killing of a woman, also in [[Passaic County, New Jersey|Passaic County]], alone while in a high-security industrial complex on a weekend, they looked for leads in that case's file.<ref name="2015 Freeman story">{{cite news|last=Mueller|first=Mark|title=In hunt for killer, police will revisit a 1968 mystery|url=https://www.nj.com/news/2015/02/from_the_archives_in_hunt_for_killer_police_will_r.html#incart_story_package|newspaper=[[The Star-Ledger]]|date=March 8, 2005|accessdate=January 20, 2020}}</ref> In 2007, Angara's family, frustrated by the lack of progress, successfully pushed for the [[Attorney General of New Jersey|state's Attorney General]] to review the case, but that effort did not result in any new leads or information either.

==Background==
Born in 1961<ref name="SSDI record" /> in [[Chennai]], [[India]],<ref name="Star-Ledger 2015 story" />{{efn|At the time known as Madras.}} Angara earned [[bachelor's degree|bachelor's]] and [[master's degree]]s in [[chemistry]]<ref name="LAT story" /> from [[Loyola College, Chennai]], the first woman in the school's history to do so. As the top student in the class, she earned a gold medal.<ref name="AP story">{{cite news|title=Four Months Later, an Unsolved Murder at a N.J. Water Plant|url=https://www.securityinfowatch.com/critical-infrastructure/news/10593535/four-months-later-an-unsolved-murder-at-a-nj-water-plant|newspaper=[[Associated Press]]|via=securityinfowatch.com|date=June 6, 2005|accessdate=January 16, 2020}}</ref> In 1984, she [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|emigrated]] to the U.S.,<ref name="NYT story">{{cite news|last=Kelley|first=Tina|title=Co-Workers Become Focus in Killing at Water Tank|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/18/nyregion/coworkers-become-focus-in-killing-at-water-tank.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=March 18, 2005|accessdate=January 16, 2020}}</ref> where she earned additional master's degrees<ref name="AP story" /> and a [[doctorate]] in [[organic chemistry]] from [[New York University]].<ref name="NYT story" />

Angara married another Indian émigré who worked in banking,<ref name="Star-Ledger 2015 story" /> and the couple shortly had the first of their three children, settling at first in [[Clifton, New Jersey]], a suburb in [[Passaic County, New Jersey|Passaic County]]. After a year at [[Merck & Co.|Merck]] analyzing [[Chemical compound|compounds]],<ref name="Bergen Record story">{{cite news|title=Unsolved murder confounds both family, police|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/503442837/|newspaper=[[The Bergen Record]]|date=August 7, 2005|accessdate=January 16, 2020}}</ref> in 1992 Angara began working for the Passaic Valley Water Commission (PVWC),<ref name="NYT story" /> a public utility owned by Clifton and the neighboring cities of [[Passaic, New Jersey|Passaic]] and [[Paterson, New Jersey|Paterson]],<ref>{{cite web|title=About Us|work=PVWC |url=https://www.pvwc.com/about-us/|publisher=Passaic Valley Water Commission|date=2014|accessdate=January 16, 2020}}</ref> which provides {{convert|83|e6USgal|m3|abbr=unit}} of water daily<ref name="LAT story" /> to 800,000 customers in those cities and 14 other communities in that region of [[North Jersey]].<ref name="Star-Ledger 2015 story" /> Seven years later, the family moved to [[Holmdel, New Jersey|Holmdel]], {{convert|42|mi}} to the south in [[Monmouth County, New Jersey|Monmouth County]], where they believed [[Holmdel Township Public Schools|the school system]] was better.<ref name="AP story" />

In 2003 an episode of ''[[Law & Order: Special Victims Unit]]'', "[[Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 5)#Episodes|Brotherhood]]", used the PVWC plant as one of its filming locations. It centered on a coverup of lethal [[Hazing in Greek letter organizations|fraternity hazing]]; one scene had a character's body found floating in a tank. "Brotherhood" was the show's first episode aired in 2004.<ref name="NYT story" />

Angara had been considering leaving the PVWC, but changed her mind<ref name="Bergen Record story" /> after she was promoted to senior chemist of the plant and earned a plant operator's license. In that position, she took the lead in transitioning the Totowa plant from the [[Water chlorination|chlorination]] it had been using to purify its water to an [[ozone]]-based process. She was proud of her work on that project, but some of her coworkers had resented both her promotion and the switch, her husband later recalled.<ref name="Star-Ledger 2015 story" /> Angara did not socialize much with her coworkers, other than a few she worked with closely, preferring to concentrate on her work.<ref name="Bergen Record story" />

In August 2004, the ozone system, to the extent it had been installed, failed briefly due to poor welding.<ref name="NYT anniversary article">{{cite news|last=Kelley|first=Tina|title=One Year After Chemist's Murder, a Stalled Inquiry Angers Relatives|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/08/nyregion/one-year-after-chemists-murder-a-stalled-inquiry-angers-relatives.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=February 8, 2006|accessdate=January 20, 2020}}</ref> In late January 2005, the discovery of a pinkish substance in the treated water, during a week Angara was out sick,<ref name="NYT anniversary article" /> heightened tensions in the PVWC workplace,<ref name="Star-Ledger 2015 story" /> since Angara was asked to retrain some coworkers as a result.<ref name="NYT anniversary article" /> Angara had also begun the process of applying for another license, which aroused more antipathy among those coworkers who disliked her.<ref name="Bergen Record story" /> Another coworker later told ''[[People (magazine)|People]]'' this attitude was at least in part racially motivated: "Ninety-eight percent of the plant is white, and not all of them like seeing immigrants do well".<ref name="People story">{{cite magazine|last=Tresionowski|first=Alex|title=A Killer Among Us|url=https://people.com/archive/a-killer-among-us-vol-65-no-11/|magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]|volume=65|issue=11|date=March 20, 2006|accessdate=January 16, 2020}}</ref>

==Death==
On the morning of February 8, Angara arrived at 7:30 a.m. and worked until a 9:45 a.m. breakfast with her immediate coworkers. One, a subordinate of hers, told her that the plant's filters and clarity sensors needed to be calibrated, an assertion supported by plant records. The group left for another building shortly before 10 a.m.; Angara returned to the building where she usually worked at 10:30.<ref name="NYPost anniversary story" /> Angara was carrying a clipboard, [[beaker (glassware)|beaker]], and a two-way radio. She left a sandwich on her desk, apparently intending to eat it when she returned from a task her coworkers said she had done many times without incident.<ref name="Star-Ledger 2015 story" />

It was the last time Angara was seen alive. The subordinate who had reminded her of the need to calibrate the instruments went into the basement, noticing broken glass on the floor in one area about 15 to 20 minutes later. By 11 a.m. the subordinate was asking other workers in the lab if anyone had seen Angara.<ref name="NYPost anniversary story" />

Angara's absence would not otherwise be noticed at work until 9:20 p.m. that night, when a worker on the night shift noted that her car was still in the parking lot; another worker noticed that her sandwich was still on her desk where she had left it and her coat was still in the closet.<ref name="Bergen Record story" /> Her coworkers returned to work from their homes to search the building for her.<ref name="Star-Ledger 2015 story" /> Repeated calls to her cell phone from her family in Holmdel, where she was supposed to give her daughter a ride to an afternoon basketball game,<ref name="NYT anniversary article" /> had gone unanswered.<ref name="AP story" /> Workers at the plant called the Angaras to say they could not find her at the plant and it did not appear she had ever left. Before midnight, she had been reported missing to police.<ref name="Bergen Record story" />

Workers searching the basement found an area where one of the {{convert|4|ft|cm|adj=mid|-wide}}, {{convert|50|lb|kg|adj=on}} [[aluminum]] floor panels that opened onto the million-gallon ({{convert|1000000|USgal|m3|disp=output only}}) tanks was slightly ajar, and the 12 screws which normally held it in place were broken or missing.<ref name="AP story" /> On the floor nearby were some shards of broken glass consistent with the beaker Angara had been carrying. These were swept up and thrown away.<ref name="Star-Ledger 2015 story" />

At 2 a.m. on February 9, PVWC officials shut the plant down so that the tank below that panel could be drained. When it was, Angara's radio and clipboard were found. Over the course of the day, the other tanks were drained. At 6:30 p.m.{{efn|''[[The New York Times]]'' gave 7:05 p.m. as the time of the body's discovery<ref name="NYT brief">{{cite news|last1=Kelley|first1=Tina|last2=O'Donnell|first2=Michelle|title=Body of a Missing Chemist Is Found in a Water Tank|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/10/nyregion/body-of-a-missing-chemist-is-found-in-a-water-tank.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=February 10, 2005|accessdate=January 17, 2020}}</ref>}} Angara's body was found in the [[clear well]],<ref name="Prud'homme book" /> a different tank it had drifted into. Before refilling the tanks and restoring service, the commission issued a [[Boil-water advisory|boil-water order]] to customers as a precaution; this was lifted at the end of the following day.<ref name="Bergen Record story" />

==Investigation==
Angara's body was [[autopsy|autopsied]] by the Passaic County coroner's office. The pathologists found that she was alive when she went into the water and reported the [[cause of death]] as drowning. Her neck, however, had deep bruises, suggesting a [[strangulation]] attempt prior to death. Other bruises on her waist and elbow suggested a struggle.<ref name="Star-Ledger 2015 story" /> Six days after Angara's death, county prosecutor James Avigliano announced that the case would be investigated as a [[homicide]].<ref name="Bergen Record story" />

Detectives' [[Case theory (in law)|case theory]] was that whoever had killed Angara had likely incapacitated her first (exactly how, if not just through the strangulation, has not been made public since only the killer would know that; some accounts suggest she was struck on the head,<ref name="AP story" /> but with only bare hands),<ref name="NYT story" /> and then opened the access panel and dumped her in, then hastily replaced the panel.<ref name="Star-Ledger 2015 story" /> An alarm system that would have gone off when it detected significant [[Displacement (fluid)|displacement]] in the water was not functioning.<ref name="Prud'homme book">{{cite book |last1=Prud'homme |first1=Alex |authorlink1=Alex Prud'homme |title=The Ripple Effect: The Fate of Fresh Water in the Twenty-First Century |date=2012 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |isbn=9781416535461 |pages=3–4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQVPS0MFFVYC&pg=PA3 |accessdate=January 20, 2020}}</ref>{{efn|According to investigators, even if it had been working, it might not have been strong enough to register the displacement from a human body falling into the water.<ref name="NYT anniversary article" />}} The tank was unlit and there was no ladder that would have allowed Angara to climb up the {{convert|5|ft}} between the water surface and the basement floor; the {{convert|36|F|C|adj=on}} water itself filled the tank to a uniform depth of {{convert|35|ft}} leaving no place to stand.<ref name="Star-Ledger 2015 story" />

The circumstances made it difficult to find [[forensic evidence]] that might lead to the killer. Angara's body had been immersed for over a day, and the heavy chlorination in the water eliminated any trace evidence, such as [[DNA]] or fingerprints, that another person might have left on it or her clothing during the final struggle.<ref name="Star-Ledger 2015 story" /> The glass fragments from the beaker on the floor near the panel had been irretrievably disposed of.<ref name="People story" />

Many firefighters and police officers, as well as plant workers, had walked through the putative [[crime scene]] before the body was found, leaving it severely compromised. While there were many [[security camera]]s elsewhere in the plant complex, there were none in the basement above the tanks.<ref name="Star-Ledger 2015 story" /> Loud machinery in the area where Angara was attacked would have muffled any sounds like a scream, struggle, or broken glass.<ref name="Star-Ledger 2015 story" />

This paucity of evidence was offset by the [[Closed circle of suspects|limited pool of suspects]]. Access to the treatment plant complex was tightly controlled, with only one driveway and a staffed security post where all entrants had to check in, monitored by a camera (although once they had been cleared, they could move about the complex freely).<ref name="Record security story">{{cite news|title=Security Ends at Front Gate of Water Plant in New Jersey|url=https://www.securityinfowatch.com/video-surveillance/press-release/10610008/courtesy-the-record-and-northjerseycom-security-ends-at-front-gate-of-water-plant-in-new-jersey|newspaper=[[The Bergen Record]]|date=February 23, 2005|accessdate=January 20, 2020}}</ref> Most of the property was otherwise fenced off, except for the south side on the [[Passaic River]].<ref name="NYT story" /> Security records showed that no one was in the complex that day who had not been cleared.<ref name="LAT story" /> Of the plant's 83 other employees, 50 had come to work that day.<ref name="Star-Ledger 2015 story" />

Police believed one of those people had killed Angara. Since the autopsy showed she had not been sexually assaulted, they ruled out that as a motive.<ref name="LAT story" /> They also dismissed any attempt to emulate the ''Special Victims Unit'' episode. Instead, after learning of the animosity some of her coworkers had for Angara, they looked to that.<ref name="NYT story" />

Two women were widely known to have disliked Angara, but no one thought they were capable of killing her over that.<ref name="Bergen Record story" /> Detectives found that many of her coworkers thought well of her, saying that in addition to being devoted to her work and cheerful, she was modest, asking them not to address her as "Doctor" and simply use her first name instead. Her job responsibilities as senior chemist did not include hiring or firing authority, making it unlikely that a workplace dispute could have arisen from those possibilities.<ref name="Record security story" /> Investigators began to consider the possibility that the killing was not planned and instead had arisen from either an argument or Angara witnessing something the killer did not want anyone to witness;<ref name="2008 state probe story">{{cite news|last=Mueller|first=Mark|title=State to take up probe in death of chemist at water treatment plant|url=https://www.nj.com/news/2015/02/from_the_archives_state_to_take_up_probe_in_death.html#incart_story_package|newspaper=[[The Star-Ledger]]|date=February 2, 2007|accessdate=January 19, 2020}}</ref> they had also ruled out the discoloration and ozone issues as a motive, and no longer believed the displacement sensor's breakdown was a factor.<ref name="NYT anniversary article" />

From the strength required to lift and replace the access panel, and struggle with the {{convert|5|ft|5|in|cm|adj=on}}, {{convert|175|lb|kg|adj=on}} chemist, police came to believe the killer was male<ref name="LAT story" /> (although the county coroner argued that a woman in sufficient physical condition could have done those things as well).<ref name="AP story" /> The Passaic County prosecutor's office assigned 13 detectives to work the case; they spent 4,000 hours interviewing all the plant's employees<ref name="People story" /> and getting DNA samples from those who had worked there that day.<ref name="NYT story" />

Workers did their jobs in pairs as a safety precaution while the police kept a close eye on what happened at the plant.<ref name="NY Post aftermath story">{{cite news|last=Singer|first=Heidi|title=Plant Staff Grilled on Tank Slay|url=https://nypost.com/2005/02/16/plant-staff-grilled-in-tank-slay/|newspaper=[[New York Post]]|date=February 16, 2005|accessdate=January 20, 2020}}</ref> The investigation exacerbated tensions among employees. A month after Angara was killed, two electricians started arguing about [[overtime]]. One threatened to take the other "off the grounds and smash his head in", according to police; after the latter complained, the former was [[Suspension (punishment)|suspended]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Edelman|first=Susan|title=Tempers at Boiling Point in N.J. Slay Plant|url=http://www.nypost.com/news/regionalnews/41796.htm|newspaper=[[The New York Post]]|date=March 27, 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050410154208/http://www.nypost.com/news/regionalnews/41796.htm|archivedate=April 10, 2005|accessdate=January 19, 2020}}</ref>

By this point, investigators had narrowed their focus to a group of eight men, finding that many of the employees had a generally favorable impression of Angara. They still had not identified what might have moved one of them to kill her. "Either there is some very powerful motive out there that someone has kept completely to themselves, or it may suggest this wasn't a planned killing", such as a confrontation that got more heated, chief assistant prosecutor John Latoracca told ''[[The New York Times]]''.<ref name="NYT story" />

One year after the crime, detectives had narrowed that group down to three suspects, one of whom was the coworker who had first taken note of Angara's absence after walking down to the basement. James Wood, chief homicide detective for the prosecutor's office, told ''[[The New York Post]]'', that another suspect was in his opinion about to confess before [[Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution|retaining counsel and refusing to speak with police further]]. "None of them have solid alibis; they all had access to the place she was", Wood added.<ref name="NYPost anniversary story" /> Investigators believed that the case was an instance of an impulsive act rather than a planned killing.<ref name="NYPost anniversary story" /> "This killer isn't smart, just lucky", Wood said.

Police had asked all three suspects to take [[lie detector]] tests, with different results. One passed, another was inconclusive, and a third refused.
Re-interviews following the lie detector tests did not produce anything. Divers looked through the tanks to see if anything had been missed. Federal and state environmental regulators reviewed the plant's records, at the request of police, for anything unusual they might have missed.<ref name="Star-Ledger 2015 story" /> By the middle of 2006, no new leads had emerged, and the [[cold case|case went cold]],<ref name="People story" /> one of two out of Passaic County's 30 homicides that year that went unsolved.<ref name="NYT anniversary article" /> At the request of the Angara family, the [[New Jersey Attorney General|state Attorney General]]'s office had the [[New Jersey State Police|state police]] review the case in 2007,<ref name="2008 state probe story" /> but nothing new developed from that.<ref name="Star-Ledger 2015 story" />

After Angara's death, the PVWC contracted for improved security, including armed guards patrolling inside and outside the plant at all hours.<ref name="NYT anniversary article" /> In 2007 the family filed a [[wrongful death]] lawsuit against the PVWC and some of its employees. They alleged that the plant had a history of safety violations and accidents, for which the state had cited it 55 times, but the commission had done nothing to correct them. After two years, a judge ordered the parties to [[mediation]].<ref name="Prud'homme book" />

Ten years after the killing, when the Angara family had lobbied [[New Jersey State Senate|state senator]] [[Joe Kyrillos]] to support their call for another state-level review, police suggested that they might have been mistaken about the three suspects. "[W]e looked into the additional things that became areas of concern in interviewing these folks", chief assistant prosecutor Latoracca told ''[[The Star-Ledger]]'', "and based on that, we thought that while there were reasons they came across as hinky, we ultimately didn't believe they actively killed her".<ref name="Star-Ledger 2015 story" />

==Alternative theories==
Police have considered two alternative possibilities related to the crime.<ref name="Star-Ledger 2015 story" />

===Connection to unsolved 1968 homicide===
Early in the case, investigators noted that an unsolved 1968 killing, also in their jurisdiction, bore some similarities to the Angara case. On August 31 of that year, the body of 22-year-old Joan Freeman, from what was then known as [[West Paterson, New Jersey|West Paterson]], was found in a hallway at the [[Hoffmann-La Roche]] plant<ref name="1869 Freeman story">{{cite news|author=[[United Press International]]|title=Police Guard Data in Woman's Murder|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7657058/joan_freeman_courier_post/|newspaper=[[Courier-Post]]|location=[[Camden, New Jersey]]|date=September 3, 1968|accessdate=January 20, 2020|via=[[newspapers.com]]}}</ref> complex that straddled the border between [[Clifton, New Jersey|Clifton]] in [[Passaic County, New Jersey|Passaic County]] and [[Nutley, New Jersey|Nutley]] in neighboring [[Essex County, New Jersey|Essex County]]. She had been attacked suddenly from behind, struck several times on the head with a wooden mallet, after which the attacker slit her throat; any one of the wounds inflicted would have been enough to kill her, the coroner said.<ref name="2015 Freeman story" />

Passaic County authorities investigated the case since it was determined to have occurred on their side of the county line. Like Angara, the case combined minimal evidence at the scene with a limited pool of suspects. Freeman, a secretary at the plant, had also been working alone, doing overtime recording employees' work hours from their time cards, on a Saturday in a second-floor library in one of the 86 buildings on the drug company's campus, when she was killed. There were no fingerprints on the mallet, and the knife used to cut her throat was never found. The campus itself was, like the Totowa treatment plant, fenced off with access permitted only to those who had been cleared to enter by security.<ref name="2015 Freeman story" /><ref name="NYT story" />

Like Angara, detectives pored over Freeman's personal life but could not find anything which could give rise to a motive. The county prosecutor's office, state police, and Clifton police devoted 16 investigators, including two full-time, to interview 300 people who might have been able to be on campus that day, including lie detector tests, but were unable to narrow down any specific suspects. "Many times I went home and couldn't sleep", one of the detectives recalled later. "We just didn't get that lucky break". The case is still open; detectives review the files occasionally.<ref name="2015 Freeman story" />

"The events are similar in nature", county prosecutor Avigliano told ''[[The Star-Ledger]]''. "A woman was murdered in a secure facility." His office's detectives studied the case both to see if anyone who had worked at Hofmann later worked for the PVWC, and to see if they could learn from how the investigators handled the Freeman case.<ref name="2015 Freeman story" />

===Accident===
In May 2006, over a year after Angara's death, it was reported that some of the investigators had begun to consider the possibility that it was in fact an accident. They had contacted Scottish forensic pathologist Derrick Pounder of the [[University of Dundee]],<ref name="NYPost accident story" /> one of the few experts in the field of drownings,<ref name="NYPost anniversary story" /> particularly those that occur in cold water. His research has found that in a small percentage of such cases, the victim experiences bruising on the neck and [[petechia]]e on the eyeballs that closely mimics injuries otherwise seen as strong indicators of premortem strangulation.<ref name="NYPost accident story" />

Pounder never examined Angara's body (and could not have, since it had been [[cremation|cremated]] shortly after her death<ref name="NY Post aftermath story" /> in accordance with [[Antyesti|Hindu funerary traditions]]), nor any of the records from the autopsy.<ref name="Star-Ledger 2015 story" /> County prosecutor Avigliano noted that five medical examiners in Passaic County, who had had access to the body and records, had all agreed that the death was a homicide, but that belief was not unanimous among those who had been part of the initial investigation.<ref name="NYPost accident story" />

The county's chief homicide detective Wood retired in 2006 after having worked on the Angara case for 18 months. By the time of the third anniversary of Angara's death, he had come to believe, in part after considering Pounder's research, that the case was an accident resulting from [[negligence]] rather than an act of malice. He said that the plate may have been removed before Angara came to the room where it was.<ref name="Star-Ledger 2008 story">{{cite news|last=Mueller|first=Mark|title=Accident or murder? Former investigator addresses water-tank homicide|url=https://www.nj.com/news/2015/02/from_the_archives_accident_or_murder_former_invest.html#incart_story_package|newspaper=[[The Star-Ledger]]|date=February 29, 2008|accessdate=January 20, 2020}}</ref>

An unnamed plant worker told ''[[The New York Post]]'' that on the day of Angara's death, the state had ordered some testing as a result of the pinkish discoloration. Normally the necessary sample could be collected by machines along the path, but one supervisor was "very old school. We still tested by taking water directly from the tank. And that required removing the plate", the worker said.<ref name="NYPost accident story" />

Wood believes that someone forgot to replace the plate. When Angara came into the dimly lit area, she did not see it and fell in, after which the person who should have replaced the plate did so in a hurry. "I don't think anyone will ever admit to taking that plate off or putting it back on because they know they're going to be held liable for it", Wood told ''[[The Star-Ledger]]''.<ref name="Star-Ledger 2008 story" />

In 2015 Angara's daughter disputed that theory. Her mother was exceedingly cautious, she said, and it was unlikely that she would have failed to see a dark, wide hole in the floor.<ref name="Star-Ledger 2015 story" /> At the time, plant workers said they had never seen one of those panels left open, either.<ref name="Record security story" /> "I think you would have to ignore a lot of facts to believe it was an accident",<ref name="Star-Ledger 2015 story" /> Angara's daughter said. The family has also questioned why it seemed Angara's coworkers failed to notice her absence for the rest of their day.<ref name="Record security story" />

At that time the county prosecutor's office described the case as "open but inactive"; chief assistant prosecutor Latoracca, who was by then in private practice as a criminal defense attorney, said he understood why Wood and some other detectives had come to believe Angara's death was an accident but reiterated that he had faith in the medical conclusions that her death had been caused intentionally.<ref name="Star-Ledger 2015 story" />

==See also==
{{portal|India|New Jersey}}
*[[Deaths in February 2005]]
*[[Crime in New Jersey]]
*[[List of unsolved murders (2000–present)]]
*[[List of drowning victims]]
*[[Indians in the New York City metropolitan area]]
*[[Death of Elisa Lam]], 2013 case where a woman drowned in a Los Angeles hotel's water tank

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Angara, Geetha}}
[[Category:2005 in New Jersey]]
[[Category:2005 murders in the United States]]
[[Category:Deaths by drowning in New Jersey]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in New Jersey]]
[[Category:February 2005 crimes in the United States]]
[[Category:Female murder victims in the United States]]
[[Category:Formerly missing American people]]
[[Category:Incidents of violence against women]]
[[Category:Indian-American history]]
[[Category:Totowa, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Unsolved murders in New Jersey]]
[[Category:Violence against women in New Jersey]]

Shihab Thangal Hospital

2026-01-01T00:45:51Z

Marta694059068: adding

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox hospital
| org_group = Run by Tirur Co-Operative & Hospital and Research Centre Ltd.
| name = Shihab Thangal Hospital
| image =
| image_alt =
| logo = 
| logo_size = 
| location =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.9061313|75.9087157|display=inline,title}}
| region = [[Tirur]], [[Kerala]]
| state = Kerala
| country = India
| healthcare = Tertiary
| funding = Non-profit
| type =
| emergency = Yes
| affiliation =
| patron = [[Tirur Co-Operative & Hospital and Research Centre Ltd|S.T.H]], Shareholders and [[Kerala State Co-operative Consumers Federation Limited|Co-operative]]
| network = Part of Shihab Thangal Hospital
| beds = 500+
| founded = 26 February 2022
| website = {{URL|https://shihabthangalhospital.com//|Official website}}
}}
'''Shihab Thangal Hospital''', also known as Shihab Thangal Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, is a [[Cooperative|Co-operative]] [[hospital]] in [[Tirur]], [[Kerala]], [[India]].

== Background ==
The hospital is run by the Tirur Co-operatrive Hospital and Research Center Ltd Founded in 2002,<ref>{{cite web |title=CM Vijayan Opens Shihab Thangal Co-Op Hospital at Tirur |url=https://www.medicalbuyer.co.in/cm-vijayan-opens-shihab-thangal-co-op-hospital-at-tirur/ |publisher=Medical Buyer |access-date=28 December 2023 |date=28 February 2022}}</ref> the hospital is named after and dedicated to the memory of [[Syed Muhammedali Shihab Thangal|Shihab Thangal]], a philanthropist and a former president of the [[Kerala]] state committee of the [[Indian Union Muslim League]].<ref>{{cite web |title=SHIHAB THANGAL HOSPITAL: About us |url=https://shihabthangalhospital.com/about-us |access-date=28 December 2023}}</ref>

The Shihab Thangal Memorial Hospital and Research Centre was registered in 2001 under the Kerala Government Cooperative Societies Act of 1969. It has over 6000 shareholders and is governed by a board of directors.

It has six theatres for operations, several intensive care units, including a neonatal unit, and an air ambulance facility. The hospital's web site says the building has five floors, and will have nine when completed.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Health in Kerala |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Health charities in India]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 2022]]

Kwality Ltd.

2025-12-30T19:32:43Z

Marta694059068: Started Basic Bio W/ Refs

{{Short description|Indian dairy company}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Kwality Ltd.
| logo = Kwality_Ltd._logo.svg
| type = Private
| foundation = 1992
| location = [[New Delhi]], India
| industry = Food and Agro Processing
| products = [[Dairy Products]] [[Tetra Pak]]
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.kwality.com/}}
| area_served = Gujarat, Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh
}}
'''Kwality Ltd.''' is a processor and handler of [[dairy products]] in India listed on [[Bombay Stock Exchange|Bombay Stock exchange]] as public Limited Company. The company produces various types of dairy products, which include [[milk]], [[ghee]], [[butter]], [[Powdered milk|milk powder]], [[curd]], [[yogurt]], [[cheese]] etc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/company-profile/KDAI.NS|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008030518/http://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/company-profile/KDAI.NS|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-10-08|title=Company Profile for Kwality Limited}}</ref> The company has established procurement network which comprise 350,000 farmer families across 4,700 villages in [[North India]]. Kwality Ltd. has six plants in [[Haryana]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Rajasthan]] with processing capacity of {{convert|3.4|e6liter}} milk per day.

== History ==

Kwality Ltd. was incorporated in 1992 as Kwality Dairy (India) Ltd and registered with the registrar of companies ([[West Bengal]]) at [[Kolkata|Calcutta]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kwality.com/about-us|title=About Kwality Ltd.}}</ref> In 1995 the company started producing [[ghee]], skimmed milk powder and other dairy products. The total cost of the above project was ₹3600 crore by way of public issue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/company/kwality-5324/information/company-history|title=KWALITY LTD. (KWALITY) – COMPANY HISTORY|website=www.business-standard.com|publisher=Business Standard}}</ref>

In 2013, Kwality Dairy India Ltd was changed from Kwality Dairy (India) Limited to Kwality Limited.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://money.rediff.com/companies/news/kwality-dairy-india-ltd/B7437002-3463-4E67-9498-F591E297BDDE|title=KWALITY DAIRY (INDIA) LTD. - Change of Name of the Company|date=17 August 2013|work=Rediff|publisher=Rediff}}</ref>

In [[Dun & Bradstreet Credibility Corp|Dun & Bradstreet]] Corporate Award 2014, Kwality Limited was selected as the top Indian Company under the ‘Food & Agro processing’ sector.

In June 2016, Kwality Ltd. secured the investment of ₹520 crore from KKR India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Kwality-secures-up-to-Rs-520-cr-investment-from-KKR-India/article14486662.ece|title=Kwality secures up to Rs 520 cr investment from KKR India|date=13 July 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

In October 2019, [[Haldiram's|Haldiram]] made a ₹130 crore<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/kwality-insolvency-haldiram-makes-rs-130-crore-bid-for-dairy-firm/story/383953.html|title=Kwality insolvency: Haldiram makes Rs 130 crore bid for dairy firm|website=www.businesstoday.in|date=10 October 2019 |access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref> bid for Kwality Dairy (India) Ltd after private equity giant [[KKR & Co.]] dragged dairy firm to [[Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act|bankruptcy]] court.

On 21 September 2020, Kwality Limited was charged with cheating a group of banks of ₹1,400 crore in a case of fraud filed by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]]. The CBI started its investigations on a complaint by [[Bank of India]], which alleged that Kwality Ltd had taken credit from the bank since 2010 but started defaulting on payments in early 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/dairy-maker-kwality-charged-by-central-bureau-of-investigation-with-rs-1-400-crore-bank-loan-fraud-2298914?pfrom=home-topscroll|title=Dairy Maker Kwality Charged By CBI With ₹ 1,400 Crore Bank Loan Fraud|date=21 September 2020}}</ref>

== Brands and subsidiaries ==
The company sells milk under the brand Kwality Milk, which is available in three variants: Full Cream, Toned & Double Toned.
It also sells ready to drink Flavoured Milk, Dahi, Chaach etc. It is the first company in India to launch fortified flavoured milk with vitamin A+D in multiple flavours like Kesar, Badam, Elaichi, Butterscotch and Cold Coffee.

== Products ==

The product range of the company includes skimmed [[Powdered milk|milk powder]], whole milk powder, dairy whitener, [[dairy mix]], ice cream mix, ready to drink milk, and ghee among other products.

== Advertising ==

The company had signed up the actor [[Akshay Kumar]] as a [[brand ambassador]] in October 2015 for two years, according to a BSE filing.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/kwality-ropesakshay-kumar-to-build-strong-b2c-brand-1056048.html|title=Kwality ropes in Akshay Kumar to build strong B2C brand|date=17 Dec 2015|work=Moneycontrol.com}}</ref>

In September 2017, the company confirmed the reappointment of Akshay Kumar as its brand ambassador for another two years.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/kwality-renews-its-contract-with-actor-akshay-kumar/60390511|title=Kwality renews its contract with actor Akshay Kumar|date=6 September 2017|work=ET Brand Equity}}</ref> Kwality Limited came out with a campaign for its brand of milk, ‘Kwality’. The TVC campaign was conceptualized by McCann Health, India and it featured Akshay Kumar.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://bestmediainfo.com/2017/03/kwality-milk-says-zindagi-mein-rukna-mana-hai/|title=Kwality milk says 'Zindagi mein rukna mana hai'|date=20 March 2017|work=Best Media Info}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Dairy products companies of India]]
[[Category:Catering and food service companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1992]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies established in 1992]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1992]]
[[Category:1992 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Rajnagar Block, Kendrapara

2025-12-20T11:33:24Z

Marta694059068:

{{Infobox settlement
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'''Rajnagar Block''' is a block in [[Kendrapara district]] of the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Odisha]].

==Geography==
It is surrounded by the Bay of Bengal to the east, the [[Bhadrak district|Bhadrakh district]] to the North, the Rajkanika block to west, and Pattamundai, and Mahakalapada block in South.

The main river of [[Rajnagar, Birbhum|Rajnagar]] Block is the Hansua, which is a branch of the [[Brahmani River]].

The members of the Gram Panchayats (village council) of this block are Baghamari, Balisahi Patna, Bandhapada, Belpal, Bhitargada, Brahman Sahi, Chandi Baunsamula, Dangamal, Dera, Ghadiamal, Gupti, Hatina, Iswarpur, Kandira, Keredagada, Keruapal Khamarsahi, Koilipur, Krushna Nagar, Kurunti, Mahnisasura, Mahulia, Ostia, Rajnagar, Rajpur, Rangani, Sanabada Gopalpur, Satavaya, Talachua.<ref>[https://odishapanchayat.gov.in/English/Pdf/KENDRAPADA.pdf Kendrapada panchayats]</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the 2011 census, Rajnagar hosted a population of 170,110. Rajnagar has a gender-ratio of 979 females for every 1000 males. The majority language is [[Odia language|Odia]].<ref>[https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Listofvillagesandtowns.aspx List of villages and towns]</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:Garteswar Baba.png|thumb|right|Garteswar Temple]]
In Kendrapara people celebrate [[Raja (festival)|Raja Parba]], [[Holi|Dola Yatra]], [[Ratha Yatra]], [[Durga Puja]] [[Sharad Purnima|Kumar Purnima]], [[Maha Shivaratri|Shiva Ratri]], Shiba Vibah and [[Makar Sankranti]] festivals. Raja Parba is related to cultivation. Rajnagar and the nearby periphery are popular during Durga Puja. The Garteswar Pitha is situated at Gosigan village and attracts devotees during Shiva Ratri and Shiva Vibah.

== Economy ==
Most of the residents are farmers, while some work in business. Fishing in the Hansua River is a common occupation. Farming prawn near the seashore is a profitable business.<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb%20pca%20census/Houselisting-housing-OR.html Houselisting]{{dead link|date=December 2021}}</ref>

==Tourism==
[[File:Mangroove Bhitarkanika.png|thumb|right|[[Mangrove forest]] Bhitarkanika]]
'''Bhitarkanika National Park''' was declared a sanctuary on 21 April 1975. It is covered with deep [[mangrove]] forests, saline rivers, and is known for [[crocodile]] breeding. Other animals including deer, wild boar, monkey, pythons and king cobras are also found there. It is located in the Estuarial region of Brahmani-Baitarani.<ref>[http://nwm.gov.in/sites/default/files/std_Phase2/Vol%205b%20Modelling%20Report%20BB%20Final.pdf Modelling Report 2020]</ref>
The park covers {{convert|145|km2}}.

[[File:Pentha seabeach Rajnagar.jpg|thumb|right|Pentha Seabeach Rajnagar Kendrapara]]
[[File:Sunrise-pentha.jpg|thumb|right|Sun rise at Pentha Sea Beach, Kendrapara]]
'''Pentha''' The 10-km-long sea beach at Pentha is neglected with no visitor infrastructure. Nowadays Odisha Tourism dept has initiated eco tourism near on sea beach which is a good step to attract tourists.
Close to the beach is a forest along with the [[Barunei river]] mouth.<ref>{{Cite web|title=No amenities for tourists, Pentha beach lies in utter neglect|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/jul/07/no-amenities-for-tourists-pentha-beach-lies-in-utter-neglect-1839626.html|access-date=2020-07-26|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Kendrapara district]]

List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Maithili

2025-12-11T06:51:07Z

Marta694059068: starting initial article more to come

{{Short description|List of winners of a literary honor in India}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Awards}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
'''Sahitya Akademi Translation Prizes''' are given each year to writers for their outstanding translations work in the 24 languages, since 1989.

==Recipients==
Following is the list of recipients of [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize|Sahitya Akademi translation prizes]] for their works written in [[Maithili language|Maithili]]. The award, as of 2019, consisted of {{INR}}50,000.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/sahitya_akademi_prize.jsp | title=..:: SAHITYA : Sahitya Akademi Prize :: }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Translator
! Title of the translation
! Original Title
! Original Language
! Genre
! Original Author
! class=unsortable|References
|-
| 1990 || Upendranath Jha 'Vyas' || ''Vipradas'' || ''Vipradas'' || Bengali || Novel || [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]] ||
|-
| 1991 || Shailendra Mohan Jha || ''Saratchandra: Vyakti Evam Kalakar'' || ''Saratchandra: Man and Artist'' || English || Criticism || [[Subodh Chandra Sengupta]] ||
|-
| 1993 || Govind Jha || ''Nepali Sahityak Itihas'' || ''History of Nepali Literature'' || English || Essays || [[Kumar Pradhan]] ||
|-
| 1994 || Ramdeo Jha || ''Sagai'' || ''Ek Chader Maili Si'' || Urdu || Novel || [[Rajinder Singh Bedi]] ||
|-
| 1995 || [[Surendra Jha 'Suman']] || ''Rabindra Natakavali Vol. I'' || ''Chirakumar Sabha, Visarjan and Chitrangada'' || Bengali || Plays || [[Rabindranath Tagore]] ||
|-
| 1996 || Fazlur Rahman Hashmi || ''Abul Kalam Azad'' || ''Abul Kalam Azad'' || Urdu || Autobiography || [[Abul Kalam Azad]] ||
|-
| 1997 || Navin Choudhary || ''Matimangal'' || ''[[Marali Mannige]]'' || Kannada || Novel || [[K. Shivaram Karanth]] ||
|-
| 1998 || Chandnath Mishra 'Amar' || ''Parashuramak Beechal-Bereyal Katha'' || ''Selection'' || Bengali || Short stories || [[Rajshekhar Basu]] ||
|-
| 1999 || Murari Madhusudan Thakur || ''Arogya Niketan'' || ''[[Arogya Niketan]]'' || Bengali || Novel || [[Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay]] ||
|-
| 2000 || Amaresh Pathak || ''Tamas'' || ''Tamas'' || Hindi || Novel || [[Bhisham Sahni]] ||
|-
| 2001 || Sureshwar Jha || ''Anatariksha Me Visphot'' || ''Antaralatil Sphot'' || Marathi || Novel || [[Jayant Narlikar]] ||
|-
| 2002 || Prabodh Narayan Singh || ''Patjharak Swar'' || ''Patjhar Ki Awaz'' || Urdu || Short stories || [[Qurratulain Hyder]] ||
|-
| 2003 || Upendra Doshi || ''Manoj Dasak Katha O Kahini'' || ''Manoj Dasank Katha O Kahini'' || Odia || Short stories || [[Manoj Das]] ||
|-
| 2004 || Prafulla Kumar Singh 'Maun' || ''Premchand: Chayanit Katha-I'' || ''Collection'' || Hindi || Short stories || [[Premchand]] ||
|-
| 2005 || Yogananda Jha || ''Motveo Katha'' || ''Folk Tales of Bihar'' || English || Folk tales || P.C. Roy Choudhary ||
|-
| 2006 || Rajanada Jha || ''Kalbela'' || ''Kalbela'' || Bengali || Novel || [[Samaresh Majumdar]] ||
|-
| 2007 || Ananta Bihar Lal Das Indu || ''Yuddha Aur Yoddha'' || ''Yudha Ra Yoddha'' || Nepali || Poetry || [[Agam Singh Giri]] ||
|-
| 2008 || Tara Kanta Jha || ''Samrachnavad, Uttar Samrachnavad Evam Tara Kanta Jha Prachya Kavyashastra'' || ''Sakhtiyat, Pas-Sakhtiyat Aur Mashriqi Sheriyat'' || Urdu || Criticism || [[Gopi Chand Narang]] ||
|-
| 2009 || Bhalchandra Jha || ''Beechhal Berayal Marathi Ekanki'' || ''Nivdak Marathi Ekankika'' || Marathi || Plays || Various Authors ||
|-
| 2010 || Nityanand Lal Das || ''Prajwalit Pragya'' || ''[[Ignited Minds]]'' || English || Essays || [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] ||
|-
| 2011 || Khushi Lai Jha || ''Uparvas Kathatrayee'' || ''Uparvas Kathatrayee'' || Gujarati || Novel || [[Raghuveer Chaudhari]] ||
|-
| 2012 || Mahendra Narayan Ram || ''Kermelin'' || ''Karmelin'' || Konkani || Novel || [[Damodar Mauzo]] ||
|-
| 2013 || Guna Nath Jha || ''Bangla Ekanki Natya Sangraha'' || ''Bangla Ekanki Natya Sangraha'' || Bengali || Collection of One Act Plays || Various Authors || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/e-newsletter/July-August_2014_NewsLetter.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2013- News Letter|date= 22 August 2014|publisher=Sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| 2014 || Ram Narayan Singh || ''Malahin'' || ''[[Chemmeen (novel)|Chemmeen]]'' || Malayalam || Novel || [[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]] ||
|-
| 2015 || Devendra Jha || ''Badali Jaichh Ghareta'' || ''Bari Badle Jai'' || Bengali || Novel || Ramapada Choudhuri || <ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of translation prize |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-translation-prize-556372-2016-02-15 |accessdate=3 October 2019 |agency=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Imphal hosts Sahitya Akademi Translation Award |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/imphal-hosts-sahitya-akademi-translation-award/ |accessdate=3 October 2019 |newspaper=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of translation prize |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-translation-prize-116021501187_1.html |accessdate=3 July 2019 |agency=business-standard}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || Rewati Mishra || ''Mithilak Lok Sahityak Bhumika'' || ''Introduction To The Folk Literature Of Mithila'' || English || Criticism || [[Jayakant Mishra]] ||
|-
| 2017 || Indra Kant Jha || ''Aangliyat'' || ''Aangliyat'' || Gujarati || Novel || [[Joseph Macwan]] ||
|-
| 2018 || Sadare Alam 'Gauhar' || Herael Jakan Kichhu || Khoya Huwa Sa Kuchh || Urdu || Poetry || [[Nida Fazli]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/anuvad_samman_suchi.jsp |title=AKADEMI TRANSLATION PRIZES (1989-2018) |website=Sahitya Akademi |accessdate=20 November 2019 }}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || Kedar Kanan || ''Akaal Me Saaras'' || ''Akaal Mein Saaras'' || Hindi || Collection of Poetry || [[Kedarnath Singh]] || <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://indiaculture.nic.in/sites/default/files/press_release/Pressrelease_TP_2019_25_02_2020.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Newsletter|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2020-02-24|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || Jitendra Narayan Jha || ''Chaupadi'' || ''Chatushpathi'' || Bengali || Novel || Swapanmay Chakraborthy || <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/TP-2020-EWeb.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation 2020|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2021-09-18|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || Ms. Shikha Goyal || ''Smarangatha'' || ''Smarangatha'' || Marathi || Autobiographical Novel || [[Gopal Nilkanth Dandekar|G.N. Dandekar]] || <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_TP-2021.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation 2021|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2022-07-05|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || Ratneshwar Mishra || ''Azaadi'' || ''Azadi'' || English || Novel || [[Chaman Nahal]] || <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_TP-2022.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2022|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2023-07-03|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || Menaka Mallik || ''Nilkantha'' || ''Nilkantha'' || Nepali || Novel || Matsyendra Pradhan || <ref>{{cite web |title=SAHITYA AKADEMI PRIZE FOR TRANSLATION 2023 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2013527 |website=www.pib.gov.in |access-date=12 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || Keshkar Thakur || ''Aaranyak'' || ''Aaranyak'' || Bengali || Novel || [[Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]] || <ref>{{cite web |title=SAHITYA AKADEMI PRIZE FOR TRANSLATION 2024 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2113771 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=26 October 2025}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Maithili]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/anuvad_samman_suchi.jsp#MAITHILI Akademi Translation Prizes For Maithili Language]

{{Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize}}

[[Category:Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize|Maithili]]
[[Category:Indian literary awards]]

2017 Olathe shooting

2025-11-27T07:43:22Z

Marta694059068: stub

{{Short description|Hate crime in Olathe, Kansas, US}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 2017 Olathe, Kansas shooting
| map = {{Location map many | Kansas#United States
| width = 250
| label = Austin's Bar
| position = center
| background = #FFFFDD
| coordinates = {{coord|38|51|14|N|94|46|52|W}}
}}
| map_caption =
| location = '''Austins Bar and Grill''' [[Olathe, Kansas]], US
| target = [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin#Non-Resident Indian .28NRI.29|Indian immigrant]] workers
| date = {{start date|2017|2|22}}
| time = 7:15 p.m<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/24/world/asia/kansas-attack-possible-hate-crime-srinivas-kuchibhotla.html|title=Hate Crime Is Feared as 2 Indian Engineers Are Shot in Kansas |first1=John |last1=Eligon |first2=Alan |last2=Blinder |first3=Nida |last3=Najar |date=February 24, 2017|work=The New York Times|access-date=25 February 2017}}</ref>
| timezone = [[UTC−06:00|CST]]
| coordinates = {{coord|38|51|14|N|94|46|52|W|display=inline,title|scale:50000_region:US_type:event}}
| type = [[Shooting]], [[hate crime]], [[Domestic terrorism]]
| fatalities = 1 (Srinivas Kuchibhotla)
| injuries = 2 (Alok Madasani and Ian Grillot)
| weapons = [[Taurus Millennium series|Taurus PT111]] chambered in [[9x19 Parabellum]]<ref>https://www.justice.gov/archives/opa/pr/kansas-man-pleads-guilty-hate-crime-and-firearm-offenses-shooting-two-indian-nationals-and?form=MG0AV3</ref>
| assailant = Adam Purinton
| motive = [[Anti-Indian sentiment]]
}}On February 22, 2017, Adam Purinton shot two [[Indian people|Indian]] men, Srinivas Kuchibhotla and Alok Madasani, whom he had allegedly mistaken for [[Iran]]ians, at a restaurant in [[Olathe, Kansas]], killing Kuchibhotla.<ref name="bbc">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-39108060 |title=Olathe, Kansas, shooting suspect 'said he killed Iranians' |work=[[BBC News]] |date=2017-02-28 |access-date=2017-03-12}}</ref> He reportedly yelled "get out of my country" and "[[terrorist]]" before firing. A third man, Ian Grillot, was wounded after he came to the two men's aid.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|title=Indian techie shot dead by American yelling 'get out of my country'|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/indian-techie-shot-dead-by-american-yelling-get-out-of-my-country-117022500008_1.html|work=Business Standard India|date=25 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="inwest">{{cite news |last1=Reporter |first1=India-West Staff |title=Indian American Engineer Fatally Shot in Kansas in Alleged Hate Crime |url=http://www.indiawest.com/news/global_indian/indian-american-engineer-fatally-shot-in-kansas-in-alleged-hate/article_cabbeea2-fa19-11e6-90fd-8be9cac28a53.html |work=[[India West]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="kcity">{{cite news|title=First-degree murder charge filed in possible hate crime shooting at Olathe’s Austins bar|url=http://www.kansascity.com/news/local/crime/article134459444.html|work=kansascity|language=en}}</ref> Several hours later, Purinton was arrested in [[Clinton, Missouri]].

==Incident==
According to witness accounts, the incident, at Austin's Bar and Grill at Mur-Len Shop on 151st St. and Mur-Len Rd., began as patrons were watching a basketball game; a man started yelling [[racial slurs]] at the victims, asking them whether their "[[Illegal immigration to the United States|status was legal]]".<ref>{{cite web|title=Bar shooting suspect asked victims if 'status was legal' - Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/us-canada-news/bar-shooting-suspect-asked-victims-if-status-was-legal/articleshow/57512550.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The man had been escorted from the premises after he was confronted by restaurant staff and other guests, but returned later with a gun and began firing.<ref name=Star/> He reportedly told the two targeted victims—South Indian men who work for [[Garmin]], a technology firm—to "get out of my country" before firing. Ian Grillot, a 24-year-old white American, was shot and suffered multiple bullet wounds as he came to the victims' aid.<ref name="bbs">{{cite news|title=Olathe shooting: India shocked after national killed in US|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-39081698|work=BBC News|date=24 February 2017}}</ref>

The suspect, Adam Purinton, was arrested while drinking at a restaurant bar in [[Clinton, Missouri]], about {{convert|82|miles|km}} away. He had attracted the barman's attention by saying he needed a place to hide because he had just killed one [[Middle East]]ern man and injured another.<ref name="Bloomberg">{{cite news|title=Witnesses: Bar Gunman Shouted 'Get Out of My Country'|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-02-24/witnesses-say-deadly-kansas-shooting-was-racially-motivated|work=Bloomberg.com|date=24 February 2017}}</ref>

===The perpetrator===
Adam Purinton (born May 21, 1965), age 51, was arrested for the killing. After fleeing the bar, he was pursued by police in the Kansas City area who also went to his home. He eluded them, but was arrested after he was said to have admitted to "killing two Middle Eastern men" at a bar to which he had fled, 82 miles from the scene of the crimes.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bucher|first1=Chris|title=Suspect: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know|url=http://heavy.com/news/2017/02/adam-purinton-olathe-shooter-shooting-suspect-veteran-muslim-islam-slur-who-is-dead-death-applebees-update-austins-bar-kansas/|website=Heavy.com|date=23 February 2017}}</ref> Purinton was said to have been a [[Alcohol abuse|drinker]] whose alcohol consumption increased and whose behavior rapidly deteriorated after his father died from pancreatic cancer, 18 months before the crimes. Prior to his arrest, he had recently held a series of [[Dead-end job|unskilled jobs]] including in hardware and liquor stores and as a dishwasher in a pizza parlor. He is a [[United States Navy]] veteran, had been an air traffic controller, and previously worked in information technology.<ref name= Star>[https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2017/02/25/kansas-community-tries-to-heal-after-racially-motivated-shooting.html Kansas community tries to heal after racially motivated shooting], ''[[Toronto Star]]'', John Hanna & John Suhr (AP), February 25, 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Hyderabad techie killed in Kansas bar: FBI probes 'hate crime' angle|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/world/america/240217/kansas-shooting-fbi-joins-probe-into-hate-crime-against-slain-indian-man.html|date=24 February 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/02/srinivas-kuchibhotla-alok-madasani/518160/ A Murder in Trump's America], ''[[The Atlantic]]'', Anand Giridharadas, February 28, 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2017.</ref>

==Legal proceedings==
Purinton was charged with one count of [[first-degree murder]] and two counts of attempted first-degree murder.<ref name="kc"/> He was held in the [[Johnson County, Kansas|Johnson County]] jail, with his bond set at $2 million.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/business/suspect-in-kansas-shooting-adam-purinton-appears-in-court/articleshow/57385107.cms |title=Suspect in Kansas shooting Adam Purinton appears in court |website=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref name="livemint">{{cite web |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/pG3IK3DfiurLm7CEgaivrL/US-hate-attack-Indian-engineer-shot-dead-2-critically-inju.html |title=US hate attack: Indian engineer shot dead, 2 critically injured in Kansas |last1=Jha|first1=Lalit |date=24 February 2017}}</ref> He faced a maximum sentence of life in prison without the possibility of parole for 50 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/kansas-india-idINKBN1630M8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224175522/http://in.reuters.com/article/kansas-india-idINKBN1630M8 |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 24, 2017 |title=Kansas man charged with killing Indian in possible hate crime |last1=Kalra |first1=Aditya |first2=Dave |last2=Kaup |website=Reuters |access-date=March 29, 2021}}</ref>
His preliminary hearing was initially scheduled for September 18;<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.kansascity.com/news/local/crime/article150657322.html |title=Suspect in Austin’s bar shooting in Olathe gets preliminary hearing date |last=Campbell |first=Matt |date=May 15, 2017 |publisher=The Kansas City Star |website=Kansas City |access-date=March 29, 2021}}</ref> then postponed to January 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.kansascity.com/news/local/crime/article181257071.html |title=Preliminary hearing set in alleged hate crime killing at Olathe bar |date=October 27, 2017 |access-date=October 30, 2017 |first=Tony |last=Rizzo |newspaper=The Kansas City Star}}</ref> In November Purinton waived his right to a preliminary hearing and was [[arraignment|arraigned]] on one count of first degree murder and two counts of attempted murder, initially entering a not guilty plea.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/not-guilty-plea-in-alleged-hate-crime-killing-at-kansas-bar/ |title=Not guilty plea in alleged hate crime killing at Kansas bar |publisher=CBS News |date=December 1, 2017 |access-date=March 29, 2021}}</ref>

Purinton later pleaded guilty to the state charges of murder and attempted murder on March 6, 2018. He was sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility for parole for the murder on May 4, 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kansas-shooting-us-man-who-killed-srinivas-kuchibhotla-sentenced-to-life/articleshow/64036091.cms |title=Kansas shooting: US man who killed Indian techie Srinivas Kuchibhotla sentenced to life imprisonment |date=May 5, 2018 |website=Times of India |access-date=March 29, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/world/kansas-man-gets-life-in-prison-for-killing-of-indian-immigrant-srinivas-kuchibhotla-5164163/lite/ |title=Kansas man gets life in prison for killing Indian immigrant Srinivas Kuchibhotla |date=May 5, 2018 |website=Indian Express |access-date=March 29, 2021}}</ref>

Purinton later pleaded guilty to federal hate-crime charges, thereby avoiding a death sentence, and received three consecutive life in prison sentences.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.kansascity.com/news/local/crime/article215983575.html |title=Austins killer gets three life sentences for targeting men he thought were Iranian |last=Rizzo |first=Tony |website=Kansas City |access-date=2018-12-17}}</ref>

As of January 2024, Purinton is incarcerated at [[Hutchinson Correctional Facility]] in [[Hutchinson, Kansas]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Disclaimer |url=https://kdocrepository.doc.ks.gov/kasper/ |website=kdocrepository.doc.ks.gov |publisher=Kansas Department of Corrections |access-date=10 January 2024}}</ref>

==Reactions==
[[Sushma Swaraj]], India's [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Foreign minister]], said on [[Twitter]] that "I am shocked", and that she would help the family to bring the victim's body back to Hyderabad.<ref name="livemint"/>

Garmin later issued a public statement about the incident: "We’re saddened that two Garmin associates were involved in [the] incident, and we express our condolences to the family and friends of our co-workers involved. Garmin will have grievance counselors on-site and available for its associates today and tomorrow."<ref name="livemint"/>

The families of victims have blamed the policies of U.S. President [[Donald Trump]], for the incident.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kansas shooting: Slain Indian's kin blames Donald Trump policies for racial attack|url=http://www.firstpost.com/world/kansas-shooting-slain-indians-kin-blames-donald-trump-policies-for-racial-attack-3301592.html|website=Firstpost|date=24 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Family of slain Indian engineer blames Trump's policies|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/family-of-slain-indian-engineer-blames-trump-s-policies-117022400997_1.html|website=Business Standard India|date=24 February 2017}}</ref> When asked by reporters whether "rhetoric that the President or—that generally has been out here recently could have contributed in any way", [[White House press secretary]] [[Sean Spicer]] stated, "I mean, obviously, any loss of life is tragic, but I'm not going to get into, like, that kind of—to suggest that there’s any correlation I think is a bit absurd. So I’m not going to go any further than that.<ref>{{cite web|title=Press Gaggle by Press Secretary Sean Spicer, 2/24/2017|url=https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2017/02/24/press-gaggle-press-secretary-sean-spicer-2242017|language=en|via=[[NARA|National Archives]]|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]|date=24 February 2017}}</ref>

The incident was condemned by several American lawmakers and civil rights groups. US Senator [[Jerry Moran]] of Kansas posted a statement on Facebook about the shooting, expressing concern for the safety of other immigrants.<ref>{{cite web|title=Srinivas Kuchibhotla: US murder possible hate crime|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/02/kansas-city-shooting-investigated-hate-crime-170224063319878.html|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> Later President Trump, who condemned the attack at the beginning of [[Donald Trump speech to joint session of Congress, February 2017|his address]] to a [[Joint Session of Congress|joint session of Congress]] said that "Recent threats ( ... ), as well as last week's shooting in Kansas City, remind us that while we may be a nation divided on policies, we are a country that stands united in condemning hate and evil in all its forms".<ref name="TH1">{{cite web|last1=George|first1=Varghese K.|title=Indian’s murder not linked to Trump politics: White House|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/_Indian%E2%80%99s-murder-not-linked-to-Trump-polittics/article17367864.ece|website=The Hindu|access-date=25 February 2017|date=February 25, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Donald Trump's Congress speech (full text)|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/02/28/politics/donald-trump-speech-transcript-full-text/|work=CNN|language=en}}</ref>

Kansas Governor [[Sam Brownback]] signed a proclamation to honor the three victims of the shooting and declared March 16 as Indian American Appreciation day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kansascity.com/news/politics-government/article139001753.html|title=Survivors of Olathe bar shooting appear at Kansas Capitol with Gov. Brownback|publisher=The Kansas City Star|date=March 16, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/kansas-recognises-march-16-as-indian-american-appreciation-day/article17508905.ece|title=Kansas recognises March 16 as Indian-American Appreciation Day|first=|last=PTI|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="kc">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/us-canada-news/kansas-recognises-march-16-as-indian-american-appreciation-day/articleshow/57686022.cms|title=Kansas recognises March 16 as Indian-American Appreciation Day|newspaper=Times of India|publisher=}}</ref>

Members of India House Houston later raised $100,000 to honor the white American who came to the aid of the victims.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indians in US raise $100,000 for Kansas shooting hero Ian Grillot|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/indians-in-us-raise-100-000-for-kansas-shooting-hero-ian-grillot/story-VWqWPF7d1ninX8VeK9h0DL.html|website=hindustantimes.com/|language=en|date=26 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Indian dignitaries honor Olathe bar hero Ian Grillot, surprise him with big check|url=http://www.kansascity.com/news/local/crime/article141007908.html|website=kansascity|language=en}}</ref> He was also honored by the Asian Culture Association for heroism.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ian Grillot receives hero award at Asian culture event in Olathe|url=http://www.kansascity.com/news/local/article147658199.html|website=kansascity|language=en}}</ref>

The victim Kuchibhotla's widow, Sunayana Dumala, faced deportation since her visa was tied to that of her husband's H-1B temporary highly skilled worker visa status.<ref>[http://www.theindpost.com/news/widow-of-kansas-shooting-victim-temporarily-lost-resident-status-after-husband-s-death Widow of Kansas shooting victim temporarily lost resident status after husband's death] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928102836/http://www.theindpost.com/news/widow-of-kansas-shooting-victim-temporarily-lost-resident-status-after-husband-s-death|date=2017-09-28}}, ''[[The IND Post]]'', September 19, 2017. Retrieved September 28, 2017.</ref> In January 2018, she received an H-1B temporary visa of her own.<ref>[https://www.theatlantic.com/video/index/560669/hate-crime-in-kansas/ The Devastating Olathe, Kansas Hate Crime Shooting of Srinivas Kuchibhotla in 2017], ''[[The Atlantic]]'', May 18, 2018. Retrieved May 21, 2018.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Anti-Middle Eastern sentiment]]
* [[Anti-Iranian sentiment]]
* [[Anti-Indian sentiment]]
* [[2016 Minneapolis shooting]]
* [[2017 Portland train attack]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/article/indian-man-killed-in-possibly-racially-motivated-shooting-at-kansas-bar/ Indian man killed in possibly racially motivated shooting at Kansas bar], CTV News
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170227234943/http://www.ctvnews.ca/world/911-call-kansas-bar-shooting-suspect-claimed-he-d-killed-iranians-1.3303470 911 call: Kansas bar shooting suspect claimed he'd killed 'Iranians'], CTV News

{{DEFAULTSORT:Olathe, Kansas shooting, 2017}}
[[Category:2017 in Kansas]]
[[Category:2017 murders in the United States]]
[[Category:Anti-Indian sentiment in the United States]]
[[Category:Anti-Iranian sentiment in North America]]
[[Category:Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment]]
[[Category:Asian-American history]]
[[Category:Asian-American-related controversies]]
[[Category:Crimes in Kansas]]
[[Category:February 2017 crimes in the United States]]
[[Category:February 2017 in the United States]]
[[Category:Indian-American history]]
[[Category:Indian people murdered abroad]]
[[Category:Murder in Kansas]]
[[Category:Olathe, Kansas|2017 shooting]]
[[Category:Racially motivated violence against Asian Americans]]
[[Category:Xenophobia in the United States]]

2023 Hyderabad ePrix

2025-11-25T20:09:02Z

Marta694059068: done...

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}

{{Infobox Grand Prix race report
| Type = CUST
| Description = Race 4 of 16 of the [[2022–23 Formula E season]]
| Previous_round = 2023 Diriyah ePrix
| Next_round = 2023 Cape Town ePrix
| Country = India
| Grand Prix = Hyderabad
| GP_Suffix = ePrix
| Details ref =
| Fulldate = {{Start date|2023|02|11|df=y}}
| Year = 2023
| Image = Hyderabad Street Track FE Layout.png
| Official name = 2023 Greenko Hyderabad ePrix
| Location = [[Hyderabad Street Circuit]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| Course = Street Circuit
| Course_length = {{convert|2.835|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| Distance_laps = 33{{efn|32 planned laps and 1 extra lap}}
| Distance_length = {{convert|93.555|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| Attendance = 31,000<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |title=Formula E delivers $84m boost to Hyderabad's economy |url=https://www.fiaformulae.com/en/news/474707 |website=The Official Home of Formula E |access-date=25 May 2024 |language=en |date=2 August 2023}}</ref>
| Scheduled_laps = 32
| Scheduled_length = {{convert|90.720|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| Weather =
| Pole_Driver = [[Mitch Evans]]
| Pole_Country = NZL
| Pole_Team = [[Jaguar Racing|Jaguar]]
| Pole_Time = 1:13.228
| Fast_Driver = [[Norman Nato]]
| Fast_Team = [[Nismo#FIA Formula E|Nissan]]
| Fast_Time = 1:14.698
| Fast_Lap = 28
| Fast_Country = FRA
| First_Driver = [[Jean-Éric Vergne]]
| First_Country = FRA
| First_Team = [[DS Penske|DS]]
| Second_Driver = [[Nick Cassidy]]
| Second_Country = NZL
| Second_Team = [[Envision Racing|Envision]]-[[Jaguar Racing|Jaguar]]
| Third_Driver = [[António Félix da Costa]]
| Third_Country = POR
| Third_Team = [[Porsche Formula E Team|Porsche]]
| Lapchart = {{FELaps2022|HYD}}
}}

The '''2023 Hyderabad ePrix''', known for sponsorships reasons as the '''2023 Greenko Hyderabad ePrix''',<ref>{{cite news |title=Greenko named title sponsor of 2023 Greenko Hyderabad E-Prix |url=https://www.fiaformulae.com/en/news/16534/greenko-named-title-sponsor-of-2023-greenko-hyderabad-e-prix |access-date=10 February 2023 |work=The Official Home of Formula E |language=en}}</ref> was a [[Formula E]] event held at the [[Hyderabad Street Circuit]] in the city of [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India on 11 February 2023 as the fourth round of the [[2022–23 Formula E World Championship]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prakash |first1=Priyali |title=Explained {{!}} Formula E to race in Hyderabad in 2023 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/motorsport/page-2-explained-formula-e-to-race-in-hyderabad-in-2023/article65589332.ece |access-date=23 January 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707135133/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/motorsport/page-2-explained-formula-e-to-race-in-hyderabad-in-2023/article65589332.ece |archive-date=7 July 2022 |language=en-IN|url-status=live}}</ref> This was the inaugural running of a [[List of Formula E ePrix|Formula E event]] at the track, as well as the first time an ePrix was held in India. It was also the first motorsport event hosted by the country as part of an FIA-sanctioned World Championship since the [[2013 Indian Grand Prix]] almost a decade prior.

==Background==
===History===
Hyderabad was one of a number of Indian cities bidding to host a round of the FIA Formula E Championship, although it was only seriously considered after the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] had halted the discussions between the FIA and proposed hosts in Delhi and Mumbai. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://formularapida.net/formula-e-signs-a-letter-of-intent-with-hyderabad-for-indian-eprix/|title=Formula E signs a letter of intent with Hyderabad for Indian EPrix|first=Darshan|last=Chokhani|date=17 January 2022}}</ref> On 17 January 2022 the Government of Telangana signed a "letter of intent" with Formula E to stage the Hyderabad E-Prix, with a planned debut as a round of the 2022–23 season, towards the start of the season.<ref name="auto"/> The Hyderabad E-Prix was subsequently listed on the first provisional calendar for [[2022–23 Formula E World Championship]] as the fourth round of the season, on 11 February 2023. The Hyderabad E-Prix was staged on the [[Hyderabad Street Circuit]], which was set up on the banks of the artificial [[Hussain Sagar]] Lake, which was set to host its first event, a round of the [[2022 Indian Racing League|Indian Racing League]], in 2022.

===Circuit===
{{Main|Hyderabad Street Circuit}}
[[File:Hussain Sagar Map.svg|right|thumb|Hussain Sagar Map]]
The initial design of the track, which was designed with help from PPE Racing, a Filipino constructor and race track designer, was heavily criticised by drivers, with [[Norman Nato]] describing it as "looking like a [[dildo]]" after he drove on the track in a simulator.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}} The track was later redesigned by Driven International, who also designed the 2021 layout of the [[Yas Marina Circuit]] in [[Abu Dhabi]] and the reception was positive.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gidithuri |first=Unnatee |title=Hyderabad E-Prix confirmed: Formula E to race in India |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/motor-sports-news/hyderabad-e-prix-confirmed-formula-e-to-race-in-india-424950}}</ref>

===Championship standings===
[[Pascal Wehrlein]] entered the fourth round of the season as the points leader in the Drivers' Championship after winning both races at [[2023 Diriyah ePrix|Diriyah]], with [[Jake Dennis]] second by 6 points. In the first three previous races this season, only Wehrlein and Dennis finished in the first two positions. [[Andretti Autosport|Avalanche Andretti]] led the Teams' Championship, 2 points ahead of [[Porsche Formula E Team|TAG Heuer Porsche]].<ref>{{cite web |title=2023 Formula E Standings and Results in Motorsport |url=https://www.autosport.com/formula-e/standings/2023/ |website=AutoSport |access-date=4 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==Impact==
The government of Telangana introduced three [[double-decker bus|double-decker]] [[electric bus]]es in preparation for the race. This marks the return of double decker buses to Hyderabad for the first time since 2003.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ahead of Formula E race, Hyderabad reintroduces double-decker buses; electric this time |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/ahead-of-formula-e-race-hyderabad-reintroduces-double-decker-buses-8430926/ |access-date=8 February 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=8 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

A study by Nielsen Sports Analysis found that the event contributed $83.7 million to Hyderabad's economy.<ref name="auto1"/>

==Free practice==
In Free Practice 1, held on 10 February at 4:30 PM, [[Pascal Wehrlein]] crashed hard into the barriers with an apparent vehicle malfunction causing Porsche to pit all of the cars on both Porsche teams – [[TAG Heuer Porsche Formula E Team|TAG Heuer Porsche]] and [[Andretti Autosport|Avalanche Andretti]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Golding |first1=Nick |title=Huge Pascal Wehrlein Shunt Overshadows Sébastian Buemi Topping Chaotic Opening Hyderabad Session |url=https://www.thecheckeredflag.co.uk/2023/02/huge-pascal-wehrlein-shunt-overshadows-sebastian-buemi-topping-chaotic-opening-hyderabad-session/ |access-date=10 February 2023 |work=The Checkered Flag |date=10 February 2023}}</ref>

==Classification==
(All times are in [[Indian Standard Time|IST]])
===Qualifying===
Qualifying took place at 10:40 AM on 11 February.<ref name="fia-sched" />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
! colspan="12" |Group draw
|-
!Group A
|{{flagicon|DEU}} [[Pascal Wehrlein|WEH]]
|{{Flagicon|CHE}} [[Sébastien Buemi|BUE]]
|{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Jake Hughes|HUG]]
|{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Lucas di Grassi|DIG]]
|{{Flagicon|NZL}} [[Mitch Evans|EVA]]
|{{flagicon|POR}} [[António Félix da Costa|DAC]]
|{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Sacha Fenestraz|FEN]]
|{{Flagicon|BEL}} [[Stoffel Vandoorne|VAN]]
|{{flagicon|DEU}} [[Maximilian Günther|GUE]]
|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Oliver Rowland|ROW]]
|{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Sérgio Sette Câmara|SET]]
|-
!Group B
| align="left" |{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Jake Dennis|DEN]]
| align="left" |{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Sam Bird|BIR]]
| align="left" |{{flagicon|DEU}} [[René Rast|RAS]]
| align="left" |{{Flagicon|DEU}} [[André Lotterer|LOT]]
| align="left" |{{Flagicon|NZL}} [[Nick Cassidy|CAS]]
| align="left" |{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Jean-Éric Vergne|JEV]]
| align="left" |{{Flagicon|CHE}} [[Edoardo Mortara|MOR]]
| align="left" |{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Dan Ticktum|TIC]]
| align="left" |{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Norman Nato|NAT]]
| align="left" |{{Flagicon|CHE}} [[Nico Müller|MUE]]
| align="left" |{{Flagicon|ZAF}} [[Kelvin van der Linde|VDL]]
|}

==== Qualifying duels ====
{{8TeamBracket
|RD1=Quarter-finals
|RD2=Semi-finals
|RD3=Final
|hideomittedscores=1

| RD1-seed1 = A3
| RD1-team1 = {{Flagicon|SWI}} '''[[Sébastien Buemi]]'''
| RD1-seed2 = A2
| RD1-team2 = {{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Sacha Fenestraz]]

| RD1-seed3 = A4
| RD1-team3 = {{Flagicon|GER}} [[Maximilian Günther]]
| RD1-seed4 = A1
| RD1-team4 = {{Flagicon|NZL}} '''[[Mitch Evans]]'''

| RD1-seed5 = B3
| RD1-team5 = {{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Sam Bird]]
| RD1-seed6 = B2
| RD1-team6 = {{Flagicon|FRA}} '''[[Jean-Éric Vergne]]'''

| RD1-seed7 = B4
| RD1-team7 = {{Flagicon|SWI}} [[Edoardo Mortara]]*
| RD1-seed8 = B1
| RD1-team8 = {{Flagicon|GER}} [[René Rast]]*

| RD2-team1 = {{Flagicon|SWI}} [[Sébastien Buemi]]
| RD2-team2 = {{Flagicon|NZL}} '''[[Mitch Evans]]'''

| RD2-team3 = {{Flagicon|FRA}} '''[[Jean-Éric Vergne]]'''
| RD2-team4 = *

| RD3-team1 = {{Flagicon|NZL}} '''[[Mitch Evans]]'''
| RD3-team2 = {{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Jean-Éric Vergne]]
}}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> [[Sam Bird]], [[Edoardo Mortara]] and [[René Rast]] all had their quarter-finals times deleted for exceeding track limits. Mortara and Rast had been seeded into the same duel, so neither driver advanced to the semi-finals. For this reason, Jean-Éric Vergne was not matched against any driver in the semi-finals and automatically advanced to the finals.
==== Overall classification ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%"
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|Pos.|Position}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|No.|Car number}}
! scope="col" | Driver
! scope="col" | Team
! scope="col" | {{Tooltip|A|Group A}}
! scope="col" | {{Tooltip|B|Group B}}
! scope="col" | {{Tooltip|QF|Quarter-finals}}
! scope="col" | {{Tooltip|SF|Semi-finals}}
! scope="col" | {{Tooltip|F|Final}}
! scope="col" | {{Tooltip|Grid|Final grid position}}
|-
! scope="row" |1
| align="center" |9
| data-sort-value="EVA" |{{Flagicon|NZL}} [[Mitch Evans]]
|[[Jaguar Racing|Jaguar]]
|'''1:14.194'''
| {{n/a}}
|'''1:13:526'''
|'''1:13.250'''
|'''1:13.228'''
| align="center" |1
|-
! scope="row" |2
| align="center" | 25
| data-sort-value="JEV" |{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Jean-Éric Vergne]]
| [[Dragon Racing|DS]]
| {{n/a}}
| 1:14:095
| '''1:13.503'''
| '''1:13.472'''
| 1:13.249
| align="center" |2
|-
! scope="row" |3
| align="center" |16
| data-sort-value="BUE" |{{Flagicon|CHE}} [[Sébastien Buemi]]
|[[Envision Racing|Envision]]-[[Jaguar Racing|Jaguar]]
|1:14:503
| {{n/a}}
|'''1:13:599'''
|1:13:533
| {{n/a}}
| align="center" |3
|-
! scope="row" |4
| align="center" |23
| data-sort-value="FEN"|{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Sacha Fenestraz]]
|[[Nismo|Nissan]]
|1:14:204
| {{n/a}}
| No time{{efn|Fenestraz's time was deleted for exceeding track limits.}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| align="center" |4
|-
! scope="row" |5
| align="center" |7
| data-sort-value="GUE" |{{Flagicon|DEU}} [[Maximilian Günther]]
| [[Maserati MSG Racing|Maserati]]
|1:14:518
| {{n/a}}
| No time{{efn|Günther's time was deleted for exceeding track limits.}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| align="center" |5
|-
! scope="row" |6
| align="center" |10
| data-sort-value="BIR" |{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Sam Bird]]
|[[Jaguar Racing|Jaguar]]
| {{n/a}}
|1:14:187
| No time{{efn|Bird's time was deleted for exceeding track limits.}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| align="center" |6
|-
! scope="row" |7
| align="center" |48
| data-sort-value="MOR" |{{Flagicon|CHE}} [[Edoardo Mortara]]
|[[Maserati MSG Racing|Maserati]]
| {{n/a}}
|1:14:233
| No time{{efn|Mortara's time was deleted for exceeding track limits.}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| align="center" |7
|-
! scope="row" |8
| align="center" | 58
| data-sort-value="RAS" | {{Flagicon|DEU}} [[René Rast]]
|[[McLaren Formula E Team|McLaren]]-[[Nissan]]
| {{n/a}}
|'''1:14:091'''
| No time{{efn|Rast's time was deleted for exceeding track limits.}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| align="center" |8
|-
! scope="row" |9
| align="center" |94
| data-sort-value="WEH"|{{Flagicon|DEU}} [[Pascal Wehrlein]]
|[[Porsche Formula E Team|Porsche]]
|1:14.663
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| align="center" |12{{efn|Wehrlein received a 3-place grid penalty for impeding Sette Câmara.}}
|-
! scope="row" |10
| align="center" |37
| data-sort-value="CAS" |{{Flagicon|NZL}} [[Nick Cassidy]]
|[[Envision Racing|Envision]]-[[Jaguar Racing|Jaguar]]
| {{n/a}}
|1:14:234
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| align="center" |9
|-
! scope="row" |11
| align="center" |8
| data-sort-value="ROW" |{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Oliver Rowland]]
|[[Mahindra Racing|Mahindra]]
|1:14:721
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| align="center" |10
|-
! scope="row" |12
| align="center" |27
| data-sort-value="DEN" |{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Jake Dennis]]
|[[Andretti Autosport|Andretti]]-[[Porsche Motorsport|Porsche]]
|{{n/a}}
|1:14.377
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
| align="center" |11
|-
! scope="row" |13
| align="center" |13
| data-sort-value="DAC" |{{Flagicon|POR}} [[António Félix da Costa]]
|[[Porsche Formula E Team|Porsche]]
|1:14:732
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| align="center" |13
|-
! scope="row" |14
| align="center" |17
| data-sort-value="NAT" |{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Norman Nato]]
| [[Nismo|Nissan]]
| {{n/a}}
|1:14.420
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| align="center" |14
|-
! scope="row" |15
| align="center" |3
| data-sort-value="SET" |{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Sérgio Sette Câmara]]
| [[NIO 333 FE Team|NIO]]
|1:14:756
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| align="center" |15
|-
! scope="row" |16
| align="center" | 33
| data-sort-value="TIC"| {{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Dan Ticktum]]
| [[NIO 333 FE Team|NIO]]
| {{n/a}}
| 1:14.539
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| align="center" |16
|-
! scope="row" |17
| align="center" |1
| data-sort-value="VAN" |{{Flagicon|BEL}} [[Stoffel Vandoorne]]
| [[Dragon Racing|DS]]
| 1:14.823
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| align="center" |17
|-
! scope="row" | 18
| align="center" | 51
| data-sort-value="MUE" | {{Flagicon|CHE}} [[Nico Müller]]
| [[ABT Sportsline|ABT]]-[[Mahindra Electric|Mahindra]]
|{{n/a}}
| 1:14:549
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
| align="center" |18
|-
! scope="row" | 19
| align="center" | 11
| data-sort-value="DIG" | {{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Lucas di Grassi]]
|[[Mahindra Racing|Mahindra]]
|1:14:917
| {{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
| align="center" |19
|-
! scope="row" |20
| align="center" | 36
| data-sort-value="LOT"| {{Flagicon|DEU}} [[André Lotterer]]
| [[Andretti Autosport|Andretti]]-[[Porsche Motorsport|Porsche]]
| {{n/a}}
| 1:14:818
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| align="center" |20
|-
! scope="row" |21
| align="center" | 5
| data-sort-value="HUG" | {{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Jake Hughes]]
|[[McLaren Formula E Team|McLaren]]-[[Nissan]]
| 1:15:118
|{{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| align="center" |21
|-
! scope="row" | 22
| align="center" | 4
| data-sort-value="VDL" | {{Flagicon|RSA}} [[Kelvin van der Linde]]
| [[ABT Sportsline|ABT]]-[[Mahindra Electric|Mahindra]]
|{{n/a}}
| 1:15:173
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
| align="center" |22
|-
! colspan="10" |Source:<ref name="qualifying_results">{{Cite web |title=Qualifying |url=https://www.fiaformulae.com/en/results?season=bc4a0209-f233-46c8-afce-842d1c48358f&race=dc074794-b3e8-4d59-916d-d0c71af825db&tab=qualifying |access-date=12 February 2023 |date=12 February 2023 |website=Formula E |language=en }}</ref>
|}

===Race===
The race took place on February 11 at 3:03 PM.<ref name="fia-sched">{{cite web |title=2023 Hyderabad E-Prix - ABB FIA Formula E World Championship |url=https://www.fiaformulae.com/en/races/2022-23/r4-hyderabad |website=The Official Home of Formula E |access-date=8 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206143847/https://www.fiaformulae.com/en/races/2022-23/r4-hyderabad |archive-date=6 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%"
! scope="col" | {{Tooltip|Pos.|Position}}
! scope="col" | {{Tooltip|No.|Car number}}
! scope="col" | Driver
! scope="col" | Team
! scope="col" | {{Tooltip|Laps|Laps completed}}
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Time/Retired
! scope="col" | {{Tooltip|Grid|Final grid position}}
! scope="col" | Points
|-
! scope="row" |1
| align="center" | '''25'''
| data-sort-value=" " | '''{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Jean-Éric Vergne]]'''
| '''[[DS Penske]]'''
| '''33'''
| '''46:01:099'''
| align="center" | '''2'''
| align="center" | '''25'''
|-
! scope="row" |2
| align="center" | '''37'''
| data-sort-value=" " | '''{{Flagicon|NZL}} [[Nick Cassidy]]'''
| [[Envision Racing|'''Envision''']]-[[Jaguar Racing|'''Jaguar''']]
| '''33'''
| '''+0.400'''
| align="center" | '''9'''
| align="center" | '''18'''
|-
! scope="row" |3
| align="center" | '''13'''
| data-sort-value=" " | '''{{Flagicon|POR}} [[António Félix da Costa]]'''
| [[Porsche Formula E Team|'''Porsche''']]
| '''33'''
| '''+1.859'''
| align="center" | '''13'''
| align="center" | '''15'''
|-
! scope="row" |4
| align="center" | '''94'''
| data-sort-value=" " | '''{{Flagicon|DEU}} [[Pascal Wehrlein]]'''
| [[Porsche Formula E Team|'''Porsche''']]
| '''33'''
| '''+2.855'''
| align="center" | '''12'''
| align="center" | '''12'''
|-
! scope="row" |5
| align="center" | '''3'''
| data-sort-value=" " | '''{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Sérgio Sette Câmara]]'''
| [[Nio 333 Racing|'''NIO''']]
| '''33'''
| '''+3.523'''
| align="center" | '''15'''
| align="center" | '''10'''
|-
! scope="row" |6
| align="center" | '''8'''
| data-sort-value=" " | '''{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Oliver Rowland]]'''
| [[Mahindra Racing|'''Mahindra''']]
| '''33'''
| '''+7.138'''{{efn|Rowland received a 5-second time penalty for exceeding track limits.}}
| align="center" | '''10'''
| align="center" | '''8'''
|-
! scope="row" |7
| align="center" | '''17'''
| data-sort-value=" " | '''{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Norman Nato]]'''
| [[Nismo|'''Nissan''']]
| '''33'''
| '''+7.318'''
| align="center" | '''14'''
| align="center" | '''6+1'''
|-
! scope="row" |8
| align="center" | '''1'''
| data-sort-value=" " | '''{{Flagicon|BEL}} [[Stoffel Vandoorne]]'''
| '''[[DS Penske]]'''
| '''33'''
| '''+7.564'''{{efn|Dennis received a 5-second time penalty for exceeding track limits.}}
| align="center" | '''17'''
| align="center" | '''4'''
|-
! scope="row" |9
| align="center" | '''36'''
| data-sort-value=" " | '''{{Flagicon|DEU}} [[André Lotterer]]'''
| '''[[Andretti Autosport|Andretti]]-[[Porsche Motorsport|Porsche]]'''
| '''33'''
| '''+8.703'''
| align="center" | '''20'''
| align="center" | '''2'''
|-
! scope="row" |10
| align="center" | '''48'''
| data-sort-value=" " | '''{{Flagicon|CHE}} [[Edoardo Mortara]]'''
| '''[[Maserati MSG Racing|Maserati]]'''
| '''33'''
| '''+9.073'''
| align="center" | '''7'''
| align="center" | '''1'''
|-
! scope="row" |11
| align="center" | 51
| data-sort-value=" " | {{Flagicon|CHE}} [[Nico Müller]]
| [[ABT Sportsline|ABT]]-[[Mahindra Electric|Mahindra]]
| 33
| +10.622
| align="center" | 18
| align="center" |
|-
! scope="row" |12
| align="center" | 23
| data-sort-value=" " | {{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Sacha Fenestraz]]
| [[Nismo|Nissan]]
| 33
| +11.635
| align="center" | 4
| align="center" |
|-
! scope="row" |13
| align="center" | 7
| data-sort-value=" " | {{Flagicon|DEU}} [[Maximilian Günther]]
| [[Maserati MSG Racing|Maserati]]
| 33
| +15.446{{efn|Günther received a 5-second time penalty for exceeding track limits.}}
| align="center" | 5
| align="center" |
|-
! scope="row" |14
| align="center" | 11
| data-sort-value=" " | {{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Lucas di Grassi]]
| [[Mahindra Racing|Mahindra]]
| 33
| +15.999{{efn|di Grassi received a 5-second time penalty for exceeding track limits.}}
| align="center" | 19
| align="center" |
|-
! scope="row" |15
| align="center" | 16
| data-sort-value=" " | {{Flagicon|CHE}} [[Sébastien Buemi]]
| [[Envision Racing|Envision]]-[[Jaguar Racing|Jaguar]]
| 33
| +17.735{{efn|Buemi received a drive-through penalty, later converted into a 17-second penalty, for overpower.}}
| align="center" | 3
| align="center" |
|-
! scope="row" |16
| align="center" | 27
| data-sort-value=" " | {{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Jake Dennis]]
| [[Andretti Autosport|Andretti]]-[[Porsche Motorsport|Porsche]]
| 33
| +1:10.562{{efn|Dennis received a 5-second time penalty for exceeding track limits.}}
| align="center" | 11
| align="center" |
|-
! scope="row" |Ret
| align="center" | 58
| data-sort-value=" " | {{Flagicon|DEU}} [[René Rast]]
| [[McLaren Formula E Team|McLaren]]-[[Nissan]]
| 25
| Collision damage
| align="center" | 8
| align="center" |
|-
! scope="row" |Ret
| align="center" | 5
| data-sort-value=" " | {{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Jake Hughes]]
| [[McLaren Formula E Team|McLaren]]-[[Nissan]]
| 22
| Accident
| align="center" | 21
| align="center" |
|-
! scope="row" |Ret
| align="center" | 10
| data-sort-value=" " | {{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Sam Bird]]
| [[Jaguar Racing|Jaguar]]
| 18
| Collision damage
| align="center" | 6
| align="center" |
|-
! scope="row" |Ret
| align="center" | 33
| data-sort-value=" " | {{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Dan Ticktum]]
| [[Nio 333 Racing|NIO]]
| 15
| Suspension
| align="center" | 16
| align="center" |
|-
! scope="row" |Ret
| align="center" | 9
| data-sort-value=" " | {{Flagicon|NZL}} [[Mitch Evans]]
| [[Jaguar Racing|Jaguar]]
| 12
| Collision damage
| align="center" | 1
| align="center" |
|-
! scope="row" |Ret
| align="center" | 4
| data-sort-value=" " | {{Flagicon|RSA}} [[Kelvin van der Linde]]
| [[ABT Sportsline|ABT]]-[[Mahindra Electric|Mahindra]]
| 9
| Suspension
| align="center" | 22
| align="center" |
|-
! colspan="8" |Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Results |url=https://www.fiaformulae.com/en/results?season=bc4a0209-f233-46c8-afce-842d1c48358f&race=dc074794-b3e8-4d59-916d-d0c71af825db&tab=race |access-date=11 February 2023 |date=11 February 2023 |website=Formula E |language=en |archive-date= }}</ref>
|}
'''Notes:'''
* {{Note|1|1}} – Pole position.
* {{Note|2|2}} – Fastest lap.

====Standings after the race====
{{col-start}}
{{col-2}}
;Drivers' Championship standings
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%;"
|-
!
!Pos
!Driver
!Points
|-
|align="left"| [[File:1rightarrow blue.svg|10px]]
|align="center"| 1
| {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Pascal Wehrlein]]
| align="left"| 80
|-
|align="left"| [[File:1rightarrow blue.svg|10px]]
|align="center"| 2
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jake Dennis]]
| align="left"| 62
|-
|align="left"| [[File:1uparrow green.svg|10px]] 8
|align="center"| 3
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Jean-Éric Vergne]]
| align="left"| 31
|-
|align="left"| [[File:1downarrow red.svg|10px]] 1
|align="center"| 4
| {{flagicon|CHE}} [[Sébastien Buemi]]
| align="left"| 31
|-
|align="left"| [[File:1uparrow green.svg|10px]] 5
|align="center"| 5
| {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Nick Cassidy]]
| align="left"| 28
|}
{{col-2}}
;Teams' Championship standings
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%;"
|-
!
! Pos
! Constructor
! Points
|-
|align="left"| [[File:1uparrow green.svg|10px]] 1
|align="center"| 1
| {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Porsche Formula E Team|Porsche]]
| align="left"| 101
|-
|align="left"| [[File:1downarrow red.svg|10px]] 1
|align="center"| 2
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Andretti Autosport|Andretti]]-[[Porsche Motorsport|Porsche]]
| align="left"| 78
|-
|align="left"| [[File:1uparrow green.svg|10px]] 1
|align="center"| 3
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Envision Racing|Envision]]-[[Jaguar Racing|Jaguar]]
| align="left"| 59
|-
|align="left"| [[File:1downarrow red.svg|10px]] 1
|align="center"| 4
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[McLaren Formula E Team|McLaren]]-[[Nissan]]
| align="left"| 53
|-
|align="left"| [[File:1rightarrow blue.svg|10px]]
|align="center"| 5
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jaguar Racing|Jaguar]]
| align="left"| 42
|}
{{col-end}}

* '''Notes''': Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.

==Notes==
{{noteslist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
|- style="text-align:center"
|width="35%"|Previous race: '''[[2023 Diriyah ePrix]]'''
|width="30%"|'''[[FIA Formula E World Championship]] [[2022–23 Formula E World Championship|2022–23 season]]'''
|width="35%"|Next race: '''[[2023 Cape Town ePrix]]'''
|- style="text-align:center"
|width="35%"|Previous race: '''N/A'''
|width="30%"|'''[[Hyderabad ePrix]]'''
|width="35%"|Next race: '''N/A'''
|- style="text-align:center"
{{s-end}}
{{FE ePrix Season 1-10}}
{{FIA Formula E Championship}}
{{Portal bar|Sports|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hyderabad ePrix, 2023}}
[[Category:Hyderabad ePrix|2023]]
[[Category:2022–23 Formula E season]]
[[Category:2023 in Indian motorsport]]
[[Category:February 2023 sports events in India]]

Arlapadu

2025-11-01T23:09:52Z

Marta694059068: stub...

{{short description|Village in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = Right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.0348|80.4827}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 13
| map_caption = Interactive map
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[NTR district|NTR]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gampalagudem mandal|Gampalagudem]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=District Census Handbook, Krishna - Page 260 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/124/download/146/DH_2011_2816_PART_A_DCHB_KRISHNA.pdf}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 11.66
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2974
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=627290 |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=14 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924131005/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=627290 |archivedate=24 September 2015 }}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name = Kurakula Triveni<ref>{{Cite web |title= Panchayat Development Plan Campaign|url=https://gpdp.nic.in/sarpanchWithDetailsReport.html?OWASP_CSRFTOKEN=TC4A-AQKL-1UJO-6PGR-6EIK-KTOP-7RDM-5J81 |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=gpdp.nic.in}}</ref>
}}

'''Arlapadu''' is a village located in the [[Gampalagudem mandal]], [[NTR district]] of the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is under the administration of [[Tiruvuru revenue division]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mandal wise Villages {{!}} NTR District {{!}} India |url=https://ntr.ap.gov.in/mandal-wise-villages/ |access-date=2023-12-20 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to [[2011 census of India]], in Arlapadu village, there are a total of 801 households. The population is 2,974, with 1,481 males and 1,493 females. The Scheduled Castes population is 1,115, and Scheduled Tribes consist of 4 individuals. The literate population is 1,574, with 1,716 workers in the village.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh, Krishna District, Gampalagudem Sub-District, Rural Area|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/data-visualizations/PopulationSearch_PCA_Indicators}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}
{{NTR district}}
[[Category:Villages in NTR district]]

Thomas Menamparampil

2025-11-01T21:46:59Z

Marta694059068: new.

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| honorific-prefix = The Most Reverend
| name = Thomas Menamparampil
| title = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guwahati|Archbishop Emeritus of Guwahati]]
| church = [[Roman Catholic Church]]
| archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guwahati|Guwahati]]
| province =
| metropolis =
| diocese =
| see =
| elected =
| appointed = 10 July 1995 ''(As Archbishop of Guwahati)''
| term = 1995-2012 ''(As Archbishop of Guwahati)''
| term_start = 1995 ''(As Archbishop of Guwahati)''
| quashed =
| term_end = 18 January 2012 ''(As Archbishop of Guwahati)''
| predecessor =
| opposed =
| successor = John Moolachira
| other_post =
| ordination = 2 May 1965
| consecration = 29 November 1981
| consecrated_by = Hubert D’Rosario
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1936|10|22|df=y}}
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| religion = [[Roman Catholic]]
| previous_post = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dibrugarh|Bishop of Dibrugarh]] (1981-1992) Apostolic Administrator of Jowai(2014-2016)
| motto = AT YOUR WORD I WILL LET DOWN THE NET
}}
'''Thomas Menamparampil''' [[Salesians of Don Bosco|SDB]] (born 22 October 1936 in [[Pala, Kerala]] [[India]]) is the retired archbishop of [[Archdiocese of Guwahati|Guwahati]]. He served as the bishop of Dibrugarh for 11 years and the Archbishop of [[Archdiocese of Guwahati|Guwahati]] for 20 years before his retirement on 18 January 2012. He served as the apostolic administrator of [[Diocese of Jowai]] appointed by [[Pope Francis]] from 3 February 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assamtimes.org/node/9525|title=Archbishop Menamparampil moves a third time |publisher=Assam Times |accessdate=8 February 2014}}</ref> to 15 October 2016.

==Personal life==

Menamparampil entered the Congregation of the [[Salesians of Don Bosco]] and made his first religious profession on 24 May 1955.

==Prelate==
He received the sacrament of the priesthood by Bishop Stephen Ferrando SDB on 2 May 1965 after studying philosophy and Catholic theology. From 1969 to 1970, he completed a master's degree in history and English. From 1972 to 1974 he was the vice-provincial in [[Guwahati]].

From 1975 to 1981 he was the Rector of Don Bosco Technical School, [[Shillong]].
On 19 June 1981 he was appointed by [[Pope John Paul II]] as Bishop of the [[Diocese of Dibrugarh]]. He was consecrated by Archbishop Hubert D'Rosario on 29 November of that year. On 30 March 1992, he became Bishop of the newly established [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guwahati|Diocese of Guwahati]] in India and was elevated to [[Archbishop]] on 10 July 1995 and he was appointed as the Archbishop and Metropolitan of the same ecclesiastical province.<ref>{{Catholic-hierarchy|bishop|bment|Archbishop Thomas Menamparampil, S.D.B.|23 January 2015}}</ref>

From 1986 to 1992 Menamparampil was the chairman of the [[Federation of Asian Bishops' Conferences]] office of Evangelization. During this time, he worked primarily on deepening the relationship with different Asian cultures through [[evangelism]] and organizing a meeting between the representatives of the Church and representatives of the Communist governments. Menamparampil was later Special Secretary for the Asian Synod (1998), the author of over 180 articles on various subjects such as evangelism, culture, ministry, education, religious life and prayer.

In 2006, he was elected Chair of the Regional Bishops' Conference of Northeast India. In 2008, he was elected Chair of the [[Catholic Bishops Conference of India|CBCI]] commission for Education and Culture. Menamparampil acted as mediator in the conflict between the various ethnic groups in the Union State of [[Assam]] and coordinates the "Joint Ecumenical Peace Team", which is committed to dialogue in Northeast India and has been proven an effective organisation at resolving local conflicts.

Archbishop Manamparampil was nominated for the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sarnews.in/newspress/?p=298 |title=Archbishop Menamparampil Of Guwahati Nominated For Nobel Peace Prize |publisher=SAR News |accessdate=19 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113130444/http://www.sarnews.in/newspress/?p=298 |archivedate=13 November 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> His nomination recognized his continued commitment to have peace, reconciliation and stability in Northeast India, an area full of territorial and ethnic conflicts.

==Retirement==

On 18 January 2012, [[Pope Benedict XVI]] accepted his retirement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infoans.org/1.asp?sez=1&sotSez=13&doc=7398&lingua=2 |title=The resignation of Archbishop Menamparampil accepted |publisher=Salesian Info Agency |accessdate=19 February 2013}}</ref> He was succeeded by [[Coadjutor Archbishop]] [[John Moolachira]] on the same day as Archbishop.

On 3 February 2014, [[Pope Francis]] appointed the Archbishop as Apostolic Administrator of [[Diocese of Jowai]] since the diocese was [[sede vacante]]. His term as apostolic administrator ended with the appointment of Bishop [[Victor Lyngdoh]] as the bishop of Jowai on 15 October 2016.

== Writings ==
[https://books.google.com/books?id=b6HPAQAACAAJ Cultures in the Context of Sharing the Gospel]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b6HPAQAACAAJ|title=Cultures in the Context of Sharing the Gospel|last=Menamparampil|first=Thomas|date=2003|publisher=St Pauls|isbn=9788171095766|language=en}}</ref>

[https://books.google.com/books?id=F_bYAAAAMAAJ Thoughts on Evangelization]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_bYAAAAMAAJ|title=Thoughts on Evangelization|last1=Menamparampil|first1=Thomas|last2=Mattam|first2=Joseph|last3=Kim|first3=Sebastian C. H.|date=1997|publisher=St Pauls|isbn=9788171093120|language=en}}</ref>

[https://books.google.com/books?id=Uli-yiqgvRcC CAMINO DE FE Y DE ESPERANZA: Via Crucis con el Papa Benedicto XVI]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uli-yiqgvRcC|title=CAMINO DE FE Y DE ESPERANZA: Via Crucis con el Papa Benedicto XVI|last=Menamparampil|first=Thomas|date=2010|publisher=Editorial San Pablo|isbn=9789587153835|language=es}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menamparampil, Thomas}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Roman Catholic titular archbishops]]
[[Category:Salesian bishops]]
[[Category:People from Pala, Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholic titular archbishops]]

Friends: Conditions Apply

2025-10-31T04:11:53Z

Marta694059068: creating a pg - done

{{short description|Television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Friendslogo.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| starring = [[Friends: Conditions apply#Cast|See below]]
| opentheme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| producer = [[Kabir Sadanand]]
| cinematography = Milind Jog
| channel = [[Channel V India]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2014|12|8}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2015|2|4}}
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 27
}}

'''''Friends: Conditions Apply''''' is an Indian [[TV series]] that first aired on [[Channel V India]] on 8 December 2014. The show was produced by actor turned producer [[Kabir Sadanand]] under his banner Frog Unlimited.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/kabir-sadanand-brings-friends-conditions-apply/|title = Kabir Sadanand brings Friends Conditions Apply|date = 26 December 2014}}</ref>

Written by Siddhartha Vankar,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://olympiapublishers.in/authors/siddhartha-vankar-saurabh|title = Siddhartha Vankar Saurabh}}</ref> the show went on a seasonal break, but later it was reported that plans of its comeback were on hold.

==Overview==
''Friends: Conditions Apply'' revolves around Shakti Rai who witnesses her parents' murder at a very young age. The only person left standing by her is Rajneil Purohit, her guardian. Shakti is suffering from an anxiety disorder for which she takes medications. She has a childhood friend named Murli whom she regards as her elder brother.

Years later, Shakti finds her guardian chained in a prison cell. Shakti believes he is innocent and vows to get him released. Shakti and Murli devise a plan to get a few high-profile wealthy kids kidnapped and then pressure the government into trading Rajneil in exchange for the kids. Shakti plans to have her own friends involved in this. Her plan works eventually but she finds herself facing an unexpected turn of events.

==Cast==
*[[Shivani Tomar]] as Shakti Rai
*[[Adnan Khan]] as Omar
*[[Nitin Chauhaan]] as Murli
*[[Dhiraj Totlani]] as Binoy
*[[Pooja Singh]] as Isha
*[[Sagar Shetty]] as Chirag
*Neha Tomar as Juhi
*[[Gulshan Nain]] as Imple
*[[Amit Behl]] as Rajneil Purohit
* Sangam Rai<ref name=":0" /> as Balli
*[[Deepali Muchrikar]] as Tara
*[[Hargun Grover]] as Agni
*Prashant Ranyal as Major Vikram

==External links==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/friends-/2204 Friends: Conditions Apply] on [[Hotstar]]
*{{IMDb title|tt12319428}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Channel V India Shows}}

[[Category:Channel V India original programming]]
[[Category:2014 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian teen drama television series]]
[[Category:2015 Indian television series endings]]

Zoomcar

2025-10-09T05:15:02Z

Marta694059068: adding.

{{Short description|Indian car rental company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Zoomcar Holdings, Inc.
| logo = Zoomcar logo.svg
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{Nasdaq|ZCAR}}
| founders = {{ubl|Greg Moran|David Back}}
| areas_served = [[India]], [[South East Asia]], [[Middle East and North Africa]]<ref name="zoomcar">{{cite web|url=https://inc42.com/buzz/zoomcars-loss-more-than-halves-to-inr-74-cr-in-fy22-operating-revenue-up-1-2x-yoy/|title=Zoomcar’s Loss More Than Halves To INR 74 Cr In FY22, Operating Revenue Up 1.2X YoY|website=Inc42|access-date=10 March 2023}}</ref>
| industry = [[Car rental]]
| services = [[Carsharing]]
| homepage = [http://www.zoomcar.com/ www.zoomcar.com]
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|2013|02}}
| location = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| revenue = {{down}} {{USD}}9.9 million (2023)<ref>{{cite web |title=Investor Presentation Mar 2024 |url=https://investor-relations.zoomcar.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Investor-Presentation-2024.pdf |publisher=Zoomcar |access-date=17 July 2024 |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717215419/https://investor-relations.zoomcar.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Investor-Presentation-2024.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
'''Zoomcar''' is an Indian [[carsharing]] platform, headquartered in [[Bangalore]]. Founded in 2013 by David Back and Greg Moran,<ref>{{cite web|title=14 startups to look forward to in 2014|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/biz-entrepreneurship/14-startups-to-look-forward-to-in-2014/zoom/slideshow/27778004.cms|publisher=The Economic Times|access-date=11 March 2014}}</ref> it currently operates in more than 34 cities.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zoomcar resumes operations in 35 cities after easing of lockdown restrictions|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/zoomcar-resumes-operations-in-35-cities-after-easing-of-lockdown-restrictions/articleshow/75999150.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-09-23|archive-date=5 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005025327/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/zoomcar-resumes-operations-in-35-cities-after-easing-of-lockdown-restrictions/articleshow/75999150.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==
American duo<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/industry/companies/india-calling-expat-preneurs/62910/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413074950/http://www.financialexpress.com/article/industry/companies/india-calling-expat-preneurs/62910/|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 April 2015|title=Business News, India Stock Market, Personal Finance, IPO, Financial News Headlines - The Financial Express|website=Financialexpress.com|access-date=24 April 2018}}</ref> David Back and Greg Moran met while studying at the [[University of Pennsylvania]],<ref>{{cite web|title=High-tech entrepreneurs flock to India|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/high-tech-entrepreneurs-flock-india-reversing-brain-drain-2|publisher=PBS NewsHour|access-date=11 March 2014}}</ref> where both graduated in 2007. After graduating, Back studied at [[Harvard Law School]]<ref>{{cite web|title=President's challenge finalists selected|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2012/4/13/presidents-challenge-finalists-selected/|publisher=The Crimson|access-date=11 March 2014|archive-date=11 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311192836/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2012/4/13/presidents-challenge-finalists-selected/|url-status=live}}</ref> and Moran worked on energy financing projects.<ref>{{cite web|title=Zoom Creates Self Drive Car Market Segment in India|url=http://vyapaari.in/zoom-creates-self-drive-car-market-segment-in-india/|publisher=vyapaari.in|access-date=11 March 2014|author=Radhika Koppanur|archive-date=14 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314125300/http://vyapaari.in/zoom-creates-self-drive-car-market-segment-in-india/|url-status=live}}</ref> The pair also attended business school; Moran at the [[University of Southern California]] and Back at the [[Judge Business School]] at [[Cambridge University]].

Back and Moran both dropped out of business school to move to India and pursue a venture in car rentals.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Drivers Attract Larry Summers|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2013/08/08/indian-drivers-attract-fed-hopeful-larry-summers/?mg=blogs-wsj&url=http%253A%252F%252Fblogs.wsj.com%252Findiarealtime%252F2013%252F08%252F08%252Findian-drivers-attract-fed-hopeful-larry-summers|publisher=Wall Street Journal India|access-date=11 March 2014|author=Mark Bergen|date=8 August 2013|archive-date=11 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311150900/http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2013/08/08/indian-drivers-attract-fed-hopeful-larry-summers/?mg=blogs-wsj&url=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.wsj.com%2Findiarealtime%2F2013%2F08%2F08%2Findian-drivers-attract-fed-hopeful-larry-summers|url-status=live}}</ref> Zoom officially launched operations in Bangalore in February 2013 using JustShareIt platform.<ref>{{cite web|title=Zoom Inc. lets its customers enjoy the benefits of using a car without having to own it|url=http://entrepreneurindia.in/start-ups/zoom-inc-lets-its-customers-enjoy-the-benefits-of-using-a-car-without-having-to-own-it/18597/|publisher=Entrepreneur|access-date=11 March 2014|author=Pranbihanga Borpuzari|date=23 March 2013|archive-date=11 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311150943/http://entrepreneurindia.in/start-ups/zoom-inc-lets-its-customers-enjoy-the-benefits-of-using-a-car-without-having-to-own-it/18597/|url-status=live}}</ref> Zoom started with $215,000 in capital and a fleet of seven cars.<ref>{{cite web|title=Attacking a $3 billion rent a car market|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/karstenstrauss/2013/04/01/attacking-a-3-billion-rent-a-car-market/|work=forbes.com|access-date=11 March 2014|archive-date=14 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114071507/https://www.forbes.com/sites/karstenstrauss/2013/04/01/attacking-a-3-billion-rent-a-car-market/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2015, Back resigned from the company, and moved back to the US citing personal reasons.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/FbBqXR43mcegiaZEyzjkbI/Zoomcar-cofounder-David-Back-resigns.html|title=Zoomcar co-founder David Back resigns|last=Ambre|first=Ashna|date=2015-05-29|work=www.livemint.com/|access-date=2017-09-05}}</ref>

In December 2023, Zoomcar merged with Innovative International Acquisition Corporation (IOAC), a [[special-purpose acquisition company]], to become listed on the [[Nasdaq]] as Zoomcar Holdings Inc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/zoomcar-merges-with-innovative-international-acquisition-corporation/articleshow/106379938.cms?from=mdr|title=Zoomcar merges with Innovative International Acquisition Corporation|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2024-01-08|language=en}}</ref>

In June 2024, CEO Greg Moran was fired months after the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] had flagged concerns about the company's revenue projections.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bengaluru-based Zoomcar terminates Greg Moran as CEO amid concerns over revenue projections |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/tech-today/news/story/bengaluru-based-zoomcar-terminates-greg-moran-as-ceo-after-12-years-amid-concerns-over-revenue-projections-434840-2024-06-27 |access-date=17 July 2024 |work=Business Today |date=27 June 2024 |language=en |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717221219/https://www.businesstoday.in/tech-today/news/story/bengaluru-based-zoomcar-terminates-greg-moran-as-ceo-after-12-years-amid-concerns-over-revenue-projections-434840-2024-06-27 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Investors ==
Zoom initially raised capital from individual investors including Former US Treasury Secretary [[Lawrence Summers]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Larry-Summers-fuels-Bangalore-car-hire-startup/articleshow/21735220.cms|title=Larry Summers fuels Bangalore car hire startup|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=24 April 2018|archive-date=14 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214034814/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Larry-Summers-fuels-Bangalore-car-hire-startup/articleshow/21735220.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Chair of the UK Institute of Directors Lady [[Barbara Judge]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://techcircle.vccircle.com/2013/04/01/self-drive-car-rental-startup-zoom-raises-215k-in-angel-funding-targets-3b-rent-a-car-market/|title=Self-drive car rental startup Zoom raises $215K in angel funding; targets $3B rent-a-car market|date=1 April 2013|website=Techcircle.vccircle.com|access-date=24 April 2018|archive-date=25 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425032044/http://techcircle.vccircle.com/2013/04/01/self-drive-car-rental-startup-zoom-raises-215k-in-angel-funding-targets-3b-rent-a-car-market/|url-status=live}}</ref> Vice-Dean of International Legal Studies at Harvard Law School [[William P. Alford]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.microsoftaccelerator.com/blog/entry/GlobalStartupStoriesZoomCar%7C1058 |title=Microsoft Accelerator - Global Startup Stories: ZoomCar |access-date=24 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920222235/https://www.microsoftaccelerator.com/blog/entry/GlobalStartupStoriesZoomCar%7C1058 |archive-date=20 September 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Wharton Statistics Chair Edward George,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.techinasia.com/ola-backer-sequoia-funds-zoomcars-hyperlocal-selfdrive-car-rental-disruptor-india|title=Tech in Asia - Connecting Asia's startup ecosystem|website=Techinasia.com|access-date=24 April 2018|archive-date=25 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425114518/https://www.techinasia.com/ola-backer-sequoia-funds-zoomcars-hyperlocal-selfdrive-car-rental-disruptor-india|url-status=live}}</ref> and the former Director of the Cambridge Centre for Entrepreneurial Studies Shai Vyakarnam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://qz.com/458266/how-two-americans-zoomed-into-indias-self-driven-car-rental-market/|title=How two Americans zoomed into India's car rental market — Quartz|first=Itika Sharma|last=Punit|website=qz.com|access-date=24 April 2018|archive-date=25 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425183535/https://qz.com/458266/how-two-americans-zoomed-into-indias-self-driven-car-rental-market/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Back met Summers at [[Harvard University]], where Back was a teaching assistant to Summers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Drivers Attract Larry Summers|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2013/08/08/indian-drivers-attract-fed-hopeful-larry-summers/?mg=blogs-wsj&url=http%253A%252F%252Fblogs.wsj.com%252Findiarealtime%252F2013%252F08%252F08%252Findian-drivers-attract-fed-hopeful-larry-summers|publisher=Wall Street Journal India|author=Mark Bergen|date=8 August 2013|access-date=4 August 2017|archive-date=24 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124011639/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2013/08/08/indian-drivers-attract-fed-hopeful-larry-summers/?mg=blogs-wsj&url=http%253A%252F%252Fblogs.wsj.com%252Findiarealtime%252F2013%252F08%252F08%252Findian-drivers-attract-fed-hopeful-larry-summers|url-status=live}}</ref>

Zoomcar's institutional investors include: [[Mahindra & Mahindra]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/02/16/zoomcar-raises-40m/|title=India's Zoomcar raises $40M led by automotive giant Mahindra & Mahindra|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-04|archive-date=15 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241115180935/https://techcrunch.com/2018/02/16/zoomcar-raises-40m/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ford Motor Company]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/08/24/ford-leads-24m-investment-in-india-based-vehicle-rental-company-zoomcar/|title=Ford leads $24M investment in India-based vehicle rental company Zoomcar – TechCrunch|website=techcrunch.com|access-date=24 April 2018|archive-date=25 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425032237/https://techcrunch.com/2016/08/24/ford-leads-24m-investment-in-india-based-vehicle-rental-company-zoomcar/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sequoia Capital]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-10-31/news/55631379_1_zoomcar-basset-investment-group-empire-angels |title=Self-drive car sharing company Zoomcar raises $8 million venture funding led by Sequoia Capital - timesofindia-economictimes |access-date=24 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916105054/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-10-31/news/55631379_1_zoomcar-basset-investment-group-empire-angels |archive-date=16 September 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Nokia Growth Partners]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nokiagrowthpartners.com/news/press-releases-media/ngp-invests-in-zoomcar/|title=News|date=26 August 2017|website=Nokiagrowrthpartners.com|access-date=24 April 2018|archive-date=10 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110111740/http://www.nokiagrowthpartners.com/news/press-releases-media/ngp-invests-in-zoomcar/|url-status=dead}}</ref> FundersClub,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fundersclub.com/companies/zoom/|title=FundersClub|website=fundersclub.com|access-date=24 April 2018|archive-date=25 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425114446/https://fundersclub.com/companies/zoom/|url-status=live}}</ref> Basset Investment Group,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pehub.com/2013/10/empire-angels-leads-round-indian-car-rental-startup-zoomcar/|title=Empire Angels leads round for Indian car rental startup Zoomcar - PE Hub|date=3 October 2013|website=Pehub.com|access-date=24 April 2018|archive-date=25 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425114800/https://www.pehub.com/2013/10/empire-angels-leads-round-indian-car-rental-startup-zoomcar/|url-status=live}}</ref> Athene Capital,{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} Empire Angels, VentureSouq,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/technology/how-zoomcar-took-over-the-indian-roads/314039|title=How Zoomcar Took Over The Indian Roads|first=Punita|last=Sabharwal|date=27 May 2018|website=Entrepreneur|access-date=19 August 2024|archive-date=19 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819132900/https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/technology/how-zoomcar-took-over-the-indian-roads/314039|url-status=live}}</ref> [[OurCrowd]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ourcrowd.com/Startup/zoomcar |title=OurCrowd > Zoomcar |access-date=24 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609225442/https://www.ourcrowd.com/Startup/zoomcar |archive-date=9 June 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Globevestor.,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://techcircle.vccircle.com/2015/01/16/we-will-invest-in-10-12-startups-this-year-ankur-shrivastava-of-crowdfunding-site-globevestor/|title=We will invest in 10-12 startups this year: Ankur Shrivastava of crowdfunding site Globevestor|date=16 January 2015|website=Techcircle.vccircle.com|access-date=24 April 2018}}</ref> and Cyber Carrier CL.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/6UnSOssZy1628OveKTkfRN/Zoomcar-raises-funds-from-Chinese-VC-firm-Cyber-Carrier.html|title=Zoomcar raises funds from Chinese VC firm Cyber Carrier|first=Sayan|last=Chakraborty|date=20 December 2016|website=Livemint.com|access-date=24 April 2018|archive-date=25 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425183627/https://www.livemint.com/Companies/6UnSOssZy1628OveKTkfRN/Zoomcar-raises-funds-from-Chinese-VC-firm-Cyber-Carrier.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Zoomcar has also raised money from former Infosys CFO T.V. Mohandas Pai and his business partner Abhay Jain.

== Competition ==
Zoomcar faces competition from [[Revv Cars]], Drivezy, [[MylesCar]]s (backed by [[Carzonrent]]), Ola Drive by ([[Ola Cabs]]) and other similar car rental companies.

== Partnerships ==
Zoom partnered with the auto manufacturers like [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] & [[Mahindra & Mahindra|Mahindra]] which allowed them to become the first car rental company in India to offer an electric vehicle (the Mahindra REVA E2O by Mahindra) and the Ford EcoSport "urban SUV by Ford" in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.at.ford.com/news/cn/Pages/Zoom%20Chooses%20Ford%20to%20Pioneer%20Innovative%20Car%20Rental%20Service%20in%20India.aspx|title=Zoom Chooses Ford to Pioneer Innovative Car Rental Service in India|date=24 April 2013|publisher=@Fordonline|access-date=11 March 2014}}</ref> Zoom also works with locally established real estate developers, universities, hotels, and corporate IT parks to secure parking for its vehicles and offer pick-up points to its members.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangalore.tie.org/article/8/featured-member-greg-moran|title=Featured Member : Greg Moran|publisher=TIE Bangalore Chapter|access-date=11 March 2014|archive-date=11 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311130347/https://bangalore.tie.org/article/8/featured-member-greg-moran|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In November 2013, Zoom, [[Uber]], and the Ashoka Foundation launched a month-long campaign in Bangalore called RideSmartBLR to encourage car-rental and discourage drunk driving for its health, economical and environmental benefits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/enterprise-it/services-apps/ZoomCar-Uber-launch-smart-riding-campaign-in-Bangalore/articleshow/26125804.cms|title=ZoomCar, Uber launch smart riding campaign in Bangalore|author=Shilpa Phadnis|date=21 November 2013|work=The Times Of India|access-date=11 March 2014}}</ref>

Zoom was a member of [[Microsoft]]'s Accelerator Plus program in Bangalore in Spring 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/02/11/microsoft-accelerator-launches-new-program-for-late-stage-startups-in-india/|title=Microsoft Accelerator Launches New Program For Late Stage Startups In India|first=Pankaj|last=Mishra|date=11 February 2014|website=TechCrunch}}</ref> This program is designed to provide more tailored assistance to later-stage start-ups as they scale their business and raise capital.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-02-11/news/47235579_1_startups-boutline-batch|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213033507/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-02-11/news/47235579_1_startups-boutline-batch|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 February 2014|title=16 tech startups selected for Microsoft Ventures Accelerator Program's latest batch|author=Economictimes.com|date=11 February 2014|publisher=The Economic Times|access-date=11 March 2014}}</ref>

== Opposition ==
In July 2015, Zoomcar issued caution information to its customers following opposition from the [[Ladakh]] taxi union. Following an incident in which a convoy of 15 cars rented from the company was reportedly attacked by members of the union with stones and iron rods, Zoomcar issued a cautionary mail to customers traveling to Khardung La and Nubra valley.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Updated: Zoomcar & Myles advise caution after Ladakh taxi union revolts against self-drive rental cars|url = http://www.medianama.com/2015/07/223-zoomcar-ladakh-taxi-union/|website = MediaNama|access-date = 2015-12-30}}</ref> The following week Zoom issued an update stating that the situation had aggravated and the company urged extreme caution to customers traveling to the region.<ref>{{Cite web|title = "The situation has aggravated"; Zoomcar advises extreme caution as taxi unions damage cars in Ladakh|url = http://www.medianama.com/2015/07/223-zoomcar-ladakh-taxi-union-cars/|website = MediaNama|access-date = 2015-12-30|archive-date = 24 December 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151224144022/http://www.medianama.com/2015/07/223-zoomcar-ladakh-taxi-union-cars/|url-status = live}}</ref> The taxi unions of [[Gulmarg]] and Ladakh continue to resist entry of non-local commercial cars in the region.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Self drive rental service cos offer a string of benefits|url = http://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/features/self-drive-rental-service-companies-like-revv-zoomcar-myles-offers-a-string-of-benefits/story/226510.html|website = www.businesstoday.in|access-date = 2015-12-30|archive-date = 15 January 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160115120218/http://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/features/self-drive-rental-service-companies-like-revv-zoomcar-myles-offers-a-string-of-benefits/story/226510.html|url-status = live}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
===Banned advertisement===

In December 2015, the [[Advertising Standards Council of India|Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI)]] banned 54 controversial Indian ads which included a video advertisement by Zoomcar.<ref>{{Cite web|title = ASCI bans 54 ads, including HUL, Godrej, Marico, Airtel 4G, Flipkart, Bennett Coleman & Co, HT Media, Shoppers Stop, HDFC Bank, Max Bupa, in September - Moneylife|url = http://www.moneylife.in/article/asci-bans-54-ads-including-hul-godrej-marico-airtel-4g-flipkart-bennett-coleman-co-ht-media-shoppers-stop-hdfc-bank-max-bupa-in-september/44495.html|website = www.moneylife.in|access-date = 2015-12-21}}</ref> The ad was found to be in violation of India's [[Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961]] by the council, following which the advertisement was pulled off by the company.

=== Data breach ===
In July 2018, Zoomcar suffered a data breach exposing more the data of more than 3.5 million users including names, email and IP addresses, phone numbers and passwords.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kar |first=Sanghamitra |date=2020-05-23 |title=Data of 3.5 million Zoomcar customers up for sale |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/data-of-3-5-million-zoomcar-customers-up-for-sale/articleshow/75896086.cms |access-date=2023-06-27 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627194342/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/data-of-3-5-million-zoomcar-customers-up-for-sale/articleshow/75896086.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Illegally renting whiteboard cars ===
Post covid, Zoomcar doesn't own and operate any cars on its own in India and has shifted to marketplace model, where private car owners (hosts) list their cars on Zoomcar, Zoomcar rents them to its customers, keeps a cut from earning and passes the rest to vehicle owners. Commercial use of whiteboard car is illegal in India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kar |first=Sanghamitra |date=2022-12-04 |title=Karnataka Transport authority listens to complains against Zoomcar |work=The Economic Times |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/karnataka-transport-authority-to-hear-complaint-against-zoomcar/articleshow/95974855.cms |access-date=2023-06-27 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=22 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722053734/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/karnataka-transport-authority-to-hear-complaint-against-zoomcar/articleshow/95974855.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Breaches of refund policy===

In the year 2020, Zoomcar breached its refund policy of providing refunds within 7–14 days, extended it to 30 days but still haven't refunded their customers, some of whom have been waiting for more than 8 months as of 3 November 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/zoomcar-flooded-complaints-over-pending-refunds-due-lockdown-128395|title=Zoomcar flooded with complaints over pending refunds due to lockdown|first=Haripriya|last=Suresh|date=2020-07-11|access-date=2020-12-08}}</ref> A lot of their customers took to different social media websites like Twitter, Facebook and Instagram to report this issue. Their CEO, Greg Moran, when questioned about this stated that he isn't aware of any breach of policy from their side.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inc42.com/buzz/customer-money-stuck-in-refunds-but-zoomcar-ceo-unaware/|title=Customer Money Stuck In Refunds, But Zoomcar CEO 'Unaware'|last=Kritti|date=2020-07-07|website=Inc24|access-date=2020-12-08|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101035923/https://inc42.com/buzz/customer-money-stuck-in-refunds-but-zoomcar-ceo-unaware/|url-status=live}}</ref> Zoomcar has been replying to their customers' tweets saying that the refund will be processed soon without giving any confirmation on date and time.

== See also ==
* [[Carzonrent]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vehicle rental brands}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Car rental companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2013]]
[[Category:Transport companies established in 2013]]
[[Category:Retail companies established in 2013]]
[[Category:Carsharing]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Nasdaq]]
[[Category:Special-purpose acquisition companies]]

Samar Seva Star

2025-09-03T16:00:03Z

Marta694059068:

{{Short description|Indian medal in recognition of service during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965}}
{{Infobox military award|awarded_for=''For Valour and Courage in Indo-Pak War of 1965''
|country={{flag|India}}|awardname=Samar Seva Star
|obverse=Written in Hindi ''Samar Seva Star''
|reverse=Awarded to whom (The person's name)
|established=11 February 1967
|image=
|ribbon=[[File:IND_Samar_Seva_Star_ribbon.png|150px]]
|higher= [[File:IND Special Service Medal Ribbon.svg|35px]] [[Special Service Medal (India)|Special Service Medal]]
|lower= [[File:IND Poorvi Star Ribbon.svg|35px]] [[Poorvi Star]]
| related = [[File:IND Raksha Medal ribbon.png|35px]] [[Raksha Medal]]
|presenter=Government of India
|type=
}}
The '''Samar Seva Star''' is an [[India|Indian]] medal awarded to both [[Indian Armed Forces|Armed Forces]] personnel and civilians in recognition of service during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]. The award was established on 11 February 1967.<ref name="HaynesChhina2008">{{citation
|author1=Edward S. Haynes
|author2=Rana Chhina
|title=Medals and Decorations of Independent India
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9N8LAQAAMAAJ
|year=2008
|publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors
|isbn=978-81-7304-719-0}}</ref><ref>{{citation
|title=Sainik Samachar
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TQDTOuZt3cUC
|year=1971
|publisher=Director of Public Relations, Ministry of Defence}}</ref>

== Design ==

=== Medal ===
The [[Medal]] is in the form of a [[Five-pointed star|five pointed star]] with bevelled rays, made of tombac [[bronze]], 40 mm across with one point uppermost to which is fitted a ring for the ribbon. On the obverse, in the centre it has the [[State Emblem of India|State Emblem]] superimposed a circular band (2mm in width and 20 mm in diameter at its outer edges) surrounding the [[State Emblem of India|State Emblem]] and boken at the top by the heads of the lions. On this band has the inscription” 1965” in raised letters. The reverse of the medal is plain.

=== Ribbon ===
The [[ribbon]] is red, dark blue and light blue in colour, the width of the colour being 12 mm, 8 mm and 12 mm respectively sub-divided into equal parts by 2, 1 and 2 narrow vertical stripes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Samar Seva Star|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=1UMTMFHbERFUEOcAK0Mj3w==&ParentID=qK2UfGWaQ8Wwkfvv417+ow==&flag=VJY96HRFhhZmmXte9D/URA==|website=Indian Army}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces]]

== References ==
<references />

{{Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces}}

[[Category:Military awards and decorations of India]]

{{India-mil-stub}}

Shakir Ali Noori

2025-08-30T18:40:59Z

Marta694059068: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[List of contemporary Islamic scholars]]

Indiranagar, Mysore

2025-08-28T08:44:47Z

Marta694059068: Started A Data W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Town in Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Indiranagar
| other_name = Ittigegud
|image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.301831|76.662248|display=inline}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
}}
[[File:Entrance of Mysore Zoo.jpg|thumbnail|left|Entrance of Sri Chamarajendra Zoological Gardens]]
[[File:Mysore Race Club.jpg|thumbnail|left|Mysore Race Club]]

'''Indiranagar''' or '''Ittigegud''' is a suburb of [[Mysore]] City in Karnataka state, India.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2019-08-25 |title=Century-old School building demolished at Ittigegud |url=https://starofmysore.com/century-old-school-building-demolished-at-ittigegud/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-10-12 |title=MCC’s Abhaya team rescues elderly women from collapsed house |url=https://starofmysore.com/mccs-abhaya-team-rescues-elderly-women-from-collapsed-house/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-01-17 |title=Tiger sighted at Mahadevapura, barely 10 kms from Mysuru city |url=https://starofmysore.com/tiger-sighted-at-mahadevapura-barely-10-kms-from-mysuru-city/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-11 |title=Kannada actor Darshan and 10 others arrested in murder case |url=https://www.passprogram.ca/cra-ms/2024/06/11/EIN20LSM51752HSJ32Oz/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Location and etymology==
Indiranagar is located South of famous [[Mysore Palace]]. Ittigegud, translating brickyard or brickfield in [[Kannada]], which was the place where Bricks were prepared.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=2018-12-14 |title=Ittigegud residents oppose bar |url=https://starofmysore.com/ittigegud-residents-oppose-bar/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2019-01-02 |title=Residents upset over tree felling near Ittigegud |url=https://starofmysore.com/residents-upset-over-tree-felling-near-ittigegud/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-16 |title=Mysore village becomes tigers’ hunting ground |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2010/May/07/mysore-village-becomes-tigers-hunting-ground-152898.html |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Souza |first=Vincent D’ |date=2017-08-19 |title=Goyal visits school to see toilets built by girl |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/karnataka/2017/Aug/19/goyal-visits-school-to-see-toilets-built-by-girl-1645261.html |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Tourist attractions==
Indiranagar is home to many popular places. Namely [[Sri Chamarajendra Zoological Gardens]], [[Mysore Race Course]] and Mysore Dasara exhibition Grounds at Doddakere maidan.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-09-10 |title=Wildlife Week Photography Competition and Exhibition at Zoo |url=https://starofmysore.com/wildlife-week-photography-competition-and-exhibition-at-zoo/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2017-10-06 |title=KSIC extends Dasara discount on silk sarees |url=https://starofmysore.com/ksic-extends-dasara-discount-silk-sarees/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-06-26 |title=Plea to hand over old DC Office building to Heritage Department |url=https://starofmysore.com/plea-to-hand-over-old-dc-office-building-to-heritage-department/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-05-09 |title=Mysuru: Century-old school demolished to construct commercial complex |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/mysuru-century-old-school-demolished-to-construct-commercial-complex/articleshow/69250987.cms |access-date=2024-06-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Other places ==

Indiranagar is home to many cultural activities and famous '''Ittigegud Karaga''' or '''Mysore Kagara''', also known as '''Sri Chamundeshwari and Sri Maariyamma Karaga Mahotsava''' is an annual festival celebrated in Indiranagar which is an initiative form Sri Renukadevi Karaga Temple and the Karaga starts from there before getting immersed at Paschimavahini near [[Srirangapatna]].<ref name="starofmysore.com">{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-05-19 |title=Events tomorrow - MAY 20: Sri Renukadevi Karaga Temple Trust, Ittigegud |url=https://starofmysore.com/events-tomorrow-may-20-sri-renukadevi-karaga-temple-trust-ittigegud/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-05-13 |title=Centenary celebrations of Ittigegud Karaga Mahotsava from May 15 |url=https://starofmysore.com/centenary-celebrations-of-ittigegud-karaga-mahotsava-from-may-15/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-04-20 |title=Traditional Karaga festival gets underway in namma Mysuru |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/traditional-karaga-festival-gets-underway-in-namma-mysuru/articleshow/63830500.cms |access-date=2024-06-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-08-20 |title=Five nominated as MCC Corporators |url=https://starofmysore.com/five-nominated-as-mcc-corporators/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref> Ittigegud is a happening place due to presence of [[Mall of Mysore]], Lokaranjan Grounds, Lions club, Ittigegud Citizens Welfare Committee.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-07-26 |title=Installation of Lions Indiranagar |url=https://starofmysore.com/installation-of-lions-indiranagar/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name="starofmysore.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2018-06-26 |title=Society Wedding... |url=https://starofmysore.com/society-wedding-2/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Notable people ==

* [[Dwarakish]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-04-16 |title=Legendary filmmaker Dwarakish passes away |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2024/Apr/16/kannadanews2024apr16legendary-filmmaker-dwarakish-passes-away |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2024-04-16 |title=Veteran Kannada actor Dwarakish passes away at 81 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/veteran-kannada-actor-dwarakish-passes-away-at-81 |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-04-16 |title=Legendary film actor Dwarakish no more |url=https://starofmysore.com/legendary-film-actor-dwarakish-no-more/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=vinaykumar.patil |title=Veteran Sandalwood actor Dwarakish passes away: Know his family background, movies and more |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/veteran-sandalwood-actor-dwarakish-passes-away-know-his-family-background-movies-and-more-vkp-sc0xvh |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-16 |title=Dwarakish takes a trip down memory lane |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2011/Aug/11/dwarakish-takes-a-trip-down-memory-lane-280488.html |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]]<ref name=":1" />

==See also==
* [[Sri Chamarajendra Zoological Gardens]]
* [[Mysore Race Course]]
* [[Mysore Dasara#Exhibition|Mysore Dasara Exhibition]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Mysore South]]
[[Category:Suburbs of Mysore]]

Halumatha

2025-06-20T10:37:37Z

Marta694059068: small adjusted section based on references and fixed typos

{{Multiple issues|
{{Inline|date=August 2020}}
{{More sources|date=August 2020}}
}}
'''Halumatha''' is a [[religious denomination|denomination]] of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[religion]] mainly followed by [[Hatkar]] and [[Kuruba Gowda]]. The majority of members of Halumatha are followers of [[Advaita]] and [[Nature]] Worship.

''Halumatha'' or ''Palamatha'' means beliefs of the protectors of the society. In [[Sanskrit]] ''Pal'' means protect, defend, rule, govern etc. ''Matha'' means group view, belief, doctrine etc.

==See also==
* [[Dhangar]]

==References and external Links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140814012723/http://haalumatha.org/ halumatha pethà]
* [http://www.dlshq.org/download/lordsiva.htm#_VPID_127 Siva and Vishnu are One and the Same.]

[[Category:Hindu denominations]]

{{hinduism-stub}}

Kallipalayam, Coimbatore

2025-05-07T22:47:07Z

Marta694059068: Started The Data Needs Work

{{short description|Town in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
'''Kallipalayam''' is a small town in [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]] district of [[Tamil Nadu]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/tools/pincodes/tamil-nadu/coimbatore/kallipalayam-bo|title=Kallipalayam BO Pin Code, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu}}</ref> In 2011, it had a population of 2821.<ref>{{cite web |title=Population finder |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=Government of India |access-date=1 April 2025}} ''Type '''Kallipalayam''' into the search box at the bottom of the page to retrieve the results.''</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|11|06|56|N|77|03|54|E|type:city_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Coimbatore district]]

{{Coimbatore-geo-stub}}

Sushil Doshi

2025-04-17T02:04:01Z

Marta694059068: expanded content

{{Short description|Indian sports commentator and journalist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sushil Doshi
| image = The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Shri Award to Shri Sushil Doshi, at a Civil Investiture Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on April 12, 2016.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] presenting the [[Padma Shri]] Award to Sushil Doshi (left) in 2016
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Sports commentator Writer Engineer
| yearsactive =
| known for = Cricket commentary
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| signature =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
| alma_mater = [[Shri Govindram Seksaria Institute of Technology and Science]] (SGSITS) Indore
}}

'''Sushil Kumar Jain''' known professionally as '''Sushil Doshi''' is an Indian journalist, writer, sports commentator<ref name="Commentary box mein mere sahyogi hai">{{cite web | url=http://sports.ndtv.com/world-cup-2011/blogs/t-s-sudhir/170229-commentary-box-me-mere-sahyogi-hai | title=Commentary box mein mere sahyogi hai | publisher=ND TV | date=8 March 2011 | access-date=28 July 2016}}</ref> and the first [[cricket]] commentator in [[Hindi language|Hindi]].<ref name="Conquering monotony, the Sushil Doshi style">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/conquering-monotony-the-sushil-doshi-style/article8156239.ece | title=Conquering monotony, the Sushil Doshi style | work=The Hindu | date=27 January 2016 | access-date=28 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="The guy who keeps Hindi commentary alive in cricket">{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/career-the-guy-who-keeps-hindi-commentary-alive-in-cricket/20150328.htm | title=The guy who keeps Hindi commentary alive in cricket | publisher=ReDiff | date=28 March 2015 | access-date=28 July 2016}}</ref> Born to Niranjanlal and Madan Kunwar at [[Indore]], in the second largest Indian city of [[Madhya Pradesh]], he graduated in engineering from [[Shri Govindram Seksaria Institute of Technology and Science]] (SGSITS) [[Indore]]<ref name="MP: Commentary legend, photographer get Padmashree award">{{cite web | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/indore/mp-commentary-legend-photographer-get-padmashree-award/story-HgAnYYfvAxU6hSRy5yDpJN.html | title=MP: Commentary legend, photographer get Padmashree award | publisher=Hindustan Times | date=25 January 2016 | access-date=28 July 2016}}</ref> and started his commentating career in 1968 at the [[Nehru Stadium, Indore|Nehru Stadium]] for a [[Ranji Trophy]] match between Madhya Pradesh and [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="Conquering monotony, the Sushil Doshi style" /> Over the years, he is reported to have covered nine [[Cricket World Cup]]s, 85 [[test cricket|test matches]] and over 400 [[One Day Internationals]], besides several [[Twenty20 Internationals]].<ref name="People used to laugh at the commentary">{{cite web | url=http://www.patrika.com/news/indore/sushil-doshi-commentator-awarded-padma-shri-25415/ | title=People used to laugh at the commentary | publisher=Patrika | date=26 January 2016 | access-date=28 July 2016}}</ref> His contributions are reported in making cricket commentary in Hindi popular.<ref name="Cricket’s voice Sushil Doshi and photographer Bhalu Mondhe get Padma Shri from MP">{{cite web | url=http://english.pradesh18.com/news/bihar/crickets-voice-sushil-doshi-and-photographer-bhalu-mondhe-get-padma-shri-from-mp-867999.html | title=Cricket's voice Sushil Doshi and photographer Bhalu Mondhe get Padma Shri from MP | publisher=Pradesh 18 | date=26 January 2016 | access-date=28 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="When commentary got the cricket field into drawing rooms">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/When-commentary-got-the-cricket-field-into-drawing-rooms/articleshow/46248253.cms | title=When commentary got the cricket field into drawing rooms | publisher=Times of India | date=15 February 2015 | access-date=28 July 2016}}</ref> He has also written two books in Hindi on sports, ''Khel Patrakarita'' published in 2003<ref name="Khel Patrakarita">{{cite book | url=http://www.abebooks.com/9788171198481/Khel-Patrakarita-Sushil-Doshi-Suresh-8171198481/plp | title=Khel Patrakarita | publisher=Radhakrishna Prakashan | author=Sushil Doshi, Suresh Kaushik | year=2003 | pages=134 | isbn=9788171198481}}</ref> and ''Cricket Ka Mahabharat'', published in 2016.<ref name="Cricket Ka Mahabharat">{{cite book | url=http://rajkamalprakashan.com/default/review/product/list/id/4766/category/143/all/ | title=Cricket Ka Mahabharat | publisher=Rajkamal Prakashan | author=Sushil Doshi | year=2016 | pages=88 | isbn=9788126728305}}</ref>

==Awards and recognitions==
The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]], in 2016, for his contributions to sports.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/PadmaAwards_25012016.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2016 | access-date=3 January 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803085913/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/PadmaAwards_25012016.pdf | archive-date=3 August 2017 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The commentators' box at [[Holkar Stadium]], [[Indore]] has been named ''Sushil Doshi Commentators' Box'' in his honor.<ref name="Naming 'Sushi Doshi Commentators Box'">{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=45d2LmKURz0 | title=Naming 'Sushi Doshi Commentators Box' | publisher=MPCA Exclusive | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=19 February 2013 | access-date=28 July 2016}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Holkar Stadium]]
* [[Munir Hussain (commentator)|Munir Hussain]]
{{Portal|India|Sports|Cricket}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=45d2LmKURz0 | title=Naming 'Sushil Doshi Commentators' Box' | publisher=MPCA Exclusive | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=19 February 2013 | access-date=28 July 2016}}
* {{cite AV media | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CP49DcTKaOU | title=Newsmakers | publisher=Digi News, Indore | date=7 December 2012 | people=Sushil Doshi | medium=News feature}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Doshi, Sushil}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Writers from Indore]]
[[Category:Journalists from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian sports journalists]]
[[Category:Indian cricket commentators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{India-journalist-stub}}

Sidi Abdul Kadir Khan

2025-04-16T20:36:22Z

Marta694059068: adding.

{{short description|Nawab of Sachin (1873 - 1887)}}
{{infobox royalty
| name = Abdul Kadir Khan
| title = Mubariz-ud-Daula Muzaffar-ul-Mulk Nusrat Jang
| succession = [[Nawab]] of [[Sachin State|Sachin]]
| reign = {{circa|1873}} – {{circa|1887}}
| predecessor = Ibrahim Muhammad Yakut Khan II
| successor = [[Sidi Ibrahim Muhammad Yakut Khan III|Ibrahim Muhammad Yakut Khan III]]
| death_date = December 1896
| house = [[Sachin State|Sachin]]
| father = Ibrahim Muhammad Yakut Khan II
| dynasty = [[Siddi|Sidi]]
}}
[[Siddi|Sidi]] '''Abdul Kadir Khan''' was the [[Nawab]] of [[Sachin State|Sachin]] from 1873 until his abdication in 1887.
==Biography==
Upon the death of his father, Ibrahim Muhammad Yakut Khan II, in 1873, he succeeded him as the [[Nawab]] of [[Sachin State|Sachin]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Department |first=India Foreign and Political |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Collection_of_Treaties_Engagements_and/H80NAAAAIAAJ |title=A Collection of Treaties, Engagements, and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries |date=1892 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |pages=79 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Owing to his minority at the time of accession, the affairs of the state were placed under the supervision of the Agent to the [[Governor-General of India]].<ref name=":1" /> Upon attaining majority in July 1886, he was invested with administrative powers.<ref name=":1" /> However, within the next six months, he proved to be unfit to rule and was asked to [[Abdication|abdicate]] in favour of his eldest son, [[Sidi Ibrahim Muhammad Yakut Khan III|Ibrahim Muhammad Yakut Khan III]], in 1887.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Who_s_who_in_India/Ld5AAQAAMAAJ |title=Who's who in India |date=1911 |publisher=Newul Kishore Press |pages=33 |language=en}}</ref> In 1907, when his son was invested with full administrative powers, the kharita he received from the [[Governor-General of India]] stated that he had succeeded his grandfather—not him.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Gujarat_State_Gazetteer/-qHiAAAAMAAJ |title=Gujarat State Gazetteer |date=1989 |publisher=Director, Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State |pages=306–307 |language=en}}</ref>

He died in December 1896.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Vadivelu |first=A. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Ruling_Chiefs_Nobles_and_Zamindars_o/LfoxAQAAMAAJ |title=The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles and Zamindars of India |date=1915 |publisher=G.C. Loganadham |pages=365 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:1896 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Nawabs of India]]
[[Category:People from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian monarchs]]

Rajeev Surti

2025-04-15T09:08:21Z

Marta694059068:

{{short description|Indian choreographer & actor}}
{{Orphan|date=March 2025}}

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rajeev Surti
| image = Rajeev-Surti.jpg
| caption = Rajeev Surti on Music launch of film Yeh Toh Two Much Ho Gayaa
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date |16|06|}}
| birth_place = (present-day [[Mumbai]], India)
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|Director|Dance Choreographer|Rapper|Producer}}
| yearsactive = 1995–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Surti Sejal|1995}}
| children = 1
| father = [[Surti Khandubhai]]
| mother = [[Surti Taramati]]
}}

'''Rajeev Surti''' (born 16 June) is an Indian actor, dancer, dance choreographer, director, rapper, and producer known for his extensive work in the Hindi film industry, Hollywood, and South Indian cinema.
In a career spanning 20 years, he has performed and designed a wide range of dancing styles. In addition, Rajeev founded Rajeev Surti Production PVT Ltd.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/RAJEEV-SURTI-PRODUCTION-PRIVATE-LIMITED/U74994MH2018PTC309993|title=Rajeev Surti Production|work=zaubacorp.com}}</ref>
and the Rajeev Surti Dance Factory,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/rajeev-surti/IEIN017099#:~:text=Rajeev%20is%20also%20the%20founder%20of%20the%20Rajeev%20Surti%20Dance%20Factory%20which%20has%20centres%20both%20in%20India%20and%20abroad.|title=Rajeev Surti Dance Factory|work=bookmyshow.com}}</ref> which has locations in India and beyond.

==Acting career==
Rajeev Surti has showcased his acting talent in various mediums, including [[Theatre|theater]], [[film]]s, and [[music video]]s. His theater credits include performances in plays such as Jai Shree Ram, Woh, Nuclear Sher, Social Media, and Made for Others.
In FILMS he portrayed the role of Shree Ram in GODHRA. He also appeared in the award-winning short film Acceptance, for which he received the "Best Actor" award at the Five Continents [[International Film Festival]] ([https://www.ficocc.com/ FICOCC]) in [[Venezuela]]. In addition to his acting career, he appeared as the lead and rapper in the music video Dance Scene.

==Choreography career==
[[File:Rajeev with Salman Khan on Set of Dabangg.jpg|thumb|Rajeev with superstar [[Salman Khan]] in 2010 on the Set of [[Dabangg]]]]
Rajeev Surti is a celebrated choreographer in the Indian films he choreographed films like [[Don (2006 Hindi film)|Don (2006)]], [[Raees (2017 film)|Raees (2017)]] with [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh khan]], [[Wanted (2009 film)|Wanted (2009]], [[London Dreams]], [[Dabangg]], [[Main Aurr Mrs Khanna|Me and Mrs. Khanna]], [[O Teri]], [[Hello (2008 film)|Hello]] with [[Salman Khan]], The musical drama [[Secret Superstar]] (2017) with [[Aamir Khan|Aamir khan]], [[Baabul (2006 film)|Baabul]] & [[Sarkar Raj]] with Shri [[Amitabh Bachchan]],
[[Drona (2008 film)|Drona]], [[Don (2006 Hindi film)|Don]] & [[What's Your Raashee?]] with [[Priyanka Chopra]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodbubble.com/bollywood-news/choreographer-rajeev-surti-shah-rukh-khan-dance-don/#:~:text=BOLLYWOOD-,Choreographer%20Rajeev%20Surti%20talks%20about%20making%20Shah%20Rukh%20Khan%20dance%20to%20his%20steps%20as%20%E2%80%98Don%E2%80%99%20completes%2014%20years,-Simran%20Khanna|title=14 years of SRK's Don|work=bollywoodbubble.com}}</ref>

More films like, [[Golmaal 3]], [[Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na]], the comedy-drama [[Tumhari Sulu]] (2017),the romantic drama [[Laila Majnu (2018 film)|Laila Majnu]] (2018), [[Banjo (2016 film)|Banjo]], [[Fukrey]], ZINDA, [[Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu]], [[Freaky Ali]], [[Crook (film)|Crook]], [[Jannat (2008 film)|Jannat]], [[Murder 3]], [[Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster 3]], [[Luck by Chance]] are among the notable choreography credits.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/rajeev-surti/IEIN017099#:~:text=Other%20significant%20choreography,Chalu%20(2018).|title=Rajeev Surti Dance Journey|work=bookmyshow.com}}</ref> Also Two dance pieces, "Phoonk Phoonk Ke" and "Rubaru," were created by dancer-choreographer Rajeev Surti for [[Yami Gautam]] and [[Vikrant Massey]]'s film [[Ginny Weds Sunny]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/choreographer-rajeev-surti-yami-gautam-and-vikrant-massey-are-hardworking-actors/articleshow/78698292.cms#:~:text=women%20speak%20out-,Dancer%2Dchoreographer%20Rajeev%20Surti%20has%20choreographed%20two%20dance%20numbers%2C%20%E2%80%98Phoonk%20Phoonk%20Ke%E2%80%99%20and%20%E2%80%98Rubaru%E2%80%99%20for%20Yami%20Gautam%20and%20Vikrant%20Massey%20in%20their%20film%2C%20and%20he%20is%20excited%20about%20how%20it%20has%20turned%20out.,-Dancer%2Dchoreographer%20Rajeev.|title=Ginny weds Sunny|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

===Hollywood===
Surti's choreography extends to Hollywood, where he worked on a film featuring Oscar-winning actress [[Brie Larson]] and Academy Honorary Award recipient [[Donald Sutherland]]. He has been featured in performances by international artists like [[Michael Jackson]], [[Shaggy (musician)|Shaggy]], and [[Diana King]] in concerts held in [[Mumbai]] & [[Pune]].

===Television===
[[File:Rajeev with Geeta Kapoor.jpg|thumb|Rajeev with co-judge [[Geeta Kapur (choreographer)|Geeta Kapur]] in 2011 on the Set of [[Dance India Dance Doubles|DID Doubles]]]]
Rajiv acted the judge of DID Doubles along with choreographers [[Marzi Pestonji]] and [[Geeta Kapur (choreographer)|Geeta Kapur]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/person/rajeev-surti_10253/about|title=RajeevSurti DID|work=indiaforums.com}}</ref>

== Choreography ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film(s)
!Notes
|-
|2001||''[[Lagaan]]'' ||Assistant Choreographer
|-
|rowspan=3|2006||''[[Don (2006 Hindi film)|Don]]''||
|-
|''[[Baabul (2006 film)|Baabul]]''||
|-
|''[[Zinda (film)|Zinda]]''||
|-
|rowspan=5|2008||''[[Hello (2008 film)|Hello]]''||
|-
|''[[Sarkar Raj]]''||
|-
|''[[Drona (2008 film)|Drona]]''||
|-
|''[[Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na]]''||
|-
|''[[Jannat (2008 film)|Jannat]]''||
|-
|rowspan=5|2009||''[[Luck by Chance]]''||
|-
|''[[Main Aurr Mrs Khanna]]''||
|-
|''[[What's Your Raashee?]]''||
|-
|''[[Wanted (2009 film)|Wanted]]''||
|-
|''[[London Dreams]]''||
|-
|rowspan=3|2010||''[[Crook (film)|Crook]]''||
|-
|''[[Dabangg]]''||
|-
|''[[Golmaal 3]]''||
|-
|2012||''[[Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu]]'' ||
|-
|rowspan=2|2013||''[[Fukrey]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Murder 3]]''||
|-
|2014||''[[O Teri]]'' ||
|-
|rowspan=2|2016||''[[Freaky Ali]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Banjo (2016 film)|Banjo]]''||
|-
|rowspan=3|2017||''[[Raees (2017 film)|Raees]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Tumhari Sulu]]''||
|-
|''[[Secret Superstar]]''||
|-
|2018||''[[Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster 3]]'' ||
|-
|2020||''[[Ginny Weds Sunny]]'' ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1146345/ Rajeev Surti] at [[IMDb]]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Surti, Rajeev}}
[[Category:Indian film choreographers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Artists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian male dancers]]
[[Category:Indian choreographers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Artists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:Television judges]]
[[Category:1975 births]]

Goans in cricket

2025-03-28T16:02:11Z

Marta694059068: update layout and corrected details as per guidelines

#REDIRECT [[List of Goans in cricket]]

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