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Millat Times

2026-05-06T18:56:24Z

MarlysAugust8:

{{Short description|Indian digital news platform}}

{{Infobox website
| name = Millat Times
| logo = Millat Times logo (English).png
| type = Digital news platform
| founder = Shams Tabrez Qasmi
| foundation = {{Start year and age|2016}}
| language = [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| website = [https://millattimes.com/ Millat Times]
}}

'''Millat Times''' is an Indian [[Digital journalism|digital news platform]] that publishes news and analysis in [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], and English. Founded in 2016 by [[journalist]] Shams Tabrez Qasmi, it is headquartered in [[New Delhi]]. The platform reports on political developments, communal violence, minority rights, and related social issues, along with fact-checking reports, with a stated focus on stories that receive limited attention in mainstream media. It has expanded its digital presence through a website, a YouTube channel, and various social media platforms.

Since its inception, Millat Times has received attention for its coverage of communal violence, minority issues, and fact-checking reports. It has also faced challenges, including social media restrictions and legal notices related to its reporting. Some journalists and public figures have described the platform as contributing to independent and alternative media in India.

== History ==
Millat Times was founded in 2016 by journalist Shams Tabrez Qasmi,<ref name="humsub"/><ref name="dwurdu">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Rohinee |date=2022-04-06 |title=Urdu sahafat ke do sau saal aur ab hum kahan kharay hain?|trans-title=200 Years of Urdu Journalism: Where Do We Stand Now?|url=https://www.dw.com/ur/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA-%DA%A9%DB%92-%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%B3%D9%88-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%A8-%DB%81%D9%85-%DA%A9%DB%81%D8%A7%DA%BA-%DA%A9%DA%BE%DA%91%DB%92-%DB%81%DB%8C%DA%BA/a-61375784 |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=ur}}</ref> who serves as its Chief Editor.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-12-08 |title=Nojawan sahafi Shams Tabrez Qasmi ke haathon Press Club of India ke 'YouTube channel' ka aaghaz |trans-title=The YouTube channel of the Press Club of India was launched by young journalist Shams Tabrez Qasmi |url=https://www.qaumiawaz.com/national/press-club-of-india-youtube-channel-launched-by-young-journalist-shams-tabriz-qasmi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208084107/https://www.qaumiawaz.com/national/press-club-of-india-youtube-channel-launched-by-young-journalist-shams-tabriz-qasmi |archive-date=2020-12-08 |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=[[Qaumi Awaz]] |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Akhtar |first=Javed |date=2024-01-24 |title=کیا ایودھیا میں نئی مسجد بن بھی سکے گی؟ |trans-title=Will a New Mosque Even Be Built in Ayodhya? |url=https://www.dw.com/ur/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7-%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA-%D9%86%D8%A6%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%A8%DA%BE%DB%8C-%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%92-%DA%AF%DB%8C/a-68068449 |access-date=2025-04-04 |work=[[DW Urdu]] |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Abhay |date=2022-06-09 |title=The story of a journalist booked in the aftermath of the Kanpur communal clashes |url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2022/06/the-story-of-a-journalist-booked-in-the-aftermath-of-the-kanpur-communal-clashes/ |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=[[Forward Press]] |language=en-US}}</ref> The platform was launched in January 2016 at a seminar in Mumbai attended by [[Rabey Hasani Nadwi]], then President of the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]].<ref name="humsub">{{cite web |last=Qasmi |first=Khursheed Alam Dawood |date=2020-12-16 |title=Millat Times: Ek kaamyaab media house |trans-title=Millat Times: A successful media house |url=https://www.humsub.com.pk/367327/khursheed-alam-dawood-qasmi-16/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106123615/https://www.humsub.com.pk/367327/khursheed-alam-dawood-qasmi-16/ |archive-date=2021-01-06 |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=HumSub |language=ur}}</ref>

Initially launched as an Urdu-language digital news platform, it introduced an English edition in April 2016. Muhammad Irshad Ayub served as one of the founding members and as the first editor of the English portal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ali |first=M. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4TPoEAAAQBAJ&dq=%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AA+%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%B2&pg=PA93 |title=Urdu Zaban Aur Computer: e-Book for B.A. 2nd Semester for all U.P. State Universities as per common syllabus of NEP-2020 |date=2023-12-08 |publisher=Thakur Publication Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5755-090-1 |page=93 |language=ur}}</ref> It later expanded to include a Hindi edition.<ref name="humsub" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Agha |first=Eram |date=2022-05-27 |title=Dial M For Media: The New Muslim Voice |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/dial-m-for-media-the-new-muslim-voice-magazine-186325 |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=[[Outlook India]] |language=en}}</ref>

In 2017, Millat Times launched a YouTube channel under the same name. Its first interview featured Lok Sabha MP [[Asaduddin Owaisi]]. As of December 2020, some videos had over one million views, and the channel had more than 800,000 subscribers.<ref name="humsub" />

[[File:Logo of Millat Times .png|thumb|Millat Times' previous logo (as of 2019)]]
[[File:Millat logo.png|thumb|Millat Times' old logo (2017)]]

== Content and coverage ==
Millat Times publishes news and analysis on political developments, social issues, minority rights, and international affairs, and has been described as focusing on issues often overlooked by mainstream media.<ref name="humsub" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maniyar |first=Zahid |date=2023-01-19 |title=Hate Watch: Bajrang Dal allegedly raised slogans outside a mosque in Karnataka |url=https://cjp.org.in/hate-watch-bajrang-dal-allegedly-raised-slogans-outside-a-mosque-in-karnataka/ |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=[[Citizens for Justice and Peace]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

The platform has reported on a range of events, including communal violence in [[Sitamarhi]], Bihar in 2018,<ref name="wire">{{cite news |last=Sajjad |first=Mohammad |date=2018-11-06 |title=Growing Violence in Sitamarhi Testifies to New Political Untouchability of Bihar's Muslims |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/growing-violence-in-sitamarhi-testifies-to-new-political-untouchability-of-bihars-muslims |access-date=2025-04-03 |publisher=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref> protests against the [[Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019|Triple Talaq Bill]] the same year,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Punwani |first=Jyoti |date=2018 |title=Triple Talaq Judgment and After |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26699831 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=53 |issue=17 |page=16 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> and [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests|the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) protests]] in 2020, where it covered instances such as Sikh community support for the Shaheen Bagh demonstrations.<ref>{{cite web |last=Singh |first=David Emmanuel |title=EMERGING COOPERATION AMONG MINORITIES IN DEFENSE OF INDIAN SECULARISM SINCE THE ADOPTION OF THE CITIZENSHIP AMENDMENT ACT (CAA) UNDER THE BJP|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv29sfxnj.8 |editor-last=Young |editor-first=Richard F. |publisher=Augsburg Fortress |year=2022 |pages=37–56 |work=World Christianity and Interfaith Relations|doi=10.2307/j.ctv29sfxnj.8 |access-date=10 August 2025|url-access=subscription}}</ref> It has also reported on electoral issues, including allegations by Muslim voters during the 2022 [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Rampur]] by-elections that they were prevented from voting,<ref>{{cite web |last=Pal |first=Sumedha |date=2022-06-23 |title=UP Bypolls: 'Crowd Control,' Say Cops After Muslim Voters Allege Police Stopped Them From Voting |url=https://thewire.in/government/up-bypolls-crowd-control-say-cops-after-muslim-voters-allege-police-stopped-them-from-voting |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref> and has published [[fact-checking]] reports, such as debunking claims in 2023 that [[Shahi Imam]] [[Syed Ahmed Bukhari]] had joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Nisar Ahmed |first=Siddiqui |date=2023-03-17 |title=Fact Check: Has Shahi Imam of Jama Masjid Syed Ahmed Bukhari Joined the BJP? |url=https://dfrac.org/en/2023/03/17/fake-news-on-shahi-imam-of-jama-masjid-joining-bjp-2/ |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=[[DFRAC]]}}</ref>

== Digital presence ==
Millat Times operates a website and a [[YouTube]] channel. It also engages audiences via [[Facebook]] and other social media platforms. Millat Times states that its readership extends beyond India, including the Middle East, the UK, and the US.<ref name="humsub" />

== Recognition and events ==
In January 2025, Millat Times celebrated its 9th anniversary at the [[Press Club of India]]. The event featured notable figures such as former Foreign Minister [[Salman Khurshid]], Rajya Sabha MP [[Imran Pratapgarhi]], former MP [[Mohammad Adeeb]], and journalist Bhasha Singh. Speakers at the event, as reported by the sources, praised Millat Times for its contributions to independent journalism and alternative media in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-19 |title=9th Anniversary of Millat Times: Prominent figures appreciate its efforts, extend good wishes |url=https://muslimmirror.com/9th-anniversary-of-millat-times-prominent-figures-appreciate-its-efforts-extend-good-wishes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119184235/https://muslimmirror.com/9th-anniversary-of-millat-times-prominent-figures-appreciate-its-efforts-extend-good-wishes/ |archive-date=2025-01-19 |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=[[Muslim Mirror]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmad |first=Nisar |date=2025-01-20 |title=ملت ٹائمز کے 9ویں یوم تاسیس پروگرام میں ملک کی سرکردہ شخصیات کی شرکت، ”ڈیموکریسی میں میڈیا کا کردار“ کے موضوع پر تبادلہ خیال|trans-title=Prominent figures of the country participate in Millat Times' 9th anniversary program, discussion held on the topic ‘The Role of Media in Democracy’|url=https://urdu.bharatexpress.com/national/the-9th-foundation-day-program-of-millat-times-leading-figures-of-the-country-participate-in-program-nak-155322 |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=[[Bharat Express]]|language=ur}}</ref>

== Challenges and censorship ==
Millat Times has reported facing multiple challenges, including legal notices and social media restrictions. In recent years, these have included the suspension of its Facebook page, which had over one million followers.<ref name="humsub" />

In October 2018, during the communal violence in Sitamarhi, Bihar, Millat Times published a video of the attack on Zainul Haq Ansari, following which [[Patna Police]] issued a notice to the media platform.<ref name="wire"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Rohinee |date=2022-04-04 |title=How Communalism Limits Urdu: From The Language Of Hindustan To That Of The Mussalman |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/04-Apr-2022/how-communalism-limits-urdu-from-the-language-of-hindustan-to-that-of-the-mussalman |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=[[The Friday Times]] |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404130225/https://www.thefridaytimes.com/04-Apr-2022/how-communalism-limits-urdu-from-the-language-of-hindustan-to-that-of-the-mussalman|archive-date=2025-04-04|url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 2021, a photo circulated on the Millat Times Facebook page purportedly showed a COVID-19 patient in Patna, India, being transported on a motorcycle with an oxygen cylinder. However, according to [[AFP Fact Check]], the image was originally taken in [[Barisal|Barishal]], Bangladesh, and not in India. The AFP report included a comparison showing two versions of the image: one labeled "original post" and another marked "misleading post", which featured the Millat Times logo, indicating that the outlet had shared the content in a misrepresented context.<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-04-27 |title=This image of a woman transporting an oxygen tank was taken in Bangladesh, not India |url=https://factcheck.afp.com/image-woman-transporting-oxygen-tank-was-taken-bangladesh-not-india |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427032641/https://factcheck.afp.com/image-woman-transporting-oxygen-tank-was-taken-bangladesh-not-india |archive-date=2021-04-27 |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=[[AFP Fact Check]] |language=en}}</ref>

In December 2021, [[Facebook]] deleted the official page of Millat Times, which had over one million followers, without any prior notice. The move drew criticism from supporters and triggered demands for its restoration.<ref>{{cite web |last=Shireen |first=Rabia |date=2021-12-14 |title=Facebook deletes 'Millat Times' page without any notice, had over 1 million followers |url=https://thehindustangazette.com/latest-news/facebook-deletes-millat-times-page-without-any-notice-had-over-1-million-followers-6982 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214142514/https://thehindustangazette.com/latest-news/facebook-deletes-millat-times-page-without-any-notice-had-over-1-million-followers-6982 |archive-date=2021-12-14 |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=The Hindustan Gazette}}</ref>

In April 2021, [[YouTube]] blocked Millat Times' channel for 90 days after it uploaded a video on lockdown protests by daily [[wage]] workers in [[Maharashtra]], citing "medical misinformation." Editor Shams Tabrez Qasmi defended the video as factual and alleged that platforms like YouTube and Facebook censored small media outlets covering sensitive issues.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ara |first=Ismat |date=2021-04-11 |title=YouTube Blocks 'Millat Times' Channel Over Video on Workers' Protest Against Lockdown |url=https://thewire.in/media/youtube-blocks-millat-times-channel-over-video-on-workers-protest-against-lockdown |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411151122/https://m.thewire.in/article/media/youtube-blocks-millat-times-channel-over-video-on-workers-protest-against-lockdown |archive-date=2021-04-11 |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ara|first=Ismat|date=2021-04-13|title=لاک ڈاؤن کے خلاف مزدوروں کے احتجاج سے متعلق ویڈیو رپورٹ پر یوٹیوب نے ’ملت ٹائمز‘ کو بلاک کیا|trans-title=YouTube blocked 'Millat Times' over video report on workers' protest against lockdown|url=https://m.thewireurdu.com/article/youtube-blocks-millat-times-channel-over-video-on-workers-protest-against-lockdown/88782|access-date=2025-08-11|website=The Wire Urdu|language=ur}}</ref>

In 2022, editor Shams Tabrez Qasmi was charged for sharing videos of communal violence in [[Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh]], without being given any official notice.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-07 |title=यूपी: कानपुर हिंसा संबंधी वीडियो ट्वीट करने पर 'मिल्लत टाइम्स' के संपादक पर केस दर्ज |trans-title=UP: 'Millat Times' Editor Booked for Tweeting Videos Related to Kanpur Violence |url=https://thewirehindi.com/217245/up-police-books-millat-times-editor-for-tweeting-videos-of-kanpur-communal-clashes/ |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |language=hi}}</ref> A report by [[Global Voices Advocacy|Global Voices Advox]] mentioned that Qasmi and his colleagues have faced harassment and abuse, which Qasmi has stated he attributes to their Muslim identity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-14 |title=Minority journalists are under threat in South Asia |url=https://advox.globalvoices.org/2024/06/14/minority-journalists-are-under-threat-in-south-asia/ |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=Global Voices Advox |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Anwar |first1=Amin |last2=Upadhyay |first2=Rohit |last3=Priyatharshan |first3=V. |date=2024-05-29 |title=The state of journalism in South Asia |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/546598-the-state-of-journalism-in-south-asia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529193647/https://www.geo.tv/latest/546598-the-state-of-journalism-in-south-asia |archive-date=2024-05-29 |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=[[Jang Media Group|Geo TV]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-06 |title=UP Police Book 'Millat Times' Editor for Tweeting Videos of Kanpur Communal Clashes |url=https://thewire.in/media/up-police-book-millat-times-editor-for-tweeting-videos-of-kanpur-communal-clashes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606153625/https://m.thewire.in/article/media/up-police-book-millat-times-editor-for-tweeting-videos-of-kanpur-communal-clashes |archive-date=2022-06-06 |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
In a 6 April 2022 Urdu column published by [[Deutsche Welle]], Millat Times founder and editor Shams Tabrez Qasmi was quoted discussing the challenges facing Urdu journalism. Qasmi urged Urdu media to modernize, provide practical training to young journalists, and avoid "cheap politics" in order to revive Urdu's readership and influence.<ref name="dwurdu" />

A 2024 study categorized Millat Times as one of several independent digital media platforms that identify with the Muslim community, while others opt for neutral branding, which the study suggested was to avoid stigmatization.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chadha |first=Kalyani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PJcJEQAAQBAJ&dq=Millat+Times&pg=PA1997 |title=Disrupting Mainstream Journalism in India: The Rise of Alternative Journalisms Online |date=2024-05-29 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-040-09520-1 |language=en|doi=10.4324/9781003244202-3|chapter=Muslim-Produced Online News: Reclaiming Voice?|url-access=limited}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Online journalism in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian news websites]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2016]]
[[Category:Urdu-language websites]]
[[Category:Hindi-language websites]]
[[Category:English-language websites]]

Temsüla Ao

2026-04-29T04:37:08Z

MarlysAugust8: new first info w/ infobox...

{{short description|Indian writer (1945–2022)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=October 2022}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=April 2019}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Temsüla Ao
| image = Temsula Ao.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Temsüla Ao during [[New Delhi World Book Fair]] in 2010
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1945|10|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jorhat]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (Present-day Jorhat, [[Assam]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|10|9|1945|10|25|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Dimapur]], [[Nagaland]], India
| alma_mater = [[Fazl Ali College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[Gauhati University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]]) [[English and Foreign Languages University]] ([[Post Graduate Diploma|PgD]]) [[North-Eastern Hill University|NEHU]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
| occupation = {{hlist|Poet|ethnographer}}
| nationality = Indian
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = {{Unbulleted list
|''These Hills Called Home''
|''[[Laburnum For My Head]]''}}
| spouse =
| partner =
| children = {{plainlist|
[[Anungla Zoe Longkumer]]
T. John Longkumer
}}
| relatives =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2007) [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for English|Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2013)<ref name="Penguin">{{cite web|title=Temsula Ao|url=https://penguin.co.in/author/temsula-ao/|publisher=Penguin India|access-date=14 April 2021|archive-date=20 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220041614/https://penguin.co.in/author/temsula-ao/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| signature =
| website =
| portaldisp =
}}

'''Temsüla Ao''' (25 October 1945 – 9 October 2022)<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=10 October 2022 |title=Padma Shri Dr. Temsula Ao passes away |newspaper=[[Nagaland Post]] |url=https://www.nagalandpost.com/index.php/padma-shri-dr-temsula-ao-passes-away/ |url-status=live |access-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010022202/https://www.nagalandpost.com/index.php/padma-shri-dr-temsula-ao-passes-away/ |archive-date=10 October 2022}}</ref> was an Indian poet, fiction writer, and ethnographer.<ref name=":7">{{Cite magazine |last=Kire |first=Avinuo |date=30 October 2022 |title=A tribute to Temsula Ao |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/tribute-temsula-ao-1945-2022-knowledge-keeper-of-nagaland/article66053184.ece |magazine=Frontline |access-date=28 February 2025}}</ref> She was a professor of English at [[North Eastern Hill University]] (NEHU) from where she retired in 2010.<ref name="Thumb">{{cite magazine|title=Temsüla Ao talks about her life, books and society|url=http://www.thethumbprintmag.com/temsula-ao-talks-about-her-life-books-and-society/|magazine=The Thumb print|date=2 March 2017|access-date=14 April 2021|archive-date=23 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823101844/http://www.thethumbprintmag.com/temsula-ao-talks-about-her-life-books-and-society/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof Temsula Ao passes away |url=https://morungexpress.com/prof-temsula-ao-passes-away |access-date=11 October 2022 |website=MorungExpress}}</ref> She served as the director of the [[North East Zone Cultural Centre]] between 1992 and 1997 on deputation from [[North-Eastern Hill University|NEHU]].<ref name="Thumb"/> She was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] award for her contribution to literature and education. Her book ''[[Laburnum For My Head]]'' received the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for English writing in the short story category.<ref>[http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/pdf/award2013-e.pdf "Poets dominate Sahitya Akademi Awards 2013"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219002741/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/pdf/award2013-e.pdf |date=19 December 2013 }}. [[Sahitya Akademi]]. 18 December 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013.</ref> Her works have been translated into Assamese, Bengali, French, German, Hindi, and Kannada.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Longkumer |first=Purnungba |date=9 April 2022 |title=Nagaland DGP releases a book 'The Tombstone in my Garden' |work=Eastern Mirror |url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/nagaland-dgp-releases-a-book-the-tombstone-in-my-garden/ |access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
On 25 October 1945, Temsüla was born to Imnamütongba Changkiri and Nokintemla Longkumer<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Longkumer |first=Purnungba |date=10 October 2022 |title=Dr. Temsula Ao laid to rest in Dimapur; brief biography of Padma Shri awardee |work=Eastern Mirror |url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/dr-temsula-ao-laid-to-rest-in-dimapur-brief-biography-of-padma-shri-awardee/ |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> in [[Jorhat]]. She had five siblings. When her youngest brother was only beginning to crawl, her parents died within nine months of each other. Thereafter, her youngest two siblings were taken to their ancestral village Changki village in [[Mokokchung district]] to live with their father's younger brother. The four eldest siblings–Khari, Tajen, Temsüla, and Along–stayed at Jorhat under the guardianship of Khari who was temporarily employed in Jorhat Mission Hospital. Soon, the youngest among the four, Along, was also taken to Changki. When Tajen got appointed as an assistant teacher in the village primary school, she took on the responsibilities of the younger siblings at Changki.<ref name="Thumb" /> Ao summarises her difficult childhood and adolescence in her memoir ''Once upon a Life'' as 'fractured childhood.' Her ancestral family were involved in the early settlement of Changki village and her visits and affinity to the village helped her "reaffirm the sensibilities that have given me my intrinsic identity."<ref name="Thumb" />

She studied in Golaghat Girls' Mission for six years as a boarder. She studied in Assamese-medium there until class 6. For her matriculation exam later, she even wrote two papers in the Assamese language. She spoke the language fluently. She completed her matriculation from Ridgeway Girls' High School in Golaghat.<ref name="Thumb" /> She received her B.A. with distinction from [[Fazl Ali College]], [[Mokokchung]], Nagaland, and M.A. in English from [[Gauhati University]], Assam. From [[Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages|English and Foreign Languages University]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], she received her Post Graduate Diploma in the Teaching of English and PhD from NEHU.

== Teaching ==
Ao began teaching English in NEHU as a lecturer from December 1975.<ref name=":2" /> She completed her PhD in May 1983 under the guidance of Dr. D. P. Singh. Titled ''The Heroines of Henry James,'' her thesis examined female protagonists in James' stories who emerge victorious in their sophisticated and civilised society. For this, Ao analysed the following works of [[Henry James]]: The Madonna of the Future, [[Daisy Miller]], [[Madame de Mauves]], [[Washington Square (novel)|Washington Square]], [[The Portrait of a Lady]], [[The Wings of the Dove]], and [[The Golden Bowl]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ao |first=Temsula |date=1983 |title=The Heroines of Henry James |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/61467 |journal=North Eastern Hill University |language=English}}</ref>

From 1992 to 1997 she served as Director, [[North East Zone Cultural Centre]], [[Dimapur]] on Deputation from NEHU, and was a Fulbright Fellow at the [[University of Minnesota]] 1985–86.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Introduction of NEZCC |url=http://www.nezccindia.org.in/Home/AboutNezcc |access-date=10 October 2022 |work=North East Zone Cultural Centre |archive-date=23 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123034856/http://www.nezccindia.org.in/Home/AboutNezcc |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> In 2010, Ao retired as a professor and dean of the English Department at NEHU.<ref name=":2" />

Ao received the [[Padma Shri]] Award in 2007. She is the recipient of the Governor's Gold Medal 2009 from the government of [[Meghalaya]]. She was widely respected as one of the major literary voices in English to emerge from [[Northeast India]] along with [[Mitra Phukan]] and [[Mamang Dai]]. Her works have been translated into German, French, [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Hindi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.morungexpress.com/local/31038.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714120406/http://www.morungexpress.com/local/31038.html|url-status=dead|title=Five artistes to receive Governor's Award 2009|archive-date=14 July 2011|access-date=7 February 2020}}</ref>

==Writings==
Ao conceded to [[Paulo Coelho]]'s reflection in [[The Zahir (novel)|The Zahir]] that writing can be a lonely endeavour. However, "there are also times when words are flowing and seem to offer themselves happily to articulate one's thought." The resulting mood of exhilaration and joy, Ao suggests, lends a strange feeling of not being alone. It provides a sense of completeness similar to a fellowship felt in the company of equally happy people. Ao stated that she wrote for such rare moments of "completeness." This inner urge compels her to write along with her need "to probe, to question, and also to acknowledge that I exist in the one-ness with my fellow human beings."<ref name=":3">{{cite journal |last1=Ao |first1=Temsula |title=Writing as Affirmation |journal=Indian Literature |date=2010 |volume=54 |issue=6 (260) |pages=169–171 |jstor=23348280 }}</ref> Reflecting on writings from Northeast India, Ao explained,<blockquote>It is about the life we know, and want to share with our fellow citizens who have somehow always looked at us through the prism of 'otherness' and suspicion. Accepting the difference can also mean transcending the 'local' to discover the 'universal.' In that sense, these writings deserve more than the cursory perusals as 'categories' that they are subjected to at the moment.<ref name=":3" /></blockquote>She resisted clubbing of the Northeast as a composite identity. She called the North-eastern identity as a misnomer "because the region is home to a multitude of people with diverse languages, cultures, costumes." Using the term, "defaces the real identity" of the communities and people living in the region. Therefore, the term has relevance only as a geographical and geo-political indicator. In the same interview, she noted that Nagaland's [[Hornbill Festival]] is only the commercial face of Naga identity and not Naga identity itself.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Joseph |first=Joshy |date=28 October 2015 |title='The North-eastern identity is a misnomer' |work=Dawn |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1215795 |access-date=12 October 2022}}</ref> Journalist Patricia Mukhim reaffirmed Ao's conviction, "[She] was quietly confident about her purpose in life which is to rectify the lenses through which her people, the Nagas, were viewed by the rest of the world."<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Zahan |first=Syeda Ambia |date=11 October 2022 |title=Naga Writer Temsula Ao's Demise Leaves Hills She Called Home In Grief |work=The Outlook |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/culture-society/naga-writer-temsula-ao-demise-leaves-hills-she-called-home-in-grief-news-229242 |access-date=12 October 2022}}</ref>

===Poetry===
She has published seven poetic works.
* ''Songs that Tell'' (1988),
* ''Songs that Try to Say'' (1992),
* ''Songs of Many Moods'' (1995),
* ''Songs from Here and There'' (2003),
* ''Songs From The Other Life'' (2007).<ref name="Penguin"/>
* ''Book of Songs: Collected Poems 1988-2007'' (2013).
* ''Songs along the Way Home'' (2019).<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Moitra |first=Aheli |date=20 February 2019 |title=String for the garland |work=[[The Morung Express]] |url=https://morungexpress.com/string-garland |access-date=10 October 2022}}</ref>

Her first two poetry collections were published from [[Writers Workshop (publisher)|Writers Workshop]], [[Kolkata]]. The third, fourth, and fifth poetry collections were published by Kohima Sahitya Sabha, [[North Eastern Hill University]] and Grasswork Books respectively. The last two were published by Heritage Publishing House, Dimapur.

Journalist Aheli Moitra describes the 50-poem collection ''Songs along the Way Home'' as "a deep philosophical exploration of life–personal, social, political–as it has passed her [Ao] by. The poems are heavy, laden with layers of lament, written with the skill of a songbird singing its favourite dusk song." Moitra points that Ao is candid in her poems, registering life and wisdom, and never shy of showing emotions necessary.<ref name=":1" />

===Ethnography===
When she was in the [[University of Minnesota]] as a Fulbright fellow, she came in contact with the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]]. She learned about their culture, heritage and especially their [[oral tradition]]. This exposure inspired her to record the oral tradition of her own community, [[Ao Naga]]. After returning from the University of Minnesota, she worked on the oral tradition for about twelve years. She collected the myths, folktales, [[folklore]], rituals, law, custom, [[belief system]]. This ethnographic work was published in 1999 as the Ao-Naga oral tradition from Bhasha Publications, Baroda. This book is the most authentic document about the Ao-Naga community.

===Short story===
Temsüla Ao has published three short story collections. ''These Hills Called Home: Stories from the War Zone'', [[Zubaan]] (2005), ''Laburnum for my Head'', [[Penguin India]] (2009)<ref name="Penguin" /> and ''The Tombstone in my Garden: Stories from Nagaland,'' [[Speaking Tiger Books]] (2022).<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web |date=13 March 2022 |title=Temsula Ao holds up mirror to everyday life in Nagaland |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/temsula-ao-holds-up-mirror-to-everyday-life-in-nagaland-7817647/ |access-date=10 October 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

''These Hills Called Home'' consists of ten short stories and deals with insurgency in [[Nagaland]] fired by right to self-determination of the Naga people.

Speaking Tiger published her last book of short stories ''The Tombstone in my Garden: Stories from Nagaland'' in early 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2022 |title=The Tombstone in My Garden: Stories From Nagaland - Speaking Tiger Books |url=https://speakingtigerbooks.com/product/the-tombstone-in-my-garden-stories-from-nagaland/ |access-date=10 October 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress.com"/> The book blurb on the back cover describes the collection of five stories as holding 'a mirror to the lives of everyday people beyond the headlines.'

On 9 April 2022, Nagaland Director General of Police, T John Longkumer, released the book in Dimapur.<ref name=":5" />

Pradip Phanjoubam found the book peculiarly 'dark' compared to her debut collection ''These Hills Called Home.'' He summarises the book as 'a subconscious sketch of the Naga nostalgia for a traditional world being left behind.'<ref>{{Cite news |last=Phanjoubam |first=Pradip |date=3 June 2022 |title=Losing a beloved world |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/losing-a-beloved-world-stories-in-temsula-aos-book-are-a-subconscious-sketch-of-the-naga-nostalgia/cid/1868118 |access-date=10 October 2022}}</ref> Author Rupa Gulab summarises the central thread of the five stories as, "we are brutally reminded of a universal truth: Love hurts, and death is a release." Advising against presuming that the small book is cosy bedtime book, she points that the stories are 'disconcerting' with endings of each often open pushing the readers to keep guessing.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gulab |first=Rupa |date=6 February 2022 |title=Book Review {{!}} Fiction from Nagaland that is spare, elegant and truthful |work=[[The Asian Age]] |url=https://www.asianage.com/books/050222/book-review-fiction-from-nagaland-that-is-spare-elegant-and-truthful.html |access-date=10 October 2022}}</ref>

=== Literary criticism ===
She published a book of literary criticism ''Henry James' Quest for an Ideal Heroine''. It was published in 1989 from Writers Workshop.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ao |first=T. |title=Henry James and the quest for an ideal heroine |publisher=Writers Workshop |year=1989 |location=[[Calcutta]] |oclc=20454470}}</ref>

===Online works===
* ''Essay: When in doubt''<ref>{{cite web |title=Nomad at heart « Harmony Magazine |url=http://www.harmonyindia.org/hportal/VirtualPrintView.jsp?page_id=4862 |website=harmonyindia.org |access-date=6 June 2022 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183049/http://www.harmonyindia.org/hportal/VirtualPrintView.jsp?page_id=4862 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Books===
* ''[[Laburnum for My Head]]'' (Penguin, 2009)
* ''These Hills Called Home: Stories From A War Zone'' (Penguin, 2005 / Zubaan, 2013)
* ''Ao-Naga Oral Tradition (2000)''

=== Memoir ===

* ''Once Upon a Life: Burnt Curry And Bloody Rags'' (2014)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Once Upon a Life: Burnt Curry and Bloody Rags – Zubaan |url=https://zubaanbooks.com/shop/once-upon-a-life-burnt-curry-and-bloody-rags/ |access-date=10 October 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Nagaland State Commission for Women ==
In January 2013, she was appointed as the Chairperson of the Nagaland State Commission for Women.<ref>{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|1269881281}} |title=NMA greets Prof. Temsula for appointment in Nagaland Women Commission |newspaper=United News of India |date=17 January 2013 }}</ref> As the chairperson, Ao was very vocal for women's rights in the state often challenging traditional status quo and legal stalemate.

=== Naga Customary Law ===
Ao advocated for redefining Naga Customary Law to remove its inherent gender bias. She made it clear that this did not mean abolishing of Customary Laws and they remain the bedrock of Naga society. Instead, it needed to be redone and changed to give new meaning in the present milieu. The redefinition must begin from within the patriarchal settings of customary law institutions as they remain 'the custodians of the laws'. She also envisioned a special focus to make way for women into village councils, town committees, and [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]] along with women's inheritance to parental property.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=Gogoi |first=Bhadra |date=25 December 2018 |title=Nagaland Women Commission for redefining Naga customary laws |work=Northeast Now |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/nagaland-women-commission-redefining-naga-customary-laws.html |access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref> It was clear to her that civil society interventions or government efforts to promote gender equality would not change much despite gender budgeting and gender-safe workplaces, <blockquote>Whatever be the results of such efforts, they will be superficial at best because the core of gender discrimination lies at the very heart of customary laws which direct and govern Naga life even in the twenty-first century.<ref name=":6" /></blockquote>In 2013, at one of her first public meetings holding the position, she called women and girls to play their part with conviction in the bid to make statutory laws for gender justice work. She was addressing a legal awareness campaign at Kohima College. She called the campaign to acquaint young students to not only give security to their 'physical selves but to ensure their intellectual growth.' While appreciating that certain social evils prevalent elsewhere in the country does not exist in Nagaland, she articulated that prevalent gender injustice in the Naga society is due to men persisting in their rigid stance that "governance, like the village council and decision making in the family for instance, is the prerogative of men." She also chided women for accepting their traditional role despite education.<ref>{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|1348565304}} |title=Nagaland Women Commission for legal rights for women |newspaper=United News of India |date=5 May 2013 }}</ref> Ao made clear her support for customary law and practices and hailed them for providing "continuity and strength" to the Naga society. However, her critique lied in the inherent gender bias in customary law practices in cases of marriage, divorce and inheritance. She called for open deliberations on these issues for "incorporating changes and fair adjustments in a modern set-up which will be beneficial to women, and where men and women can work together as equals in all respect."<ref>{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|1496524349}} |title=Nagaland Women Commission launches state-wide campaign |newspaper=United News of India |date=10 February 2014 }}</ref> She spent a significant part of her tenure relaying this message to different tribes of Nagaland in their respective districts. In August 2013, at a seminar on gender sensitisation among police personnel, judiciary, and civil society members, Ao boldly stated, "Only when the basic human rights of the Naga women get due acknowledgement from the family, clan, village, and the overall societal framework, can we say that the process of gender sensitisation has truly started in Nagaland." She recalled that several accounts of gender injustice exist in the Naga society due to the "cultural and traditional norms prevalent... [often impinging] on women's rights, for being of a different gender." She called for articulation and protection of women's identity at "the very existential level." She called for instituting shelter homes in every district in Nagaland for survivors of gender violence to deal with trauma, provide counselling, and teach livelihood skills.<ref>{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|1427537858}} |title=Paradigm shift in male mindset needed for gender sensitivity |newspaper=The Assam Tribune |date=25 August 2013 }}</ref> In September 2013, drawing from her experiences, she noted that cases of marital discord in Nagaland mostly go unheard and unattended as the woman is often too traumatised.<ref>{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|1434612195}} |title=Nagaland Women Commission urges for equal status for women |newspaper=United News of India |date=22 September 2013 }}</ref>

At the start of her tenure as the chairperson, she had initiated dialogues between the apex bodies of all tribes of Nagaland in this regard. Five years later, in 2018, she lamented that work around giving women a share in their parental property still remained half-done.<ref name=":6" />

=== Human Trafficking ===
On 28 May 2017, at a programme on Human Trafficking in Phek district of Nagaland, she emphasised the vulnerability of Nagas youth to being trafficked. She called the society to be vigilant. She called people to report cases of abuse and ill-treatment of minors living as maids and domestic helps in Nagaland. She believed that the evil had to be investigated and addressed urgently.<ref>{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|1902910524}} |title=Naga society vulnerable to trafficking: Ao |newspaper=The Assam Tribune |date=29 May 2017 }}</ref> At another meeting early in the month, she referred to police data that showed that a person went missing every fourth day in Nagaland. Of these, 83% of missing people were minors. She pointed out that customary law are not well-equipped to deal with practices of human trafficking and police needed to intervene and play a role. She also insisted on proper links between police, child rights agencies, labour department, social welfare departments, mental health agencies, and NGOs to curb human trafficking.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rutsa |first=Xavier |date=7 May 2017 |title=One person goes missing every fourth day in Nagaland' |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kohima/one-person-goes-missing-every-fourth-day-in-nagaland/articleshow/58559494.cms |access-date=10 October 2022}}</ref>

=== Women's reservation ===
She was a strong supporter of women's reservation in Nagaland. Speaking at an event, she promised to continue to work for equal rights for women and hoped women enter decision-making process in Naga politics. She invited Nagas to retrospect the areas where "we have failed."<ref>{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|2290241392}} |title=Hope floats for 33% quota |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=8 March 2017 }}</ref>

== Awards ==
* [[Padma Shri]], 2007<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-date=19 October 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Governor's Gold Medal, 2009<ref name=":7" />
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]], 2013<ref>{{Cite news |title=President Murmu, PM Modi condole Temsula Ao's death; recall her effort in popularising Naga culture |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2022/Oct/10/president-murmu-pm-modi-condole-temsula-aos-death-recall-her-effort-in-popularising-naga-culture-2506656.html |work=The New Indian Express |agency=PTI |date=10 August 2022 |access-date=28 February 2025 |quote=Temsula Ao won several awards throughout her career, including the Sahitya Akademi Award for 'Laburnum For My Head' in 2013 and the Padma Shri in 2007.}}</ref>
* Kusumagraj National Literature Award, 2015<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=21 March 2015 |title=Ao stresses importance of mother tongue {{!}} Nashik News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/ao-stresses-importance-of-mother-tongue/articleshow/46641667.cms |access-date=11 October 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Zahan writes that Ao was more than a writer and scholar for the Nagas. She summarises Ao's work as,<blockquote>She was the guardian, the voice, and the mirror of the Naga society who brought the everyday lives of the Nagas blurred between insurgency and counter-insurgency in front of the world through her poetry, short stories, and memoirs.<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>Recalling her body of work and life, Walter Fernandes, founder-director of the North Eastern Social Research Centre based in Guwahati, called her an "institution of a scholar."<ref name=":4" />

==See also==
{{portal|Poetry}}
* [[Literature from North East India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060326/spectrum/book10.htm These Hills Called Home: Stories From A War Zone (review)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720213603/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060326/spectrum/book10.htm |date=20 July 2024 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131031233802/http://www.zubaanbooks.com/zubaan_books_details.asp?BookID=45 These hills Called Home: Stories from a War Zone (New Edition on ZubaanBooks.com)]
* [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2006/01/13/stories/2006011300140300.htm Poignant stories from a war zone]
* [http://www.merinews.com/article/mirroring-life-in-the-conflict-zone/123827.shtml Mirroring life in the conflict zone]
* [http://www.sentinelassam.com/sunday/melange_cover_story.php?sec=7&subsec=0&ppr=2&dtP=2009-09-13 Weaving a literary fabric : Prof. Temsula Ao, Cover Story in Melange] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002716/http://www.sentinelassam.com/sunday/melange_cover_story.php?sec=7&subsec=0&ppr=2&dtP=2009-09-13 |date=4 March 2016 }}

{{Sahitya Akademi Award for English|state=collapsed}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ao, Temsula}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:English-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the North-Eastern Hill University]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in English]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Adivasi writers]]
[[Category:Adivasi women writers]]
[[Category:Poets from Assam]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian women short story writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Assam]]
[[Category:Adivasi women]]
[[Category:Novelists from Assam]]
[[Category:Naga people]]
[[Category:People from Jorhat district]]
[[Category:Indian women memoirists]]
[[Category:Indian memoirists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]

Anila Jacob

2026-04-28T20:14:37Z

MarlysAugust8: New A Stub...

{{Short description|Indian sculptor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Anila Jacob
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = c. 1941
| birth_place = [[Kottayam]], [[Kingdom of Travancore]], [[British India]] (present-day [[Kerala]], India)
| education = [[Government College of Fine Arts, Chennai]] (Diploma in Fine Arts, 1964)
| known_for = Sculpture
| movement = [[Madras Art Movement]]
| awards = {{unbulleted list
| National Award, [[Lalit Kala Akademi]] (1965)
| Madras State Lalit Kala Akademi Award (1968)
| Karnataka Chitra Kala Parishath Award (1976)
| Padmini Puraskaram, Kerala Lalithakala Akademi (2011)
| Raja Ravi Varma Puraskaram, Kerala Lalithakala Akademi (2018)
}}
}}

'''Anila Jacob''' ({{Nee|Thomas}}, born c. 1941) is an Indian [[Sculptor (artist)|sculptor]] associated with the [[Madras Art Movement]] and [[Cholamandal Artists' Village]].<ref name="art-artist.in">{{cite web |title=anila jacob - Art & Artist |url=https://art-artist.in/dir/fre/anila.htm |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=art-artist.in}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Cholamandal ( Artist's Village ) |url=https://www.cholamandalartistvillage.com/ |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=www.cholamandalartistvillage.com}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Anila Jacob was born in [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]] in 1941.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anila Jacob Profile |url=https://www.cholamandalartistvillage.com/Anila%20Jacob.html |access-date={{TODAY}} |website=[[Cholamandal Artists' Village]] |archive-date=14 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514062850/http://www.cholamandalartistvillage.com/Anila%20Jacob.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Although she initially applied for painting,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Anasuya |date=2024-09-13 |title=Sculptor Anila Jacob hosts an exhibition of her works at her home in Aluva |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/sculptor-anila-jacob-hosts-an-exhibition-of-her-works-at-her-home-in-aluva/article68629168.ece |access-date=2025-05-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=27 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927213656/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/sculptor-anila-jacob-hosts-an-exhibition-of-her-works-at-her-home-in-aluva/article68629168.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> she was admitted to the sculpture course at the Government College of Arts & Crafts, Madras (now Chennai) by the principal [[K. C. S. Paniker]].<ref name="NIE2019">{{cite news |date=2019-11-12 |title=Kochi-based artist Anila Jacob has a lasting love affair with sculpture |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2019/Nov/12/kochi-based-artist-anila-jacob-has-a-lasting-love-affair-with-sculpture-2060839.html |access-date=2025-05-05 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> She graduated in 1960 with a First Class Diploma in Fine Arts, ranking first.<ref name=":2" />

She is married to Jacob Thomas and has two children.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Alone and on the move - Padma Jayaraj |url=https://narthaki.com/info/profiles/profl136.html |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=narthaki.com}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=Shilpa Nair |date=2019-11-14 |title=How Kerala sculptor Anila Jacob sculpted her way to the limelight with her signature pieces in different materials |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/how-kerala-sculptor-anila-jacob-sculpted-her-way-to-the-limelight-with-her-signature-pieces-in-different-materials/article29962829.ece |access-date=2025-05-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=13 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013060820/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/how-kerala-sculptor-anila-jacob-sculpted-her-way-to-the-limelight-with-her-signature-pieces-in-different-materials/article29962829.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==
Jacob began her career working with concrete and clay, later creating sculptures in carved wood, such as ''Figure'' (1969).<ref name="GAC_Figure">{{cite web |title=Figure - Anila Jacob |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/figure-anila-jacob/bwFgwGP0mxjLXw?hl=en |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Google Arts & Culture}}</ref><ref name="GalleryVeda">{{cite web |title=Anila Jacob |url=https://www.galleryveda.com/index.php?route=product/artist&product_id=Anila%20Jacob |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Gallery Veda |archive-date=23 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523071809/https://www.galleryveda.com/index.php?route=product/artist&product_id=Anila%20Jacob |url-status=live }}</ref> Subsequently, she transitioned to working with welded metals like copper and brass, exemplified by works like ''Fish'' (2008).<ref name=":1" /><ref name="GAC_Fish">{{cite web |title=Fish - Anila Jacob |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/fish-anila-jacob/xwGfp4NGQ81xdw?hl=en |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Google Arts & Culture}}</ref> Her sculptures often draw on abstract themes inspired by the nature, environment, art forms, festivals, and daily life of Kerala.<ref name="NIE2019" /> Some works associated with the Madras Movement, including Jacob's, are noted for their linear quality and 'frontality'.<ref name="GAC_Sculptures">{{cite web |title=Sculptures from the Museum of Madras Movement |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/sculptures-from-the-museum-of-madras-movement-cholamandal-artists-village/6wXR4PMYt3OvIw?hl=en |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Google Arts & Culture}}</ref><ref name="CritCollective_Modern">{{cite web |title=Modern Movement in Indian Sculpture |url=https://criticalcollective.in/CC_ArchiveInner2.aspx?Aid=0&Eid=848 |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Critical Collective}}</ref> She has also worked with granite, particularly during sculptors' camps.<ref name="NIE20132">{{cite news |date=2013-03-29 |title=Art appreciation yet to seep into the city of sculptures |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2013/Mar/29/art-appreciation-yet-to-seep-into-the-city-of-sculptures-463102.html |access-date=2025-05-05 |work=The New Indian Express |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106155120/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2013/mar/29/art-appreciation-yet-to-seep-into-the-city-of-sculptures-463102.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="TOI20132">{{cite news |date=2013-04-03 |title=Carving stories, history in stone |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/carving-stories-history-in-stone/articleshow/19353059.cms |access-date=2025-05-05 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

Jacob was one of the founding members of the [[Cholamandal Artists' Village]] near Chennai in 1966, established under the guidance of K. C. S. Paniker.<ref name=":1" /> She was one of the first two women artists, along with Arnawaz Driver (later Arnawaz Vasudev), to purchase land and build a studio within the commune.<ref name="KarachiCollective">{{cite web |date=2024-03-23 |title=Cholamandal Artist Village |url=https://thekarachicollective.com/cholamandal-artist-village/ |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=The Karachi Collective}}</ref><ref name="CritCollective_Drifting">{{cite web |title=Drifting Threads: Cholamandal Artists' Village over fifty years |url=https://criticalcollective.in/ArtistGInner2.aspx?Aid=259&Eid=1072 |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Critical Collective |archive-date=26 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250326150120/https://criticalcollective.in/ArtistGInner2.aspx?Aid=259&Eid=1072 |url-status=live }}</ref> She also served as treasurer for the Progressive Painters Association.<ref name="art-artist.in" />

She has participated in numerous exhibitions throughout her career, including the National Exhibition of Art in New Delhi multiple times (1962, 1963, 1964, 1966, 1968, 1976, 1978), Expo '70 in Japan, and shows in Washington D.C. (1963), Dubai (1976, 1980), Prakrit Art Gallery (Chennai, 2009), Durbar Hall Art Centre (Kochi, 2011), and the [[National Gallery of Modern Art, Bengaluru|National Gallery of Modern Art]] (Bengaluru, 2023).<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi |url=https://ngmaindia.gov.in/Clay-Demo-invites.asp |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=ngmaindia.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Soji |first=Alwin Benjamin |date=2023-03-16 |title=NGMA presents a special exhibition that launched on Women's Day |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/art/2023/Mar/16/ngma-presents-a-special-exhibition-that-launched-on-womens-day-47741.html |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en |archive-date=27 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327141226/https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/art/2023/Mar/16/ngma-presents-a-special-exhibition-that-launched-on-womens-day-47741.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="AnilaJacobExhibitions">{{cite web |title=Exhibitions - Anila Jacob |url=https://anilajacob.com/exhibitions/ |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=anilajacob.com}}</ref><ref name="art-artist.in" /> She has also participated in several sculptors' camps organized by the [[Lalit Kala Akademi]] and state bodies,<ref name="AnilaJacobExhibitions" /> leading to installations in public spaces, including a granite sculpture in [[Connaught Place, New Delhi]] (circa 1970), and later works at Tippu Sultan Fort, Palakkad, Kozhikode Beach, and [[Fort Kochi]].<ref name="NIE20132" /><ref name="TOI20132" /> In 2018, her large sculpture titled "[[Unity in diversity|Unity in Diversity]]", made of copper, bronze, brass, and teakwood, was installed at Terminal 3 of [[Cochin International Airport]].<ref name=":0" /> Her work is included in the permanent collection of the Lalit Kala Akademi, New Delhi.<ref name="LKACollection">{{cite web |title=Permanent Collection |url=https://www.lalitkala.gov.in/permanentcollection |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Lalit Kala Akademi |archive-date=8 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508221146/https://www.lalitkala.gov.in/permanentcollection |url-status=live }}</ref>

Jacob describes her themes as largely abstract, often drawing inspiration from the culture and environment of Kerala, including its nature, traditional art forms, festivals, and daily life.<ref name=":3" /> Her sculpture ''Ambience'', for instance, was her interpretation of the Kozhikode beach environment.<ref name="NIE20132" />

== Awards ==

* (1963) Award at the Exhibition of Ceramic Art in Washington D.C.<ref name="KalakarKeralaBlog">{{cite web |title=ANILA JACOB - GALLERY AOCVA |url=https://kalakarkeralam.blogspot.com/p/anila-jacob.html |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=kalakarkeralam.blogspot.com |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126010626/https://kalakarkeralam.blogspot.com/p/anila-jacob.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* (1964) Artists Handicraft Association Award in Madras<ref name="GAC_Figure" />
* (1965) National Award from the [[Lalit Kala Akademi]], the first woman sculptor to receive this honour<ref name=":0" />
* (1968) [[Madras State]] Lalit Kala Akademi Award
* (1976) Karnataka Chitra Kala Parishath Award from Mysore State<ref name="GAC_Figure" />
* (2011) Padmini Puraskaram from Kerala Lalithakala Akademi<ref name="NIE2012">{{cite news |date=2012-05-15 |title=Lalithakala Akademi awards announced |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2009/Apr/21/lalithakala-akademi-awards-announced-42671.html |access-date=2025-05-05 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
* (2018) [[Raja Ravi Varma Puraskaram]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-11-18 |title=Anila Jacob and P Gopinath receive Raja Ravi Varma Award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kochi/anila-jacob-and-p-gopinath-receive-raja-ravi-varma-award/articleshow/72109579.cms |access-date=2025-05-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=3 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203150915/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kochi/anila-jacob-and-p-gopinath-receive-raja-ravi-varma-award/articleshow/72109579.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Kerala Lalithakala Akademi]] has planned a 40-min documentary, ‘Anilam’ to showcase her journey in art.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jacob, Anila}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Artists from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women sculptors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sculptors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women sculptors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sculptors]]
[[Category:Lalit Kala Akademi]]
[[Category:Madras Art Movement]]
[[Category:Living people]]

The Tale of the Four Dervishes

2026-04-27T19:03:39Z

MarlysAugust8: new a stub needs work

{{Short description|Early-13th century fairy tales by Amir Khusro}}
{{italic title}}
{{about|the stories by Amir Khusro|the Indian film|Char Dervesh}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2019}}
'''''The Tale of the Four Dervishes''''' ({{langx|fa|قصۀ چهار درویش|italic=yes}} '''''Qissa-ye Chahār Darvēsh''''', {{lit|The Story of Four Dervishes}}), known as '''''Bāgh-o Bahār''''' ({{lang|ur|باغ و بہار|italic=yes}}, {{lit|Garden and Spring}}) in [[Urdu]], is a collection of allegorical stories by [[Amir Khusro]] written in [[Persian language|Persian]] in the early 13th century.

While legend says that Amir Khusro was the author, the tales were written long after his death.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} Legend has it that Amir Khusro's mentor and [[Sufi]] saint [[Nizamuddin Auliya]] had fallen ill. To cheer him up, Amir Khusro started telling him a series of stories in the style of the ''[[One Thousand and One Nights]]''.

==Style==
The book is in some ways similar to the ''[[Thousand and One Nights]]'' in its method of framing and linking unfinished stories within each other. The central character is a king, Azad Bakht, who falls into depression after thinking about his own mortality, and so sets out from his palace seeking wise men. He comes upon four [[dervish]]es in a cemetery, and listens to their fantastical stories. Each Dervish narrates his own story, which is basically on love and fidelity in their own past lives. When the fourth dervish finishes his tale, the king Azadbakht suddenly learns that one of his wives has just born the son to him. Overwhelmed with joy, the king orders to arrange a great feast. With the help of the great king of jinns, Malik Syahpal, Azadbakht marries all the separated lovers to one another: the merchant's son from Yemen to the princess of Damsyik, the prince of Fars to the princess of Basra, the prince of Ajam to the princess of Farang, the prince of Nimroz to the princess of jinns, and the prince of China to the daughter of the courtier, who was kidnapped by Malik Sadik. Everyone happily achieves the fulfillment of his or her desire.

==Translations==
These stories were originally written in [[Persian Language|Persian]] by [[Amir Khusro]] as ''Qissa-ye Chahār Darvēsh''. It was initially translated by [[Mir Husain Ata Tehseen]] into [[Urdu language|Urdu]] as ''Nav Tarz-e-Murassaa'' ({{Nastaliq|نو طرزِ مُرصّع}}, "New Ornate Style")<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nau Tarz-e-Murassaa |trans-title=نو طرزِ مرصع |url=https://xn--mgbqf7g.com/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8/%d9%85%db%8c%d8%b1-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d8%ad%d8%b3%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%b9%d8%b7%d8%a7-%d8%ae%d8%a7%da%ba-%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%b3%db%8c%d9%86%d8%94/%d9%86%d9%88-%d8%b7%d8%b1%d8%b2%d9%90-%d9%85%d8%b1%d8%b5%d8%b9 |website=Urdu Gah}}</ref> but the language was a highly literate one and was not understood by general public to enjoy. In 1801, [[College of Fort William]] in Calcutta started a project translating Indian literature. Mr. [[John Borthwick Gilchrist]], a famous scholar of literature, asked [[Mir Amman]], an employee of the college, to translate it into the [[Urdu]] language. Mir Amman translated it from [[Persian Language|Persian]] into everyday [[Urdu]], under the title ''Bāgh o Bahār''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bagh o Bahar - Qissa-ye Chahār Darvēsh |trans-title=باغ و بہار - قصۂ چہار درویش |url=https://xn--mgbqf7g.com/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8/%d9%85%db%8c%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%af%db%81%d9%84%d9%88%db%8c/%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%ba-%d9%88-%d8%a8%db%81%d8%a7%d8%b1 |website=Urdu Gah}}</ref> Later, in 1857, [[Duncan Forbes (linguist)|Duncan Forbes]] retranslated it into English. The translation of Mir Amman is still enjoyed as a classical work of [[Urdu Literature]] for the common daily language of its time. In 1859 it was translated into Polish by [[Aleksander Chodźko]] as "Padyszach i czterech derwiszów".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Opowieści czterech derwiszów |url=https://www.vivaswan.pl/pl/Opowiesci_czterech_derwiszow}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CHODŹKO, ALEKSANDER BOREJKO |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/chodzko-aleksander-borejko/|website=[[Encyclopaedia Iranica]]}}</ref>

==Adaptations==
The Indian films ''Char Darvesh'' (1933) by Prafulla Ghosh and ''[[Char Dervesh]]'' (1964) by [[Homi Wadia]] were based on the stories.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|url-access=registration|accessdate=12 August 2012|year=1999|publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref>

== See also ==
* ''[[One Thousand and One Nights]]''
* ''[[Hamzanama]]''
* [[Persian Literature]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/baghobahar/intro_smith_forbes.html ''Bagh O Bahar'', or ''Tales of the Four Dervishes'' Online]
* [https://archive.org/details/baghobaharortale12370gut ''Bagh O Bahar'' for download]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tale of the Four Dervishes}}
[[Category:Sufi literature]]
[[Category:Dervish]]
[[Category:Chishti Order]]
[[Category:Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Persian-language literature]]
[[Category:Persian fairy tales]]
[[Category:Urdu-language literature]]
[[Category:Indian fairy tales]]
[[Category:Indian legends]]
[[Category:Indian short story collections]]
[[Category:Fantasy anthologies]]
[[Category:Collections of fairy tales]]
[[Category:13th-century Persian books]]
[[Category:Works by Amir Khusrau]]

Thalaivar Thambi Thalaimaiyil

2026-04-26T04:45:56Z

MarlysAugust8: new initial post initial version...

{{short description|Indian Tamil-language political satire film}}
{{More plot|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thalaivar Thambi Thalaimaiyil.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Nithish Sahadev]]
| writer = {{ubl
|Sanjo Joseph
|Nithish Sahadev
|Anuraj O. B.
}}
| producer = Kannan Ravi
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Jiiva]]
*[[Thambi Ramaiah]]
*[[Ilavarasu]]
*Prathana Nathan
}}
| cinematography = Bablu Aju
| editing = Arjune Babu
| music = [[Vishnu Vijay]]
| studio = Kannan Ravi Productions
| released = {{Film date|2026|1|15|df=yes}}
| runtime = 113 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2026 |title=''Thalaivar Thambi Thalaimaiyil'' (12A) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/thalaivar-thambi-thalaimaiyil-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmta5mjuw |access-date=15 January 2026 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR|10 crore}}<ref name="TheWeek(2026-01-22)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2026/01/22/thalaivar-thambi-thalaimaiyil-box-office-collection-day-8-jiiva-s-pongal-winner-crosses-rs-20-cr-mark-domestically.html|title='Thalaivar Thambi Thalaimaiyil' box office collection day 8: Jiiva's Pongal winner crosses Rs 20 Cr mark domestically |work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|date=22 January 2026|accessdate=11 February 2026}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|40 crore}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Thalaivar Thambi Thalaimaiyil on OTT: When and where to watch Jiiva's latest hit comedy drama |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2026/Feb/07/thalaivar-thambi-thalaimaiyil-on-ott-when-and-where-to-watch-jiivas-latest-hit-comedy-drama |website=Cinema Express |access-date=24 February 2026 |language=en |date=7 February 2026}}</ref>
}}

'''''Thalaivar Thambi Thalaimaiyil''''' (stylized as '''''TTT''''') ({{Translation|Under the leadership of our brotherly leader}}) is a 2026 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[political satire]] film directed by [[Nithish Sahadev]] and co-written by him along with Sanjo Joseph and Anuraj O. B, starring [[Jiiva]] in the lead role alongside [[Thambi Ramaiah]], [[Ilavarasu]] and Prathana Nathan in important roles. In the film, a village council president must maintain order after an unexpected death occurs on the eve of a wedding.

[[Principal photography]] began on 10 May 2025 and got wrapped in mid-July 2025. The film was released in theatres on 15 January 2026 and received positive reviews from critics, praising its humour, writing, and performances, with some considering it as Jiiva's comeback. The film was a success at the box office.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=2026-02-05 |title=Vijay-starrer ‘Jana Nayagan’ release delay frustrates Tamil Nadu film industry |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/delay-in-vijay-starrer-jana-nayagan-release-frustrates-tamil-film-industry/article70592201.ece |access-date=2026-02-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |archive-date=2026-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260206153553/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/delay-in-vijay-starrer-jana-nayagan-release-frustrates-tamil-film-industry/article70592201.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Jeevarathnam is a president in the village panchayat and is respected by all the villagers. He is entrusted with ensuring that the wedding festivities of Sowmya, the daughter of Ilavarasu, proceed smoothly. Everything goes according to plan until Chellappan, the father of Ilavarasu's neighbor, Mani, dies at the neighbouring house. Mani demands Jeeva to ensure that Chellappan's funeral takes place at 10:30 am in front of his house on the next day, clashing with Sowmya's wedding which is going to take place at Ilavarasu's house. Jeeva tries to talk to Ilavarasu and Mani separately to convince one of them to agree on a different time for the intended ritual. However, both are unwilling to compromise, mainly because of the hatred that exists between them.

As elections are approaching, Jeeva's rival, Thavidu sides with Mani and even sets up a billboard about Chellappan's funeral that is bigger than the billboard for Sowmya's wedding. Unable to find a solution, Jeeva talks to Ilavarasu and Mani's wives who are on good terms with each other and succeeds in convincing Mani to conduct the funeral at 12:30 pm.

Suddenly, Chellappan's spirit apparently possesses Mani, demanding his funeral to be held at 10:30 am no matter what. Thavidu even calls Chellappan's younger brother, Nanji, a former rowdy, to Mani's house. Ilavarasu and Mani start bickering, and Ilavarasu mocks Mani's late daughter Poorni, who Mani intends to bury Chellappan's body along with. Sowmya, deeply infuriated, intervenes and ends the bicker.

Jeeva decides to divide the houses so that both rituals can take place at 10:30 am. It is revealed that Ilavarasu once saw Poorni with a guy, and created a ruckus at Mani's house, causing the word to spread. It became the word of gossip, until some even said she was pregnant within a week. Deeply embarrassed, Poorni drowned herself in the water tank, fueling hatred between Mani and Ilavarasu. Kanniyappan "Kannis", Sowmya's fiance, calls her shortly after to romance, but she yells at him as she is annoyed. Her one sided lover then comes and asks her to elope with him, enraging Sowmya even more, causing her to chase him with an [[aruval]] into the jungle.

A drunken Murali sees them and misunderstands that they are eloping and informs Jeeva. Thavidu informs Kannis and brings his male family members to search for Sowmya along with the other villagers. Jeeva spots the lover and questions him, and it is shown that Sowmya fell into a garbage pit while chasing him. Kannis finds Sowmya due to his dog and they reconcile.

As they are getting rescued from the pit, Ilavarasu, suspecting that Mani kidnapped Sowmya to embarrass him, brings a gun to his house. Jeeva and Sowmya rush to Mani's house but Sowmya's voice startles Ilavarasu, causing him to pull the trigger. The bullet deflects onto Chellappan's body, causing him to groan and die. It is then understood that Chellappan never died, but it was all a plan from Mani's side to sabotage Sowmya's wedding.

A fight breaks out, with Nanji's men throwing bombs, while Thavidu alerts the police and flees. At the water tank, the bag of bombs drops to the ground, causing an explosion which causes the water tank to fall and flood the two houses. Jeeva then insults Ilavarasu and Mani, then tells Sowmya to get married and leave as soon as possible. Kannis brings Sowmya to get married at a temple on the way to his village as the police arrest Mani and Ilavarasu.

The film ends on a comedic note as Jeeva is unable to freshen up to meet a prospective bride due to the mishap of the water tank, causing the disruption of the water supply.

==Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Jiiva]] as Jeevarathnam
* [[Thambi Ramaiah]] as Mani
* [[Ilavarasu]] as Ilavarasu
* Prathana Nathan as Sowmya
* Sai Vignesh as Benny
* Subash Kannan as Kanniyappan "Kannis"
* Jenson Dhivakar as Thavidu alias Murthy
* Jaiwanth as Thiyagu
* Rajesh Pandian as Akhilan
* Sarjin Kumar as Balu
* Amith Mohan Rajeshwari as Rasu
* Anuraj OB as Paalraasu
* Sharath as Sanjay
* Shajeer P. Basheer as Pandi
* Sasti Pranesh as Kasi
* [[Surjith Gopinath]] as Nanji
* Savithri as Kalyani
* Manimegalai as Pushpa
* Mohan as Chellappan{{efn|The character is named in the film but listed in the end credits as Mani's father.}}
* Padmanabhan as Thavidu's assistant
===Cameo appearances===
* [[Shabana Shajahan Aryan]] as Divya
* Meenakshi Dinesh (in the song "Kalakalappa")<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-22 |title=‘3 hours of practice and straight to the shoot’: Meenakshi Dinesh on shooting a song in Jiiva’s ‘Thalaivar Thambi Thalaimaiyil’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/3-hours-of-practice-and-straight-to-the-shoot-meenakshi-dinesh-on-shooting-a-song-in-jiivas-thalaivar-thambi-thalaimaiyil/articleshow/127154373.cms |access-date=2026-01-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Maala Parvathi]] as Jeevarathnam's mother
}}

== Production ==

After the debut success of ''[[Falimy]]'' (2023), [[Nithish Sahadev]] was announced to collaborate on his next with [[Mammootty]], in early-February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2025-02-01 |title=Mammootty's next with Falimy director Nithish Sahadev announced |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/01/mammoottys-next-with-falimy-director-nithish-sahadev-announced |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=2025-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250623041913/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/01/mammoottys-next-with-falimy-director-nithish-sahadev-announced |url-status=live }}</ref> With no information about that project, in mid-May 2025, a new announcement regarding Nithish's collaboration with [[Jiiva]] for his 45th film in the lead role was released, with a tentative title ''Jiiva45''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Ashwin |date=2025-05-10 |title=Jiiva to collaborate with Falimy director Nithish Sahadev |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/10/jiiva-to-collaborate-with-falimy-director-nithish-sahadev |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=2025-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250623041854/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/10/jiiva-to-collaborate-with-falimy-director-nithish-sahadev |url-status=live }}</ref> The film is produced by Kannan Ravi under his Kannan Ravi Productions,<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2025-10-01 |title=actor jiiva's ‘Thalaivar Thambi Thalaimaiyil’ Film First Look Poster Out {{!}} ஜீவா நடிக்கும் “தலைவர் தம்பி தலைமையில்” படத்தின் பர்ஸ்ட் லுக் போஸ்டர் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/actor-jiivas-thalaivar-thambi-thalaimaiyil-film-first-look-poster-out-1182601 |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=Daily Thanthi |language=ta |archive-date=2025-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251001173831/https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/actor-jiivas-thalaivar-thambi-thalaimaiyil-film-first-look-poster-out-1182601 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the cast includes Prathana Nathan as another lead<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2025-10-17 |title=ஜீவா நடித்துள்ள “தலைவர் தம்பி தலைமையில்” படத்தின் டீசர் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/the-teaser-of-the-film-thalaivar-thambi-cheepeayil-starring-jeeva-is-released-1185297 |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref> in her maiden collaboration with Jiiva and [[Thambi Ramaiah]] in an important role.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-11 |title=Jiiva teams up with ‘Falimy’-maker Nithish Sahadev; film goes on floors |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jiiva-45-falimy-nithish-sahadev-thambi-ramaiah-prathana-nathan/article69563622.ece |access-date=2025-10-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2025-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720032547/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jiiva-45-falimy-nithish-sahadev-thambi-ramaiah-prathana-nathan/article69563622.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Coiniciding with [[Ayudha Puja]], through a first-look poster, the film's title was revealed to be ''Thalaivar Thambi Thalaimaiyil''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-01 |title=Jiiva's 45th film with Falimy director Nithish Sahadev titled Thalaivar Thambi Thalaimaiyil |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/01/jiivas-45th-film-with-falimy-director-nithish-sahadev-titled-thalaivar-thambi-thalaimaiyil |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=2025-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251001110249/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/01/jiivas-45th-film-with-falimy-director-nithish-sahadev-titled-thalaivar-thambi-thalaimaiyil |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following the announcement, the production began on 10 May 2025 after a formal pooja ceremony. Filming got [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] in mid-July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-07-12 |title=It's a wrap for Jiiva 45 with Falimy director Nithish Sahadev |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/12/its-a-wrap-for-jiiva-45-with-falimy-director-nithish-sahadev |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=2025-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251001110251/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/12/its-a-wrap-for-jiiva-45-with-falimy-director-nithish-sahadev |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was in post-production stage during its teaser release in mid-October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-17 |title=Thalaivar Thambi Thalaimaiyil teaser: Jiiva is caught amidst chaos in a wedding house |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/17/thalaivar-thambi-thalaimaiyil-teaser-jiiva-is-caught-amidst-chaos-in-a-wedding-house |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=2025-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251114174932/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/17/thalaivar-thambi-thalaimaiyil-teaser-jiiva-is-caught-amidst-chaos-in-a-wedding-house |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Vishnu Vijay]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/thalaivar-thambi-thalaimaiyil-original-motion-picture/1873246841|title=Thalaivar Thambi Thalaimaiyil (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |date=30 January 2026|website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

#"TTT" - [[Arivu]], Vishnu Vijay
#"Kalakalappa" - Vishnu Vijay
#"Apaayam" - [[Anthony Daasan]], Vishnu Vijay
#"Kaarkoonthal Azhake" - Karthika Vaidyanathan, Vishnu Vijay
#"Adchu Vidu" - K. S. Harisankar, Vishnu Vijay
#"Rosave" - [[Kapil Kapilan]], Vishnu Vijay
#"Poyi Vaadi" - [[Shakthisree Gopalan]], Vishnu Vijay

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
Due to ''[[Jana Nayagan]]'' getting postponed from its scheduled 9 January 2026 date, ''Thalaivar Thambi Thalaimayil'' was preponed to release in theatres on 15 January 2026,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-10 |title=Thalaivar Thambi Thalaimaiyil, starring Jiiva, gets Pongal release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/10/thalaivar-thambi-thalaimaiyil-starring-jiiva-gets-pongal-release |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> during [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]], from its earlier release date, 30 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-07 |title=Thalaivar Thambi Thalaimaiyil, starring Jiiva, gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/07/thalaivar-thambi-thalaimaiyil-starring-jiiva-gets-release-date |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-12 |title=Jiiva on why Thalaivar Thambi Thalaimaiyil was moved for Pongal release: 'There's a void left by Jana Nayagan...' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/12/jiiva-on-why-thalaivar-thambi-thalaimaiyil-was-moved-for-pongal-release-theres-a-void-left-by-jana-nayagan |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The digital rights were acquired by [[Netflix]] and began streaming from 12 February 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/latest-malayalam-tamil-telugu-kannada-ott-releases-feb-9-feb-15-thalaivar-thambi-thalaimaiyil-to-baby-girl-new-movies-and-shows-on-netflix-jiohotstar/articleshow/128183122.cms?from=mdr|title=Latest Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada OTT releases (Feb 9 - Feb 15): Thalaivar Thambi Thalaimaiyil to Baby Girl, new movies and shows on Netflix, JioHotstar|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=2026-02-11|accessdate=2026-02-11|archive-date=2026-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260211015604/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/latest-malayalam-tamil-telugu-kannada-ott-releases-feb-9-feb-15-thalaivar-thambi-thalaimaiyil-to-baby-girl-new-movies-and-shows-on-netflix-jiohotstar/articleshow/128183122.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Thalaivar Thambi Thalaimaiyil'' received positive reviews.

Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "The laughs come through texture rather than big setups: a reaction held just long enough, [...] You likely won’t recall much of the film in a few days, but it is a good festival watch. There’s craft in knowing your lane and staying in it."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thalaivar Thambi Thalaimaiyil Movie Review: Familiar romp with enough comic spark |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/thalaivar-thambi-thalaimaiyil/movie-review/126539179.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260115072851/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/thalaivar-thambi-thalaimaiyil/movie-review/126539179.cms |archive-date=2026-01-15 |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Akshay Kumar of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Thalaivar Thambi Thalaimaiyil'' is zany, crazy, farcical, and a largely entertaining fare. [...] Despite the bumps, Nithish Sahadev, in his Tamil debut, is off to a pretty good start. In a runtime under two hours, he manages to commit mistakes, dust them all off, and keeps the damage control graceful everytime throughout this fun and compact ride."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2026-01-15 |title=Thalaivar Thambi Thalaimaiyil Movie Review: A wedding and a funeral with crackpot energy |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2026/Jan/15/thalaivar-thambi-thalaimaiyil-movie-review-a-wedding-and-a-funeral-with-crackpot-energy |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> Anusha Sundar of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Thalaivar Thambi Thalaimaiyil is an honest film that delivers fun, laughter, and gentle commentary on ego and unity. With relatable characters and situations, it becomes a refreshing watch, backed by rooted writing, effective comedy, and solid performances."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thalaivar Thambi Thalaimaiyil review: Effective Jiiva anchors a rooted drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/thalaivar-thambi-thalaimaiyil-movie-review-an-effective-jiiva-anchors-rooted-rural-drama-with-heart-and-humour-at-right-place/16a8ffc298836 |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Thalaivar Thambi Thalaimayil'' is an earnest attempt at a simple satire that revolves around human emotions and complexities. With harmless comedy, rooted performances and honest depiction of emotions, Nithish Sahadev's work presents a beautiful take on life in villages."<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=2026-01-15 |title=Thalaivar Thambi Thalaimayil review: Jiiva's heartfelt satire wins with warmth |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalaivar-thambi-thalaimayil-review-jiiva-heartfelt-satire-wins-with-warmth-2852299-2026-01-15 |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Bhuvanesh Chandar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "''Thalaivar Thambi Thalaimaiyil'' is precisely the kind of grounded dramedy that Tamil cinema fans who watch Malayalam films have yearned for. Now let’s hope that more actors and producers see value in pursuing such gems, and perhaps this might be the start of a healthy trend of Malayalam-esque Tamil films — that is never a wrong thing to aspire for."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=2026-01-15 |title=‘Thalaivar Thambi Thalaimaiyil’ movie review: A superb Jiiva lights up Nithish Sahadev’s firecracker comedy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thalaivar-thambi-thalaimaiyil-ttt-movie-review-jiiva-jeeva-nithish-sahadev-prathana-nathan/article70512521.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260115115219/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thalaivar-thambi-thalaimaiyil-ttt-movie-review-jiiva-jeeva-nithish-sahadev-prathana-nathan/article70512521.ece |archive-date=2026-01-15 |access-date=2026-01-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{noteslist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2020s political comedy films]]
[[Category:2026 comedy films]]
[[Category:2026 films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Kanyakumari]]
[[Category:Indian political comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian political satire films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language political comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language political satire films]]

Siege of Dannemarksnagore (1707)

2026-04-25T14:08:13Z

MarlysAugust8:

{{Short description|1707 siege of a European colony in Bengal}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Dannemarksnagore
| place = [[Dannemarksnagore]], Danish India (present-day [[Gondalpara]], India)
| image = De Hollandse loge op Surat, 1629 Logie van Suratte.png
| image_size = 290
| caption = [[Copperplate engraving]] of the Dutch [[Factory (trading post)|factory]] in [[Surat]], which was planned similarly to Dannemarksnagore{{Sfn|Nilsson|1968|p=42}}
| date = 1707
| result = Inconclusive
| combatant1 = {{Tree list}}
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Mughal Empire.png}} [[Mughal Empire]]
** {{flagicon image|Bengal subah flag (Nautical).svg}} [[Bengal Subah]]
{{Tree list/end}}
| combatant2 = {{flag|Danish India}}
| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Bengal subah flag (Nautical).svg}} [[Azim-ush-Shan]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon|Danish India}} [[Jacob Panck]]
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Danish colonial conflicts}}
| partof = the prelude to the Evacuation of Dannemarksnagore
| territory = ''[[Status quo ante bellum]]''
| units2 = {{Flagicon|Danish India}} [[Topass]] {{flagicon|Danish India}} Factory garrison
| units1 = Unknown
| strength1 = Unknown
| strength2 = Unknown{{Efn|Dannemarksnagore's garrison initially had {{circa|40}} men.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=19}}}} 6 cannons
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = Unknown
| coordinates = {{coord|22.8437634|N|88.3657193|E|display=inline,title}}
}}

The '''siege of Dannemarksnagore''' took place in 1707 at the Danish colony of [[Dannemarksnagore]] in [[Bengal]], between the Danes and the Mughal [[subahdar]] of [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]], [[Azim-ush-Shan]].

After owing money to local merchants, the Danish [[Factory (trading post)|factory]] of Dannemarksnagore in Bengal was besieged by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Subahdar, Azim-ush-Shan, until the Danish governor, [[Jacob Panck]], gave gifts to Azim-ush-Shan, making him lift the siege and subsequently sign a ceasefire.

== Background ==
{{Further|Johan Joachim Michelsen#Accounts and debt}}{{See also|Dano-Mughal Treaty}}
The Danish [[Factory (trading post)|factory]] of [[Dannemarksnagore]] in [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]] was built following the [[Dano-Mughal War]] in 1699.{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=24}} The Factory was expanded in the 1700s with warehouses and a tall [[Curtain wall (fortification)|curtain wall]],{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=24}} and was supplied with money and resources from the Danish colony of [[Tranquebar]].{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=24}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1907|p=54}} However, the factory's initial governors were corrupt and practiced [[embezzlement]],{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=96}} causing economic difficulties in the colony.{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=24}} As such, when Governor [[Johan Joachim Michelsen]] died in 1706,{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|pp=92, 96}} he had left behind large debts to local merchants,{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=96}} which they now demanded that the <abbr>D.E.I.C.</abbr> should repay.{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=25}} Concurrently, the [[faujdar]] of [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] now demanded larger gifts from the Danes and raised the tariffs.{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=25}}
[[File:Plan of Dannemarksnagore 5.png|left|thumb|240x240px|Plan of Dannemarksnagore from {{Circa|1720}} with the defensive bastion (22) at the top-right corner.]]

== Siege ==
Subsequently, the governor, [[Jacob Panck]], started to fortify the factory, taking some Portuguese refugees in the [[Danish East India Company|Danish East India Company's]] service, before declining to repay Michelsen's debt until the colony got money from Tranquebar.{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=25}} Furthermore, he replaced a defensive earth [[bastion]] with a tall stone fortification, which he equipped with six cannons,{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=25}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=96}} and sought to put both personnel and the building in the best possible defensive state,{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=25}} despite the factory being in poor condition.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=96}}

The Mughal [[subahdar]] of [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]], [[Azim-ush-Shan]], saw this as a dangerous escalation,{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=25}} and numerous other Danish wrongdoings now became relevant,{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=96}} prompting Azim-ush-Shan to initiate a siege of the factory.{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=25}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=96}} However, the siege was lifted after Governor Panck agreed to give him some gifts,{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=25}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=96}} and a ceasefire was established until further orders from Tranquebar reached the colony.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=96}}

== Aftermath ==
{{Further|Christen Brun-Lundegaard#Early career|Jacob Panck#Governor of Dannemarksnagore}}

In August 1707,{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=25}} [[Christen Brun-Lundegaard]] came from Tranquebar with two [[Yacht|yachts]],{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=96}} carrying money and goods with him.{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=25}} Brun-Lundegaard began negotiating with Michelsen's creditors, while Panck used the new resources to improve the factory.{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=25}} Nevertheless, hostilities continued in the following years,{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=27}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1907|p=64}}{{Sfn|Nilsson|1968|p=42}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|pp=39–40}} eventually leading to a [[Evacuation of Dannemarknagore|Danish evacuation of the colony]] altogether in 1714.{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=27}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|pp=19, 72}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1907|p=64}}{{Sfn|Nilsson|1968|p=42, 70, 80}}

== See also ==

* {{Annotated link|Siege of Tranquebar (1699)}}
* {{Annotated link|Attack in Hooghly}}
* {{Annotated link|Blockade of Porto Novo}}

== Notes and citations ==

=== Notes ===
{{Notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Larsen |first=Kay |author-link=Kay Larsen |url=https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/922667.pdf |title=Guvernører, residenter, kommandanter og chefer |publisher=Arthur Jensens Forlag |year=1940 |location=Copenhagen, Denmark |language=da |trans-title=Governors, Residents, Commanders and Chiefs |via=Danskernes Historie Online}}
* {{Cite book |last=Larsen |first=Kay |title=De dansk-ostindiske koloniers historie – De Bengalske loger & Nikobarerne |publisher=Centralforlaget & Peter Hansens Forlag |year=1908 |volume=2 |location=Copenhagen, Denmark |language=da |trans-title=History of the Danish East Indian Colonies – The Bengali lodges & the Nicobar Islands |via=Danskernes Historie Online}}
* {{Cite book |last=Larsen |first=Kay |title=De dansk-ostindiske koloniers historie – Trankebar |publisher=Centralforlaget |year=1907 |volume=1 |location=Copenhagen, Denmark |language=da |trans-title=History of the Danish East Indian Colonies – Tranquebar |via=Danskernes Historie Online}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nilsson |first=Sten Åke |author-link=:sv:Sten Åke Nilsson |title=European Architecture in India, 1750–1850 |publisher=[[Faber & Faber]] |year=1968 |isbn=9780571082254 |edition=1st |location=London |pages=98 |language=en |translator-last=George |translator-first=Agnes |translator-last2=Zettersten |translator-first2=Elenore}}
{{refend}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dannemarksnagore 1699}}
[[Category:1707 in Asia]]
[[Category:1707 in Denmark]]
[[Category:Dannemarksnagore]]
[[Category:Sieges involving Denmark–Norway]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1707]]
[[Category:1700s in Danish India]]
[[Category:1700s in India]]
[[Category:18th century in Danish India]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Danish East India Company]]
[[Category:Sieges involving the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Attacks on military installations in India]]

K. T. Manu Musliar

2026-04-25T06:00:10Z

MarlysAugust8:

{{short description|Indian Islamic scholar and orator}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2009}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = K.T. Manu Musliyar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1934
| birth_place = [[Karuvarakundu]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| death_date = 1 February {{death year and age|2009|1934}}<ref name = "h3">{{cite news
| date=3 February 2009
| title =Manu Musliar's death condoled
| newspaper =[[The Hindu]]
}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Kozhikode|Calicut]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Islamic Scholar]]
}}

'''K.T. Mohammed Musliyar''', who was known as '''K.T. Manu Musliyar''' was an [[Islamic scholar]], orator, and writer and General Secretary of Samastha Kerala Islam Matha Vidyabhyasa Board,<ref>{{cite journal
|date=13 November 2007
| title =Sunni group charges police with 'bias'
| url =http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/13/stories/2007111365080300.htm
| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20071116022138/http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/13/stories/2007111365080300.htm
| url-status =dead
|journal=[[The Hindu]]
| archive-date =16 November 2007
}}</ref><ref name = "h2">{{cite journal
|date=28 August 2007
| title =SKSSF activation meet today
| url =http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/28/stories/2007082851930300.htm
| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20071120135305/http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/28/stories/2007082851930300.htm
| url-status =dead
|journal=[[The Hindu]]
| archive-date =20 November 2007
}}</ref> which is one of the biggest educational organisation in [[Kerala]]. He also was a great leader of [[Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1989–present)|Samastha Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama]].

==Career==
Musliyar became a member of the Central Mushawara of Samastha Kerala Jam-iyyathul Ulema in 1974. He quickly rose to become an office secretary, and finally a joint secretary for the organization.

==Death==
He died of a [[heart attack]] on 1 February 2009 at [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] during the golden jubilee celebrations of Samastha Kerala Jam'iyyathul Mu'allimeen were being held. He was aged 75 at the time of his death. He was buried the next day at the qabarstan of Darunnajath Islamic Centre Juma Masjid at Karuvarakundu, his hometown.

==Notes==
<references/>

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090202090233/http://samastha.net/ Samastha Kerala Islamic Educational Board]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Musliar, Kt Manu}}
[[Category:People from Malappuram district]]
[[Category:20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Islam in Kerala]]
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:Kerala Sunni-Shafi'i scholars]]

M. Duraiswamy

2026-04-25T03:56:22Z

MarlysAugust8: data

{{Short description|Former Acting Chief Justice of Madras High Court}}
{{BLP primary sources|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Justice (Retd.)
| name = M. Duraiswamy
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|09|22|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| occupation =
| known_for =
| net_worth =
| title =
| boards =
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| office = [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief Justice]] of [[Madras High Court]]
| term_start = 13 September 2022
| term_end = 21 September 2022
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| term_start1 = 17 November 2021
| term_end1 = 22 November 2021
| appointer1 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| office2 = [[Judge]] of [[Madras High Court]]
| term_start2 = 31 March 2009
| term_end2 = 21 September 2022
| nominator2 = [[K. G. Balakrishnan]]
| appointer2 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
}}
'''M. Duraiswamy''' (born 22 September 1960) is an Indian Judge. He is former [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief Justice]] of [[Madras High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Upadhyay|first=Sparsh|date=2021-11-17|title=Centre Notifies Justice M. Duraiswamy's Appointment As Acting Chief Justice Of Madras HC Until Justice MN Bhandari Joins HC|url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/centre-notifies-justice-m-duraiswamy-appointment-acting-chief-justice-madras-hc-justice-mn-bhandari-joins-hc-185765|access-date=2021-11-18|website=www.livelaw.in|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Duraiswamy, M.}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian judges]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Muhammad Sahool Bhagalpuri

2026-04-24T19:14:40Z

MarlysAugust8: done.

{{Short description|Indian Mufti}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office1 = 5th Head Mufti of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
| term_start1 = 1355 [[Hijri year|AH]]
| term_end1 = 1357 AH
| predecessor1 = [[Muhammad Shafi]]
| successor1 = Kifayatullah Gangohi
| module2 = {{Infobox religious biography| embed = yes
|religion=[[Islam]]
|honorific_prefix = Mawlāna, Mufti
|name = Muhammad Sahool Bhagalpuri
|death_date = 1948 (23 [[Rajab]] 1367 [[Hijri year|AH]])
|resting_place = Pureni, [[Bhagalpur]]
|denomination = Sunni Hanafi
|alma_mater = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
|movement = [[Deobandi]]
|notable_works = ''Fatāwa Suhūliya''
|students = [[Tajul Islam (scholar)|Tajul Islam]]
}}
}}
'''Muhammad Sahool Bhagalpuri''' (died 1948) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] Muslim scholar and jurist who served as the fifth [[Head Mufti]] of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]].

==Biography==
Muhammad Sahool Bhagalpuri was born in Puraini, [[Bhagalpur]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rizwi |first1=Syed Mehboob |translator=Murtaz Husain F Quraishi |author-link1=Syed Mehboob Rizwi |title= Tarikh Darul Uloom Deoband|trans-title= History of the Dar al-Ulum Deoband |volume = 2 |page=190|edition=1981}}</ref> in a Muslim family that claimed descent from [[Uthman]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Rafīq Ahmad Balākoti |title=Hadhrat Mufti Muhammad Sahool Usmani - A Biographical Sketch |journal=Darul Uloom |date=July–August 2016 |volume=100 |issue=7–8 |url=http://www.darululoom-deoband.com/urdu/magazine/new/tmp/12-MUfti%20Mohd%20Suhul_MDU_7-8_July&Aug_16.htm |access-date=7 September 2020 |publisher=[[Darul Uloom Deoband]] |language=ur}}</ref>

Sahool acquired his primary education at home and then studied with Ashraf Alam. He moved to Madrasa Jām'i al-Ulūm [[Kanpur]] where he studied with [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]] and Muhammad Ishāq Burdwāni.<ref name="primary">{{cite book |last1=Rizwi |first1=Syed Mehboob |translator=Murtaz Husain F Quraishi |author-link1=Syed Mehboob Rizwi |title= Tarikh Darul Uloom Deoband|trans-title= History of the Dar al-Ulum Deoband |volume = 2 |page=191|edition=1980}}</ref> He then studied with Muhammad Farooq Chiryakoti at Madrasa Faiz-e-Aam.<ref name="primary"/> He went to [[Hyderabad]] where he studied logic, philosophy, astronomy, literature and [[fiqh]] with Lutfullah Aligarhi and Abd al-Wahhāb Bihāri. From Hyderabad, he moved to [[Delhi]] and attended lectures of Nazīr Hussain, and then joined [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] where he studied [[ahadith]] with [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]] and graduated from there.<ref name="primary"/><ref name="asir">{{Cite book|title=Tazkirah Mashāhīr-e-Hind: Karwān-e-Rafta|author=[[Asir Adrawi]]|page=115|location=[[Deoband]]|publisher= Darul Muallifeen |language=ur |edition = 2nd, April 2016}}</ref>

Sahool was appointed a teacher at Darul Uloom Deoband after his graduation. He taught at the seminary for over eight years.<ref name="asir"/> He then served [[Madrasa Azizia]], [[Aliah University|Calcutta Alia Madrasah]] and [[Sylhet Government Alia Madrasah]] as a senior professor of [[hadith]] and Head Teacher.<ref name="primary"/> In 1920, he was appointed a principal at the Madrasa Alia Shamsul Huda in [[Patna]].<ref name="asir"/> Succeeding [[Muhammad Shafi]], he served as the fifth Head Mufti of Darul Uloom Deoband from 1355 [[Hijri year|AH]] to 1357 AH and issued 15,185 [[fatawa]] during his tenure.<ref name="primary"/>

Sahool died in 1948 (27 [[Rajab]] 1367 AH) and was buried in Pureni.<ref name="primary"/>

==Literary works==
Dār al-Suhūl, in [[North Nazimabad]], published his book of religious edicts ''Mahmūd al-Fatāwa'', better known as ''Fatāwa Suhūliya''. The old copy of fatawa was given to Muhibbullah, a teacher of [[Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia]] by Sahool's grandson Muhammad Saadullah Usmani. Muhibullah worked on this, and got the fatawa composed and published.<ref name="fatwa">{{cite journal |author1=Editorial |title=A Review of Mahmūd al-Fatāwa |journal=Bayyināt |date=March 2017 |page=59 |url=https://www.banuri.edu.pk/bayyinat-detail/%d9%86%d9%82%d8%af-%d9%88-%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%b1-21 |access-date=7 September 2020 |publisher=[[Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia]] |language=ur}}</ref>

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rizwi |first1=Syed Mehboob |translator=Murtaz Husain F Quraishi |author-link1=Syed Mehboob Rizwi |title= Tarikh Darul Uloom Deoband |trans-title= History of the Dar al-Ulum Deoband |volume = 2 |pages=190–191 |chapter= Maulana Mufti Muhammad Sahool|publisher=[[Darul Uloom Deoband]] |location=[[Deoband]] |edition=1981}}
{{refend}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-rel}}
{{succession box
| title = Head Mufti of Darul Uloom Deoband
| years = 1355 [[Hijri year|AH]] - 1357 AH
| before = [[Muhammad Shafi]]
| after =Kifayatullah Gangohi
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Hanafi scholars}}

[[Category:People from Bhagalpur]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]
[[Category:1948 deaths]]
[[Category:Head Muftis of Darul Uloom Deoband]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Students of Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]]
[[Category:Members of the Majlis-e-Shura of Darul Uloom Deoband]]

Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust

2026-04-21T16:36:44Z

MarlysAugust8: new first info v1

{{Short description|Indian charitable trust}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox institute
| name = Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust (SSSCT)
| motto = Love all, Serve all.
| founder = [[Sathya Sai Baba|Sri Sathya Sai Baba]]
| established = 1972
| mission = Free world-class health care facilities for the poor, holistic education, public welfare projects, spiritual transformation.
| location = [[Puttaparthi]]
| city = Sri Sathya Sai District
| state = Andhra Pradesh
| country = India
| website = {{Official URL}}
}}

The '''Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust''' ('''SSSCT'''), is a registered public [[charitable trust]] founded in 1972 by [[Sri Sathya Sai Baba]]. Its humanitarian work includes<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Agarwal |first1=Aditya |last2=Pandey |first2=Ashish |date=January 2022 |title=Philanthropic Activities by Indian Religious Organizations – Identifying the deep-rooted common threads |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361083967 |journal=7th Biennial INDAM Conference |pages=34 |via=Researchgate.net}}</ref> drinking water projects,<ref name="Anantapur">{{cite journal |author1=C. H. Shah |title=Economic Analysis of a Drinking Water Project in Andhra Pradesh |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |year=2005 |volume=40 |issue=5 |pages=474–481 |jstor=4416140 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4416140 |access-date=10 December 2022 |language=English |issn=0012-9976 |oclc=5791318440 |quote=The Anantpur District Rural Water Project was initiated and completed by the Sri Satya Sai Seva Organisation, Central Trust}}{{subscription required}}</ref> healthcare<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shenoy |first=Sunil |date=2017-01-17 |title=India's Free Specialty Hospitals Combine Medicine With Mindfulness |url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/operations/indias-free-specialty-hospitals-combine-medicine-mindfulness |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=INSEAD Knowledge |language=en}}</ref> and education.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/sathya-sai-trust-signs-mou-with-ncert-ciet/article32999159.ece|title=Sathya Sai Trust signs MoU with NCERT-CIET|work=The Hindu|date=2 November 2020|first=Ramesh|last=Susarla}}</ref>

Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences (SSSIHMS)<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rao |first1=Umesh |title=Counselling the SAI way, in "Interdisciplinary Applications of the Person-Centered Approach" |last2=Umesh |first2=Gita |year=2013 |pages=63–71 |language=English}}</ref> in [[Puttaparthi]], inaugurated in November 1991 by the then [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister of India]], [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], is one of the famous hospitals set up by SSSCT.

In 2020,The Sathya Sai central trust granted [[List of organizations with consultative status to the United Nations Economic and Social Council|Special Consultative]] status by [[United Nations Economic and Social Council]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-10-27 |title=UN body confers special status on Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/un-body-confers-special-status-on-sri-sathya-sai-central-trust/article32950161.ece |access-date=2022-12-09 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In November 2021, the SSSCT was confererred with the YSR Lifetime Achievement Award, by the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh government]] for outstanding contribution to public service.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-01 |title=Andhra Pradesh CM presents YSR achievement awards |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/andhra-pradesh-cm-presents-ysr-achievement-awards-1046279.html |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust was founded on 2 September 1972,<ref name="don't know">{{Cite web |title=Things you don't know about Sri Sathya Sai Baba |url=https://www.speakingtree.in/allslides/things-you-dont-know-about-sri-sathya-sai-baba-247593 |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=www.speakingtree.in}}</ref> with [[Sathya Sai Baba]] as the sole trustee, for carrying out activities in the areas of providing relief to the poor, medical relief, and education. On 16 July 1975, the Trust was registered<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust Contact Number, Address Details Parvathipuram - NGO Foundation |url=https://www.ngofoundation.in/ngo-database/sri-sathya-sai-central-trust-contact-number-address-details_i107736 |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=www.ngofoundation.in}}</ref> under Section 12A of the [[Income-tax Act, 1961|Income Tax Act, 1961]].

In March 2010, the Trust was reconstituted <ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-04-29 |title=Sathya Sai Trust: New Chairman to be named next week |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sathya-sai-trust-new-chairman-to-be-named-next-week/articleshow/8113471.cms |access-date=2023-08-25 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> to include apart from Baba, former [[Chief Justice of India]] [[P. N. Bhagwati|PN Bhagawati]], chartered accountant Indulal Shah, former [[Central Vigilance Commission]] Chief SV Giri,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri S.V. Giri {{!}} Central Vigilance Commission {{!}} Government of India |url=https://www.cvc.gov.in/?q=about-us/meet-the-commissioner/shri-sv-giri |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=www.cvc.gov.in}}</ref> WS Industries Chairman V Srinivasan, and RJ Rathnakar. At that time, the Trust's council of management also had lawyer SS Naganand, former [[Canara Bank]] Chairman [[J. V. Shetty|JV Shetty]], former [[Indian Overseas Bank]] Chairman TKK Bhagawat,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-11-23 |title=Satya Sai Trust to take up drinking water scheme |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/satya-sai-trust-to-take-up-drinking-water-scheme/article4127640.ece |access-date=2023-08-25 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and K Chakravarthi <ref>{{Cite web |last=DHNS |title=Trust the Trust, says Sai Central Trust |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/trust-trust-says-sai-central-2408402 |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> (IAS retired).

After Sathya Sai Baba’s demise in April 2011, the activities of the Trust were collectively managed by the then board of trustees.<ref name="key post"/> One of the trustees, RJ Rathnakar, the son of Sathya Sai Baba’s younger brother late RV Janakiramaiah, had been shouldering the responsibilities of implementing the decisions, as he stays in Puttaparthi.

In January 2020, RJ Rathnakar<ref name="key post"/> was unanimously appointed as Managing Trustee, by all the trustees. [[Bangalore Mirror]] notes that the new post was created to further expand the service activities.

As of August 2023, there are seven members <ref>{{Cite web |title=SSSCT - Board of Trustees |url=https://www.srisathyasai.org/pages/sai-about-trustees.html |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=www.srisathyasai.org}}</ref> on the Board of Trustees, including the Managing Trustee.

== Board of trustees ==

* T. K. K. Bhagawat<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sathya Sai Trust: New Chairman to be named next week |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sathya-sai-trust-new-chairman-to-be-named-next-week/articleshow/8113471.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-12-09}}</ref>
* K. Chakravarthi<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri K Chakravarthi to be the new chancellor of SSSIHL {{!}} Kalvimalar - News |url=https://kalvimalar.dinamalar.com/news-details.asp?id=29125&cat=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209082749/https://kalvimalar.dinamalar.com/news-details.asp?id=29125&cat=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=[[Dinamalar]]}}</ref>
* [[Vijay Kelkar]]
* [[V. Mohan]]
* [[Ryuko Hira]]
* S. S. Naganand<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-20 |title=A good lawyer is an asset for the judiciary, says advocate S S Naganand |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/a-good-lawyer-is-an-asset-for-the-judiciary-says-advocate-s-s-naganand-1093114.html |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
* R. J. Rathnakar<ref name="key post">{{Cite web |first=P. |last= Pavan |date=Jan 18, 2020 |title=Sathya Sai Baba's nephew RJ Rathnakar gets key post in Trust |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/sathya-sai-babas-nephew-rj-rathnakar-gets-key-post-in-trust/articleshow/73357718.cms |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

== Healthcare projects ==
The Trust is responsible for the establishment, functioning, and management<ref name="sdgs.un.org">{{cite web | url=https://sdgs.un.org/partnerships/sri-sathya-sai-medical-mission-primary-secondary-and-tertiary-healthcare-including | title=Sri Sathya Sai Medical Mission – Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Healthcare, including Mobile & Telemedicine Facilities | Department of Economic and Social Affairs }}</ref> of two super-specialty hospitals<ref name="safaya"/> – Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences,<ref name="PMC9795277"/> Prasanthigram, and Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences, Whitefield,<ref name="Shenoy">{{Cite web |last=Shenoy |first=Sunil |date=2017-01-17 |title=India's Free Specialty Hospitals Combine Medicine With Mindfulness |url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/operations/indias-free-specialty-hospitals-combine-medicine-mindfulness |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=INSEAD Knowledge |language=en}}</ref> [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]]. They are also responsible for two<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |title=Sri Sathya Sai Medical Mission – Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Healthcare, including Mobile & Telemedicine Facilities {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs |url=https://sdgs.un.org/partnerships/sri-sathya-sai-medical-mission-primary-secondary-and-tertiary-healthcare-including |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=sdgs.un.org}}</ref> general hospitals – the first one in Puttaparthi, built in 1954, and the second one in Whitefield, Bengaluru, built in 1976. Apart from that, in 2004, Sri Sathya Sai Mobile Hospital<ref name="on wheels"/> was launched to provide comprehensive health care at doorstep to residents of neighboring villages.

The healthcare services offered by the Trust are in keeping with the principles<ref name="A value-based, no-cost-to-patient h">{{cite journal | pmc=4538577 | date=2015 | last1=Thakar | first1=S. | last2=Dadlani | first2=R. | last3=Sivaraju | first3=L. | last4=Aryan | first4=S. | last5=Mohan | first5=D. | last6=Sai Kiran | first6=N. A. | last7=Rajarathnam | first7=R. | last8=Shyam | first8=M. | last9=Sadanand | first9=V. | last10=Hegde | first10=A. S. | title=A value-based, no-cost-to-patient health model in the developing world: Critical appraisal of a unique patient-centric neurosurgery unit | journal=Surgical Neurology International | volume=6 | page=131 | doi=10.4103/2152-7806.162484 | pmid=26322241 | doi-access=free }}</ref> laid down by Sathya Sai Baba:<ref name="INDIA">{{Cite web |last=INDIA |first=THE HANS |date=2016-06-11 |title=Photos: Sri Sathya Sai Mobile Hospital gets new bus |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2016-06-11/Photos-Sri-Sathya-Sai-Mobile-Hospital-gets-new-bus/234354 |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

* Healthcare should be available to all, irrespective of caste, religion, nationality, or financial status.
* Healthcare should be decommercialized and it should be delivered free of charge.
* Healthcare should be driven by human values and services should be administered with love.
* Healthcare should be combined with spiritualism and the goal should be to heal the patient in body, mind, and spirit, not merely to cure disease.

Besides employees, volunteers<ref name="Shenoy"/> across various disciplines spend time regularly with the aim of contributing service to society.

It is hoped that the healthcare projects initiated by the Trust may serve as a model for other individuals and organizations<ref name="safaya" /> to create similar hospitals in the service of mankind. Altruism can become one of the foremost impetuses of caregivers and replication<ref name="A value-based, no-cost-to-patient h"/> of such a model may well lead the world into an era in which altruism becomes the key attribute of healthcare economics.

=== Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences, Prasanthigram ===
On 22 November 1991, a day before the 65th birthday<ref name="glittering empire">{{Cite news |date=2011-04-25 |title=A look at Sathya Sai Baba's glittering empire |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/a-look-at-sathya-sai-babas-glittering-empire/articleshow/8077941.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-25 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> of Sathya Sai Baba, [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], the then Prime Minister of India had flown down to Puttaparthi and inaugurated<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sathya Sai Baba — Saint, philanthropist, educator |url=https://opinionexpress.in/sathya-sai-baba-saint-philanthropist-educator |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=opinionexpress.in |language=en}}</ref> the 220-bed super-specialty hospital. It was built in 10 months, at a cost of Rs 300 crores<ref name="glittering empire"/> with the aim<ref name="PMC9795277">{{cite journal | pmc=9795277 | date=2022 | last1=Srivatsa | first1=U. N. | last2=Varyani | first2=R. | last3=Kini | first3=P. | last4=Srinivas | first4=N. | last5=Garg | first5=A. | last6=Yegya-Raman | first6=S. | last7=Park | first7=J. | last8=Srivathsan | first8=K. | last9=Tisma-Dupanovic | first9=S. | last10=Reddy | first10=M. | last11=Nordsieck | first11=E. | last12=Wijetunga | first12=M. | last13=Airey | first13=K. | last14=Abedin | first14=M. | last15=Nannapaneni | first15=N. | last16=Freedman | first16=R. A. | last17=Scott Wall | first17=T. | last18=Swarna | first18=U. S. | last19=Birgersdotter-Green | first19=U. | last20=Feld | first20=G. K. | last21=Dash | first21=P. K. | title=Knowledge exchange—Working together across the globe | journal=Heart Rhythm O2 | volume=3 | issue=6Part B | pages=871–873 | doi=10.1016/j.hroo.2022.10.017 | pmid=36588994 }}</ref> of providing free medical care to the sick and ailing with dedication, commitment, love, and the best of skills, so that they will be cured in body, mind and spirit.

The specialties offered include cardiology, ophthalmology, urology, gastroenterology, CTVS and orthopedics. Former head of [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences|AIIMS]], Dr. Amarnath Safaya<ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2013-01-18 |title=Dr Safaya passes away |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/dr-safaya-passes-away/ |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=Jammu Kashmir Latest News {{!}} Tourism {{!}} Breaking News J&K |language=en-US}}</ref> was appointed as the first director of the hospital.

==== Cardiology and cardiothoracic surgery ====
A report published in ''[[World Health Forum]]'', 1998, says that in the first five-year period from November 1991 to November 1996, a total of<ref name="safaya">Safaya, A. N. (1998). Free high-tech health care in India. ''World health forum 1998; 19(2) : 196-200''</ref> 5,345 heart operations were performed, 3052 of which were for open heart surgery (correction of congenital anomalies in children, valvular repairs, coronary artery surgery, removal of heart tumors, etc.). Some 4,572 procedures were carried out in the cardiac catheterization laboratory, of which 733 were percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasties, mitral or pulmonary valvuloplasties, and permanent pacemaker implantations. A total of 159,361 outpatients were examined and treated, while over 8,860 were admitted as inpatients for an average stay of 12 days. Those who had operations included 1,509 students, 744 children, and 1,055 housewives. Mortality and infection rates were reported to be below 2%,<ref name="safaya"/> comparable to the world average of the best centres of cardiac surgery in the world.

==== Uro-nephrology and ophthalmology ====
In the early four years (1992-1996), a total of 47,396<ref name="safaya"/> outpatients were examined and investigated in the uro-nephrology department. Over 5,652 surgical operations were performed, 4,286 kidney dialyses, and 71 kidney transplants.

The ophthalmology<ref>{{Cite journal |date=November 1998 |title=Free high-tech health care in India |journal=The Indian Journal of Pediatrics |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=823 |doi=10.1007/bf02831340 |s2cid=8080667 |issn=0019-5456}}</ref> department provides total eye care including vitreoretinal surgery, laser treatment, photo-coagulation, and cryosurgery. A sophisticated eye bank was set up to serve the many cases of corneal blindness. In the two years since 1994, 28,245 outpatients had been examined, investigated, and treated; 2,525 operations were carried out for eye trauma, corneal transplantation, and vitreous and retinal diseases.

==== The Department of Plastic Surgery ====
The Department of Plastic Surgery<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-10 |title=SRI SATHYA SAI INSTITUTE OF HIGHER MEDICAL SCIENCES |url=https://medicineadmission.wordpress.com/colleges/sri-sathya-sai-institute-of-higher-medical-sciences/ |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=Paramedical and allied Science |language=en}}</ref> began functioning at the SSSIHMS, Prasanthigram, in July 1997. The first operation was conducted on September 15, 1997.

==== Covid-19 treatment centre ====
During the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020, around 420 hospital staff were involved in providing care at the hospital's Covid-19 treatment center <ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2020-11-27 |title=Anantapur: Sathya Sai Central Trust felicitates Covid warriors |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/anantapur-sathya-sai-central-trust-felicitates-covid-warriors-658639 |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> including 53 doctors, 142 nurses, and 225 other paramedical and support staff.

The Trust donated or spent a total<ref name="ReferenceA"/> of US$2 Million, including donations to the state and central government <ref>{{Cite news |last=Susarla |first=Ramesh |date=2020-04-04 |title=Sathya Sai trust donates ₹10 crore to PM CARES, CM relief funds |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/sathya-sai-trust-donates-10-croreto-pm-cares-cm-relief-funds/article31258162.ece |access-date=2023-08-29 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> relief funds, medical supplies to 14 quarantine centres in the district, and to convert a facility into 125-bed COVID hospital with five ICU beds with ventilators. The Trust's Central Research and Instrumentation Facility developed a rapid Covid-19 detection kit (SAIC-19 Ag Kit), which was validated and approved for use by the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]]. The Trust collaborated with [[UNICEF]] in creating public awareness programmes on Covid-19 infection.

==== Recognition ====
The SSSIHMS, Prasanthigram was conferred <ref name="nabh">{{Cite web |title=National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers (NABH) |url=https://www.nabh.co/frmViewAccreditedHosp.aspx#gsc.tab=0 |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=www.nabh.co |archive-date=15 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315022234/http://nabh.co/frmViewAccreditedHosp.aspx#gsc.tab=0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers]] (NABH) accreditation<ref name="nabh"/> on 11 July 2016 for quality patient care.

In June 2023, SSSIHMS, Prasanthigram received an award of recognition<ref>{{Cite web |last=Benjamin |first=Ravi |date=2023-06-08 |title=Satya Sai Institute of Medical Sciences Awarded Environmental Management Award |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/satya-sai-institute-of-medical-sciences-awarded-environmental-management-award-801676 |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> from the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh Government]] for their clean and green initiatives including energy conservation within the campus, a sewage treatment plant of 500 KLD capacity, solar power generation of 1.9 MW capacity, check dams for water conservation, tree plantation, biomedical waste segregation with proper colour coding for ease of disposal, and energy-efficient lighting.

==== Architecture ====
Constructed by [[Larsen & Toubro]], the hospital was designed<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sengupta |first=Mekhala |date=2016 |title=VASTU SHASTRA: Revisiting the Ancient, Arcane and Esoteric Science of India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26317425 |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=160–173 |jstor=26317425 |issn=0376-9771}}</ref> by [[Keith Critchlow]], a British artist, lecturer, author, [[Sacred geometry|sacred geometer]], professor of architecture and a co-founder of the [[Temenos Academy]] in the UK. [[Isaac Tigrett]], who had founded the [[Hard Rock Cafe]] enterprise, had sought Critchlow's expertise, and his use of sacred geometry played a major role in the architectural design of the hospital.

=== The Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences, Whitefield ===
Replicating<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dadlani |first=Ravi |date=2015 |title=A value‑based, no‑cost‑to‑patient health model in the developing world: Critical appraisal of a unique patient‑centric neurosurgery unit |url=http://rgdoi.net/10.13140/RG.2.1.4253.1048 |language=en |doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.4253.1048}}</ref> the success of the super-specialty hospital in Prasanthi Nilayam, Sathya Sai Baba announced a similar project<ref name="PMC9795277"/> for Bengaluru. On 19 January 2001, the then Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] inaugurated the 330-bed hospital in Whitefield, Bengaluru. An article in [[INSEAD]] Knowledge,<ref name="Shenoy"/> notes that the hospital is set in a sprawling 52-acre complex with a placid and contemplative atmosphere, and patients are greeted by volunteers who come to the hospital in the spirit of selfless service, one of the central values extolled by Sri Sathya Sai Baba. The same article mentions that as of March 2015, 46,535 cardiology procedures and 20,720 neurology procedures had been performed at the Bangalore facility, with a mortality rate (0.87%) - that is lower than the average for a hospital in the developed world.

Doctors, as well as skilled workers for non-clinical positions volunteer<ref>{{Cite web |title=At Sri Satya Sai, free healthcare |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2009/jun/07/at-sri-satya-sai-free-healthcare-55535.html |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=The New Indian Express|date=15 May 2012 }}</ref> their services. In 2016, new equipment was added and various departments of the SSSIHM in both Prasanthigram and Whitefield were upgraded at the cost of Rs.100 crores.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Spiritual/2016-01-23/Sai-Vaidya-Sangamam-II-Annual-Alumni-Meet-of-Sri-Sathya-Sai-Institute-of-Higher-Medical-Sciences-Prasanthigram-and-Whitefield/202117 | title=Sai Vaidya Sangamam: II Annual Alumni Meet of Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences, Prasanthigram and Whitefield | date=24 January 2016 }}</ref>

=== Sri Sathya Sai General Hospital, Prasanthi Nilayam ===
Much before the Trust was founded, Sathya Sai Baba had a general hospital<ref name="sdgs.un.org"/> constructed in Prasanthi Nilayam in the mid-1950s. Since Puttaparthi was a remote village, there were no basic healthcare facilities to address even the primary healthcare needs of villagers and pregnant women. Baba laid the foundation stone for Sri Sathya Sai General Hospital on his birthday on 23 November 1954. It was inaugurated on 4 October 1956. Baba also launched a ‘healthcare on wheels’<ref name="on wheels">{{Cite web |title=Healthcare on wheels - an idea whose time has come |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/health/2020/09/19/healthcare-on-wheels---an-idea-whose-time-has-come.html |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> programme under the general hospital in Puttaparthi. A ‘medical van’ took doctors and nurses regularly to villages offering curative services and health education.

Later, under the aegis of the Trust, the hospital was expanded in the 80s and the 90s to include operation theatres, labor wards, and post-natal wards. Primary healthcare, emergencies, normal deliveries, Caesarian sections, dental problems, and general surgeries are handled in the hospital.

=== Sri Sathya Sai General Hospital, Whitefield ===
The general hospital<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-05-01 |title=Sai Baba hospital: A refuge to millions |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sai-baba-hospital-a-refuge-to-millions/articleshow/39970476.cms |access-date=2023-08-30 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> in Whitefield was set up in 1976, when Whitefield was a remote village out of Bangalore city limits. It serves the poor from over 500 villages around Whitefield, and even districts of neighbouring states.

Over the years, the hospital has expanded into a 35,000-sqft building over four acres of land, and has state-of-the-art medical facilities and equipments. All cases from gynaecology and general surgery to psychiatry are taken up. It has a dispensary that gives medicines to the patients treated here free.

As of May 2001, the hospital had treated over 2 million cases free, including knee and hip replacement surgeries, cornea grafts, plastic surgery to set right clefts, and removal of kidney stones.

=== Sri Sathya Sai Mobile Hospital, Prasanthi Nilayam ===
Sri Sathya Sai Mobile Hospital<ref name="on wheels"/> is a healthcare on wheels program offering advanced medical care <ref name=":2">[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291790832_INCLUSIVENESS_IN_MEDICAL_CARE_-_THE_CASE_STUDY_OF_SRI_SATHYA_SAI_MOBILE_HOSPITAL Sivakumar, N. & Chittaranjan, Sai. (2012). INCLUSIVENESS IN MEDICAL CARE – THE CASE STUDY OF SRI SATHYA SAI MOBILE HOSPITAL.]</ref> at the doorstep for patients living in remote villages. Other than surgeries that require general anesthesia,<ref>{{Citation |title=Sri Sathya Sai Mobile Hospital - Moving Medical Marvel - A Short Documentary | date=13 September 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7BKAYHWCUMg |access-date=2023-08-25 |language=en}}</ref> all medical services are offered on a monthly basis.

In 2005, Sathya Sai Baba commissioned<ref name="on wheels"/> [[Siemens|Siemens India]] to custom build a bus with a high-power supply generator on board, and the Mobile Hospital service was launched in Puttaparthi in 2006. The bus is equipped with an ultrasound with color Doppler, 2D echocardiogram, digital X-ray, biochemistry, and clinical pathology labs along with a pharmacy that dispenses a month’s supply of medicines to last until the next month’s visit.

The Mobile Hospital at Prasanthi Nilayam serves<ref name="INDIA"/> Bukkapatnam, Chennekothapalli, Nallamada, Obuladevaraj Cheruvu, and Puttaparthi Mandals.

Every month, for twelve days,<ref name=":2" /> the mobile clinic with its team of doctors visits one village every day. Villages up to a radius of 50 kilometers<ref name="on wheels" /> around Puttaparthi are covered. Patients from 30 to 50 villages converge at a nodal point on the scheduled dates. Volunteers prep the selected site – the rooms temporarily allocated to them in the school building of the village. They set up overnight a makeshift hospital that comprises the bus, classrooms, and tents. While tents and verandahs serve as waiting areas, classrooms serve as consultation rooms. Instant diagnostics are carried out in the labs on the bus. The whole activity is powered by the onboard generator.

The hospital is staffed <ref name=":2" /> by a team of 500 volunteer doctors ranging from professors to junior physicians and including private practitioners. Services are offered in General Medicine, ENT, Ophthalmology, Dental medicine, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Orthopedics, Pediatrics, Geriatrics and Dermatology. By 2017, the Mobile Hospital had treated 873,367 patients, performed 56,786 diagnostic procedures, 209,263 biochemical tests, 21,355 X-rays, 25,823 ultrasounds and 9,608 ECGs

All services are delivered free of cost. For complicated<ref name="on wheels"/> cases, doctors take responsibility for arranging for further treatment in the super-specialty hospital in Puttaparthi.

The successful model was replicated<ref name="on wheels" /> by Sathya Sai devotees in other states in India and also in Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Africa, and South America.

==== Recognition ====
In 2013, the mobile hospital was awarded the "Commendation for Innovation in Transforming Lives" award by CNBC-TV18.<ref name="on wheels" />

== Water Projects ==
Among the public welfare activities undertaken by Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust is the provision of drinking water<ref name="drinking water">{{Cite web |title=The Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust Drinking Water Projects {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs |url=https://sdgs.un.org/partnerships/sri-sathya-sai-central-trust-drinking-water-projects |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=sdgs.un.org}}</ref> to 1051 villages in the drought-prone districts of [[Anantapur district|Anantapur]], [[Medak district|Medak]],<ref name="water miracle">{{Cite web |date=2011-04-25 |title=Water 'miracle' that lives on |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/water-miracle-that-lives-on/story-YtcJkV7Pooc7JoRGYGj6vL.html |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> and [[Mahabubnagar district|Mahboobnagar]],<ref name="water miracle"/> 452 upland and tribal habitations in [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]] and [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]] districts,<ref name="Sai legend">{{Cite web |date=2011-05-19 |title=Sai legend |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/article30175431.ece |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref> and the Sathya Sai Ganga<ref name="don't know"/> project for providing drinking water to residents of [[Chennai]] alongside helping irrigate three lakh acres of land in [[Nellore district|Nellore]] and [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]] districts,<ref name="don't know"/> and water pruification systems.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Susarla |first=Ramesh |date=2020-11-08 |title=Sathya Sai mission sets up water purification system in 108 villages |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/sathya-sai-mission-sets-up-water-purification-system-in-108-villages/article33054222.ece |access-date=2023-08-25 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Anantapur Drinking Water Supply Project ===
A drought-prone district in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], Anantapur receives the second lowest rainfall in the country after Jaisalmer in Rajasthan. The three major rivers Pennar, Hagari, and Chitravathi that flow in the district remain dry during the summer months. Groundwater is not only scarce but also high in fluoride<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sathish |first1=R. Sai |last2=Ranjit |first2=B. |last3=Ganesh |first3=K. M. |last4=Rao |first4=G. Nageswara |last5=Janardhana |first5=C. |date=2008 |title=A quantitative study on the chemical composition of renal stones and their fluoride content from Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh, India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24102036 |journal=Current Science |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=104–109 |jstor=24102036 |issn=0011-3891}}</ref> content, causing physical deformities and ailments among people living in the region. People had to walk long distances to fetch water for their daily needs, resulting in joint pains.

Sathya Baba announced in 1994 that the Trust would fund a project<ref name=":5">{{Cite web| title=Hindu Diaspora and Religious Philanthropy in the United States | url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/berkley-center/0407AnandHinduDiasporaReligiousPhilanthropyintheUS.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825194447/https://s3.amazonaws.com/berkley-center/0407AnandHinduDiasporaReligiousPhilanthropyintheUS.pdf | archive-date=2023-08-25}}</ref> for the supply of drinking water<ref name="drinking water"/> to villages in [[Anantapur district]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web| title=Sri Sathya Sai drinking water supply project | url=https://www.indiasanitationcoalition.org/resources/Case-Study-Sri-Sathya-Sai-Water-Supply.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916063854/http://www.indiasanitationcoalition.org/resources/Case-Study-Sri-Sathya-Sai-Water-Supply.pdf | archive-date=2021-09-16}}</ref> Prime Minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao|P.V. Narasimha Rao]] inaugurated<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Barbados |date=2023-04-25 |title=#BTColumn - Sathya Sai Baba - Life and Legacy |url=https://barbadostoday.bb/2023/04/25/btcolumn-sathya-sai-baba-life-and-legacy/ |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=Barbados Today |language=en-US}}</ref> the Rs.300 [[crore]] project on November 18, 1995.<ref name="Sai legend"/> The project was formally handed over to the Government of Andhra Pradesh in October 1997.<ref name="don't know"/>

A private firm, [[Larsen & Toubro]] was contracted for project management and construction.<ref name=":3"/> The community gave access to private property and workmen around the clock.

The project involved<ref name="don't know"/> laying of 2000 kilometres of pipeline of varying diameters. 43 sumps with capacities ranging from 100,000 liters to 2,500,000 liters were constructed. 18 balancing reservoirs with capacities ranging from 300,000 liters to 1,000,000 lakh liters were constructed on the top of hillocks. 270 overhead reservoirs and 125 ground-level reservoirs were set up. More than 1500 precast concrete cisterns of 2500 liters capacity were installed in various villages. Each cistern has four taps for people to collect water.

Overall, 731 villages<ref name=":3" /> are provided free water under this project that has received much acclaim<ref name="don't know" /> from the [[Government of India]]:

* The Ninth Five Year Plan document of the Government of India added a citation to the Trust in appreciation of the project, which read - "Sri Sathya Sai Trust has set an unparalleled example of private initiative in implementing a project on their own, without any state's budgetary support, a massive water supply project, with an expenditure of Rs. 3,000 million to benefit 731 scarcity and fluoride/salinity-affected villages and a few towns in Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh in a time frame of about 18 months.”
* On 23 November 1999, the Department of Posts, Government of India, released a postage stamp<ref name=":0" /> and a postal cover in recognition of the pioneering service rendered by Sathya Sai Baba in addressing the problem of providing safe drinking water to the rural masses.
* Presenting the Sathya Sai Water Project<ref>{{Cite web| title=Water document | url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/28451/water-09.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606015604/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/28451/water-09.pdf | archive-date=2023-06-06}}</ref> at the third [[World Water Forum]] at [[Osaka]], a spokesman described it as not just a case study, but a story that was also a love story.<ref name=":4"/>
* At the fourth World Water Forum in [[Mexico City|Mexico]], the Project was adjudged as one of the ten<ref name=":4" /> best local action programmes<ref>{{Cite web| title=Final Report of the 4th World Water Forum | year=2006 | url=https://www.worldwatercouncil.org/sites/default/files/World_Water_Forum_04/Final_Report_4th_Forum.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224084718/https://www.worldwatercouncil.org/sites/default/files/World_Water_Forum_04/Final_Report_4th_Forum.pdf | archive-date=2020-12-24}}</ref> in the world contributing to the [[Millennium Development Goals]] set by the United Nations.

=== Medak and Mahabubnagar ===
Following the success of the Anantapur Drinking Water Supply Project, the Trust undertook similar projects<ref name="don't know"/> to provide safe and clean drinking water to people in the drought-prone and fluoride-affected villages of Medak and Mahabubnagar<ref name="drinking water"/> districts of Telangana state (then Andhra Pradesh). Apart from excessive fluorine, the groundwater in these regions is polluted by industrial waste. About 320 villages are beneficiaries of the projects.

=== East Godavari and West Godavari ===
Tribes and poor people living in the upland and backward areas of the East Godavari and West Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh were getting their water from bore wells and streams. Sourcing water from the perennial [[Godavari River|Godavari river]] and its tributary Pamuleru, the Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-04-24 |title=Natives remember Satya Sai Baba for philanthropy |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/natives-remember-satya-sai-baba-for-philanthropy/articleshow/8071672.cms |access-date=2023-08-25 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> took up projects<ref name="drinking water"/> to provide safe drinking water<ref name="don't know"/> to about 220,000 people across 212 habitations in East Godavari, and 470,000 people across 240 habitations in West Godavari districts. The projects in both the districts were completed and handed over to the Government of Andhra Pradesh on 15, September 2007.

=== Sathya Sai Ganga Canal ===
[[Chennai]] (then known as Madras), the capital of [[Tamil Nadu]], is a bustling metropolitan city with a population of about 11.9<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennai Metropolitan Urban Region Population 2011-2023 Census |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/metropolitan/435-chennai.html# |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> million. Dubbed “[[Detroit of Asia]]”, Chennai is a hub for industries in the area of automobiles, BPO, software, data centers, manufacturing, medical tourism, and fintech.

There was one problem. Until December 2004, Chennai had a severe water shortage, with people queuing up at taps for water. Since Chennai lies in the rain shadow region of the [[Southwest Monsoon|southwest monsoon]], it has to depend on the fickle [[northeast monsoon]] for its water supply. No major rivers flow near the city. Thus, Chennai has had to live with the problem of water shortage from way back in the late nineteenth century. In the years preceding 2004, some areas of the city had to go without water supply for three days at a time during summer months. The city required about 750 million liters of water per day but had a supply of just 250 million liters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water and the People of Chennai {{!}} Class 8 Social Science notes |url=https://www.pw.live/chapter-water-and-the-people-of-chennai |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=Physics Wallah |language=en}}</ref>

As part of the [[Telugu Ganga project|Telugu Ganga Project]] in the early 1960s for solving the Chennai water problem, the Central Government had announced that annually 15 TMC (thousand million cubic feet) of water from the perennial [[Krishna River|Krishna river]] would be brought to Madras, with the states of Andhra Pradesh, [[Karnataka]], and [[Maharashtra]] contributing 5 TMC each from their share of Krishna water.

Through a 150-kilometer-long canal, the water from the Somasila reservoir in the [[Srisailam]] district was to be taken to the Kandaleru reservoir in the [[Nellore district|Nellore]] district, and from there to the [[Poondi reservoir]] in Tamil Nadu that supplies Chennai city. The Kandaleru-Poondi canal connecting Kandaleru and Poondi reservoirs was called the Telugu Ganga and was completed in 1996.

However, out of the planned 15 TMC of water, only a measly 0.5 TMC of water reached the Poondi reservoir. The rest of the water was lost due to evaporation, seepage, and erosion of the canal walls. A few years later, the canal was left dilapidated. To the despairing millions of Chennai, it seemed there was no solution in sight to their problem.

On 19 January 2002,<ref name="don't know"/> Sathya Sai Baba announced that he was determined to resolve the water problem of Chennai. The Chennai water project<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-04-25 |title=Water projects endeared Baba to Chennai |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/water-projects-endeared-baba-to-chennai/articleshow/8075733.cms |access-date=2023-08-25 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> undertaken by Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust commenced in July 2002.<ref name="don't know" /> This would ensure adequate water supply to Chennai and also help irrigate<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moving force behind Telugu Ganga project |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2011/apr/25/moving-force-behind-telugu-ganga-project-247601.html |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=The New Indian Express|date=16 May 2012 }}</ref> about 3 lakh (0.3 million) acres of agricultural land in the Nellore and [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]] districts of Andhra Pradesh.

As part of the project, the dilapidated Kandaleru-Poondi canal was renovated<ref name="chennai benefits">{{Cite web |date=2015-10-16 |title=The Hindu : Tamil Nadu / Chennai News : Chennai benefits from Sai Baba's initiative |website=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/12/01/stories/2004120113280300.htm |access-date=2023-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016193830/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/12/01/stories/2004120113280300.htm |archive-date=16 October 2015 }}</ref> and the capacity of the Kandaleru reservoir was enhanced. Sixty-five kilometers of the 150-km Kandaleru-Poondi canal were lined and three escape structures were built to divert water in case of flooding.

The project progressed at a fast pace<ref name="don't know" /> using modern technology. About 4000 workers were employed, and work proceeded round-the-clock. In February 2003, the work had to be halted for a month upon request from the then chief minister of Pradesh Andhra N Chandrababu Naidu<ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-02-09 |title=Govt urges halt to Sai Ganga Canal |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/govt-urges-halt-to-sai-ganga-canal/articleshow/36910246.cms |access-date=2023-08-31 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> to enable the government to let water into the canal to tide over the drinking water crisis in Tirupati. The project was completed in a record time of sixteen months.

Now it was only a matter of the reservoir at Kandaleru filling up before the water could begin its historic journey to Chennai.<ref name="don't know"/> Finally, on 23 November 2004, the 79th birthday of Baba, the gates of the Kandaleru reservoir were opened. The gurgling waters surged 150 kilometers and reached the Andhra Pradesh-Tamil Nadu border in a record four days as against the 8–10 days it used to take prior to the project.

On 27 November 2004, the Poondi reservoir began to fill up with Sai Ganga water,<ref name="don't know"/> and Chennai residents finally found succor. A few days after the release of water, on the 11th of December, devotees from Chennai gathered at Prasanthi Nilayam to express their gratitude to Baba.

The Andhra Pradesh Government, in appreciation and gratitude to Baba, rechristened the Kandaleru-Poondi canal from Telugu Ganga to “Sathya Sai Ganga”.<ref name="chennai benefits"/>

=== Janmabhoomi Project in Chittoor ===
A Rs. 30-crore project was taken up under the Janmabhoomi scheme by the then Andhra Pradesh government to improve drinking water supply to 1,000 villages in Chittoor district. The Sathya Sai Central Trust contributed 36 percent <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-16 |title=The Hindu : Water projects: CM all praise for Satya Sai Trust |website=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/02/13/stories/2004021301330500.htm |access-date=2023-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016193829/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/02/13/stories/2004021301330500.htm |archive-date=16 October 2015 }}</ref> of the cost and the Andhra Pradesh government contributed 64 percent.

=== The Sri Sathya Sai National Drinking Water Mission ===
The Mission<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-11-23 |title=Satya Sai Trust to take up drinking water scheme |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/satya-sai-trust-to-take-up-drinking-water-scheme/article4127640.ece |access-date=2024-03-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> was set up to provide drinking water supply and address water purification needs in various states. As per the government estimates,<ref name=":1" /> about 177 districts in 21 States were prone to excessive fluoride content in the drinking water sources, impacting more than 6.2 crore people. In response to this problem, the Sri Sathya Sai Seva Organizations, a division of the Central Trust, undertook the installation of water purification systems, funded by the Central Trust. By 2020, they completed installation of 108 water purification systems in villages spreading over six states with an investment of ₹5.4 crore. These plants can remove nitrate, arsenic and other heavy metals from water.

In Paderu,<ref name=":1" /> [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam District]] of Andhra Pradesh, the Mission has provided drinking water to 350 villages across 10 Mandals, which account for a population of 4,40,585. This project involved laying of pipelines through hilly terrains and provision of storage facilities, to solve the problem of people having to trudge through difficult terrain to collect water, while risking snake and scorpion bites.

The Sathya Sai Premadhara Project<ref name=":1" /> initiated by Sathya Sai Seva Organisationa, [[Kerala]] in 2018-2019 has installed 119 water filtration units, providing pure drinking water every day to about 1,65,000 citizens in 14 districts.

== Educare ==
The Central Trust runs free residential and non-residential educational institutions in [[Puttaparthi]], [[Anantapur]], [[Muddenahalli]], and [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]]. The aim is to inculcate excellence in academics with an emphasis on human values and ethics. The environment<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-20 |title=Sri Satya Sai Baba – A True Benefactor |url=https://northeastindia24.com/sri-satya-sai-baba-a-true-benefactor/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> is designed to be conducive to the development of universal human values. Through curricular, co-curricular and extra-curricular activities, these schools foster in students a sense of self-discipline, a spirit of self-sacrifice and a commitment to offer selfless service to the community. Students regularly spend time in offering community service in the surrounding villages. [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] syllabus is followed in the primary and secondary schools.

=== Schools Run By the Central Trust ===

* [[Smt Eashwaramma English Medium School|Smt. Eashwaramma English Medium School]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=INDIA |first=THE HANS |date=2016-02-21 |title=Gratitude Programme by Smt. Eswaramma School Children |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Spiritual/2016-02-21/Gratitude-Programme-by-Smt-Eswaramma-School-Children/208813 |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> Puttaparthi - A non-residential school for boys and girls, it was founded in 1972 as a Telugu medium school, and named after Baba’s mother, Easwaramma. The school was converted into a modern CBSE syllabus English Medium School in 2010. The first batch started on 10 June 2010. This school is meant exclusively for the children of Puttaparthi and surrounding villages
* Sri Sathya Sai Higher Secondary School, Puttaparthi - This is a fully residential English medium school for boys and girls, offering education from Class I to XII.
* [[Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning]] - This is a fully residential institute with four campuses - three for men at Puttaparthi,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-23 |title=Teaching life values and morality is real education: President Murmu at AP convocation ceremony |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/teaching-life-values-and-morality-is-real-education-president-murmu-at-ap-convocation-ceremony/articleshow/105432811.cms |access-date=2024-03-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Whitefield-Bengaluru, Muddenahalli, and one for women at Anantapur. Founded in 1981,<ref name=":5" /> Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning is an autonomous body, recognized by the Ministry of Education, Government of India. It offers both free undergraduate and graduate level programs. The environment in the university is similar to the ancient Indian ‘[[gurukula]]’ system of education, in a modern context. As in all Sathya Sai educational institutions, it offers values-based integral education where equal importance is given to both academics and the development of character. The Puttaparthi campus also houses a Central Research Instruments Facility (CRIF),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |first=D. C. |date=2017-11-23 |title=Anantapur: Professor Anthony R West exhorts students to seek new challenges |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/231117/anantapur-professor-anthony-r-west-exhorts-students-to-seek-new-challenges.html |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> a high-quality research facility with major equipment and infrastructural resources required for the University faculty, doctoral research scholars and postgraduate students to gain high-quality training for pursuing directed research in frontier areas. The Sri Sathya Sai Institute Of Higher Learning, Prashanthi Nilayam, is the only college in India to have received<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-04-26 |title=Sathya Sai Baba behind many philanthropic activities |url=https://hindulinebengal.wordpress.com/2011/04/26/sathya-sai-baba-behind-many-philanthropic-activities/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=Hinduline Bengal |language=en}}</ref> an "A++" rating by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|National Assessment And Accreditation Council]] (NAAC), an autonomous body established by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]. The NAAC ranked<ref>{{Cite web |last=INDIA |first=THE HANS |date=2016-03-09 |title=Photos: Gratitude Programme at Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Brindavan Campus |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Spiritual/2016-03-09/Photos-Gratitude-Programme-at-Sri-Sathya-Sai-Institue-of-Higher-Learning-Brindavan-Campus/212368 |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> SSSIHL amongst the top ten universities in India. The University achieved A++ accreditation in 2003, A in 2011 and B++ as per the latest assessment in 2021.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sssihl.edu.in/resources/accreditation/ | title=Accreditation }}</ref> The university is totally nonprofit and provides free education for all students.
* Sri Sathya Sai Mirpuri College Of Music,<ref>{{Cite web |last=INDIA |first=THE HANS |date=2016-03-14 |title=Photos: Gratitude Offering by the Students of Prasanthi Nilayam Campus and Mirpuri College of Music |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Spiritual/2016-03-14/Photos-Gratitude-Offering-by-the-Students-of-Prasanthi-Nilayam-Campus-and-Mirpuri-College-of-Music/213579 |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> Puttaparthi<ref>{{Cite news |last=Susarla |first=Ramesh |date=2022-03-29 |title=Andhra Pradesh: Teething problems likely for govt. offices at Puttaparthi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/teething-problems-likely-for-govt-offices-at-puttaparthi/article65268285.ece |access-date=2024-03-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> - Founded in the year 2000, the college offers Foundation, Diploma, Bachelors and Masters programs in various disciplines of music.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-23 |title=Vocal concert by Sai Eishwary Mahashabde on Dec. 25 |url=https://starofmysore.com/vocal-concert-by-sai-eishwary-mahashabde-on-dec-25/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2017, the music college was reduced to a mere department of the Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sssihl.edu.in/departments/performing-arts/ | title=Performing Arts }}</ref> and the college building was offered to the Government to house the District Collector's Office.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/andhrapradesh/administration-new-districts-commence-april-2-final-notification-soon-152186 | title=Governance in 13 New Districts in Andhra Pradesh to Begin from Ugadi | date=13 March 2022 }}</ref>

=== Sri Sathya Sai Schools in Other States in India ===
The Central Trust supports schools<ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news |date=2014-01-05 |title=Creativity of students comes alive at SICA school |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/creativity-of-students-comes-alive-at-sica-school/articleshow/28432450.cms |access-date=2024-03-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> run in various cities<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-14 |title=Visakhapatnam: 24-hour akhanda bhajan ends |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/24-hour-akhanda-bhajan-ends/articleshow/95498379.cms |access-date=2024-03-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> across various states in India run by the respective Sri Sathya Sai State Trusts. There are Sathya Sai schools<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-06-18 |title=World Desertification and Drought Day |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/world-desertification-and-drought-day-today/articleshow/69816805.cms |access-date=2024-03-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> in Vishakhapatnam,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-28 |title=Sri Sathya Sai schools alone impart education with human values, says retired IAS officer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/sri-sathya-sai-schools-alone-impart-education-with-human-values-says-retired-ias-officer/article67786913.ece |access-date=2024-03-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Indore,<ref name="3 city schools make it to finals">{{Cite news |date=2016-11-12 |title=3 city schools make it to finals |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/3-city-schools-make-it-to-finals/articleshow/55383438.cms |access-date=2024-03-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Hyderabad,<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2019-07-13 |title=Sri Sathya Sai Paduka Pooja Mahotsav today |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/sri-sathya-sai-paduka-pooja-mahotsav-today-546310 |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> Golaghat,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Sentinel Digital |date=2021-12-26 |title=Sri Sathya Sai Vidya Vihar observes 27th annual day in Golaghat |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/sri-sathya-sai-vidya-vihar-observes-27th-annual-day-in-golaghat-569826 |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=Sentinel Assam |language=en}}</ref> Mumbai,<ref name="3 city schools make it to finals"/> Dakshin Kannada,<ref name="The Times of India"/> Ongole, Chiralla, and Cumbum, Nandigama Mandal,<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=2011-06-18 |title=Ratan Tata launches Sai Baba's dream project |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ratan-tata-launches-sai-babas-dream-project/articleshow/8894742.cms |access-date=2024-03-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and other places.

=== Sri Sathya Sai Vidya Vahini ===
The SSS Vidya Vahini was announced on Baba's birthday in 2010, and formally launched<ref name=":6" /> in November, 2011, at Baba's Mahasamadhi in Sai Kulwanth Hall, Puttaparthi by [[Tata Group]] chairperson [[Ratan Tata]]. Aimed at teacher empowerment, more specifically in rural education, SSS Vidya Vahini is an edtech platform that supports teachers across India by providing them free access to technology, high-quality academic content, training and teaching aids. Content and lesson plans are based on the syllabus, following the latest methods in pedagogy and integrating them with human values.

In November 2023, on the occasion of the Sri Sathya Sai Vidya Vahini (SSSVV) programme completing a decade, the Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust signed a memorandum of understanding<ref>{{Cite news |last=Susarla |first=Ramesh |date=2020-11-01 |title=Sathya Sai Trust signs MoU with NCERT-CIET |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/sathya-sai-trust-signs-mou-with-ncert-ciet/article32999159.ece |access-date=2024-03-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> with the [[National Council of Educational Research and Training|NCERT]]-CIET to share its expertise with all government school teachers in the country.

== See also ==
* [[Puttaparthi]]
* [[Sathya Sai Baba]]
* [[Prasanthi Nilayam]]
* [[Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning]]
* [[Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning|Sri Sathya Sai University]]
* [[Sri Sathya Sai International Organization|Sri Sathya Sai International Organization (SSSIO)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Charitable hospitals]]
[[Category:Sathya Sai Baba]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1972]]
[[Category:Charitable trusts]]
[[Category:United Nations Economic and Social Council]]
[[Category:Water supply and sanitation in India]]
[[Category:Rural development organisations in India]]

Reginaldo Lourenco

2026-04-20T10:03:29Z

MarlysAugust8: added a article nd citations

{{Short description|Indian politician and social worker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Reginaldo Lourenco
| birth_name = Aleixo Reginaldo Lourenco
| caption = Reginaldo in October 2018
| image = ReginaldoGoa.jpg
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Goa]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Member of the Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Curtorim]]
| term_start = 2007
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 =
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party =
| other_party = {{plainlist|
* [[Save Goa Front]] (2007–2012)
* [[Indian National Congress]] (2012–2021)
}}
| spouse =
| children =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| profession = {{hlist|Farmer|[[social worker]]}}
| website =
| occupation = Politician
}}

'''Aleixo Reginaldo Lourenco''', also known as '''Reginaldo''', is an Indian politician who is a four term member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] for [[Curtorim]]. He has been Chairman of the Goa Industrial Development Corporation since 2022.

In 2022, he lent his support as an [[Independent politician|Independent]] to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] to form the Government in [[Goa]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Curtorim (Goa) Election Results 2017, Winner, Runner-up and MLA Candidates |url=http://www.elections.in/goa/assembly-constituencies/curtorim.html |accessdate=2017-04-10 |work=Elections in India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Lourenco-cribs-about-power-cuts/articleshow/51833716.cms | title=Lourenco cribs about power cuts | work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com | date=15 April 2016 | accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Lourenco-Sawal-Khaunte-slam-govt/articleshow/51667890.cms | title=Lourenco, Sawal, Khaunte slam govt | work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com | date=3 April 2016 | accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/ec-ruling-puts-churchill-alemao-aleixo-lourenco-in-a-spot/article300057.ece | title=EC ruling puts Churchill Alemao, Aleixo Lourenco in a spot | work=thehindu.com | date=7 April 2009 | accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref>

==Committees in the Goa Legislative Assembly ==
He was member of the following committees in the house till 2021 <ref>{{cite web | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-07-30/news/65037047_1_ruckus-lourenco-ongoing-monsoon-session | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011090612/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-07-30/news/65037047_1_ruckus-lourenco-ongoing-monsoon-session | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 October 2015 | title=Goa Congress MLA Aleixo Lourenco evicted from House for creating ruckus | work=economictimes.indiatimes.com | accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref>

* Seventh Legislative Assembly 2017
* Sixth Legislative Assembly 2012
* Member, Estimates Committee
* Member, Committee On Petitions
* Member, Select Committee on The Goa Succession, Special Notaries and Inventory
* Fifth Legislative Assembly 2007-2012
* Member, Committee On Delegated Legislation
* Member, Estimates Committee
* Member, Committee On Public Undertakings
* Member, Select Committee On The Goa Agricultural Tenancy (Amendment)
* Member, Select Committee On The Goa Land Use (Regulation, Amendment)
* Member, Select Committee On The Goa Mundkars (Protection from Eviction)
* Member, Select Committee On The Goa Public Service Guarantee

==Lok Sabha==
He contested the 2014 [[Lok Sabha]] election from south [[Goa]], losing to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ndtv.com/elections-news/election-results-2014-bjp-wins-both-lok-sabha-seats-in-goa-562280 | title=Election Results 2014: BJP Wins Both Lok Sabha Seats in Goa | work=ndtv.com | accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref>

==Electoral history==
=== 2022 result ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|Goa Legislative Assembly Election, 2022]]: Curtorim}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Domnic Gaonkar <ref>{{cite news |title=AAP Curtorim candidate slams former MLA for party hopping |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/aap-curtorim-candidate-slams-former-mla-for-party-hopping/79322.html |access-date=28 January 2022 |work=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref>
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 2793
|percentage = 12.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Anthony Alberto Pexito
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|votes = 353
|percentage = 1.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Anthony Barbosa
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 2385
|percentage = 10.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Moreno Rebelo
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 3905
|percentage = 17.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Aleixo Lourenco
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 8960
|percentage = 40.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|Goa Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Curtorim<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3862-goa-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2017 |access-date= 7 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Aleixo Lourenco
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 12841
|percentage = 60.28
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Arthur D'silva
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 5144
|percentage = 24.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Edwin Dominic Vaz
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 2711
|percentage = 12.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Concericao Dias
|party = Maharashtrawadi Gomantak
|votes = 240
|percentage = 1.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jose Paulo Fernandes
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 118
|percentage = 0.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 249
|percentage = 1.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7697
|percentage = 36.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[South Goa]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS052.htm?ac=2|title=Constituencywise-All Candidates|publisher=ECI|accessdate=23 May 2014|archive-date=23 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523230842/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS052.htm?ac=2|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Narendra Keshav Sawaikar]]
|votes = 1,98,776
|percentage = 48.44
|change = +6.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Aleixo Lourenco
|votes = 1,66,446
|percentage = 40.56
|change = -6.32
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Churchill Alemao]]
|votes = 11,932
|percentage = 2.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Swati S Kerkar
|votes = 11,246
|percentage = 2.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = [[Govind Gaude]]
|votes = 7,152
|percentage = 1.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 32,330
|percentage = 7.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 4,10,369
|percentage = 75.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +6.24
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012 result===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election]]: Curtorim}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Alexio Lourenco
|votes = 11221
|percentage = 57
|change =
}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = [[Dominic Goankar]]
|votes = 7152
|percentage = 36
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4069
|percentage = 21
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Independent politician
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2007 result===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election]]: Curtorim}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Save Goa Front
|candidate = Alexio Lourenco
|votes = 9320
|percentage = 54
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sardinha Cosme Francisco Caitano
|votes = 7493
|percentage = 43
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1827
|percentage = 11
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Save Goa Front
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member_profile.php?mem_id=39 Goa Vidhan Sabha - Profile Page]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lourenco, Reginaldo}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Goa]]
[[Category:People from Panaji]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from Goa]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2022–2027]]

The India Way: Strategies for an Uncertain World

2026-04-19T16:27:10Z

MarlysAugust8: new some entry added tags

{{Short description|2020 book by S. Jaishankar}}
{{redirect|The India Way|the 2010 book of the same name|The India Way (2010 book)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox book
| image = The_India_Way_-_Strategies_for_an_Uncertain_World.jpg
| caption = First edition cover
| border = yes
| author = [[S. Jaishankar]]
| name = The India Way: Strategies for an Uncertain World
| country = [[India]]
| language = English
| subject = [[Geopolitics]]
| published = 2020
| publisher = Harper Collins
| media_type = Print
| isbn = 978-9390163878
| pages = 240
| dewey =
| congress =
| oclc =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by = [[Why Bharat Matters]]
}}
'''''The India Way: Strategies for an Uncertain World''''' is a 2020 book by Indian politician and author [[S. Jaishankar]] who serves as the [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]] of the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-23 |title=The external affairs minister's new book covers the emerging global order |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-the-india-way-strategies-for-an-uncertain-world-by-s-jaishankar/story-XlpzjrS1S4QTpiH8xOhRWJ.html |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> This is his first book where he discusses India's [[geopolitics|geopolitical strategy]] since [[Indian independence movement|independence]] along with India's historical statecraft, the impact of [[Colonial India|colonization]], and the country's journey towards rediscovering its unique identity in the global arena.

==Synopsis==
''The India Way: Strategies for an Uncertain World'' by Jaishankar provides a comprehensive analysis of India's geopolitical strategy since independence. The book delves into India's historical statecraft, the impact of colonization, and the country's journey towards rediscovering its unique identity in the global arena. Jaishankar discusses India's [[Economy of India|economic]], [[Politics of India|political]], and [[security]] calculations, shedding light on past alignments and their implications.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Non-Allied Forever: India's Grand Strategy According to Subrahmanyam Jaishankar |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2021/03/non-allied-forever-indias-grand-strategy-according-to-subrahmanyam-jaishankar?lang=en |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

He emphasizes the need for India to navigate the complexities of a [[Polarity (international relations)#Multipolarity|multipolar]] world and outlines potential policy responses to address contemporary challenges. Through a blend of [[History of India|history]], [[Culture of India|tradition]], and modern realities, Jaishankar positions India as a significant player on the world stage, offering valuable insights for students of modern Indian strategy and policymakers globally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Gupta |first=Arvind |date=2020 |title=Review of The India Way: Strategies for an Uncertain World |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48630160 |journal=Indian Foreign Affairs Journal |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=62–69 |jstor=48630160 |issn=0973-3248}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ksarkar |date=2021-05-26 |title=Christophe Jaffrelot reviews "The India Way: Strategies for an Uncertain World" by Dr S. Jaishankar |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/southasiasource/christophe-jaffrelot-reviews-the-india-way-strategies-for-an-uncertain-world-by-dr-s-jaishankar/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=Atlantic Council |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Reception==
In his review for ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', Harsh V. Pant, a professor of International Relations at [[King's College London]], wrote that the book covers wide range of topics including the emerging global order, rise of regional powers such as [[China]], [[nationalism]] along with its discontents, while evaluating the Indian strategy through the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' prism. Pant also noted Jaishankar's acknowledgement of "the inherent contradictions in India's engagements in multiple groupings" but an absence regarding what costs underline this approach. He remarked that while the book has many admirable aspects, it leaves "a nagging feeling that the author has held back as much as he has revealed".<ref>{{Cite news |last=V. Pant |first=Harsh |date=2020-10-23 |title=The external affairs minister's new book covers the emerging global order |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-the-india-way-strategies-for-an-uncertain-world-by-s-jaishankar/story-XlpzjrS1S4QTpiH8xOhRWJ.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522184859/https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-the-india-way-strategies-for-an-uncertain-world-by-s-jaishankar/story-XlpzjrS1S4QTpiH8xOhRWJ.html |archive-date=2024-05-22 |access-date=2025-01-26 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref>

Writing for ''[[The Hindu]]'', Stanley Johny stated that ''India Way'' offers "an authoritative account of New Delhi’s worldview" as a [[foreign policy]] framework, however its success can be known fully "only when tested on the altar of history".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Johny |first=Stanly |date=2020-10-17 |title=Stanly Johny reviews The India Way: Strategies for an Uncertain World, by S. Jaishankar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/the-india-way-strategies-for-an-uncertain-world-review-preparing-for-a-multipolar-world/article32869090.ece |access-date=2024-07-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The book was reviewed by [[Arvind Gupta (administrator)|Arvind Gupta]] at ''Indian Foreign Affairs Journal'', calling the book "a [Useful] analysis of Indian approaches dealing with the turbulence caused by the rapid shifting of the global balance of power."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gupta |first=Arvind |date=2020 |title=Review of The India Way: Strategies for an Uncertain World |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48630160 |journal=Indian Foreign Affairs Journal |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=62–69 |issn=0973-3248 |jstor=48630160}}</ref>

The book was also reviewed by various scholars at ''[[Democracy and Security]]'',<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sahu |first=Anjan Kumar |date=2021-07-03 |title=The India Way: Strategies for an Uncertain World |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17419166.2021.1955648 |journal=Democracy and Security |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=324–326 |language=EN |doi=10.1080/17419166.2021.1955648 |issn=1741-9166|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ''[[India Quarterly]]'',<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kamal |first=Kajari |date=2022-06-01 |title=In Search of 'The India Way': Ancient Indian Statecraft and Contemporary Geopolitics |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/09749284221090702 |journal=India Quarterly |language=en |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=381–387 |doi=10.1177/09749284221090702 |issn=0974-9284|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and ''[[South Asia Research]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goel |first=Bharatt |date=2021-07-01 |title=Book review: Subrahmanyam Jaishankar, The India Way: Strategies for an Uncertain World |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/02627280211003339 |journal=South Asia Research |language=en |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=319–321 |doi=10.1177/02627280211003339 |issn=0262-7280|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India Way: Strategies for an Uncertain World, The}}
[[Category:2020 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Books about politics of India]]
[[Category:Books about India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Books about international relations]]
[[Category:Non-fiction books about diplomacy]]
[[Category:English-language non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Books about geopolitics]]
[[Category:Ministry of External Affairs (India)]]
[[Category:Foreign policy doctrines of India]]

{{India-book-stub}}

Khijri Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:52:01Z

MarlysAugust8: put up basic entry basic info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jharkhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{for|the village in Jharkhand|Khijri}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Khijri
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| type = SLA
| district = [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]
| established = 1967
| loksabha_cons = [[Ranchi Lok Sabha constituency|Ranchi]]
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image = Bandhu Tirkey.jpg
| constituency_no = 62
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Rajesh Kachhap]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 
}}
'''Khijri''' is a [[Legislative assembly]] constituency, in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=jhceo>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |title=AC & PC List- Jharkhand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218152343/http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref> It is in [[Ranchi district]], is a part of the [[Ranchi Lok Sabha constituency]], and is reserved for candidates of the [[Scheduled Tribes]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref>
{{Pie chart|caption=Most successful parties after separate [[Jharkhand|Jharkhand state]].|label1=[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|value1=60|color1={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|label2=[[Bharatiya Janta Party|BJP]]|value2=40|color2={{party color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Before 1967: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]] ||R. L. Horo || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]] ||Sukhari Oraon || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]] ||Umrao Sadho Kujur || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]] ||Sukhari Oraon || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]] ||Umrao Sadho Kujur || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]] ||Gomeshri Manki
|-
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]] ||rowspan="2"|Duti Pahan || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]] ||[[Sawna Lakra]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan=4|[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || [[Kariya Munda]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || [[Sawna Lakra]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || Ram Kumar Pahan || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || rowspan=2|[[Rajesh Kachhap]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Khijri<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajesh Kachhap]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,24,049 |percentage=47.11% |change={{increase}}8.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kumar Pahan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=94,984 |percentage=36.07% |change={{decrease}}0.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Samundar Pahan |party=Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha |votes=27,030 |percentage=10.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bipin Toppo |party=Independent politician |votes=1,993 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajay Kachhap |party=Bharat Adivasi Party |votes=1,805 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Birish Minz |party=Independent politician |votes=1,684 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manoj Toppo |party=Independent politician |votes=1,583 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=864 |percentage=0.33% |change={{decrease}}0.87 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=29,065 |percentage=11.04% |change= {{increase}}8.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,63,332 |percentage=70.23% |change= {{increase}}6.21 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,74,945 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.52 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}8.17 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Khijri<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajesh Kachhap]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=83,829 |percentage=38.94% |change={{increase}}22.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kumar Pahan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=78,360 |percentage=36.40% |change={{decrease}}16.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramdhan Bediya |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=29,091 |percentage=13.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Antu Tirkey |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=6,732 |percentage=3.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sarita Tirkey |party=Independent politician |votes=4,324 |percentage=2.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prafulla Linda |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,269 |percentage=1.05% |change={{decrease}}0.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunil Wilson Kerketta |party=Jharkhand Party |votes=1,767 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=2,571 |percentage=1.19% |change={{increase}}0.36 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,469 |percentage=2.54% |change= {{decrease}}33.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,15,267 |percentage=64.03% |change= {{increase}}3.40 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,36,222 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.08 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}13.53 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Khijri<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kumar Pahan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=94,581 |percentage=52.47% |change={{increase}}25.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sundri Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,669 |percentage=16.46% |change={{decrease}}12.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Antu Tirkey |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=22,661 |percentage=12.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prakash Lakra |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=5,515 |percentage=3.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jitnath Bedia |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=3,312 |percentage=1.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Bando |party=Jai Bharat Samanta Party |votes=2,850 |percentage=1.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shankar Lohra |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,735 |percentage=1.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,500 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=64,912 |percentage=36.01% |change= {{increase}}34.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,80,268 |percentage=60.63% |change= {{increase}}8.41 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,97,332 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.26 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}23.76 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Khijri<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sawna Lakra]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=41,172 |percentage=28.71% |change={{decrease}}18.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kumar Pahan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=38,394 |percentage=26.77% |change={{decrease}}23.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amulya Niraj Khalkho |party=Jharkhand Party |votes=15,387 |percentage=10.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paras Nath Oraon |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=13,673 |percentage=9.53% |change={{increase}}1.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Belas Tirkey |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=7,147 |percentage=4.98% |change={{decrease}}18.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pushpa Devi |party=Lok Jan Vikas Morcha |votes=4,190 |percentage=2.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sundari Devi |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=3,313 |percentage=2.31% |change={{decrease}}5.08 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,778 |percentage=1.94% |change= {{decrease}}0.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,43,421 |percentage=52.22% |change= {{decrease}}4.52 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,74,642 |ref = |change= {{increase}}69.02 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}21.30 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2005===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Khijri<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kariya Munda]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=46,101 |percentage=50.01% |change={{increase}}14.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sawna Lakra]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=43,473 |percentage=47.16% |change={{increase}}1.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amulya Niraj Khalkho |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=21,345 |percentage=23.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajendra Prasad Shahi Munda |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=6,984 |percentage=7.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sundari Devi |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=6,813 |percentage=7.39% |change={{decrease}}0.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Duti Pahan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,448 |percentage=3.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pushpa Devi |party=Independent politician |votes=3,040 |percentage=3.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,628 |percentage=2.85% |change= {{decrease}}7.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=92,190 |percentage=56.74% |change= {{increase}}0.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,62,489 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}14.44 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}3.93 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2000===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Khijri<ref>{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar |access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sawna Lakra]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=49,539 |percentage=46.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karma Oraon |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=38,162 |percentage=35.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sundari Devi |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=8,516 |percentage=7.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunil Fakira Kachhap |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=4,583 |percentage=4.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajendra Prasad Shahi Munda |party=Independent politician |votes=1,690 |percentage=1.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Birsa Hembram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,500 |percentage=1.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bishnu Munda |party=Independent politician |votes=1,190 |percentage=1.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,377 |percentage=10.58% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,07,510 |percentage=57.57% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,89,915 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Ranchi district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}
{{coord|22.799|84.964|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Ranchi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]

Kabhi Neem Neem Kabhi Shahad Shahad

2026-04-11T09:48:19Z

MarlysAugust8: put up new details from scratch

{{Short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Infobox television
| image = KNNKSS.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre = Drama
| creator = [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]
| based_on = ''[[Kothha]]''
| developer =
| writer =
| director =
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = {{Plainlist |
* Afia Tayebali
* [[Abrar Qazi]]
* [[Sheetal Maulik]]
* [[Mehul Kajaria]]}}
Sejal Jaiswal
| judges =
| voices =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 106 
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| editor =
| cinematography =
| camera = Multi-camera
| runtime = 20-30 minutes
| company = Nideas Creations
| network = [[StarPlus]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|06|06|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|09|22|df=y}}
| related =
}}
'''''Kabhi Neem Neem Kabhi Shahad Shahad''''' ({{translation |''Sometimes Neem, Sometimes Honey''}}), also known by the initialism '''KNNKSS''' is an Indian Hindi-language television drama series that aired from 6 June 2025 to 22 September 2025 on [[StarPlus]] and streams digitally on [[JioHotstar]]. Produced by [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sehgal|first=Chirag|date=23 April 2025|title=Bengali Superstar Prosenjit Chatterjee Turns Producer, Backs Abrar Qazi's THIS Show|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bengali-superstar-prosenjit-chatterjee-turns-producer-backs-abrar-qazis-this-show-ws-l-9310886.html|access-date=8 June 2025|work=[[News18]]|language=en}}</ref> under Nideas Creations and stars Afia Tayebali and [[Abrar Qazi]]. It is the official Hindi adaptation of [[Star Jalsha]]'s series ''[[Kothha]]''. It was replaced by ''[[Ishani (TV series)|Ishani]]'' in its timeslot.

==Premise==
Katha Kumari Rathi, a botanist, nurturing her plants with quiet dedication. When the topic of love and marriage comes up, she firmly states that she does not believe in it, she does not want to experience what her mother went through. A photo of her late mother on the wall adds emotional weight to her words.

On the other side, we meet Udayveer Jindal, a handsome, effortlessly charming chef who appears to run a cozy café. When Uday and Katha's paths cross, sparks fly and not in the romantic way. A heated argument follows and Uday vows revenge. The trigger? Possibly a remark Katha makes about his mother.

==Plot==
Katha Kumari Rathi is a gentle, grounded botanist who finds joy in nurturing plants and living a life of simplicity and discipline. She resides with her Uncle Mohan and Aunt, holding tightly to her traditional values. In contrast, Udayveer "UV" Jindal is a charismatic [[celebrity chef]] who runs a lively cafe on Katha's college campus. Though he belongs to a large joint family, UV has a negative relationship with all of them, except for his cousins and UV's uncle, Shlok. Haunted by the unresolved trauma of his mother, Sheetal's unexplained departure from the Jindal house during his childhood, UV quietly searches for answers about her whereabouts.

Their worlds collide on Fresher's Day, when UV and his cousins disrupt Katha's meticulously planned, traditional ceremony with spontaneous dance and music. Katha, who values order and rituals, is deeply irked. Coincidentally, the [[Gangaur]] Pooja takes place on the same day. UV, entrusted by his grandfather, Eeshwar Jindal with bringing a sacred plant for the pooja, forgets his duty. Katha steps in, arriving at the Jindal house with Mohan and saving the day. She further impresses the elders by singing hymns live when others suggest using recorded music, earning admiration from Eeshwar and the family elders, much to UV and his cousins' irritation.

The tension escalates during the pooja when Katha respectfully complains to Eeshwar about how the food served strays from traditional customs. This deepens the existing rift between Eeshwar and UV, who now feels humiliated. Wounded in pride, UV vows to teach Katha a lesson by charming her into falling for him. Meanwhile, a storm brews at home when Naina, Mohan's daughter who had once eloped on her wedding day, unexpectedly returns. Her parents receive her with cold detachment, still hurt by her past choices.

But Katha embraces her cousin with warmth and compassion, urging her uncle and aunt to give Naina time and space, advising them not to question her until she is ready to speak. Affected by the humiliation caused by Katha, UV decides to trap Katha in his love to teach her a lesson. Katha slowly starts developing a crush towards UV. Katha overhears UV talking to his cousins about his plan and how he is succeeding.

Heartbroken, Katha roots herself in her belief of men are not trustworthy. Katha's friend Prerna almost gets abducted in a party organized by UV's friend, Tammy. UV helps Katha save Prerna before she goes missing but she comes to the conclusion that UV organized the kidnapping to arrive as a savior still as a part of his plan. Katha decides that she needs to close UV's cafe in their college, citing the kidnapping of Prerna. After a commotion at the campus, UV gets arrested and Katha withdraws the complaint but UV's cafe still remains closed.

==Cast==
===Main===
*Afia Tayebali as Katha Kumari Jindal: Udayveer's estranged wife (2025)
*[[Abrar Qazi]] as Udayveer "UV" Jindal: Harshwardhan and Sheetal's son; Eeshwar's estranged grandson; Ash, Omi, Pari and Pratty's cousin; Katha's estranged husband (2025)

===Recurring===
*[[Amit Dolawat]] as Shlok Jindal: Eeshwar's estranged son; Harshwardhan's estranged brother; UV, Pratty, Pari, Omi and Ash's uncle (2025)
*Chandresh Singh as Mohan Rathi: Katha's maternal uncle (2025)
*[[Darshan Jariwala]] as Eeshwar Jindal: Harshwardhan and Shlok's father; UV, Pratty and Pari's estranged grandfather (2025)
*Gaurav Anand as Prithviraj "Pratty" Soni: Pari's brother, UV's cousin (2025)
*Khalida Jan/[[Sheetal Maulik]] as Ambika Jindal: Chandrakant's wife; Omkar and Ayushmati's mother (2025)
*[[Mehul Kajaria]] as Harshwardhan Jindal: Eeshwar's son; Shlok's estranged brother; Sheetal's estranged husband; UV's estranged father (2025)
*Meet Sadhwani as Omkar "Omi" Jindal: Ambika's son, Ash's brother, UV's cousin (2025)
*Shivendra Om Saainiyol as Arjun Mittal: A businessman and the co-owner of Maa Ka [[Anchal]]; Sheetal's estranged brother; Shikha's former love interest; UV's estranged uncle; the Jindals' enemy (2025)
*Shivi Bajpai as Ayushmati "Ash" Jindal: Ambika's daughter, UV's cousin (2025)
*Soumya Dilwal as Parineeta "Pari" Soni: UV's cousin (2025)
*Sejal Jaiswal as Naina Somani: Katha's cousin, Mohan's daughter, Tejas's wife (2025)
*Vidushi Dube as Tamanna "Tammy": UV's one-sided love interest (2025)
*Anindita Chatterjee as Sheetal Mittal Jindal/Gayatri Mittal: A businesswoman and the owner of Maa Ka Anchal; Arjun's estranged sister; Harshwardhan's estranged wife; UV's mother (2025)

==Production==
===Casting===
Afia Tayebali was selected to play female lead, Katha.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=27 April 2025|title=Afia Tayebali loves her character in Kabhi Neem Neem Kabhi Shahad Shahad|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/afiya-tayebali-loves-her-character-in-kabhi-neem-neem-kabhi-shahad-shahad/|access-date=8 June 2025|work=[[The Tribune India]]|language=en}}</ref> [[Abrar Qazi]] was chosen to play male lead, Udayveer Jindal.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Maheshwari|first=Neha|date=24 March 2025|title=After Kumkum Bhagya, Abrar Qazi lands the lead role in Kabhi Neem Neem Kabhi Shehed Shehed|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/after-kumkum-bhagya-abrar-qazi-lands-the-lead-role-in-kabhi-neem-neem-kabhi-shehed-shehed/articleshow/119378792.cms|access-date=8 June 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

===Release===
In April 2025, StarPlus unveiled a teaser introducing the new show titled ''Kabhi Neem Neem Kabhi Shahad Shahad'', featuring Afia Tayebali and [[Abrar Qazi]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=8 April 2025|title=Afia Tayebali and Abrar Qazi spark bittersweet chemistry in Kabhi Neem Neem Kabhi Shahad Shahad promo|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/afia-tayebali-abrar-qazi-spark-bittersweet-chemistry-kabhi-neem-neem-kabhi-shahad-shahad-promo/|access-date=8 June 2025|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian romance television series]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
{{India-tv-prog-stub}}

Mukesh Meshram

2026-04-11T09:44:50Z

MarlysAugust8: stub

{{Short description|Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=November 2025}}
{{Orphan|date=November 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mukesh Kumar Meshram
| image = IAS Mukesh Kumar Meshram Official Portrait.jpg
| caption = IAS Mukesh Kumar Meshram, Additional Chief Secretary, Government of Uttar Pradesh.
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Balaghat]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| alma_mater = [[Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee]] (Master of Architecture) [[University of Birmingham]] (Master of Public Administration)
| occupation = Civil Servant (IAS)
| term_start = 1995 (as IAS Officer)
| office = Additional Chief Secretary, Government of Uttar Pradesh
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party =
}}

'''Mukesh Kumar Meshram''' is a 1995-batch [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) officer of the [[Uttar Pradesh]] cadre, currently serving as the [[Additional Chief Secretary (India)|Additional Chief Secretary]] for the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mukesh Kumar Meshram Appointed Additional Chief Secretary in Uttar Pradesh Government |url=https://veloxxmedia.com/mukesh-kumar-meshram-additional-chief-secretary-uttar-pradesh/ |website=Veloxx Media |date=January 13, 2026 |access-date=January 14, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IAS officers promotion order issued 5 including Sanjay Prasad, Mukesh Meshram became ACS |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/ias-officers-promotion-order-issued-5-including-sanjay-prasad-mukesh-meshram-became-acs-good-news-for-up-bureaucracy-201768221402914.html |website=Live Hindustan |date=January 13, 2026 |access-date=January 14, 2026}}</ref> He was promoted to the rank of Additional Chief Secretary in January 2026.<ref>{{cite web |title=Five IAS officers promoted in UP including IAS Sanjay Prasad, Mukesh Kumar Meshram |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/lucknow/five-ias-officers-promoted-in-up-including-ias-sanjay-prasad-mukesh-kumar-meshram/3071997 |website=Zee News |date=January 13, 2026 |access-date=January 14, 2026}}</ref>

He is notable for his extensive administrative career and his previous leadership roles, particularly in the state's Tourism and Culture departments, where he oversaw major events and policy changes, including multiple [[Guinness World Record]] achievements.<ref>{{cite web |title= Ram Mandir Pran Pratishtha ceremony: Mukesh Meshram, the man amid the festival |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ram-mandir-pran-pratishtha-ceremony-mukesh-meshram-the-man-amidst-the-festival/articleshow/106998300.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=January 20, 2024 |access-date=November 1, 2025}}</ref>

==Education and career==
Meshram holds a Master of Architecture from the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee]] and a Master of Public Administration from the [[University of Birmingham]], UK.<ref>{{cite web |title=Success Story: मां ने मजदूरी कर बेटे को IIT में पढ़ाया, बेटा बिना कोचिंग के क्रैक किया UPSC, जानें कौन हैं IAS मुकेश कुमार मेश्राम |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/business/success-story-success-story-up-tourism-culture-secretary-ias-mukesh-kumar-meshram-study-from-iit-roorkee-local18-9018551.html |website=News18 Hindi |date=November 9, 2023 |access-date=November 1, 2025|language=Hindi}}</ref>

Prior to his current posting, he served in several senior roles in Uttar Pradesh, including:
* Principal Secretary for the Tourism and Culture Department.
* Divisional Commissioner of Lucknow and Prayagraj.
* District Magistrate/Collector in districts such as Kanpur, Agra, Meerut, and Azamgarh.
* Commissioner of Commercial Tax, and Vice Chairman of the Lucknow Development Authority (LDA).

During his tenure in Tourism and Culture, he oversaw the planning of the [[Chauri Chaura]] centenary celebrations (2021), which included an effort that resulted in a [[Guinness World Record]] for the 'largest electronic video display' (5,400 simultaneous screens) that showcased tributes to the martyrs.<ref>{{cite web |title=100 years of Chauri Chaura: From textbook to Guinness Book |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/100-years-of-chauri-chaura-from-textbook-to-guinness-book/articleshow/80679881.cms |website=Times of India |date=February 5, 2021 |access-date=November 1, 2025}}</ref> He also led early planning for the [[Mahakumbh]] 2025 in Prayagraj.<ref>{{cite web |title="For Mahakumbh 2025, the Govt is committed to providing a holistic and sustainable experience," assures Mukesh Kumar Meshram, IAS, Principal Secretary, Dept. of Tourism & Culture, Govt of UP |url=https://apacnewsnetwork.com/2024/12/for-mahakumbh-2025-the-government-is-committed-to-providing-a-holistic-and-sustainable-experience-assures-mukesh-kumar-meshram-ias-principal-secretary-department-of-touris/ |website=APAC News Network |date=December 24, 2024 |access-date=November 1, 2025}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
* Meshram was honoured with the Chanakya Award for Excellence in Governance by the [[Public Relations Society of India]] (PRSI) in 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=संस्कृति सचिव मुकेश मेश्राम को चाणक्य सम्मान |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow/story-chanakya-award-to-culture-secretary-mukesh-meshram-8908607.html |website=Live Hindustan |date=May 17, 2024 |access-date=November 1, 2025|language=Hindi}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Meshram established the Indian Blind-Deaf Judo Association to promote [[Para-judo]], and founded the 'Pashu Mitra' (Friends of the Animals) foundation in Lucknow.<ref>{{cite web |title=An IAS Officer for People and Animals |url=https://indianmasterminds.com/feature-stories-on-bureaucrats-changemakers/change-makers/an-ias-officer-for-people-and-animals/ |website=Indian Masterminds |date=2024 |access-date=October 31, 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meshram, Mukesh}}
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:People from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Balaghat]]
[[Category:IIT Roorkee alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Durjan Sal Singh

2026-04-08T12:50:17Z

MarlysAugust8: added a bio from scratch

{{Short description|Raja of Khilchipur (1908 – 1942)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{infobox royalty
| title = Raja Rao Bahadur
| succession = [[Raja]] of [[Khilchipur State|Khilchipur]]
| reign = {{circa|1908}} – {{circa|1942}}
| predecessor = Bhawani Singh
| successor = [[Yashodar Singh]]
| spouse = Lakshmi Kanwar
| issue = [[Yashodar Singh]]
| module = {{infobox person
|embed=yes
|education=[[Daly College]]
}}
}}
'''Durjan Sal Singh''' was the [[Raja]] of [[Khilchipur State|Khilchipur]] from 1908 until his death in 1942.

== Early life, family, and education ==
He was born on 26 August 1897 to Bhawani Singh, the Raja of Khilchipur.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Solomon |first=R. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Bond |first2=J. W. |date=2006 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |pages=806 |language=en}}</ref> He was educated at the [[Daly College]] in [[Indore]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Khosla |first=Kanshi Ram |url=http://archive.org/details/TwiK_his-imperial-majesty-king-george-5-and-the-princes-of-india-and-the-indian-empir |title=His Imperial Majesty King George V and the Princes of India and the Indian Empire |publisher=The Imperial Publishing Co. |year=1937 |location=Lahore |pages=133}}</ref> Following which, he underwent a course of administrative training in the [[Central Provinces]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> In 1916, he married Lakshmi Kanwar, the third daughter of [[Jashwant Singh II|Jaswant Singh II]], the Raja of [[Sailana State|Sailana]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=SAILANA |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/s/sailana.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128115637/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/s/sailana.html |archive-date=2018-01-28 |access-date=2026-04-05 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.34582 |title=Memoranda On The Indian States 1930 |date=1933 |pages=32}}</ref> By her, he had a son, [[Yashodar Singh]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

== Reign ==
Upon the death of his father in 1908, he succeeded to his title, rank and dignity as a [[Minor (law)|minor]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> He was invested with full ruling and administrative powers on 22 February 1918.<ref name=":0" /> When he was invited by the British Government to attend the [[Delhi Durbar]] of 1911, he declined the invitation due to the financial troubles in his state, and his attendance was accordingly excused.<ref name=":2" /> In 1918, he was received by [[Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford|Lord Chelmsford]], the then [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy and Governor-General of India]], at [[Bhopal]].<ref name=":2" /> In 1922, he visited [[Indore]] to meet [[Edward VIII]], the then [[Prince of Wales]], and attended the [[Durbar (court)|durbar]] that Edward held at Daly College.<ref name=":2" /> In 1928, he again visited Indore to meet [[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Viscount Halifax]], the then Viceroy and Governor-General of India.<ref name=":2" />

== Death ==
He died in 1942 and was succeeded by [[Yashodar Singh]] to his title, rank and dignity.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=KHILCHIPUR |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/khilchipur.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106133433/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/khilchipur.html |archive-date=2018-01-06 |access-date=2026-04-05 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref>

== Honours ==
He was granted the hereditary title of [[Raja]] in 1928.<ref name=":2" /> He was created a [[Knight Commander]] of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] in 1937.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Addison |first=Henry Robert |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Who_s_who/mUxURXr1FpIC |title=Who's who |last2=Oakes |first2=Charles Henry |last3=Lawson |first3=William John |last4=Sladen |first4=Douglas Brooke Wheelton |date=1955 |publisher=A. & C. Black |pages=1634 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Durjan Sal}}
[[Category:1897 births]]
[[Category:1942 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:People from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Daly College alumni]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]

Korean Air Flight 858

2026-04-05T05:08:23Z

MarlysAugust8: put up a info from scratch

{{Short description|1987 aircraft bombing over the Andaman Sea}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox aircraft occurrence
| name = Korean Air Flight 858
| image = Korean Air HL7406 Boeing 707-3B5C at Nagoya Airport, October 1987.jpg
| alt =
| caption = HL7406, the aircraft involved, pictured in October 1987 with a previous livery
| occurrence_type = Bombing
| date = {{start date|1987|11|29|df=y}}
| summary = [[Bomb]]ing, [[state terrorism]]
| site = Near [[Moscos Islands]], [[Andaman Sea]]
| coordinates = {{coord|14.55|N|97.38|E|type:country|display=inline, title}}
| mapframe-zoom = 6
| aircraft_type = [[Boeing 707|Boeing 707-3B5C]]
| operator = [[Korean Air]]
| IATA = KE858
| ICAO = KAL858
| callsign = KOREAN AIR 858
| tail_number = HL7406
| origin = [[Saddam International Airport]] (Now Baghdad International Airport), [[Baghdad]], Iraq
| stopover0 = [[Abu Dhabi International Airport]], [[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates
| stopover1 = [[Don Mueang International Airport]], [[Bangkok]], Thailand
| destination = [[Gimpo International Airport]], [[Seoul]], South Korea
| occupants = 115
| passengers = 104
| crew = 11
| fatalities = 115
| survivors = 0
}}
'''Korean Air Flight 858''' was a scheduled [[international passenger flight]] between [[Baghdad]], Iraq, and [[Seoul]], South Korea. On 29 November 1987, the Boeing 707-3B5C flying its route exploded in mid-air upon the detonation of a bomb planted inside an [[Overhead bin|overhead storage bin]] in the airplane's passenger cabin by two North Korean agents.

The agents, acting upon orders from the [[Government of North Korea|North Korean government]], planted the device before disembarking from the aircraft during the first stop-over, in [[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates. While the aircraft was flying over the [[Andaman Sea]] to its second stop-over, in [[Bangkok]], Thailand, the bomb detonated and destroyed the [[Korean Air]] [[Boeing 707|Boeing 707-3B5C]]. Everyone aboard the airliner was killed, a total of 104 passengers and 11 crew members, almost all of which were South Korean. The [[terrorist attack|attack]] occurred 34 years after the [[Korean Armistice Agreement]] that ended the hostilities of the [[Korean War]] on 27 July 1953.

The two bombers were traced to [[Bahrain]], where they both took [[ampule]]s of [[cyanide]] hidden in cigarettes when they realized they were about to be taken into custody. The man died, but the woman, [[Kim Hyon-hui]], survived and later confessed to the bombing. She was [[Capital punishment in South Korea|sentenced to death]] after being put on trial for the attack, but was later [[pardon]]ed by the [[President of South Korea]], [[Roh Tae-woo]] because it was deemed that she had been brainwashed in North Korea. Kim's testimony implicated [[Kim Jong Il]], who at that time was the future [[Head of state|leader]] of North Korea, as the person ultimately responsible for the incident. The [[United States Department of State]] specifically refers to the bombing of KAL 858 as a "terrorist act" and, except between 2008 and 2017, has since included North Korea on its [[State Sponsors of Terrorism (U.S. list)|State Sponsors of Terrorism]] list.{{Campaignbox Korean Cold War}}Since the attack, [[North Korea–South Korea relations|diplomatic relations between North Korea and South Korea]] have not significantly improved, although some progress has been made in the form of four [[Inter-Korean summit]]s. [[Kim Hyon-hui]] later released a book, ''[[The Tears of My Soul]]'', in which she recalled being trained in an espionage school run by the [[Korean People's Army|North Korean army]], and being told by her superiors that Kim Jong Il personally gave the order for the attack. She was branded a traitor by North Korea and became a critic of North Korea after seeing South Korea. Kim now resides in exile, and under constant tight security, fearing that the North Korean government wants to kill her.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/north-korea/north-korean-ex-spy-kim-hyon-hui-casts-doubt-kim-n839746|title=North Korean ex-spy who blew up jetliner: Don't trust Kim Jong Un|work=NBC News|access-date=2018-05-05|language=en-US}}</ref> "Being a culprit, I do have a sense of agony with which I must fight", she said at a press conference in 1990. "In that sense I must still be a prisoner or a captive—of a sense of guilt."<ref name="Huidresses">{{cite news|title=KAL Bomber Tells Agony, Stints on Buying Dresses|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-06-20-mn-349-story.html|access-date=17 October 2010|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=20 June 1990}}</ref>

== Background ==
On 12 November 1987, two North Korean agents, Kim Sung-Il ({{Korean|hangul=김승일|hanja=金勝一|labels=no}}) and [[Kim Hyon-hui]], traveled from [[Pyongyang]], North Korea, on an airliner to [[Moscow]], the capital of the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name="UN_SPV2791_page11"/> From there, the agents left for [[Budapest]], Hungary, the following morning, where they stayed in the house of a North Korean agent for six days.<ref name="UN_SPV2791_page11"/> On 18 November, the pair traveled to [[Vienna]], Austria, by car. After crossing the Austrian border, the guidance officer with whom they had stayed in Budapest gave the pair two forged [[Japanese passport]]s, posing as tourists, father Shinichi Hachiya (蜂谷眞一 ''Hachiya Shin'ichi'') and daughter Mayumi Hachiya (蜂谷眞由美 ''Hachiya Mayumi'') staying in the Am Parkring Hotel in Vienna, the two purchased tickets from [[Austrian Airlines]] for flights that would take them from Vienna to [[Belgrade]], [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] (now Serbia), then on to Baghdad, Abu Dhabi, and finally Bahrain.<ref name="UN_SPV2791_page11"/> They also purchased tickets from Abu Dhabi to Rome, Italy, for use in escaping after planting the bomb on the KAL flight.<ref name="UN_SPV2791_page11">{{UN document|docid=S-PV.2791|type=Verbatim Report|body=Security Council|meeting=2791|page=11|date=16 February 1988|access-date=16 October 2010}}</ref>

On 27 November, two guidance officers who had arrived in Yugoslavia by train from Vienna gave them the [[time bomb]], a [[Panasonic]] [[transistor radio]] made in Japan, which contained [[Explosive material|explosives]], a [[detonator]], and a bottle of [[Explosive material|liquid explosive]] intended to intensify the blast, disguised as a liquor bottle.<ref name="UN_SPV2791_page12"/><ref name="liquidexplosive"/> The next day, they left Belgrade for [[Baghdad International Airport|Saddam International Airport]], Baghdad, Iraq, on an [[Iraqi Airways]] flight.<ref name="UN_SPV2791_page12"/> At the airport, they waited three hours and 30 minutes for the arrival of KAL 858—the target of their operation—which took off at around 11:30 p.m.<ref name="UN_SPV2791_page12"/> The two bombers planted the [[improvised explosive device]] above their seats, 7B and 7C, and disembarked the aircraft at [[Abu Dhabi International Airport]].<ref name="UN_SPV2791_page12"/>

After the attack, the bombers attempted to fly from Abu Dhabi to [[Amman]], Jordan—the first leg of their planned escape route—but there were complications with airport authorities regarding their [[travel visa]]s; therefore, they were forced to fly to Bahrain, where they agreed they would travel to Rome.<ref name="UN_SPV2791_page12"/> However, the authorities there became suspicious about their travel movements and the bombers' passports were identified as forgeries at the airport in Bahrain.<ref name="UN_SPV2791_page12"/> Realising that they were about to be taken into custody, they both attempted suicide by ingesting cyanide hidden inside cigarettes. Kim Sung-il (as Shinichi Hachiya) was rushed to the hospital where he was pronounced dead, but the female, 25-year-old Kim Hyon-hui (as Mayumi Hachiya), survived.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite news|title=The Mystery of Flight 858|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,966262,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070428154830/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,966262,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 April 2007|access-date=16 October 2010|newspaper=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=14 December 1987}}</ref> The body of Kim Sung-il was sent to South Korea and subsequently buried in the [[Cemetery for North Korean and Chinese Soldiers]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-korea-cemetery-idUSSEO739320080911|title=South Korean cemetery keeps Cold War alive|work=Reuters|date=10 September 2008|access-date=21 September 2014|archive-date=24 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924041604/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/09/11/us-korea-cemetery-idUSSEO739320080911|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Aircraft==
The aircraft operating as Flight 858 was a [[Boeing 707|Boeing 707-3B5C]], [[Aircraft registration|registered]] {{Airreg|HL|7406}}. It made its first flight in 1971 and was the only 707 purchased by the airline. At the time of its destruction, the aircraft was 16 years old and had accumulated 36,000 flying hours.<ref>{{cite web |title=KAL858 Criminal Occurrence description |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19871129-0 |access-date=14 August 2016 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=[[Flight Safety Foundation]]}}</ref> Around a month before the attack, it had been recently repainted in the new Korean Air livery with an official airline sticker for the upcoming [[1988 Summer Olympics]] in Seoul.

==Flight and explosion==
The aircraft took off from Saddam International Airport (later renamed [[Baghdad International Airport]]) in [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]] around 11:30 p.m. (20:30 UTC), flying to [[Gimpo International Airport]] in [[Gangseo District, Seoul]], South Korea, with stops at Abu Dhabi International Airport in [[Abu Dhabi]], [[United Arab Emirates]], and [[Don Mueang International Airport]] in [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]].

On the second leg of the flight, from Abu Dhabi to Thailand, KAL 858 was carrying 104 passengers and 11 crew members.<ref name=ASN>{{ASN accident|id=19871129-0|type=Criminal Occurrence}}</ref> At around 2:05 p.m. [[Time in South Korea|Korean Standard Time]] (05:05 UTC),<ref name="UN_SPV2791_page12"/> nine hours after the bomb had been planted and near the end of the flight, the bomb detonated and the aircraft crashed into the [[Andaman Sea]] ({{coord|14.55|N|97.3833|E|type:country|display=inline}}) (1st conversion of units of measurement are not in same order as below){{convert|18|mi|nmi km|spell=in}} west of the Burmese coast, killing all 115 on board. The pilot transmitted his final radio message shortly before the explosion: "We expect to arrive in Bangkok on time. Time and location normal."<ref name="UN_SPV2791_page12"/>

One hundred thirteen of the people aboard were South Korean nationals, along with an Indian national and a Lebanese national.<ref name="UN_SPV2791_page6"/> Many of the 113 South Korean nationals were young workers who were returning to their home country after working for several years in the construction industry in the [[Middle East]].<ref name="UN_SPV2791_page6">{{UN document|docid=S-PV.2791|type=Verbatim Report|body=Security Council|meeting=2791|page=6|date=16 February 1988|access-date=16 October 2010}}</ref> A South Korean diplomat, who worked at the [[Diplomatic mission|embassy]] in Baghdad, and his wife, were also aboard the flight,<ref name="UN_SPV2791_page6"/> though it is not known if they were the prime targets of the attack.<ref name="PardonLAtimes"/> Wreckage from the flight was found inland in Thailand<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-11-30-mn-16912-story.html | work=[[Los Angeles Times]] | title=Thais Report Finding Korean Jet Wreckage | date=30 November 1987}}</ref> around (2nd conversion units of measurements do not follow the same order as above){{convert|140|km|mi nmi}} from where the detonation is thought to have occurred. The [[Flight recorder#Flight data recorder|flight data recorder]] and [[Flight recorder#Cockpit voice recorder|cockpit voice recorder]] were not located.<ref name="PardonLAtimes"/>

==Investigation==
According to testimony at a [[United Nations Security Council]] meeting, on 15 December 1987, Kim was transferred to Seoul, South Korea, where she recovered from the poison and, initially, said she was a Chinese orphan who grew up in Japan and said that she was not connected to the attack.<ref name= "UN_SPV2791_page10"/> Authorities grew more suspicious when, while being questioned in Bahrain, she attacked a police officer and attempted to grab his [[firearm]], before being apprehended. At the hearing, the main evidence against Kim was the cigarettes, which, analysis showed, were the type used by a number of other North Korean agents apprehended in South Korea.<ref name= "UN_SPV2791_page10"/> Another notable evidence against Kim was the teeth of her comrade Kim Sung Il, who had cavities which had been filled with soldered lead, a common method of cavity treatment in dentistry in North Korea.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 July 2020 |script-title=ko:김현희가 폭탄받은 사실, 유고 정보부도 파악 |trans-title=The fact that Kim Hyun-hee received a bomb is also known to the Yugoslavia Intelligence Service |url=https://www.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2012/06/26/2012062600222.html |website=[[The Chosun Ilbo]] |language=ko}}</ref>

[[File:Handball at the 1988 Summer Olympics.JPEG|thumb|left|In January 1988, Kim said at a press conference that the [[Government of North Korea]] ordered the attack to frighten teams from attending the [[1988 Summer Olympics|1988 Seoul Olympics]].<ref name=paranoid/>]]
Speaking at the United Nations Security Council, [[Choi Young-jin]], representing South Korea, said that after eight days of interrogation in South Korea, she was permitted to see a film of life in the country on a television screen, and realized that "life ... on the streets of Seoul was entirely different from what she had been led to believe." She had been taught that South Korea was an American [[puppet state]] that was fraught with poverty and corruption. However, when she saw how South Koreans actually lived, Choi said, "she began to realize that what she had been told while living in the North was totally untrue."<ref name= "UN_SPV2791_page10"/> Kim then "threw herself into the arms of a female investigator" and confessed to the bombing.<ref name= "UN_SPV2791_page10"/> In Korean, she said, "Forgive me. I am sorry. I will tell you everything,"<ref name= "UN_SPV2791_page10"/> and said that she had been "exploited as a tool for North Korean terrorist activities", and made a detailed and voluntary confession.<ref name="UN_SPV2791_page10">{{UN document|docid=S-PV.2791|type=Verbatim Report|body=Security Council|meeting=2791|highlight=rect_59,597_945,1157|page=10|date=16 February 1988|access-date=16 November 2007}}</ref>

{{rquote|right|Workers and businessmen alike, government officials and diplomats, all stake their lives on the wings of civil airliners ... Therefore, any State-directed terrorist threat ... is naturally fraught with dangers for world stability and peace.|[[Choi Young-jin]], representing South Korea, speaking at the United Nations Security Council inquest into the attacks<ref name= "UN_SPV2791_page10"/>}}

The escape route, she said, was to be from Abu Dhabi via [[Amman]] to Rome, but the pair were diverted to Bahrain due to visa complications.<ref name="UN_SPV2791_page12">{{UN document|docid=S-PV.2791|type=Verbatim Report|body=Security Council|meeting=2791|page=12|date=16 February 1988|access-date=16 November 2007}}</ref> She added that she had been travelling undercover for three years, preparing for the attack. Kim told investigators that when she was sixteen, she was chosen by the [[Workers' Party of Korea]] and trained in a number of languages. Three years later, she was educated at a secret and elite espionage school run by the [[North Korean Army]], where she was trained to kill with her hands and feet and to use rifles and grenades. Training at the school involved enduring several years of gruelling physical and psychological conditioning. In 1987, aged 25, Kim was ordered to detonate a bomb aboard a South Korean jetliner, an attack that she was told would [[Korean reunification|reunify]] her divided country forever.

In January 1988, Kim announced at a press conference held by the [[Agency for National Security Planning]], the South Korean secret services agency, that both she and her partner were North Korean operatives. She said that they had left a radio containing 350 grams of [[C-4 (explosive)|C-4 explosive]] and a liquor bottle containing approximately 700 ml of [[PLX]] explosive, with a timer set to go off for nine hours after departure from Baghdad,<ref>{{cite news |last=Willacy |first=Mark |date=2013-04-10 |title=Exclusive: My life as a North Korean super spy |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-04-10/my-life-as-a-north-korean-super-spy3a-exclusive/4621358 |access-date=2020-11-28 |work=ABC News}}</ref> in an overhead rack in the passenger cabin of the aircraft. Kim expressed remorse for her actions and asked for the forgiveness of the families of those who had died. She also said that the order for the bombing had been "personally penned" by Kim Jong Il, the son of North Korean supreme leader [[Kim Il Sung]], who had wanted to destabilize the South Korean government, disrupt its [[1988 South Korean parliamentary election|upcoming 1988 parliamentary elections]], and frighten international teams from attending the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul later that year.<ref name=paranoid>{{cite book|last=French|first=Paul|title=North Korea: The Paranoid Peninsula: A Modern History|url=https://archive.org/details/northkoreaparano00fren|url-access=limited|page=[https://archive.org/details/northkoreaparano00fren/page/n262 244]|publisher=Zed Books|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84277-905-7}}</ref> "It is natural that I should be punished and killed a hundred times for my sin," she said.<ref name="liquidexplosive">{{cite news|title=115 Died in Nov. 29 Crash N. Korea Agent Confesses, Says She Put Bomb on Jet|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-01-15-mn-24248-story.html|access-date=24 October 2010|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=15 January 1988}}</ref> Writing in ''[[The Washington Post]]'' on 15 January 1988, journalist [[Peter Maass]] stated that it was not clear to him if Kim was coerced in her remarks or was motivated by remorse for her actions.<ref name = "Maass">{{cite news | url = http://www.petermaass.com/core.cfm?p=3&news=2&newspaper=34 | last = Maass | first = Peter | newspaper = [[The Washington Post]] | title = Woman Says She Sabotaged Plane on Orders from N. Korean Leader |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061107204954/http://www.petermaass.com/core.cfm?p=3&news=2&newspaper=34 |archive-date = 7 November 2006|date=15 January 1988|access-date=6 January 2010}}</ref> Kim was subsequently sentenced to execution for the bombing of KAL 858,<ref name="sentenced">{{Cite news |last=Kim |first=James |date=1989-04-25 |title=Korean woman sentenced to death for bombing plane |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1989/04/25/Korean-woman-sentenced-to-death-for-bombing-plane/9136609480000/ |access-date=2025-05-22 |work=United Press International}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1989-05-04 |title=Korean Airlines Bomber Sentenced |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000275437.pdf |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> but she was later pardoned by the President of South Korea, [[Roh Tae-woo]].<ref name="PardonLAtimes"/> "The persons who ought to be on trial here are the leaders of North Korea," he said. "This child is as much a victim of this evil regime as the passengers aboard KAL 858."

=== Possible discovery of aircraft wreckage ===
In January 2020, a South Korean television news team from [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation]] reported that they may have found the main wreckage at a depth of {{convert|170|ft|m|order=flip}} under the Andaman Sea. Tipped off by local fishing crews, they conducted sonar scans which found a wing-shaped object {{convert|33|ft|m|order=flip}} long and a {{convert|90|ft|m|order=flip}} long section believed to be fuselage.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} Grainy images from underwater cameras were shown on South Korean TV<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.yna.co.kr/view/PYH20200123180500320|title=Fuselage of crashed KAL jet found|date=23 Jan 2020|website=[[Yonhap News Agency]]|access-date=7 March 2020}}</ref> and, although there was no official confirmation that this was KAL 858 or its location, some families of the victims held a news conference demanding the fuselage be salvaged.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20200130007700315|title=Families of 1987 jet crash victims demand fuselage be salvaged|date=30 Jan 2020|website=[[Yonhap News Agency]]|access-date=7 March 2020}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
===North Korea===
[[File:Kim Jong Il.JPG|thumb|right|[[Kim Hyon-hui]]'s testimony implicated [[Kim Jong Il]], the son of North Korean supreme leader [[Kim Il Sung]], to be ultimately responsible for the bombing<ref name=paranoid/>]]
The [[United States State Department]] specifically refers to the bombing of KAL 858 as a "terrorist act" and, except between 2008 and 2017, has included North Korea on its [[State Sponsors of Terrorism]] list<ref name = "reports">{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/45313.pdf|title=Country Reports on Terrorism 2004|publisher=State Department|date=April 2005|access-date=16 October 2010}}</ref> based on the results of the South Korean investigation. [[Charles E. Redman]], [[Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs]], said in January 1988 that the incident was an "act of mass murder," adding that the administration had "concluded that the evidence of North Korean culpability is compelling. We call on all nations to condemn North Korea for this terrorist act."<ref>{{cite news|last=Kempster|first=Norman|title=U.S. Ends Thaw With N. Korea, Cites Terrorism|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-01-21-mn-37493-story.html|access-date=27 October 2010|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=21 January 1988}}</ref> The action was discussed at length in at least two United Nations Security Council meetings, where the allegations and evidence was aired by all sides,<ref name="UN_SPV2791">{{UN document|docid=S-PV.2791|type=Verbatim Report|body=Security Council|meeting=2791|date=16 February 1988|access-date=25 November 2007}}</ref><ref name="UN_SPV2792">{{UN document|docid=S-PV.2792|type=Verbatim Report|body=Security Council|meeting=2792|date=17 February 1988|access-date=25 November 2007}}</ref> but no resolution was passed.<ref>{{UN document|docid=S-PV-3627|body=Security Council|type=Verbotim Report|meeting=3627|page=8|anchor=pg008-bk02-pa04|date=31 January 1996|meetingtime=15:30|speakername=Mr. Park|speakernation=Republic of Korea|access-date=25 November 2007}}</ref> North Korea continues to deny involvement in the attack on KAL 858, saying that the incident was a "fabrication" by South Korea and other countries.<ref name="PardonLAtimes">{{cite news|title=Seoul Pardons North Korean in Bombing of Airliner Killing 115|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-04-13-mn-1259-story.html|access-date=17 October 2010|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=13 April 1990}}</ref>

Kim Jong Il became the leader of North Korea in 1994, succeeding his father.<ref name="Jong-il obituary">{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-10745725 | title=Obituary: Kim Jong-il | work=[[BBC News]] | date=19 December 2011 | access-date=10 June 2012}}</ref> In 2001, right-wing [[activists]] and relatives of the victims killed in the attack demanded that Kim Jong Il be arrested for terrorism offences when he visited Seoul later in the year.<ref name="Seoulvisit"/> Two petitions were filed against him, with the activists and relatives stating that there was strong evidence—namely Kim's testimony—to suggest he was ultimately responsible for the bombing. They also called for him to make a public apology for the incident and formally compensate the victims' families.<ref name="Seoulvisit"/> The leader of a right-wing South Korean group, lawyer Lee Chul-sung, said, "Kim Jong Il must be arrested and punished if he comes to Seoul without admitting his criminal acts and offering an apology and compensation."<ref name="Seoulvisit">{{cite news|title=North Korea leader accused of terrorism|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1147842.stm|access-date=17 October 2010|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=1 February 2001}}</ref> Kim Jong Il was not arrested, however. He died in December 2011, and was succeeded by his son, [[Kim Jong Un]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16239693 | title=North Korean leader Kim Jong-il dies 'of heart attack' | work=[[BBC News]] | date=19 December 2011 | access-date=10 June 2012}}</ref>

===Kim Hyon-hui===
{{Main|Kim Hyon-hui}}
{{rquote|left|I am guilty of a heinous crime. How do I dare to think of marriage? Being a culprit, I do have a sense of agony with which I must fight. In that sense, I must still be a prisoner or a captive—of a sense of guilt.|[[Kim Hyon-hui]], asked about marriage<ref name="Huidresses"/>}}
In 1993, [[William Morrow and Company]] published ''[[The Tears of My Soul]],'' Kim's account of how she was trained as a North Korean espionage agent and carried out the bombing of KAL 858. As a gesture of contrition for her crime, she donated all of the proceeds from this book to the families of the victims of KAL 858.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kim |first=Hyon Hui |author-link=Kim Hyon-hui |title=[[The Tears of My Soul]] |publisher=William Morrow & Co |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-688-12833-3}}</ref> The book details her early training and life in China, Macao, and across Europe, carrying out the bombing, her consequent trial, reprieve, and integration into South Korea. In the book, Kim states that Kim Jong Il masterminded the bombing, and gave the order to carry out the attack. It is also believed that Kim Jong Il masterminded the [[Rangoon bombing]] of 1983, in which North Korea attempted to assassinate South Korean president, [[Chun Doo-hwan]]. Her story has also been turned into a motion picture, ''[[Mayumi (film)|Mayumi]]'', directed by [[Shin Sang-ok]] in 1990.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citwf.com/film218608.htm |title=Mayumi Virgin Terrorist|work=Complete Index to World Film |access-date=8 June 2012}}</ref>

In 2010, Kim Hyon-hui visited Japan, where she met the families of Japanese people [[North Korean abductions of Japanese|abducted by North Korea]] during the 1970s and 1980s who were forced to teach North Korean spies to disguise themselves as Japanese—who, it was reported, may have trained Kim Hyon-hui.<ref name=Huivisit/> The Japanese government waived immigration rules in order for the visit to take place since Kim is regarded as a criminal in the country for her use of the false Japanese passport in the attack. The Japanese press, however, criticized the visit, for which security was tight over fears that she might be attacked.<ref name=Huivisit/> Kim arrived in the country on a private jet chartered by the Japanese government and was ushered into a car shielded by large umbrellas. During the visit, she stayed in a holiday home owned by [[Yukio Hatoyama]], [[prime Minister of Japan]].<ref name=Huivisit>{{cite news|last=Buerk|first=Roland|title=Former N Korea spy in Japan to tackle abductee issue|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-10693662|access-date=17 October 2010|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=20 July 2010}}</ref> Kim today resides in an undisclosed location and remains under constant protection for fear of reprisals, from either victims' families or the North Korean government, which has described her as a traitor to their cause.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

===In South Korean politics===
In 2007, an association of families of victims released their suspicions on the official version of the events.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2007 |script-title=ko:진실·화해 위한 과거사정리위원회 KAL858기 사건에 대한 조사개시 결정을 환영한다 |trans-title=We welcome the decision of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to initiate an investigation into the KAL858 incident |url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/RPR20070711018100353 |website=[[Yonhap News Agency]] |language=ko}}</ref> The [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Korea)|Truth and Reconciliation Commission]] investigated the matter and found out that the bombing was "not a manipulation" by the South Korean [[National Intelligence Service (South Korea)|National Intelligence Service]] (NIS).<ref name="NewswatchManipulationNIS">{{Cite web |date=9 May 2018 |script-title=ko:[뉴스 따라잡기] 한진 총수 일가 갑질, 87년 KAL 858기 폭파사건으로 불똥 |trans-title=[Catching up with the news] Hanjin Group CEO's family's bullying sparked by the 1987 KAL Flight 858 bombing incident |url=https://www.newswatch.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=14644 |website=News Watch |language=ko}}</ref> In 2016, Kim Kwang-jin, a member of the [[National Assembly (South Korea)|National Assembly]] raised the suspicion that the bombing was done by the NIS during the unsuccessful filibuster of the anti-terrorism bill.<ref name=NewswatchManipulationNIS />

===Continuing tension===
{{Main|North Korea–South Korea relations}}
[[File:Korea DMZ sentry.jpg|thumb|A South Korean checkpoint at the [[Korean Demilitarized Zone]] in August 2005. Tension between North Korea and South Korea has not improved since the signing of the Korean War armistice in 1953.<ref name="unresolvedBBC"/>]]

The tension between North Korea and South Korea has not subsided since the signing of the armistice in 1953, and no formal peace treaty permanently ending the conflict has been signed.<ref name="unresolvedBBC">{{cite news|last=Howard|first=Keith|title=Analysis: Korea's unresolved conflict|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/2074452.stm|access-date=8 November 2010|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=29 June 2002}}</ref> In 2000, however, both countries held the first [[Inter-Korean summit]], in which the leaders of both countries signed a [[June 15th North–South Joint Declaration|joint declaration]], stating that they would hold a second summit, in 2007. Furthermore, both countries were involved in military and ministerial discussions in Pyongyang, Seoul and [[Jeju Island]] in that year. On 2 October 2007, South Korean president, [[Roh Moo-hyun]], walked across the Korean Demilitarized Zone in travelling to Pyongyang for talks with Kim Jong Il.<ref>{{cite news|title=Korean leaders in historic talks|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7023079.stm|access-date=16 October 2010|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=2 October 2007}}</ref> Both leaders reaffirmed the spirit of the 2000 joint declaration and had discussions on various issues related to realizing the advancement of south–north relations, peace on the Korean Peninsula, common prosperity of the Korean people, and the reunification of Korea. On 4 October 2007, South Korean president, Roh Moo-hyun, and North Korean leader, Kim Jong Il, signed the peace declaration.<ref name=peacecall>{{cite news|title=Korean leaders issue peace call|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7027236.stm|access-date=16 October 2010|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=4 October 2007}}</ref> The document called for international talks to replace the 1953 armistice, which ended most active hostilities but did not formally end the Korean War, with a permanent peace treaty.<ref name=peacecall/>

==In popular culture==
A movie titled ''Mayumi'' was released in 1990, focusing on the bombing and its aftermath mostly from Kim Hyon-Hui's perspective.

The bombing of Korean Air Flight 858 was covered in 2020 in "What Caused The 1987 Korean Air Flight 858 Explosion? | One Day That Changed Asia", a documentary by ''[[CNA (TV network)|CNA]] Insider''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0ScapZwa6s&t=1278s|title=What Caused The 1987 Korean Air Flight 858 Explosion? - One Day That Changed Asia|newspaper=YouTube (CNA Insider)|date=2020-02-19|access-date=2023-07-06}}</ref>

==See also==
{{external media
|float =right
|width =
|image1 =[http://www.airliners.net/search?keywords=HL7406&sortBy=dateAccepted&sortOrder=desc&perPage=36&display=detail Photograph of ''HL7406'' prior to the bombing]
|image2 =[http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2009/03/11/world/11korea2-190.jpg Image of Kim Hyon Hui, one of the two North Korean agents responsible for planting the bomb, in 2009]
|image3 =[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171622/http://www.radiotimeline.com/ar-panasonic-rf596.jpg Panasonic transistor radio c. 1987, likely similar to the model used to conceal the bomb]
}}
* [[1987 in aviation]]
* [[Aftermath of the Korean War]]
* [[Gimpo International Airport bombing]]
* [[List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft]]
* [[List of terrorist incidents in 1987]]
* [[Timeline of airliner bombing attacks]]

===North Korea===
* [[Foreign relations of North Korea]]
* [[Liberty in North Korea]]
* [[North Korea and weapons of mass destruction]]
* [[Politics of North Korea]]

===Similar incidents===
* [[Middle East Airlines Flight 438]]
* [[Air India Flight 182]]
* [[Pan Am Flight 103]]
* [[Philippine Airlines Flight 434]]
* [[China Airlines Flight 825]]
*[[Metrojet Flight 9268]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-02-11-me-41784-story.html Bruce Cumings, author of ''The Origins of the Korean War'', writing about the bombing in ''The Los Angeles Times'']

{{Aviation incidents and accidents in 1987}}
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in Myanmar}}
{{Korean Air}}
{{Portal bar|1980s|Aviation|North Korea|South Korea|Iraq|Politics}}
{{Authority control}}

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Gruhalakshmi (1992 film)

2026-03-31T23:28:02Z

MarlysAugust8: added the pg initial version

{{short description|Kannada-language drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gruhalakshmi
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[B. Subba Rao]]
| screenplay = B. Subba Rao
| story = [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]]
| producer = A. Venkatarama Reddy
| starring = [[Malashri]] [[Sridhar (Kannada actor)|Sridhar]]
| music = [[Raj-Koti]]
| cinematography = V. Prathap
| editing = P. Sambashiva Rao
| studio = LVS Productions<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.airtelxstream.in/movies/gruha-lakshmi/SUNNXT_MOVIE_12665 |title=Gruha Lakshmi 1992 Full Movie Online |work=AirtelXstream}}</ref>
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1992|8|6}}
| runtime = 140 mins
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Gruhalakshmi''''' is a 1992 [[Kannada language|Kannada]]-language, [[drama film]], written and directed by [[B. Subba Rao]] and produced by A. Venkatarama Reddy under the LVS Productions banner.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kannadafilmlyrics.com/kmdb/Gruhalakshmi/1992 |title=Gruhalakshmi-1992 |work=Kannada Film Lyrics}}</ref> It stars [[Malashri]], [[Sridhar (Kannada actor)|Sridhar]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/gruhalakshmi_1992 |title=Gruhalakshmi (Cast & Crew) |work=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref> in lead roles along with [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]], [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]] in key supporting roles. The music is composed by [[Raj-Koti]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/movie/gruhalakshmi-1992|title=Gruhalakshmi (1992) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew |work=Chitraloka}}</ref> The film was a remake of Telugu film ''[[Seetharatnam Gari Abbayi]]''.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Malashree]]
*[[Sridhar (Kannada actor)|Sridhar]]
*[[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] as Parvathi
*[[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]]
*[[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]]
*[[Dheerendra Gopal]]
*[[M. S. Umesh]]
*[[Abhijeeth]]
*[[Mandeep Roy]]
*Bangalore Nagesh
*Rathnakar
*[[Honnavalli Krishna]]
*[[Bank Janardhan]]
*Kannada Raju
*[[Pandari Bai]]
*Mamatha Guduru
*Gayathri Prabhakar
*[[Rekha Das]]
*Shanthamma
*Kunigal Vasanth
*Go Ra Bheemarao
*Srishailan
*M S Karanth
*Mysore Basavaraj
*Mery
*Rashmi
*Chandrika
*Malathi
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Gruhalakshmi
| type = film
| artist = [[Raj-Koti]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1992
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 18:46
| label =
| producer = [[Raj-Koti]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Music composed by [[Raj-Koti]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/gruhalakshmi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1359500866|title=Gruhalakshmi (Songs)|work=Apple Music}}</ref> They reused "Mellage Baa" and "Kho Kho" from "Mathuga" and "Aa Paapi" from ''Seetharatnam Gari Abbayi''.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Nanna Ganda Brahmachari"
|[[Chi. Udayashankar]]
|[[Manjula Gururaj]]
|4:54
|-
|2
|"Mellage Baa Mellage"
|Chi. Udayashankar
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|4:44
|-
|3
|"Aluvudu Yeke"
|Chi. Udayashankar
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|3:34
|-
|4
|"Kho Kho Abbabba"
|Chi. Udayashankar
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
|3:55
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

[[Category:1992 drama films]]
[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Raj–Koti]]
[[Category:1992 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]

M. Rajendran

2026-03-31T04:35:25Z

MarlysAugust8: done.

{{Short description|Indian essayist (born 1951)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|image=M Rajendran 02.jpg
|birth_date={{birth date and age|1951|03|03|df=yes}}
|birth_place=[[Annavasal, Tiruvarur, Tamil Nadu|Eda Annavasal]], [[Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)|Tanjore District]], [[Madras State]] (now [[Tiruvarur District]], [[Tamil Nadu]]), India
|occupation=
|office=9th [[Vice-Chancellor]], [[Tamil University]], [[Thanjavur]]
|1blankname=[[List of governors of Tamil Nadu|Chancellor]]
|1namedata=[[Surjit Singh Barnala]] (2004-11)
|term=19 சூன் 2008 - 18 சூன் 2011
|predecessor=C. Subramaniam
|successor=[[M. Thirumalai]]
|order=
|alma_mater=[[University of Madras]]
|main_width=24em
|blank1=பணியிடம்
|data1=
|image_size=220px
|caption=
|honorific_prefix=
|spouse=Mythili
|children=Thendral (daughter) Ezhil (daughter)
|parents=Gnanambal (mother) Mahadevan(தந்தை)
|office1=9th Director, [[International Institute of Tamil Studies]]
|predecessor1=S. Krishnamoorthy
|successor1=* Sean Laurence (acting- 2008)
* [[K.A. Gunasekaran]] (2008-11)
|term_start1=June 2006
|term_end1=December 2007
|native_name=ம. இராசேந்திரன்
|native_name_lang=ta
}}
'''M. Rajendran''' is an Indian essayist, who served as Vice-Chancellor of [[Tamil University]], [[Thanjavur]], in [[Tamil Nadu]], India. He is a Tamil scholar, writer and publisher of Kanaiyazhi literary magazine in Tamil.,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Argumentative-Tamil-goes-boldly-public/articleshow/48303433.cms|title=Argumentative Tamil goes boldly public|date=1 August 2015|via=The Economic Times – The Times of India}}</ref><ref>Kanaiyazhi, 2018 June, page 3</ref> He was the coordinator of academic committee, [[World Classical Tamil Conference 2010]]. He chaired the High Level Committee to amend the Tamil Nadu Public Library Act and Tamil Nadu Public Library Rules, which was constituted by the Government of Tamil Nadu in January 2022. Kalingar Mu. Karunanidhi Classic Tamil Award, Muthamilkavalar Ki.Aa.Be. Vishwanatham Award has been given to him.

== Birth ==
M. Rajendran was born as a first son to classical musician Mahadevan and Gnanammal on 3 March 3, 1951, at ''Eda Annavasal'', the hamlet of [[Itdangankottai Keelaiyur]]<ref>Alphabetical List of Villages in Taluks and Districts of the Madras Presidency; 1933; Re-printed by the Superintendent of Government Press, Madras; Page 586</ref> alais Eda Keelaiyur in [[Thiruvarur district]] of Tamil Nadu state in India; but, his native village is [[Kudavasal]],<ref name = "maraa">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dinamani.com/sunday/sundayitems.asp?ID=DS020080619234739&Title=Sunday+%2D+Cover+story&lTitle=LYo+v%FAP%F4%AC|title=சமூக மதிப்போடு சம்பாத்தியமும் தரும் மொழி தமிழ்! – தினமணியின் ஞாயிறு கொண்டாட்டம் 2008 சூன், ம. இராசேந்திரன் கி. மஞ்சுளாவிற்கு வழங்கிய செவ்வி}}</ref><ref name="Rajendran">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/M.-Rajendran-is-Tamil-varsity-Vice-Chancellor/article15242231.ece|title=M. Rajendran is Tamil varsity Vice-Chancellor|date=14 June 2008|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Education==
Since the father of Rajendran died when Rajendran was one year old, he completed his schooling with the support of his maternal uncle. Mr. Su. Natesan.{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}

* Studied primary education (grades 1–5) at the Panchayat Union Primary School, Eda Annavasal.
* Studied upper primary education (classes 6–8) and secondary education (classes 9-11) at Government High School, [[Eda Melaiyur]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/dinamani-85/2019/sep/20/60-ஆண்டுகளாக-நானும்-தினமணியும்-3238441.html|title=60 ஆண்டுகளாக நானும் தினமணியும்!|website=Dinamani}}</ref>
* Studied at Rajah's College of Tamil Studies and Music, [[Thiruvaiyaru]] and obtained Pulavar (Tamil Scholar) degree, while Mr. Gopaliyar was his teacher and principal.<ref name = "maraa"/>
* Studied M.A. (Tamil) at [[Pachaiyappa’s College]], Chennai.
* Awarded Master of Philosophy by [[Madras University]] in the year of 1979 against his research on "Ra.See.'s Novels – A Study" under the guidance of Professor Dr. N. Jeyaprakasam at Pachaiyappa’s College in [[Chennai]].<ref>Researches on Tamil Studies (in Tamil); Professors Dr. Rama. Periyakaruppan and Dr. E. Muthiah; First edition 1983; Department of Publication, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai; p.181 (தமிழியல் ஆய்வு; இராம.பெரியகருப்பன் (தமிழண்ணல்), இ. முத்தையா; முதற் பதிப்பு 1983; பதிப்புத்துறை, மதுரை காமராசர் பல்கலைக்கழகம், மதுரை; பக்.181)</ref>
* Awarded [[Doctor of Philosophy]] in 1984, for his research on First Surveyor General of India [[Colin Mackenzie]]'s (1754–1821) collection of manuscripts as "Mackenzie's Tamil Manuscripts'under the guidance of Professor Dr. [[N. Sanjeevi]] at Department of Tamil, Madras University.<ref name="Rajendran"/>

==Profession==
Rajendran served in Government of Tamil Nadu as<ref name = "maraa1">Curriculum Vitae of Dr. M. Rajendran</ref>

* '''President''', Tamil Development Academy, Chennai.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/former-tamil-university-v-c-elected-president-of-tamil-development-academy/article68822133.ece The Hindu, Chennai, November 02, 2024]</ref>
* '''Chairman''', Tamil Nadu Public Library Act and Rules Amendment – High Level Committee 2022<ref>[https://tamilnadupubliclibraries.org/public-library-act-high-level-committee/ Website of Department of Public Libraries, Tamil Nadu]</ref> from 31-01-2022 to 30-07-2022<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/all-editions/edition-chennai/chennai/2022/jan/27/பொது-நூலக-விதிகளை-நவீன-காலத்திற்கேற்ற-வகையில்-திருத்த-மஇராசேந்திரன்-தலைமையில்-உயா்நிலைக்-குழு-3780836.html|title=பொது நூலக விதிகளை நவீன காலத்திற்கேற்ற வகையில் திருத்த ம.இராசேந்திரன் தலைமையில் உயா்நிலைக் குழு|website=Dinamani}}</ref>
*'''Vice-Chancellor''', Tamil University, Thanjavur, between 2008 June 19 and 2011 June 18,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Varsity-to-develop-Tamil-into-a-modern-tool-New-V-C/article15245458.ece|title=Varsity to develop Tamil into a modern tool: New V-C|date=19 June 2008|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Governor appoints Dr Rajendran as Tamil varsity VC - Oneindia News | url=https://www.oneindia.com/2008/06/14/governor-appoints-dr-rajendran-as-tamil-varsity-vc-1213428761.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102120148/https://www.oneindia.com/2008/06/14/governor-appoints-dr-rajendran-as-tamil-varsity-vc-1213428761.html | access-date=2025-02-16 | archive-date=2023-01-02}}</ref>
* '''Coordinator of the academic committee''', World Classical Tamil Conference between 2009 and 2010<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/500-scholars-called-for-World-Classical-Tamil-Conference/article16851051.ece|title=500 scholars called for World Classical Tamil Conference|date=2 December 2009|work=The Hindu}}</ref>
*'''Director''' (Honorary), International School of Dravidian Linguistics, Trivandrum between 2009 and 2011<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Tamil-University-VC-elected-chairman-of-ISDL/article16544989.ece|title=Tamil University VC elected chairman of ISDL|date=1 July 2009|work=The Hindu}}</ref>
*'''Director''' (in charge), International Institute of Tamil Studies, between 2006 June and 2008 June<ref>[http://www.ulakaththamizh.org/JOTSJournal.aspx?id=62 Journal of Tamil Studies June 2006]</ref>
*'''Director''' (in charge), Tamil Etymological Dictionary Project during 2008
*'''Special Officer''' (in charge), Kural Peedam – Tamil Nadu between 2001 and 2003
*'''Director''', Department of Tamil Development between 1999 April 1 and 2008 June 17<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ww1.tamilvalarchithurai.com/administration-2/|title=tamilvalarchithurai.com - tamilvalarchithurai Resources and Information.|website=ww1.tamilvalarchithurai.com}}</ref>
*'''Director''', Department of Translation between 1996 and 1999
*'''Deputy Director''', Department of Translation between 1993 and 1996
*'''Special Officer for Research''', [[International Institute of Tamil Studies]] – Two Years
* '''Lecturer and Special Research Fellow''', Tamil University, Thanjavur between 1986 and 1989<ref name = "Rajendran"/>
* '''Assistant Professor of Tamil''', [[Pachaiyappa's College]] (Evening), Chennai during 1980–81
* '''Tami Pandit''' (Tamil Scholar), Government Oriental Manuscripts Library, Chennai between 1974 and 1986.<ref name="Rajendran"/>

==Member of Committees==
Rajendran was appointed by the Government of Tamil Nadu to the following expert committees:

* '''Member''', Madurai Kamaraj University vice-chancellor search committee,<ref>Madurai Kamaraj University vice-chancellor search committee The Times Bureau, 9 November 2021</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/nominate-mku-vc-search-panel-convener-mufa-to-tn-governor/articleshow/86921843.cms|title=Nominate MKU VC search panel convener: MUFA to TN governor|date=11 October 2021|via=The Economic Times – The Times of India}}</ref>
* '''Member''', Tamil Nadu Open University Vice Chancellor Search Committee 2022<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news7tamil.live/notice-to-apply-for-the-post-of-vice-chancellor.html|title=துணைவேந்தர் பதவிக்கு விண்ணப்பிக்கலாம் – தேடல் குழு அறிவிப்பு|date=19 June 2022}}</ref><ref>The Government of Tamil Nadu vide G.O. (D) No.116, Higher Education (K1) Department dated 4 May 2022</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=Notifications or Orders of interest to a Section of the public issued by Secretariat Departments | url=http://www.stationeryprinting.tn.gov.in/extraordinary/2022/256_Ex_II_2.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623102340/http://www.stationeryprinting.tn.gov.in/extraordinary/2022/256_Ex_II_2.pdf | archive-date=2022-06-23}}</ref>
* '''Member''', Committee for Dravida Kalanchiam<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/committee-for-dravida-kalanchiam-constituted/article65156281.ece|title=Committee for Dravida Kalanchiam constituted|author=|date=1 March 2022|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Editor==
Dr. M. Rajendran edited the following publications:
* Translation of Sangam Literature in Hindi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/Hindi-translations-of-Sangam-literature-released/article14949807.ece|title=Hindi translations of Sangam literature released|date=16 March 2011|work=The Hindu}}</ref>
* Proceedings of the World Classical Tamil Conference, 2010 (10 Volunres)
* Journal of Tamil Studies (4 volumes from June 2006 to December 2007), published by International Institute of Tamil Studies, Chennai<ref>[http://www.ulakaththamizh.org/JOTSissues.aspx Tamil Studies]</ref>

== Awards ==
The Government of Tamil Nadu has given him the following awards to recognize his work in Tamil:

* '''[[Kalaingar Mu. Karunanidhi Classical Tamil Award]]''' 2020; Central Institute of Classical Tamil Studies, Chennai.<ref>Govt Letter No.4031/Tamil Development 1.2./2022-2, Dated:13-08-2022</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/tamilnadu/2022/aug/22/|title=semmozhi-awards-3902700.html Semmozhi Tamil Awards; Dinamani 2022 Aug 22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/aug/23/classical-tamil-chairs-in-five-foreign-varsities-soon-stalin-2490409.html|title=Classical Tamil chairs in five foreign varsities soon: Stalin|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
* '''[[K. A. P. Vishwanatham Award]]''' 2021; Department of Tamil Development, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/News/State/2022/03/16043842/The-First-Minister-presented-awards-to-21-people-who.vpf|title=தமிழ் மொழி, இலக்கிய வளர்ச்சிக்கு தொண்டாற்றிய 21 பேருக்கு விருதுகள் முதல்-அமைச்சர் வழங்கினார்|date=16 March 2022|website=dailythanthi.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/book-park-to-be-set-up-soon/article65227241.ece|title=Book park to be set up soon|author=|date=15 March 2022|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Author of ==
Dr. M. Rajendran authored the following books

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Title !! Type!!Year of publication!!Publisher !!Remarks
|-
|''Andhi Pozhudhil''– At the Sunset (அந்திப்பொழுதில்) || A Collection of Short Stories in Tamil ||1990|| Tamil Puthakalaym, Chennai||-
|-
|''Vidigira Velayil''-At the daybreak (விடிகிற வேளையில்)|| A Collection of Short Stories in Tamil ||1992||Kurinjippadi||-
|-
|''Kuttravaaligal''- Criminals (குற்றவாளிகள்)||A Collection of Novels in Tamil ||1995||Dasara Trust, Chennai||-
|-
|''Valarppu''- Upbringing (வளர்ப்பு )||A Collection of Short Stories in Tamil ||1996||Rudhra Publication, Thanjavur||-
|-
|''Collin Mackenzie Varalarum Suvadikalum'' – Collin Mackenzie: History and Manuscripts (காலின் மெக்கன்சி வரலாறும் சுவடிகளும்) ||Research||2002||Kanayazhi, Chennai||PhD Thesis
|-
|''Nindra Sol''– Lingering Word (நின்றசொல் )||A Collection of Essays in Tamil ||2003||Kanaiyazhi Publication, Chennai||-
|-
|''Mackenzie Suvadikalil Thamizhaga Pazhankudi Makkal'' – Tamil Tribes in Mackenzie Manuscripts (மெக்கன்சி சுவடிகளில் தமிழகப் பழங்குடி மக்கள்)||Research||2003||Kanaiyazhi Publication, Chennai||-
|-
|''Omanadhi'' (ஓமநதி)|| A Collection of Short Stories in Tamil ||2004|| Kavitha Publication, Chennai||-
|-
|''Pazhaverkadu Varalaru 1816il: Mackenzie Suvadikalil Pathippaiyu'' -Pazhaverkadu in 1816: Editorial Research on Mackenzie's Manuscripts (பழவேற்காடு வரலாறு 1816: மெக்கன்சியின் சுவடி பதிப்பாய்வு )||Research || 2004|| Tamil University, Thanjavur||-
|-
|''Sirpiyin Vidhi''- The Rule of the Sculptor (சிற்பியின் விதி)|| A Collection of Short Stories in Tamil || 2004|| Kanaiyazhi Publication, Chennai||-
|-
|''Kanaiyazhi Thalaiyangam''- Kanaiyazhi Editorials (கணையாழி தலையங்கம்)||Editorials||2007||Kavitha Publication, Chennai||-
|-
|''Ninakkappadum'' – Random Thoughts (நினைக்கப்படும்)||?||2007||Kavitha Publication, Chennai||-
|-
|''Nigazhvukalin Pathivil'' – Records of Events (நிகழ்வுகளின் பதிவில்)||Nostalgia||2011 March 3|| ||List of works were done at Tamil University<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/tamilmani/2011/apr/03/இந்த-வார-கலாரசிகன்-334680.html|title=இந்த வார கலாரசிகன்|website=Dinamani}}</ref>
|-
|''Chol Puthithu Porul Puthithu'' – New Word New Meaning (சொல் புதிது பொருள் புதிது)||Creation of Technical Terms in Tamil||2017||Kavitha Publication, Chennai<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/specials/nool-aragam/2017/feb/13/சொல்-புதிது-பொருள்-புதிது-2648287.html|title=சொல் புதிது பொருள் புதிது|website=Dinamani}}</ref>|| |
|-
|''India Ilakkiya Sirpi - Kalaignar Mu. Karunanithi'' - Indian Literary Sculptor - Kalaignar Mu. Karunanithi (இந்திய இலக்கியச் சிற்பி: கலைஞர் மு. கருணாநிதி)||Biography||2023||Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi|| |
|-
|''Kālā picācukaḷ'' - Time demons (கால பிசாசுகள்)|| Short Stories ||2024||Yavarum Publications, Chennai|| |
|}

=== Translations===
His works have been translated into English and published in the following books:
# Memory Mist; 2016 Dec 23; Pustaka Digital Media<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Memory-Mist-M-Rajendran-ebook/dp/B01NCTNQBE|title=Memory Mist|date=23 December 2016|publisher=Pustaka Digital Media}}</ref>
# TRIO Modern Tamil Stories; 2002; Writer's Workshop, Calcutta.

== Published by==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! W.No !!Year of publication !! Name of book!!Genre!!Publisher/Publisher !!References
|-
| 01 || ||''Thirukural Madurakeertham'' – (திருக்குறள் மதுரகீர்த்தனை) ||Music Songs||Tamil Nadu Government||
|-
|02||1999||History of Tamil Language (தமிழ்மொழி வரலாறு) ||Articles|| Department of Tamil Development, Government of Tamil Nadu||
|-
|03||2000||Kuralamutham (குறளமுதம்)||Articles|| Department of Tamil Development, Government of Tamil Nadu.||
|-
|04||2000||Thirukural Books (திருக்குறள் நூல்கள்)|| Department of Tamil Development, Government of Tamil Nadu.||
|-
|05||1988||Achhil Vara Aruthamil Athisoody – Parimelazagar Text (அச்சில் வாரா அருத்தமிழ் ஆத்திசூடி – பரிமேலழகர் உரை)||Text|| Department of Tamil Literature, Madras University, Chennai.||Journal: Research 2 & 3, 1984–85; First Ed. June 1988.
|-
|06||1981||Kathalkothu (காதல்கொத்து)||Poetry ||Department of Archaeology, Government of Tamil Nadu||
|-
|07||2000||Glossary of Administrative Words in Tamil: General (ஆட்சிச்சொல்லகராதி: பொது)||Dictionary||Tamil Nadu Stationery Printing Department||6th Edition, Compiled by Department of Tamil Development,.
|-
|08|| ||Rulers Oriental Traces Tables (அரசினர் கிழக்கியல் சுவடிகள் அட்டவணைகள்)||Bibliography|| Government of Tamil Nadu||
|-
|09||2005||M. S. Pooranalingampillai (எம். எஸ். பூரணலிங்கம்பிள்ளை) ||Study || International Institute of Tamil Studies, Chennai.||
|-
|10||2007||Professor A. M. Paramasivanandam (பேராசிரியர் அ. மு. பரமசிவானந்தம்) ||Research||International Institute of Tamil Studies, Chennai.||
|-
|1||2009||Science and Tamil (அறிவியலும் தமிழும்)||Articles||Tamil University, Thanjavur.||Co-authored with Dr.Krithinamurthy, Dr.Rama Sundaram<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/science-and-tamil-tamil-mzi887/|title=Science and Tamil (Tamil) | Exotic India Art|website=exoticindiaart.com}}</ref>
|-
|12||2010||Chola Paintings (சோழர்கால ஓவியங்கள்)||Fine Art||Tamil University, Thanjavur.||
|-
|13||2016||Kaniyazi – Poems:1995–2000 (கணையாழி – கவிதைகள்:1995–2000) ||Poems||Kavita Publications, Chennai.||
|-
|14||2016||Kaniyazhi – Stories:1995–2000 (கணையாழி – கதைகள்:1995–2000)||Stories|| Mugavitha Publications, Chennai. ||
|-
|15||2016||Kaniyazhi – Essays:1995 -2000 (கணையாழி – கட்டுரைகள்:1995–2000) ||Essays||Kavita Publications, Chennai.||
|-
|16||2019||Kaniyazhi – Volume 1 : 1965 July – 1966 July (கணையாழி – தொகுதி 1 :1965 சூலை – 1966 சூலை)||Magazines||Kanyiyazhi Press, Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/dinamani-kathir/2019/feb/17/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE|title=%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF% 8D%E0%AE%A4-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF %E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3% E0%AF%8D-3098273.html Literary tracks created by Kaniyazhi; Daily Ray; 17 February 2019}}</ref>||
|-
|17||2019||Kaniyazhi – Volume 2 : 1966 August – 1967 July) (கணையாழி – தொகுதி 2 : 1966 ஆகஸ்டு – 1967 சூலை)||Magazines||Kanyiyazhi Press, Chennai.||
|-
|18||2019||Kaniyazhi – Volume 3 : 1967 August – 1968 July) (கணையாழி – தொகுதி 3 : 1967 ஆகஸ்டு – 1968 சூலை)||Newspapers|| Kaniyazhi Creative, Chennai.||
|-
|19||2019||Kaniyazhi – Volume 4 : 1968 August – 1969 July) (கணையாழி – தொகுதி 4 : 1968 ஆகஸ்டு – 1969 சூலை)||Magazines||Kanyiyazhi Press, Chennai.||
|-
|20||2019||Kaniyazhi – Volume 5 : 1969 August – 1970 July) (கணையாழி – தொகுதி 5 : 1969 ஆகஸ்டு – 1970 சூலை)||Newspapers|| Kaniyazhi Creative, Chennai.||
|-
|21||2019||Pulamai vaṇakkam - Salute to Scholar (புலமை வணக்கம்)|| || Kavita Publications, Chennai.||
|}

==Published journals==
# Publisher, Kaniyazhi, since 1995
# Editor, Journal of Tamil studies, 2006–2008, International Institute of Tamil Studies, Chennai.

==Family==
M. Rajendran's siblings are two girls. He is married to Mythily. They have two daughters Thendral and Ezhil and three grandchildren Meghnaa, Kevin and Thillana.

==References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.keetru.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&act=section&id=5886&Itemid=139 சாதி, மதம், வட்டாரத்தைக் கடந்து தமிழை பொது மொழியாக்க வேண்டும் – ம. இராசேந்திரன் 25 – ஏப்ரல் 2010 கீற்று மின்னிதழில் வெளிவந்த நேர்காணல்]
*[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Power-unto-the-language/article16265455.ece Rajendran M; Power unto the language; The Hindu; 2010-June-23]
*[http://www.dinamani.com/editorial-articles/center-page-articles/2018/nov/27/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-3046356.html சிந்துவெளிக்கு ஒளி தந்தவர் - முனைவர் ம. இராசேந்திரன் - தினமணி; 2018 நவம்பர் 27]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4fHpxs9Yjas மொழி மிரட்டல் | ம.இராசேந்திரன் | M.Rajendran | சென்னைப் பல்கலைக்கழகம் - பகுதி 1]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NVPpRhbmtrQ&t மொழி மிரட்டல் | ம.இராசேந்திரன்(ம.ரா) | M.Rajendran | சென்னைப் பல்கலைக்கழகம் பகுதி - 2]

{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Tamil|state=collapsed}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajendran, M.}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Thiruvarur]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scholars from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil academics]]
[[Category:Heads of universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Tamil]]

Ahmad Shah Durrani

2026-03-26T10:44:46Z

MarlysAugust8: minor cleanup information to improve readability and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{Short description|Founder of the Durrani Empire}}
{{good article}}
{{for|cricket umpire|Ahmed Shah Durrani (umpire)}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Ahmad Shah Durrani {{nobold|{{lang|ps|احمد شاه دراني}}}}
| title = [[Durrani dynasty|King, Pearl of the Pearls]]{{efn|{{langx|prs|شاه در دران|Shāh Durr-i Durrān|label=[[Dari|Persian]]}}}} The World Conqueror{{efn|{{langx|prs|جهانگشا|Jahāngushā|label=[[Dari|Persian]]}}{{sfn|Nejatie|2017|pp=363}}}}
| image = Portrait of Ahmad-Shah Durrani. Mughal miniature. ca. 1757, Bibliothèque nationale de France (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| alt = A color portrait of a bearded man wearing a turban
| caption = [[Mughal painting|Mughal miniature]] of Ahmad Shah Durrani, {{circa}} 1757
| succession1 = [[List of heads of state of Afghanistan|Shah of the Durrani Empire]]
| reign1 = July 1747 – 16/23 October 1772
| coronation1 = July 1747
| predecessor1 = ''Office established'' ([[Nader Shah]] as the [[Shah of Iran]])
| successor1 = [[Timur Shah Durrani]]
| house = [[Durrani dynasty|Durrani]]
| house-type = Dynasty
| father = [[Mohammad Zaman Khan]]
| mother = [[Zarghona Anaa|Zarghona Begum]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goudsouzian|first=Tanya|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2014/09/afghan-first-lady-shadow-1920s-queen-2014930142515254965.html|title=Afghan first lady in shadow of 1920s queen?|date=1 October 2014 |website=aljazeera.com|access-date=4 June 2020|archive-date=23 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023020907/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2014/09/afghan-first-lady-shadow-1920s-queen-2014930142515254965.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| birth_name = Ahmad Khan Abdali
| birth_date = 1720–1722
| birth_place = [[Herat]], [[Sadozai Sultanate of Herat]], ''or'' [[Multan]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| death_date = 16 or 23 October 1772
| death_place = [[Maruf, Afghanistan|Maruf]], [[Durrani Empire]]
| burial_date = October 1772
| burial_place = [[Tomb of Ahmad Shah Durrani]], [[Kandahar]]
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]{{efn|School of [[Fiqh|Jurisprudence]]: [[Hanafi school|Hanafi]]}}
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Hazrat Begum]]|1757|}}
* {{marriage|[[Iffat-un-Nissa Begum]]|1757|}}
}}
| issue = [[Timur Shah Durrani|Timur Shah]] [[#Children and succession|Sulaiman Shah]] 2 other sons
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| allegiance = [[Afsharid Iran]] (1738–1747) [[Durrani Empire]] (1747–1772)
| branch = [[Military of Afsharid Iran|Persian Army]] [[Afghan Army]]
| serviceyears = 1738–1772
| rank = [[Ispahsalar]], [[Shah]]
| battles = {{tree list}} {{Collapsible list
| [[#Military campaigns|Military campaigns]]
* [[Nader Shah's invasion of India]]
** [[Battle of Khyber Pass|Khyber Pass (1738)]]
** [[Battle of Karnal|Karnal (1739)]]
** [[Nader Shah's invasion of India#Plunder|Delhi (1739)]]
* [[Ottoman–Persian War (1743–1746)]]
* [[#Death of Nader Shah|Rise to power]]
** [[#Death of Nader Shah|Quchan (1747)]]
** [[#Return to Kandahar|Farah (1747)]]
* [[#Campaign to Kabul (1747)|Kabul campaign]]
** [[#Campaign to Kabul (1747)|Qalati Ghilji (1747)]]
** [[#Campaign to Kabul (1747)|Ghazni (1747)]]
** [[#Campaign to Kabul (1747)|Kabul (1747)]]
* [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani#First Invasion (1747–1748)|First invasion of India]]
** [[Battle of Lahore (1748)|Lahore (1748)]]
** [[Battle of Manupur (1748)|Manupur (1748)]]
* [[Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1749–51)|Khorasan (1749—1751)]]
** [[#First Khorasan campaign (1749–1751)|Herat (1749–1750)]]
** [[#First Khorasan campaign (1749–1751)|Nun (1750)]]
** [[#First Khorasan campaign (1749–1751)|Mashhad (1750)]]
** [[Siege of Nishapur (1750–1751)|Nishapur (1750–1751)]]
* [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani#Third Invasion (1751–1752)|Third invasion of India]]
** [[Battle of Lahore (1752)|Lahore (1752)]]
* [[Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1754–55)|Khorasan (1754–1755)]]
** [[#Second Khorasan campaign (1754–1755)|Tabas (1754)]]
** [[#Second Khorasan campaign (1754–1755)|Mashhad (1754)]]
** [[Siege of Nishapur (1755)|Nishapur (1755)]]
* [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani#Fourth Invasion (1756–1757)|Fourth invasion of India]]
** [[Sack of Delhi (1757)]]
** [[#Fourth invasion of India (1756–1757)|Ballabhgarh (1757)]]
** [[#Fourth invasion of India (1756–1757)|Gokul (1757)]]
* [[#Kalat Rebellion (1758—1759)|Kalat Rebellion]]
** [[#Kalat Rebellion (1758—1759)|Mastung (1758)]]
** [[#Kalat Rebellion (1758—1759)|Kalat (1758)]]
* [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani#Fifth invasion of India (1759–1761)|Fifth invasion of India]]
** [[Battle of Taraori (1759)|Taraori (1759)]]
** [[Battle of Barari Ghat|Barari Ghat (1760)]]
** [[Battle of Sikandarabad|Sikandarabad (1760)]]
** [[#Fifth invasion of India (1759–1761)|Aligarh (1760)]]
** [[Battle of Samalkha (1760)|Samalkha (1760)]]
** [[Battle of Meerut (1760)|Meerut (1760)]]
** [[Third Battle of Panipat|Panipat III (1761)]]
* [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani#Sixth invasion of India (1762)|Sixth invasion of India]]
** [[Battle of Kup|Kup (1762)]]
** [[#Sixth invasion of India (1762)|Barnala (1762)]]
** [[#Sixth invasion of India (1762)|Amritsar (1762)]]
** [[Battle of Pipli Sahib|Pipli Sahib (1762)]]
** [[Battle of the Ravi Ford|Ravi (1762)]]
* [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani#Seventh invasion of India (1764–1765)|Seventh invasion of India]]
** [[Battle of Chenab (1764)|Chenab (1764)]]
** [[Battle of Qarawal|Qarawal (1764)]]
** [[#Seventh invasion of India (1764–1765)|Amritsar (1764)]]
** [[#Seventh invasion of India (1764–1765)|Jalandhar Doab (1765)]]
** [[#Seventh invasion of India (1764–1765)|Rupar Ghat (1765)]]
** [[Battle of Sutlej (1765)|Sutlej (1765)]]
** [[#Seventh invasion of India (1764–1765)|Nurmahal (1765)]]
** [[#Seventh invasion of India (1764–1765)|Kapurthala (1765)]]
** [[#Seventh invasion of India (1764–1765)|Beas (1765)]]
* [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani#Eighth invasion of India (1766–1767)|Eighth invasion of India]]
** [[#Eighth invasion of India (1766–1767)|Behgy (1766)]]
** [[#Eighth invasion of India (1766–1767)|Jhelum (1766)]]
** [[#Eighth invasion of India (1766–1767)|Amritsar (1767)]]
** [[#Eighth invasion of India (1766–1767)|Mani Majra (1767)]]
* [[#Turkestan (1751–1768)|Bukharan war (1768)]]
* [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani#Ninth invasion of India (1768–1769)|Ninth invasion of India]]
** [[#Ninth invasion of India (1768–1769)|Jhelum (1769)]]
* [[Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1769–70)|Khorasan (1769—1770)]]
** [[Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1769–70)|Mashhad (1769—1770)]]
}}
{{Tree list/end}}
}}
}}
{{Ahmad Shah Durrani}}
'''Ahmad Shah Durrani'''{{efn|{{ublist|{{langx|ps|احمد شاه دراني|Ahmad Šāh Durrāni}} {{IPA|ps|ʔɑ.mäd̪/ʔäh.mäd̪ ʃɑ(h) d̪u(ɾ).ɾɑ.ni|}}|{{langx|prs|احمد شاه درانی|Ahmad Shāh Durrānī|label=[[Dari|Persian]]}} {{IPA|prs|ʔɑː.mád̪/ʔäɦ.mád̪ ʃɑː(ʱ) d̪ʊɾ.ɾɑː.níː|}}}}}} (born '''Ahmad Khan Abdali'''; {{circa|1720–1722}} – 16–23 October 1772) was the first ruler and founder of the [[Durrani Empire]]. He is often regarded as the founder of modern [[Afghanistan]]. As [[Shah]], he relentlessly led military campaigns for over 25 years across [[West Asia]], [[Central Asia]], and [[South Asia]], creating one of the largest [[List of Muslim states and dynasties|Islamic empires]] in the world, encompassing Afghanistan, much of [[Pakistan]], [[Khorasan Province|Iranian Khorasan]], and parts of [[Northern India]].{{sfn|Clements|Adamec|2003|p=81}}

Born between 1720 and 1722, Ahmad Shah accompanied [[Nader Shah]] in his campaigns until Nader's assassination in 1747, resulting in the [[division of the Afsharid Empire]]. Ahmad Shah took advantage and was [[Coronation|crowned]] near [[Old Kandahar|Kandahar]], establishing his rule in Afghanistan and founding the Durrani Empire.

In 1748, he invaded the [[Mughal Empire]] and began a [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani|series of invasions into India]] that would span the next 24 years. Following his [[#Third invasion of India (1751–1752)|third invasion of India]], Ahmad Shah annexed [[Punjab]] and [[Kashmir]] from the Mughals. His forays continued, including the [[Sack of Delhi (1757)|occupation and sacking of Delhi in 1757]] during his [[#Fourth invasion of India (1756–1757)|fourth invasion]], and the annihilation of [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] armies at the [[Third Battle of Panipat]], the largest battle of the 18th century, during his [[#Fifth invasion of India (1759–1761)|fifth]]. Outside of India, he campaigned in [[Khorasan province|Khorasan]] and [[Afghan Turkestan]], [[Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1754–55)|subjugating]] the [[Afsharid Iran|Afsharids]], crossing swords with the [[Khanate of Bukhara]], and even [[Durrani-Qing relations|encounters]] with [[Qing Dynasty|Qing China]]. In his later reign, he led numerous invasions against the [[Sikh Confederacy|Sikhs]] to maintain control over the Punjab. Years of nonstop campaigning took a toll on his health, and he died in 1772 in [[Maruf, Afghanistan|Maruf]], being buried in his own [[Mausoleum of Ahmad Shah Durrani|mausoleum]] in Kandahar.

Throughout his reign, Ahmad Shah fought over fifteen major military campaigns. Nine of them were centered in present-day [[India]],{{efn|He attempted a total of twelve invasions of India. See his [[#Tenth, eleventh, and attempted twelfth invasions of India (1769–1771)|tenth, eleventh, and twelfth attempted invasions]].}} three in Khorasan, and three in Afghan Turkestan. Having rarely lost a battle, historians widely recognize Ahmad Shah as a brilliant military leader and tactician, typically being compared to military leaders such as [[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough|Marlborough]], [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], [[Babur]], and [[Nader Shah]]. Ahmad Shah has been described as one of the greatest military leaders of eighteenth century Asia, as well the "greatest general of Asia of his time", and as one of the greatest conquerors in Asian history.

==Name and title==
His birth name was Ahmad Khan, and he was born into the [[Durrani|Abdali]] tribe of [[Pashtuns]]. After his accession to power in 1747, he became known as Ahmad Shah. His tribe also changed their name from Abdali to Durrani.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=246}}{{sfn|Barfield|2022|p=98}}{{sfn|Balland|1995}} Afghans often refer to him as ''Ahmad Shāh Bābā'', meaning "Ahmad Shah [[Father of the Nation#List|the Father]]".{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=459}}{{sfn|Runion|2007|p=71}}

In historical sources, his tribe's name is interchangeably used between Abdali and Durrani, and he is commonly referred to by names including Ahmad Shah Abdali.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=246}}{{sfn|Chaurasia|2002|p=321}} Eventually, Ahmad Shah would forbid the usage of the old tribal name of Abdali, rather insisting on the usage of Durrani instead, an act likely done to ward off other rival Abdali claimants.{{sfn|Nejatie|2017|pp=363}}

==Early life==
Ahmad Shah was born between 1720 and 1722, with sources differing on whether his birthplace was in [[Herat]] in present-day [[Afghanistan]]; or [[Multan]] in present-day [[Pakistan]].{{sfn|Nejatie|2017|p=287}} Modern scholarship generally favors Multan as his birthplace. However, this is disputed by historian Sajjad Nejatie, who argues the majority of sources from Ahmad Shah's time state he was born in Herat and not in Multan, including the [[Tarikh-i Ahmad Shahi]], a primary source commissioned by Ahmad Shah himself.{{sfn|Nejatie|2017|pp=287–293}}

His father, [[Mohammad Zaman Khan|Zaman Khan]], was the [[Sadozai Sultanate of Herat|emir of Herat]]. Zaman Khan had died in 1721, as a result, Ahmad Shah was raised alongside his brother Zulfiqar Khan in [[Shindand]] and [[Farah, Afghanistan|Farah]]. In the mid-1720s, Zulfiqar Khan was invited to rule Herat. Ahmad Shah does not appear in historical records again until 1731–1732, when Zulfiqar Khan was defeated by the Iranian monarch [[Nader Shah]]. This forced both Zulfiqar Khan and Ahmad Shah to flee to [[Kandahar]], where they remained political prisoners of [[Hussain Hotak]], the [[Hotak dynasty|Hotak king]].{{sfn|Nejatie|2017|p=294}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=15–16}}{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=87}}

After Nader Shah [[Siege of Kandahar|conquered Kandahar]], Ahmad Shah and Zulfiqar Khan were freed. Ahmad Shah spent much of his early life in the service of Nader Shah. Accompanying him on his [[Nader Shah's invasion of India|invasion of India]] between 1738 and 1739. Ahmad Shah was later resettled in [[Mazandaran province|Mazandaran]] along with his brother. According to the ''[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]'', Ahmad Shah may have been appointed governor of Mazandaran.{{sfn|Balland|1995}} After the death of his brother, Ahmad Shah enlisted in the [[Military of Afsharid Iran|Afsharid military]] in 1742. Some sources suggest only Zulfiqar Khan went to Mazandaran, while Ahmad Shah remained in Nader Shah's service as an officer.{{sfn|Nejatie|2017|pp=296–298}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=18}}{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=91}}

During Nader Shah's invasion of India, Ahmad Shah possibly commanded a [[regiment]] of [[Durrani]] tribesmen. His forces participated in the [[Nader Shah's invasion of India#Massacre of Delhi|sacking of Delhi]] and were involved in massacres during the invasion.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=247}} According to legend, [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Nizam ul-Mulk]], the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] governor of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]], supposedly an expert in [[physiognomy]], predicted Ahmad Shah would become king. Nader Shah is said to have taken notice, clipping part of Ahmad Shah's ear as a symbolic gesture, reportedly saying: "When you become a king, this will remind you of me". Nader Shah also requested Ahmad Shah be generous with his descendants.{{sfn|Nejatie|2017|p=300}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=19}} Nejatie is skeptical of the account, and remarks that evidence of Ahmad Shah being fully involved in the campaign is inconclusive.{{sfn|Nejatie|2017|pp=302–304}}

In 1744, Ahmad Shah was promoted to Nader Shah's personal staff. In a [[Ottoman–Persian War (1743–1746)|campaign against the Ottomans]], Ahmad Shah distinguished himself and was permitted to raise a contingent of 3–4,000 Durrani tribesmen by Nader Shah. The unit became one of Nader Shah's most trusted units, and he increasingly relied on it to suppress the influence of his other commanders, whom he suspected of plotting a rebellion or his assassination.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=100}}{{sfn|Barfield|2022|p=98}}

===Death of Nader Shah===
[[File:Assassination of Nader Shah.png|thumb|Nader Shah's assassination in 1747|alt=A black and white painting of four armed men pushing another man towards an entrance, while another decapitated man is seen on the ground]]
In June 1747, Nader Shah was convinced his [[royal guard|personal guard]] intended to [[assassinate]] him. As a result, he summoned Ahmad Shah and other loyal commanders. Nader Shah ordered Ahmad Shah to assemble his [[Durrani]] regiments and to arrest his personal guard. If the personal guard resisted, Ahmad Shah was given permission to kill them all. He was ordered to do this at first light. Nader Shah then chose to sleep with his favorite wife, but did so outside the royal tent, where the same guards he had accused of treachery presumed [[Patrol|night duty]]. Meanwhile, Ahmad Shah with his regiments was stationed at the defenses of the camp.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=102}}

News of Nader Shah's plan leaked, with the conspirators being forced to act. Four conspirators entered the royal enclosure and Nader Shah's tent at [[Quchan]], assassinating him.{{sfn|Lee|2022|pp=102–103}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=21–22}} Chaos ensued afterward, and plans to cover up the killing by the conspirators failed. They resorted to pillaging the royal enclosure while news of Nader Shah's death rapidly spread. The next morning, the royal guard attacked Ahmad Shah's forces, who drove away the Persians and [[Qizilbash]] despite being heavily outnumbered. Ahmad Shah then entered the tent of Nader Shah, taking the [[Koh-i-Noor]] diamond and a signet ring from his body.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=103}}{{sfn|Nejatie|2017|pp=305–306}}

==Return to Kandahar==
Having driven off the Persians and Qizilbash, Ahmad Shah departed for Kandahar with his regiments, and his [[Maimana Khanate|Uzbek ally]], Hajji Bi Ming. Ahmad Shah first resolved the dispute of leadership, asserting himself as the leader of Durrani tribesmen by forcing the former leader to step down. Ahmad Shah also killed 'Abd al-Ghani Khan, his uncle and the governor of Kandahar to consolidate full control over the Durrani regiments. Following this act, his forces grew to over 6,000 men.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=105}}

Ahmad Shah then moved through [[Khabushan]], advancing to [[Kashmar]]. On the way, Ahmad Shah accumulated supplies for his army before proceeding to [[Torbat-e Heydarieh]], where he received news that [[Adel Shah]] had dispatched a force to block the Afghan advance. Ahmad Shah responded by leading his forces to [[Ferdows|Tun]] and then [[Farah, Afghanistan|Farah]], where they defeated Adel Shah's army. With Farah under his control, the Afghans continued on to [[Grishk]], and then Kandahar.{{sfn|Nejatie|2017|p=306}}{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=105}}

While en route to Kandahar, Ahmad Shah recovered a military convoy carrying the annual tribute from [[Sindh]]. Estimates of the convoy's value vary widely, ranging from 3 to 260 million rupees. The convoy was escorted by [[Mohammad Taqi Khan Shirazi]], a disgruntled former officer of Nader Shah, and Nasir Khan, the governor of [[Kabul]] and [[Peshawar]]. Taqi Khan joined Ahmad Shah and divided the wealth, while Nasir Khan refused and was subsequently imprisoned. He was later released on the conditions he pay an annual tribute of 500,000 rupees and acknowledge Ahmad Shah's [[suzerainty]]. Following this, Ahmad Shah's army grew to over 18,000 men, and came to include [[war elephants]].{{sfn|Lee|2022|pp=106–107}}{{sfn|Nejatie|2017|p=307}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=32}} Sindh would also enter Afghan suzerainty and see tribute imposed by Ahmad Shah during this period.{{sfn|Verma|2016|pp=63–64}}{{sfn|Chahryar|Baipakov|Irfan|2003|p=322}}

===Accession and coronation===
[[File:Coronation of Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1747 by Breshna.jpg|thumb|Legendary [[coronation]] of Ahmad Shah Durrani by [[Durrani|Abdali]] chiefs at [[Kandahar]] in 1747|alt=A color painting of a turbaned man, wearing blue clothes, being crowned by an elderly man in a garden while other people look on]]
Upon reaching Kandahar, Ahmad Shah encamped in [[Naderabad, Kandahar|Naderabad]] and prepared to be crowned king. According to legend, Ahmad Shah declared a [[Jirga]] summoning all [[Pashtun tribes|tribal leaders]], who unanimously selected Ahmad Shah as king. A piece of wheat or barley was then placed on Ahmad Shah's turban.{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=24-27}} Historian [[Ganda Singh (historian)|Ganda Singh]] cites this account, despite no contemporary evidence suggesting this event ever occurred.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=106}}

In reality, Ahmad Shah was brought to power through a nine-man military council. Ahmad Shah's accession was disputed by [[Hajji Jamal Khan|Jamal Khan]], the leader of the [[Barakzai]] tribe. The Barakzai were the most powerful clan of the Durranis centered in the [[Kandahar Province|Kandahar]] and [[Helmand Province|Helmand]] regions. The dispute over accession continued until an agreement was made where Jamal Khan would submit to Ahmad Shah as king, while Ahmad Shah would make Jamal Khan and his descendants [[Vizier|wazir]]. With an agreement reached, Sabir Shah, Ahmad Shah's advisor, took a piece of greenery or stalk and attached it to Ahmad Shah's cap, officially crowning him. Scholars state Ahmad Shah's rise to power was effectively a military [[coup]] rather than an [[election]].{{sfn|Lee|2022|pp=107–113}}

Following his accession, Ahmad Shah adopted the title of [[Padishah]],{{sfn|Rubin|2015|p=112}} and the [[epithet]] "Durr-i Durrān", meaning "Pearl of Pearls", also changing the name of his tribe from Abdali to [[Durrani]].{{sfn|Nejatie|2017|p=334}}{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=248}}{{sfn|Barfield|2022|p=98}}

==Reign as Shah (1747–1772)==
[[File:Contemporary portrait of Nader Shah. Artist unknown, created in ca. 1740 in Iran (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Portrait of [[Nader Shah]], who Ahmad Shah often envisioned himself as the successor of|alt=A color portrait of Nader Shah wearing his crown and royal dress]]

===Administration===
At the beginning of his rule, Ahmad Shah's [[Durrani Empire|empire]] consisted of Kandahar, Helmand, and [[Farah Province|Farah]]. The [[Hazaras]] of [[Bala Murghab]] and the [[Khanate of Kalat]] ruled by [[Nasir Khan I Ahmadzai|Nasir Khan]] also came under Afghan suzerainty.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=115}} However, Ahmad Shah had no administrative experience, neither did most of his closest advisors. As a result, he chose to adopt a government style similar to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] and [[Safavid Iran|Safavids]], with his main idea of a government based on an [[absolute monarchy]]. A tribal council ruled in hand with Ahmad Shah, serving as a type of [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]]. However, Ahmad Shah had made the positions of his cabinet [[Hereditary monarchy|hereditary]], thus making it difficult to dismiss advisors without causing conflict. Their roles, were almost purely [[de-jure]], and tasks were delegated to subordinates.{{sfn|Lee|2022|pp=116–117}}

The civil service of the empire was dominated by the [[Afghan Qizilbash|Qizilbash]], as most of the Durrani elite were [[Literacy|illiterate]]. The Qizilbash also significantly formed the major part of Ahmad Shah's [[royal guard|bodyguard]],{{sfn|Noelle-Karimi|1997|p=25}} counterbalancing other Durrani leaders and tribes. These complications and effectively divided government made the administration's functioning difficult, and caused ethnic tension between the Qizilbash and the tribal council of Ahmad Shah.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=117}}

Further complications erupted in Ahmad Shah's administration after he exempted his own tribe from taxation. Other Afghan tribes and ethnicities were discontent with this, as they were also not allowed to serve in the administration of the empire. This disquiet was further exacerbated by Ahmad Shah when he gave the right of [[Tax revenue|revenue collection]] to the highest bidder. The victors of these auctions, typically members of Ahmad Shah's own tribe, were completely free in taxing as much as they wished. While members of the Durrani tribe rapidly became rich, some landholders were pushed into complete debt, forcing many to sell their lands or flee the kingdom. Their land was also likely to be bought by the Durranis who had driven them to [[bankruptcy]].{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=117}}

Ahmad Shah envisioned himself as the successor of [[Nader Shah]]. Instead of establishing a capable administration, Ahmad Shah focused on wars and military campaigns to supply his treasury, with any downturns easily being covered by the treasures of war. Throughout his reign, he rarely spent his time in Kandahar, the capital of his empire,{{sfn|Balland|1995}} and instead pursued military campaigns, returning only to restore stability after conflict. By the end of his reign, Ahmad Shah had launched over fifteen military campaigns, nine of them in India, three in [[Khorasan province|Khorasan]], and three in [[Afghan Turkestan]].{{sfn|Lee|2022|pp=117–118}}

===Objectives===
[[File:Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni, Folio from a Majma al-Tavarikh (World Histories, 1425) MET AD-37.193a.jpg|thumb|Depiction of [[Mahmud of Ghazni]]. Ahmad Shah is typically compared with him,{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=141}} with Mahmud himself having launched over [[Ghaznavid campaigns in India|17 invasions of India]].{{sfn|Mishra|2024|p=154}}|alt=A cropped color painting which depicts a bearded Turkic man on horseback]]
[[Afghanistan]] was a relatively poor country at the time. As a result, Ahmad Shah, following in the footsteps of conquerors before him such as [[Mahmud of Ghazni]],{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|p=262}} invading India to plunder and obtain wealth. Adopting the practices of [[Muhammad of Ghor]], he also invaded India to establish his own political dominance. The [[power vacuum]] following the decline of the [[Mughal Empire]] allowed him to repeat extensive campaigns, while also reviving the prominence of Afghans in India. Furthermore, by institutionalizing the [[casus belli]] of [[holy war]], Ahmad Shah was able to direct the majority of his campaigns toward India.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|pp=248–249}} He also saw invasions as the proper way to propagate his strength, as Afghan chiefs and [[nobility]] initially saw him as an upstart, and as a result, Ahmad Shah sought victories to legitimize himself.{{sfn|Gupta|1961|p=69}}

==Military campaigns==
===Campaign to Kabul (1747)===
Weeks after Ahmad Shah's accession, Nasir Khan, the governor of Kabul, [[Ghazni]], and [[Peshawar]] revolted against him. Ahmad Shah had previously imprisoned Nasir Khan and ransomed him for an annual tribute of 500,000 rupees. While Nasir Khan was attempting to raise this amount, the [[Ghilzai]] tribes refused to pay their taxes to the [[Durrani Empire|Durranis]], and only wished to do so to their Mughal sovereign, [[Muhammad Shah]]. With a growing Ghilzai revolt, Nasir Khan declared his independence from Durrani suzerainty and began raising an army of [[Uzbeks]] and [[Hazaras]], while also frantically asking Muhammad Shah for aid.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=118}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=36–37}}
[[File:Ghazni City during 1839-42.jpg|thumb|Lithograph depicting the city of [[Ghazni]] and its [[citadel]]|alt=A color painting which depicts a fort located in a mountainous landscape]]
In autumn 1747, Ahmad Shah began his campaign against Nasir Khan. Appointing his nephew Luqman Khan as the regent in Kandahar while he left on campaign, Ahmad Shah marched with his army toward Ghazni only to be halted at [[Qalati Ghilji]] by his former allies, the [[Tokhi|Tokhi Ghilzai]]. Ahmad Shah stormed the fortress of Qalati, bringing the Tokhis to submission and annexing their lands over the following decades.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=118}} Ahmad Shah continued towards Ghazni, defeating the governor deputed there and conquering it with little opposition.{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=36–37}}{{sfn|Jr|2015|p=261}}

Before advancing on Kabul, Ahmad Shah garnered the support of the [[Suleimankhel]] tribes in the region, while Taqi Khan managed to secure the defection of the Qizilbash garrison in Kabul so they would hand over the city once the Afghan army arrived. The acceptance of these terms forced Nasir Khan to flee to Peshawar, and when Ahmad Shah arrived at Kabul in October 1747, the Qizilbash handed over the [[Bala Hissar, Kabul|Bala Hissar]] fortress. Ahmad Shah awarded the Qizilbash by giving them districts in [[Chindawol]] and [[Murad Khani]].{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=118}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=37}}{{sfn|Noelle-Karimi|1997|p=111}}

===First invasion of India (1747–1748)===
{{main|Battle of Lahore (1748)|Battle of Manupur}}

With Kabul under his control, Ahmad Shah dispatched his [[Commander-in-chief]], [[Jahan Khan (Afghan general)|Jahan Khan]], toward Peshawar with the intention of advancing as far as [[Attock]]. Jahan Khan quickly overran [[Jalalabad]], and Nasir Khan was unable mount a defense at the [[Khyber Pass]], forcing him to flee. The Afghan armies approached Peshawar, prompting many [[Pashtun tribes]] to declare support for them, including the [[Yusufzai]], [[Afridi]], and [[Khattak]]. Overwhelmed, Nasir Khan withdrew from Peshawar and fled to [[Delhi]].{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=119}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|p=127}}
[[File:Nidha Mal Jharokha portrait of Muhammad Shah holding an emerald and the mouthpiece of a huqqa ca. 1730 The San Diego Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|left|Portrait of Mughal emperor [[Muhammad Shah]]|alt=A color portrait of a mustached turbaned man in royal dress]]
[[Shah Nawaz Khan (Mughal Empire)|Shāh Nawāz Khān]], the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] governor of [[Punjab]], opened correspondence with the Afghans after they had seized Peshawar. Shah Nawaz, having toppled his brother from power to assume control over Punjab, was opposed by the [[List of emperors of the Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]] [[Muhammad Shah]], who refused to recognize him as governor. As a result, the Afghans promised to affirm Shah Nawaz as governor of Punjab if he accepted Durrani suzerainty. Shah Nawaz accepted this offer, but the Mughal [[Grand vizier|vizier]] promised to confirm him as governor if he opposed the Afghan invasion instead, which Shah Nawaz accepted.{{sfn|Lee|2022|pp=119–120}}{{sfn|Gupta|1978|p=83}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=42–43}}

The betrayal saw Ahmad Shah dispatch Sabir Shah to try and convince Shah Nawaz once again. However, after insulting Shah Nawaz, Sabir Shah was imprisoned and executed, and Shah Nawaz began marching against the Afghan army.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=250}}{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=120}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|p=128}} Ahmad Shah crossed the [[Ravi River]] on 10 January, and encamped at the [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalimar Gardens]] outside [[Lahore]]. The armies of Shah Nawaz and Ahmad Shah fought the [[Battle of Lahore (1748)|battle of Lahore]] on 11 January. When the battle began, the Afghan regiments of Shah Nawaz's army defected. Despite commanding a much larger army then the Afghans, the Mughals were defeated, and Shah Nawaz fled to [[Delhi]].{{sfn|Lee|2022|pp=120–121}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|p=129}}{{sfn|Gupta|1978|p=84}}

With their victory, the Afghans entered Lahore, beginning to plunder the city and massacring its inhabitants. Thousands were also conscripted, while the Mughals began mobilizing a larger army. Ahmad Shah left Lahore on 19 February with 30,000 men, beginning to advance on Delhi. He captured [[Sirhind-Fategarh|Sirhind]] and continued advancing, outmaneuvering the [[Army of the Mughal Empire|Mughal forces]] until they met at [[Battle of Manupur|Manupur]], where they battled. The Afghan forces assembled 12,000 against the Mughal army of 60,000 to 70,000 combatants.{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|pp=139}} The Afghan army pressed the attack until disaster struck when the ammunition stores of the Afghan army caught fire and exploded, incinerating 1,000 men and forcing a complete withdrawal from the battlefield.{{sfn|Lee|2022|pp=121–122}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|pp=130–142}}{{sfn|Gupta|1978|pp=85–86}} The Mughals did not pursue the Afghan army due to the death of Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah and the ensuing turmoil in the camp.{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=67–70}}

Withdrawing to Lahore, Ahmad Shah became aware that his nephew, Luqman Khan, who had been left as regent in Kandahar, had revolted. Ahmad Shah immediately returned to Afghanistan and marched on Kandahar, quickly quelling the revolt. He spent the summer of 1748 preparing for his second invasion of India.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=122}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=68–72}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|p=143}} The timing was significant for Ahmad Shah, as [[Itimad-ad-Daula, Qamar-ud-Din Khan|Qamar-ud-Din]], a significant commander for the Mughals at Manupur, had been killed, while Muhammad Shah's death saw him succeeded by [[Ahmad Shah Bahadur|Bahadur Shah]], who largely focused on pleasure-seeking. Ahmad Shah also wished to avenge his defeat.{{sfn|Gupta|1961|p=74}}

===Second invasion of India (1748)===
[[File:Mir-Mannu-by-Aftab-Mussawar.jpg|thumb|Portrait of [[Moin-ul-Mulk]], the Mughal governor of the Lahore Subah (r. 1748–1753)|alt=A color portrait of a turbaned man smoking a pipe]]
In November 1748, Ahmad Shah began his second invasion of India.{{sfn|Noelle-Karimi|1997|p=111}} [[Moin-ul-Mulk]], the new governor of Punjab, urgently requested reinforcement from the Mughals in Delhi. Moin-ul-Mulk, who wanted to avoid fighting the Afghans on open plains, remained on the defensive at [[Sodhra]], as an ongoing power struggle with Nasir Khan, the former Mughal governor of Kabul, threatened his position. As a result, Jahan Khan was able to raid the countryside, including the [[Chaj Doab]], whilst a party of [[Sikh Confederacy|Sikhs]] raided Lahore.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=122}}{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=251}}

Ahmad Shah advanced to Kopra and engaged in skirmishes with Moin-ul-Mulk's army. Overwhelmed with the rising power of the Sikhs and the Afghan invasion, Moin-ul-Mulk opened negotiations, ceding the revenues of [[Gujrat, Pakistan|Gujrat]], Aurangabad, [[Sialkot]], and [[Pasrur]]. These districts generated yearly revenues of 1.4 million rupees ({{Inflation|index=IN|value=1,400,000|start_year=1748|end_year=2023|r=0|fmt=eq|cursign=₹}}). Ahmad Shah returned to Afghanistan following the treaty, crossing through Peshawar, [[Dera Ismail Khan]], and [[Dera Ghazi Khan]].{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=123}}{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=251}}{{sfn|Noelle-Karimi|2014|p=111}} The regions of Dera Ismail Khan and Dera Ghazi Khan fell as he returned to Afghanistan, confirming the former tribal chiefs as governors in the region under his suzerainty.{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=80}}

===First Khorasan campaign (1749–1751)===
{{main|Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1749–51)}}

[[File:Nader Shah Afshar and his court, India or Iran, 18th century (cropped).jpg|thumb|Detail of [[Shahrokh Shah]], ruler of the Afsharids, in court|alt=A cropped color painting depicting a clean-shaven man wearing a crown and royal robes]]
Between 1749 and 1750, after his second invasion of India, Ahmad Shah launched his first campaign into [[Khorasan province|Khorasan]]. Intent on conquering [[Herat]], Ahmad Shah besieged the city for a long period of time until it finally fell in late 1750.{{sfn|Noelle-Karimi|2014|p=110}}{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=131}}{{sfn|Perry|1985}} With the fall of Herat, Ahmad Shah continued his campaign into Khorasan, besieging the fortress of Nun in the viscinity of [[Mashhad]] where its governor subsequently surrendered after a short siege.{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=88}}

Ahmad Shah proceeded into [[Afsharids|Afsharid]] territory and initiated the [[siege of Mashhad]], where he remained until November 1750. Attempts to storm the city by the Afghans were unsuccessful. Historians Jonathan Lee and [[Hari Ram Gupta]] state Iranian monarch [[Shahrokh Shah]] surrendered to Ahmad Shah personally so he could raise the siege. Shahrokh Shah accepted Afghan suzerainty, paying large tribute and releasing members of Ahmad Shah's family.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=132}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=88}} However, historian Christine Noelle-Karimi states Ahmad Shah lifted the siege on 10 November, and was intent on returning years later. Shahrokh Shah had released a son of Ahmad Shah, possibly being [[Timur Shah Durrani]], or Ahmad Shah's youngest son, Sanjar Mirza.{{sfn|Noelle-Karimi|2014|p=110}}

Nonetheless, after the siege of Mashhad, Ahmad Shah advanced to [[Nishapur]], which was ruled by the [[Qara Bayat Amirdom]]. He besieged the city and demanded its surrender, its governor Jafar Khan refused despite only having a few thousand soldiers in the garrison. Ahmad Shah ordered the walls to be breached utilizing [[cannons]], and the Afghans broke through. However, the defenders of the city had established defenses and a trap, which the Afghans fell into. Close-quarters combat began after, in which Jafar Khan was killed. His nephew, Abbas Quli, took command of the garrison and repulsed the Afghan forces, inflicting horrific casualties on them, including some 12,000 dead, and thousands more wounded.{{sfn|Lee|2022|pp=132–133}}{{sfn|Noelle-Karimi|2014|p=110}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=90–92}}

With his army seriously weakened, Ahmad Shah ordered a retreat to Herat. The harsh winter weather killed thousands while the Afghans retreated,{{sfn|Noelle-Karimi|2014|p=110}} and Ahmad Shah was forced to leave behind much of his baggage, including his artillery and food supplies. When the Afghans reached the [[Hari (Afghanistan)|Hari Rud]] river, it was completely frozen. Attempting to cross it caused much of the ice to break, killing even more men and sweeping away [[pack animals]] for the army.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=133}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=90–92}} Upon the armies' return to Herat, Ahmad Shah faced an assassination conspiracy from Darwish Ali Khan Hazara, the Durrani governor of Herat. The conspiracy was quickly quelled, Darwish Ali was imprisoned, and Ahmad Shah appointed Timur Shah as the new governor.{{sfn|Lee|2022|pp=132–133}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=90–92}}

===Third invasion of India (1751–1752)===
{{main|Battle of Lahore (1752)}}

Possibly due to Ahmad Shah's struggle in Khorasan,{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=101}} [[Moin-ul-Mulk]] failed to pay the agreed tribute to Ahmad Shah from the revenues of Gujrat, Aurangabad, Sialkot, and Pasrur. This induced Ahmad Shah to invade India again in November 1751, leading his forces to invade [[Punjab]]. Moin-ul-Mulk immediately sent 900,000 rupees forward as tribute, which Ahmad Shah seized and continued his march. With the [[Vanguard|advance guard]] under Jahan Khan, Ahmad Shah led his forces through [[Rohtas Fort|Rohtas]], Gujrat, and [[Shahdara Bagh|Shahdara]]. Jahan Khan's forces pillaged the countryside while skirmishes began with Moin-ul-Mulk, who raised his own force to meet the Afghans in battle.{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=101–106}} The advance of Ahmad Shah triggered mass panic in Lahore, with many fleeing to Delhi or [[Jammu]] for safety.{{sfn|Gupta|1978|p=109}}

In January 1752, Ahmad Shah forded the [[Ravi River|Ravi]] in secrecy at Ghazipur, before advancing on Lahore. Jahan Khan began advancing on Lahore as well, initially being driven out of Faiz Bagh and instead encamping at the Shalimar gardens. Moin-ul-Mulk immediately dashed back to Lahore, which the Afghans besieged for over four months. Receiving no aid from the Mughals or any other nobles, Moin-ul-Mulk settled for a [[pitched battle]] with the Afghans outside of Lahore.{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=106–110}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|pp=269–270}}

On 6 March, after a [[Battle of Lahore (1752)|fierce battle]], Moin-ul-Mulk was defeated and surrendered to Ahmad Shah, who received him in person. Impressed by the efforts of Moin-ul-Mulk in his resistance, Ahmad Shah instated him as the governor of Lahore under Durrani suzerainty. However, Lahore was plundered and many people massacred. Ahmad Shah drafted a peace treaty with Moin-ul-Mulk, officiating the annexation of [[Punjab]] including Multan, Lahore and areas up to Sirhind to the Durrani Empire. The Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah signed the treaty on 3 April 1752, ending Mughal rule in Punjab.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|pp=252–253}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=119–123}}{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=123}}

Having conquered Punjab, Ahmad Shah also dispatched his general, Shah Pasand Khan, with 15,000 men to [[Mughal Kashmir|Kashmir]], which was embroiled in civil war. In support of the deposed governor Mir Muqim, Afghan forces quickly occupied [[Srinagar]] and established complete control in the province.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=123}}{{sfn|Parmu|1969|pp=348–349}}

===Turkestan (1751–1768)===
{{main|Afghan Turkestan}}

[[File:Afghan Turkestan in 1751.jpg|thumb|Map of Afghan Turkestan in January 1751. [[Balkh Province|Balkh]] is still under the rule of the [[Kunduz Khanate]].|alt=A color map centred on Afghanistan, which marks the areas held by different polities]]
At the start of Ahmad Shah's reign, he had friendly relations with Hajji Bi, the ruler of the [[Maimana Khanate]], who had assumed control over the [[Chahar Wilayat]]. Coming into conflict against Hazara Bi, the ruler of [[Qataghan Province|Qataghan]], Hajji Bi lost control over [[Balkh]] to the Qataghanids. In 1751, Hajji Bi traveled to Herat with a delegation of amirs, seeking Ahmad Shah's aid to reclaim Balkh. Ahmad Shah accepted the call to arms, forging an alliance with Hajji Bi, and sent thousands of Afghan and [[Qizilbash]] men under Allah Khan Turkman. Hajji Bi was also bestowed by Ahmad Shah with the titles of governor of Balkh and tax collector.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=134}}{{sfn|Lee|1996|p=85}}

Not much information is given about the campaign against the Qataghanids. However, by the summer of 1752, the forces of the alliance were victorious, and Balkh was restored to the rule of the Maimana Khanate. During the campaign, a commander of one of the [[Afghan Qizilbash]] forces fought against Allah Khan, prompting Mizrab Bi, a son of Hazara Bi, to revolt in 1753. Hajji Bi urgently requested aid from Ahmad Shah again, he responded by sending 5,000 men. After being restored to Balkh, Hajji Bi pursued a campaign in Qataghan, and with aid from the Afghans, the revolt was put down. Mizrab Bi was brought to submission, and [[Badakhshan]] was subjugated as well.{{sfn|Lee|2022|pp=135–136}}{{sfn|Lee|1996|pp=85–86}}

In 1755–1756, Hajji Bi petitioned Ahmad Shah at [[Kabul]] to be made [[Ispahsalar|commander-in-chief]] of forces in Balkh. The request was accepted, stripping Allah Khan of his position. However, Hajji Bi became noted for his abuse of power in the position, triggering an investigation by the Afghans, who sent Allah Khan to oversee the affairs of the region. Allah Khan immediately declared the reports of oppression to be true, and was reinstated as commander-in-chief in Balkh. Ahmad Shah also declared a new governor of Balkh, Nawab Khan Alakozai.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=136}}{{sfn|Lee|1996|p=86}}

Believing it was the beginning of the Afghans attempting to assert their own hegemony over all of [[Afghan Turkestan]], Hajji Bi began plotting with Izbasar, the ruler of [[Sheberghan]]. The two began a rebellion that achieved little, ending in a pardon for both Hajji Bi and Izbasar.{{sfn|Lee|1996|pp=86–87}} In 1761, Rahim Bi Manghit, the ruler of [[Khanate of Bukhara|Bukhara]], invaded Afghan Turkestan, intent on re-establishing Bukharan suzerainty over the region. Izbazar declared his loyalty to the ruler of Bukhara and aided in the invasion. Bukharan forces initially overran [[Aqcha]] before being defeated by Allah Khan, who built a pyramid with the head of dead Bukharan soldiers. Afghan forces continued to Aqcha, where the Bukharans and Izbasar were defeated again. Aqcha was besieged and another force of 8,000 Bukharans were sent to Aqcha to relieve the siege, only to be defeated by the combined forces of Allah Khan and Hajji Bi.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=136}}{{sfn|Lee|1996|pp=87–89}}
[[File:Painting of Ahmad Shah Abdali and his grand wazir Shah Wali Khan, ca.1760's.jpg|thumb|Depiction of Ahmad Shah Durrani alongside his vizier, Shah Wali Khan|alt=A color portrait of two men during sunset. One of them, a bearded man wearing a crown, is seated on the throne, while the other stands to his left]]
Attempts to breach the walls of Aqcha failed, and negotiations began. The Bukharans withdrew across the [[Amu Darya]], while Allah Khan was sent to Sheberghan to bring Izbasar into submission. However, Izbasar opened negotiations with Nawab Khan, who demanded Allah Khan be put to death due to an enmity between the two. Izbasar complied, executing Allah Khan, receiving a pardon from Nawab Khan as a result.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=136}}{{sfn|Lee|1996|pp=87–89}}

In 1768, a rebellion in Qataghan and Badakhshan prompted an invasion from Shah Murad Manghit, the next Bukharan ruler. Ahmad Shah sent 6,000 men under Shah Wali Khan to face the rebels. As a result, Shah Murad crossed the Amu Darya, advancing to [[Qarshi]], and threatening to attack Aqcha. In response, Ahmad Shah mobilized an army, affirming his authority in [[Maymana|Maimana]], [[Andkhoy (city)|Andkhoy]], Sheberghan, and [[Balkh]] as he advanced. This quickly brought Shah Murad to negotiations, who recognized Afghan control over Balkh, with the amirs of the [[Chahar Wilayat]] also submitting tribute to the Durranis. To further avoid a battle with the Afghans, Shah Murad surrendered the [[cloak of Muhammad]] after Ahmad Shah demanded it. With the cloak, Ahmad Shah established a shrine known as the [[Kirka Sharif]] in Kandahar, which was built next to [[Mausoleum of Ahmad Shah Durrani|his tomb]].{{sfn|Lee|2022|pp=136–137}}{{sfn|Lee|1996|pp=90–91}}{{sfn|Noelle-Karimi|1997|p=71}}

===Second Khorasan campaign (1754–1755)===
{{main|Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1754–55)}}
In 1754, Ahmad Shah began preparing for a second campaign in Khorasan. During this time, [[Nishapur]] was besieged by Alam Khan, a former [[Afsharid Iran|Afsharid]] viceroy. When Ahmad Shah began his invasion, Alam Khan's army completely dispersed, forcing his withdrawal to [[Sabzevar]].{{sfn|Perry|1985}} Beginning his campaign in May 1754, Ahmad Shah departed from Herat with his army and advanced toward [[Ferdows|Tun]]. He dispatched Jahan Khan and [[Nasir Khan I Ahmadzai|Nasir Khan]], the ruler of the [[Khanate of Kalat]], to devastate the countryside. Following this, the Afghan forces marched against the governor of [[Tabas]], Ali Murad Khan, who assembled his own army and met the Afghans in battle. Singh describes the battle that took place as one of the most bloodiest battles in Persian history. Ammunition failed to gain any clear advantage for both sides, forcing both armies to draw swords and began clashing. The battle remained indecisive until Ali Murad Khan was killed, and the remaining Persian army was completely routed.{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=95–96}}[[File:Coin of Ahmad Shah Durrani, Mashhad Mint.png|thumb|Coin of Ahmad Shah Durrani, minted in Mashhad, date unknown|alt=A color photograph of the two sides of a coin with Perso-Arabic text on them]]
With the Persians defeated, Tabas and Tun were conquered between June and July 1754 by the Afghans.{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=96}} Ahmad Shah then led his forces to Mashhad, arriving before the city on 23 July.{{sfn|Noelle-Karimi|2014|p=110}} A long siege protracted until the Afsharids finally submitted to Ahmad Shah on 1 December 1754. On the 4th, Ahmad Shah's name was [[Khutbah#Sovereign's name|read in the sermon]], acknowledging his sovereignty over the Afsharids. With their victory, the Durranis annexed the territories of [[Torshiz]], [[Bakharz]], [[Torbat-e Jam|Jam]], [[Khaf, Iran|Khaf]], and [[Torbat-e Heydarieh|Turbat-e Haidari]] from the Afsharids.{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=97}}{{sfn|Noelle-Karimi|2014|p=110}} On 9 May 1755, Shahrokh Shah was officially re-instated as ruler over Mashhad, effectively as a Durrani protectorate.{{sfn|Perry|1985}} Ahmad Shah then began his march on Nishapur in the spring of 1755, while Shah Pasand Khan was dispatched toward Mazandaran against the [[Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar|Qajars]].{{sfn|Noelle-Karimi|2014|p=110}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=89}}
[[File:A Quran dedicated to Ahmad Shah Durrani, c.1754.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Quran]] dedicated to Ahmad Shah Durrani, c. 1754|alt=A color photograph of two pages from a decorated book with Perso-Arabic text]]
During the siege of Mashhad, the Camesgazak [[Kurds|Kurd]] contingent of Alam Khan's forces completely defected to the Afghans, killing Alam Khan after dragging him from Sabzevar, which was conquered as a result.{{sfn|Perry|1985}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=95}} On 17 June 1755, the Afghan armies arrived at Nishapur, resulting in Abbas Quli's immediate submission. Abbas Quli sought to be pardoned for giving resistance during Ahmad Shah's first campaign. Not long after, however, Nishapur raised in rebellion due to news of Shah Pasand Khan being defeated by the Qajars. The gates of the city were closed on Ahmad Shah's troops,{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=89}} so the Afghans laid siege for one week.{{sfn|Noelle-Karimi|2014|pp=110–111}} During the siege, Ahmad Shah lacked important [[siege equipment]], and he solved this problem by having every mounted soldier carry kilograms of [[gunmetal]]s. As the siege began, Ahmad Shah's [[Armenians|Armenian]] cannon makers melted down the metal the soldiers had carried, forging a large cannon. The first shot of the cannon blasted through the city walls, and caused havoc in the city through houses and [[bazaars]].{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=133}}

The weapon forced the submission of the city elders, and they opened the gates of the city despite Abbas Quli's opposition. The city was then plundered, with the populace of the city spared if they went to the mosques and did not take anything with them. Afghan forces went to houses and tore down the defenses, razing significant portions of the city.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=134}}{{sfn|Noelle-Karimi|2014|p=111}} Following the victory at Nishapur, Ahmad Shah defeated the Qajars and advanced further by sacking the cities of Tun and Tabas, carrying out massacres in these cities.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=134}} Abbas Quli was initially captured by Ahmad Shah until he earned his favor. Abbas Quli married one of Ahmad Shah's daughters, while Ahmad Shah married Abbas Quli's sister. With these arrangements, Abbas Quli was allowed to return to Nishapur as governor of the city. He would remain close to Ahmad Shah throughout his life.{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=100, 135}}

===Fourth invasion of India (1756–1757)===
{{main|Sack of Delhi (1757)}}

[[File:Brooklyn Museum - Emperor Alamgir II - Sukha Luhar.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Mughal emperor [[Alamgir II]]|alt=A color portrait of an old bearded man, seated on a throne and wearing a turban]]
Moin-ul-Mulk governed Punjab until his death in November 1753, and was succeeded by [[Mughlani Begum]]. In March 1756, [[List of Mughal grand viziers|Mughal vizier]] [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung III|Imad ul-Mulk]] imprisoned her and deputed [[Adina Beg]] as the governor. Mughlani Begum pleaded Ahmad Shah to lead another invasion, promising him wealth.{{sfn|Gupta|1976|p=169}}{{sfn|Gupta|1978|pp=123–128}} Due to the tyrannies of Imad ul-Mulk, several nobles such as [[Najib ad-Dawlah|Najib ud-Daula]], a chief of [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand|Rohilkand]], and the new Mughal emperor [[Alamgir II]], pleaded for Ahmad Shah to invade. Ahmad Shah accepted the invitations and began his [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani#Fourth Invasion|fourth invasion]] in November 1756, leaving Peshawar on the 15th, and crossing [[Attock]] on the 26th with an army of 80,000 men.{{sfn|Gupta|1961|p=81}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=148–151}}{{sfn|Gupta|1961|p=326}} He reached Lahore on 20 December, seizing the city with little resistance.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=124}} Ahmad Shah garnered tribute from the city before continuing his march, crossing the [[Sutlej]] river on 10 January at [[Ludhiana]], while the [[Vanguard|advance guard]] under his general, Jahan Khan, seized Sirhind, [[Karnal]], and [[Panipat]].{{sfn|Gupta|1961|p=80}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=153}}

The [[Maratha Confederacy|Marathas]], who had signed a treaty to protect the Mughals from foreign invasions in 1752,{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=223}} assembled a contingent of 3,400 men under Antaji Mankeshwar, battling the Afghans at [[Battle of Narela|Narela]]. The Maratha forces, however, were defeated and forced to withdraw with losses of 100 men.{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=158}}{{sfn|Barua|2005|p=55}} Following the defeat of the Marathas, Najib ud-Daula defected to the Afghans, with Imad ul-Mulk surrendering not long after. Jahan Khan continued his advance to [[Luni, Rajasthan|Luni]] and besieged [[Shahdara district|Shahdara]] on 17 January, with the [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]] in Delhi reading Ahmad Shah's name in the [[Khutbah]] as a [[Khutbah#Sovereign's name|sign of sovereignty]]. The Afghan forces continued advancing on Delhi, arriving before the city on 28 January.{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=163}}{{sfn|Gupta|1978|p=129}}
[[File:Fatehpuri Masjid in Delhi 19.jpg|thumb|left|[[Fatehpuri Mosque]], where Alamgir received Ahmad Shah before he entered Delhi|alt=A color photograph of a mosque]]
Meeting with Alamgir II at the [[Fatehpuri Mosque]], Ahmad Shah led a grand entry into Delhi, which was marked with a [[gun salute]].{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=164}}{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=254}} However, many inhabitants of the city had already fled or hidden, with the streets completely deserted. Many people barricaded themselves in their houses. Ahmad Shah's name was also inserted in the Khutbah for other mosques. Initially the Afghan army was ordered not to sack the city.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=124}} Alamgir II was placed under house arrest,{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=226}} and houses outside the city of Delhi were ravaged.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=254}} On the 29th, the bazaars of the city were [[Sack of Delhi (1757)|sacked]] and Jahan Khan's soldiers extracted tribute from [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], a large fortress in Delhi. On 30 January, Ahmad Shah minted coins in his name. He also married [[Hazrat Begum]], a daughter of Alamgir II,{{sfn|Sarkar|1971|pp=89–90}} while his son, Timur Shah, married another daughter of Alamgir.{{sfn|Gupta|1961|pp=326–327}}

Ahmad Shah then ordered all [[Hindus]] to wear distinctive marks on their head,{{sfn|Gupta|1961|p=327}} and forbade non-Muslims from wearing a turban. Extortionate demands were also placed upon the Mughal nobility. The Mughal nobility refused, and Ahmad Shah dispatched his own tax collectors, demanding additional tribute. Those suspected of concealing valuables were subjected to torture, including [[foot whipping]]. Many thousands died or were crippled as a result, while others resorted to suicide. A tax was also imposed on every household in Delhi.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=124}}

Imad ul-Mulk was forced to hand over gold and ornaments valued at 10 million rupees, and another 300,000 gold coins.{{sfn|Gupta|1961|p=81}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=165}} Wazir [[Intizam-ud-Daulah]] was summoned, and many of his assets were confiscated, including over 10 million rupees and 100 of his wives. Unable to produce the required wealth, Intizam admitted his father had buried a fortune, which the Afghans uncovered. The Afghans recovered over 15 million rupees in cash, along with various goods, including 200 golden candles that were the size of a man. The treasure also included diamonds, rubies, pearls, and emeralds.{{sfn|Gupta|1961|p=81}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=166}}

After sacking Delhi, Ahmad Shah campaigned against the [[Bharatpur State|Jats]]. [[Suraj Mal]], the ruler of the Jats, initially submitted to Ahmad Shah, but refused to send asylum seekers from the sack of Delhi, resulting in conflict.{{sfn|Gupta|1961|pp=83–84}} An Afghan force was sent to [[Faridabad]], seizing the fortress and razing it. However, a Jat raid under [[Jawahar Singh]] defeated the Afghans, massacring them. In response, Ahmad Shah laid siege to [[Ballabhgarh]], while Jahan Khan and Najib ud-Daula were dispatched to loot the surrounding regions. They advanced toward [[Mathura]], while Jawahar Singh met them for battle at [[Chaumuhan]]. The ensuing battle left between 10 and 12,000 dead on both sides combined, with an innumerable amount of men wounded as well.{{sfn|Gupta|1961|pp=85–86}}

Jawahar Singh alongside Antaji Mankeshwar reinforced Ballabhgarh. The cannon fire of the Afghans completely broke the defenses of the fortress, forcing Jawahar to withdraw in the night, with Afghan forces seizing the city on 4 March.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=124}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=175–176}} An expedition under Abdus Samad Khan, another of Ahmad Shah's generals, nearly arrested Jawahar Singh during an ambush, but Jawahar ultimately evaded capture.{{sfn|Gupta|1961|p=84}}
[[File:Jawahar Singh of Bharatpur.jpg|thumb|left|Portrait of Jawahar Singh|alt=A color portrait of a mustached man, from the chest up, wearing a crown]]
Toward the end of February 1757, the Afghan forces arrived in Mathura and sacked it. The city, despite being inhabited overwhelmingly by non-combatants, mainly [[pilgrims]] of the Hindu [[Holi]] festival, was attacked and the inhabitants were massacred by the Afghans. The Afghan forces slaughtered and defiled the bodies of Hindu [[Sadhu|ascetics]] by humiliating them with slaughtered cows. Temples of the city were razed, and the images of [[idolatry|idols]] were destroyed. Jahan Khan furthered the massacre by rewarding a bounty of five rupees for every Hindu head, resulting in the death of thousands of men, women, and children. The Muslims of the city were subjected to the attack as well. Following his massacre at Mathura, Jahan Khan continued his campaign, with the city of [[Vrindavan]] being attacked and its inhabitants massacred on 6 March.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=125}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=176–178}}{{sfn|Gupta|1961|pp=85–87}} The Tarikh-I-Husain Shahi establishes the idol destruction in line with [[iconoclasm]], remarking: "Idols were broken and kicked about like polo-balls by the Islamic heroes."{{sfn|Sarkar|1971|p=119}}

Ahmad Shah, following Jahan Khan, attacked the city of [[Gokul]] on 16 March, which was inhabited by [[Daśanāmi Sampradaya#Naga Sadhus akharas|Naga Sadhus]], a Hindu [[Bhakti movement|Bhakti]] sect. The Afghans attacked the city where a battle ensued, resulting in the death of 2,000 men for both sides. Jugal Kishor, a diplomat from the [[Bengal Subah]], informed Ahmad Shah there was nothing of value in Gokul. Ahmad Shah ordered a withdrawal, sparing the city from sacking.{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=179}}{{sfn|Gupta|1961|p=88}}{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=125}} On 21 March, Jahan Khan arrived before [[Agra]] with 15,000 men, besieging the city. Civilians from the town received Jahan Khan and his army, promising 500,000 rupees in tribute. However, after failing to raise the amount, Afghan forces entered the city, plundering it and massacring over 2,000. The Afghan forces attempted to seize [[Agra Fort]] but failed due to the defense of Mirza Saifullah, the garrison commander. He defended the fort with extensive artillery usage, preventing the Afghans from approaching with cannons. Jahan Khan seized 100,000 rupees in tribute, before withdrawing to Ahmad Shah's camp on 24 March after being recalled.{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=176–177}}{{sfn|Gupta|1961|p=85-86}}[[File:Najib Khan Yousafzai.png|thumb|Illustration of Najib ud-Daula|alt=A black and white portrait of a mustached man wearing a turban/crown]]
[[Cholera]] had broken out in the Afghan camp, killing around 150 men per day, caused mainly by the polluted [[Yamuna River]] which was overwhelmed with bodies. As a result, Ahmad Shah intended to return to Afghanistan, especially to secure the loot from the campaign. The heat of the Indian summer also convinced him to return. Ahmad Shah started returning to Afghanistan in April 1757, declaring his son Timur Shah governor of [[Punjab]], while Jahan Khan served as his deputy. Sirhind was annexed from the Mughals, Imad ul-Mulk was re-instated as vizier, and Najib ud-Daula appointed the [[Bakhshi (Mughal Empire)|Mir Bakhshi]].{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=254}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=180–189}}{{sfn|Gupta|1961|pp=89–91}}{{sfn|Lee|2022|pp=125–126}} Alamgir II was allowed to rule Delhi as a vassal of the Durrani Empire.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=254}}

The Afghan invasion had dire consequences for the Mughal Empire, as most of the Mughal army, along with those from the Bengal Subah, were forcibly deployed against the Afghans. Mere months later, the army of the Bengal Subah, weakened due to the Afghan invasion, were utterly defeated at the [[Battle of Plassey]], leading to the rise of [[East India Company|British]] power in India.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=130}}

The total loot Ahmad Shah carried back to Afghanistan is disputed. Contemporary writers estimate the Afghans seized 30 to 300 million rupees worth of goods.{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=186}}{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=126}} Over 28,000 elephants, camels, and mules carried Ahmad Shah's loot, alongside 80,000 soldiers, who carried whatever they had looted, with many of the Afghan cavalry returning on foot while they loaded the loot unto their horses.{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=186}}{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=126}} The massacres committed by the Afghans throughout the campaign made the Yamuna River flow red with blood for two weeks.{{sfn|Barua|2005|p=55}}

===Durrani administration of the Punjab (1757–1758)===
[[File:A watercolour painting depicting a headless Baba Deep Singh and fellow Sikh warriors shown fighting the hostile Afghan forces at the Battle of Amritsar (1757), circa 1880's.jpg|thumb|Depiction of the [[Battle of Amritsar (1757)|battle of Amritsar]] (1757) between the Sikhs and Afghans|alt=A color painting which shows two armies, one wearing green/blue and the other wearing orange, waging combat. A headless soldier who continues to fight after decapitating an opponent can be seen ]]
[[Timur Shah Durrani|Timur Shah]] was only eleven years old, and thus Punjab was governed mostly by [[Jahan Khan Popalzai|Jahan Khan]], who was noted as an experienced warrior but incapable administrator. He attacked the [[Sikhs]] who were celebrating the [[Diwali]] festival at [[Amritsar]] in [[Battle of Amritsar (1757)|1757]], and also destroyed and polluted many Sikh shrines, declaring [[Jihad]].{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=256}} The tyrannies of Jahan Khan resulted in the Sikhs forging an alliance with [[Adina Beg]], who had fled from Punjab during Ahmad Shah's fourth invasion.{{sfn|Gupta|1961|pp=91–92}}{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=126}} As a result, Jahan Khan led a campaign against Adina Beg in the [[Jalandhar Doab]], pillaging the region. Adina Beg acquiesced to submitting tribute, but ignored summons to the Afghan court in Lahore. On one such occasion of being summoned, Adina Beg refused to trust Jahan Khan and fled to the [[Hill States of India|Hill states]], where he forged an alliance with [[Vadbhag Singh Sodhi]] and [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]], the leader of the [[Dal Khalsa (Sikh army)|Dal Khalsa]].{{sfn|Gupta|1961|pp=91–92}}

Jahan Khan dispatched a force under Murad Khan in response, who met the alliance at the [[Battle of Mahilpur (1757)|battle of Mahilpur]], where the Afghans were defeated, resulting in the looting of the Jalandhar Doab. More troops from Lahore were sent to quell the alliance but all of them were defeated, allowing the Sikhs to plunder the suburbs of Lahore.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=126}}{{sfn|Gupta|1961|pp=92–93}}{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=256}}
[[File:Raghunath Rao.jpg|thumb|Painting of [[Raghunath Rao]]|alt=A color portrait of a turbaned man wearing a white dress]]
A [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha]] force led by [[Raghunath Rao]] arrived at Agra in May 1757 when Ahmad Shah was crossing the [[Indus River]] to Afghanistan. The Maratha forces completely seized the [[Ganga Doab|Ganges Doab]], and defeated [[Najib ad-Dawlah|Najib ud-Daula]] at the [[Battle of Delhi (1757)|battle of Delhi]] in September 1757. Alamgir II was retained on the throne as a puppet, and Imad ul-Mulk remained as vizier.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|pp=255–256}} Adina Beg requested the Marathas to invade Punjab, and Raghunath Rao accepted.{{sfn|Gupta|1961|p=93}} The Maratha invasion began in February 1758, advancing and reaching Sirhind in March, which was besieged. Abdus Samad Khan, the Afghan governor of Sirhind, fled the city but was eventually captured, and Sirhind was plundered. The developments at Sirhind alerted Jahan Khan, who raised an army of 2,000 men and scouted far ahead of Lahore, but refused to give battle to the alliance. Upon receiving news of the Marathas approaching Lahore, he began preparing to return to Afghanistan on 19 April.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=126}}{{sfn|Gupta|1961|pp=93–94}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=200–203}}

Encamping at Shahdara, the Afghans retreated across the Ravi, leaving Lahore in anarchy and free for capture by the alliance.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=256}} Afghan rearguard contingents were ambushed by the Marathas, pushing Jahan Khan and Timur Shah to speed their progress to Afghanistan. Further close encounters at [[Eminabad]] saw the Afghans driven to the [[Chenab River|Chenab]] below [[Wazirabad]], where they were attacked by the Marathas and Sikhs, who took some two hundred Afghan prisoners. Modern scholarship designates this encounter as the end of the Maratha pursuit. Near contemporary sources state the Marathas were able to establish themselves at Attock, and possibly even at Peshawar.{{sfn|Gupta|1961|pp=94–96}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=205–206}}

===Kalat Rebellion (1758–1759)===
With the Maratha conquest of Punjab, Nasir Khan, the ruler of the Khanate of Kalat, declared his independence from Ahmad Shah. Attempts to conciliate and have Nasir Khan return to Afghan suzerainty failed, prompting Ahmad Shah to dispatch a force under Shah Wali Khan, which was defeated at Pringuez, forcing their retreat to [[Quetta]].{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=211}}{{sfn|Khan Durrani|1991|p=139}}{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=126}} Informed of the defeat, Ahmad Shah raised his own force and marched against [[Kalat, Balochistan|Kalat]] in the summer of 1758.{{sfn|Chahryar|Baipakov|Irfan|2003|p=289}} He met Nasir Khan in battle at [[Mastung, Pakistan|Mastung]], where the Kalat forces were defeated, prompting Nasir Khan's withdrawal to Kalat city, which Ahmad Shah then besieged.{{sfn|Gupta|1961|p=118}} The siege of Kalat continued for forty days to no avail, and numerous storming attempts by the Afghans failed.{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=211–212}}{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=126}}

Nasir Khan, beleaguered of having been trapped in his capital, opened peace negotiations with the Afghans, apologizing for his rebellion. Ahmad Shah, having no intentions to annex Kalat or to bestow the province unto another governor, reaffirmed Nasir Khan in his position. A treaty was made, stipulating that Nasir Khan would re-enter and recognize the suzerainty of Ahmad Shah, but he would pay no tribute and furnish troops when called upon for war by the Shah. After the treaty, Ahmad Shah married a cousin of Nasir Khan.{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=212–214}}{{sfn|Chahryar|Baipakov|Irfan|2003|p=289}}{{sfn|Khan Durrani|1991|p=139}} Months later, a [[dervish]] began a revolt by having an individual named Mir Khush Khan Durrani proclaimed king. This rebellion, however, was crushed with the dervish who instigated the revolt being executed, and Mir Khush Khan being blinded.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=140}}

===Fifth invasion of India (1759–1761)===
{{main|Afghan–Maratha War|Third Battle of Panipat}}

Preoccupied with the uprising in Kalat, Ahmad Shah was unable to pursue a campaign against the Marathas, instead dispatching his generals, [[Jahan Khan Popalzai|Jahan Khan]] and Nur ud-Din Bamizai, who were both defeated. In October 1759, Ahmad Shah began his fifth invasion of India.{{sfn|Noelle-Karimi|2014|p=112}} He had been invited by numerous rulers and [[Ulama|religious leaders]] across India, including [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]], who wrote to Ahmad Shah pleading for him to save the Muslims of India. Hari Ram Gupta considered the letter sent by Shah Waliullah as one of the most important historical documents of the 18th century.{{sfn|Gupta|1961|p=121}} Ahmad Shah used this letter to get a [[jihad]] declared by religious leaders in [[Kandahar]].{{sfn|Lee|2022|pp=126–127}} Further invitations were sent by [[Najib ad-Dawlah|Najib ud-Daula]], who wanted India to become a permanent extension of the Afghan empire. [[Alamgir II]] sent fervent requests to Ahmad Shah for aid, affirming his loyalty and informing him of the intentions of [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung III|Imad ul-Mulk]], who wished to assassinate him. Even Hindu rulers such as [[Madho Singh I|Madho Singh]], the ruler of [[Kingdom of Amber|Amber]], and [[Vijay Singh of Marwar|Vijay Singh]], the ruler of [[Kingdom of Marwar|Marwar]], were discontent with Maratha expansion and sent letters to Ahmad Shah.{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=221–225}} Ahmad Shah also wished to avenge the defeat of his son Timur Shah, and to reclaim the lost territories of [[Punjab]].{{sfn|Mehta|2005|pp=263–264}}

Ahmad Shah split his forces to attack from two sides. Jahan Khan advanced from Kandahar to [[Kabul]], and then through the [[Khyber Pass]] with an army of 20,000; while Ahmad Shah led a force of 40,000 through the [[Bolan Pass]]. He was further reinforced by [[Nasir Khan I Ahmadzai|Nasir Khan]] and other Afghan chiefs, eventually fording the [[Indus]] on 25 October 1759.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=264}} When Ahmad Shah entered the [[Punjab]], Jahan Khan had forced the Maratha forces stationed at [[Attock]] to evacuate, pursuing them and battling at [[Rohtas Fort|Rohtas]], where the [[Maratha Army|Maratha army]] was routed, forcing their withdrawal to [[Delhi]].{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=225–226}}{{sfn|Mehta|2005|pp=264–265}}
[[File:Muhi-ul-millat.png|thumb|Portrait of [[Shah Jahan III]], who was placed on the Mughal throne after Imad ul-Mulk had Alamgir II assassinated|alt=A color portrait, from the waist up, of a bearded man wearing a crown and royal dress]]
At this time, Ahmad Shah approached [[Multan]] with his army. The Maratha governor in response fled to [[Lahore]], leaving the city to be captured without resistance. With the Afghans converging on Lahore, the Maratha forces withdrew to [[Batala]] and then Sirhind,{{sfn|Gupta|1961|p=124}} with some Maratha detachments being caught and destroyed. At Lahore, Jahan Khan [[Second Battle of Lahore (1759)|battled with the Sikhs]]. No clear victor emerged, and the Afghans suffered some 2,000 dead, while Jahan Khan was wounded during the battle.{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=226–227}}{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=265}} The approach of Ahmad Shah Durrani caused havoc throughout all of [[Northern India]], causing Imad ul-Mulk to have Alamgir II and Intizam-ud-Daulah murdered as a result, placing [[Shah Jahan III]] on the Mughal throne.{{sfn|Gupta|1961|pp=125–126}} Ahmad Shah continued advancing through Punjab and Jahan Khan seized Sirhind on 27 November, with both armies uniting at Sirhind in December 1759.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=266}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=228}}

Enraged by the execution of Alamgir II, Ahmad Shah began racing toward Delhi. He reached [[Ambala]] on 20 December and advanced towards [[Taraori]], leading to [[Battle of Taraori (1759)|a battle against the Marathas]] led by [[Dattaji Rao Scindia|Dattaji Scindia]]. The advance guard of the Afghan army clashed with the Marathas and was initially routed, initiating a withdrawal. However, Ahmad Shah, ready to support the battle, dispatched 5,000 men under Shah Pasand Khan. The forces of Imad ul-Mulk in the battle completely fled at the sight of Shah Pasand's flag,{{sfn|Sarkar|1971|p=218}} and the Afghans attacked with [[muskets]]. Further detachments of the Afghan army sent by Ahmad Shah brought the battle to an end, with the Maratha force completely surrounded and destroyed.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|pp=266–267}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=228–229}}{{sfn|Gupta|1961|pp=126–127}}
[[File:Dattaji Rao Scindia.jpg|thumb|left|Dattaji Scindia, the Maratha commander in Northern India|alt=A color painting of a mustached an turbaned, seated under a canopy, surrounded by soldiers and musicians]]
Following the battle, Ahmad Shah forded the Yamuna and united with the forces of Najib ud-Daula and other [[Rohilla]] leaders at [[Saharanpur]]. The combined armies marched toward Delhi, encamping at Luni, around {{Convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the [[Red Fort]] in Delhi on the other side of the Yamuna. Dattaji Scindia returned to [[Kunjpura]] following his defeat at Taraori, and prepared to defend Delhi from the Afghan army. He first sent Imad ul-Mulk to set up the defenses of the city. However, Imad ul-Mulk deserted the Marathas and fled to [[Suraj Mal]].{{sfn|Mehta|2005|pp=266–267}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=228–229}}{{sfn|Gupta|1961|pp=126–127}}

Dattaji then advanced to [[Sonipat]], attempting to track Ahmad Shah's movements, which was made difficult as the Afghans kept their movements confidential by killing every Indian found outside their houses. Dattaji established camp at [[Burari, Delhi|Barari]] on 4 January 1760. On 9 January, Najib ud-Daula began crossing the Yamuna with Ahmad Shah following him, leading to the [[battle of Barari Ghat]]. The Maratha forces opposed the advance of the Afghans across the river but were overpowered by [[musketeers]], with much of the Maratha army only armed with spears and swords. Dattaji, attempting to enter the fray himself, was shot either in the eye,{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=231}} or the ribs,{{sfn|Gupta|1961|p=129}} causing his death. Further Maratha reinforcements were useless against the Afghan musket fire, forcing the Marathas to withdraw from the field with a thousand dead, and the Afghans victorious.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=127}}{{sfn|Gupta|1961|pp=128–129}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=230–231}}{{sfn|Mehta|2005|pp=267–269}}

Having defeated the Marathas at Barari Ghat, Ahmad Shah entered Delhi, with his men plundering the city. Much of the population of the city had already fled, and he took [[Shah Jahan III]] under his protection instead of claiming the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal throne]] for himself. Ahmad Shah also deputed Yaqub Ali Khan as governor of the city, who was a nephew of his [[vizier]], Shah Wali Khan, before leaving to march against Suraj Mal.{{sfn|Gupta|1961|pp=130–131}}{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=270}} Leaving Delhi on 27 January, Ahmad Shah besieged [[Deeg]] on 7 February, although not committing to the siege seriously.{{sfn|Sarkar|1971|p=227}} During the siege, he sent a detachment under Jahan Khan which routed a Maratha army on 11 February at [[Rewari]]. Ahmad Shah then pursued a Maratha force led by [[Malhar Rao Holkar]] stationed at [[Narnaul]]. After reaching Rewari, Ahmad Shah was evaded by Holkar, and the Maratha force crossed the Yamuna river on 26–27 February, entering Najib ud-Daula's territories. On 28 February, Holkar advanced to [[Sikandrabad]], awaiting news of the Afghan position. On 1 March 1760, Ahmad Shah dispatched a force of 15,000 under Jahan Khan, Shah Pasand Khan, and Qalandar Khan to halt the Maratha army. The Marathas were caught on 4 March and completely routed at the [[battle of Sikandarabad]],{{sfn|Mehta|2005|pp=271–272}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=234–235}}{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=127}} with many Maratha officers slain. Holkar himself fled for his life to Agra, and then to [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]] to meet Suraj Mal.{{sfn|Sarkar|1971|pp=228–229}}{{sfn|Gupta|1961|pp=131–132}}

With another victory over the Marathas, Ahmad Shah proceeded to [[Aligarh]], which belonged to the Jats, and besieged it. Unable to receive any reinforcements, the fort surrendered to the Afghans. At Aligarh, Najib ud-Daula advised Ahmad Shah to rest and wait out for the summer and monsoon seasons to pass, especially as the summer had been so catastrophic for the Afghans during the fourth invasion of India.{{sfn|Sarkar|1971|pp=229–230}} Najib ud-Daula then expelled the Marathas from [[Shikohabad]], [[Phaphund]], and [[Bithoor]].{{sfn|Gupta|1961|p=132}}{{sfn|Mehta|2005|pp=272–273}}
[[File:Shuja-ud-daula, Nawab of Oudh.tif|thumb|left|[[Shuja-ud-Daula]], a vital Durrani ally during Ahmad Shah's fifth invasion|alt=A color portrait of a burly mustached man wearing a turban and royal dress]]
As the Afghans settled in, they resorted to diplomacy to strengthen their position. [[Ahmad Khan Bangash]], although an initial Maratha ally, was appealed to by Shah Wali Khan as an Afghan brother. Ahmad Khan thus allied with the Durranis and arrived at their camp on 13 April 1760.{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=237–240}} The Afghans also successfully negotiated with the ruler of [[Oudh State|Oudh]], [[Shuja ud-Daula]], who allied with the Durrani camp in July 1760. Ahmad Shah also had friendly relations with the [[Rajput]]s, even declaring to them his intention to invade the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] in the winter.{{sfn|Gupta|1961|pp=133–143}} At this time, the Marathas sent reinforcements under [[Sadashivrao Bhau]], a cousin of the [[Peshwa]], [[Balaji Baji Rao]]. The reinforcements also included [[Vishwasrao]], the heir of the Maratha Confederacy, and nearly all significant Maratha commanders. Sadashivrao was described as an ignorant commander with a short temper and pride, ignoring the advice of more senior commanders who had experience in Northern India, and failing to anticipate certain outcomes.{{sfn|Gupta|1961|pp=147–150}}

The Maratha force reached [[Agra]] on 14 July. Sadashivrao, finding the Yamuna river overflowing, settled on advancing to Delhi. The Marathas advanced from Mathura and reached Delhi on 23 July, where [[Capture of Delhi (1760)|it was stormed]]. The city fell to the Marathas, but the Red Fort held out. On 29 July, negotiations for the garrison's withdrawal culminated. Yaqub Ali Khan was allowed to leave the city to Ahmad Shah's camp with his men unharmed, and Maratha forces occupied the Red Fort on 1 August.{{sfn|Gupta|1961|pp=153–154}}{{sfn|Mehta|2005|pp=274–275}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1971|pp=252–255}} The Marathas began facing difficulties on 4 August, when Suraj Mal and Imad ul-Mulk defected from the Marathas and returned to their posts. Furthermore, the Maratha army lacked food and feed for their horses. The situation became so difficult that Sadashivrao wrote there was no money to pay for food and the men of the army and the horses were fasting.{{sfn|Gupta|1961|pp=155–158}} Peace negotiations between Ahmad Shah and the Marathas also failed, with both parties seeking their own extensive demands.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|pp=275–276}}

By the end of September 1760, the Maratha camp was overridden with starvation. Ahmad Shah, however, was anxious to return to Afghanistan since his settling at Aligarh, as he never intended to form an Afghan empire based in India. The Marathas left Delhi on 10 October, and Ahmad Shah responded by having his army arrayed across the Yamuna. Sadashivrao, intending to seize Kunjpura, which had vast supplies, arrived before the city on 16 October. The [[battle of Kunjpura]] ensued which saw the Marathas victorious and the Afghan governor at Kunjpura, [[Najabat Khan]], and Abdus Samad Khan killed.{{sfn|Gupta|1961|pp=164–167}}{{sfn|Mehta|2005|pp=277–278}} Ahmad Shah was unable to help the defenders of Delhi and Kunjpura as he was stuck on the other side of the Yamuna.{{sfn|Sarkar|1971|p=282}}
[[File:Plan of the Battle of Paniput, 1761.jpg|thumb|left|Afghan and Maratha camps detailed by a plan of the third battle of Panipat|alt=A black and white map of two armies two armies deployed against each other between a jungle and a town]]
Ahmad Shah, infuriated at the fall of Kunjpura, began preparing for a crossing over the flooded and practically unfordable Yamuna river at [[Baghpat]].{{sfn|Gupta|1978|p=182}} The Afghan forces crossed between 25 and 26 October, massacring a Maratha detachment near Sonipat. Another [[Battle of Samalkha (1760)|battle]] at [[Samalkha]] saw the Marathas forced back to their camp at Panipat.{{sfn|Gupta|1961|pp=168–169}}{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=278}} On 30 October, Ahmad Shah reached Sambhalka, and arrayed before the Marathas on 1 November.{{sfn|Sarkar|1971|p=284}} Najib ud-Daula was dispatched by Ahmad Shah to prevent Maratha supplies flowing in from Delhi, defeating the forces of Naro Shankar, the Maratha governor of Delhi. Sadashivrao in response sent [[Govind Pant Bundela]] to invade Rohilla territories and cut off Afghan supplies. Marching with 12,000 horsemen, the Maratha detachment advanced up to [[Meerut]] before [[Battle of Meerut (1760)|being attacked]] by an Afghan contingent of 14,000 dispatched by Ahmad Shah on 17 December under Atai Khan.{{sfn|Sarkar|1971|p=312}} Govind Pant was killed and the Maratha force was routed, with large amounts of supplies being seized by the Afghans.{{sfn|Gupta|1978|p=183}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=253}}

The Marathas were cut off from all supplies as a result, and a last desperate attempt for peace was sent by Sadashivrao, even agreeing on any term Ahmad Shah deemed fit. Najib ud-Daula shut down the idea and Ahmad Shah rejected peace.{{sfn|Sarkar|1971|pp=316–317}} As starvation gripped the Maratha camp, Sadashivrao concluded with his cabinet of war on 13 January to attack the Afghans. On 14 January, the Maratha forces assembled and began marching on the Afghan camp.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=283}}{{sfn|Gupta|1978|p=184}} The numbers of the battle vary by source. Historian JL Mehta states the Afghans had 79,800 men, while the mustered Marathas 85,000. The Afghans had a gradual flow of manpower into the army while the Marathas did not, ensuring the Marathas were far outnumbered during the battle.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=280}}
[[File:The Third battle of Panipat 13 January 1761.jpg|thumb|250px|Painting of the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] in [[Northern India]]|alt=A painting of a battlefield with cavalry, infantry and artillery depicted]]
The [[third battle of Panipat]] ensued and [[Ibrahim Khan Gardi]] unleashed his cannons on the Afghans. However, the troops operating the cannons were completely inexperienced and their artillery fire merely flew overhead the Afghan army. Ibrahim Khan, realizing his failure in this regard, held his cannon fire and instead engaged with a detachment of his troops against the Rohilla units of Ahmad Shah's army. Other Maratha officers attempted to engage as well with Ibrahim Khan's forces. The Rohillas responded with musket fire and the Marathas were beaten back with heavy casualties. Ibrahim Khan's forces were devastated by Rohilla cavalry, resulting in the losses of over six battalions and Ibrahim Khan himself being wounded, with the Maratha left wing failing.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=286}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=257}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1971|pp=328–333}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Detail of Sadashiv Rao on horseback from a larger Faizabad-style painting of the Third Battle of Panipat, Mughal, ca.1761–1770.jpg
| width1 = 180
| alt1 = A painting of a wounded man on horseback being taken away from the battlefield
| link1 = File:Detail of Sadashiv Rao on horseback from a larger Faizabad-style painting of the Third Battle of Panipat, Mughal, ca.1761–1770.jpg
| caption1 = Painting of a wounded Sadashivrao being carried away on horseback during the Third battle of Panipat
| image2 = Detail of Ahmad Shah Abdali on horseback from a larger Faizabad-style painting of the Third Battle of Panipat, Mughal, ca.1761–1770.jpg
| width2 = 130
| alt2 = A painting of a man on horseback fighting at a battlefield
| link2 = File:Detail of Ahmad Shah Abdali on horseback from a larger Faizabad-style painting of the Third Battle of Panipat, Mughal, ca.1761–1770.jpg
| caption2 = Ahmad Shah Durrani depicted on horseback during the Third battle of Panipat
}}

Sadashivrao led an attack on the Afghan centre simultaneously, with both sides having equal numbers. Despite the Rohilla victory on the left wing, the Afghan centre was exposed, and the Marathas breached over three lines in the Afghan centre, with around 3,000 Afghans dead or wounded. At a pivotal moment, Ahmad Shah sent his reinforcements of 4,000 [[Qizilbash]] to the right wing and 10,000 men to the Afghan centre. Ahmad Shah also dispatched his [[zamburak]]s, inflicting heavy casualties on the Marathas. A counter-attack was launched by the Afghans across all fronts.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|pp=268–269}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1971|pp=333–336}}

[[Vishwasrao]] was then killed by a bullet, with news of his death spreading through the Maratha camp and leading to the desertion of over 2,000 Afghans and Rohillas serving the Marathas. The Maratha left wing was thus dismantled and routed. As the Rohillas launched their own attack, [[Malhar Rao Holkar]] fled the battle. The Afghan left wing caved in on the Maratha centre, while the Maratha right wing was completely annihilated by Najib ud-Daula. Ahmad Shah then advanced to the centre to command the final stage of the battle.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|pp=290–292}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1971|p=341}}

Sadashivrao attempted to assault the Afghan centre twice but was pushed back with heavy losses. Ahmad Shah then ordered 8,000 reinforcements from his own tribe to attack, and Sadashivrao was killed during the fray. The death of Sadashivrao saw all Maratha resistance dissipate and the Maratha centre was slaughtered. The Marathas who tried to escape the battlefield were chased.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|pp=292–294}}{{sfn|Gupta|1978|p=184}} A minimum of 75,000 Marathas are estimated to have been killed,{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=294}} the maximum number being 100,000.{{sfn|Burnard|Hart|Houllemare|2024|p=332}}{{sfn|Sardesai|2018|p=194}} This included over 30,000 Marathas perishing in battle, another 10,000 being killed while retreating, and another 10,000 reported missing. After the battle, 50,000 Maratha camp followers were massacred or sold into [[slavery]].{{sfn|Roy|2004|p=93}}[[File:Coin of Ahmad Shah Durrani, minted in Shahjahanabad (Delhi).jpg|thumb|Coin of Ahmad Shah Durrani, struck in Delhi|alt=A color photograph of the two sides of a gold coin with Perso-Arabic writing]]
The loss at Panipat resulted in the end of Maratha influence in Northern India. The day after the battle, Ahmad Shah entered the city of Panipat wearing jewels such as the [[Koh-i-Noor]]. The Afghan troops massacred any male over the age of fourteen and enslaved the woman and children of the city.{{sfn|Lee|2022|pp=127–128}} Ahmad Shah made a pilgrimage to the tomb of [[Bu Ali Shah Qalandar]], and then left Panipat on 19 July to enter Delhi. He formally entered the Red Fort on 29 January, with the [[Khutba wa sikka|khutbah being read in his name and coins being struck]]. After resting for two months, Ahmad Shah's troops demanded to return to Afghanistan, as much of them had been unpaid for over a year and a half. As a result, after plundering Delhi, he began returning to Afghanistan on 20–22 March.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|pp=298–302}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1971|pp=375–376}}{{sfn|Gupta|1978|p=185}}

Ahmad Shah settled the affairs of India by placing [[Shah Alam II]] on the Mughal throne with Najib ud-Daula as his [[Bakhshi (Mughal Empire)|Bakhshi]], and [[Mirza Jawan Bakht (born 1749)|Jawan Bakht]] being recognized as the heir to Shah Alam. Delhi was given to Najib ud-Daula and Jawan Bakht to rule together, while Imad ul-Mulk was permitted to serve as vizier again.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|pp=299–300}} No peace deal was made with the Marathas as Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao died soon after the loss at Panipat.{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=261–262}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1971|pp=378–381}} While returning to Afghanistan, the Afghan army was attacked by the Sikhs under [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]], who carried away stragglers. The Sikhs attacked the Afghan flanks at night but maintained distance to avoid the Afghan artillery and cavalry, and avoided [[pitched battle]]. A surprise attack on the [[Beas river]] by the Sikhs freed many Maratha prisoners.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=302}} In response, Ahmad Shah established defenses around his camp every night, and at Lahore, he sent numerous expeditions against the Sikhs that captured and killed many. He completed his return to Afghanistan by May 1761.{{sfn|Gupta|1978|p=185}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=264}}

=== Rebellions in Afghanistan (1760–1762) ===
While Ahmad Shah campaigned, numerous incidents had occurred throughout [[Afghanistan]]. When the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] occupied [[Delhi]], an uprising began under Hajji Jamal Khan Zargarani based on reports of Ahmad Shah's death, and he proclaimed himself king of Afghanistan. At [[Kandahar]] he struck coins in his name. However, as news of Ahmad Shah's victories trickled in from India, he renounced his claim and fled for his life to a remote area of the country.{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=268}}{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=140}} Another revolt had begun under Darwish Ali Khan Hazara, who avoided Shah Pasand's forces, before eventually being allowed to return to Herat between 1761 and 1762.{{sfn|Noelle-Karimi|2014|pp=119–120}} In early 1761, Abd al-Khaliq Khan, Dilawar Khan Ishaqzai and Zal Beg Popalzai, who were members of Ahmad Shah's tribal council, rebelled. They first went to the fortress of [[Grishk]], falsely claiming Ahmad Shah had been defeated in India, and declared Abd al-Khaliq as king. The combined forces from Griskh marched to Kandahar, making Ahmad Shah's son Sulaiman Mirza abandon the capital.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=139}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=268–269}}

Shah Pasand Khan was dispatched to crush the revolt, and he arrived before the city, clarifying Ahmad Shah was alive. The rebellion's support thus dissipated, and the leaders of the rebellion went to Shah Pasand's camp for mercy. Insignificant rebels were spared, while Zal Beg Popalzai and other significant leaders were executed. Dilawar Khan fled to [[Herat]] where [[Timur Shah Durrani]] allowed him to become the commander of his personal bodyguard, and Abd al-Khaliq was imprisoned.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=139}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=269}}

===Sixth invasion of India (1762)===
{{main|Battle of Kup}}
As Ahmad Shah retired to Afghanistan from his fifth invasion of India, the [[Sikh Confederacy|Sikhs]] defeated many of his governors, primarily during a decisive battle at [[Battle of Gujranwala (1761)|Gujranwala]] which led to the [[Siege of Lahore (1761)|fall of Lahore]] in November 1761.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=303}}{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=128}} Enraged at the defeat of his deputies, Ahmad Shah prepared for his sixth invasion of India, initiating it in February 1762.{{sfn|Noelle-Karimi|2014|p=112}}{{sfn|Gupta|1978|p=187}} With a [[light cavalry]] force, he dashed through Punjab in a rapid march, crossing over 200 kilometers and fording two rivers in 36 hours.{{sfn|Gupta|1978|pp=180}} News of this reached the Sikhs who were engaged in a siege at [[Jandiala]]. The Sikhs raised the siege and withdrew, until their position was compromised by the Afghan governor of [[Malerkotla]].{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=277}} Ahmad Shah led his forces along with those of [[Zain Khan Sirhindi]], catching the Sikhs at the village of [[Battle of Kup|Kup]]. The Sikhs under Jassa Singh and [[Charat Singh]] were completely defeated and massacred in an event known as the [[Vadda Ghalughara]].{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|pp=483–486}}{{sfn|Gupta|1978|pp=188–191}} Ahmad Shah ordered that nobody wearing Indian clothes was to be left alive, and thus camp followers including women and children were killed.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=128}} After the battle of Kup, Ahmad Shah invaded [[Patiala State]], ruled by [[Ala Singh]]. Ahmad Shah stormed the fortress of [[Barnala]], before Ala Singh produced himself before the Shah, submitting tribute. Ahmad Shah then returned to Lahore on 3 March after camping at Sirhind.{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=280–281}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|p=486}}[[File:The Golden Temple in 1840.png|thumb|Depiction of [[Golden Temple|Harmandir Sahib]] (now commonly known as the Golden Temple). Afghan forces razed it and polluted the lake.|alt=A watercolor painting of a gold topped temple in the center of a lake]]
At Lahore, he assembled his forces and attacked [[Amritsar]], arriving at the city on 10 April, a day before the [[Vaisakhi]] festival. The city was sacked and a massacre ensued where [[Golden Temple|Harmandir Sahib]] was razed, blown with gunpowder and the blood of men and cows polluted the lake surrounding it.{{sfn|Gupta|1978|p=192}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|p=487}} At this time, a piece of [[Shrapnel shell|shrapnel]] hit Ahmad Shah on the nose, causing an open wound that would plague him for the rest of his life.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=128}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=281–282}} Ahmad Shah then rested at Lahore, intending to settle the affairs of India. He sent an expedition toward [[Kashmir]] which had [[Kingdom of Kashmir (1754–1762)|declared its independence]] under [[Sukh Jiwan Mal]], and Kashmir was re-conquered.{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=283–284}}{{sfn|Gupta|1978|pp=193–194}} Peace negotiations began with the Marathas, while Ahmad Shah called upon Indian princes to recognize [[Shah Alam II]] as the Mughal emperor.{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|pp=487–489}}

Between April–May 1762, Zain Khan was defeated by the Sikhs at [[Battle of Harnaulgarh|Harnaulgarh]]. During the summer, Ahmad Shah moved his camp to [[Kalanaur, Gurdaspur|Kalanaur]]. The Sikhs capitalized off of this, with Jassa Singh and [[Tara Singh Ghaiba|Tara Singh]] invading the [[Doaba|Jalandhar Doab]], while Charat Singh plundered the regions north of Lahore.{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=285–286}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|pp=490–491}} In October 1762, Ahmad Shah possibly fought a battle at [[Battle of Pipli Sahib|Amritsar]], an event not accepted by all historians.{{sfn|Singh|1977|p=148}} The possible battle was fought under a complete solar eclipse that raged until the night, where Ahmad Shah withdrew to Lahore before returning to see the Sikhs had also withdrawn.{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=286–287}} Afterward, Ahmad Shah appointed a Hindu, [[Kabuli Mal]], as the Durrani governor of Punjab, believing it would bring stability. Ahmad Shah began withdrawing to Afghanistan on 12 December after news of an uprising in Kandahar arrived.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=129}} While returning, he [[Battle of the Ravi Ford|routed a Sikh army]] on the banks of the [[Ravi river]].{{sfn|Gupta|1978|pp=194–195}} His health was significantly affected during the invasion as a result of the summer heat, further worsened by his wounded nose.{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=288}}

===Encounters with the Qing (1763–1764, 1768–1769)===
{{main|Durrani-Qing relations}}
[[File:Route of Khwāja Mirhan’s embassy from Fayzabad to Beijing, through Central and East Asia.png|thumb|Map of the route the Afghan embassy undertook to the Qing dynasty in 1763|alt=A color map centred on the Himalays, Tibet and China; which shows a journey from Afghanistan to Beijing]]
Numerous Central Asian rulers such as Fazil Biy, the ruler of [[Khujand]], [[Irdana Biy]], the ruler of [[Kokand Khanate|Kokand]], and even a [[Kazakh Khanate|Kazakh Sultan]] pleaded to Ahmad Shah Durrani, the ruler of the [[Durrani Empire]], to aid them against Qing expansionism.{{sfn|Kim|2004|p=20}} Ahmad Shah accepted the call for aid, and began preparing by occupying the regions between [[Tashkent]] and [[Kokand]] in 1763,{{sfn|Newby|2005|p=34}}{{sfn|K. Palat|Tabyshalieva|2003|p=74}} though later withdrawing as it became clear the Qing did not intend to invade.{{sfn|Levi|2017|p=42–43}} Later emissaries from the [[Russian Empire]] also attempted to encourage the Afghans to commit to an anti-Qing campaign, but withdrew after arriving at [[Herat]] upon learning Ahmad Shah was committed to a campaign in India in 1764 with no clear intention of advancing north.{{sfn|Eijk|Khan|2023|p=719}}

In 1763, Ahmad Shah had dispatched an embassy to the Qing. His aims are unknown, however, an embassy allowed Ahmad Shah to establish himself as an emperor. The letter he sent to the Qing emperor [[Qianlong]] is missing, but based on the Qing reply, the letter was likely dedicated to his conquests, victory at Panipat, and Qing expansion. The letter positioned Ahmad Shah's expansions as bringing order and stability to areas overrun with rebels and lawlessness, referring to his [[#Military campaigns|campaigns in Iran and India]]. The battle of Panipat was strongly detailed in the letter, in what was likely a fath-nama, meaning a victory letter or declaration to celebrate a victory. The Qing emperor ignored the implied threat.{{sfn|Eijk|Khan|2023|pp=715–717}}

In the second part of the letter, Qianlong appeared much more defensive, justifying the [[Dzungar–Qing Wars|Qing conquest of the Dzungars]] and the [[Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas|Altishahr Khojas]]. He accused them of causing devastation and laying false accusations against him. A report also suggests Ahmad Shah considered the territories the Qing claimed actually belonged to the Muslims. In reality, Ahmad Shah possibly wanted to establish spheres of influence, which was similarly done with the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] who had divided [[Iran]] between them, and a [[#Turkestan (1751–1768)|treaty with Bukhara]] that had established the [[Amu Darya]] as the border.{{sfn|Eijk|Khan|2023|pp=717–718}}
{{Quote box |quote = Why has your Khan dispatched you? Has your Khan not sent you to appear at an audience with the brilliance of our Great Lord? Our Great Lord is the ruler who has united All under Heaven. Besides you Afghans, as soon as people from the West, Russia, even the former Zunghars came, all of them promptly prostrated themselves before the Great Lord. He is like Heaven; do you not bow before Heaven?{{sfn|Eijk|Khan|2023|p=708}}
|author = A Qing grand councillor, remarking at the Afghan envoy's refusal to Kowtow
|width = 30%
|align = right
}}
When the Afghan embassy arrived in Beijing, the chief envoy, Khwaja Mirhan, refused to [[kowtow]] before the Qing emperor. The Qing officials, in shock, demanded he kowtow, to which Mirhan eventually acquiesced. This incident damaged the Qing-Afghan relations and Qianlong cut ties with the Afghans following this. No immediate consequence occurred, and the envoy was shown favor.{{sfn|Eijk|Khan|2023|pp=718–720}} Mirhan's refusal likely came out of religious reasons, but the Qing received it as Ahmad Shah declaring himself equal to Qianlong. From Qianlong's view, he saw the Afghans as a significant power and attempted to impress the envoy and Ahmad Shah by the Qing empire. This was especially done due to the recent conquest of Altishahr and concerns over stability in the region.{{sfn|Eijk|Khan|2023|pp=720–724}}

{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 300
| align = right
| image1 = Horse Chaoni'er.jpg
| width1 = 180
| alt1 = A color sketch of a white horse with Chinese letters at the sides
| image2 = Horse Laiyuanliu.jpg
| width2 = 130
| alt2 = A color sketch of a brown horse with Chinese letters at the sides
| image3 = Horse Yuekulai.jpg
| width3 = 130
| alt3 = A color sketch of a golden-yellow horse with Chinese letters at the sides
| image4 = Horse Lingkunbai.jpg
| width4 = 130
| alt4 = A color sketch of a golden-white horse with Chinese letters at the sides
| footer = [[Four Afghan Steeds|Depiction of the four Afghan horses]] sent by Ahmad Shah, painted by Qing court painter [[Giuseppe Castiglione (Jesuit painter)|Giuseppe Castiglione]]
}}

Ahmad Shah's gifts to the Qing emperor included [[Four Afghan Steeds|four horses]], which were painted by the Qing court painter [[Giuseppe Castiglione (Jesuit painter)|Giuseppe Castiglione]]. Nonetheless, by the time of the envoy's return journey to Afghanistan, Qianlong made preparations to secure Qing territories.{{sfn|Eijk|Khan|2023|pp=724–726}} In 1759, as the revolt of the Altishahr Khojas crumbled, two descendants of the Afaqi Sufi lineage crossed into Badakhshan after being pursued by Qing forces. Fude, the Qing general of the expedition, demanded Sultan Shah, the ruler of Badakhshan, arrest the brothers. Sultan Shah accepted, likely wishing to receive Qing military aid against the [[Durrani Empire]]. However, after the Afaqi descendants had resided in Badakhshan for months and Sultan Shah initially refused to hand them over, possibly intending to send them to [[Bukhara]], the Qing grew wary. Qianlong threatened an invasion, which did not come about as one of the descendant's remains were sent to [[Yarkand]].{{sfn|Eijk|Khan|2023|pp=726–729}}

The death of the Afaqi brothers spurned relations with the Afghans, causing Sultan Shah to plead to the Qing, claiming Ahmad Shah intended to exact revenge for their deaths. No immediate Afghan invasion occurred. The Qing had faced numerous frustrations with their tributaries in [[Central Asia]], alongside a major insurrection in [[Uqturpan County|Uch-Turfan]] that required tremendous effort to defeat. As a result, Qianlong adopted a policy of strict non-interference, realizing Qing troops in Altishahr were significantly stretched and spread thin. The Afghans, however, seen as a threat, would show the weakness of Qing control in the region.{{sfn|Eijk|Khan|2023|pp=729–732}}

In August 1768, Qianlong was informed of the Afghan invasion of Badakhshan led by Shah Wali Khan in May, with Afghan forces seizing Sultan Shah's capital [[Fayzabad, Badakhshan|Fayzabad]]. A Qing agent, Yunggui, proposed that the Qing should interfere in the conflict. Qianlong, however, affirmed military intervention would be irrational, and strictly forbade any military interference. Historians see this as surprising, as the invasion by the Afghans threatened the Qing Empire itself.{{sfn|Eijk|Khan|2023|p=732}}
[[File:万国来朝图 Badakhshan delegates (拔達克山) in Peking in 1761.jpg|thumb|Delegates from Badakhshan in [[Peking]], 1761|alt=A cropped color painting of two mustached men wearing turbans or caps]]
Qing sources affirm the Afghans had established Sarimsaq, a child of the Afaqi's who had escaped to Badakhshan, in [[Kunduz]]. Qianlong was distraught, as another possible revolt could revolve around Sarimsaq, especially after reports of Muslim travelers and funds sent to Sarimsaq arrived. This news still did not convince Qianlong to act, and he refused to send any negative response to Ahmad Shah at all. During this time, Sultan Shah had defeated the Afghan governor and reoccupied his capital. Fearing another Afghan invasion, he sent desperate letters to the Qing in winter 1768 to ask for help, claiming Ahmad Shah would invade next year. Qianlong rebutted, blaming Sultan Shah for provoking the conflict with the Afghans and affirmed he would only fight the Afghans if they actually invaded Qing territory. Sultan Shah wrote a letter to [[Emin Khoja]] in response in August 1769, expecting aid as he was a vassal, only to find himself abandoned. In December 1769, Sultan Shah wrote another letter accusing Qianlong of failing to uphold his duties. Qianlong rebuked him, and stated the Qing would not aid him under any circumstances.{{sfn|Eijk|Khan|2023|pp=733–734}}
{{Quote box
| quote = We have long known that you have previously presented gifts to the Afghans. That you now have no more options but to evade the issue just shows that you are paying tribute to the Afghans! […] If you cannot protect your own lands, and wish to submit to the Afghans, then suit yourself! […] If you wish to rely on our armies to serve your enmities and to subjugate your neighboring tribes, then we will under no circumstances provide you with our troops.{{sfn|Eijk|Khan|2023|p=734}}
| author = Qianlong's reply to Sultan Shah's plea for aid against Ahmad Shah
| width = 30%
| align = right
}}
Qianlong had initially considered the Afghans [[Tributary state|tributaries]], but after the former incident, he no longer sought the prospect of any form of Durrani submission. His reply to Sultan Shah effectively saw the Qing recognize the Afghans as a rival power to them, with Qianlong recognizing the Afghans could not be treated like tributaries. Rather than aiding the ruler of Badakhshan as his initial policy implicated him to, Qianlong instead justified the Afghan invasion, prompted by overextended armies, the distance, and stability. Instead, Qianlong gambled on the difficult terrain between the Afghan and Qing realms for safety.{{sfn|Eijk|Khan|2023|pp=734–735}} Within the same year, Ahmad Shah had occupied Badakhshan and Sultan Shah was executed.{{sfn|Newby|2005|p=43}}

===Seventh invasion of India (1764–1765)===
After Ahmad Shah returned to Afghanistan following his [[#Sixth invasion of India (1762)|sixth invasion]], the Sikhs reoccupied Lahore, chasing off the Shah's governor and sacking [[Kasur]]. The Sikhs followed up the victory by overrunning the Jalandhar Doab, while inflicting a crushing defeat on Jahan Khan at Sialkot in November 1763. The Sikhs continued their attacks, sacking the cities of Malerkotla and [[Morinda, Punjab|Morinda]], and defeating another Afghan army at Sirhind, killing Zain Khan Sirhindi. The victories subsequently allowed the Sikhs to seize Rohtas and even plunder Multan, advancing up to the [[Derajat]] by the end of their campaigns.{{sfn|Gupta|1978|pp=195–214}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=289–295}}{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=129}}

Ahmad Shah initially tried to face this threat, fording the [[Indus River]] with 40,000 men in early 1764. However, the Sikhs assembled 100,000 men in response and [[Battle of Chenab (1764)|attacked Ahmad Shah as he crossed the Chenab]], routing him, where he withdrew back to [[Kandahar]].{{sfn|Khoja|2018|p=191–192}}{{sfn|Malhotra|2016|p=45}} Undiminished, Ahmad Shah declared a jihad, inviting his vassal [[Nasir Khan I Ahmadzai|Nasir Khan]] to march with him on Punjab.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=129}} In October 1764,{{sfn|Noelle-Karimi|2014|p=112}} Ahmad Shah reached Eminabad in December with 18,000 men, further reinforced by Nasir Khan, who brought with him 12,000 men. The combined armies marched to Lahore, and a Sikh ambush on a scouting party near the city resulted in both sides withdrawing.{{sfn|Gupta|1978|pp=215–216}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=298–299}}

Ahmad Shah then proceeded with his army to Amritsar and sacked the city a third time before returning to Lahore.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=129}} Frustrated he could not fight the Sikhs in a [[pitched battle]], Ahmad Shah led his forces through the Jalandhar Doab and razed the Sikh homes and farms there, accumulating supplies for his army. The Afghans advanced through Jandiala, Batala, and [[Dina Nagar]], fighting numerous engagements with the Sikhs which usually ended unfavorably or required heavy effort to repel. The entire countryside was destroyed by the Afghan advances.{{sfn|Gupta|1978|pp=216–217}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=299–300}}

After another battle in the Jalandhar Doab where the Sikhs were driven off, the Afghans crossed the Sutlej and repelled a Sikh army at [[Rupnagar|Rupar]] Ghat from raiding their baggage train. After arriving at [[Kunjpura]] in late February 1765, Ahmad Shah's generals pleaded with him to return to Afghanistan, fearing the heat of the [[summer]] and the rain of [[monsoon]] seasons, instead suggesting they return the following winter.{{sfn|Gupta|1978|pp=217–219}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=300–301}}[[File:Painting of Ala Singh of Patiala in tondo, Pahari School, ca.1880.jpg|thumb|Painting of Ala Singh, whom Ahmad Shah had conferred the governorship of Sirhind|alt=A color portrait of a bearded and turbaned man wearing white clothes and seated on a throne]]
While returning to Afghanistan, Ahmad Shah conferred Sirhind on Ala Singh, a Sikh who had submitted to him. Ala Singh submitted the same tribute as other governors, paying a subsidy of 350,000 rupees annually. It was also believed the appointment would divide the Sikhs. This would later prove successful, as Ala Singh repelled an attack by the [[Dal Khalsa (Sikh Army)|Dal Khalsa]] under [[Hari Singh Dhillon]] and also killed him.{{sfn|Gupta|1978|pp=219–220}}

After crossing the Sutlej, the Afghan army was set upon by the Sikhs, [[Battle of Sutlej (1765)|engaging in fierce fighting]], both sides withdraw when nightfall came. On the second day a Sikh force attempted to harass the Afghan rear, but was repelled and the Sikhs suffered heavy casualties. Skirmishes on the third day saw the Sikhs continue [[hit-and-run tactics]] at [[Nurmahal]], and a battle on the fourth day near [[Kapurthala]] saw the Afghans receive heavy casualties. A final battle on the seventh day took place on the [[Beas River|Beas]], where the Sikhs were routed and pursued.{{sfn|Gupta|1978|pp=221–224}}

Ahmad Shah completed his return to Afghanistan by the end of March, but suffered heavy casualties crossing the [[Chenab River|Chenab]] after reaching an incorrect area to ford the river, with thousands of men drowned or swept away by the current.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=130}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=306–308}} Lee claims the Afghans suffered more casualties in the crossing than all of Ahmad Shah's battles with the Sikhs.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=130}}

===Eighth invasion of India (1766–1767)===
In March 1765, the Sikhs had reoccupied Lahore and ousted the Shah's governor. As a result, Ahmad Shah began preparing for an eighth invasion of India. He was also possibly invited by the [[vakil]] of [[Mir Qasim]], the former ruler of [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]] until he was deposed by the British. Shah Wali Khan, however, wrote to [[Robert Clive|Lord Clive]] and affirmed the invasion was focused on the Sikhs.{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=307–308}}{{sfn|Gupta|1978|pp=227–237}}

In November 1766, Ahmad Shah launched his invasion.{{sfn|Noelle-Karimi|1997|p=112}} He forded the Indus River at Attock in December, and defeated a Sikh army under Ballam Singh at Behgy, near [[Rohtas Fort|Rohtas]]. The Afghans continued their advance, encamping at [[Gujrat, Pakistan|Gujrat]] on 14 December, receiving many Muslim rulers in the region. Ahmad Shah then defeated another attempt by the Sikhs to oppose him on the other side of the [[Jhelum River]], continuing his advance by reaching [[Ghuinke]], defeating a Sikh contingent in a fort there, and then reaching Eminabad.{{sfn|Gupta|1978|pp=237–238}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=311}}

The Shah reached Lahore on 22 December, finding the Sikhs had deserted the city. The Afghans occupied the city, while Ahmad Shah dispatched a contingent of 1,500 to Sirhind. The Sikhs under Charat Singh assembled a force of 20,000 near Lahore, and Ahmad Shah assembled his own host of 50,000 in response. He dispatched Jahan Khan to Amritsar, forcing the Sikhs to withdraw. Ahmad Shah then encamped at [[Fatehabad, Punjab|Fatahabad]] on 28 December, south-east of Amritsar.{{sfn|Gupta|1978|pp=238–239}}

The Sikhs then raided the Shah's baggage train at Lahore, before retreating as Ahmad Shah approached on 1 January 1767. Ahmad Shah offered peace to the Sikhs, intending to march on [[Northern India]] and offering to divide lands for them, lest they fight him in the field. The Sikhs rejected all offers, and defeated Jahan Khan at Amritsar on 17 January. Ahmad Shah quickly came to his aid and attacked the Sikhs, forcing them to flee and destroying Amritsar. The Afghan baggage train was attacked during this time, but Nasir Khan routed and pursued the Sikh army.{{sfn|Gupta|1978|pp=239–241}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=312–313}}
{{Quote box
| quote = Nobody should go ahead and none should move from his place. "..." Wait, the devilish foe will itself come to you. Do not step outside your ranks but stick to your place like the [[Caucasus mountains]]. When you find that the Dogs have approached you, fall on their heads. I have advised all the [[Ghazis]] similarly. When you move forward all of you should remain closely united. None should go ahead and nobody should lag behind, and no person should keep away from the main body. All should fall on the enemy in a body simultaneously.{{sfn|Gupta|1976|pp=213}}
| author = Ahmad Shah remarking to [[Nasir Khan I Ahmadzai|Nasir Khan]] prior to a battle with the Sikhs
| width = 30%
| align = right
}}
Ahmad Shah then crossed the [[Beas River]] and received many sardars including [[Najib ad-Dawlah|Najib ud-Daula]], as well as the vakils of Mir Qasim, the [[Bharatpur State|Jats]], and [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]].{{sfn|Gupta|1978|p=241}} When his invasion began, Ahmad Shah was surprised and infuriated when the chiefs of India who had sworn allegiance to him did not come to offer homage to him personally. The British also had Emperor Shah Alam and Vizier Shuja ud-Daula refrain from sending aid to the Shah, fearing advances further east of Delhi. The British urged the Marathas, Rohillas, and Jats to form a coalition against Ahmad Shah, assuring British aid. Ahmad Shah, however, was seen as invincible in India following the victory at Panipat, with many chiefs being terrified of him.{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=315}}

Ahmad Shah continued his advance to Nurmahal, before reaching [[Machhiwara]], where the Sikhs opposed his advance and harassed him. He attempted to pursue the Sikhs to no avail, while they inflicted a severe defeat on Nasir Khan. The Afghans continued and arrived at Ismailabad, south of [[Ambala]], on 18 March. From there, Ahmad Shah declared his intention to march on Delhi, but Najib ud-Daula opposed this, saying the countryside would flee upon his arrival. With the Sikhs also harassing the rear of his army, Ahmad Shah chose to withdraw and focus on the Sikhs.{{sfn|Gupta|1978|pp=242–243}}

After withdrawing to Sirhind, Ahmad Shah organized numerous campaigns against the Sikhs within a month, and a large Sikh army at [[Mani Majra]] was defeated with many captured. The Sikh holy cities of [[Kiratpur Sahib|Kiratpur]] and [[Anandpur Sahib|Anandpur]] were also sacked. During this time, Sikh forces began raiding Najib ud-Daula's domains, even storming Meerut on 14 May. Ahmad Shah dispatched Jahan Khan, who traveled around {{Convert|300|km|mi|abbr=on}} in three days by forced marches and defeated the Sikhs at Meerut, before returning.{{sfn|Gupta|1978|pp=245–246}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=317}} As the summer heat became unbearable and the monsoon season was nearing, Ahmad Shah withdrew by quick marches through Lahore back to Afghanistan. As he withdrew, Lahore was quickly reoccupied by the Sikhs.{{sfn|Gupta|1978|p=246}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=318}}

===Ninth invasion of India (1768–1769)===
In December 1768, Ahmad Shah attempted a ninth invasion of India.{{sfn|Noelle-Karimi|1997|p=112}} His forces advanced as far as the Jhelum River, but the Sikhs fell back and attacked him from all directions. No loot could be garnered, and internal disputes rose within the Afghan army, forcing a complete withdrawal. As he withdrew between Peshawar and Kabul, the division in his army grew greater and his camp was plundered, with many killed as a result.{{sfn|Gupta|1978|p=249}} This was the final invasion of India by Ahmad Shah, excluding three later attempts.{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=320}}

===Tenth, eleventh, and attempted twelfth invasions of India (1769–1771)===
Between late 1769 and autumn 1771, Ahmad Shah attempted three more invasions of India. In December 1769, he advanced toward Peshawar but was unsure on how to reach Delhi, withdrawing back to Kandahar. In June 1770, Ahmad Shah again advanced to Peshawar, planning an invasion of India. However, undetermined to fight the Sikhs, he again withdrew. In August 1771, Ahmad Shah planned an invasion of India, with strong rumors circulating of Ahmad Shah attacking in the winter. This was unfounded, and historian [[Sir Robert Barker, 1st Baronet|Robert Barker]] states Ahmad Shah would not cross the Indus due to opposition by the Sikhs.{{sfn|Gupta|1978|pp=249–250}}

===Third Khorasan campaign (1769–1770)===
{{main|Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1769–70)}}

Upon hearing of Afghan difficulties in Punjab, Nasrullah Mirza, son of the [[Afsharid Iran|Afsharid]] ruler [[Shahrokh Shah]], began preparing to declare independence. He first attempted to secure aid from [[Karim Khan Zand]] to no avail, before receiving support from the Kurds and raising an army in [[Chenaran]]. Ahmad Shah began marching from Herat to Khorasan between 1769 and 1770, occupying [[Torbat-e Jam]] and [[Langar, Torbat-e Jam|Langar]]. Nasrullah immediately rushed back to Mashhad, while Ahmad Shah arrived and besieged the city.{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=320–321}}{{sfn|Chahryar|Baipakov|Irfan|2003|p=292}}

Nasrullah dispatched [[Nader Mirza Afshar]] to try and seek aid, which he did receive from the chief of Tabas, Ali Mardan Khan. The siege at Mashhad persisted, and [[sortie]] attempts against the Afghans were made. Reinforcements under Nadee Mirza and Ali Mardan began arriving, and Ahmad Shah dispatched his general, Rasul Khan to battle against them. The Afghan contingent was repelled at [[Gonabad]]. Ahmad Shah sent a second army under Jahan Khan and Nasir Khan, which defeated the Persians, slaying Ali Mardan Khan and pursuing Nader Mirza as far as [[Soltanabad, Khoshab|Soltanabad]].{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=321–322}}

Not wishing to fire upon the city as it contained the [[Imam Reza shrine]], negotiations were opened and successfully saw Shahrokh submit again to Afghan suzerainty. Shahrokh also had his daughter, Gauhar-Shad, married to [[Timur Shah Durrani]], with the marriage completed in the Afghan camp. Despite the surrender of Shahrokh and Nasrullah, Ahmad Shah had no intention of directly annexing Khorasan, and instead left Shahrokh to rule under Afghan suzerainty, who also furnished troops for the Afghan army.{{sfn|Chahryar|Baipakov|Irfan|2003|p=292}} To ensure loyalty, one of Shahrokh's sons, Yazdan Bakhsh, was taken as hostage. Ahmad Shah began marching back to Kandahar on 9 June, ending his final military campaign.{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=322–323}}

==Death==
[[File:Mosque in Kandahar-2011.jpg|thumb|The [[tomb of Ahmad Shah Durrani]] in [[Kandahar]]; it is adjacent to the [[Kirka Sharif]] which contains the [[Cloak of Muhammad]].|alt=A color photograph of a blue and white mosque nestled behind trees]]
Ahmad Shah's relentless military campaigning took a serious toll on his health. Numerous reasons are attributed to his death, including a malignant wound on his nose, a form of facial cancer,{{sfn|Chahryar|Baipakov|Irfan|2003|p=292}} or possibly a nose injury from blowing up [[Golden Temple|Harmandir Sahib]].{{sfn|Grewal|2004|p=23}} The wound aggravated despite all attempts to cure it, and by summer 1772, Ahmad Shah had to be spoonfed and he could not verbally communicate. He retired to a palace in [[Maruf, Afghanistan|Maruf]], east of Kandahar,{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=326}} eventually dying either on 16 or 23 October 1772.{{sfn|Lee|2022|pp=140–141}} He was buried in Kandahar, where a [[tomb of Ahmad Shah Durrani|mausoleum]] was later built by his son, [[Timur Shah Durrani]] in 1777.{{sfn|Chahryar|Baipakov|Irfan|2003|p=292}} It is adjacent to the [[Kirka Sharif]], brought to Afghanistan during Ahmad Shah's [[#Turkestan (1751–1768)|campaign against Bukhara in 1768]].{{sfn|Lamb|2004|p=38}}

==Children and succession==
[[Hari Ram Gupta]] stated that Ahmad Shah had four sons, Sulaiman, [[Timur Shah Durrani|Timur]], Parwez, and Sikander.{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=387}} However, Noelle mentions another son, who was the youngest, Sanjar Mirza.{{sfn|Noelle-Karimi|2014|p=110}}

[[File:Temur-Shah.jpg|thumb|The son and successor of Ahmad Shah, [[Timur Shah Durrani]]|alt=A black and white portrait, from the chset up, of a bearded and turbaned man]]
Before his death, Ahmad Shah chose his younger son, Timur Shah Durrani, to succeed him, passing over his eldest son, Sulaiman Mirza. The announcement led to an internal conflict between factions loyal to Sulaiman and Timur. Ahmad Shah dismissed the faction of Sulaiman, proclaiming Timur far more capable than Sulaiman. However, Timur was left as governor at [[Herat]], allowing the faction of Sulaiman to grow their influence. Upon Ahmad Shah's death, the faction of Sulaiman refused the throne to Timur, and gave it to Sulaiman, triggering a short civil war. Timur emerged victorious without battle, as support for Sulaiman had dissipated, and he fled to India.{{sfn|Lee|2022|pp=143–146}} Later during the reign of Timur, his brother Sikander would become the main focus of a conspiracy to succeed to the Durrani throne after a plot on Timur's life that nearly succeeded in [[Peshawar]].{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=148}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=388}}

==Legacy==

===Generalship and military campaigns===
Historians widely regard Ahmad Shah as an excellent military leader and [[Tactic (method)|tactician]],{{sfn|Adamec|2010|p=2}}<ref>{{harvnb|K. Palat|Tabyshalieva|2003|p=290}}: "Ahmad Shah Durrani was not only a visionary leader but also a talented military man."</ref> and he is compared to military leaders such as [[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough|Marlborough]],{{sfn|Black|2002|p=42}} [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], [[Babur]], and [[Nader Shah]].{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=141}} Throughout all his military campaigns, he had rarely ever lost a battle.<ref>{{harvnb|Dalrymple|Anand|2016|p=67}}: "Few possessors of the Koh-I-Noor have led happy lives, and while Ahmad Shah rarely lost a battle, he was eventually defeated by a foe more intractable than any army..."</ref> Historian Kaushik Roy remarks that Ahmad Shah was one of the greatest generals of eighteenth century Asia.{{sfn|Roy|2004|p=92}} [[Hari Ram Gupta]] shares a similar notion, referring to Ahmad Shah as the "greatest general of Asia of his time", as well as one of the greatest conquerors in Asian history.<ref>{{harvnb|Gupta|1978|p=192}}: "The Afghans fought with equal valour and energy and displayed strategy under the leadership of the greatest general of Asia of his time..."</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Gupta|1976|pp=225–226}}: "Ahmad Shah Abdali was one of the greatest conquerors who have ever appeared in Asia."</ref> His most notable military achievement was the decisive [[Third Battle of Panipat]], the largest land battle of the century which pushed the [[Maratha Empire]] out of [[Northern India]].{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=142}}{{sfn|Black|2002|p=44}} The victory at Panipat created an aura of invincibility surrounding him, as later [[British East India Company|British]] attempts to form a coalition against Ahmad Shah failed due to many Indian chiefs being terrified of him.{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=315}} Throughout his reign as Shah, Ahmad Shah led over fifteen major military campaigns, including [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani|nine punishing invasions of India]], three in [[Khorasan Province|Iranian Khorasan]], and three in [[Afghan Turkestan]].{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=118}} Despite this, his invasions of India had greater consequences and led to the decline of [[Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent|Muslim power in Northern India]].{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=130}}

As he invaded India and [[Sack of Delhi (1757)|occupied Delhi in 1757]], most of best men comprising the army of the [[Bengal Subah]] were forcibly deployed against Ahmad Shah's invasion.{{sfn|Gommans|1995|p=261}} Months later, the army of the Bengal Subah, severely understrength, was crushed at the [[Battle of Plassey]] by the British. Later, in 1765, Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II ceded complete rule of [[Bengal]], [[Bihar]], and [[Orrisa]] to the British. The Afghan wholesale massacres and enslavements in India, and the oppression of Sikhs and Hindus, as well as the destruction of their holy places shattered the former [[Religious policy of the Mughals after Akbar|Mughal policy of religious tolerance]]. Stereotypes against [[Pashtuns]] also formed as a result, and they were deemed bloodthirsty zealots by the British and Indians alike. Ahmad Shah also seemed much more interested in plundering rather than restoring Muslim power in India, and his refusal to shift his capital from Kandahar to India made the idea of forging an empire in India untenable.{{sfn|Lee|2022|pp=130–131}}

Ahmad Shah introduced numerous military reforms, with the Durrani army being renowned for their excellent discipline, typically depending upon Ahmad Shah himself. He was able to introduce new tactics and technology surrounding [[Dragoon|mounted musketeers]], as well as [[Zamburak]] light camel artillery. The death of Ahmad Shah saw a sharp decline in military strength for the Durranis.{{sfn|Gommans|1995|p=279}} [[Jacques Lauriston]], a French officer, observed: "...that which renders the [[Afghan (ethnonym)|Pathans]] superior is primarily the discipline and subordination so strictly observed in the Abdali [Durrani] army."{{sfn|Gommans|1995|p=271}}

===The Durrani Empire and Afghanistan===
{{main|Durrani Empire}}

[[File:Seal of Ahmad Shah Durrani.svg|thumb|right|Seal of Ahmad Shah Durrani|alt=Imperial emblem of Ahmad Shah Durrani]]
Ahmad Shah is seen commonly as the founder of modern [[Afghanistan]],{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=114}} with his relentless military campaigns forging an independent Afghanistan, and an empire stretching from the [[Oxus River]] in the north to the [[Gulf of Oman]] in the south. In the east, it stretched from the mountains of [[Tibet]] and [[Kashmir]], to [[Iran]] and as far as [[Kerman]] in the western ends of his empire.{{sfn|Gupta|1976|pp=226}} However, his empire was already struggling even before his death. Even though Kashmir, [[Peshawar]], [[Multan]], and many other regions beyond the [[Indus River|Indus]] were under Afghan control, much of [[Punjab]] fell into the hands of the Sikhs.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=130}}

Ahmad Shah's empire was also less equated to his much earlier predecessors, the [[Ghaznavid Empire|Ghaznavid]] and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] empires, who are largely remembered by their [[Mughal architecture|architecture]] and [[Patronage|patronization of the arts]]. As Lee remarks: "...Ahmad Shah spent more time destroying civilizations than he did in establishing his own."{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=141}} Gupta also states Ahmad Shah may have been an excellent [[Conquest (military)|conqueror]], but he failed in consolidating his empire.{{sfn|Gupta|1976|pp=228}} Next to the [[Ottoman Empire]], the Durrani Empire is considered to be among the most significant [[List of Muslim states and dynasties|Islamic empires]] of the second half of the 18th century.{{sfn|Dupree|1980|p=334}}

===Poetry===
Ahmad Shah was a [[poet]], authoring several poems in [[Pashto]] and occasionally [[Persian language|Persian]].{{sfn|Dupree|1980|p=81}} His [[Diwan (poetry)|Diwan]] (collection of [[ode]]s) showed visible [[Sufism|Sufi]] influence.{{sfn|Masaeli|Sneller|2020|p=101}} He was known to admire [[Waqif Lahori|Waqif]], a poet from Batala, and even invited him to the Afghan court in [[Kandahar]]. [[Nizam al-Din 'Ishrat Sialkoti|Nizam al-Din 'Ishrat]], another poet he had admired, was commissioned by Ahmad Shah to record his reign, composing the ''Shāhnāma-yi Aḥmadiyya'', a [[mathnawi]] poem of 614 pages.{{sfn|Chahryar|Baipakov|Irfan|2003|p=322}}

In one such notable poem, Ahmad Shah wrote:
{{blockquote|{{tree list}}
* {{lang|ps|{{nq|ستا د عشق له وينو ډک سول ځيگرونه}}}}
** {{Small|''Stā išq lə wino ḍək swəl źigaruna''}}
** {{Small|{{IPA|ps|st̪ɑ ʔiʃk lə wi.no ɖək swəl d͡zi.ga.ɾuˈna|label=}}}}
* ''By blood, we are immersed in love of you''
* {{lang|ps|{{nq|ستا په لاره کښې بايلي زلمي سرونه}}}}
** {{Small|''Stā pə lāra kṣ̌i bāili zalmi saruna''}}
** {{Small|{{IPA|ps|st̪ɑ pə lɑˈɾa kʂi bɑɪ.li zal.mi sa.ruˈna|label=}}}}
* ''The youth lose their heads for your sake''
* {{lang|ps|{{nq|تا ته راسمه زړگی زما فارغ سي}}}}
** {{Small|''Tā ta rāsəma zəṛgai zmā fāriğ si''}}
** {{Small|{{IPA|ps|t̪ɑ t̪a rɑˈsə.ma zəɽ.gaɪ zmɑ pɑˈɾiɣ si|label=}}}}
* ''I come to you and my heart finds rest''
* {{lang|ps|{{nq|بې له تا مې اندېښنې د زړه مارونه}}}}
** {{Small|''Be lə tā me andeṣ̌ne də zṛə māruna''}}
** {{Small|{{IPA|ps|be lə t̪ɑ me ʔan.d̪eʂ.ne d̪ə zɽə mɑ.ruˈna|label=}}}}
* ''Away from you, grief clings to my heart like a snake''
* {{lang|ps|{{nq|که هر څو مې د دنيا ملکونه ډېر سي}}}}
** {{Small|''Ka har śo me də dunyā mulkuna ḍer si''}}
** {{Small|{{IPA|ps|ka haɾ t͡so me d̪un.jɑ mul.kuˈna ɖeɾ si|label=}}}}
* ''Whatever countries I conquer in the world,''
* {{lang|ps|{{nq|زما به هېر نه سي دا ستا ښکلي باغونه}}}}
** {{Small|''Zmā ba her na si dā stā ṣ̌kwəli bāghuna''}}
** {{Small|{{IPA|ps|zmɑ ba heɾ na si d̪ɑ st̪ɑ ʂkwəˈli bɑ.ɣuˈna|label=}}}}
* ''I will never forget your beautiful gardens''
* {{lang|ps|{{nq|د ډیلي تخت هېرومه چې را ياد کړم}}}}
** {{Small|''Də Ḍili taxt herawəma ce rā yād kṛəm''}}
** {{Small|{{IPA|ps|d̪ə ɖi.li t̪axt̪ he.ɾa.wəˈma t͡ʃe rɑ jɑd̪ kɽəm|label=}}}}
* ''I forget the throne of [[Delhi]] when I remember,''
* {{lang|ps|{{nq|زما د ښکلي پښتونخوا د غرو سرونه}}}}
** {{Small|''Zmā də ṣ̌kwəli Pəṣ̌tunxwā də ğro saruna''}}
** {{Small|{{IPA|ps|zmɑ d̪ə ʂkwəˈli pəʂ.t̪un.wɑ d̪ə ɣɾo sa.ruˈna|label=}}}}
* ''The mountain tops of my beautiful [[Pashtunistan|Pashtun land]]''
* {{lang|ps|{{nq|که تمامه دنيا يو خوا ته بل خوا يې}}}}
** {{Small|''Ka tamāma dunyā yau xwā ta bəl xwā ye''}}
** {{Small|{{IPA|ps|ka t̪a.mɑˈma d̪un.jɑ jaʊ xwɑ ta bəl xwɑ je|label=}}}}
* ''If I must choose between the world and you,''
* {{lang|ps|{{nq|زما خوښ دي ستا خالي تش ډگرونه}}}}
** {{Small|''Zmā xwəṣ̌ di stā xāli təš ḍəgəruna''}}
** {{Small|{{IPA|ps|zmɑ xwəʂ d̪i st̪ɑ xɑ.li t̪əʃ ɖə.gə.ɾuˈna|label=}}}}
* ''I shall not hesitate to claim your barren deserts as my own.''{{sfn|Dupree|1980|p=81}}
{{tree list/end}}}}

==Military record==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; font-size:90%; margin:1em auto 1em auto;"
|-
!width="65"|Outcome
! style="width:140px;"|Date
! style="width:110px;"|War
! style="width:auto;"|Action
! style="width:170px;"|Opponent/s
!width="45"|Type
! style="width:120px;"|Country (present day)
!width="50"|Rank
|-
|{{WinDL|Victory}}
!scope="row"|1738-11-2626 November 1738
|style="background:#ACBECF"|[[Nader Shah's invasion of India]]
|[[Battle of Khyber Pass (1738)|Battle of Khyber Pass]]
|.[[Mughal Empire]]
|Battle
|[[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]]
|[[Ispahsalar]]
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|Victory}}
!scope="row"|1739-02-2424 February 1739
|style="background:#ACBECF"|Nader Shah's invasion of India
|[[Battle of Karnal]]
|.[[Mughal Empire]]
|Battle
|[[India]]
|Ispahsalar
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|Victory}}
!scope="row"|1739-02-2424 February 1739
|style="background:#ACBECF"|Nader Shah's invasion of India
|Chaeronea[[Nader Shah's invasion of India#Massacre of Delhi|Sack of Delhi]]
|.[[Mughal Empire]]
|Sacking
|India
|Ispahsalar
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|res=Draw}}, [[Treaty of Kerden]]
!scope="row"|1743–17461743–1746
|style="background:#ACBECF"|[[Ottoman–Persian War (1743–1746)]]
|Numerous actions in the war
|.[[Ottoman Empire]]
|Battle
|[[Iraq]], [[Armenia]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Turkey]]
|Ispahsalar
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|Victory}}
!scope="row"|1747 1747
|style="background:#ACBECF"|[[#Death of Nader Shah|Rise to power]]
|Chaeronea[[#Death of Nader Shah|Battle of Quchan]]
|.[[Qizilbash]] and Persians
|Battle
|[[Iran]]
|Ispahsalar
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|Victory}}
!scope="row"|1747 1747
|style="background:#ACBECF"|Rise to power
|Chaeronea[[#Return to Kandahar|Battle of Farah]]
|.[[Afsharid Iran|Afsharids]]
|Battle
|Afghanistan
|Ispahsalar
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|Victory}}
!scope="row"|1747 Autumn 1747
|style="background:#ACBECF"|[[#Campaign to Kabul (1747)|Kabul campaign]]
|Chaeronea[[#Campaign to Kabul (1747)|Siege of Qalati Ghilji]]
|.[[Tokhi]]
|Siege
|Afghanistan
|[[Shah]]
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|Victory}}
!scope="row"|1747 Autumn 1747
|style="background:#ACBECF"|Kabul campaign
|Chaeronea[[#Campaign to Kabul (1747)|Battle of Ghazni]]
|.[[Mughal Empire]]
|Battle
|Afghanistan
|Shah
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|Victory}}
!scope="row"|1747 Autumn 1747
|style="background:#ACBECF"|Kabul campaign
|Chaeronea[[#Campaign to Kabul (1747)|Stratagem of Kabul]]
|.[[Mughal Empire]]
|Defection
|Afghanistan
|Shah
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|Victory}}
!scope="row"|11 January 1748
|style="background:#ACBECF"|[[#First invasion of India (1747–1748)|First invasion of India]]
|Chaeronea[[Battle of Lahore (1748)|Battle of Lahore]]
|.[[Mughal Empire]]
|Battle
|Pakistan
|Shah
⁂
|-
|{{no2|Defeat}}
!scope="row"|11 March 1748
|style="background:#ACBECF"|First invasion of India
|Chaeronea[[Battle of Manupur]]
|.[[Mughal Empire]] [[Kingdom of Amber|Kingdom of Jaipur]] [[Malerkotla State]]
|Battle
|India
|Shah
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|Victory}}
!scope="row"|1749–1750
|style="background:#ACBECF"|[[Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1749–51)|First Khorasan campaign]]
|Chaeronea[[#First Khorasan campaign (1749–1751)|Siege of Herat]]
|.Afsharids
|Siege
|Afghanistan
|Shah
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|Victory}}
!scope="row"|1750
|style="background:#ACBECF"|First Khorasan campaign
|Chaeronea[[#First Khorasan campaign (1749–1751)|Nun (1750)]]
|.Afsharids
|Siege
|Iran
|Shah
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|Victory}}
!scope="row"|1750
|style="background:#ACBECF"|First Khorasan campaign
|Chaeronea[[#First Khorasan campaign (1749–1751)|Siege of Mashhad]]
|.Afsharids
|Siege
|Iran
|Shah
⁂
|-
|{{no2|Defeat}}
!scope="row"|1750–1751
|style="background:#ACBECF"|First Khorasan campaign
|Chaeronea[[#First Khorasan campaign (1749–1751)|Siege of Nishapur]]
|.[[Qara Bayat Amirdom]]
|Siege
|Iran
|Shah
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|Victory}}
!scope="row"|6 March – 3 April 1752
|style="background:#ACBECF"|[[#Third invasion of India (1751–1752)|Third invasion of India]]
|Chaeronea[[Battle of Lahore (1752)|Battle of Lahore]]
|.[[Mughal Empire]]
|Battle
|Pakistan
|Shah
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|Victory}}
!scope="row"|May 1754
|style="background:#ACBECF"|[[Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1754–55)|Second Khorasan campaign]]
|Chaeronea[[Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1754–55)|Sack of Tun]]
|.Governor of Tabas
|Sack
|Iran
|Shah
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|Victory}}
!scope="row"|May 1754
|style="background:#ACBECF"|Second Khorasan campaign
|Chaeronea[[Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1754–55)|Sack of Tabas]]
|.Governor of Tabas
|Sack
|Iran
|Shah
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|Victory}}
!scope="row"|23 July – 1 December 1754
|style="background:#ACBECF"|Second Khorasan campaign
|Chaeronea[[Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1754–55)|Siege of Mashhad]]
|.Afsharids
|Siege
|Iran
|Shah
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|Victory}}
!scope="row"|17–24 June 1755
|style="background:#ACBECF"|Second Khorasan campaign
|Chaeronea[[Siege of Nishapur (1755)|Siege of Nishapur]]
|.Qara Bayat Amirdom
|Siege
|Iran
|Shah
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|Victory}}
!scope="row"|28 January – 22 February 1757
|style="background:#ACBECF"|[[#Fourth invasion of India (1756–1757)|Fourth invasion of India]]
|Chaeronea[[Sack of Delhi (1757)|Sack of Delhi]]
|.Mughal Empire [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]]
|Sacking
|India
|Shah
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|Victory}}
!scope="row"| – 4 February March 1757
|style="background:#ACBECF"|[[#Fourth invasion of India (1756–1757)|Fourth invasion of India]]
|Chaeronea[[#Fourth invasion of India (1756–1757)|Siege of Ballabhgarh]]
|.[[Bharatpur State]]
|Siege
|India
|Shah
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|Victory}}
!scope="row"|16 March 1757
|style="background:#ACBECF"|Fourth invasion of India
|Chaeronea[[#Fourth invasion of India (1756–1757)|Battle of Gokul]]
|.[[Daśanāmi Sampradaya#Naga Sadhus akharas|Naga Sadhus]]
|Battle
|India
|Shah
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|Victory}}
!scope="row"|Summer 1758
|style="background:#ACBECF"|[[#Kalat Rebellion (1758—1759)|Kalat rebellion]]
|Chaeronea[[#Kalat Rebellion (1758—1759)|Battle of Mastung]]
|.[[Khanate of Kalat]]
|Battle
|Pakistan
|Shah
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|Victory}}
!scope="row"|1758–1759
|style="background:#ACBECF"|Kalat rebellion
|Chaeronea[[#Kalat Rebellion (1758—1759)|Siege of Kalat]]
|.Khanate of Kalat
|Siege
|Pakistan
|Shah
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|Victory}}
!scope="row"|24 December 1759
|style="background:#ACBECF"|[[Afghan–Maratha War]] ([[#Fifth invasion of India (1759–1761)|Fifth invasion of India]])
|Chaeronea[[Battle of Taraori (1759)|Battle of Taraori]]
|.[[Maratha Empire]]
|Battle
|India
|Shah
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|Victory}}
!scope="row"|9 January 1760
|style="background:#ACBECF"|Afghan–Maratha War (Fifth invasion of India)
|Chaeronea[[Battle of Barari Ghat]]
|.Maratha Empire
|Battle
|India
|Shah
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|Victory}}
!scope="row"|4 March 1760
|style="background:#ACBECF"|Afghan–Maratha War (Fifth invasion of India)
|Chaeronea[[Battle of Sikandarabad]]
|.Maratha Empire
|Battle
|India
|Shah
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|Victory}}
!scope="row"|March 1760
|style="background:#ACBECF"|Afghan–Maratha War (Fifth invasion of India)
|Chaeronea[[#Fifth invasion of India (1759–1761)|Siege of Aligarh]]
|.Maratha Empire
|Siege
|India
|Shah
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|Victory}}
!scope="row"|October–November 1760
|style="background:#ACBECF"|Afghan–Maratha War (Fifth invasion of India)
|Chaeronea[[Battle of Samalkha (1760)|Samalkha]]
|.Maratha Empire
|Battle
|India
|Shah
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|Victory}}
!scope="row"|17 December 1760
|style="background:#ACBECF"|Afghan–Maratha War (Fifth invasion of India)
|Chaeronea[[Battle of Meerut (1760)|Battle of Meerut]]
|.Maratha Empire
|Battle
|India
|Shah
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|Victory}}
!scope="row"|14 January 1761
|style="background:#ACBECF"|Afghan–Maratha War (Fifth invasion of India)
|Chaeronea[[Third Battle of Panipat]]
|.Maratha Empire
|Battle
|India
|Shah
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|Victory}}
!scope="row"|5 February 1762
|style="background:#ACBECF"|[[Afghan–Sikh Wars]] ([[#Sixth invasion of India (1762)|Sixth invasion of India]])
|Chaeronea[[Battle of Kup]]
|.[[Sikh Confederacy]]
|Battle
|India
|Shah
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|Victory}}
!scope="row"|February 1762
|style="background:#ACBECF"|Afghan–Sikh Wars (Sixth invasion of India)
|Chaeronea[[#Sixth invasion of India (1762)|Siege of Barnala]]
|.[[Patiala State]]
|Siege
|India
|Shah
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|Victory}}
!scope="row"|10 April 1762
|style="background:#ACBECF"|Afghan–Sikh Wars (Sixth invasion of India)
|Chaeronea[[#Sixth invasion of India (1762)|Sacking of Amritsar]]
|.Sikh Confederacy
|Sacking
|India
|Shah
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|res=Draw}}, [[Battle of Pipli Sahib#Result|result disputed]]
!scope="row"|17 October 1762
|style="background:#ACBECF"|Afghan–Sikh Wars (Sixth invasion of India)
|Chaeronea[[Battle of Pipli Sahib]]
|.Sikh Confederacy
|Battle
|India
|Shah
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|Victory}}
!scope="row"|12 December 1762
|style="background:#ACBECF"|Afghan–Sikh Wars (Sixth invasion of India)
|Chaeronea[[Battle of the Ravi Ford]]
|.Sikh Confederacy
|Battle
|Pakistan
|Shah
⁂
|-
|{{no2|Defeat}}
!scope="row"|Early 1764
|style="background:#ACBECF"|Afghan–Sikh Wars (Seventh invasion of India)
|Chaeronea[[Battle of Chenab (1764)|Battle of Chenab]]
|.Sikh Confederacy
|Battle
|India
|Shah
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|Victory}}
!scope="row"|1764
|style="background:#ACBECF"|Afghan–Sikh Wars ([[#Seventh invasion of India (1764–1765)|Seventh invasion of India]])
|Chaeronea[[Battle of Qarawal]]
|.Sikh Confederacy
|Battle
|Pakistan
|Shah
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|Victory}}
!scope="row"|1 December 1764
|style="background:#ACBECF"|Afghan–Sikh Wars (Seventh invasion of India)
|Chaeronea[[#Seventh invasion of India (1764–1765)|Battle of Amritsar]]
|.Sikh Confederacy
|Battle
|India
|Shah
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|Victory}}
!scope="row"|1765
|style="background:#ACBECF"|Afghan–Sikh Wars (Seventh invasion of India)
|Chaeronea[[#Seventh invasion of India (1764–1765)|Battle of Jalandhar Doab]]
|.Sikh Confederacy
|Battle
|India
|Shah
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|Victory}}
!scope="row"|1765
|style="background:#ACBECF"|Afghan–Sikh Wars (Seventh invasion of India)
|Chaeronea[[#Seventh invasion of India (1764–1765)|Battle of Rupar Ghat]]
|.Sikh Confederacy
|Battle
|India
|Shah
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|Victory}}
!scope="row"|1765
|style="background:#ACBECF"|Afghan–Sikh Wars (Seventh invasion of India)
|Chaeronea[[Battle of Sutlej (1765)|Battle of Sutlej]]
|.Sikh Confederacy
|Battle
|India
|Shah
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|res=Draw}}, no decisive engagement
!scope="row"|1765
|style="background:#ACBECF"|Afghan–Sikh Wars (Seventh invasion of India)
|Chaeronea[[#Seventh invasion of India (1764–1765)|Battle of Nurmahal]]
|.Sikh Confederacy
|Battle
|India
|Shah
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|res=Draw}}, no decisive engagement
!scope="row"|1765
|style="background:#ACBECF"|Afghan–Sikh Wars (Seventh invasion of India)
|Chaeronea[[#Seventh invasion of India (1764–1765)|Battle of Kapurthala]]
|.Sikh Confederacy
|Battle
|India
|Shah
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|Victory}}
!scope="row"|1765
|style="background:#ACBECF"|Afghan–Sikh Wars (Seventh invasion of India)
|Chaeronea[[#Seventh invasion of India (1764–1765)|Battle of Beas]]
|.Sikh Confederacy
|Battle
|India
|Shah
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|Victory}}
!scope="row"|December 1766
|style="background:#ACBECF"|Afghan–Sikh Wars ([[#Eighth invasion of India (1766–1767)|Eighth invasion of India]])
|Chaeronea[[#Seventh invasion of India (1764–1765)|Battle of Behgy]]
|.Sikh Confederacy
|Battle
|Pakistan
|Shah
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|Victory}}
!scope="row"|December 1766
|style="background:#ACBECF"|Afghan–Sikh Wars (Eighth invasion of India)
|Chaeronea[[#Seventh invasion of India (1764–1765)|Battle of Jhelum]]
|.Sikh Confederacy
|Battle
|Pakistan
|Shah
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|Victory}}
!scope="row"|January 1767
|style="background:#ACBECF"|Afghan–Sikh Wars (Eighth invasion of India)
|Chaeronea[[#Seventh invasion of India (1764–1765)|Sack of Amritsar]]
|.Sikh Confederacy
|Sack
|India
|Shah
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|Victory}}
!scope="row"|1767
|style="background:#ACBECF"|Afghan–Sikh Wars (Eighth invasion of India)
|Chaeronea[[#Seventh invasion of India (1764–1765)|Battle of Mani Majra]]
|.Sikh Confederacy
|Battle
|India
|Shah
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|res=Draw}}, no decisive engagement
!scope="row"|1769
|style="background:#ACBECF"|Afghan–Sikh Wars ([[#Ninth invasion of India (1768–1769)|Ninth invasion of India]])
|Chaeronea[[#Seventh invasion of India (1764–1765)|Battle of Jhelum]]
|.Sikh Confederacy
|Battle
|Pakistan
|Shah
⁂
|-
|{{WinDL|Victory}}
!scope="row"|1769–1770
|style="background:#ACBECF"|Afghan–Sikh Wars ([[Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1769–70)|Third Khorasan campaign]])
|Chaeronea[[#Third Khorasan campaign (1769–1770)|Siege of Mashhad]]
|.Afsharids
|Siege
|Iran
|Shah
⁂
|-
|}

== In popular culture ==
* In the 1994 television series ''[[The Great Maratha]]'', the character of Ahmad Shah Durrani is portrayed by [[Bob Christo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2011 |title=Mr Christos Mojo |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/mr-christo-s-mojo/ |access-date=13 November 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* In the 2019 [[Bollywood]] war drama film [[Panipat (film)|''Panipat'']], Ahmad Shah Durrani appears as the main antagonist who invades the [[Maratha Empire]], and is portrayed by [[Sanjay Dutt]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaubey |first=Pranita |date=28 November 2019 |title=Panipat Stars Arjun Kapoor And Sanjay Dutt Sum Up Their Experiences Of Shooting For The Film |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/panipat-stars-arjun-kapoor-and-sanjay-dutt-sum-up-their-experiences-of-shooting-for-the-film-2140237 |access-date=31 July 2025 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of monarchs of Afghanistan]]
* [[Dost Mohammad Khan]]
* [[Barakzai dynasty]]

== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{reflist|20em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Adamec |first=Ludwig W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kzjj_LSlxO8C |title=The A to Z of Afghan Wars, Revolutions and Insurgencies |date=7 April 2010 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4617-3189-4 |author-link=Ludwig W. Adamec}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=DORRĀNĪ |last1=Balland |first1=Daniel|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/dorrani-1 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |access-date=13 November 2024 |publication-date=15 December 1995|archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009110503/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/dorrani-1 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Barfield |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4VR0EAAAQBAJ |title=Afghanistan: A Cultural and Political History, Second Edition |date=6 December 2022 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-23856-2 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Barua |first=Pradeep |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC |title=The State at War in South Asia |date=1 January 2005 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0-8032-1344-9 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Black |first=Jeremy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ph5mGwAACAAJ |title=Warfare in the Eighteenth Century |date=2002 |publisher=Cassell |isbn=978-0-304-36212-7 |author-link=Jeremy Black (historian)}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Burnard |first1=Trevor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GkTEQAAQBAJ |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Seven Years' War |last2=Hart |first2=Emma |last3=Houllemare |first3=Marie |date=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-762260-5 |author1-link=Trevor Burnard}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Chahryar |first1=Adle |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzG5llo3YCMC |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in Contrast: from the Sixteenth to the Mid-nineteenth Century |last2=Baipakov |first2=Karl M. |last3=Irfan |first3=Habib |date=31 December 2003 |publisher=UNESCO Publishing |isbn=978-92-3-103876-1
|author3-link=Irfan Habib}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chaurasia |first=Radhey Shyam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC |title=History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. |date=2002 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers |isbn=978-81-269-0123-4 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Clements |first1=Frank A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o6fOEAAAQBAJ |title=Conflict in Afghanistan: An Encyclopedia |last2=Adamec |first2=Ludwig W. |date=2 December 2003 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-85109-407-3 |author2-link=Ludwig W. Adamec}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Dalrymple |first1=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EoJoDwAAQBAJ |title=Kohinoor: The Story of the World's Most Infamous Diamond |last2=Anand |first2=Anita |date=2016 |publisher=Juggernaut Books |isbn=978-93-86228-08-6
|author-link=William Dalrymple}}
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{{refend}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=Position established}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of monarchs of Afghanistan|Emir of Afghanistan]]|years=1747–1772}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Timur Shah Durrani]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Monarchs of Afghanistan}}
{{Durrani dynasty}}
{{Pashtun}}
{{Subject bar|Biography|Royalty|History|d=1|auto=1}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Durrani, Ahmad Shah}}
[[Category:1720s births]]
[[Category:1772 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century Afghan monarchs]]
[[Category:Emirs of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Durrani dynasty|Ahmad Shah]]
[[Category:18th-century Afghan poets]]
[[Category:Generals of Afsharid Iran]]
[[Category:Pashtun people]]
[[Category:Pashto-language poets]]
[[Category:People from Herat]]
[[Category:People from Multan]]
[[Category:Afghan Muslims]]
[[Category:18th-century monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:Military leaders]]
[[Category:Leaders]]
[[Category:Emperors]]
[[Category:Heads of state of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Genocide perpetrators]]

Happily Ever After (2020 TV series)

2026-03-22T13:37:29Z

MarlysAugust8: put up new info needs work

{{short description|Indian web series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]] [[Comedy]]
| creator =
| developer =
| music = Gaurav Chatterji
| writer = Navjot Gulati
| story = Navjot Gulati Nishant Goyal
| director = Navjot Gulati
| creative_director =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Naveen Kasturia]]
* [[Harshita Gaur]]
* [[Shivankit Singh Parihar]]
* Gurpreet Saini
* Shruti Das}}
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 8
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Firdaus S. Sayed Farhan P. Zamma Jitendra Singla
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera =
| runtime =
| company = Salt Media
| network = [[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|The Zoom Studio]] [[YouTube]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2020|02|01}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2020|03|21}}
}}

'''Happily Ever After''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language web series created by [[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|The Zoom Studios]]. Written and directed by Navjot Gulati, it stars [[Naveen Kasturia]] and [[Harshita Gaur]] with [[Shivankit Singh Parihar]], Gurpreet Saini and Shruti Das.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Navjot Gulati to direct Happily Ever After|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/television/navjot-gulati-direct-happily-ever-1502838809.html/amp|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210220161749/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/television/navjot-gulati-direct-happily-ever-1502838809.html/amp|archive-date=20 February 2021|website=The Statesman|date=29 December 2019 |access-date=2 February 2020}}</ref> It traces the story of a couple, Roneet and Avni who struggle to achieve their dream of having a perfect wedding because of a limited budget.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}

Happily Ever After directed by Navjot Gulati, premiered simultaneously in the company's media streaming platform The Zoom Studio and in YouTube, on 1 February 2020 and it received positive response from audience.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Happily Ever After Episode 1 Review: Naveen Kasturia and Harshita Gaur's chemistry is every bit relatable|access-date=4 February 2020|url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telly-talk/article/happily-ever-after-episode-1-naveen-kasturia-and-harshita-gaurs-chemistry-is-every-bit-relatable/548332|work=Zoom TV}}</ref>

==Cast==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:auto"
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Character
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Portrayed by
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Description
! scope="col" colspan="2" | Appearance
|-
! scope="col" style="width:20%;" | Season 1
|-
|Roneet Bagchi
|[[Naveen Kasturia]]
|Avni's boyfriend and later husband
|{{cMain|Main}}
|-
|Avani Mehndiratta
|[[Harshita Gaur]]
|Roneet's girlfriend and later wife
|{{cMain|Main}}
|-
|Manny
|[[Shivankit Singh Parihar]]
|Roneet's friend, Megha's boyfriend
|{{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|Rishi
|Gurpreet Saini
|Roneet's friend, Surbhi's boyfriend and later husband
|{{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|Surbhi
|Shruti Das
|Roneet's friend, Rishi's girlfriend and later wife
|{{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|Shankar Mehndiratta "Tauji"
|Rajiv Khanna
|Avni's elder paternal uncle
|{{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|Prema Masi
|Meenal Kapoor
|Roneet's maternal aunt, Jaya's sister
|{{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|Badi Bua
|Ramna Wadhawan
|Avni's eldest paternal aunt
|{{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|Choti Bua
|Meenakshi Sethi
|Avni's younger paternal aunt
|{{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|Jaya Bagchi
|Shabnam Vadhera
|Roneet's mother, Prema's sister
|{{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|Ragini Mehndiratta
|Shivani Saluja
|Avni's sister-in-law
|{{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|Megha
|Ravina Sharma
|Roneet's cousin, Manny's girlfriend
|{{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|Kishanchand Mehndiratta
|Sanjay Bhatia
|Usha's husband, Avni's father
|{{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|Usha Mehndiratta
|Priti Shrivastav
|Kishanchand's wife, Avni's mother
|{{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|Riva
|Yoshita Gandhi
|Roneet's cousin
|{{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|Geeta Udeshi
|Nimmo Mehndiratta "Taiji"
|Avni's elder paternal aunt
|{{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|Jay
|Pratyush Uday
|Roneet and Avni's wedding planner
|{{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|Prakash Fufa
|Girish Thapar
|
|{{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|Vishnu Chacha
|Raj Naini
|Avni's paternal uncle
|{{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|Mausaji
|Dalip Gulati
|Avni's maternal uncle
|{{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|Mausiji
|Garima Agarwal
|Avni's maternal aunt
|{{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|Gautam
|Vivaan Soni
|Avni's friend
|{{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|Vikram
|Deependra Kumawat
|
|{{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|Saaransh
|Mannit Tanna
|Avni's nephew
|{{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|Deven Chacha
|Aditya Bhattarcharya
|
|{{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|Jagdish
|Amit Srivastava
|
|{{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|Shubhash
|Lokendra Soghani
|
|{{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|Ishani
|Anju Gaur
|
|{{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|Rahul Chaudhary
|Samar
|
|{{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|Sanjay Sharma
|Deepak Sharma
|Receptionist at Kumbalgarh Palace
|{{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|Zainab
|Tanvie Kishore
|Roneet's fling
|{{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|Dad
|Ramesh Joshi
|Zainab's father
|{{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|Ashwin
|Arjun Satam
|
|{{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|Ashima
|Jahaan Kaur
|Surbhi's aunt, a wedding planner
|{{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|Upasana
|Sweety D'souza
|
|{{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|Pandit
|Om Prakash Tiwari
|Roneet and Avni's wedding pandit
|{{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|Client
|Siddharth Maitreya
|Avni's client
|{{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|Siddharth
|Sanket Pawar
|Groom at the wedding crashed by Roneet and Avni
|{{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|Sonia
|Nupur Paneri
|Bride at the wedding crashed by Roneet and Avni
|{{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|Yasmin
|Sakshi Benipuri
|Prostitute hired by Manny for Roneet
|{{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|Staff Member
|Aman Acharya
|Hotel staff of Kumbalgarh
|{{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|Banker
|Kunal Patel
|Roneet's bank's manager
|{{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|Young Roneet
|Ansh Mehta
|Roneet in school flashback
|{{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|Young Avni
|Vrishti Chawda
|Avni in school flashback
|{{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|Young Manny
|Varun Buddhadev
|Manny in school flashback
|{{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|Teacher
|Seema Dusane
|Teacher in school flashback
|{{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|}

==Production==
[[Naveen Kasturia]] was cast as Roneet Bagchi. While, [[Harshita Gaur]] was cast as Avani Mehndiratta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive - Naveen Kasturia and Harshita Gaur on 'Happily Ever After' and their relationship rumors|work=Zoom TV|date=6 February 2020 |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=TcXY0lRFPiY|access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref> A major portion of the series was shot at the hotels and palaces in [[Kumbalgarh]]. The show has managed to get the largest ensemble cast of 54 characters under one roof.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Navjot Gulati and The Zoom Studio's web show 'Happily Ever After' - wedding with a twist|work=Mid Day|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/navjot-gulati-on-web-show-happily-ever-after-wedding-with-a-twist-22641209|access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive! Known everything about the new web series, Happily Ever After by The Zoom Studios|work=Jagran|url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/web-series-review-happily-ever-after-new-web-series-on-zoom-studios-releasing-on-1-february-19976971.html|access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref>

==Release==
''Happily Ever After'' was released on 1 February 2020 on Zoom Studio's official YouTube page. It is also digitally available on [[ZEE5]] and [[MX Player]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Happily Ever After On Zee5!|work=ZEE5|url=https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/happily-ever-after/0-6-4z592284|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210220161749/https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/happily-ever-after/0-6-4z592284|archive-date=20 February 2021|access-date=10 July 2020}}</ref>

==Episodes==
{{Episode table |background=orange |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Vada Karo
|DirectedBy = Navjot Gulati
|WrittenBy = Navjot Gulati
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|2|1}}
|ShortSummary = From meeting for the first time to planning their wedding, Roneet and Avni has had a whirlwind romance. Avni convince Roneet to have a destination wedding. Will they be able to have a big, fat Indian wedding as they are short on budget.
|LineColor = orange
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Buenas Noches
|DirectedBy = Navjot Gulati
|WrittenBy = Navjot Gulati
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|2|9}}
|ShortSummary = Making up your mind to get married is the easiest thing to do. The tough part is getting approvals from your insane friends and family. Roneet and Avni's set out to seek their family and friends approval. They also begin their wedding preparations.
|LineColor = orange
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = I Hate You (Like I Love You)
|DirectedBy = Navjot Gulati
|WrittenBy = Navjot Gulati
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|2|15}}
|ShortSummary = There's no day without night. There's no yin without yang. And there's no pyaar without takraar. Roneet and Avni go on their infamous break post their fight. While Avni is still invested in their relationship, Roneet ends up cheating on her.
|LineColor = orange
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Ladyfingers
|DirectedBy = Navjot Gulati
|WrittenBy = Navjot Gulati
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|2|22}}
|ShortSummary = Either go big or go home. Roneet tries to make up with Avni but fails each time. Manny shares an idea with Roneet, while he shares his ladyfingers recipe. But, Avni ends up kissing Manny to make Roneet taste his own medicine.
|LineColor = orange
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Game Over
|DirectedBy = Navjot Gulati
|WrittenBy = Navjot Gulati
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|2|29}}
|ShortSummary = Emotions and budgets are very hard to control. And no one knows this better than Roneet and Avani. Roneet finally realize that he messed up and took Avani for granted. While, they struggle to keep their wedding budget under control.
|LineColor = orange
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Begin Again
|DirectedBy = Navjot Gulati
|WrittenBy = Navjot Gulati
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|3|7}}
|ShortSummary = Every end comes with a new beginning. Roneet and Avni finally patch up after Avni realises that Roneet is guilty for what he did. While, Roneet and Avni are eagerly for their D-day, a tragedy strikes at the wedding, leading to more chaos.
|LineColor = orange
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Rise And Fall
|DirectedBy = Navjot Gulati
|WrittenBy = Navjot Gulati
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|3|14}}
|ShortSummary = When Avni sees Roneet's surprise, she proposes marriage toh him. Post the tradegy, the completely broke, crazy families persuade an exhausted and upset couple to get married. What will Roneet and Avni decide?
|LineColor = orange
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = The Finale
|DirectedBy = Navjot Gulati
|WrittenBy = Navjot Gulati
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|3|21}}
|ShortSummary = Our duo has been through a crazy adventure while planning their wedding. They cancel their destination wedding. After 6 months, Roneet and Avni get married in the presence of their closed ones and finally have their Happily Ever After.
|LineColor = orange
}}}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|11732234}}

[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:2020 web series debuts]]

Puja Joshi

2026-03-19T04:35:00Z

MarlysAugust8: further cleaned up article based on references additionally and added references for clarity

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1992)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{refimprove|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Puja Joshi
| image = Pooja Joshi at Premier of Bachu Ni Benpani (cropped).jpg
| caption = Joshi in 2025
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1992|06|28|df=y}}
| birth_place = Mumbai, India.
| occupation = Actress
| spouse = [[Malhar Thakar]] (marriage. 2024)
| known_for = [[Kaal Bhairav Rahasya]] [[Internet Wala Love]] [[Hoon Tari Heer]], [[Hu ane Tu]]
}}

'''Puja Joshi''' (born 28 June 1992) is an Indian television actress.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/gujarati/Gujarati-TVs-favourite-bahus/photostory/45791010.cms|title=Gujarati TV's favourite bahus - The Times of India|website=The Times of India|accessdate=17 November 2018}}</ref>. She has done television shows like [[Kaal Bhairav Rahasya]], which was based on his Tamil novel A Secret (Ragasiyamaga Oru Ragasiyam) which was aired on [[Star Bharat]]. She appeared as Gargi Patel on [[Channel V]]'s [[The Buddy Project]] along with TV stars like [[Manav Gohil]], and [[Internet Wala Love]], which was aired on [[Colors TV]]. She is best known for her role of Charu Shashtri in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] sitcom [[Aa Family Comedy Che|''Aa Family Comedy Che'']] which aired on [[Colors Gujarati]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/gujarati/Pooja-Joshi-stars-along-with-Vimmy-Bhatt-in-Aa-Family-Comedy-Chhe/articleshow/45284874.cms|title=Pooja Joshi's comic timing winning hearts - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|date=12 December 2014 |accessdate=17 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/TV/News/Gujarati/Charu-continues-to-tease-Disha-in-AFCC/articleshow/45766002.cms|title=Charu continues to tease Disha in AFCC - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|date=5 January 2015 |accessdate=17 November 2018}}</ref> and for her role as Kumkum in Colors Gujarati show ''Kumkum Na Pagla Padya''.

She has also featured in Gujarati Films like [[Hoon Tari Heer]], [[Hu ane Tu]] starring [[Siddharth Randeria]], [[Lagan Special]], Shastra<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/puja-joshi-and-chetan-dhanani-lead-cyber-thriller-shastra-film-to-release-on-april-18-2025/articleshow/118712387.cms|title=Puja Joshi and Chetan Dhanani lead cyber-thriller ‘Shastra’ film to release on April 18, 2025 - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|date=4 March 2025}}</ref> & Jalso<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/puja-joshi-and-bhavin-bhanushali-share-fun-bts-moments-from-sets-of-upcoming-film-jalso-see-photos/articleshow/114745530.cms|title=Puja Joshi and Bhavin Bhanushali share fun BTS moments from sets of upcoming film 'Jalso' - See photos - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|date=30 October 2024}}</ref> among many.

She also has featured in the promotional advertise of [[Sony Pal]] and [[Star Movies]] India. Puja tied knot with actor, Malhar Thakar on 26 November 2024.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/puja-joshi-and-malhar-thakar-ties-the-knot-see-pics/articleshow/115703294.cms|title=Puja Joshi and Malhar Thakar ties the knot, see pics - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|date=26 November 2024}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Puja Joshi was born and brought up in [[Mumbai]] to a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] family. She comes from the family of a defence background and her father served in [[Indian Air Force]]. Puja has done her graduation from [[Mithibai College]], Mumbai in Biotechnology.

==Television==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Show !! Character !! Channel !! Language
|-
| 2012-2014 || ''[[The Buddy Project]]'' || Riya || [[Channel V India]] || [[Hindi]]
|-
| 2014-2015 || ''[[Aa Family Comedy Che]]'' || Charu Shashtri || [[Colors Gujarati|ETV Gujarati]] || [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
|-
| 2015-2016 || ''[[Kumkum Na Pagla Padya]]'' || Kumkum || [[Colors Gujarati]] || Gujarati
|-
| 2017 || ''Chutta Chedda Season 2'' || Anjali || [[Colors Gujarati]] || Gujarati (Release date : 27 February 2017)
|-
| 2017-2018 || ''[[Kaal Bhairav Rahasya]]'' || Preeti Prakash || [[Star Bharat]] || Hindi
|-
| 2018-2019|| ''[[Internet Wala Love]]'' || Aishwarya || [[Colors TV]] || Hindi
|}

==Filmography==
{|class=wikitable
|-
! Year !! Title !! Character !! Director !! Language !! Notes
|-
| [[List of Gujarati films of 2018|2018]] ||''Aavu j Rehshe''|| - || Nitin Jani || Gujarati || Main Lead
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[List of Gujarati films of 2022|2022]] || ''[[Jaysuk Zdpayo]]''|| Jigna || Dharmessh Mehta || Gujarati || Main Lead
|-
| ''[[Veer-Isha Nu Seemant]]''|| Isha || Neeraj Joshi || Gujarati || Main Lead
|-
| ''[[Hoon Tari Heer]]''|| Heer || [[Dhwani Gautam]] || Gujarati || Main Lead
|-
| [[List of Gujarati films of 2023|2023]] || ''[[Hu ane Tu]]''|| Reva || Manan Sagar || Gujarati || Main Lead
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[List of Gujarati films of 2024|2024]] || ''[[Lagan Special]]''|| Suman || Rahul Bhole & Vinit Kanojia || Gujarati || Main Lead
|-
| ''Kale Lagan Che!?!''|| Ishika || Humayun Makrani || Gujarati || Main Lead
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[List of Gujarati films of 2025|2025]] || ''[[Shastra (2025 film)|Shastra]]''|| Vaidehi|| Kartavya Shah || Gujarati || Main Lead
|-
| ''Jalso - A Family Invitation''|| Astha || [[Rajiv S. Ruia]] || Gujarati || Main Lead
|-
| ''Misri''|| Pooja || Kushal Naik || Gujarati ||Cameo
|-
| [[List of Gujarati films of 2026|2026]] || ''[[Vaanki Chuki Love Story]]''|| Tithi|| [[Dhwani Gautam]] || Gujarati || Main Lead
|-
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
!Language
!Platform
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''Vaat Vaat Ma''
|Pahel
|Gujarati
|ShemarooMe
|-
|''Benaqaab''
|Anushka Sheshadri
|Gujarati, Hindi dubbed
|ShemarooMe
|-
|2022
|''Vaat Vaat Ma Returns''
|Pahel
|Gujarati
|ShemarooMe
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''Yuddh''
|Anahita
|Gujarati
|ShemarooMe
|-
|''Vaat Vaat Ma Adla Badli''
|Khushi
|Gujarati
|ShemarooMe
|}

==Music videos==
{|class=wikitable
! Year !! Title !! Music label !! Co-Starring
|-
|2020 || ''Unko Apne Kareeb Dekha Tha''||[[Zee Music Company]]|| Hiroo Thadani (Singer as well)
|-
|2021
|''Valamiya 2.0<ref>{{Citation|title=વાલમીયા 2.0 {{!}}Valamiya 2.0 {{!}}Geeta Rabari {{!}}Puja Joshi{{!}} Anshul Trivedi{{!}}Dhwani Gautam{{!}} New Gujarati Song| date=13 February 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JOzYOopopvk|language=en|access-date=2021-08-25}}</ref>''
|Sur sagar music
|Geeta Rabari (singer) and Anshul Trivedi
|-
|2021 || ''Megha''||Soul Beats Official|| [[Kirtidan Gadhvi]] (Singer) and Bhavin Bhanushali
|}

==Awards and nominations==
Awards and nominations include:<ref>{{Cite web|title=YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hW43LpNDhHI|access-date=2020-06-25|website=www.youtube.com| date=23 June 2014 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
|-
|2014
|14th Annual Transmedia Gujarati Stage and Screen Awards
|Best Debut Actress
|''Aa Family Comedy Che''
|Nominated
|-
|2015
|15th Annual Transmedia Gujarati Stage and Screen Awards
|Best Actress Award
|''Kumkum Na Pagla Padya''
|Won
|-
|2018
|Gujarati Iconic Film Awards (GIFA)
|Best Debut Actress
|''Aavuj Rehshe''
|Nominated
|-
|2023
|Gujarati Iconic Film Awards (GIFA)
|Best Actress Jury Critics
|''Hoon Tari Heer''
|Won
|-
|2025
|Gujarati Iconic Film Awards (GIFA)
|Special Mention Actress of the year
|''Lagan Special''
|Won
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|11841659}}
* {{Instagram|id=pujajoshi_official}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Puja}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Gujarati actresses]]
[[Category:People from Ahmedabad]]

{{India-tv-actor-stub}}

Nepali language movement

2026-03-17T17:56:12Z

MarlysAugust8: added first bio from scratch

{{Short description|Movement for recognition of the Nepali language in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{confused|Nepal Bhasa movement}}
{{Infobox protest
| title = Nepali Language Movement
| partof = [[:Category:Language conflict in India|Language conflict in India]]
| image = भाषा हाम्रो प्राण हो.svg
| caption = ''Bhāṣā hāmrō prāṇa hō'' ({{lang|ne|भाषा हाम्रो प्राण हो}}, [[Literal translation|trans.]] Language is our life), a slogan used during the movement.
| time-end = 20 August 1992
| place = [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]], [[Kalimpong district|Kalimpong]] and [[Sikkim]] regions of [[India]]
| goals = Recognition of Nepali language in the [[Indian constitution]]
| result = Nepali language listed in the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India]]
| side1 = [[Government of India]]
| side2 = [[Indian Gorkha]]s
}}
The '''Nepali Language Movement''' ({{Langx|ne|नेपाली भाषा आन्दोलन}}) was a political movement in the [[Republic of India]] advocating the recognition of the [[Nepali language]] as a [[Languages with official status in India|language with official status in India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2016 |title=Nepali and Darjeeling: The importance of the language in Gorkhaland movement |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/nepali-language-west-bengal-darljeeling-gorkhaland-movement-gorkha-hills-2766764/ |access-date=19 October 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2017 |title=Darjeeling, India's Nepali language hub |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/darjeeling-indias-nepali-language-hub-gorkhaland-sikkim-northeast-west-bengal-4710798/ |access-date=19 October 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> On 20 August 1992, the [[Lok Sabha]] passed a motion to add the Nepali language to the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Struggle for Recognition of Nepali Language: A Brief Outline |url=http://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/struggle-for-recognition-of-nepali-language-a-brief-outline |access-date=19 October 2022 |website=Sikkim Express |language=en}}</ref> According to an estimate in 2017, in India there about 40 million Nepali-language speaking Indians.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chapagain |first=Bhim |date=13 June 2017 |title=Darjeeling locals on warpath after Bengali is made a compulsory subject |url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/21757/ |access-date=19 October 2022 |website=My Republica |language=en}}</ref>

== ''Nepali Bhasa Manyata Diwas'' ==
{{main| Nepali Language Recognition Day}}
Annually, [[Indian Gorkha]]s celebrate [[Nepali Language Recognition Day]] (officially ''Nepali'' ''Bhasha Manyata Diwas'') on 20 August.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhungel |first=Pankaj |date=21 August 2021 |title=Three decades after recognition, Nepali language struggles for identity |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/news/2021/08/21/three-decades-after-recognition-nepali-language-struggles-for-a-definitive-identity/ |access-date=19 October 2022 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Darjeeling celebrates Bhasha Diwas |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/darjeeling-celebrates-bhasha-diwas/cid/1881392 |access-date=19 October 2022 |website=The Telegraph (India)}}</ref> The day is celebrated by organizing parades, literary and cultural programmes throughout India in places with significant Nepali speaking population. The same day is also celebrated as the [[Meitei Language Day]] (aka [[Manipuri language day]]) as both Nepali and [[Meitei language]] (officially called [[Manipuri language]]) get the "official language" status at the same time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=English Releases |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=5928 |website=pib.gov.in |quote=Thereafter three more languages viz, Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali were included in 1992.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=30th Manipuri Language Day observed : 21st aug21 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=7..210821.aug21 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Sister movements ==
During the same time, there was [[Meitei language movement#Scheduled language movement|Meitei language movement]]. Both the Nepali and Meitei language movements get their goals on the same day, with the declaration of [[Nepali language]] and [[Meitei language]] (officially termed as "[[Manipuri language]]") as the [[official languages of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=English Releases |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=5928 |website=pib.gov.in |quote=Thereafter three more languages viz, Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali were included in 1992.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=30th Manipuri Language Day observed : 21st aug21 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=7..210821.aug21 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Current movements ==
There is also an ongoing movement to create a Nepali-speaking [[Gorkhaland movement|Gorkhaland state]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India – Gorkhaland |url=http://countrystudies.us/india/78.htm |access-date=19 October 2022 |website=Country Studies}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniyal |first=Shoaib |date=30 September 2017 |title=Reviving Gorkhaland: How language identity and ethnic strife is driving violence in Darjeeling |url=https://scroll.in/article/840456/reviving-gorkhaland-how-language-identity-and-ethnic-strife-is-driving-violence-in-darjeeling |access-date=19 October 2022 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Gorkhaland Territorial Administration]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite web |last=Chhetri |first=Rasik |title=Nepali 'Bhasa Andolan': Re-telling the Story (Nepali Language Movement) |url=https://www.indiangorkhas.in/2015/08/nepali-bhasa-andolan-re-telling-story.html |access-date=19 October 2022 |website=Indian Gorkhas}}
* {{Cite web |last=Desk |first=TheDC News |date=12 November 2017 |title=Nepali 'Bhasa Andolan': Re-telling The Story |url=https://thedarjeelingchronicle.com/nepali-bhasa-andolan-re-telling-story/ |access-date=19 October 2022 |website=The Darjeeling Chronicle |language=en-GB}}
* {{Cite web |date=18 August 2018 |title=SPECIAL ARTICLE: Darjeeling’s Nepali Bhasha Andolan, Circa 1960s – Part II |url=https://thedarjeelingchronicle.com/special-article-darjeelings-nepali-bhasha-andolan-circa-1960s-part-ii/ |access-date=19 October 2022 |website=The Darjeeling Chronicle |language=en-GB}}
* {{Cite web |title=Nepali becomes one of the official languages of India |url=https://nepalilanguage.org/success-stories/nepali-an-official-language-of-india |access-date=19 October 2022 |website=Nepali language}}

{{Nepali language}}
{{Languages of South Asia|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Nepali language|movement ]]
[[Category:Linguistic rights]]
[[Category:Language conflict in India]]
[[Category:History of literature in Nepal]]
[[Category:Gorkhaland]]
[[Category:Indian Gorkhas]]
[[Category:Darjeeling]]
[[Category:Nepali literary movements]]

Ratan Kumar Nehru

2026-03-16T16:28:35Z

MarlysAugust8:

{{Short description|Indian civil servant and diplomat (1902–1981)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = R. K. Nehru
| image = Ratan Kumar Nehru (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Nehru in 1959
| office = Minister (Legation) of India to Sweden
| term_start = January 1949
| term_end = September 1951
| predecessor = ''Office established''
| successor = M. J. Desai
| office1 = [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary]]
| term_start1 = 1952
| term_end1 = 1955
| predecessor1 = [[K. P. S. Menon]]
| successor1 = [[Subimal Dutt]]
| office2 = [[Ambassador of India to China]]
| term_start2 = 1955
| term_end2 = 1958
| predecessor2 = [[Nedyam Raghavan]]
| successor2 = [[Gopalaswami Parthasarathy (diplomat)|G. Parthasarathy]]
| office3 = [[List of ambassadors of India to Egypt|Ambassador of India to United Arab Republic]]
| term_start3 = 1958
| term_end3 = 1960
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| office4 = [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Secretary-General]] of the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]
| term_start4 = 1960
| term_end4 = 1963
| predecessor4 = [[N. R. Pillai]]
| successor4 = Position abolished
| birth_date = {{birth date|1902|10|10|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1981|04|02|1902|10|10|df=y}}
| alma_mater =
| spouse = Rajan Nehru
| children = Dr. Ajay Nehru and Vivek Nehru
}}

[[File:Nasser receiving the Maharajah of Jaipur and the Indian Ambassador Ratan Kumar Nehru (01).jpg|thumb|right|260px|R. K. Nehru (right) with Egyptian leader [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] (center) and Rajpramukh [[Man Singh II]] of [[Rajasthan]] (left)]]

'''Ratan Kumar Nehru''', or '''R.K. Nehru''', (10 October 1902 – 2 April 1981) was an Indian [[Civil Services of India|civil servant]] and diplomat. He served as the [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary]], 1952–1955, and later as India's ambassador to China and [[United Arab Republic]] (Egypt). During 1960–1963, he was appointed the [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Secretary-General]] of the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]], a period in which India faced an [[Sino-Indian War|invasion from China]]. He retired in 1963, after which the position of Secretary-General was abolished, and the Foreign Secretary role became the head of the Ministry.{{sfnp|Benner, The Indian Foreign Policy Bureaucracy|2019|loc=Sec 4.2.1: "The last secretary-general was R.K. Nehru, cousin to Nehru... after them, Nehru's death brought the secretary-general tradition to a close."}}<ref>
{{Cite news |last=Noorani |first=A. G. |title=A Nehru's Dissent |newspaper=Frontline |date=13 July 2012 |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30166351.ece}}
</ref><ref>
{{Cite book|title=Encyclopaedia Indica |last=Sharma |first=Jagdish Saran |publisher=S. Chand |date=1981 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWtDAAAAYAAJ&q=Ratan+Kumar+}}
</ref>

He was son of Mohanlal Nehru, grandson of [[Nandlal Nehru]], older brother of [[Motilal Nehru]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tharoor |first=Shashi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3axLmUHCJ4cC&q=Nandlal&pg=PA1 |title=Nehru: The Invention of India |date=2003 |publisher=Arcade Publishing |isbn=978-1-55970-697-1 |language=en}}</ref> Ratan was married to Rajan Nehru (1909–1994), the daughter of Sir [[Kailash Narain Haksar|Kailas Narain Haskar]] (1878–1953), a prominent figure from [[Gwalior State]]. Couple had two sons, Dr. Ajay Nehru, a distinguished nuclear scientist, and [[Air commodore (India)|Air Commodore]] Vivek Nehru, [[Air Attaché]] to several countries. .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Whitfield |first=David |date=2017-09-15 |title=A precious piece of Indian history is up for sale |url=https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/news-opinion/precious-piece-indian-history-up-465196 |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Nottinghamshire Live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bassett |first=Ross |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1c84f2v |title=The Technological Indian |date=2016 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-50471-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rakshak |first=Bharat |title=Air Commodore Vivek Yeshvant Nehru |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/3488 |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |first=Jeffrey |last=Benner |date=2019 |title=The Indian Foreign Policy Bureaucracy |publisher=Routledge |pages=|isbn=978-1-00-030241-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JgaiDwAAQBAJ |ref={{sfnref|Benner, The Indian Foreign Policy Bureaucracy|2019}}}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef|before=[[K. P. S. Menon]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Foreign Secretary of India]]|years=1952 - 1955}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Subimal Dutt]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nehru, Ratan Kumar}}
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]
[[Category:1902 births]]
[[Category:1981 deaths]]
[[Category:Nehru–Gandhi family]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to the United Arab Republic]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to China]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Sweden]]

Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)

2026-03-15T03:54:36Z

MarlysAugust8: added the bio w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian actor and director (1929–2007)}}
{{AI-generated|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prem Kumar
| image = Prem Kumar Goa.jpg
| caption = D'Costa in a undated photo released by [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]]
| birth_name = Pedro Xavier da Costa
| birth_place = [[Chandor]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1929|9|8|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2007|10|12|1929|9|8|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Grant Road (South Mumbai, India)|Grant Road]], Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| years_active = 1945–{{circa|2007}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|playwright|theatre director|lyricist|composer}}
| relatives = {{ubl|
* [[C. Alvares]] (brother-in-law)
* [[Betty Ferns]] (sister-in-law)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Esteves |first=Pio |date=6 July 2017 |title=Tiatrist: Betty Ferns |work=[[O Heraldo]] |pages=25}}</ref>}}
| spouse = Ramona D'Costa
}}

'''Pedro Xavier D'Costa''' ([[né]] '''da Costa'''; 8 September 1929 – 12 October 2007), known professionally as '''Prem Kumar''', was an Indian actor, playwright, [[theatre director]], lyricist and composer known for his work in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]], [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]], and ''[[tiatr]]'' productions. Known as a transformative figure in the ''tiatr'' stage, he elevated the quality of [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''tiatr'' to a level comparable to dramas in other [[Theatre of India|regional languages]]. In addition to his writing and staging of 55 ''tiatrs'', he also showcased his talent by performing in over 500 ''tiatrs''.

==Early life==
Pedro Xavier D'Costa, born as Pedro Xavier da Costa on 8 September 1929, in [[Chandor]], [[Goa]]. which was a part of [[Portuguese India]] under the [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India). His parents were Xavier da Costa and Damiana Josefa Fichardo. D'Costa received his primary education in [[Bombay]]. From a young age, he demonstrated his passion for ''[[tiatr]]'', a form of [[musical theater]] unique to the [[Goan]] community. His journey in ''tiatr'' began during his teenage years<ref name=":2" /> when he showcased his talents in school concerts, leaving an impression on his mentors. Displaying a level of ambition and creativity, he ventured into writing his first ''tiatr'' at the age of 13. However, breaking into the professional [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]] proved to be a formidable challenge for a young performer like D'Costa. The competition was intense, and gaining recognition often required influential support.<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Prem Kumar young.png|thumb|upright|D'Costa during his youth]]
Undeterred by these obstacles, D'Costa sought guidance from [[Anthony De Sa (actor)|Anthony D'Sa]], a figure known for nurturing emerging talents in the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] theater scene. D'Sa, known for his mentorship of aspiring artists, generously extended his advice and assistance to D'Costa. With D'Sa's support, D'Costa successfully premiered his inaugural ''tiatr'', titled ''Mhozo Put'' (My Son), in 1945 at the Princess Theatre Bhangwadi, Bombay. Demonstrating his multifaceted talents, he not only wrote but also directed the production. In pursuit of further artistic growth, D'Costa subsequently joined the Junior Artists Association in Bombay. However, his experiences within the association were not entirely harmonious, as his colleagues did not provide the expected level of cooperation.<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
D'Costa, embarked on a career in the [[Hindi cinema|Hindi film industry]] with the aspiration of showcasing his acting talent. As a member of the Cine Artistes' Association, a film organization in [[Bombay]], D'Costa approached producer-director Dhirubhai Desai, hoping for an opportunity. Impressed by D'Costa's abilities, Desai cast him in a minor role as a blind man in the film ''Unchi Haweli''. Despite the challenges faced by middle-aged actors in securing substantial roles, D'Costa's performance caught the attention of Desai's [[Unit production manager|production manager]], Pralhad, who recognized his potential and assigned him the role. To adhere to the prevailing norms of Hindi film circles, D'Costa adopted the name Prem Kumar, shedding his [[Christian name]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=126–129 |language=en |access-date=2024-02-04 |archive-date=2024-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107200151/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Following his debut, D'Costa took on various minor roles in Hindi movies such as ''Mera Salam'' (1957), ''[[Bandish (1955 film)|Bandish]]'' (1955), ''Shaukeen'', ''Hum Bhi Insan Hai'', ''Sakhi'', ''[[Bahadur (film)|Bahadur]]'' (1953), and ''Hamara Hak'' before eventually returning to the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] theatrical tradition known as ''[[tiatr]]''. His performances caught the attention of [[K. N. Singh]], a [[character actor]] in Hindi films, who praised him for his acting skills. D'Costa's portrayal of a [[Muslim]] [[molvi]] (priest) in the film ''Hamara Hak'' garnered acclaim for his authentic delivery of [[Arabic]] dialogues, defying expectations as a [[Goan Catholic]]. Despite a promise from veteran director S. M. Esmael for a significant role in an upcoming Hindi film, fate intervened when Esmael died, leaving the promise unfulfilled.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |title=TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume |first=Fausto V.|last=da Costa|publisher=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |year=2019 |location=[[Panaji, Goa]] |pages=47–48}}</ref>

However, D'Costa's true passion lay in the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]]. Proficient in the Konkani language and finding greater expressiveness in his native tongue, D'Costa abandoned Hindi films and dedicated himself to the development and growth of ''tiatr''.<ref name=":0" /> During a visit to Princess Theatre Bhangwadi, D'Costa accompanied [[Vasant Joglekar]], a known figure in [[Marathi theatre]], to watch a Konkani ''tiatr'' by a prominent writer-director. D'Costa was humbled by the scene depicting a landlord's house against a jungle [[Backdrop (theater)|backdrop]], which inspired his determination to elevate the ''tiatr'' stage. He bid farewell to Hindi films and embarked on a journey to write and stage new ''tiatrs'', eagerly awaiting opportunities to showcase his work. In the 1950s, D'Costa introduced innovative concepts to the ''tiatr'' stage, employing [[Slide projector|projectors and slides]] to enhance visual experiences. Writer Fausto V. da Costa states, D'Costa's ''tiatrs'' incorporated spectacular scenes reminiscent of movies, captivating audiences from all walks of life. Combining engaging storylines, rich dialogues, and high literary standards, he addressed diverse themes of family, society, and religion in his productions. His unique comedic style and emotionally resonant ''[[Tiatr#Songs|cantos]]'' further contributed to the appeal of his ''tiatrs''.<ref name=":1" />

Fausto V. da Costa further writes, D'Costa's contributions extended beyond performance aspects, revolutionizing the Konkani stage with visually striking sets, dialogue depth, and mesmerizing [[stage lighting|light effects]]. He introduced novel [[stage design]]s, including the jackknife stage, [[revolving stage]], and half-sliding stage, setting him apart from his contemporaries. Drawing from his experiences in Hindi films, D'Costa incorporated scenes depicting rice fields, [[ploughing]], railways, airplanes, waterfalls, and more, enriching the ''tiatr'' experience. With technical brilliance in stage setting and lighting, D'Costa aimed to elevate the standards of Konkani ''tiatrs'', infusing them with a touch of cinematic grandeur.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Fernandes |first=André Rafael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ |title=When the Curtains Rise--: Understanding Goa's Vibrant Konkani Theatre |date=2010 |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |isbn=978-93-80739-01-4 |pages=144–145 |language=en |access-date=2024-02-04 |archive-date=2023-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126045216/https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> D'Costa wrote and produced a total of 55 plays. Despite their elaborate sets, several of his popular productions, such as ''Dukh'' (Pain), ''Kakut'' (Mercy), ''Peleache Vostuchi Axea Korum Naie'', and ''Ordhi Bakri'' (Half Bakri), surpassed 100 performances. ''Dukh'' was performed a total of 126 times, ''Kakut'' had over 100 showings, and ''Peleachi Vostuchi Axea Korum Naie'' achieved 135 performances. One of D'Costa's acclaimed productions is ''Jivit Ek Sopon'' (Life is a dream), featuring the talent of [[Betty Ferns]]. In this play, Ferns portrayed a character disguised as a male, delivering a memorable performance.<ref name=":1" />

[[File:Prem Kumar in the tiatr Dukh.jpg|thumb|From left to right: Bab Peter, D'Costa, [[Ophelia (actress)|Ophelia]], and Bai Catherine, a shot taken from D'Costa's ''tiatr Dukh'']]
D'Costa set a record by organizing 25 performances of ''Jivit Ek Sopon'', within a span of 12 days in Goa. D'Costa's plays often tackled important social issues. Works like ''Abdul Narayan D'Souza'' and ''Fulam Ani Kantte'' (Flowers and Thorns) addressed the theme of communal harmony, while ''Vavraddi'' (Labourer), in which D'Costa himself took part, provided an authentic depiction of rural life. Notably, D'Costa's ''tiatr Piso'' (Madman) stands out as the sole [[monologue]] performance in the ''tiatr'' genre to date. In ''Maria Magdalena'' ([[Mary Magdalene]]), D'Costa received praise from [[Valerian Cardinal Gracias]] for his portrayal of a religious narrative. The play featured a scene in which water miraculously sprang from a rock upon [[Jesus]]' instruction, garnering applause from the audience. D'Costa's popular ''tiatrs'' include Vauraddi, ''Rinn'' (Debt), ''Dukh'', ''Kakut'', ''Jivit ek Sopon'', ''Konnank Mhunnon Maim'' (Whom should I call mother?), ''Abdul Narayan D'Souza'', ''Jawan'' (Soldier), ''Peleache Vostuchi Axea Korum Naie'', ''Fulam ani Kantte'', ''Upkar Naslolo'', ''Ordhi Bhakri'', ''Govai'' (Witness), ''Kaido'' (Rule), ''Koidi'', ''Rogtac Tanello'' (Blood Thirsty), ''Khoto Poiso'' (Fake Money), ''Rekad'' (Regards), ''Tufan'' (Storm), ''Angounn'' ([[Solemn vow]]), ''Fottkiro'' (Liar), ''No Vacancy'', ''Ghatki Voni'' (Traitor Sister-in-law), ''Ixttaghot'' (Friendship), ''Vantte'' (Division), ''Maria Magdalena'', ''Gorib'' (Poor), ''Mortikar'' (Killer), ''Vadiu'', ''Amchi Bhas'' (Our Language), ''Ugddas'' (Remembrance), ''Dhorji'' (Tailor), ''Noxib'' (Luck), ''Abru'' (Respect), among others.<ref name=":0" /> [[Y. B. Chavan]], the [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]] at the time, was impressed to realize that he was presenting an award to the actor D'Costa, who had delivered a memorable performance as a disabled character in ''Angounn''.<ref name=":1" />

D'Costa's notable work included ''Rinn'', a production that involved an innovative use of a sliding stage. In this ''tiatr'', he depicted a [[courtroom]] drama by seamlessly transitioning the stage between the courtroom setting and flashbacks of the events, creating a compelling theatrical experience. His ''tiatr Jawan'' expressed a strong sense of love for one's country. Whereas the theatrical production ''Mortikar'' depicted the escape of a killer using a visual display of a road scene, portraying the criminal running away. D'Costa's directing style emphasized the significance of costumes and [
voice modulation to enhance each character's performance. He showcased his talent not only in [[Goa]] and [[Bombay]] but also in various cities across India, including [[Poona]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Delhi]], [[Calcutta]], and [[Mangalore]]. Additionally, he staged tiatrs in [[Gulf countries]]. D'Costa produced his own [[audio cassette]] titled ''Lojen Baulolem Ful'' and aired many of his plays on [[All India Radio]] and television. He also made contributions to the [[Konkani cinema|Konkani film]] industry, producing and writing lyrics for the film ''Boglantt'', in which he played the lead role alongside actress Rita Rose.<ref name=":1" /> D'Costa has provided commentary and dialogues on numerous cassette recordings. Beyond his theatrical pursuits, D'Costa was a composer of songs. He crafted numerous compositions for ''tiatrs'', as well as standalone pieces for [[sideshow]]s.<ref name=":0" /> Writer André Raphael Fernandes writes, while D'Costa's focus primarily lay in acting, his musical contributions showcased his mastery of the [[Konkani language]].<ref name=":1" />

Historian [[Wilson Mazarello]] writes, D'Costa not only took on the main roles but also excelled in portraying character roles. He meticulously prepared for his roles, paying close attention to details such as costumes and makeup to enhance the portrayal of the characters. Additionally, D'Costa was known to produce his own ''tiatrs'' at regular intervals, typically every two years. Throughout his career, D'Costa displayed his versatility as an actor, portraying a diverse range of characters, including fathers, [[landlord]]s, farmers, lunatics, and beggars. His plays often conveyed important messages, underscoring the intrinsic connection between farmers and the land in works like ''Vauraddi''. D'Costa emphasized the dignity of manual labor and encouraged the educated to consider agriculture as a meaningful occupation.<ref name=":2" /> Mazarello further writes, D'Costa's impact on the ''tiatr'' community is extensive, with over 500 ''tiatr'' performances to his credit, encompassing both his own productions and collaborations with fellow artists.<ref name=":0" />

==Awards==
D'Costa's contributions to the realms of writing, acting, and [[stagecraft]] have earned him numerous awards. During the commemoration of the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''[[tiatr]]s'' centenary, the [[Kala Academy]] of [[Goa]] bestowed a special honor upon him. Among his accolades are the Konkani Sahitya Samiti Award, the Maharashtra Prohibition Award, and the Cine Times Awards. Furthermore, the then [[Chief Minister of Goa, Daman and Diu]], [[Dayanand Bandodkar]], presented D'Costa with an award for his ''tiatr'' production titled ''Vauraddi'' (Labourer).<ref name=":0" /> D'Costa's has amassed over sixty trophies. This includes the trophy presented to him by Bandodkar, as well as a gold medal recognizing his talents in acting, directing, and presenting ''tiatrs''. Among his other honors are the IGP Arun Bhagat Shield, ''The Goan Review'''s Best Director Award in 1997, and the Sonskruti Puroskar from the [[Dalgado Konknni Akademi]].<ref name=":1" />

==Legacy==
Following D'Costa's death, the [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] (TAG) posthumously published three of his popular ''[[tiatr]]s'', namely ''Mortikar'' (Killer), ''Abdul Naryan D'Souza'', and ''Jivit Ek Sopon'' (Life is a dream). Moreover, the [[Goa Konkani Akademi]] published two of his ''tiatrs'', ''Jawan'' (Soldier) and ''Fulam Ani Kantte'' (Flowers and Thorns), in book format, ensuring their preservation for future generations.<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Prem}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:Actors from Goa]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:People from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]

Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards

2026-03-12T10:15:20Z

MarlysAugust8: added basic bio initial version

{{Short description|Indian award in journalism}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}{{Infobox award
| presenter = [[Indian Express Group]]
| name = Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards
| year = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2006}}
| awarded_for = To recognise courage and commitment and showcase the outstanding contributions of journalists from across the country<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/culture/wires-sangeeta-barooah-pisharoty-wins-ramnath-goenka-award-feature-writing|title = The Wire's Sangeeta Barooah Pisharoty Wins Ramnath Goenka Award for Feature Writing}}</ref>
| current_awards =
| country = [[India]]
| website = {{URL|https://rngfoundation.com/awards/|rngfoundation.com}}
| image = The Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards.png
}}
The '''Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards''' ('''RNG Awards''') are one of the awards in India in the field of [[journalism]]. Named after [[Ramnath Goenka]], the awards have been held annually since 2006, with the 12th edition being held in 2017. The awards are given for both [[print journalism]] as well as [[broadcast journalism]], with a total of 25 different prizes being awarded in 2017 for excellence in journalism during 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/ramnath-goenka-excellence-in-journalism-awards-full-winners-list-4991626/|title=Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards: Full list of winners|date=2017-12-20|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-05-03|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-print/ravish-kumar-shashi-tharoor-and-25-others-win-ramnath-goenka-excellence-in-journalism-award_87721.html|title=Ravish Kumar, Shashi Tharoor and 25 others win Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Award|work=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media|access-date=2018-05-03|language=en-US}}</ref>
In Fact Indian Express group started, Ramnath Goenka India Press Photo Award in 2004. This award was only for media photographers and the winners was announced in December 2004 at Nariman House, Express tower in Mumbai and Photo Journalist Shailendra Pandey won The First Picture of the year award.

[[File:The Vice President, Shri. M. Venkaiah Naidu with the awardees of the 12th Ramnath Goenka Awards for Excellence in Journalism, in New Delhi on December 20, 2017.jpg|thumb|300x300px|The 12th Ramnath Goenka Awards for Excellence in Journalism winners]]

Past winners have included [[Kuldip Nayar]] (Lifetime award), [[Siddharth Varadarajan]] (''[[The Hindu]]''), [[Shashi Tharoor]], [[Dionne Bunsha]], [[Muzamil Jaleel]] (''[[The Indian Express]]''), [[Rajdeep Sardesai]], [[Karan Thapar]] ([[CNN IBN]]), [[Kishalay Bhattacharjee]], [[Ravish Kumar]], Sushil Mohapatra(NDTV) Umashankar Singh (Mojo) [[NDTV]], [[Nidhi Razdan]] ([[NDTV]]), [[Neelesh Misra|Neelesh Mishra]] (''[[Hindustan Times]]''), [[Christophe Jaffrelot]] (''[[The Caravan]]''), [[Mark Tully]] ([[BBC News|BBC]]), [[Arnab Goswami]] ([[Times Now]]) and [[Sudhir Chaudhary (journalist)|Sudhir Chaudhary]] ([[Zee News]]) among others.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/ramnath-goenka-awards-for-excellence-in-journalism-1286616807-1|title=Ramnath Goenka Awards for Excellence in Journalism|date=2010-10-09|work=Jagranjosh.com|access-date=2018-05-03}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/Goenka-awards-for-29-journalists/article16616535.ece|title=Goenka awards for 29 journalists|date=2009-04-15|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-05-03|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/latest/862196/scroll-ins-hindi-website-satyagrahs-rahul-kotiyal-wins-ramnath-goenka-journalism-award|title=Rahul Kotiyal of Satyagrah, Scroll.in's Hindi website, wins Ramnath Goenka Journalism Award|work=Scroll.in|access-date=2018-05-03|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/169688/ramnath-goenka-excellence-in-journalism-awards-list-of-winners/6/|title=Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards: List of winners|date=2015-11-24|work=The Financial Express|access-date=2018-05-03|language=en-US}}</ref> Foreign journalists to have won the award for Foreign Correspondent Covering India include [[Amelia Gentleman]] (''[[The New York Times International Edition]]'') and [[Stephanie Nolen]] (''[[The Globe and Mail]]'').<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.orwellfoundation.com/journalist/amelia-gentleman/|title=Amelia Gentleman {{!}} The Orwell Prize|work=The Orwell Prize|access-date=2018-05-03|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.adgully.com/ramnath-goenka-awards-for-excellence-in-journalism-2017-winner-s-list-75522.html|title=Ramnath Goenka Awards for Excellence in Journalism 2017: Winner's List|access-date=2018-05-03|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="exchange4media.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/Others/59-journalists-awarded-Ramnath-Goenka-Award-for-Excellence-in-Journalism_57414.html|title=59 journalists awarded Ramnath Goenka Award for Excellence in Journalism|work=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media|access-date=2018-05-03|language=en-US}}</ref>

The Ramnath Goenka Memorial Debate, started in 2007, is also held during the event.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Media-should-become-partner-in-nation-building-Kalam/article14795958.ece|title=Media should become partner in nation-building: Kalam|date=2007-07-17|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-05-03|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Award categories ==
Over the years, the awards categories have changed. Awards can remain ungiven if there is no suitable winner, such as for the Ramnath Goenka Memorial Award For Lifetime Achievement In Journalism. The awards also have a cash prize, which over the years has also changed. Award categories during the 12th edition included:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/photos/india-gallery/vice-president-venkaiah-naidu-presents-12th-edition-of-ramnath-goenka-excellence-in-journalism-awards-4269183-5.html|title=Vice-President Venkaiah Naidu presents 12th edition of Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards|website=firstpost.com|date=21 December 2017|access-date=2018-05-03}}</ref>

=== Print ===

* Reporting From J&K And The Northeast
* Hindi
* Regional Languages
* Environmental Reporting
* Uncovering India Invisible
* Business & Economic Journalism
* Political Reporting
* Sports Journalism
* On The Spot Reporting
* Investigative Reporting
* Feature Writing
* Foreign Correspondent
* Commentary And Interpretative Writing
* Civic Journalist
* Photo Journalism

=== Broadcast ===

* Reporting From J&K And The Northeast
* Hindi
* Regional Languages
* Environmental Reporting
* Uncovering India Invisible
* Business & Economic Journalism
* Political Reporting
* Sports Journalism
* On The Spot Reporting
* Investigative Reporting

=== Past award categories ===
Past awards have included categories such as 'Excellence in HIV/AID Reporting Award', a joint initiative of [[Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health]], [[United States Agency for International Development|United States Agency for International Development (USAID)]] and [[Indian Express Group]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ccp.jhu.edu/2007/08/02/ram-nath-goenka-awards-for-excellence-in-journalism-presented-by-president-of-india-two-new-awards-for-excellence-in-hivaids-reporting-presented/|title=Ramnath Goenka Awards Excellence in HIV/AIDS Reporting - Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs|website=ccp.jhu.edu|date=2 August 2007|language=en-US|access-date=2018-05-03}}</ref> Other past awards include 'Priya Chandrashekhar Memorial Award For Excellence In Editing' and the 'Prakash Kardaley Memorial Award For Civic Journalism'.<ref name="exchange4media.com"/> In 2020, the 'conflict reporting' category was removed for the year.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Suresh|first=Nidhi|title=In a first, Ramnath Goenka Awards removes 'conflict reporting' category|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/09/17/in-a-first-ramnath-goenka-awards-removes-conflict-reporting-category|access-date=2020-09-24|website=Newslaundry|date=17 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

== Full list of winners ==
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://rngfoundation.com/awards/#pastaward | title=Ramnath Goenka Awards: RNG Awards, Journalism Awards, Journalism Awards for Excellence 2023 }}</ref>

=== Best Book (Non-Fiction) ===

* 2020 : Tripurdaman Singh (Sixteen Stormy Days)
* 2019 : Arun Mohan Sukumar (Midnight’s Machines: A Political History of Technology in India)
* 2018 : [[Gyan Prakash]] (Emergency Chronicles Indira Gandhi and Democracy's Turning Point)
*2017 : [[Milan Vaishnav]] (When Crime Pays: Money and Muscle in Indian Politics)
*2016 : [[Shashi Tharoor]] ([[Inglorious Empire]])
*2015 : [[Akshaya Mukul]] (Gita Press and The Making of Hindu India)
*2014 : [[Ziauddin Sardar]] (Mecca : The Sacred City)
*2013 : [[Gary J. Bass]] ([[The Blood Telegram: Nixon, Kissinger, and a Forgotten Genocide]])
*2012 : [[Cathy Scott-Clark]]
*2011 : [[Mark Tully]] (Non-Stop India)
*2010 : [[Mahmood Farooqui]] (Besieged: voices from Delhi 1857)
*2009 : [[Wendy Doniger]] ([[The Hindus: An Alternative History]])
*2008 : Harish Damodaran (India's New Capitalists: Caste, Business and Industry in a Modern Nation)
*2007 : [[Ramachandra Guha]] ([[India After Gandhi]])
*2006 : [[Dionne Bunsha]]

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:The Vice President, Shri M. Venkaiah Naidu presenting the 12th Ramnath Goenka Awards for Excellence in Journalism, in New Delhi on December 20, 2017 (2).jpg
File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh presenting the Ramnath Goenka Award for Excellence in Journalism to Shri Punya Prasoon Vajpayee, at a function, in New Delhi on April 12, 2006.jpg
File:The Vice President, Shri Mohd. Hamid Ansari presented the Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards 2010-11, in New Delhi on January 16, 2012 (1) (cropped).jpg
File:The Vice President, Shri M. Venkaiah Naidu presenting the 12th Ramnath Goenka Awards for Excellence in Journalism, in New Delhi (cropped).jpg
File:The Vice President, Shri Mohd. Hamid Ansari presented the Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards 2010-11, in New Delhi on January 16, 2012 (cropped).jpg
</gallery>
{{commons category|Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards}}

== See also ==
* [[Chameli Devi Jain Award for Outstanding Women Mediapersons]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ramnath-goenka-foundation/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510180047/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ramnath-goenka-foundation/ |date=10 May 2018 }} of the Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards
{{Indian journalism awards}}


[[Category:Awards established in 2006]]
[[Category:Indian Express Limited]]
[[Category:Indian journalism awards]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in India]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject West Bengal

2026-03-10T09:58:13Z

MarlysAugust8: new first entry added tags...

{{short description|Wikimedia subject-area collaboration on West Bengal}}
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We are a group of [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]s committed to improving organisation and standardize look and feel of articles related to the [[India|Indian]] state of [[West Bengal]], the geographical regions, its people, art and culture. To join the project, please add your name [[WP: WikiProject West Bengal/Participants|here]]. If you would like to help, please inquire on the [[{{NAMESPACE}} talk:{{PAGENAME}}|talk page]] and see the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject West Bengal/To Do|to-do list]] there.

==[[West Bengal]]==

'''West Bengal''' ({{IPAc-en|b|ɛ|n|ˈ|ɡ|ɔː|l}}, [[Bengali language|Bengali]]: ''Poshchim Bongo'', {{IPA|bn|ˈpoʃtʃim ˈbɔŋɡo|pron|LL-Q9610 (ben)-Titodutta-পশ্চিমবঙ্গ.wav}}, abbr. '''WB''') is a [[States and territories of India|state]] located on the eastern part of India. It is India's [[List of states of India by population|fourth-largest state by population]] and [[List of states of India by area|thirteenth-largest state by area]].

[[Bengali language|Bengali]] is the official state language. In Megapolis [[Kolkata]] (Calcutta) and the wider [[Kolkata metropolitan area]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Urdu]], English, [[Hindi]] and other languages are also spoken. West Bengal is a religiously diverse region, comprising people of various faiths. Mostly, people from all over India had migrated here for business and residential purposes. [[Kolkata]] is the capital of West Bengal, which is also the cultural capital of India. The city has the highest number of Nobel laureates among all cities in India. It was once the capital of the [[British Raj|India under the British rule]].

==[[Image:Searchtool.svg|20px|Divisions]] Scope==
'''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject|WikiProject]] West Bengal''' is a collaboration to create, improve, and expand articles related to [[West Bengal]], its history, dialects, and culture. The scope of this article fundamentally is loosely defined as all articles and sections relating to [[West Bengal]]. Almost all of these will be (eventually) categorised under [[:Category:West Bengal]] and [[:Category:India]]

* The project will cover all aspects of West Bengal-related articles from India, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.

==[[Image:Nuvola apps kpdf.png|20px]] Goals==
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Refer to
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==Recognized articles==
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# [[West Bengal]]
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# [[Cinema of West Bengal]]
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Haokholet Kipgen

2026-03-07T15:20:06Z

MarlysAugust8:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}{{Infobox Indian politician|office=Member of the [[ Manipur Legislative Assembly]]}}
'''Haokholet Kipgen''' (born 1956)<ref name=":1" /> is an Indian politician from [[Manipur]]. He is an MLA from [[Saitu Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]], in [[Kangpokpi district|Kangpokpi District]]. He won the [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]], as an independent politician.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Saitu Election Result 2022 LIVE: Independent candidate Haokholet Kipgen wins - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/saitu-election-result-2022-live-how-to-check-saitu-legislative-assembly-election-vidhan-sabha-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-12753612.htm |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kipgen is from Hengbung Village, [[Kangpokpi district|Kangpokpi District]], Manipur. He is the son of late Palun Kipgen. He passed Class 10 in 1974 at Motbung High School, Motbung. He engages in orchard farming.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web| title=Affidavit to be filed by the candidate alongwith nomination paper before the returning officer for election to 12 Manipur legislative assembly from 51 - Saitu assembly constituency | url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Affidavits/AssemblyElection/2022/51/Haokholet%20Kipgen.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217121714/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Affidavits/AssemblyElection/2022/51/Haokholet%20Kipgen.pdf | archive-date=2022-02-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Haokholet Kipgen(Independent(IND)):Constituency- SAITU (ST)(KANGPOKPI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/manipur2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=13 |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Kipgen won from the Saitu Assembly constituency as an independent politician in the 2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election. He polled 12,546 votes and defeated his nearest competitor, [[Ngamthang Haokip]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 2,694 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haokholet Kipgen from IND Won Saitu Assembly Election Result 2022: Candidates List and Winner in Saitu Constituency |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/know-your-candidates/manipur-assembly-election-2022/saitu-constituency-candidates-list/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=indiatoday.in |language=en}}</ref> He was a former BJP National vice president of ST Morcha but was denied a ticket by the Saffron party and contested as independent and won.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-04 |title=Former Minister Haokholet Kipgen files nomination from Saitu as independent candidate - The Frontier Manipur |url=https://thefrontiermanipur.com/former-minister-haokholet-kipgen-files-nomination-from-saitu-as-independent-candidate/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |language=en-US}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the 2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=🗳️ Haokholet Kipgen winner in Saitu, Manipur Assembly Elections 2000: LIVE Results & Latest News: Election Dates, Polling Schedule, Election Results & Live Election Updates |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/manipur/2000/saitu/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref> However, he lost the next election in 2002 to [[Ngamthang Haokip]] of the [[Indian National Congress]]. He regained the Saitu seat in the 2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election, beating his archrival Haokip, but lost the next three elections in [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]], [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name=":0" /> and [[2020 Manipur Legislative Assembly by-elections|2020]] (by election) to the Congress candidate. The veteran won the [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022 Assembly election]] as an independent candidate. He is also the only politician to win an assembly seat uncontested in 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former minister Haokholet Kipgen to contest from Saitu AC |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/former-minister-haokholet-kipgen-to-contest-from-saitu-ac |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Imphal Free Press |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kipgen, Haokholet}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Manipur]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2000–2002]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Senapati district]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]

Psittacidae

2026-03-04T18:53:51Z

MarlysAugust8: slightly corrected content as per guidelines and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Family of birds}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{Geological range|Eocene|Holocene|[[Eocene]]-[[Holocene]]}}
| name = Holotropical parrots
| image = {{CSS image crop
|Image = Scarlet macaw (Ara macao macao) Yasuni.jpg
|bSize = 400
|cWidth = 220
|cHeight = 200
|oTop = 40
|oLeft = 90
}}

| image_caption = [[Scarlet macaw]]
| taxon = Psittacidae
| authority = [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Rafinesque]], 1815
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
| subdivision =
* [[Psittacinae]]
* [[Arinae]]
See [[#Taxonomy|text]] for genera.
}}

The [[Family (biology)|family]] '''Psittacidae''' or '''holotropical parrots''' is one of three families of [[true parrot]]s. It comprises the 12 species of subfamily [[Psittacinae]] (the [[Afrotropics|Afrotropical]] parrots) and 167 of subfamily [[Arinae]] (the New World or [[Neotropical parrot]]s) including several species that have gone extinct in recent centuries. Some of the most iconic birds in the world are represented here, such as the [[blue-and-yellow macaw]] among the New World parrots and the [[grey parrot]] among the Afrotropical parrots.

== Distribution ==
All of the parrot species in this family are found in tropical and subtropical zones and inhabit [[Mexico]], [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]], the [[Caribbean islands]], and [[sub-Saharan Africa]]. Three parrots, one [[extinct]] and another [[Local extinction|extirpated]], once inhabited the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Forshaw|first=J.|title=Parrots of the World, 3rd Ed.|year=2000|publisher=Lansdowne|location=Australia|pages=303, 385}}</ref>

== Evolutionary history ==
This family probably had its origin early in the [[Paleogene]] period, 66–23 million years ago (Mya), after the western half of [[Gondwana]] had separated into the continents of Africa and South America, before the divergence of African and New World lineages around 30–35 Mya.<ref name="multilocus"/> The New World parrots, and by implication Old World parrots, last shared a common ancestor with the Australian cockatoos in the family the [[Cacatuidae]] approximately 33 Mya.<ref name=smith/>

The data place most of the diversification of psittaciformes around 40 Mya, after the separation of Australia from West Antarctica and South America.<ref name="multilocus">{{cite journal|last=Schweizer|first=M.|author2=Seehausen O |author3=Hertwig ST |title=Macroevolutionary patterns in the diversification of parrots: effects of climate change, geological events and key innovations|pmc=2727385|journal=Journal of Biogeography|year=2011|volume=38|issue = 11|pages=2176–2194|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02555.x|pmid=18653733 |bibcode=2011JBiog..38.2176S }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Wright |display-authors=etal |first=T.|title=A Multilocus Molecular Phylogeny of the Parrots (Psittaciformes): Support for a Gondwanan Origin during the Cretaceous|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|date=Oct 2008|volume=25|issue=10|pages=2141–2156|doi=10.1093/molbev/msn160|pmid=18653733|pmc=2727385}}</ref> Divergence of the Psittacidae from the ancestral parrots resulted from a common radiation event from what was then West Antarctica into South America, then Africa, via late [[Cretaceous]] land bridges that survived through the Paleogene.<ref>{{cite web|last=Remsen|first=Van|title=Proposal (599) to South American Classification Committee: Revise classification of the Psittaciformes|url=http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCprop599.htm|access-date=17 December 2013}}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
The family Psittacidae was introduced (as Psittacea) by French [[polymath]] [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque]] in 1815.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Rafinesque | first=Constantine Samuel | author-link=Constantine Samuel Rafinesque | year=1815 | title=Analyse de la nature ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés | volume=1815 | publisher=Self-published | place=Palermo | language=fr | page=64 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48310142 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Bock | first=Walter J. | year=1994 | title=History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names | series=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume= 222 | publisher=American Museum of Natural History | place=New York | pages=140, 252 | hdl=2246/830 }}</ref> The recently revised taxonomy of the family Psittacidae, based on molecular studies, recognizes the sister clade relationship of the Old World [[Psittacini]] and New World [[Arini (tribe)|Arini]] tribes of subfamily Psittacinae,<ref>{{cite book|last=Collar|first=N.|title=Birds of the World, Vol.4|year=1997|publisher=del Hoyo|page=241}}</ref> which have been raised to subfamily ranking and renamed Psittacinae and Arinae. Subfamily [[Loriinae]] and the other tribes of subfamily [[Psittacinae]] are now placed in superfamily [[Psittacoidea]] of all true parrots, which includes family Psittacidae.<ref name=joseph>{{Cite journal | last1=Joseph | first1=L. | last2=Toon | first2=A. | last3=Schirtzinger | first3=E.E. | last4=Wright | first4=T.F. | last5=Schodde | first5=R. | date=2012 | title=A revised nomenclature and classification for family-group taxa of parrots (Psittaciformes) | journal=Zootaxa | volume=3205 | issue=1 | pages=26–40 | doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3205.1.2 | bibcode=2012Zoot.32055.1.2J }}</ref>

The following phylogeny shows how the family Psittacidae relates to the three other families in the order [[Psittaciformes]]. The tree is based on the work by Leo Joseph and collaborators published in 2012 but with the choice of families and the number of species in each family taken from the list maintained by [[Frank Gill (ornithologist)|Frank Gill]], [[Pamela Rasmussen]] and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithological Committee (IOC), now the [[International Ornithologists' Union]].<ref name=joseph/><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=February 2025 | title=Parrots, cockatoos | work=IOC World Bird List Version 15.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/parrots/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=11 March 2025 }}</ref>
{{clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:90%
|label1=[[Psittaciformes]]
|1={{clade
|1=[[Strigopidae]] – New Zealand parrots (4 species)
|2={{clade
|1=[[Cacatuidae]] – Cockatoos (22 species)
|2={{clade
|1='''Psittacidae''' – African and New World parrots (178 species)
|2=[[Psittaculidae]] – Old World parrots (202 species)
}}
}}
}}
}}

The family contains 179 species and is divided into 37 genera. Included are four species that have become extinct in historical times: the [[glaucous macaw]], the [[Carolina parakeet]], the [[Cuban macaw]] and the [[Puerto Rican parakeet]]. The following [[cladogram]] is based on a phylogenetic study by Brian Smith and collaborators that was published in 2023. In the analysis the genera ''[[Nannopsittaca]]'', ''[[Bolborhynchus]]'' and ''[[Psilopsiagon]]'' were found not to be [[monophyletic]].<ref name=smith>{{Cite journal | last1=Smith | first1=B.T. | last2=Merwin | first2=J. | last3=Provost | first3=K.L. | last4=Thom | first4=G. | last5=Brumfield | first5=R.T. | last6=Ferreira | first6=M. | last7=Mauck | first7=W.M.I. | last8=Moyle | first8=R.G. | last9=Wright | first9=T.F. | last10=Joseph | first10=L. | date=2023 | title=Phylogenomic analysis of the parrots of the world distinguishes artifactual from biological sources of gene tree discordance | journal=Systematic Biology | volume=72 | issue=1 | pages=228–241 | doi=10.1093/sysbio/syac055 | doi-access=free| pmid=35916751 }}</ref> The number of species in each genus is taken from the IOC list.<ref name=ioc/>

{{clade | style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%
|label1='''Psittacidae'''
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Psittacinae]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Psittacus]]'' – African grey parrots (2 species)
|2=''[[Poicephalus]]'' – ''Poicephalus'' parrots (10 species)
}}
|label2=[[Arinae]]
|2={{clade
|label1=Amoropsittacini
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Touit]]'' – parrotlets (8 species)
|2=''[[Nannopsittaca]]'', ''[[Bolborhynchus]]'', ''[[Psilopsiagon]]'' – parrotlets, parakeets (7 species)
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=Forpini
|1=''[[Forpus]]'' – parrotlets (9 species)
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Androglossini]]
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Myiopsitta]]'' – Quaker parakeets (2 species)
|2=''[[Brotogeris]]'' – parakeets (8 species)
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pionopsitta]]'' – pileated parrot
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Triclaria]]'' – blue-bellied parrot
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Hapalopsittaca]]'' – parrots (4 species)
|2=''[[Pyrilia]]'' – parrots (7 species)
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Amazona]]'' – Amazon parrots (31 species)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pionus]]'' – ''Pionus'' parrots (8 species)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Graydidascalus]]'' – short-tailed parrot
|2=''[[Alipiopsitta]]'' - yellow-faced parrot
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|label2=[[Arini (tribe)|Arini]]
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Deroptyus]]'' – red-fan/hawk-headed parrot
|2=''[[Pionites]]'' – caiques (2 species)
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Rhynchopsitta]]'' – thick-billed parrots (2 species)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pyrrhura]]'' – parakeets (24 species)
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Cyanoliseus]]'' – burrowing parrot/Patagonian conure
|2=''[[Enicognathus]]'' – parakeets (2 species)
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Anodorhynchus]]'' – blue macaws (3 species)
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Conuropsis]]'' – † Carolina parakeet
|2=''[[Aratinga]]'' – parakeets, sun conure (6 species)
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Cyanopsitta]]'' – Spix's macaw
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Orthopsittaca]]'' – red-bellied macaw
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Primolius]]'' – mini-macaws (3 species)
|2=''[[Ara (bird)|Ara]]'' – macaws (9 species)
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Eupsittula]]'' – parakeets (5 species)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Psittacara]]'' – parakeets (12 species)
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Ognorhynchus]]'' – yellow-eared parrot
|2=''[[Leptosittaca]]'' – golden-plumed parakeet
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Thectocercus]]'' – blue-crowned parakeet
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Guaruba]]'' – golden parakeet/Queen of Bavaria's conure
|2=''[[Diopsittaca]]'' – red-shouldered/Hahn's/noble macaw
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}

* Subfamily [[Psittacinae]]
** Genus ''[[Psittacus]]'' – African grey parrots (two species)
** Genus ''[[Poicephalus]]''
** Genus ''[[Bavaripsitta]]''†
* Subfamily [[Arinae]]
** Tribe [[Arini (tribe)|Arini]] – macaws and parakeets
*** Genus ''[[Anodorhynchus]]''
*** Genus ''[[Cyanopsitta]]''
*** Genus ''[[Ara (genus)|Ara]]''
*** Genus ''[[Orthopsittaca]]''
*** Genus ''[[Primolius]]''
*** Genus ''[[Diopsittaca]]''
*** Genus ''[[Rhynchopsitta]]''
*** Genus ''[[Ognorhynchus]]''
*** Genus ''[[Guaruba]]''
*** Genus ''[[Leptosittaca]]''
*** Genus ''[[Psittacara]]''
*** Genus ''[[Aratinga]]''
*** Genus ''[[Eupsittula]]''
*** Genus ''[[Thectocercus]]''
*** Genus ''[[Cyanoliseus]]''
*** Genus ''[[Pyrrhura]]''
*** Genus ''[[Enicognathus]]''
*** Genus ''[[Conuropsis]]''†
** Tribe [[Androglossini]] – Amazon and related parrots
*** Genus ''[[Pyrilia]]''
*** Genus ''[[Pionopsitta]]''
*** Genus ''[[Graydidascalus]]''
*** Genus ''[[Alipiopsitta]]''
*** Genus ''[[Pionus]]''
*** Genus ''[[Amazona]]''
*** Genus ''[[Triclaria]]''
** Clade (proposed tribe Amoropsittacini)
*** Genus ''[[Nannopsittaca]]''
*** Genus ''[[Psilopsiagon]]''
*** Genus ''[[Bolborhynchus]]''
*** Genus ''[[Touit]]''
** Clade (proposed tribe Forpini) – parrotlets
*** Genus ''[[Forpus]]''
** Clade including Arini
*** Genus ''[[Pionites]]'' – caiques (four species)
*** Genus ''[[Deroptyus]]'' – red-fan parrot
** Clade including Androglossini
*** Genus ''[[Hapalopsittaca]]''
*** Genus ''[[Brotogeris]]''
*** Genus ''[[Myiopsitta]]''

== References ==
{{reflist|25em}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q8327}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Parrots]]
[[Category:Taxa described in 1815]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque]]
[[Category:Psittacidae|*]]

Jhutha Sach (film)

2026-03-03T23:54:14Z

MarlysAugust8: refined citations and fixed typos per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jhutha Sach
| image = Jhutha Sach.jpg

| caption = Poster
| director = [[Esmayeel Shroff]]
| producer = A. G. Nadiadwala
| writer = Moin-ud-din
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Dharmendra]]|[[Rekha]]}}
| music = [[R. D. Burman]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1984}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Jhutha Sach ''''' ({{Translation|False truth}}) is a 1984 [[Hindi]]-language [[drama film]] directed by [[Esmayeel Shroff]] and produced by A. G. Nadiadwala.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FilmiClub |title=Jhutha Sach (1984) |url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/jhutha-sach-1984-hindi-movie |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=FilmiClub }}</ref> It starring [[Dharmendra]] and [[Rekha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=MX Player |url=https://www.mxplayer.in/movie/watch-jhutha-sach-movie-online-02d0e5976485e60b79c77f778ac05e27 |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=www.mxplayer.in}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Jhutha Sach |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/jhutha-sach |access-date=2022-04-20}}</ref> The film was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Kodetrachu]]''. It was the second movie for child actor [[Jugal Hansraj]], after [[Masoom (1983 film)|''Masoom'']].<ref>{{Citation|last=Goldmines Movies|title=Jhutha Sach 1984 {{!}} Full Movie {{!}} Dharmendra, Rekha, Amrish Puri, Aruna Irani|date=2015-01-25|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qud6pZIC0wg|accessdate=2018-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Jhutha Sach (1984)|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0357812/fullcredits|accessdate=2018-06-03}}</ref> the film was remake of 1982 Pakistani film ''[[Sangdil (1982 film)|Sangdil]]''

== Story ==
After the passing of his wife, Sunita, Vijay brings up his two children, Bhishan and Charulata, who want him to remarry, and goes around selecting a mother. They pick on Alka, who is a stage singer and lives alone as a paying guest. Vijay and Alka approve of each other, get married, and go on a honeymoon. On the way back, Vijay drives too fast, has an accident, and is killed. Alka does not have the courage to tell the children, so she hires Vijay's lookalike, a dreaded bandit and killer named Tiger, who agrees to impersonate Vijay for 30 days, make the kids hate him, then leave forever, for a sum of 3 lakh rupees. Things do go according to plan, and the children do start hating their dad. But on the 30th day, Alka receives a phone call that the children have been kidnapped and the kidnapper is demanding a sum of 25 lakh rupees. The rest of the film is about who abducted the children and whether or not Tiger had a hand in it.

== Cast ==
*[[Dharmendra]] as Vijay / Tiger (Double Role)
* [[Rekha]] as Alka
* [[Aruna Irani]] as Bahar
* [[Amrish Puri]] as Kolga
* [[Jugal Hansraj]] as Bhishan "Binny"
* Baby Pinky as Charudatta “Chinki”
* [[Asrani]] as Bhajanlal
* [[Prema Narayan]] as Mrs. Bhajanlal
* [[Lalita Pawar]] as Governess
* [[Manik Irani]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jhuta Sach 1984 Cast |url=https://www.bollywoodproduct.com/bollywood-movie/jhutha-sach-1984}}</ref> as Daro

== Soundtrack ==
Lyrics: [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]

{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Kaisi Lag Rahi Hoon Main, Kahiye Kya Khayal Hai"
| [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Kisi Ko Khona, Kisi Ko Pana, Yeh Khel Kitna Pyara Hai, Mil Gaya, Mil Gaya Dhunde Jisko Dil"
| Kishore Kumar, [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Preeti Sagar]], [[Priya Mayekar]]
|-
| "Jahan Bin Hawa Ke Parda Hile"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Kya Karoon Main To Nikli"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Loot Gayi Main To Aaj"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0357812|title=Jhutha Sach}}

[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:1984 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1984 Indian films]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}
[[Category:Films about widowhood in India]]
[[Category:Films about lookalikes]]
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Films about remarriage]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films about road accidents and incidents]]
[[Category:Films about father–child relationships]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of Pakistani films]]

Krishna Gopalakrishna

2026-03-03T21:39:43Z

MarlysAugust8: added content for clarity and cleaned formatting per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Krishna Gopalakrishna
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Balachandra Menon]]
| producer = Krishnan Nair
| writer = Balachandra Menon
| screenplay = Balachandra Menon
| starring = [[Manoj K. Jayan]] [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]] Balachandra Menon [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]]
| music = Balachandra Menon
| cinematography = Alagappan
| editing = Balachandra Menon
| studio = KSFDC & V&V
| distributor = KSFDC & V&V
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2002|04|26|}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Krishna Gopalakrishna''''' is a 2002 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film, directed by [[Balachandra Menon]] and produced by Krishnan Nair. The film stars [[Manoj K. Jayan]], [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]], Balachandra Menon and [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]] in lead roles. The film had musical score by Balachandra Menon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/krishna-gopalakrishna-review-malayalam-pcluo7cdjffhh.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331172832/https://www.sify.com/movies/krishna-gopalakrishna-review-malayalam-pcluo7cdjffhh.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 March 2022|title = Krishna Gopalakrishna|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref>

==Plot==
The story is about the life and time of Gopalakrishnan who was born into an ordinary family. His father was a moneylender while his mother was an ardent devotee of Lord Krishna, thus naming her son after him. Gopalakrisknan grows up hearing the stories of Krishna and his ambition was to start a dairy farm. His childhood sweetheart was Radha, but after many reels he marries the wrong girl. After his mother's death he becomes an alcoholic and is neglected by his wife and children. Seeking peace he ends up in an ashram, but soon falls sick and needs an operation. At the hospital he meets his old flame Radha and hopes to recover and live with her in a farm full of cows.

==Cast==

*[[Balachandra Menon]] as Gopalakrishnan
*[[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]] as Sujatha
*[[Santhosh (actor)|Santhosh]] as Jangathnathan
*[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Moidu Master
*[[Manoj K. Jayan]] as Dr. Jacob
*[[Sreeja Chandran]] as Radha
*[[Geethu Mohandas]] as Gayathri
*[[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]] as Peter
*[[Indraja]] as Bhama
*[[Sreenivasan]]
*[[Lal (actor)|Lal]]
*Geetha Nair
*Master Vignesh
*Mini Nair
*Poojappura Radhakrishnan
*[[Valsala Menon]]

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Balachandra Menon]].
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Kallum Mannum Vaarithinnum" (F) || [[K. S. Chithra]] || [[Bichu Thirumala]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Choodulla Kaattin" || Sujatha Mohan, Balachandra Menon || Bichu Thirumala ||
|-
| 3 || "Kallum Mannum Vaarithinnum" (M) || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || Bichu Thirumala ||
|-
| 4 || "Raamayoora Nadana" || K. J. Yesudas || Bichu Thirumala ||
|-
| 5 || "Thathakkapithaka" (Neeradum Pennungalude) || Bichu Thirumala, Chorus, Prathibha || Bichu Thirumala ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0355664}}

[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:2002 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Balachandra Menon]]
[[Category:2002 Indian films]]

{{2000s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Sooriyanum Sooriyagandhiyum

2026-03-03T02:25:27Z

MarlysAugust8: new some info from scratch...

{{Short description|2024 Indian Tamil-language drama film directed by A. L. Raja}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image =
| caption =
| director = A. L. Raja
| producer =
| writer = A. L. Raja
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Appukutty]]
*Rathi Umayal
*Srihari
*[[Santhana Bharathi]]
}}
| cinematography = Thiruvarur Raja
| editing = Veerasenthil Raj
| music = RS Ravipriyan
| studio = D.D Cinema Studio
| released = {{Film date|2024|08|09|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| runtime =
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Sooriyanum Sooriyagandhiyum''''' ({{translation|Sun and the Sunflower}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil-language]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by A. L. Raja and the film was bankrolled by D. D. Cinema Studio. The film stars [[Appukutty]], Rathi Umayal, Srihari, [[Santhana Bharathi]], [[Lollu Sabha Seshu]] in the pivotal roles. The film had its theatrical release on 9 August 2024.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-09 |title=Sooriyanum Sooriyagandhiyum |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/app-lite/movie-review/sooriyanum-sooriyagandhiyum-159871 |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
An aspiring young filmmaker (Appukutty) is plying his trade to materialise his dream of becoming an independent film director in his own ways and the dreams of him have been long plagued as his ambitious efforts to pursue greener pastures have always become futile leading to him being distraught and agonizing with zero hopes. Appukutty apparently finally has the last laugh as when it seemed all over for him in terms of reviving his dreams of foraying into cinema field, he gets a slice of luck after meeting producer Santha Bharathi in a serendipitous occasion. Appukutty then showcases his storytelling abilities by narrating the script to the producer where the former apparently gives his input by how [[Caste|casteism]] and [[honor killing]] are induced in the society by some individuals with vested interests to achieve their agenda of causing problems among lovers.<ref name=":0" />

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Appukutty]]
*Rathi Umayal
*Srihari
*[[Santhana Bharathi]]
*[[Lollu Sabha Seshu]]
*[[Mangalanathan Gurukkal]]
*Udumalai Ravi
*Sakthi Soruban
*Rajasimman
*Mippuswamy
}}

== Production ==
The film was announced by A. L. Raja and it marked A. L. Raja's third directorial venture after ''[[Ninaikkatha Naalillai]]'' (2001), and ''[[Theekuchi]]'' (2008).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=2022-04-12 |title=சூரியனும் சூரியகாந்தியும் {{!}} Tamil cinema Suriyanum Suriyaganthiyum preview |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/preview/2022/04/12152152/3671942/Tamil-cinema-Suriyanum-Suriyaganthiyum-preview.vpf |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref> The film was predominantly shot and set in across various locations in [[Tamil Nadu]] including [[Madurai]], [[Thiruvannamalai]], [[Theni]] and [[Dindigul]].<ref name=":2" /> The [[principal photography]] of the film wrapped up with a total shooting schedule of 35 days. The film was inaugurated by [[Chief Ministers of India|Chief Minister]] of the [[Union Territory]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], [[N. Rangaswamy]].<ref name=":2" />

The director of the film A. L. Raja blew things out of proportion by hyping up the film prior to its anticipated theatrical release by promoting the film as a potential candidate that could fetch Appukutty another national award.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Manimegalai A. |title=அப்புக்குட்டிக்கு மீண்டும் தேசிய விருது கிடைக்கும்: "சூரியனும் சூரியகாந்தியும்" பட இயக்குனர் ஏ.எல்.ராஜா! |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/director-al-raja-about-appukutty-gets-national-award-again-in-suriyanum-suriyakandiyum-movie-rrtwyi |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=Asianet News Tamil |language=ta}}</ref> A. L. Raja also told press media that Appukutty's character arc would be a huge talking point among general audience after the theatrical release.<ref name=":3" />

== Theme ==
The theme of the film tackled the subject matter pertaining to the harsh realities and plight faced by the goal oriented individuals due to the prevalence of social stigma, stereotypes and caste differences while trying to enforce the consequences that could be faced due to persisting with regressive mindset on caste differences.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=சூரியனும் சூரியகாந்தியும் : ஜாதிக்கு எதிரான படம் |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemanews/112009 |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=Dinamalar |language=en}}</ref> The film gives insightful thought process on how the leaps and bounds are confronted by such individuals in order for them to make a resilient rapid turnaround in their lives in a way of a redemption arc to culminate in a [[rags to riches]] scenario to reach the pinnacle.<ref name=":0" /> The film describes about how in this current day and age, (with already people vying for spots fuelled by the [[rat race]] mentality), caste is still given paramount importance, despite a tremendous rapid transformation as far as civilization aspects are concerned and the film inculcates about how caste is treated as inevitable part of everyone's life despite knowing full well about the demerits and cons of prioritizing caste as it corners talented individuals from fulfilling their objectives.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2024 drama films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Satyam (composer)

2026-02-24T16:39:30Z

MarlysAugust8: new a details from scratch...

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Satyam
| image = ChellapillaSatyamImg.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = సత్యం
| native_name_lang = te
| image_size =
| birth_name = Chellapilla Satyanarayana
| alias =
| birth_date = 1933
| birth_place = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| origin =
| death_date = {{Death year and age|1989|1933|01}}
| death_place =
| genre =
| occupation = Music director
| instrument = [[Dholak]], [[Tabla]]
| years_active = 1960s–1980s
| label =
| website =
}}
[[File:Satyam1.jpg|alt=A Tribute concert to Music director Satyam - organized by Sarada Akunuri and YuvaKalavahini Nageswararao in January 2020 Hyderabad|thumb|A Tribute concert to Music director Satyam - organized by Sarada Akunuri and YuvaKalavahini Nageswararao in January 2020 Hyderabad]]
'''Chellapilla Satyanarayana Sastry''' (1933 – 12 January 1989), known mononymously as '''Satyam''', was an Indian music composer.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chimatamusic.com/sathyam.php |title=Satyam review at Chimata Music.com |access-date=19 February 2010 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923202742/http://www.chimatamusic.com/sathyam.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was popular in the [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] film industries in the 1960s to 1980s. Sathyam is best remembered as "Andhra [[R. D. Burman]]".<ref>{{cite web |title=Rememberring Music Director Satyam |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/starsprofile/musicdirector_satyam2010_printer.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310045659/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/starsprofile/musicdirector_satyam2010_printer.php |archive-date=2012-03-10 |access-date=2012-03-08 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]}}</ref> He also composed a handful of [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]], [[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri]], and [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] films.

==Early life and career==
Satyam was born in Gunanupuram village, Komarada mandal in [[Vizianagaram]] district of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He had acted in some plays with popular writer Rajasri and others at Vizianagaram. He later shifted to [[Madras]] and worked in the orchestra of [[P. Adinarayana Rao]] and [[T. V. Raju]]. He worked as an assistant composer in the magnum opus film ''[[Suvarna Sundari]]'' (1957). He debuted as a music director in the 1963 Kannada film ''[[Sri Ramanjaneya Yuddha]]''. His debut film as a full-fledged music director in Telugu cinema was ''Pala Manasulu'' (1967), though he was credited as a music director in the 1963 film ''[[Savati Koduku]]'' under the supervision of T. V. Raju.

Some of his memorable hit songs in Telugu are Ye Divilo Virisina Parijatamo, Gunna Mamidi Komma Meeda, O Bangaru Rangula Chilaka, Kalise Kalla Lona, Tholi Valape Teeyanidi, Aaraneekuma Ee Deepam Karthika Deepam, Gaali Vanalo Vana Neetilo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cinefolks.com/telugu/AudioSongs/musicdirector/Satyam/ |title=Some of the best songs of Satyam at Cineforks.com |access-date=19 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825175135/http://cinefolks.com/telugu/AudioSongs/musicdirector/Satyam |archive-date=25 August 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

His grandson Sri Vasanth is also a music composer who worked for films like ''[[Sudigadu]]'' (2012).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-13 |title=Sri Vasanth grows bigger after Sudigadu |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/sri-vasanth-grows-bigger-after-sudigadu-tamilfont-news-86107 |access-date=2022-08-07 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> In memory of Satyam, a musical night was organized by Bay Area Telugu Association and Chimata Music in California, United States, in 2009.<ref>[http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/news/satyammusicalnight.php Satyam Musical night in Bayarea, CA] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515022431/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/news/satyammusicalnight.php |date=15 May 2009 }}</ref>

Tribute to Music director Satyam was organised by Sreeramulu entertainment, Andhra club in association with singer Sarada Akunuri USA in Chennai in 2015, where Satyam's wife Suguna and his brother's son Trinathrao were graced the event.

in 2020, Singer Sarada Akunuri organized a Tribute concert to music director Satyam in association with Yuvakalavahini in Hyderabad. Satyam's grandson, music director Vasanth attended the event along with director Sri Kodandaramireddy garu. director Sri Yvs Chowdary, music director Sri K.M. Radha Krishnan and singer Anand Gedela.

==Discography==
===Telugu ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film title !! Notes
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Suvarna Sundari]]'' || Assistant music director
|-
| 1968 || ''Aggi Meeda Guggilam'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1969 || ''Takkari Donga Chakkani Chukka'' ||
|-
| ''Raja Simha'' ||
|-
| 1970 || ''Rowdy Rani'' ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1971 || ''[[Mattilo Manikyam]]'' ||
|-
| ''Kattiki Kankanam'' ||
|-
| ''Nammaka Drohulu'' ||
|-
| ''James Bond 777'' ||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1972 || ''[[Bala Mitrula Katha]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Papam Pasivadu]]'' ||
|-
| ''Antha Mana Manchike''||
|-
| ''Bullemma Bullodu''||
|-
| ''Kattula Rattaiah''||
|-
| ''Bhale Mosagadu''||
|-
| ''Monagadostunnadu Jagratta''||
|-
| ''Ooriki Upakari''||
|-
| rowspan="9" |1973
|''Nenu Naa Desam<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-23 |title=Nenu Naa Desam Mp3 Songs Free Download 1973 Telugu |url=https://sensongsmp3.tv/nenu-naa-desam-1973-songs/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=SenSongsMp3.Tv |language=en-US |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420061048/https://sensongsmp3.tv/nenu-naa-desam-1973-songs/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>''
|
|-
| ''[[Kanne Vayasu]]'' ||
|-
| ''Jagame Maya''||
|-
| ''Bangaru Manasulu''||
|-
| ''Manchi Vaallaku Manchivaadu'' ||
|-
| ''[[Oka Nari Vanda Thupakulu]]''||
|-
| ''Puttinillu Mettinillu''||
|-
| ''Vaade Veedu''||
|-
| ''Vichitra Vivaham''||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1974 || ''Ammayi Pelli''||
|-
| ''[[Nippulanti Manishi (1974 film)|Nippulanti Manishi]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Gundelu Teesina Monagadu]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gundelu Teesina Monagadu Cast & Crew |url=https://indiancine.ma/QGO/info |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>''||
|-
| ''[[Nomu (film)|Nomu]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="9" | 1975 || ''Naakoo Swatantram Vachchindi'' ||
|-
| ''Anuragalu''||
|-
| ''Ee Kalam Dampathulu''||
|-
| ''Lakshmana Rekha''||
|-
| ''Pichchodi Pelli''||
|-
| ''[[Maya Machindra]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Swargam Narakam]]'' ||
|-
| ''Rakta Sambandhalu''||
|-
| ''Thota Ramudu''||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1976 || ''[[Bhakta Kannappa]]'' ||
|-
| [[Bhale Dongalu (1976 film)|''Bhale Dongalu'']]||
|-
| ''Devudu Chesina Bommalu''||
|-
| ''Doralu Dongalu''||
|-
| ''Neramu Naadi Kaadu Aakalidi''||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1977 || ''Oke Raktam'' ||
|-
| ''[[Amara Deepam (1977 film)|Amara Deepam]]'' ||
|-
| ''Dongalaku Donga''||
|-
| ''Andame Anandam'' ||
|-
| ''Manushulu Chesina Dongalu'' ||
|-
| ''Premalekhalu'' ||
|-
| ''Edureeta''||
|-
| ''[[Tholireyi Gadichindi]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1978 || ''[[3 Puvvulu 6 Kayalu]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Annadammula Savaal]]'' ||
|-
| ''Dongala Dopidi'' ||
|-
| ''[[Lawyer Viswanath]]'' ||
|-
| [[Cheppindi Chestha|''Cheppindi Chestha'']] ||
|-
| ''Nayudu Bava''||
|-
| ''Ramachilaka''||
|-
| rowspan="11" | 1979 || ''[[Iddaru Asadhyule]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Andadu Aagadu]]'' ||
|-
| ''Korikale Gurralaite'' ||
|-
| ''Lakshmi Pooja'' ||
|-
| ''Chaya''||
|-
| ''Dasa Tiringindi''||
|-
| [[I Love You (1979 Telugu film)|''I Love You'']] ||
|-
| [[Karthika Deepam (film)|''Karthika Deepam'']] ||
|-
| ''Maa Oollo Mahasivudu''||
|-
| ''Rama Banam'' ||
|-
| ''[[Tiger (1979 film)|Tiger]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="11" | 1980 || ''[[Chandipriya]]''||
|-
| ''Devudichcina Koduku''||
|-
| ''Kodallu Vastunnaru Jagratta''||
|-
|''Ramudu Parasuramudu''
|
|-
| ''[[Aarani Mantalu]]'' ||
|-
| ''Moodu Mulla Bandham''||
|-
| ''Naade Gelupu''||
|-
| ''Mahasakthi'' ||
|-
| ''[[Nakili Manishi]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Sita Ramulu]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Prema Tarangalu]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1981 || ''Taxi Driver'' ||
|-
| ''[[Swapna (1981 film)|Swapna]]'' ||
|-
| ''Attagaari Pettanam''||
|-
| ''Prema Natakam''||
|-
| ''Gadasari Atta Dogasari Kodallu''||
|-
| ''Girija Kalyanam''||
|-
| ''Paalu Neellu''||
|-
| [[Parvathi Parameswarulu|''Parvathi Parameswarulu'']]||
|-
| rowspan="12" | 1982 || ''[[Nipputo Chelagaatam]]''||
|-
| ''Bangaaru Kanuka''||
|-
| ''[[Madhura Swapnam]]''||
|-
| ''[[Talli Kodukula Anubandham]]''||
|-
| ''[[Patnam Vachina Pativrathalu]]''||
|-
| ''Billa Ranga''||
|-
|''Pratigna<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prathignya (1982) |url=https://indiancine.ma/WYB |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>''
|
|-
| ''Gruha Pravesam''||
|-
| ''Kadali Vachchina Kanaka Durga''||
|-
| ''Korukunna Mogudu''||
|-
| ''Swayamvaram''||
|-
| ''Aapadbandhavulu''||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1983 || ''[[Dharmaatmudu]]''||
|-
| ''[[Aalaya Sikharam]]''||
|-
| ''Maro Maya Bazaar''||
|-
|''[[Puli Debba]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Puli Debba 1983 Telugu Movie Wiki, Cast Crew, Songs, Videos, Release Date |url=https://moviegq.com/movie/puli-debba-7236 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=MovieGQ |language=en}}</ref>''
|
|-
| ''[[Roshagadu]]''||
|-
| ''Pandanti Kapuraniki 12 Sutralu''||
|-
| ''[[Andhra Kesari (film)|Andhra Kesari]]''||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1984 || ''Gruha Lakshmi''||
|-
| ''Kurra Cheshtalu''||
|-
| ''[[Mahanagaramlo Mayagadu]]''||
|-
|''[[Dongalu Baboi Dongalu]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1986 || ''[[Ugra Narasimham]]''||
|-
| ''Sri Vemana Charitra'' ||
|-
| ''[[Aadi Dampatulu]]''||
|-
| ''Dora Bidda''||
|-
| ''[[Karu Diddina Kapuram]]''||
|-
| ''Kutra''||
|-
|''Iddaru Mithrulu<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iddaru Mithrulu 1986 Telugu Movie Wiki, Cast Crew, Songs, Videos, Release Date |url=https://moviegq.com/movie/iddaru-mithrulu-3565 |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=MovieGQ |language=en}}</ref>''
|
|-
| ''Sri Vemana Charitra''||
|-
| rowspan="5" |1987
|''[[Prema Samrat]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prema Samrat 1987 Telugu Movie Cast Crew, Actors, Director, Prema Samrat Producer, Banner, Music Director, Singers & Lyricists |url=https://moviegq.com/movie/prema-samrat-7073/cast-crew |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=MovieGQ |language=en}}</ref>''
|
|-
| ''Talambralu''||
|-
| ''[[Bhale Mogudu]]'' ||
|-
| ''Chandamama Raave''||
|-
| ''Dayamayudu''||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1988
|''[[Dorakani Donga]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dorakani Donga (1988) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ACQJ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>''
|
|-
| ''Aahuti''||
|-
|''[[August 15 Raatri]]''
|
|-
| 1989 || ''Sri Ramachandrudu''||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Ankusam]]'' ||
|}

===Kannada===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film title !! Remarks
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Sri Ramanjaneya Yuddha]]'' ||
|-
| 1966 || ''[[Mamatheya Bandhana]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1967 || ''[[Black Market (film)|Black Market]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Onde Balliya Hoogalu]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1968 || ''[[Attegondu kaala sosegondu kaala]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Bangalore Mail]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Hoovu Mullu]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Lakshaadheeshwara]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Mamathe]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Sarvamangala]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="10" | 1969 || ''[[Bhale Raja]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Choori Chikkanna]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Kaadina Rahasya]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Kaanike]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Maduve! Maduve! Maduve!]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Mathrubhoomi (film)|Mathrubhoomi]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Gandhinagara]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Punya Purusha]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Ellellu Naane]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Janmarahasya]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1970 || ''[[Bhale Kiladi]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[C.I.D. Rajanna]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Kallara Kalla]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Modala Ratri]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Mrutyu Panjaradalli Goodachari 555]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Pratheekaara]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Rangamahal Rahasya]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Sedige Sedu]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1971 || ''[[Bhale Bhaskar]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Kasidre Kailasa]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1972 || ''[[Jaga Mecchida Maga]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Kranti Veera]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1973 || ''[[Bangaarada Kalla]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Jwala Mohini]]'' ||
|-
| 1974 || ''[[Veeranjaneya Kathe]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1975 || ''[[Naga Kanye]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Yashoda Krishna]]'' ||
|-
| 1976 || ''[[Aparadhi (1976 film)|Aparadhi]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1977 || ''[[Nagarahole (film)|Nagarahole]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Sahodarara Savaal]]'' ||
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Muyyige Muyyi]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1979 || ''[[Seetharamu]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[I Love You (1979 Kannada film)|I Love You]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Pakka Kalla]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Vijay Vikram]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="9" | 1980 || ''[[Moogana Sedu]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Aarada Gaaya]]'' ||
|-
| ''Yetu Yeduretu'' ||
|-
| ''[[Nanna Rosha Nooru Varusha]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Haddina Kannu]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Mane Mane Kathe]]'' ||
|-
| ''Manege Banda Mahalakshmi'' ||
|-
| ''[[Avali Javali]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Thayiya Madilalli]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1981 || ''Devara Aata'' ||
|-
| ''[[Swapna (1981 film)|Swapna]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Keralida Simha]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Simhada Mari Sainya]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="9" | 1982 || ''Dharma'' ||
|-
| ''Tirugu baana'' ||
|-
| ''[[Ajith (1982 film)|Ajith]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Bara (1982 film)|Bara]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Sahasa Simha]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Garuda Rekhe]]'' ||300th film
|-
| ''[[Mullina Gulabi]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Oorige Upakari]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Sahasa Simha]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1983 || ''[[Chinnadantha Maga]]'' ||
|-
| ''Bekkina Kannu'' ||
|-
| ''[[Sididedda Sahodara]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Gandugali Rama]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Chandi Chamundi]]'' ||
|-
| ''Makkale Devaru'' ||
|-
| ''[[Simha Gharjane]]'' ||
|-
| ''Raktha Thilaka'' ||
|-
| rowspan="14" | 1984 || ''Odeda Haalu'' ||
|-
| ''[[Ashakirana]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Bekkina Kannu]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Gandubherunda]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Chanakya (1984 film)|Chanakya]]'' ||
|-
| ''Thaayi Naadu'' ||
|-
| ''Prema Jyothi'' ||
|-
| ''[[Nagabekamma Nagabeku]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Pooja Phala]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Raktha Tilaka]]'' ||
|-
| ''Lakshmi Kataaksha'' ||
|-
| ''Rowdy Raja'' ||
|-
| ''Sedina Sanchu'' ||
|-
| ''Maha Purusha'' ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1985 || ''[[Mahapurusha]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Thayi Kanasu]]'' ||
| ''[[Vajra Musti]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Thayi Thande]]'' ||
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Brahmastra (film)|Brahmastra]]'' ||
|''[[Namo Oora Devta]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1987 || ''[[Thaayi]]'' ||
|-
| ''Thaayi Karulu'' ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1988 || ''Oorige Upakaari'' ||
|-
| ''[[December 31 (film)|December 31]]'' ||
|-
| ''Sahasa Veera'' ||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Pundara Ganda]]'' ||
|-
|}

===Tamil===
*''[[Mudi Soodaa Mannan]]'' (1978)
*''[[Swapna (1981 film)|Swapna]]'' (1981)

===Hindi===
* ''Rani Aur Jaani'' (1973)
* ''Alakh Niranjan'' (1975)
* ''Jhony Meraa Yaar'' (1973)
* ''Lady James Bond'' (1972)
* ''Gunah Ki Raat'' (1979)
* ''Mahashakthi'' (1980)
* ''Inspector Rekha'' (1973)
* ''Apna Farz'' (1973)
* ''Khoon Ki Holi'' (1979)
* ''Kaun Sacha Kaun Jutha'' (1972)

==See also==
*[[Vijaya Bhaskar]]
*[[T. G. Lingappa]]
*[[G. K. Venkatesh]]
*[[Rajan–Nagendra]]
*[[Upendra Kumar]]
*[[M. Ranga Rao]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0766460}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Satyam, Chellapilla}}
[[Category:Telugu film score composers]]
[[Category:Kannada film score composers]]
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]

ISSN (identifier)

2026-02-18T10:33:17Z

MarlysAugust8: Redirect to ISSN

#REDIRECT [[ISSN]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from identifier}}
}}

Bodduluri Rama Rao

2026-02-06T06:08:44Z

MarlysAugust8: added first bio and citations

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bodduluri Rama Rao
| image =
| alt =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| other_names = Bodduluri
|relatives = [[Gopichand Lagadapati]] (grandson) Ramakrishna Lagadapati (grandson)
| occupation = Former M.L.A, Film Producer
}}

'''Bodduluri Rama Rao''' is a former member of legislature of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and he is also a [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Telugu film]] producer.

== Early life ==
Bodduluri Ramarao belongs to the Ramireddipalle village in the [[Krishna district]]. He served as member of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislature]] for [[Jaggayyapet]] constituency during the period 1978. Bodduluri has a son, Venkateswararao Bodduluri, who is also an active politician in<ref>{{cite web|title=YVB appointed as TDP state spokesperson|url=http://www.andhrajyothy.com/node/32467|publisher=Andhra Jyothi|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202222623/https://www.andhrajyothy.com/node/32467|archive-date=2 December 2013}}</ref> the [[Telugu Desam Party]].

== Career ==

===Politics===
Bodduluri was elected for the sixth [[Andhra Pradesh Legislature]] constituted on 3 May 1978 from [[Jaggayyapet]] constituency<ref>{{cite web|title=Sixth Ap Legislative Assembly constituted on 5-03-1978|url=http://www.aplegislature.org/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=1060e756-00a4-4b60-850e-d98fb5687bad&groupId=11343|publisher=Ap legislature|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012014538/http://www.aplegislature.org/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=1060e756-00a4-4b60-850e-d98fb5687bad&groupId=11343|archivedate=2013-10-12}}</ref> and remained inactive for a few years. Later in January 2009 he filed nominations for MLC but withdrew after the strategy meeting conducted in district headquarters.<ref>{{cite web|title=MLC polls: Congress Leaders jittery|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/24/stories/2009012458900300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215033316/http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/24/stories/2009012458900300.htm|url-status=dead|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2009-01-24|archive-date=2009-02-15}}</ref> Bodduluri is strong supporter of [[Telangana movement]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Former Mla says congress wont sustain in telangana if not separated|url=http://namasthetelangaana.com/news/Article.asp?category=1&subCategory=2&ContentId=6451}}</ref> and also a strong supporter of the [[1972 Jai Andhra movement|Jai Andhra Movement]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Action plan for Jai andhra movement|url=http://archive.andhrabhoomi.net/content/repu-2|publisher=Andhrabhoomi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Agitations all over about Andhra and Jai andhra movement|url=http://archive.andhrabhoomi.net/content/jai-andhra|publisher=Andhrabhoomi}}</ref> Bodduluri has actively organized protests seeking separate Andhra in various parts of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=A non stop fight would go till center agrees for separation|url=http://m.newshunt.com/Andhrajyothy/krishna/19130239|publisher=AndhraJyothi}}</ref>

=== Films===
In 2007, he produced a film ''[[Mr. Medhavi]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Talkie completed for mr.medhavi|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2007/mr-medhavi-raja-genelia-070907.html|publisher=Entertainment one india}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=pressmeet of Mr.Medhavi|url=http://www.chitramala.in/previews/mr-medhavi-8591.html|publisher=chitramala}}</ref> under Life Style Art Pictures. The film was directed by [[G. Neelakanta Reddy]] and it features [[Raja Abel]], [[Genelia D'Souza]] and [[Sonu Sood]].

===Other works===
Bodduluri is the President of [[Andhra Pradesh]] temple union employees and have fought for the implementation of G.O 65(A) as per date 26 July 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bodduluri demands the implementation of G.O 65 (A) for state employees of temples|url=http://www.prabhanews.com/westgodavari/article-131561|publisher=Andhra Jyothi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bringing the Telugu world together|url=http://www.prabhanews.com/hyderabad/article-230217|publisher=Andhraprabha}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bodduluri launches the logo of movie wall poster|url=http://archives.andhrabhoomi.net/chitrabhoomi/wall-poster-880|publisher=Andhrabhoomi}}</ref> He is also a member of [[Central Board of Film Certification]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links ==
*{{IMDb name|2922304}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bodduluri, Rama Rao}}
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1978–1983]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Krishna district]]
[[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Barytelphusa cunicularis

2026-01-18T15:08:45Z

MarlysAugust8: New A Page...

{{Short description|Species of crustaceans}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Brown Freshwater Crab imported from iNaturalist photo 273570046 on 26 March 2024.jpg
| image_caption = From [[Kumplampoika]], [[Pathanamthitta district]], Kerala, India
| genus = Barytelphusa
| species = cunicularis
| authority = (Westwood in Sykes, 1836)
| synonyms = * ''Barytelphusa jacquemontii'' Rathbun, 1905
* ''Potamon (Potamonautes) jacquemontii'' Rathbun, 1905
* ''Thelphusa cunicularis'' Westwood in Sykes, 1836
}}

'''''Barytelphusa cunicularis''''' is a common species of [[freshwater crab]] found in India. It is distributed throughout the country from [[Himachal Pradesh]] in north to [[Kerala]] in south except [[Northeast India|north-east india]].<ref name="Transactions of the Entomological Society of London">{{cite journal |title=Some account of the land-crabs of the Dukhun with a description of the species|first1=J. O.|last1= Westwood|journal=Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London|volume=1|issue=3|pages=181–184|year=1835 |url=https://archive.org/download/crossref-pre-1909-scholarly-works/10.1111%252Fj.1365-2311.1836.tb00295.x.zip/10.1111%252Fj.1365-2311.1839.tb03206.x.pdf|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2311.1839.tb03206.x}}</ref><ref name=Zootaxa>{{cite journal|title=The freshwater crab genera Ghatiana Pati & Sharma, Gubernatoriana Bott, and Inglethelphusa Bott (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Gecarcinucidae) revisited, with descriptions of a new genus and eleven new species|first1=S.K.|last1=Pati|first2=Tejas|last2=Thackeray|journal=Zootaxa|date=25 June 2018|volume=4440|issue=1 |pages=1–73 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4440.1.1|pmid=30313127 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="TAPROBANICA" />

==Description==
[[File: Barytelphusa cunicularis imported from iNaturalist photo 127364384 on 12 January 2023.jpg|thumb|left|An individual from [[Tirunelveli]], Tamil Nadu, India, showing top view of carapace.|188x188px]]
The [[carapace]] is of a dark chestnut black color, and is nearly smooth. The claws are of the color of the shell, but the basal joint of the first and the whole of the other legs are much paler-colored, being of a dirty testaceous brown, with very numerous small transverse black marks.<ref name="Transactions of the Entomological Society of London"/>

==Ecology==
[[File:Brown Freshwater Crab imported from iNaturalist photo 7630703 on 26 March 2024.jpg|thumb|left|An individual with crablets in a rocky crevice in Kerala, India.]]
''Barytelphusa cunicularis'' is [[Nocturnality|nocturnal]] in nature,<ref name=":1">Trivedi, Jigneshkumar & Vachhrajani, Kauresh & Soni, Gunjan. (2016). New Record of Intersexuality in Freshwater Crab Barytelphusa cunicularis (Westwood, 1836) (Decapoda, Gecarcinucidae). Jalaplavit. 6. 16–21.</ref> it has been observed in small pits at the banks of rivers, lakes or reservoirs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sudipta Mandal |last2=Jaiswal |first2=Deepa |last3=A. Narahari |last4=C. Shivashankar |date=2020-08-26 |title=Freshwater decapods (Crustacea: Decapoda) of Palair Reservoir, Telangana, India |url=https://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/4977 |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=12 |issue=11 |pages=16531–16547 |doi=10.11609/jott.4977.12.11.16531-16547 |issn=0974-7907|doi-access=free }}</ref> It is most commonly found inhabiting [[rocky crevices]] adjoining [[paddy field]]s, [[stream]]s and rivulets.<ref name=":3" /> It builds borrows in a rectangular shape. Observed in the tributaries of the [[Godavari River]] in [[Nanded]], where they built mostly in river beds where small pools with boulders and rocks were available. They were recorded in during [[Climate of India|late winter to summer season]].(December to May).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Padghane |first1=Sharda |last2=Chavan |first2=Shivaji |year=2018 |title=''Barytelphusa cunicularis'' in the tributaries of Godavari river Nanded (MS) |journal=Advances in Bioresearch |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=76–80 |doi=10.15515/abr.0976-4585.9.3.76-80}}</ref>

Gut analysis of ''B. cunicularis'' showed that the species is mostly carnivorous but sometimes feeds on decaying plant matter.<ref name=":2">Diwan, A. D. 1971. Studies on the biology of the freshwater crab, Barytelphusa cunicularis (Westwood) PhD Thesis, Marathwada University, Aurangabad, M. S., India</ref>

In an laboratory with individuals of ''B. cunicularis'' in air pump aerated water, it was found that the crab is omnivorous, as it was fed with dried prawns, dead trash fish and rice flakes. The live wild specimens collected within the Godavari river were found to eat ''[[Melanoid tuberculata]]'', ''[[Bellamya bengalensis]]'', ''[[Bellamya dissimilis]]'' and ''[[Taberia lineate]]''. During feed, the crab was able to break the shells of these small and slow gastropods into 3–4 pieces and drag out the soft body of the molluscs using its chelate legs and feed on it. It was partial feeding as the body parts of gastropods were found partially remaining inside the shell due to the inability of the crab to remove out the mollusc body completely from the shells. Meaning that ''B. cunicularis'' prefers to feed on the gastropods as a supplementary food.<ref>Padghane, Sharda & Chavan, Shivaji & Dudhmal, Dilip & Walke, Deepak. (2017). 'Mollusc Diversity and its role as a food for crabs and water birds in Godavari River Basin Nanded (MS), India'. International Journal of Advanced Scientific and Technical Research. 7. 149–161.</ref>

At the edge of a pool in a seasonal streambed in [[Agumbe]], Karnataka a crab was seen feeding on ''[[Pterocryptis wynaadensis]]'', a species of catfish. It is unclear how the crab was able to catch such a large prey animal.<ref name="TAPROBANICA">{{cite journal |last1=Kalki |first1=Yatin |title=A freshwater crab (Barytelphusa sp.) feeding on a catfish (Pterocryptis sp.) |journal=Taprobanica |date=7 June 2021 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=121–122 |doi=10.47605/tapro.v10i2.258|s2cid=244512118 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In [[Rangana Fort]], There was an observation of a crab feeding on tadpoles of [[Amboli leaping frog]] in a rocky crevice.<ref name="Reptiles & Amphibians">{{cite journal |last1=Yadav |first1=Omkar |title=A Freshwater Crab (Barytelphusa cunicularis) Feeding on Amboli Leaping Frog (Indirana chiravasi) Larvae in Maharashtra, India |journal=Reptiles & Amphibians |date=25 November 2021 |volume=28 |issue=3 |page=541 |doi=10.17161/randa.v28i3.15678|s2cid=244720176 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Another freshwater crab in India, ''[[Ghatiana atropurpurea]]'' was also found in a pond filled with tadpoles.<ref name="ZooTaxa">{{cite journal |last1=Pati |first1=S.K. |last2=Thackeray |first2=T. |last3=Khaire |first3=A. |title=Five new species of freshwater crabs of the genera ''Ghatiana'' Pati & Sharma, 2014, and ''Gubernatoriana'' Bott, 1970 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura: Gecarcinucidae Rathbun, 1904) from the Western Ghats, India |journal=Zootaxa |date=23 February 2016|volume=4083 |issue=4 |pages=569–586 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4083.4.7|pmid=27394247 |url=https://www.checklistbank.org/dataset/31388 }}</ref> The occurrence of this observation and ''G.atropurpurea'' feeding on tadpoles, poses that ''B.cunicularis'' has a possible tendency to hunt tadpoles along with other freshwater crabs in India.

==Cultivation and consumption by humans==
[[File:Kurli crab of Mumbai.jpg|thumb|right|''Barytelphusa cunicularis'' caught for consumption from [[Kurla]], [[Mumbai]]. The town is named after the crab, which is known locally as "Kurli".]]
''Barytelphusa cunicularis'' along with ''[[Barusa guerini]]'' are consumed by humans, mostly in [[Maharashtra]]. ''B.cunicularis'' is preferred as ''Barusa guerini'' is smaller and less body mass is present and so it is unfit for cooking. The crabs are collected by certain crab catching communities or experts belonging to certain [[caste]]s and tribes. Then they are sold in the weekly markets. They are not exhibited in special crab markets but rather in fish markets. The species is hardy to withstand without water in moist and can airbreath and remain live without food for a few days. As a result, these crabs are easy to maintain and are in high demand in local markets.

The carapace is removed and the crab is crushed used a grinder and an mixer. The body extract is used to make a special 'crab [[curry]]', which is prepared using [[List of Indian condiments|local condiments]]. The residue of the carapace is discarded. Few consumers also reported that consumption of the species is useful in the prevention and treatment of [[Arthralgia|joint pains]] and sexual impotency problems like [[Erectile dysfunction|erectile deficiency]].

For cultivation, an experiment was conducted to study the growth and survival of the crab, it was fed with different feeds. It was seen that the crabs preferred a mix diet of clams and fish in captivity.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Bondre |first1=Ravindra |last2=Rohidas Vartak |first2=Vivek |last3=Bhatkar |first3=Varsha |title=Effect of Different Feeds On Growth and Survival of the Freshwater Crab, Barytelphusa cunicularis |journal=Fishing Chimes |date=1 October 2021 |volume=33 |issue=7 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258996013}}</ref><ref>Padghane, Sharda & Chavan, Shivaji & Dudhmal, Dilip & Chavan, Shivaji. (2016). Fresh water crab Barytelphusa cunicularis as a food commodity: Weekly crab market study of nanded city, maharashtra State, India. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 2016; 4(4): 14–18. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies. 4. 14–18. </ref><ref>Mousumi Dey, Inventory & population diversity of fresh water crabs of Kanwar lake, Begusarai, Bihar, India, 25th June, 2017</ref>

Oil extracted from dried meat of ''Barytelphusa cunicularis'' was found to have [[cholesterol]], [[glycerol]] and [[Vitamin A]]. It is a good source of Vitamin A, but excessive use must be avoided as it contains cholesterol to some extent. The oil has a good [[saponification value]] and the free fatty acid was found to be at 34.78 mg while the peroxide value of the oil is less i.e. 4.3mEq/Kg. The oil is [[insoluble]] in [[Solvent|polar solvents]] like [[methanol]] and [[ethanol]], hence [[hydrogen bonding]] or polar interactions are ruled out. While, it is soluble in non-polar solvents like [[hexane]], [[carbon tetrachloride]] and indicating maximum covalent nature of compound. It is a source of fat though it does not contain any protein. The oil can also not be used as an antimicrobial agent as tests were proven to be negative.<ref>Mohammad Moaviyah Moghal, Vishal Ladniya and Vidya Pradhan. Characterization of oil extracted from freshwater edible crab (''Barytelphusa cunicularis''). Int. J. Fauna Biol. Stud. 2017;4(2):88–90.</ref>

==Reproduction==
[[File:Crab in stream.jpg|thumb|left|Closeup of an individual which has crablets from [[Arignar Anna Zoological Park]], [[Chennai]].]]

''Barytelphusa cunicularis'' is [[Dioecy|dioecious]]. The [[spawning]] season starts in the month of June and ends in September, the females are more in number then the males in the breeding period (June to September). A male ''B.cunicularis'' enters [[puberty]] upon attaining a carapace with a width about 40mm, and females when with a width of 44mm.The reproductive activity of the species is dependent on rainfall. The ripening of the [[gonad]]s starts during March and up till May. By June, most of the gonads attain full maturity and spawning starts. The spawning season as stated before ends in September and the gonads enter an quiescent period.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Diwan, Arvind & Nagabhushanam, R. (1974). Reproductive cycle and biochemical changes in the Gonads of the freshwater crab, Barytelphusa cunicularis (Westwood, 1836).</ref>

[[Intersex]]uality is also present in ''B.cunicularis.'' Intersexual individuals had male like abdomen with female gonopods and [[gonopore]]s. The reason behind the presence of intersex individuals in ''B.cunicularis'' is still unknown and detailed study is needed to find out the possible factors for the occurrence the phenomena.<ref name=":1" />

==Pollution and diseases==
[[File:Brown Freshwater Crab imported from iNaturalist photo 140351867 on 27 March 2024.jpg|thumb|''Barytelphusa cunicularis'' from a clear, clean, stream in [[Kaas plateau]], Maharashtra.]]
In individuals from Nool and Harli river from [[Kolhapur]] district in Maharashtra, it was found that alteration occurs in microstructure of [[hepatopancreas]] with specific pathological changes, causing cellular arrangement to be disturbed due to contaminated water.<ref>Kamble, Nitin. (2014). Impact of Environmental Pollution on Hepatopancreas of Freshwater Crab Barytelphusa Cunicularis (Westwood, 1836). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences.</ref>

In another instance in [[Godavari River]], with contaminated water, it was found that the crabs had levels of [[arsenic]] and [[chromium]] in some tissues which were higher than the recommended maximum allowable standards in food. This suggested that the Godavari river system was contaminated with heavy metals and hence the consumption of the crab from the river could pose health hazards to humans.<ref>Sayyad, N. R. "Heavy metal concentrations in different body part of crab, barytelphusa cunicularis from Godavari river." ''Int J Advan Agri Environ Eng'' 1.1 (2014): 51–3.</ref>

The crab also suffers from depletion in protein content in all tissues after exposure to [[cypermethrin]] and [[fenvalerate]], which are two synthetic pyrethroid pesticides, commonly used in agriculture fields.<ref>Joshi, P & Kulkarni, G. (2011). Cypermethrin and Fenvalerate Induced Protein Alterations in Freshwater Crab Barytelphusa cunicularis (Westwood). Recent Res. Sci. Techn.. 3.</ref>

When exposed to lethal concentrations of mercuric chloride, the crabs exhibit histological changes in the gills due to the accumulation of [[mercuric chloride]] within the organism body at lethal levels which lead to histological lesion in the body of the crabs. [[Vacuolization]] of gill stem, fusion and ruptured gill lamella, destructed and congestion of [[haemocyte]]s, thin connective fluid bands were ruptured.<ref>Chourpagar, Atul R. and Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar. "Effect of Mercuric Chloride on Gill Structure of a Freshwater Female Crab, ''Barytelphusa cunicularis'' (Westwood)." (2014).</ref> The mortality rate of crabs when exposed to heavy metal pesticides like [[copper sulfate]] and mercuric chloride was recorded to be at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. Mercuric chloride was found to be more toxic than copper sulfate.<ref>Chourpagar, Atul R., and G. K. Kulkarni. "Heavy metal toxicity to a freshwater crab, Barytelphusa cunicularis (Westwood) from Aurangabad region." ''Recent Research in Science and Technology'' 3.3 (2011).</ref>

Shell disease from individuals belonging to [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]], were found to have shell diseases. Infested crabs were observed to have prominent yellow colored circular lesions on the ventral carapace and limbs. The presence of isolates belonging to nine bacterial genera, ''[[Aeromonas]]'', ''[[Alcaligenes]]'', ''[[Bacillus]]'', ''[[Chromobacterium]]'', ''[[Enterobacter]]'', ''[[Escherichia]]'', ''[[Klebsiella]]'', ''[[Micrococcus]]'' and ''[[Pseudomonas]]''. ''Pseudomonas'' sp. and ''[[E. coli]]'' were found in the infested limb. ''Klebsiella'' and ''Pseudomonas'' were identified from carapace of normal crabs. Species level identification of the lesion causing pathogens remains to be determined.<ref name=":3">F R, Sharmila Joseph & Latha, N.P. & Samuthirapandian, Ravichandran & Devi, Sudha & Sivasubramanian, K.. (2014). Shell disease in the Freshwater crab, Barytelphusa cunicularis. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies. 1. 105–110.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q13435872}}
[[Category:Grapsoidea]]
[[Category:Crustaceans of India]]
[[Category:Crustaceans described in 1836]]

Dinesh William Marandi

2026-01-16T14:58:47Z

MarlysAugust8: added some entry first draft

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
'''Dinesh William Marandi''' (born 1985) is an Indian politician from [[Jharkhand]]. He is an MLA from [[Litipara Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Tribe community, in [[Pakur district]]. He won the [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]], representing the [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Littipara Election Results 2019 Live Updates (Littipara): Dinesh William Marandi of JMM Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/littipara-election-results-2019-live-updates-littipara-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-2430705.html |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
William is from [[Litipara]], Pakur district, Jharkhand. He is the son of [[Simon Marandi]]. He completed his L.L.B. in 2013 at Nawada Law College which is affiliated with [[Magadh University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dinesh William Marandi(JMM):Constituency- LITIPARA (ST)(PAKUR ) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/jharkhand2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=12333 |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
William won from Litipara Assembly constituency representing the [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]] in 2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election. He polled 66.675 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Daniel Kisku of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] by a margin of 13,903 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-23 |title=Litipara Election Result 2019: JMM's Dinesh William Marandi wins |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/jharkhand-assembly-election/story/litipara-jharkhand-assembly-election-result-live-updates-1630727-2019-12-23 |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-23 |title=Littipara (Jharkhand) Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Winner, Runner-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/littipara-jharkhand-assembly-election-chunav-results-2019-live-winner-name-runner-up-6176828/ |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-05 |title=LITIPARA (ST) Assembly Election Results 2019: LITIPARA (ST) Jharkhand Election Schedule, Vote share and Results - India News |url=https://www.loksatta.com/elections/jharkhand-assembly-election/litipara-constituency/ |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marandi, Dinesh William}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jharkhand Mukti Morcha politicians]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:People from Pakur district]]
{{Jharkhand-politician-stub}}

Massacre of Benares

2026-01-03T18:28:55Z

MarlysAugust8: entry.

[[File:Oudh in Northern India 1857 map.jpg|thumb|Oudh, on an 1857 map]]
The '''Massacre of Benares''' is the name given to the minor and unsuccessful insurrection of [[Wazir Ali Khan]], deposed [[Nawab of Awadh]], at [[Benares]] in northern India in 1799, in which five British [[East India Company]] officials and civilians were murdered. Wazir Ali's uprising resulted in his imprisonment for the remainder of his life.<ref name="q">{{cite book|title=Views of Medieval Bhutan - The Diary And Drawings Of Samuel Davis 1783|year=1982|first1=Samuel|last1=Davis|first2=Michael|last2=Aris|page=[https://archive.org/details/ViewsOfMedievalBhutanTheDiaryAndDrawingsOfSamuelDavis1783MichaelAris/page/n34 34]|url=https://archive.org/details/ViewsOfMedievalBhutanTheDiaryAndDrawingsOfSamuelDavis1783MichaelAris|publisher=Sirinda Publications, Smithsonian Institution Press|location=London, Washington DC}}</ref>

==Background==
[[Oudh State]], the Kingdom of Oudh, or Awadh, was a [[princely state]] in the [[Awadh]] region of north-central India during the [[British Raj]], occupying the plain of the [[Ganges]] and immediately south and west of [[Nepal]]. Its capital was [[Lucknow]], one of the richest of the northern Indian cities. The British Resident in Lucknow, up until July 1796, was [[George Frederick Cherry]]; the role of the Resident was to gather intelligence and, to the extent possible, shape events such that they favoured the interests of the East India Company. Cherry excelled as a spy-master and was inevitably associated with, or interested in, the intrigues of the Nawab's court and state, to the extent that he was withdrawn to Benares in 1796 for his own safety having made sufficient enemies locally.<ref name="VicWeb">{{cite web|title=Of Intelligence, an Assassination, East Indiamen and the Great Hurricane of 1808|first=Tim|last=Willasey-Wilsey|website=Victoria Web|url=http://www.victorianweb.org/history/empire/india/37.html|access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref>

[[File:JohnShore.jpg|thumb|Sir John Shore, Governor-General of India]]
By September 1797, when Oudh's ruler, [[Asaf-ud-Daula]], died, it was a [[vassal]] state to the British in the form of the East India Company, which more directly controlled all Indian territory surrounding Oudh.{{sfn|Davis|1871|p=1}} The British, under the [[Governor-General of India|Governor-Generalship]] of [[John Shore, 1st Baron Teignmouth|Sir John Shore]], felt themselves 'compelled' to take a hand in the succession, the choice appearing to rest between [[Wazir Ali Khan]], the adopted son of Asaf-ud-Daula, or his uncle, [[Saadat Ali Khan II]], half-brother of Asaf-ud-Daula and lineal descendant of [[Shuja-ud-Daula]], the Nawab preceding Asaf-ud-Daula. Initially satisfying themselves that Wazir Ali was the heir apparent, the British selected him as Nawab; but quickly came to regret their decision when it became plain that the 17-year old Ali did not intend to co-operate with British wishes. Notably, he demoted and isolated Zehseen Ali Khan, a minister who under Asaf-ud-Daula was identified as being sympathetic to the British; and he acted in a threatening fashion when Shore visited Lucknow.{{sfn|Davis|1871|pp=1-7}}

Conveniently, within the first months of his reign, Almas Ali Khan, perhaps the second ranking individual in Oudh came forwards making allegations against Wazir Ali Khan; that there was something improper about his adoption - his mother having been bought by Asaf-ud-Daula - and that he was profligate and calculated to ruin the country. Almas Ali expressed apprehension - presumably to John Lumsden, Cherry's replacement - lest the Governor-General hear all of the details of Wazir Ali's conduct, and suggested that British troops, allied with the [[Begum]], Asaf-ud-Daula's mother, would be sufficient to depose Wazir Ali. The British considered the matter and found that as both Almas Ali Khan and the Begum admitted the spurious claim of Wazir Ali, there could be 'no shadow of a pretext for objecting to the claim of Saadat Ali Khan on the grounds of right.{{sfn|Davis|1871|pp=8-9}}

The East India Company concluded a treaty with Saadat Ali Khan - probably on very uneven terms, Saadat being in no position to negotiate terms - under which he would be elevated. On 21 January 1798 Saadat Ali Khan entered Lucknow with the Governor-General and an escort of British troops, where he was invested as Nawab by the Begum - under considerable duress from the Governor-General, who made it clear that if she refused, she would be undermined by him choosing another to perform the role. With little support from the court, which looked largely to the begum, and the antipathy of the British, it was clear to Wazir Ali that he lacked the means to resist, and so entered into an agreement to take a pension of a lac and a half, and retire to Benares, a town on the southern border of Oudh.

==Wazir Ali's insurrection==
[[File:WazirAliKhan.jpg|thumb|Wazir Ali Khan]]
The wisdom of requiring the deposed Wazir Ali to reside 'in the hallway of his own country' was called into question from the outset. The young Ali was far from satisfied with his lot, and indications before 1799, and evidence of later enquiries suggests he was plotting against the British and with a view to regaining his lost position. Nevertheless, it took until January 1799 before the British determined to require him to move to Calcutta. It fell to George Cherry, now resident at Benares, to manage Ali throughout 1798 and, when the Calcutta decision was made, to communicate it to him.<ref name="VicWeb"/>{{sfn|Davis|1871|pp=21-22}}

Ali appears to have been informed of his fate in the early part of January 1799, and his all of remonstrances fell on the deaf ears of the British, in the form of Cherry. Appearing to acquiesce to the situation, he gave it out that he would relocate on the 15 or 16 January. On 13 January Cherry was informed that Ali would visit him the following morning, and on the 14th Ali appeared at breakfast time, leading a more-or-less normal 200-strong entourage. Cherry escorted Khan and three supporters into his house, where Ali took the opportunity to complain loudly about his lot, to assert promises broken by the British, and to blame Cherry for failing to look after his interests. Then, in what looked like a choreographed movement, an associate, Waris Ali, restrained the sitting Cherry from behind his seat, Wazir Ali Khan struck Cherry with his sword, and Cherry was further struck by others of Ali's party. Cherry managed to struggle out of the house, but was quickly killed. Two of Cherry's colleagues were also killed: his secretary, Mr. Evans, was stabbed, escaped outside, and was shot whilst seeking to flee; Captain Conway, who resided with Cherry, arrived at the property and was killed by Wazir Ali's attendants.{{sfn|Davis|1871|pp=28-31}}

[[File:Samuel Davis - Wazir Ali's supporters attack Davis's house - Benares - January 1799.png|thumb|Wazir Ali's supporters attacking Samuel Davis's house]]
Wazir Ali and entourage next sought to attack the Magistrate of Lucknow, [[Samuel Davis (orientalist)|Samuel Davis]]; on their way they came across a civilian, the unfortunate Mr. Robert Graham, and cut him to pieces. Davis got brief warning of the imminent danger when Ali's followers opened fire on Davis's sentries, and managed to get his family up onto the terraced roof of his property, which was reached from a narrow staircase ascending through the ceiling. He had not time to gather weapons beyond a pike, but over the course of 90 minutes managed to fend off attempts by Ali's followers to gain access to the roof by judicious jabbing of anyone getting within a pike's-length. Wazir Ali appears within this timescale to have decided to move on to the centre of Benares, and Davis's house was eventually cleared by members of his Indian police force together with sepoys. {{sfn|Davis|1871|pp=32-37}}

As news of events spread, the European population of the town hid themselves away as best they could, but Wazir Ali and supporters had little time to make mischief - though they managed to kill a Mr. Hill, a European shop-keeper, and set fire to a number of properties - before a Cavalry detachment under General Erskine arrived in the town at about 11am. Ali, with supporters, retired towards his fortified house, not before the loss of one of Erskine's troopers, who falling from his horse was hacked to death. Further immediate annoyance from Ali was curtailed by the arrival of infantry troops, although his men wounded a number of soldiers before falling back to the shelter of the garden his house, which was promptly besieged by Erskine's soldiers. Some further casualties arose as troops sought to regain control of the town, including the deaths of two of Erskine's [[Orderly|orderlies]].{{sfn|Davis|1871|pp=38-41}}

Erskine now brought [[field artillery]] to bear on Ali's house, demolishing a defensive tower and doing other damage; but during the night of the 14–15 January, Ali, most of his horsemen and a number of foot soldiers escaped to the north.{{sfn|Davis|1871|pp=41-42}} He spent the best part of a year hiding in forests on the slopes of the first rank of [[Himalaya]]s to the north-east of Oudh, and unsettling the [[Gorakhpur division|Gorakhpur]] area of Oudh. Ali's situation was bleak, not least his inability to forage sufficient resources to maintain his supporters, who faded away. Towards the end of the year he sought refuge with [[Pratap Singh of Jaipur]], Rajah of Jaipur, who turned him over to the British authorities on condition Ali was not executed nor fettered. Ali was imprisoned for the remainder of his life.{{sfn|Davis|1871|pp=72-73}}

Papers relating to the Massacre of Benares are held in the [[National Archives]].<ref name="NationalArchives">{{cite web|title=Papers regarding the murder of George Frederick Cherry and several other Europeans by...|url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/rd/1a8091c9-2190-43ad-91d8-17a09fa201b6|website=National Archives|access-date=6 October 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

;Sources
*{{cite book|title=Vizier Ali Khan; or, The massacre of Benares: a chapter in British Indian history|last=Davis|first=Sir John Francis|author-link=John Francis Davis|date=1871|publisher=Spottiswoode and Company|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/vizieralikhanorm00davi}}

==Further reading==

*{{cite book|title=Vizier Ali Khan; or, The massacre of Benares: a chapter in British Indian history|last=Davis|first=Sir John Francis|author-link=John Francis Davis|date=1871|publisher=Spottiswoode and Company|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/vizieralikhanorm00davi|ref=none}}
*{{cite book|title=The Flickers of an Independent Nawabi|first=Hamid Afaq|last=Qureshi|date=2002|publisher=New Royal Book Co|location=Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh|isbn=978-8185936291|ref=none}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Benares, Massacre of}}
[[Category:Military history of the British East India Company]]
[[Category:Military of British India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1799]]
[[Category:Rebellions in India]]
[[Category:1799 in India]]
[[Category:Resistance to the British Empire]]
[[Category:18th-century rebellions]]

The Fakeer of Jungheera

2025-12-27T16:22:46Z

MarlysAugust8: minor updated citations for consistency and improved wording

{{Short description|1829 English poem by Derozio}}
'''''The Fakeer of Jungheera''''' is a long poem written by [[Henry Louis Vivian Derozio]], first published in 1829.<ref name="Broadview"/> The poem is 2,050 lines long, and was published when Derozio was only 19.<ref name="Paranjape2012" /> It is notable for being the first long poem written by any Indian in the English language,<ref name="Paranjape2012" /> and forms a central part of Derozio's legacy as one of the founding [[Anglo-Indian]] poets.<ref name="Gokak1970" /> The poem tells the tragic story of a young woman named Nuleeni, who has been brought to her late husband's funeral pyre to commit [[Sati (practice)|sati]] when she is rescued by a band of thieves led by her childhood friend, the titular [[fakir]]. Her father convinces the [[nawab]] of [[Rajmahal]] to recapture her with his army; in the ensuing battle, many die, including Nuleeni and her lover.<ref name="Chaudhuri2004" /> The poem has been compared to [[Lord Byron]]'s so-called "Turkish Tales" like ''[[The Giaour]]'' and to [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]]'s poem "The Improvisatrice".<ref name="Broadview"/>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="Broadview">{{Cite book |title=The Broadview anthology of British literature |isbn=978-1-55481-202-8 |edition=Third |location=Peterborough, Ontario, Canada |oclc=894141161|editor-last1 = Black|editor-first1 = Joseph|editor-last2 = Conolly|editor-first2 = Leonard|editor-last3 = Flint|editor-first3 = Kate|editor-last4 = Grundy|editor-first4 = Isobel|editor-last5 = Lepan|editor-first5 = Don|editor-last6 = Liuzza|editor-first6 = Roy|editor-last7 = McGann|editor-first7 = Jerome J.|editor-last8 = Prescott|editor-first8 = Anne Lake|editor-last9 = Qualls|editor-first9 = Barry V.|editor-last10 = Waters|editor-first10 = Claire|date = 4 December 2014}}</ref>

<ref name="Chaudhuri2004">{{Cite journal |last=Chaudhuri |first=Rosinka |date=2004-08-01 |title=An Ideology of Indianness: The Construction of Colonial/Communal Stereotypes in the Poems of Henry Derozio |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/025764300402000201 |journal=Studies in History |language=en |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=167–187 |doi=10.1177/025764300402000201 |s2cid=162248483 |issn=0257-6430|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

<ref name="Gokak1970">{{Cite book |title=The Golden Treasury of Indo-Anglian Poetry: 1828–1965 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1970 |isbn=81-260-1196-3 |editor-last=Gokak |editor-first=Vnayak Krishna}}</ref>

<ref name="Paranjape2012">{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-94-007-4661-9_3 |title=Making India: Colonialism, National Culture, and the Afterlife of Indian English Authority |last=Paranjape |first=Makarand R. |chapter="East Indian" Cosmopolitanism: Henry Derozio's Fakeer of Jungheera and the Birth of Indian Modernity |date=2013 |publisher=Springer Netherlands |isbn=978-94-007-4660-2 |location=Dordrecht |pages=41–64 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-4661-9_3}}</ref>

</references>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fakeer of Jungheera}}
[[Category:1829 poems]]
[[Category:Indian poems]]
[[Category:Narrative poems]]

{{poem-stub}}

Kartik Purnima (TV series)

2025-12-21T16:07:32Z

MarlysAugust8: put up new data needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox television
|image = Kartik Purnima.jpg
|genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
|channel = [[Star Bharat]]
|creator = {{ubl|Bhupinder Singh|Sanjot Kaur}}
|based_on =
|writer = {{ubl|Pearl Gray|Raghuvir Shekhawat|Lakshmi Jaykumar}}
|director = {{ubl|Ravidra Gautam|Devashish Dhar|Sachin Kanna}}
|creative_director = Rohit K Mukherjee
|starring =
|theme_music_composer =
|opentheme =
|country = India
|language = Hindi
|num_seasons =
|num_episodes = 45
|camera = [[Multi-camera]]
|runtime = 22 minutes
|company =
|first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2020|2|3}}
|last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2020|3|27}}
}}

'''''Kartik Purnima''''' is an Indian Hindi-language social drama television series, which premiered on 3 February 2020 on [[Star Bharat]]. It stars [[Poulomi Das]] who plays the role of a girl who has a dusky complexion who has to fight the social norm of not being fair-skinned in India. It is a remake of the Malayalam [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] series [[Karuthamuthu]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/you-are-born-with-your-colour-and-you-need-to-love-it-poulomi-das/articleshow/73552401.cms|title=Poulomi Das: You are born with your colour and you need to love it!|last=Wadhwa|first=Akash|date=24 January 2020|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref>

The show was halted abruptly due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in India]] on 27 March 2020. Later, it was announced that the show will not be brought back after lockdown due to [[Star Bharat]] channel revamp due to low viewership which lead the show to an abrupt ending.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/kartik-purnima-to-go-off-air-confirms-actress-poulomi-das-1683218-2020-05-29|title=Kartik Purnima to go off air, confirms actress Poulomi Das|last=Trivedi|first=Pooja|date=29 May 2020|magazine=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
Purnima was treated unfairly from a young age because of her dark complexion. One day, young Purnima gives her trophy for the student of the year to her fair-complexioned half-sister, Shanaya, but is later caught as someone comes from her school revealing the truth. Purnima's father stands for Purnima and asks Shanaya to apologise but she refuses. Later, her stepmother, who prefers her own daughter, abandons young Purnima at the Golden Temple. In search of her mother, young Purnima meets young Kartik who gives her a bangle saying the bracelet will give her protection. Kartik's mother gets angry as her son is talking to a girl of dark complexion and middle-class. Purnima, nonetheless, reaches home and takes the blame of wandering around. Her father talks to her about how the way you act matters more than the colour of someone's skin complexion.

Purnima and Kartik are now adults. Kartik is a doctor who loves volunteering at the temple's footwear storage. While taking Purnima's footwear, he notices the bangle. Kartik's mother, Soni, hates dark complexion as she is the owner of a fairness beauty brand and wishes for a fairy-like girl, fair complexion is a must. Purnima prays for her sister who is taking part in Miss Amritsar beauty. Purnima calls Shanaya and gives her a definition of beauty that was given to her by her father. Kartik overhears Purnima while he is consulting a patient and gets impressed by her thoughtfulness. Like the Arora sisters, the Mehra brothers have different definitions of beauty. When questioned by Soni, a judge at the show, Shanaya gives the exacts same words Purnima told her and she wins 1st place. Kartik realises the similarity and concludes that Purnima might be nearby. Soni chooses Shanaya as her future daughter-in-law. Sometime later, Kartik spots Purnima who was with her other family members. Soni sees her son and asks him what he was looking at. He points to Purnima, but Soni sees Shanaya. Purnima also teaches some kids Maths and English.

Next morning, Soni and Sumreet, Kartik's brother, express their choices that match, both being Shanaya. Soni is also very diet conscious. Soni plans on making Shanaya face for the company's new product. A boy comes for a marriage proposal for Purnima but they reject her due to her complexion. Shanaya needs money for another contest, Miss Punjab. Shanaya steals Purnima's money which the latter collected since childhood. Shanaya gets caught as one of her nails gets found near Purnima's belongings but she has already used the stolen money for her next contest.

Purnima finds a small girl hurt on the road and the people surrounding the little kid are of no help, some are even filming. Purnima sacrifices her school fees for the girl and donates some of her blood to her. Purnima bumps into Soni and Soni is disgusted. Soni sends a marriage proposal for Shanaya. Shanaya tells her mother that she does not like the idea of marriage. Shanaya misunderstands the groom as only the two brothers are sent there. Her choice is Kartik and not Sumreet. Beena tries to convince her, but in no vain. Later, Soni questions Kartik about Purnima's book. Later, the family is visiting the temple and Shanaya makes a charade that her foot has been sprained. Shanaya gets rid of Purnima and throws a party at her house, the occasion is her marriage with Kartik. Purnima finds out about this and stops the party. She slaps Shanaya. Shanaya makes another charade, making her mother slap Purnima and throw her outside the house. Kuldeep returns the next morning finding Purnima sleeping outside. Kuldeep finds out the truth and as usual, Shanaya refuses to apologise. Kartik convinces Soni to go and visit the Aroras. When Soni visits the Aroras, she comes 30 mins beforehand and Purnima mistakenly gets some water on Soni. Soni treats Purnima as a maid (Purnima's father was not at home when this happened). Shanaya is not at home when Soni visits and goes to meet Kartik. Shanaya confesses to Kartik. Beena tells Shanaya about Soni's wish (Shanaya should not take part in Miss Punjab contest) and Shanaya refuses to abide. Shanaya also tells Beena that she confessed to Kartik. Soni fixes Shanaya's and Sumreet's engagement. Kartik and Purnima had a near accident situation where a sobbing Purnima told Kartik that he is a liar. Kartik thinks about this overnight and gets Purnima's information from her eye donation form. He calls Purnima and Shanaya tells the family that her boyfriend called her. Purnima shuts Beena up as she starts questioning her character. Kartik was heading to find Purnima's house and on the way, he finds a hurt Kuldeep. Outside the house, Kartik and Purnima bump into each other. Kartik notices his bracelet on Purnima's hand.

Sumreet calls Kartik to help him choose a ring for engagement. Kartik asks Sumreet to call Shanaya to ask if Shanaya is happy about the marriage. Shanaya says she is happy thus making Kartik more confused. The females of the families go shopping for Shanaya's engagement outfit. Soni forgot her wallet and Kartik drops it by. He spots Purnima at the shop choosing some outfits for herself. The outfit is expensive and Purnima cannot afford it. Kartik overhears the shop attendant's comment which was offending and scolds him. Kartik buys the outfit. Purnima is given a lot of outfits to carry and she slips most of them on Soni. She is forced to apologise and refer to Soni as "Madam". Purnima receives the outfit and mother-daughter duo don't leave a chance to not question Purnima's character.

Soni hatches a plan against Purnima, calling her to the Mehras to help in the engagement arrangements and then humiliating her. While cleaning some rooms, Purnima enters Kartik's room, she realises that it's Kartik's room after seeing a picture of Kartik and Soni. Soni tells Purnima to change curtains and Purnima falls onto Kartik as she can't balance herself. Soni was about to slap Purnima but Kartik stopped her. While going to the Mehra's mansion for engagement, Beena mistakenly drops the ring which Purnima finds while talking with the children she teaches. Beena realises that and Kartik volunteers to go fetch it. Luckily, Purnima is already there with the ring. As Purnima was returning home, she notices fire on Beena's saree and runs to save her. While doing this, Soni finds out Purnima is the family's elder daughter. At home, Purnima defends Beena when Kuldeep rebukes her for hiding the truth from the Mehras. When Soni is in deep thought in her room, a flashback is shown where a woman is teaching her younger version that dark-skinned people are not trustworthy. Sometime later, Kartik reaches the Arora's house and bumps into Purnima who was heading to the Mehras. The two finally have a decent conversation. Kartik pacified the Aroras while Purnima successfully invites Soni for prayer at her house. When Kartik was returning home, Shanaya purposefully drops juice on him. She tried to take advantage of him but the grandma saved the day.

On the day of the prayer, Soni cancels all her appointments and tells the family to prepare for the prayer. Kartik gets suspicious as he knows his mom would never do that. The Mehras are all prepared including Kartik but Kartik gets an emergency call from the hospital. The prayer items Soni brought with her are all in black instead of their usual colour. Soni breaks the marriage of Sumreet and Shanaya and does not leave before blaming Purnima for everything. Kuldeep suffers a heart attack. Kartik receives all information of what happened through Sumreet. Thankfully, Kartik is at the hospital and looks after Kuldeep.

Sumreet and Soni have a heated argument which forced Sumreet to take the drastic decision of marrying Shanaya by eloping. Purnima sees the two and calls Kartik. Purnima and Kartik stop them. Soni accepts the marriage but with some unethical demands. Kuldeep at first rejects this but later agrees by putting forth his condition that Purnima should get married too. Later at the temple, Kartik reveals to Purnima that the bangle is his. Next, is Purnima attending the birthday celebration of one of her students, where both Purnima and Kartik have fun. Purnima unintentionally scratches Kartik's car and Kartik tells her she can repay him with a cup of coffee. To repay him, Purnima goes to his hospital where the two meet with an emergency. A small girl has a tumour in her belly but her superstitious family members don't let the operation happen. Kartik meets the Aroras to ask for Purnima's help to rescue the little girl. The two go to the village pose as husband and wife and successfully carry out their mission. This reaches Soni's ears. Soni and Purnima meet where Purnima calls out Soni's obsession with colours.

After her meeting with Soni, Purnima helps a girl on the road. When she is in trouble, a new character, Vicky, enters. During that time, Sumreet wants to celebrate his and Shanaya's one month anniversary. Instead of Sumreet and Shanaya, the event becomes Kartik and Purnima's date.

Vicky brings a marriage proposal for Purnima and the girl accepts. But this guy has ulterior motives other than being planted by Beena. He transferred Purnima's property on his name and plans to dump her like his other victims. Kartik finds out about this and tells everything to Kuldeep while at the Aroras, Vicky tries to molest Purnima.

==Cast==
===Main===
*[[Poulomi Das]] as Purnima Arora: Kuldeep's daughter; Beena's step daughter; Shanaya's half-sister; Kartik's love interest
*Harsh Nagar as Kartik Mehra: Soni's son; Sumreet's brother; Purnima's love interest
*Kavita Ghai as Soni Mehra: Kartik and Sumreet's mother
*Prapti Shukla as Twinkle Mehra

===Recurring===
*[[Ravi Gossain]] as Kuldeep Arora: Purnima and Shanaya's father; Beena's husband
*Meenakshi Verma as Beeji: Kuldeep's mother; Purnima and Shanaya's grandmother
*[[Nidhi Shah]] as Shanaya "Shanu" Arora: Kuldeep and Beena's daughter; Purnima's half-sister; Sumreet's wife
*Chirag Mahbubani as Sumreet Mehra: Soni's son; Karthik's brother; Shanaya's husband
*Shraddha Jaiswal as Babli: Kartik's aunt
*Ahmad Harhash as Kartik Singh Babli: brother

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{TV Guide|1406470}}
*{{IMDb title|11590094}}

[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Star Bharat original programming]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television productions cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]

Clencio Pinto

2025-12-20T01:03:34Z

MarlysAugust8: quick enhance information based on references and updated info

{{short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Clencio Pinto
| image =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1994|2|8|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Goa]], [[India]]
| height = 
| currentclub = [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa]]
| clubnumber = 7
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| youthyears1 = 2011–2014
| youthclubs1 = [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
| years1 = 2011–2014
| clubs1 = [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
| caps1 = 0
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2011–2012
| clubs2 = → Margao (loan)
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 2012–2013
| clubs3 = → Wilfred Leisure (loan)
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| years4 = 2015
| clubs4 = Cavelossim
| caps4 =
| goals4 =
| years5 = 2016–2017
| clubs5 = [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
| caps5 = 1
| goals5 = 0
| years6 = 2018–
| clubs6 = [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa]]
| caps6 = 11
| goals6 = 0
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 =
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| club-update = 18 February 2020
| ntupdate =
}}

'''Clencio Pinto'''  is an Indian professional [[association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[midfielder]] for [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]] in the [[I-League]].

==Career==
Born in [[Goa]], Pinto was part of the [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]] youth system, playing with their under-19s from 2011 to 2014.<ref name="Shooting">{{cite news|last1=Noronha|first1=Inacio|title=Clencio shooting it sharp|url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/Clencio-shooting-it-sharp/90734.html|access-date=7 May 2016|work=Herald Goa|date=7 July 2015}}</ref> While with Dempo, Pinto joined both Margao and Wilfred Leisure on loan in the [[Goa Football League#Goa Professional League|Goa Professional League]] to gain senior experience, before appearing for Dempo in the same league during the 2013–14 season.<ref name="Shooting"/> In 2015, after leaving Dempo, Pinto played in the Goa Professional League with Cavelossim.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pinto Winner Props Cavelossim|url=http://englishnews.thegoan.net/story.php?id=4883|access-date=7 May 2016|work=The Goan|date=6 October 2015}}</ref>

On 23 April 2016, during the last game of the [[I-League]] season, Pinto made his professional debut for [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]] against [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]. He started the match and played the whole first half as Salgaocar lost 3–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=Salgaocar 0-3 Sporting Goa|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/04/23/india/i-league/salgaocar-sports-club/sporting-club-de-goa/2177603/|website=Soccerway}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
{{updated|7 May 2016}}<ref>{{soccerway|clencio-pinto/443132}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|League Cup
!colspan="2"|Domestic Cup
!colspan="2"|Continental
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
|[[2015–16 I-League|2015–16]]
|[[I-League]]||1||0||—||—||—||—||—||—||1||0
|-
!colspan="3"|Career total
!1!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!1!!0
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}{{Churchill Brothers S.C. squad}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pinto, Clencio}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Dempo SC players]]
[[Category:Salgaocar FC players]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Footballers from Goa]]
[[Category:Goa Professional League players]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Churchill Brothers FC players]]

{{India-footy-midfielder-stub}}

Tagore Law Lectures

2025-12-12T16:24:36Z

MarlysAugust8: new initial pg added tags...

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
The '''Tagore Law Lectures''' are an annual lecture series organised and hosted by the [[University of Calcutta]], in [[India]]. The series is named after [[Prasanna Kumar Tagore]], an Indian lawyer and politician, who left an endowment for the series in 1868. The first lecture in the series was delivered by Herbert Cowell, in 1870, on Hindu law as administered in British courts in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Cowell|first=Herbert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kkcOAAAAQAAJ&q=Tagore+Law+Lectures|title=Tagore Law Lectures: The Hindu Law: Being a Treatise on the Law Administered Exclusively to Hindus by the British Courts in India|publisher=Thacker, Spink and Company|year=1870|isbn=|location=Calcutta|pages=1|language=en}}</ref>

== History and Endowment ==
The Tagore Law Lecture series was funded in 1868 by [[Prasanna Kumar Tagore]], an Indian lawyer and politician. In 1868, Tagore provided by his will that a law professor, to be known as the 'Tagore Law Professor' was to be appointed by the Senate of the University of Calcutta, and that this Professor's duties would be to: <blockquote>"...read or deliver, yearly at some place within the town of Calcutta, one complete course of Law Lectures, without charge to the students and other persons who may attend such Lectures."<ref name=":0" /> </blockquote>Tagore's will further provided for the publication of a minimum of 500 copies of these lectures, to be distributed for free. In his inaugural lecture, Herbert Cowell noted that the intention of this bequest was apparently to encourage the preparation and publication of textbooks on Indian law.<ref name=":0" /> The Tagore Law Lectures were delivered by leading Indian, British, and American scholars and jurists, including [[Rash Behari Ghosh|Rash Behari Ghose]], [[Gooroodas Banerjee]], [[Sir Frederick Pollock, 3rd Baronet|Sir Frederick Pollock]], [[Roscoe Pound]], and [[John Woodroffe]], and former U.S. Supreme Court judge, [[William O. Douglas|William O'Douglas]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=University of Calcutta |date= |title=Tagore Law Lectures: Catalogue |url=https://www.culibrary.ac.in/digital-lib-dev/ebook/ebook_catalog.php?cat=12 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=30 December 2024 |website=University of Calcutta, Library E-Book Catalogue}}</ref> [[Hormasji Maneckji Seervai|H.M. Seervai]], the Indian lawyer and constitutional law scholar, was also invited to deliver lectures for the series, but declined on the grounds that his professional commitments would not allow him to develop lectures that fit the series' standards of legal research.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kirby|first=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QLQiGG51RAC&dq=Tagore+Law+Lecture&pg=PA47|title=H.M. Seervai|date=2008|publisher=Universal Law Publishing|isbn=978-81-7534-666-6|location=|pages=47|language=en}}</ref>

In 2020, the Calcutta University published the Tagore Law Lectures delivered between 1868 and 1986 on their library website, making them publicly accessible, as part of an initiative to digitise records and rare documents.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Calcutta University Makes Its Archive With Century-Old Records Available Online|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/calcutta-university-makes-its-archive-with-century-old-records-available-online-2221342|access-date=2020-07-28|website=NDTV.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Scholar and lawyer Rajeev Dhavan has described the Tagore Lecture Series as the 'most celebrated' of Indian endowed lectures on law, noting that the research produced for these lectures represents a 'black-letter' tradition, aimed at documenting the law and not critically assessing it.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dhavan|first=Rajeev|date=1986|title=Legal Research in India: The Role of the Indian Law Institute|journal=The American Journal of Comparative Law|volume=34|issue=3|pages=527–549|doi=10.2307/840360|jstor=840360|issn=0002-919X}}</ref> This assessment is echoed by e Rajkumari Agrawala, who has critiqued the series for its focus on a formalistic approach to law, and noted a lack of theoretical appreciation in the lectures delivered under this endowment.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Agrawala|first=Rajkumari|title=Indian Legal Research : An Evolutionary and Perspective Analysis|date=1982|journal=Journal of the Indian Law Institute|volume=24|issue=2/3|pages=470–513|jstor=43952218|issn=0019-5731}}</ref>

The Tagore Law Lectures have been often cited by courts in India as references for the interpretation of Indian laws. The [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Council]] in 1941 relied on Upendra Nath Mitra's Tagore Law Lecture in 1932, concerning the [[Limitation Act 1939|law of limitation]].<ref>General Fire and Life Assurance Corporation Ltd. v. Janmahomed Abdul Rahim, A.I.R 1941 P.C. 6</ref> The Indian [[Supreme court|Supreme Court]] has relied on multiple Tagore Law Lectures including [[William O. Douglas|William O' Douglas]]'s 1939 Lecture on comparative U.S. and Indian law,<ref>[https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1719619/ K. A. Abbas vs The Union Of India & Another], A.I.R. 1971 S.C. 481</ref> Julius Jolly's 1883 lecture on the Hindu law of partition, inheritance, and adoption<ref>[https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1614100/ Abhiraj Kuer vs Debendra Singh], A.I.R. 1962 S.C. 351</ref> and M.C. Setalvad's 1974 lecture on the relation between the Union and States in the Indian Constitution.<ref>State of West Bengal Vs. Kesoram Industries Ltd., A.I.R 2005 S.C.1646.</ref>

== List of Lectures ==
A list of the Tagore Law Lectures that have been delivered is below.<ref name=":1" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Lecturer
!Title
|-
|1870
|Herbert Cowell
|The Hindu Law: Being a Treatise on Law Administered Exclusively to the Hindus by the British Courts in India I
|-
|1871
|Herbert Cowell
|The Hindu Law: Being a Treatise on Law Administered Exclusively to the Hindus by the British Courts in India II
|-
|1872
|Herbert Cowell
|The History and Constitution of the Courts and Legislative Authorities in India
|-
|1873
|Shama Churun Sarkar
|The Muhammedan Law: Being a Digest of the Law Applicable Especially to the Sunnis in India
|-
|1874
|Arthur Phillips
|The Law Relating to the Land Tenures of Lower Bengal 1874-75
|-
|1875
|[[Rash Behari Ghosh]]
|The Law of Mortgage in India
|-
|1877
|Ernest John Trevelyan
|The Law Relating to Minors in the Presidency of Bengal
|-
|1878
|[[Gooroodas Banerjee]]
|The Hindu Law of Marriage and Stridhan
|-
|1879
|Trailokyanath Mitra
|The Law Relating to the Hindu Widow
|-
|1880
|Rajkumar Sarvadhikari
|The Principles of the Hindu Law of Inheritance
|-
|1881
|William Fischer Agnew
|The Law of Trusts in British India
|-
|1882
|Upendra Nath Mitra
|The Law of Limitation and Prescription (in British India) including Easements
|-
|1883
|[[Julius Jolly (Indologist)|Julius Jolly]]
|The Hindu Law of Partition, Inheritance and Adoption
|-
|1884
|[[Syed Ameer Ali]]
|The Law Relating to Gifts, Trusts, and Testamentary Dispositions Among the Mahomedans
|-
|1885
|K. K. Bhattacharya
|The Law Relating to the Joint Hindu Family
|-
|1886
|K. M Chatterjea
|The Law Relating to the Transfer of Immovable Property
|-
|1887
|G.S. Henderson
|The Law of Testamentary Devise as Administered in India or the Law Relating to Wills in India
|-
|1888
|Golapchandra Sarkar Sastri
|The Hindu Law of Adoption
|-
|1889
|T. A. Pearson
|The Law of Agency in British India
|-
|1890
|Lal Mohun Doss
|The Law of Riparian Rights: Alluvion and Fishery
|-
|1891
|Maulvi Mahomed Yusoof Khan Bahadur
|Mahomedan Law Relating to Marriage, Dower, Divorce, Legitimacy, and the Guardianship of Minors
|-
|1892
|Pandit Pran Nath Saraswati
|The Hindu Law of Endowments
|-
|1893
|Arthur Caspersz
|Estoppel by Representation and Res Judicata in British India
|-
|1894
|[[Sir Frederick Pollock, 3rd Baronet|Sir Frederick Pollock]]
|The Law of Fraud, Misrepresentation, and Mistake in India
|-
|1895
|Saradchandra Mitra
|The Land Law of Bengal (with Bihar and Orissa)
|-
|1896
|Ram Charan Mitra
|The Law of Joint Property and Partition in India
|-
|1897
|[[John Woodroffe|John George Woodroffe]]
|The Law Relating to Injunctions in British India
|-
|1898
|Asutosh Mukhopadhyay
|The Law of Perpetuities in British India
|-
|1899
|Frederick Peacock
|The Law Relating to British Easements in India
|-
|1901
|K. Shelley Bonnerjee
|The Interpretation Of Deeds Wills, And Statutes In British India
|-
|1903
|Satya Ranjan Das
|The Law Of Ultra Vires In British India
|-
|1904
|Jogendra Chundra Ghosh
|The Hindu Law Of Impartible Property Including Endowments
|-
|1905
|Kisori Lal Sarkar
|The Mimansa Rules Of Interpretation As Applied To Hindu Law
|-
|1906
|Satish Chandra Banerji
|The Law Of Specific Relief In British India
|-
|1908
|Sripati Roy
|Customs And Customary Law In British India
|-
|1909
|Priyanath Sen
|The General Principles Of Hindu Jurisprudence
|-
|1910
|C. O. Remfry
|Commercial Law In British India
|-
|1912
|Bijoy Kisor Acharyya
|Codification In British India
|-
|1913
|Samatul Chandra Dutt
|Compulsory Sales In British India
|-
|1914
|Satish Chandra Bagchi
|Principles Of The Law Of Corporations With Special Reference To British India
|-
|1916
|Prosanto Kumar Sen
|The Law Of Monopolies In British India
|-
|1917
|[[K. P. Jayaswal]]
|Manu And Yajnavalkya A Comparison And A Contrast : A Treatise On The Basic Hindu Law
|-
|1918
|Nagendranath Ghose
|Comparative Administrative Law
|-
|1920
|[[K. Subramania Pillai|K.Subramania Pillai]]
|Principles Of Criminology
|-
|1921
|S. P. Sen Gupta
|Law Of Mortgage
|-
|1922
|[[James Wilford Garner]]
|Recent Developments In International Law
|-
|1923
|[[Westel W. Willoughby]]
|The Fundamental Concepts Of Public Law
|-
|1924
|Satyaranjan Das
|The Law Of Ultra Vires
|-
|1925
|[[Radhabinod Pal]]
|The History Of The Law Of Primogeniture With Special Reference To India Ancient And Modern
|-
|1929
|Prosanto Kumar Sen
|Penology Old And New
|-
|1930
|[[Radhabinod Pal]]
|The History Of Hindu Law In The Vedic Age And In Post-Vedic Times
|-
|1931
|[[Arnold McNair, 1st Baron McNair|Arnold D. Macnair]]
|The Law Of The Air
|-
|1933
|James Mackintosh
|Roman Law In Modern Practice
|-
|1937
|Nalini Kumar Mukherjee
|The Law Of Partnership With Special Reference To British India
|-
|1937 - 38
|[[William Searle Holdsworth|William Holdsworth]]
|Some makers of English Law
|-
|1938
|[[Radhabinod Pal]]
|Crimes In International Relations, 1938,
|-
|1939
|[[William O. Douglas]]
|From Marshall To Mukherjea : Studies In American And Indian Constitutional Law
|-
|1942
|[[Nripendra Nath Sircar]]
|The Law Of Arbitration In British India
|-
|1948
|[[Roscoe Pound]]
|The Ideal Element In Law
|-
|1950
|[[Nares Chandra Sen-Gupta]]
|Evolution Of Ancient Indian Law
|-
|1951
|[[P. B. Gajendragadkar|P.B. Gajendragadkar]]
|The Hindu Law Of Religious And Charitable Trusts
|-
|1962
|J.R.Mudholkar
|Press Law
|-
|1963
|B.C.Mitra
|The Law Of Carriage By Sea
|-
|1972
|[[Durga Das Basu]]
|Limited Government And Judicial Review
|-
|1977
|[[Zelman Cowen|Sir Zelman Cowen]]
|Individual Liberty And The Law
|-
|1983
|[[Mohammad Hidayatullah|M. Hidayatullah]]
|Right To Property And The Indian Constitution
|-
|1986
|Imam Fakhruddin Hassan Bin Mansur Al-Uzjandi Al Farghani
|Mahomedan Law Of Marriage, Dower, Divorce, Legitimacy And Guardianship Of Minors, According To The Sunnis
|}

== External links ==

*[https://www.culibrary.ac.in/digital-lib-dev/ebook/ebook_catalog.php?cat=12 Tagore Law Lectures, University of Calcutta Library E-book Catalogue]

== References ==
<references />

{{University of Calcutta}}

[[Category:University and college lecture series]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:Tagore family]]
[[Category:Legal education in India]]
[[Category:1870 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 1870]]

Deviprasad Dwivedi

2025-11-25T05:53:08Z

MarlysAugust8: added a bio initial version

{{short description|Indian writer and teacher|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Deviprasad Dwivedi
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth-date and age|20 October 1956}}
| birth_place = [[Varanasi]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Scholar, writer
| yearsactive =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website = {{URL||Official web site}}
| awards = {{ubl|[[Padma Bhushan]]|[[Padma Shri]]|''Aacharya Ratna''|''Chatrapati Sivaji Samman''|''Kashi Gaurav Alankarn''|''Ved Pandit Puraskar''}}
}}
'''Deviprasad Dwivedi''' is an Indian writer and teacher, known for his scholarship in [[Sanskrit literature|Sanskrit]] literature.<ref name="PM India">{{cite web | url=http://pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/english-rendering-of-text-of-pms-message-after-conducting-swachhta-abhiyaan-at-assi-ghat-varanasi/ | title=PM India | publisher=Prime Minister's Office | date=8 November 2014 | access-date=27 November 2014}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] honoured Sharma in 2011, with the fourth highest Indian civilian award of the [[Padma Shri]] and followed it up with [[Padma Bhusan|Padma Bhushan]], the third-highest civilian award, in 2017.<ref name="Padma Bhusan">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Bhusan |publisher=Padma Bhusan |date=2014 |access-date=11 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

==Biography==
Deviprasad Dwivedi was born on 2h0 October 1956<ref name="SSUV">{{cite web | url=http://ssvv.ac.in/download/profile/Devi%20Prasad%20Dwivedi-cv.pdf | title=SSUV | publisher=SSUV | date=2014 | access-date=27 November 2014}}</ref> in [[Varanasi]], in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. He passed his first master's degree (MA) in Sociology from the [[Banares Hindu University]] and followed it up with the degrees of ''Sahityacharya'' and ''Acharya'' (MA Linguistics) from [[Sampurnanand Sanskrit University]], (SSU) Varanasi. His doctoral degree (PhD) also came from the same university. He has also secured the degree of DLitt from the SSU.<ref name="Padma awards: Two scholars from Varanasi get Padma awards">{{Cite web |date=January 25, 2017 |first=Binay|last=Singh|title=Padma awards: Two scholars from Varanasi get Padma awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/two-scholars-from-varanasi-get-padma-awards/articleshow/56783258.cms |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

Dwivedi started his career by joining his alma mater as a faculty member and is the Professor of Linguistics, in the Department of Modern Languages and Linguistics at [[Sampurnanand Sanskrit University]].<ref name="TOI">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Padma-Shri-for-man-behind-Lari/articleshow/7364792.cms | title=TOI | publisher=TOI | date=26 January 2011 | access-date=27 November 2014}}</ref> He is also the Deputy Director at ''Yog Sadhana Kendra'' and ''Shankrachrya Mandap'' of the university. A visiting faculty at the [[Assam University]], Dwivedi has assisted many research scholars for their theses. He is also credited with many articles and books, ''Baudha Darshan Mimansa'', ''Chitra Champu Kavyasya Sasamiksham Sampadanam'',<ref name="Citracampūkāvyasya sasamīkṣaṃ sampādanam">{{Cite book |last1=Dvivedī |first1=Devīprasāda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kM9jAAAAMAAJ |title=Citracampūkāvyasya sasamīkṣaṃ sampādanam |first2=Bāṇeśvara|last2=Vidyālaṅkāra |first3=Sampūrṇānanda Saṃskr̥ta |last3=Viśvavidyālaya |date=2003 |location=Vārāṇasyām |isbn=9788172701086 |oclc=607561459}}</ref><ref name="Chitrachampukavyasya Sasamiksham Sampadanam: चित्रचम्पूकाव्यस्य ससमीक्षम् सम्पादनम्">{{Cite web |title=Chitrachampukavyasya Sasamiksham Sampadanam: चित्रचम्पूकाव्यस्य ससमीक्षम् सम्पादनम् |url=https://chaukhambapustak.com/index.php?route=product/product&path=310&product_id=16041 |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=chaukhambapustak.com}}</ref> ''Sanskrit Dhwani Vigyan'', ''Kavya Shastriya Paribhashik Shabdon Ki Nirukti''<ref name="Kāvyaśāstrīya pāribhāshika śabdoṃ kī nirukti">{{Cite book |last=Dvivedī|first=Devīprasāda|title=Kāvyaśāstrīya pāribhāshika śabdoṃ kī nirukti |date=2007 |publisher=Sampūrṇānanda Saṃskr̥ta Viśvavidyālaya |isbn=978-8172701901 |edition=1. saṃskaraṇa |location=Vārāṇasī |oclc=233283810}}</ref> being a few of them.<ref name="SSUV" />

Deviprasad Dwivedi has worked as a newscaster for [[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)|Akashvani]] and serves as the trustee of Shri Venimadhvapur Trust, Mirzapur and Shri Vishveshwar Trust, Varanasi<ref name="SSUV" /> and as the ''Acharya'' of [[Kashi Vishwanath temple]].<ref name="TOI" /> He has also served ''Janvarta Hindi Dainik'', a local daily, as its Varanasi correspondent.<ref name="SSUV" /> A member of the Discipline Committee of [[Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan]],<ref name="RSS">{{cite web | url=http://rskslucknowcampus.org/committee.html | title=RSS | publisher=RSS | date=2014 | access-date=27 November 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202035453/http://rskslucknowcampus.org/committee.html | archive-date=2 February 2017 | url-status=dead }}</ref> and a former member of [[Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission]],<ref name="UP Gov appoints four members to the state public service commission">{{Cite web |title=UP Gov appoints four members to the state public service commission |url=http://www.uniindia.com/up-guv-appoints-4-new-members-in-state-public-service-commission/states/news/660638.html |access-date=2021-01-05}}</ref> Dwivedi has been nominated as a member of the committee of the [[Swachh Bharat Abhiyan]] campaign, initiated by [[Narendra Modi]], the [[Prime Minister of India]].<ref name="India Today">{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/swachh-bharat-abhiyan/story/pm-modi-varanasi-swachh-bharat-abhiyaan-nominates-akhilesh-yadav-suresh-raina-manoj-tiwari-assi-ghat-226309-2014-11-08 | title=Modi in Varanasi: PM nominates Akhilesh Yadav, Suresh Raina and Raju Srivastav for Clean Ganga drive | publisher=India Today | date=8 November 2014 | access-date=30 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="Press Information Bureau">{{cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=111658 | title=Press Information Bureau | publisher=Press Information Bureau | date=8 November 2014 | access-date=27 November 2014}}</ref>

Dwivedi has received several honours such as the ''Aacharya Ratna'' award from the Pazhassi Raja Charitable Trust, Kerala,<ref name="Banaras is special in itself">{{Cite web |title=Banaras is special in itself |url=https://www.patrika.com/varanasi-news/dr-devi-prasad-dwivedi-on-padmbhushan-award-1496205/ |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=Patrika News |date=2 February 2017 |language=hindi}}</ref> ''Ved Pandit Puraskar'' (1995), ''Chatrapati Sivaji Samman'' (2011) and ''Kashi Gaurav Alankarn'' (2011).<ref name="SSUV" /> In 2011, he was honored by the [[Government of India]] with the civilian award of [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="SSUV" /> He was also honored with the title of [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2017.<ref name="Padma awards: Two scholars from Varanasi get Padma awards" />

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Sampurnanand Sanskrit University]]
* [[Sanskrit literature]]
* [[Swachh Bharat Abhiyan]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | asin=B00KLFBXYQ | url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Kavyashastriy-Paribhashik-Shabdon-Nirukti/dp/B00KLFBXYQ/ref=la_B00M8TALH8_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1417102044&sr=1-1 | title=Kavyashastriy Paribhashik Shabdon ki Nirukti | publisher=Sampurnanand Sanskrit University | author=Deviprasad Dwivedi | year=2007}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |title=Inventory of Sanskrit Scholars |url=http://www.sanskrit.nic.in/DigitalBook/I/Inventory%20of%20Sanskrit%20Scholars.pdf |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan}}
* {{Cite web |title=WorldCat identities |url=https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au%253ADvivedi%25CC%2584%252C+Devi%25CC%2584prasa%25CC%2584da%252C&qt=hot_author |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=www.worldcat.org}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dwivedi, Deviprasad}}
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:Sampurnanand Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya alumni]]
[[Category:Scholars from Varanasi]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Assam University]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

North Andaman Island

2025-11-05T09:33:41Z

MarlysAugust8: general added layout for accuracy and improved wording

{{Short description|Island in the Andaman Islands}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox islands
| name = North Andaman
| image_name = North_Andaman_Island_Map.jpg
| image_caption = Map of North Andaman Island
| image_size =
| native_name =
| native_name_link =
| native_name_lang =
| sobriquet =
| image_alt =
| map = India Andaman and Nicobar Islands#Bay of Bengal
| pushpin_label_position = left
| coordinates = {{coord|13.25|N|92.93|E|region:IN-AN_type:isle_dim:50000_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| etymology =
| location = [[Bay of Bengal]]
| archipelago = [[Andaman Islands]]
| waterbody = [[Indian Ocean]]
| area_km2 = 2780.7
| area_footnotes = <ref name="cit">{{cite web|url=http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm |title=Islands By Land Area |publisher=Islands.unep.ch |access-date=1 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207141131/http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm |archive-date=7 December 2022}}</ref>
| rank =
| length_km = 80
| width_km = 26
| coastline_km = 366
| elevation_m = 731
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="nga">{{cite enroute|173|2017|275}}</ref>
| highest_mount = [[Saddle Peak (Andaman Islands)|Saddle Peak]]
| country = [[India]]
| country_admin_divisions_title = [[List of districts in India#Andaman and Nicobar (AN)|District]]
| country_admin_divisions = [[North and Middle Andaman district|North and Middle Andaman]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_1 = [[Island group]]
| country_admin_divisions_1 = [[Andaman Islands]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_2 = Island sub-group
| country_admin_divisions_2 = [[Great Andaman]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_3 = [[Tehsils of India|Taluk]]
| country_admin_divisions_3 = [[Diglipur|Diglipur Taluk]]
| country_largest_city = [[Diglipur]]
| country_largest_city_population = 15,000
| population = 42541
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_rank =
| population_rank_max =
| density_km2 = 32.3
| density_rank =
| density_footnotes =
| ethnic_groups = [[Andamanese people|Andamanese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 744202<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india-codes.com/pincodes/a-n-islands-pin-code |title=A&N Islands - Pincodes |date=22 September 2016 |accessdate=22 September 2016 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323224041/http://www.india-codes.com/pincodes/a-n-islands-pin-code |archivedate=23 March 2014 }}</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 031927 <ref name="allcodesindia">{{cite web|url=http://allcodesindia.in/stdcode/andaman+and+nicobar.php|publisher=allcodesindia.in|title=STD Codes of Andaman and Nicobar|accessdate=2016-09-23|archive-date=17 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017043815/http://allcodesindia.in/stdcode/andaman%2Band%2Bnicobar.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://www.and.nic.in/}}
| iso_code_type = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|ISO code]]
| iso_code = IN-AN-00<ref>Registration Plate Numbers added to ISO Code</ref>
|additional_info = {{Infobox|child=yes
| label2 = Literacy | data2 = 84.4%
| label3 = Avg. summer temperature| data3 ={{convert|30.2|°C|°F}}
| label4 = Avg. winter temperature| data4 ={{convert|23.0|°C|°F}}
| label5 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]| data5 =1.2[[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| label7 = Census Code| data7 = 35.639.0004
| label8 = Official Languages| data8 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
}}
}}

'''North Andaman Island''' is the northern island of [[Great Andaman]] of the [[Andaman Islands]].<ref>[http://www.and.nic.in/Know%20Andaman/ecostat2009/Island%20Wise%202008/N%20&%20M%20Andaman%20Islands/NORTH%20ANDAMAN%20ISLAND.pdf Island-wise Statistical Outline - 2008. NORTH ANDAMAN ISLAND]{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (PDF)</ref>
It belongs to the [[North and Middle Andaman district|North and Middle Andaman]] administrative [[Districts of India|district]], part of the [[India]]n [[union territory]] of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]].<ref name="census">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-VillageDirectory/Directory/short_code_rural_35.pdf|title=Village Code Directory: Andaman & Nicobar Islands|publisher=Census of India|accessdate=2011-01-16|archive-date=5 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805145307/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-VillageDirectory/Directory/short_code_rural_35.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
the island is lying {{convert|137|km|0|abbr=on}} north from [[Port Blair]].

==Geography==
<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ls1.and.nic.in/doef/images/DiglipurForestDivision.jpg |title=map |access-date=15 June 2023 |archive-date=17 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817205721/http://ls1.and.nic.in/doef/images/DiglipurForestDivision.jpg |url-status=live }}</ref>
The island belongs to the [[Great Andaman]] group and lies north of [[Middle Andaman Island]]. Many small island groups surround its beaches. The island's main town is [[Diglipur]].

The island previously had an indigenous population of the [[Great Andamanese]], for example, the Bo, but they are no longer present: the island is populated by immigrants from the Indian mainland and their descendants.

The island is home to the highest point in the archipelago, [[Saddle Peak (Andaman Islands)|Saddle Peak]] at 731 metres.<ref name="nga" />

North Andaman has fairly frequent large [[earthquake]]s, and suffered inundation from the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]] [[tsunami]].

==Administration==
The entire island is part of [[Diglipur]] [[Tehsils of India|Taluk]].<ref name="and">{{cite web |url=http://andssw1.and.nic.in/ecostat/basicstatPDF2013_14/1.Demogrpahy.pdf |publisher=andssw1.and.nic.in |title=DEMOGRAPHIC – A&N ISLANDS |accessdate=2016-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828015509/http://andssw1.and.nic.in/ecostat/basicstatPDF2013_14/1.Demogrpahy.pdf |archive-date=28 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Transportation==
There is a small port at [[Port Cornwallis|Durgapur]], {{convert|6|km|0|abbr=on}} north of Diglipur, with regular services from [[Port Blair]].

==Economy==
North Andaman is known for its [[marine life]]: the island's main industries are [[rice]]- and [[orange (fruit)|orange]]-growing.

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{commons category|North Andaman Island}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050728121303/http://www.gsi.gov.in/mudvol.htm Geological Survey of India]
*{{wikivoyage-inline|Andaman and Nicobar Islands}}
{{Wikivoyage|Diglipur}}
{{Portal|India}}
{{North and Middle Andaman district |state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:North Andaman Island}}
[[Category:North Andaman Island| ]]
[[Category:Islands of North and Middle Andaman district]]

Pratap Jayanti

2025-09-28T06:22:05Z

MarlysAugust8:

{{Short description|Public holiday in Indian state of Rajasthan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox holiday
| type = Historic, Ethnic
| holiday_name = Dharmarakshak Veer Shiromani Maharana Pratap Jayanti
| image = Maharana Pratap Statue felicitated by president of INDIA.jpg
| alt = Statue of [[Maharana Pratap]] in [[Chikhli, Maharashtra]]
| official_name = Veer Shiromani Shri Maharana Pratap Jayanti
| observedby = Predominantly [[Rajasthani people|Rajasthanis]], but also in other parts of India
| litcolor = Saffron (color)
| significance = Annual birth anniversary of [[Maharana Pratap]]
| celebrations = [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]], Processions
| date = 9 May
| scheduling = same day each year
| duration = 1 day
| frequency = Annual
| startedby = [[Akhil Bharatiya Kshatriya Mahasabha]]
}}

'''Maharana Pratap Jayanti''' ({{Langx|hi|महाराणा प्रताप जयंती}}) is a festival and a public holiday in [[Rajasthan]], marking the birth anniversary of the Indian ruler [[Maharana Pratap]]. It is usually celebrated on 9 May,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Köpping |first1=Klaus-Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BkBh1Nl4dHwC&pg=PA286 |title=Ritual and Identity: Performative Practices as Effective Transformations of Social Reality |last2=Leistle |first2=Bernhard |last3=Rudolph |first3=Michael |date=2006 |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |isbn=978-3-8258-8042-2 |language=en}}</ref> but some also celebrate it on 22 May.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharana Pratap Jayanti 2023: दो बार क्यों मनाते हैं महाराणा प्रताप की जयंती? जानें मेवाड़ शासक के जीवन से जुड़ी रोचक बातें |url=https://www.amarujala.com/lifestyle/maharana-pratap-jayanti-2023-interesting-facts-maharana-pratap-birthday-real-date-9-may-22-may-2023-05-09 |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

== Background ==

=== Date ===
The day is celebrated as the birth of [[Rajput]] king, [[Maharana Pratap]] born on 9 May 1540, though due to change from the [[Julian calendar]] to [[Gregorian calendar]] it has been calculated to be on 22nd date of month of May.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharana Pratap Jayanti 2023: Date, history, significance, and all you need to know |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/maharana-pratap-jayanti-2023-date-history-significance-and-all-you-need-to-know-2382438-2023-05-22 |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Though many [[Hindus]] celebrate the occasion as per the [[Hindu calendar]] on the 3rd lunar day of the month of [[Jyeshtha (month)|Jyeshtha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-20 |title=Udaipur News : महाराणा प्रताप के वंशज की अपील, हिंदू पंचांग के अनुसार मनाई जाय महाराणा प्रताप जयंती |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/rajasthan/udaipur-maharana-pratap-jayanti-celebrated-according-to-hindu-calendar-5931715.html |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

=== History ===
Though there is no specific mention of the start of celebration of the date, but it was observed in the [[Chittorgarh]] and [[Udaipur]] by the [[Kingdom of Mewar|royal family of Mewar]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wink |first=André |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uQ7k2vQlYxEC&dq=chitror&pg=PA230 |title=Al-Hind: The Slavic Kings and the Islamic conquest, 11th-13th centuries |date=2002 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-0-391-04174-5 |language=en}}</ref> later it was popularised by the [[Akhil Bharatiya Kshatriya Mahasabha]] in order to unite the [[Rajputs]] and as a method for pan-India identity to the Rajputs all over the India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=7 सूत्रीं मांगों को लेकर क्षत्रिय महासभा ने उत्तर प्रदेश के मुख्यमंत्री अखिलेश यादव को एक पत्र भेजा । {{!}} UP News Live |url=http://upnewslive.com/?p=41212. |access-date=2024-01-14}}</ref> The festival also gained popularity with the time due to the rise of [[Hindutva]] movement and symbolism of the day as Hindu resistance against the Muslim invasion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=हिन्दू महासंघ ने महाराणा प्रताप जयंती पर किया नमन |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad/story-hindu-federation-pays-tribute-to-maharana-pratap-jayanti-4118743.html |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref>

== Celebrations ==
Pratap Jayanti is a [[Public holidays in India|public holiday]] in [[Rajasthan]], where the day is celebrated with special Pujas and celebrations in [[Udaipur]] and [[Chittorgarh]] with processions and rallies in honor of Maharana Pratap. The day is also a public holiday in [[Haryana]],<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Yadav |first1=M. s |last2=PRINCIPAL |title=Clarification on Holiday of May 22 and May 23 in Haryana |url=https://haryanashikshasamachar.com/news/clarification-on-holiday-of-may-22-and-may-23-in-haryana/ |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=Shiksha Samachar |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Madhya Pradesh]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=भोपाल |first=नितिन ठाकुर |date=2023-05-05 |title=सरकारी कर्मचारियों को CM शिवराज की सौगात, महाराणा प्रताप की जयंती पर अब मिलेगी छुट्टी |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/madhya-pradesh/maharana-pratap-jayanti-holiday-declared-in-madhya-pradesh-by-shivraj-singh-chouhan-government-ann-2400892 |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref> [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=महाराणा प्रताप की जयंती पर घोषित हो सार्वजनिक अवकाश |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/pilibhit/story-public-holiday-should-be-declared-on-the-birth-anniversary-of-maharana-pratap-8130568.html |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Shiv Jayanti]]

== References ==
<references />
{{Indian days}}

[[Category:Festivals in India]]
[[Category:Public holidays in India]]
[[Category:Maharana Pratap]]
[[Category:May observances]]
[[Category:Birthdays by person]]

Neena Gupta (mathematician)

2025-09-04T05:51:59Z

MarlysAugust8: new.

{{Short description|Indian mathematician (born 1984)}}
{{about|the Indian mathematician|the Indian actress|Neena Gupta}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Neena Gupta
| image = Nari Shakti Puraskar to Neena Gupta for her excellence in Mathematics (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Gupta in 2022
| birth_date = {{bda|year=1984|month=11|day=24|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata, West Bengal]], India
| fields = Mathematics, commutative algebra, affine algebraic geometry
| workplaces = [[Indian Statistical Institute|ISI]], [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research|TIFR]]
| alma_mater =[[Indian Statistical Institute]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]]), ([[Master of Mathematics|M.Math]]) 
[[Bethune College]] ([[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc.]])
| thesis_title = Some Results on Laurent Polynomial Fibrations and Quasi A* Algebras 
| thesis_url = 
| thesis_year = 2011 
| doctoral_advisor = Prof. Amartya Dutta 
| known_for = Providing a counter-example over a field of positive characteristic to the special Zariski Cancellation Problem
| website = 
}}
'''Neena Gupta''' (born 24 November 1984<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dutta |first=Amartya Kumar |date=January 2025 |title=Neena Gupta: Blazing a Trail |url=https://bhavana.org.in/neena-gupta-blazing-a-trail/ |journal=Bhāvanā |volume=9 |issue=1}}</ref>) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[mathematician]] and professor at the Statistics and Mathematics Unit of the [[Indian Statistical Institute]] (ISI), [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.isical.ac.in/faculty.php?pagemode=search&fname=neena%20gupta&fdesig=0&faddr=0&fdept=0&femail= | title=Scientific Workers | publisher=Indian Statistical Institute | access-date=15 November 2018 | archive-date=3 July 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703131704/https://www.isical.ac.in/faculty.php?pagemode=search | url-status=live }}</ref> She is known for solving [[Zariski Cancellation Problem]], originally posed by [[Oscar Zariski]] in 1949. Her primary fields of interest are [[commutative algebra]] and [[Affine variety|affine algebraic geometry]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Neena Gupta: in love with mathematics|newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|url=https://www.livemint.com/opinion/online-views/neena-gupta-in-love-with-mathematics-11640273686261.html|date=23 December 2021|first=Dilip|last=D'Souza|author-link=Dilip D'Souza}}</ref>

== Education ==
Gupta graduated with honours in mathematics from [[Bethune College]] in 2006. She earned her post graduation in mathematics from the [[Indian Statistical Institute]] in 2008<ref name="bethune">{{cite web|title=Alumnus Page|url=http://www.bethunecollege.ac.in/BethuneProud/BethuneCollege-MakeUsProud.htm|publisher=Bethune College|access-date=5 Sep 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915221329/http://www.bethunecollege.ac.in/BethuneProud/BethuneCollege-MakeUsProud.htm|archive-date=15 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> and subsequently, her [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] degree in 2011 with [[commutative algebra]] as her specialization under the guidance of Amartya Kumar Dutta. The title of her dissertation was "Some results on [[Laurent polynomial]] [[fibration]]s and Quasi A*-algebras".<ref name="mathgen">{{mathgenealogy|id=162576}}</ref>

== Career ==
Gupta was a [[Shyamaprasad Mukherjee|Shyama Prasad Mukherjee]] Research Fellow at ISI Kolkata from 2008 to 2012, and, after a visiting position at [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (TIFR) Mumbai, became INSPIRE Faculty at ISI Kolkata in 2012.<ref name="insainspr">{{cite web|title=INSA 2012 INSPIRE Fellowships|url=http://insaindia.res.in/session2012.php|publisher=INSA|access-date=28 Aug 2016|archive-date=28 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828234557/http://insaindia.res.in/session2012.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> She has been a professor in the Statistical and Mathematics Unit of ISI Kolkata since 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://www.isical.ac.in/~statmath/faculty.php |access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref>

She has won the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]] (2019) in the category of mathematical sciences, the highest honor in India in the field of science and technology.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Pandey |first1=Jhimli Mukherjee |date=28 September 2019 |title=Kolkata mathematician wins Bhatnagar award, youngest recipient till date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kol-mathematician-wins-bhatnagar-award-youngest-recipient-till-date/articleshow/71342310.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In 2022 she was awarded the [[ICTP Ramanujan Prize|ICTP Ramanujan award]]. She is the third woman from India who got this award (after the duo [[Raman Parimala]] (1987 – [[Sujatha Ramdorai]] (2004)).

Neena Gupta received the [[Indian National Science Academy]] Young Scientist award in 2014.<ref name="insa">{{cite web |date=19 September 2015 |title=Young Scientists Awards |url=http://www.insaindia.org/youngmedal.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131011230428/http://www.insaindia.org/youngmedal.php |archive-date=11 October 2013 |access-date=28 Aug 2016 |publisher=INSA}}</ref> She solved the Zariski Cancellation Problem.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gupta |first=Neena |date=2014-01-01 |title=On the cancellation problem for the affine space <math>\mathbb{A}^{3}</math> in characteristic <math>p</math> |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00222-013-0455-2 |journal=Inventiones Mathematicae |language=en |volume=195 |issue=1 |pages=279–288 |doi=10.1007/s00222-013-0455-2 |issn=1432-1297 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="barilan">{{cite web |title=On the Zariski Cancellation Problem |url=http://math.biu.ac.il/en/node/1569 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828225754/http://math.biu.ac.il/en/node/1569 |archive-date=28 August 2016 |access-date=28 Aug 2016 |publisher=Bar-Ilan University}}</ref> Her work has also earned her the inaugural Saraswathi Cowsik Medal in 2013, awarded by the TIFR Alumni Association.<ref name="tifr">{{cite web |title=TIFR Endowment Fund Awards |url=http://www.tifr.res.in/~endowment/endowment-awards.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229180141/http://www.tifr.res.in/~endowment/endowment-awards.htm |archive-date=29 December 2016 |access-date=28 Aug 2016 |publisher=TIFR}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
*[[Asian Scientist 100]] 2025 by ''[[Asian Scientist]]''
*[[Infosys Prize]] 2024 in Mathematical Sciences<ref>{{Cite web |title=Infosys Prize - Laureates 2024 - Neena Gupta |url=https://www.infosysprize.org/laureates/2024/neena-gupta.html#read-more |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=www.infosysprize.org |language=en |archive-date=6 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206133419/https://www.infosysprize.org/laureates/2024/neena-gupta.html#read-more |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Selected by the [[American Mathematical Society]] (AMS) and the [[Association for Women in Mathematics]] (AWM) as the [https://awm-math.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/PR-Noether-2025.pdf Emmy Noether Lecturer for the year 2025] (2024)
*TWAS-CAS young scientist award in Mathematics/ AI by [[The World Academy of Sciences]] and the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]] (2023)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sciences (TWAS) |first=The World Academy of |date=2023-11-27 |title=TWAS names winner 2023 TWAS-CAS Young Scientist Award |url=https://twas.org/article/twas-names-winner-2023-twas-cas-young-scientist-award?via=TwasNEWS |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=TWAS |language=en |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180839/https://twas.org/article/twas-names-winner-2023-twas-cas-young-scientist-award?via=TwasNEWS |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] (2023)[https://www.isical.ac.in/node/3585]
*2nd Ganit Ratna Award (2023)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Statistical Institute |url=https://www.isical.ac.in/node/3425 |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=www.isical.ac.in}}</ref>
*Invited speaker at the [[International Congress of Mathematicians]] (ICM) 2022<ref>{{Cite web|title=ICM|url=https://www.isical.ac.in/content/dr-neena-gupta-has-been-invited-speak-international-congress-mathematicians-2022-which-will|access-date=16 December 2021|archive-date=10 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010154401/https://www.isical.ac.in/content/dr-neena-gupta-has-been-invited-speak-international-congress-mathematicians-2022-which-will|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] (2021) by the [[President of India]] on 8 March 2022
*[[ICTP Ramanujan Prize|DST-ICTP-IMU Ramanujan Prize for Young Mathematicians from Developing Countries]] (2021)<ref name="make-it">{{cite news|url=https://theprint.in/science/no-one-thought-i-could-make-it-ramanujan-prize-winner-neena-gupta-who-solved-zariski-problem/782213/|newspaper=[[ThePrint]]|title=No one thought I could make it: Ramanujan Prize winner Neena Gupta who solved Zariski problem|first=Shubhangi|last=Misra|date=15 December 2021|archive-date=20 February 2022|access-date=20 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220085353/https://theprint.in/science/no-one-thought-i-could-make-it-ramanujan-prize-winner-neena-gupta-who-solved-zariski-problem/782213/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Asian Scientist 100]], ''[[Asian Scientist]]'', 2020 and 2022<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.asianscientist.com/as100/ |title= The Asian Scientist 100 |author=  |date= |website= |publisher= [[Asian Scientist]] |access-date= 13 March 2025 |quote= |language= |archive-date= 19 March 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240319064300/https://www.asianscientist.com/as100/ |url-status= live }}</ref>
*Fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] (2021)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Academy of Sciences|url=https://fellows.ias.ac.in/profile/v/FL2021015|access-date=5 September 2021|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905102543/https://fellows.ias.ac.in/profile/v/FL2021015|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[The World Academy of Sciences]] Young Affiliates (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|title=ISI TWAS|url=https://www.isical.ac.in/content/dr-neena-gupta-theoretical-statistics-mathematics-unit-kolkata-has-been-selected-twas-0|access-date=16 December 2021|archive-date=16 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216044343/https://www.isical.ac.in/content/dr-neena-gupta-theoretical-statistics-mathematics-unit-kolkata-has-been-selected-twas-0|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]] (2019)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-09|title=Mathematician Dr Neena Gupta shines as the youngest Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar awardee|url=https://researchmatters.in/news/mathematician-dr-neena-gupta-shines-youngest-shanti-swarup-bhatnagar-awardee|access-date=2021-09-06|website=Research Matters|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906034728/https://researchmatters.in/news/mathematician-dr-neena-gupta-shines-youngest-shanti-swarup-bhatnagar-awardee|url-status=live}}</ref>
*BM Birla Science Prize in Mathematics (2017)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Statistical Institute |url=https://www.isical.ac.in/content/dr-neena-gupta-has-been-selected-bm-birla-science-prize-mathematics-2017 |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=www.isical.ac.in}}</ref>
*The Swarna Jayanti Fellowship Award, [[Department of Science and Technology (India)]] (2015)<ref name="dstsjf">{{cite web|title=DST SJF Awards 2014-15|url=http://dst.gov.in/sites/default/files/List-SJF-Award-2014-15.pdf|publisher=DST|access-date=28 Aug 2016|archive-date=13 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213065918/http://dst.gov.in/sites/default/files/List-SJF-Award-2014-15.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The inaugural Professor A. K. Agarwal Award for best research publication by the [[Indian Mathematical Society]] (2014)<ref name="ims">{{cite web|title=IMS Newsletter|url=http://www.indianmathsociety.org.in/newsletter35.pdf|publisher=IMS|access-date=28 Aug 2016|archive-date=10 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910085422/http://www.indianmathsociety.org.in/newsletter35.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The [[Indian National Science Academy]] Young Scientist Award (2014)<ref name="insa" />
* The Ramanujan Prize from the [[University of Madras]] (2014)<ref name="isiawrd">{{cite web|title=ISI Awards and Honours|url=http://www.isical.ac.in/~statmath/seeaward.php|publisher=ISI|access-date=28 Aug 2016|archive-date=22 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122131009/http://www.isical.ac.in/~statmath/seeaward.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Associateship of the Indian Academy of Sciences (2013)<ref name="iasc">{{cite web|title=IASc Associates|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/listing/associates/women|publisher=IASc|access-date=5 Sep 2016|archive-date=21 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921143200/http://www.ias.ac.in/listing/associates/women|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The Saraswathi Cowsik Medal by the TIFR Alumni Association for her work on the Zariski Cancellation Problem in positive characteristic (2013)<ref name="tifrnews">{{cite web|title=TIFR School of Math News|url=http://www.math.tifr.res.in/news.php|publisher=TIFR|access-date=28 Aug 2016|archive-date=28 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828230814/http://www.math.tifr.res.in/news.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{google scholar id|7yNXEaYAAAAJ}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Neena}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women mathematicians]]
[[Category:Bethune College alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Statistical Institute]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Women scientists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Nari Shakti Puraskar winners]]

Abul Hassan (West Bengal politician)

2025-07-28T09:55:10Z

MarlysAugust8: New A Entry

'''Abul Hassan''' (born 1917) was an [[India]]n politician and [[trade union]]ist, belonging to the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. He was a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from 1969 to 1970 and from 1977 to 1982.

==Biography==
Abul Hassan was born on April 10, 1917, in the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], the son of Tajammul Hossain.<ref name=who/> He joined politics in 1931 and became a member of the [[Communist Party of India]] in 1942.<ref name=who/> He became the vice president of the [[Bengal Chatkal Mazdoor Union]] in 1959.<ref name=who/>

During the [[1964 split in the Communist Party of India]], Abul Hassan sided with the Communist Party of India (Marxist).<ref name=who/> In 1967, he became the working president of the Hindusthan Motor Workers Union and vice president of the Metal Engineering Federation Workers Union.<ref name=who/> Abul Hassan contested the [[Taltola Assembly constituency|Taltola seat]] in the [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]. He finished in second place with 12,041 votes (33.72%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140404194327/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1967 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref>

He would again contest the Taltola seat in the [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], this time winning the seat and obtaining 22,506 votes (59.90%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140718182429/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1969 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref><ref name="Committee"/> In 1970, he became a member of the General Council of the [[Centre of Indian Trade Unions]] (CITU) and the president of both the Kesoram Rayon Workers' Union and the Employees' Union.<ref name=who/> He was also a member of the CITU West Bengal State Committee.<ref name=who>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=VFm4AAAAIAAJ Who's who in 1982 Assembly Election, West Bengal: Personalities and Party Manifesto]''. Merchants' Club, 1982. p. x</ref>

Abul Hassan lost the Taltola seat in the [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], finishing in second place with 13,217 votes (44.28%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140718182727/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1971 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref> He tried to regain the Taltola seat in the [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], obtaining 17,355 votes (45.41%) and again finishing in second place.<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140404195120/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1972 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref>

Ahead of the [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], the CPI(M) fielded Abul Hassan as its candidate for the [[Bowbazar Assembly constituency|Bow Bazar seat]]. He won the seat, obtaining 13,996 votes (38.54%).<ref name="Committee">{{cite book|author=Communist Party of India (Marxist). West Bengal State Committee|title=Election results of West Bengal: statistics & analysis, 1952-1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNeNAAAAMAAJ|publisher=The Committee|page=398}}</ref><ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140404203744/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1977 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref> Abul Hassan lost the Bow Bazar seat in the [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], finishing in second place with 22,615 votes (44.67%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140404201749/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1982 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Abulhassan}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:Trade unionists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1969–1971]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1977–1982]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kolkata]]

Sahid Matangini (community development block)

2025-07-28T04:26:53Z

MarlysAugust8: minor edit

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sahid Matangini
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Shahid Matangini in Purba Medinipur (West Bengal).svg
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.4085810|N|87.9128190|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Community development block in India|Community development block]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 97.82
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 199,210
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code = 03228
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-29, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-30, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-31, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-32, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-33
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 86.99%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Tamluk (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]
| website = {{URL|purbamedinipur.gov.in/}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sahid Matangini''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Tamluk subdivision]] of [[Purba Medinipur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Etymology==
The block is named after [[Matangini Hazra]], an independence activist. She was born in Hogla village in what is now Sahid Matangini block, in 1869. She was shot dead by the police in front of Tamluk Police Station on 29 September 1942.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.midnapore.in/freedomfighters/matangini_hazra.html | title = Legacy of Midnapore | access-date = 2011-07-20 | publisher = Midnapore.in}}</ref>

==Geography==
Purba Medinipur district is part of the lower [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] and [[Eastern coastal plains]]. Topographically, the district can be divided into two parts – (a) almost entirely flat plains on the west, east and north, (b) the coastal plains on the south. The vast expanse of land is formed of [[alluvium]] and is composed of younger and coastal alluvial. The elevation of the district is within 10 metres above mean sea level. The district has a long coastline of 65.5 km along its southern and south eastern boundary. Five coastal CD Blocks, namely, Khejuri II, Contai II (Deshapran), Contai I, Ramnagar I and II, are occasionally affected by cyclones and tornadoes. Tidal floods are quite regular in these five CD Blocks. Normally floods occur in 21 of the 25 CD Blocks in the district. The major rivers are Haldi, Rupnarayan, Rasulpur, Bagui and Keleghai, flowing in north to south or south-east direction. River water is an important source of irrigation. The district has a low 899 hectare forest cover, which is 0.02% of its geographical area.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.dcmsme.gov.in/dips/PURBA%20MIDNAPORE-wb.pdf |title = Brief Industrial Profile of Purba Midnapur District |publisher= Ministry of Micro Small and Medium Industries, Government of India | access-date = 29 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262525164 |title = Mapping Dynamics of land utilization and its changing Patterns of Purba Medinipure District - W.B | access-date = 29 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Purba%20Medinipur.pdf| title = District Human Development Report: Purba Medinipur| work = Chapter I Introduction| publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011| access-date = 29 June 2016| archive-date = 23 September 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160923122628/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Purba%20Medinipur.pdf| url-status = dead}}</ref>

Kharui, a constituent panchayat of Sahid Matangini block, is located at {{coord|22.4085810|N|87.9128190|E|format=dms|}}.

Sahid Matangini CD Block is bounded by [[Kolaghat (community development block)|Kolaghat]] CD Block in the north, [[Bagnan II]] and [[Shyampur II]] CD Blocks, in Howrah district, across the [[Rupnarayan River|Rupnarayan]], in the east, [[Tamluk (community development block)|Tamluk]] CD Block in the south and [[Kolaghat (community development block)|Kolaghat]] and [[Tamluk (community development block)|Tamluk]] CD Blocks in the west.

It is located 12 km from [[Tamluk]], the district headquarters.

Sahid Matangini CD Block has an area of 97.82 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 10 [[gram panchayat]]s, 152 gram sansads (village councils), 87 [[mouza]]s and 81 inhabited villages. [[Kolaghat#Police station|Kolaghat]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purba Medinipur | work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 29 March 2019 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD Block is at [[Chatara]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1919_PART_A_DCHB_PURBA%20MEDINIPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Purba Medinipur | work= Map of Purba Medinipur with CD Block HQs and Police Stations |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 9 November 2016 }}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Sahid Matangini block/ panchayat samiti are: Balluk I, Balluk II, Dhalpara, Kakharda, Kharui I, Kharui II, Raghunathpur I, Raghunathpur II, Santipur I and Santipur II.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Purba Medinipur - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 22 June 2016}}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
As per [[2011 Census of India]] Sahid Matangini CD Block had a total population of 199,210, of which 183,987 were rural and 15,223 were urban. There were 103,144 (52%) males and 96,066 (48%) females. Population below 6 years was 22,061. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 11,239 (5.64%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 246 (0.12%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 1 July 2016}}</ref>

As per 2001 census, Sahid Matangini block had a total population of 176,219, out of which 90,888 were males and 85,331 were females. Sahid Matangini block registered a population growth of 13.87 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the combined Midnapore district was 14.87 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web | url =http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_15.htm | title = Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 4, (erstwhile) Medinipur District | access-date = 7 June 2016 | work = Census of India 2001 | publisher = Census Commission of India|url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928205819/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_15.htm|archive-date=September 28, 2011}}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date= 6 July 2016 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>

[[Census Town]]s in Sahid Matangini CD Block (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Kakdihi]] (5,477) and [[Shantipur, Purba Medinipur|Shantipur]] (9,746).<ref name=census2011/>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Sahid Matangini CD Block (2011 census figures in brackets): Baragechhe (4,981), [[Chatara]] (4,868), Kharui (7,343), Gathra (4,348), Saira (4,122), Alinan (4,339), Balarampur (4,350), [[Janu Basan]] (5,363), Mahisda (4,279) and Uttar Dhalhara (7,150).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Sahid Matangini CD Block (2011 census figures in brackets): Ballok (3,565), Kakharda (2,930) and Raghunathpur (2,079).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
As per 2011 census the total number of literates in Sahid Matangini CD Block was 154,093 (86.99% of the population over 6 years) out of which 85,093 (55%) were males and 69,000 (45%) were females.<ref name=census2011/> As per 2011 census, literacy in Purba Medinipur district was 87.02%.<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/19-purba-medinipur.html |title = Purba Medinipur (East Midnapore) District: Census 2011 data | work= 2016 Digital Trends |publisher= Census Population 2015 Data | access-date = 27 June 2016}}</ref> Purba Medinipur had the highest literacy amongst all the districts of West Bengal in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/districtlist/west+bengal.html |title = Districts of West Bengal | work= High Literacy |publisher= Census Population 2015 Data | access-date = 27 June 2016}}</ref>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Purba Medinipur district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Sahid Mantangini CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|84.66}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|15.25}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.09}}
}}

In 2011 census Hindus numbered 168,642 and formed 84.66% of the population in Sahid Matangini CD Block. Muslims numbered 30,390 and formed 15.25% of the population. Others numbered 178 and formed 0.09% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> In 2001, Hindus made up 86.00% and Muslims 13.94% of the population respectively.<ref name=censusreligion2001>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21481/download/24613/PC01_C01_19.xls|title = Table C01 Population by Religious Community: West Bengal |publisher = [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |date=2001}}</ref>

[[Bengali language|Bengali]] is the predominant language, spoken by 99.76% of the population.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
The District Human Development Report for Purba Medinipur has provided a CD Block-wise data table for [[Human Poverty Index|Modified Human Poverty Index]] of the district. Sahid Matangini CD Block registered 23.77 on the MHPI scale. The CD Block-wise mean MHPI was estimated at 24.9. Eleven out of twentyfive CD Blocks were found to be severely deprived in respect of grand CD Block average value of MHPI (CD Blocks with lower amount of poverty are better): All the CD Blocks of Haldia and Contai subdivisions appeared backward, except Ramnagar I & II, of all the blocks of Egra subdivision only Bhagabanpur I appeared backward and in Tamluk subdivision none appeared backward.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Purba%20Medinipur.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Purba Medinipur | work = May 2011. Pages: 2214-215 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 28 March 2017 | archive-date = 23 September 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160923122628/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Purba%20Medinipur.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Economy==

===Livelihood===
In Sahid Matangini CD Block in 2011, total workers formed 36.52% of the total population and amongst the class of total workers, cultivators formed 12.21%, agricultural labourers 25.52%, household industry workers 8.67% and other workers 53.60%.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purba Medinipur | work = Tables 2.7, 2.1, 8.2, 16.1, 17.2, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 29 March 2019 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 81 inhabited villages in Sahid Matangini CD block. All 81 villages (100%) have power supply. All 81 villages (100%) have drinking water supply. 14 villages (17.28%) have post offices. 69 villages (85.19%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 18 villages (22.22%) have a pucca (paved) approach road and 33 villages (43.74%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 15 villages (18.52%) have [[Primary Agricultural Credit Society|agricultural credit societies]]. 6 villages (7.41%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1919_PART_A_DCHB_PURBA%20MEDINIPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Purba Medinipur, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 93 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 30 March 2019}}</ref>

In 2007–08, around 40% of rural households in the district had electricity.<ref name=humandev2>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Purba%20Medinipur.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Purba Medinipur | work = May 2011. Pages: 26, 30-33, 37, 61-63, 89-94 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 28 March 2017 | archive-date = 23 September 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160923122628/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Purba%20Medinipur.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013–14, there were 31 fertiliser depots, 9 seed stores and 39 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Agriculture===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Persons engaged in agriculture in Sahid Matangini CD Block'''
|value1 = 1.86
||label1 = Bargadars
|value2 = 6.96
|label2 = Patta holders
|value3 = 2.26
|label3 = Small farmers
|value4 = 37.01
|label4 = Marginal farmers
|value5 = 51.91
|label5= Agricultural labourers}}

According to the District [[Human Development Report]] of Purba Medinipur: The agricultural sector is the lifeline of a predominantly rural economy. It is largely dependent on the Low Capacity Deep Tubewells (around 50%) or High Capacity Deep Tubewells (around 27%) for irrigation, as the district does not have a good network of canals, compared to some of the neighbouring districts. In many cases the canals are drainage canals which get the backflow of river water at times of high tide or the rainy season. The average size of land holding in Purba Medinipur, in 2005–06, was 0.73 hectares against 1.01 hectares in West Bengal.<ref name=humandev2/>

In 2013–14, the total area irrigated in Sahid Matangini CD Block was 5,315 hectares, out 695 hectares were irrigated by tank water, 120 hectares by river lift irrigation and 4,500 hectares by other means.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Although the Bargadari Act of 1950 recognised the rights of [[bargadar]]s to a higher share of crops from the land that they tilled, it was not implemented fully. Large tracts, beyond the prescribed limit of land ceiling, remained with the rich landlords. From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 29 March 2017 | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> Following [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013–14, persons engaged in agriculture in Sahid Matangini CD Block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 1.86%, patta (document) holders 6.96%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 2.26%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 37.01% and agricultural labourers 51.91%.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013–14, Sahid Matangini CD Block produced 1,876 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 2,385 hectares, 17,325 tonnes of Boro paddy, the spring crop, from 4,826 hectares, 13 tonnes of wheat from 5 hectares and 3,363 tonnes of potatoes from 102 hectares. It also produced pulses and oil seeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

[[Betel]]vine is a major source of livelihood in Purba Medinipur district, particularly in Tamluk and Contai subdivisions. Betelvine production in 2008-09 was the highest amongst all the districts and was around a third of the total state production. In 2008–09, Purba Mednipur produced 2,789 tonnes of [[Cashew|cashew nuts]] from 3,340 hectares of land.<ref name=humandev2/>

===Floriculture===
West Bengal is the third largest producer of flower in the country. The two leading flower producing districts of West Bengal are Purba Medinipur and Nadia. Purba Medinipur leads in both cropped area and production, although floriculture in the district remains in its infancy. There is great potentiality of flower production particularly in three CD Blocks – Kolaghat, Panskura and Sahid Matangini.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.iaamidnaporebranch.in/docs/BSV2N2/8._Article_4.pdf | title = Commercial Prospects of Floriculture: A Study on Purba Medinipur District of West Bengal | last = Dr. Sanjit Kumar Das | publisher = Business Spectrum, July–December 2012 | access-date = 30 June 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In 2007–08 in Purba Medinipur district 31.750 crore spikes of rose were produced from 555 hectares, 4,880 tonnes of chrysanthemum were produced from 150 hectares, 4.140 crore spikes of gladiolus were produced from 250 hectares, 13.310 crore spikes of tube rose were produced from 451 hectares, 10,140 tonnes marigold were produced from 1,115 hectares, 370 tonnes of jasmine were produced from 280 hectares, and 1,645 tonnes of season flowers were produced from 1,255 hectares.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbagrimarketingboard.gov.in/flowers/purba%20medinipur.html | title = Areas and the production of flowers in the district of Purba Medinipur | publisher = West Bengal State Marketing Board | access-date = 30 June 2016 | archive-date = 10 September 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160910222528/http://wbagrimarketingboard.gov.in/flowers/purba%20medinipur.html | url-status = dead }}</ref>

{| class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; font-size: 85%; background:#ffffcc; color:black; width:20em; max-width: 25%;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
! style="background-color:#cccccc;" | Concentration of Handicraft Activities in CD Blocks
|-
| style="text-align: left;" |
* ''' Horn Craft ''' - Kolaghat
* '''Pata Chitra ''' - Chandipur, Nandakumar
* '''Sea Shell ''' – Ramnagar I & II
* '''Mat & Mat Diversified Products ''' – Ramnagar I, Egra I & II, Patashpur I
* '''Brass & Bell Metal ''' – Ramnagar I, Mahisadal, Patashpur II, Egra I
* '''Diversified Jute Products ''' – Ramnagar II, Nandakumar, Kolaghat, Shahid Matangini
* '''Cane & Bamboo Products ''' - Chandipur, Nandakumar, Kolaghat, Shahid Matangini
* '''Sola Craft ''' - Tamluk, Kolaghat
* '''Pottery/Terracotta ''' - Panskura, Tamluk, Sahid Matangini, Nandakumar
* '''Wood Craft ''' - Tamluk
* '''Zari work '''- Sutahta, Mahisadal, Haldia, Nandakumar
Source: District Human Development Report, Purba Medinipur, Page 97
|}

===Pisciculture===
Purba Medinipur's net district domestic product derives one fifth of its earnings from fisheries, the highest amongst all the districts of West Bengal.<ref name=humandev2/> The nett area available for effective pisciculture in Sahid Matangini CD Block in 2013-14 was 510.30 hectares. 2,860 persons were engaged in the profession and approximate annual production was 19,442 quintals.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Banking===
In 2013–14, Sahid Matangini CD Block had offices of 9 commercial banks and 2 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
Medinipur East district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 22 September 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 22 September 2019}}</ref>

==Transport==
{{Howrah–Kharagpur line |collapse=y}}
Sahid Matangini is a station on the [[Howrah-Kharagpur line|Panskura-Haldia line]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/panskura-haldia-local-38055/18396/166/6415 |title = 38093=> 38055 Panskura-Haldia Local | access-date = 29 March 2017}}</ref> The line was constructed in 1968<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1427346652869-BNR%20history.pdf |title = Year of construction of important BG lines |work= History | publisher= South Eastern Railway | access-date = 1 July 2016}}</ref> and was electrified in 1974–76.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html |title = History of Electrification | publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 1 July 2016}}</ref>

[[National Highway 116 (India)|NH 116]], from Kolaghat to Haldia, passes through this block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/linkimages/9-6774713323.pdf | title = National Highways | access-date = 1 July 2016 | publisher = Ministry of Road Transport and Highways | archive-date = 16 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160816023220/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/linkimages/9-6774713323.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Education==
In 2013–14, Sahid Matangini CD Block had 112 primary schools with 8,513 students, 14 middle schools with 1,776 students, 9 high schools with 3,490 students and 14 higher secondary schools with 16,454 students. Sahid Matangini CD Block had 285 institutions for special and non-formal education with 12,339 students.<ref name=handbook2014/>

As per the 2011 census, in Sahid Matangini CD block, amongst the 81 inhabited villages, 5 villages did not have a school, 36 villages had two or more primary schools, 30 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 21 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1919_PART_A_DCHB_PURBA%20MEDINIPUR.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Purba Mednipur, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 1091-92, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 30 March 2019}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Sahid Matangini CD Block had 1 block primary health centre, 2 [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]], and 8 private nursing homes with total 115 beds and 8 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 31 family welfare sub centres. 2,780 patients were treated indoor and 129,042 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

H.S. Janubasan Rural Hospital at [[Janu Basan]], PO Norakuri Bazar (with 30 beds) is the main medical facility in Sahid Matangini CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Ramchandrapur (with 10 beds) and Uttar Dhalhara, PO Dhalhara (with 2 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 27 March 2019 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Notable people==
*[[Alfazuddin Ahmed|Khan Bahadur Alfazuddin Ahmed]], MLA of Midnapore

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Purba Medinipur topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Purba Medinipur district]]

Dasbodh

2025-07-15T13:19:02Z

MarlysAugust8: rework section additionally and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{Short description|17th century Indian Bhakti text}}
{{italic title}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2013}}
[[File:Samarth Ramdas swami.JPEG|thumb|Samarth Ramdas]]
'''''Dāsbodh''''', loosely meaning "advice to the disciple" in [[Marathi language|Marathi]], is a 1654 [[Bhakti yoga|bhakti]] (devotion) and [[Jnana yoga|jnana]] (insight) spiritual text. It was orally narrated by the saint [[Samarth Ramdas]] to his disciple, Kalyan Swami. The ''Dāsbodh'' provides readers with spiritual guidance on matters such as devotion and acquiring knowledge. Besides this, it also helps in answering queries related to day-to-day life and how to find solutions to it.

The book is written in verse form. It provides instructions on the religious life, presented in the format of a philosophical [[dialogue]] between a Guru and his disciple. The volume comprises 7751 ''owi'' and is divided into 20 chapters, each chapter consisting of ten sub-chapters. Each of these sub-chapters varies in the number of [[stanzas]], but averages around 30-40 stanzas (ovi) per sub-chapter, with some being considerably longer. The book has been translated into several languages, including [[German language|German]], [[English language|English]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]],[[Gujarati language| Gujarati]], and [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]].<ref>http://www.Dāsbodh.com {{Dead link|date=September 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Dāsbodh.com : Online library containing ''Dāsbodh'' in various languages</ref>

==Background==
The ''Dāsbodha'' was written in 1654 by [[Samarth Ramdas]] Swāmi (1608-1681), a [[satguru]], a [[Hindu]] [[saint]] from [[Maharashtra]], in the local [[Marathi language]]. It is a comprehensive volume in verse form providing instructions on the religious life, presented in the format of a [[dialogue]] between a Guru and disciple. The narration is believed to have taken place in a cave called [[Shivthar Ghal]] (pronounced shiv-ther-gaal) in the [[Raigad district]] of [[Maharashtra]].
{{Hinduism}}

==Style==
''Dāsbodh'' is written in the verse form known as ''owi'' (''ōvyā'') in Marathi. The volume comprises 7751 ''owi'' and is divided into 20 chapters, each chapter consisting of ten sub-chapters. Each of these sub-chapters varies in the number of stanzas, but averages around 30-40 stanzas (ovi) per sub-chapter, with some being considerably longer.

Chapters:

# Hymns in praise
# Signs of fools
# Assessment of Self attributes
# Nine stages of communion
# Sacred formula of Almighty
# Search for God
# Fourteen Brahmas
# Chapter on Knowledge and Illusion
# Attributes and Forms
# Life flame of the world
# In the name of world
# Prudence and Renunciation
# Name and Form
# Uninterrupted meditation
# Soul
# Sun and Dynasty
# Creation and Creator
# Multifacted
# Teaching
# Complete-whole

==Contents==
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2025}}
{{Original research|section|date=July 2025}}
''Dāsbodh'' prescribes the path of devotion to God or "Bhakti mārg", and the path of Knowledge or "Jñana Marg" for [[moksha|liberation]]. Through knowledge, Ramdas clears away all [[doubts]] and gives the understanding of one's "True Self". Ramdas also reveals the true meaning and significance of "Discrimination" and "Detachment".

It deals with diverse aspects of human life such as politics, conducting business dealings and taking care of one's body and family life. One of the key messages given by Saint Ramdas is to not be lazy, as he always encouraged aspirants to earn the livelihood in a virtuous manner. The person who is ready to work will always be fortunate. Common man normally does not want to work and expects everything from God without an effort.

In ''Dasbodh'', Samartha Ramdas presents the essence of many Vedic texts. ''Dasbodh'' is a manual for life, in the highest sense, and is somewhat unusual among spiritual literature in that it not only expounds the classic themes of discrimination between the true and the untrue and the detachment commonly found in Vedic literature, but also provides a detailed instruction on how to function and excel in society from a place of deep spiritual understanding.

Contained within the chapters of ''Dasbodh'', Ramdas outlines the path of liberation through Devotion and Knowledge. Through knowledge, Ramdas clears away all doubts and gives the understanding of one's "True Self." Ramdas also reveals the true meaning and significance of "Discrimination" and "Detachment." Entire volumes could be written in trying to describe all that is contained within the text. It draws upon ancient Vedic texts including, but not limited to; The [[Vedas]], the Shashtras, the [[Upanishads]], the Avadhut Gita, the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'', the Rama Gita, the [[Yogavasishtha]], the [[Guru Gita]], and the [[Brahma Sutras]], to name a few. Mainly what is presented in ''Dasbodh'' is the voice of direct experience itself.

''Dasbodha'' is an epic written by Shree Samarth. Whatever he wanted to tell the world he has conveyed through ''Dasbodha'' in a candid manner. As per the tradition in his times he wrote it in the Owi form. The contents of the book are simple, straightforward and easy to understand. It is so simple that sometimes it seems to be a prose. ''Dasbodha'' is divided in 20 main parts called as Dashak each of which contains 10 sub parts which are called as Samasas. The total Owis number 7751. Each Owi is made up of 4 lines. After being blessed by Lord Ram he wrote the Old ''Dasbodha''. One finds the freshness, fearlessness and candidness of a person blessed with the ultimate knowledge just recently in it. After a while he started with the continuation of the work and completed up to the 7th Dashak to which he added the Dashak he had written earlier, called the Dashak of knowledge. Then throughout his life he continued writing for the Dasbodha which amounted to another 12 Dashaks. These were added to the earlier 8 ones and the final volume of the Dasbodha as we know it now was prepared just 2 months prior to the time when Shree Samarth left his mortal body. At the end of the book he has unassumingly asked the readers to study, ponder over, introspect and not just only read the whole ''Dasbodha''.

{{Advaita}}

==Popularity==
''Dāsbodh'' has been popular for many years in India. Only recently has it begun to receive recognition in the [[Western world]]. ''Dāsbodh'' is recommended by the [[Inchegeri Sampradaya]], including Shri [[Siddharameshwar Maharaj]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.inner-quest.org/Ranjit_Interview.htm | title=RANJIT MAHARAJ | meeting siddharameshwar }}</ref>

==Translations==
''Dāsbodh'' has been translated into many Indian and other languages including German, English, Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Gujarati and Sindhi.<ref>http://www.Dāsbodh.com {{Dead link|date=September 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Dāsbodh.com : Online library containing ''Dāsbodh'' in various languages</ref>

* Sanskrit
* Hindi (four different authors (Chitrashala press Poona copy, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Mumbai, copy, Hindi Sahitya Kutir, Banaras copy and Quills Ink))
** {{Citation | last =Shree Ramdas Swami | year =2014 | title =GRANTHRAJ DASBODH | publisher =Suresh Sumant, Quills Ink Private Limited | url =http://amzn.com/8192950808}}
* Telugu (Sundaraiyya vidnyan kendram copy and Vedavyas Mudraksharshala chittur copy)
* Kannada
* Tamil
* Sindhi
* English (four different authors)
** {{Citation | last =SADGURU SHREE SAMARTH RAMDAS SWAMI MAHARAJ | title =THE DASBODHA | publisher =siddharameshwar.org | url =http://www.siddharameshwar.org/resources/writings/dasbodh.pdf}}
** {{Citation | last =Samartha Ramdas | year =2010 | title =Dasbodh - Spiritual Instruction for the Servant | publisher =Sadguru Publishing}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==

{{wikisourcelang|mr|दासबोध|Dasbodh (in Marathi)}}
* [http://www.sadgurubhagwanshreedharswamimaharaj.com/Dāsbodh.pdf An English translation of the ''Dāsbodh'' (PDF)]{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} http://www.sadgurubhagwanshreedharswamimaharaj.com/Dāsbodh.pdf{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.Dasbodh.com Online library containing ''Dāsbodh'' in various languages and other literature by Samarth Ramdas Swami]
* [https://archive.org/details/Shri.Dasbodh.of.Shri.Samartha.Ramdas.Marathi Shri ''Dasbod''h of Shri Samartha Ramdas (Original Marathi)] - Free Download at archive.org
* [http://www.inner-quest.org/Ranjit_Interview.htm Ranjit Maharaj tells about the use of the ''Dasbodh'']
* [http://www.t.me/ramakantmaharaj Inchegiri Navnath Sadguru Ramakant Maharaj, Ranjit Maharaj, Nisargadatta, Siddharameshwar Talk on enormous value of Dasbodh (Telegram Channel dedicated to Masters)]

[[Category:1654 poetry books]]
[[Category:1654 in religion]]
[[Category:1654 in India]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:17th-century Hinduism]]
[[Category:Advait Mat]]
[[Category:Advaita]]
[[Category:Marathi-language literature]]
[[Category:Books about spirituality]]
[[Category:Inchegeri Sampradaya]]
[[Category:Works by Samarth Ramdas]]
[[Category:Dialogues]]
[[Category:Hindu texts]]

Desikar

2025-06-25T19:19:27Z

MarlysAugust8: Improved wording and formatting

{{short description|Tamil community in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}

'''Desikar''' is a [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-speaking community from the [[Indian state]]s of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]].{{cn|date=June 2025}}

==References==
{{reflist}}



[[Category:Tamil society]]
[[Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil diaspora]]
[[Category:Tamil diaspora in Asia]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]